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What was the operator of Sydney Trains T set from Jul 2013 to Jul 2014?
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/wiki/Sydney_Trains_T_set#P137#2
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Sydney Trains T set The T sets , also referred to as the Tangara trains , are a class of electric multiple unit operated by Sydney Trains in Sydney , Australia . The Tangaras were delivered between 1988 and 1995 , and are third-generation trains . Design . The Tangara is a double-deck four-car set , with the two outer cars being driving control trailers ( carrying a D prefix [ driving motor car ] ) that are fitted with one pantograph each and the middle two cars being non-control motor cars ( carrying an N prefix [ non driving motor car ] ) . All sets are equipped with chopper control . Unlike most other Sydney Trains rolling stock , the seats on the suburban T sets are fixed , meaning that half the seats face backwards . Former G sets , however , do have reversible seats . History . Initial delivery . In July 1986 , the Government of New South Wales awarded A Goninan & Co a contract for 450 carriages . In 1993 , it was decided that the last 80 carriages of the order would be built to a modified design to operate peak-hour services to Wyong , Port Kembla and Dapto . In 1996 , five spare driving trailers were ordered . The Tangara name is of Aboriginal origin , meaning to go Two subclasses of Tangara were built , the suburban sets targeted as T sets , and outer-suburban sets originally targeted as G sets . The T sets replaced the first generation of Sydneys electric rolling stock . The G sets differed from the T sets in originally having round green door buttons , high-backed reversible seats , toilets , fresh water dispensers and luggage racks . Additionally , the G sets were delivered with a revised design at the front and rear of the train , most notably the pinstriped grey panels below the cab windows were replaced with light orange panels for improved visibility . Another distinctive difference is the front curving back in underneath the coupler which is still the same to this day and visible in the photo beneath on the right . Another difference is the number plate on the front and back of the train with all the t sets having a number below one hundred and all the g sets having a number one hundred or above . The first train ( set T20 ) was unveiled at Sydney Central in December 1987 , heavily promoted as the “train of the 21st century” , entering service on 28 January 1988 . The final T set ( set T59 ) was delivered in February 1994 and the final G set ( set T100 , formerly G32 ) in October 1995 . The cars built were : Set G7 was fitted with an AC drive system for evaluation purposes with the existing DC stock and compatibility with signalling and communication systems on the network . G7 was scrapped in 2005 at Maintrain , Auburn after the Waterfall train disaster , as all four cars were beyond repair . Upgrades in the early 2000s . When first introduced , the T sets were fitted with passenger door release handles to prevent loss of air conditioning at stations . These were later disconnected ( and later removed ) due to passengers not getting used to opening the doors for themselves when needed . The seats originally had fabric upholstery , but this was gradually replaced by blue vinyl . In the early 2000s , all Tangaras were updated with a new CityRail corporate appearance . This involved painting the passenger doors and much of the front and rear ends of the trains yellow . Blue and yellow stripes along the bottom of the carriages were replaced by a single yellow stripe and updated CityRail logos were placed on the driving cars . In late 2005 , 15 V set carriages were suddenly withdrawn due to the discovery of corrosion in their underframes . G sets began to operate more off-peak Intercity services to Port Kembla , Kiama , and Wyong to cover for the withdrawn V sets . H sets started entering service in December 2006 . The newer trains feature a very similar level of passenger amenity to the G sets and can be seen as a continuation of the design . Their introduction lead to a change in the role of the G sets . From 2007 , the G sets were progressively redeployed to suburban services , providing extra capacity on high-demand existing services such as on the Western line and allowing new services to be introduced . By 2008 , G sets were often used on peak suburban services that extended into intercity areas , such as services to Springwood ( via the Western line ) . Conversion of G sets to T sets . In 2009 , the conversion of G sets to T sets began , to improve their suitability for suburban working as H sets took over their outer suburban duties . Conversion work consisted of the removal of toilets and their replacement with additional seating . Other work included the installation of new handrails and hangers and the recoding of cars and sets . The carriage numbers were kept , however the O ( outer suburban ) prefix was dropped . OD became D , while ONL and ON became N . The set numbers were changed from G1-30 to T100-130 . G4 was the first to be converted ( into T104 ) . In 2010 , sets being converted started receiving a full interior refurbishment as part of the program to refurbish all the Tangara carriages . In 2018 , sets T14 and T121 ( ex G21 ) both became mixtures of T set and ex-G set carriages , with both sets swapping two carriages with each other . Upgrades in the 2010s . In 2010 , a refresh of the Tangaras commenced with the interiors repainted , and new seating upholstery and handrails fitted . In July 2013 , Sydney Trains trialled rearranging the seating on the upper and lower decks of two carriages . There were 16 fewer seats per carriage ; 3x2 seats were replaced by 2x2 seats in one carriage ( N5134 on set T78 ) while in the other carriage ( N5131 on set T77 ) there are double seats on one side and a bench style seating on the other . Both carriages were later returned to the normal 3x2 arrangement . In 2014 , phase one of a technology upgrade program , aiming to improve reliability and upgrade ageing components , was underway . A contract for phase two of the program , aiming to extend the life of these trains and bring technology into line with newer trains was awarded to UGL Limited in August 2015 . This was expected to be completed by July 2018 . The expected completion date has been revised to 2019 . The first phase of the program involved upgrading the passenger doors to cut down on vandalism , as the steel panels on the original doors were prone to being kicked out by vandals . The door kicking incidents often led to unnecessary delays as the guard had to lock off the affected carriage . The new lightweight passenger doors have a similar design to the doors on the Millennium M sets , namely the window shape with the curved bottom . This phase of the project was completed at the end of July 2016 . The first set to receive the new doors was T96 , in October 2014 . The program includes overhauling air conditioning units and windscreen wiper units , replacing passenger side doors , train operating systems and drivers desks . Other anti-vandal improvements included the introduction of Mousetrap sensors . Trialed in 2015 , these sensors are able to detect vapors from strong permanent markers and spray paint ; triggering an in-built camera feed which is relayed to Sydney Trains staff as well as the Police Transport Command . Service . Damaged carriages . The following Tangara carriages have been scrapped due to accidents : The following are replacement carriages : Driving trailer car D6127 and motor car N5127 were both involved in the Wentworthville train derailment on 27 December 1989 , the first major accident involving the Tangara fleet . D6127 was written off , having collided with the platform . N5127 was sent to Dunheved on the Ropes Creek line for training fire fighters , along with S Set car C3866 . Lines serviced . The Tangaras usually operate on the following lines : - T1 North Shore & Western Line : Emu Plains to City via Parramatta , City to Berowra or Hornsby via Gordon - T4 Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line : Bondi Junction to Waterfall & Cronulla via Hurstville & Sutherland - T7 Olympic Park Line : Lidcombe to Olympic Park - T9 Northern Line : Gordon to Hornsby via Strathfield - South Coast Line : Waterfall & Thirroul to Port Kembla Since 2013 , their operation on Sector 2 has ended timetable services with all of them being displaced to Sector 1 since A sets do not operate on that sector . Occasionally , as required , they will operate on other suburban lines , as all drivers are trained for Tangaras . Tangara Technology Upgrade Phase 2 . In May 2019 , Tangara sets T106 ( Ex G6 ) and T72 were released for testing the new technology upgrades , which include internal information screens , external destination boards and new voice announcements , both automated and digital . As the program is running late , four 4-car sets have been removed from service to accelerate the program , which requires one 8-car T set roster on Sector 3 to be operated by an extra Waratah A set . The project was due for completion by the end of 2020 , however , this target will not be met , since none of the upgraded Tangaras are in service as of 9 September 2020 . The full list of features added to the Tangara trains is as follows : Incidents . Carriage pierced by guard rail . During evening peak on 15 January 2014 , motor car N5222 on set T10 was pierced by a guard rail near Edgecliff railway station while on a service to Cronulla . Issues with the train were already developing on the previous run , triggering wheelslip sensors on the train multiple times . As the train entered the Eastern Suburbs Line , a strong burning smell was reported at several stations . It was later revealed that an incorrectly repaired axle on N5222 led to the force of the 440-tonne train picking up the piece of guard rail . Loose roof hatch . Just after 5 AM on 23 August 2019 , set T50 blocked a critical line near Town Hall station due to a loose roof hatch on driving trailer car D6223 , believed to have been damaged by a falling tree branch the night before . The roof hatch was dangerously close to the overhead electrical lines , and so power had to be isolated before moving it . This led to serious delays throughout the entire train network that disrupted both the morning and evening peak . Roads throughout Sydney were also blocked due to not coping with replacement buses . 4D . A train bearing strong resemblance to a Tangara , known as the 4D , was built by A Goninan & Co in 1991 for the Public Transport Corporation . Although outwardly similar to the Tangaras it was mechanically very different being built to be compatible with the Comeng trains operated in Melbourne . It was included in the sale of Hillside Trains to Connex Melbourne in August 1999 . It wasnt successful and after spending large periods out of service , being withdrawn in December 2002 and stored at Newport Workshops . The 4D was bought by CityRail for parts and then scrapped in March 2006 by them at Sims Metal , Brooklyn Victoria . The G sets cab ends have a design similar to the 4D , with the bottom part being bent inwards . External links . - T set technical diagrams Transport for NSW - G set technical diagrams
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Maxine Singer became a member of what organization or association in 1986?
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/wiki/Maxine_Singer#P463#0
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Maxine Singer Maxine Frank Singer ( born February 15 , 1931 ) is an American molecular biologist and science administrator . She is known for her contributions to solving the genetic code , her role in the ethical and regulatory debates on recombinant DNA techniques ( including the organization of the Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA ) , and her leadership of Carnegie Institution of Washington . In 2002 , Discover magazine recognized her as one of the 50 most important women in science . Life . Singer was born in New York City . After attending Midwood High School in Brooklyn , she majored in chemistry ( and minored in biology ) at Swarthmore College . She went on to earn a Ph.D . in 1957 at Yale University , researching protein chemistry under Joseph Fruton . Fruton encouraged her to specialize in nucleic acids , and in 1956 she joined the Laboratory of Biochemistry of Leon Heppel at the National Institutes of Health . She led various biochemical research groups as the Chief of the Laboratory of Biochemistry at the National Cancer institute between 1980 and 1987 . In the wake of the 1973 report of the first use of recombinant DNA techniques to introduce genes from one species into another , Singer was among the first to call attention to the possible risks of genetic engineering . She was a chairperson of the 1973 Gordon Conference on Nucleic Acids , where the possible public health risks of the technique were discussed , and she helped to organize the 1975 Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA that resulted in guidelines for dealing with the largely unknown risks of the technique . Singer was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1978 . In 1988 , she became president of Carnegie Institution of Washington , a position she held until 2002 . Singer received the National Medal of Science in 1992 for her outstanding scientific accomplishments and her deep concern for the societal responsibility of the scientist and was the first woman to receive the Vannevar Bush Award , in 1999 . In 2007 , she was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences . Research contributions . Singer has made important contributions to the fields of biochemistry and molecular biology . Her research with Leon Heppel on the role of enzymes that regulate synthesis of nucleic acids played a part in helping Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrick Matthaei in deciphering the genetic code . They studied polynucleotide phosphorylase , an enzyme that can put together individual nucleotides into random RNA sequences . They investigated the base compositions of these polynucleotides using electrophoresis and paper chromatography , which enabled them to understand how the enzyme catalyzed their synthesis . These experiments also allowed them to create a library of artificial RNA strands of defined sequences , such as a molecule made of only triplets of uracil that would code for phenylalanine . These artificial polynucleotides were used by Nirenberg to support the hypothesis that RNA plays a key role in the synthesis of proteins using information from DNA . The specific RNA sequences that Singer produced were used to match each of the twenty amino acids to a specific RNA nucleotide triplet , . Singers research also includes the study of chromatin structure and genetic recombination of viruses . During her time as the head of the Laboratory of Biochemistry at the National Cancer Institute in the 1980s , she focused her research on LINEs , or long interspersed nucleotide elements . She focused on LINE-1 , a retrotransposon found in mammalian genomes that is scattered in thousands of places in the human genome , which she concluded is capable of movement and insertion into new places on the chromosomal DNA . She studied the mechanism of how LINE-1 replicates and disperses copies to new locations of the genome , and found that the insertion of these elements into a new location could induce mutations in nearby genes , playing a role in genetic disease . Contributions to scientific community . Besides her scientific research , Singer has been influential in refining science policy . When she was the co-chair of the Gordon Conference in 1973 , she raised concerns over the potential health effects and risks in the relatively new field of recombinant DNA technology . She organized the 1975 Asilomar conference in order to bring together scientists to impose restrictions and draw guidelines on recombinant DNA research , where she recommended resumption of research under cautious safeguards until more was known about the potential biohazards of recombinant DNA technology . Singer is also an advocate for women in science . She wrote an editorial in Science arguing that universities should encourage women pursuing science and engineering rather than wasting their skills due to unintentional bias against them . Singer also introduced the First Light project , a science education program for elementary school students in Washington , D.C . aiming to improve mathematics and science education in schools . Singer has written over 100 scientific papers , and has also published several books with co-author Paul Berg intended to help the public have a better understanding of molecular genetics , including Genes and Genomes ( 1991 ) , Dealing with Genes ( 1993 ) , and George Beadle : An Uncommon Farmer ( 2003 ) . In 2018 she published Blossoms : And the Genes that Make Them which describes the genetic and evolutionary reasons behind why flowers bloom . External links . - Maxine Singer papers ( 1950–2004 ) – Library of Congress finding aid - The Maxine Singer Papers – Profiles in Science , National Library of Medicine - Why Cant School Science Be More Like Science ? by Maxine Singer – Society for Developmental Biology
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Maxine Singer became a member of what organization or association in 1979?
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/wiki/Maxine_Singer#P463#1
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Maxine Singer Maxine Frank Singer ( born February 15 , 1931 ) is an American molecular biologist and science administrator . She is known for her contributions to solving the genetic code , her role in the ethical and regulatory debates on recombinant DNA techniques ( including the organization of the Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA ) , and her leadership of Carnegie Institution of Washington . In 2002 , Discover magazine recognized her as one of the 50 most important women in science . Life . Singer was born in New York City . After attending Midwood High School in Brooklyn , she majored in chemistry ( and minored in biology ) at Swarthmore College . She went on to earn a Ph.D . in 1957 at Yale University , researching protein chemistry under Joseph Fruton . Fruton encouraged her to specialize in nucleic acids , and in 1956 she joined the Laboratory of Biochemistry of Leon Heppel at the National Institutes of Health . She led various biochemical research groups as the Chief of the Laboratory of Biochemistry at the National Cancer institute between 1980 and 1987 . In the wake of the 1973 report of the first use of recombinant DNA techniques to introduce genes from one species into another , Singer was among the first to call attention to the possible risks of genetic engineering . She was a chairperson of the 1973 Gordon Conference on Nucleic Acids , where the possible public health risks of the technique were discussed , and she helped to organize the 1975 Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA that resulted in guidelines for dealing with the largely unknown risks of the technique . Singer was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1978 . In 1988 , she became president of Carnegie Institution of Washington , a position she held until 2002 . Singer received the National Medal of Science in 1992 for her outstanding scientific accomplishments and her deep concern for the societal responsibility of the scientist and was the first woman to receive the Vannevar Bush Award , in 1999 . In 2007 , she was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences . Research contributions . Singer has made important contributions to the fields of biochemistry and molecular biology . Her research with Leon Heppel on the role of enzymes that regulate synthesis of nucleic acids played a part in helping Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrick Matthaei in deciphering the genetic code . They studied polynucleotide phosphorylase , an enzyme that can put together individual nucleotides into random RNA sequences . They investigated the base compositions of these polynucleotides using electrophoresis and paper chromatography , which enabled them to understand how the enzyme catalyzed their synthesis . These experiments also allowed them to create a library of artificial RNA strands of defined sequences , such as a molecule made of only triplets of uracil that would code for phenylalanine . These artificial polynucleotides were used by Nirenberg to support the hypothesis that RNA plays a key role in the synthesis of proteins using information from DNA . The specific RNA sequences that Singer produced were used to match each of the twenty amino acids to a specific RNA nucleotide triplet , . Singers research also includes the study of chromatin structure and genetic recombination of viruses . During her time as the head of the Laboratory of Biochemistry at the National Cancer Institute in the 1980s , she focused her research on LINEs , or long interspersed nucleotide elements . She focused on LINE-1 , a retrotransposon found in mammalian genomes that is scattered in thousands of places in the human genome , which she concluded is capable of movement and insertion into new places on the chromosomal DNA . She studied the mechanism of how LINE-1 replicates and disperses copies to new locations of the genome , and found that the insertion of these elements into a new location could induce mutations in nearby genes , playing a role in genetic disease . Contributions to scientific community . Besides her scientific research , Singer has been influential in refining science policy . When she was the co-chair of the Gordon Conference in 1973 , she raised concerns over the potential health effects and risks in the relatively new field of recombinant DNA technology . She organized the 1975 Asilomar conference in order to bring together scientists to impose restrictions and draw guidelines on recombinant DNA research , where she recommended resumption of research under cautious safeguards until more was known about the potential biohazards of recombinant DNA technology . Singer is also an advocate for women in science . She wrote an editorial in Science arguing that universities should encourage women pursuing science and engineering rather than wasting their skills due to unintentional bias against them . Singer also introduced the First Light project , a science education program for elementary school students in Washington , D.C . aiming to improve mathematics and science education in schools . Singer has written over 100 scientific papers , and has also published several books with co-author Paul Berg intended to help the public have a better understanding of molecular genetics , including Genes and Genomes ( 1991 ) , Dealing with Genes ( 1993 ) , and George Beadle : An Uncommon Farmer ( 2003 ) . In 2018 she published Blossoms : And the Genes that Make Them which describes the genetic and evolutionary reasons behind why flowers bloom . External links . - Maxine Singer papers ( 1950–2004 ) – Library of Congress finding aid - The Maxine Singer Papers – Profiles in Science , National Library of Medicine - Why Cant School Science Be More Like Science ? by Maxine Singer – Society for Developmental Biology
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[
"American Academy of Arts and Sciences"
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What organization did Maxine Singer join in 1978?
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/wiki/Maxine_Singer#P463#2
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Maxine Singer Maxine Frank Singer ( born February 15 , 1931 ) is an American molecular biologist and science administrator . She is known for her contributions to solving the genetic code , her role in the ethical and regulatory debates on recombinant DNA techniques ( including the organization of the Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA ) , and her leadership of Carnegie Institution of Washington . In 2002 , Discover magazine recognized her as one of the 50 most important women in science . Life . Singer was born in New York City . After attending Midwood High School in Brooklyn , she majored in chemistry ( and minored in biology ) at Swarthmore College . She went on to earn a Ph.D . in 1957 at Yale University , researching protein chemistry under Joseph Fruton . Fruton encouraged her to specialize in nucleic acids , and in 1956 she joined the Laboratory of Biochemistry of Leon Heppel at the National Institutes of Health . She led various biochemical research groups as the Chief of the Laboratory of Biochemistry at the National Cancer institute between 1980 and 1987 . In the wake of the 1973 report of the first use of recombinant DNA techniques to introduce genes from one species into another , Singer was among the first to call attention to the possible risks of genetic engineering . She was a chairperson of the 1973 Gordon Conference on Nucleic Acids , where the possible public health risks of the technique were discussed , and she helped to organize the 1975 Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA that resulted in guidelines for dealing with the largely unknown risks of the technique . Singer was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1978 . In 1988 , she became president of Carnegie Institution of Washington , a position she held until 2002 . Singer received the National Medal of Science in 1992 for her outstanding scientific accomplishments and her deep concern for the societal responsibility of the scientist and was the first woman to receive the Vannevar Bush Award , in 1999 . In 2007 , she was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences . Research contributions . Singer has made important contributions to the fields of biochemistry and molecular biology . Her research with Leon Heppel on the role of enzymes that regulate synthesis of nucleic acids played a part in helping Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrick Matthaei in deciphering the genetic code . They studied polynucleotide phosphorylase , an enzyme that can put together individual nucleotides into random RNA sequences . They investigated the base compositions of these polynucleotides using electrophoresis and paper chromatography , which enabled them to understand how the enzyme catalyzed their synthesis . These experiments also allowed them to create a library of artificial RNA strands of defined sequences , such as a molecule made of only triplets of uracil that would code for phenylalanine . These artificial polynucleotides were used by Nirenberg to support the hypothesis that RNA plays a key role in the synthesis of proteins using information from DNA . The specific RNA sequences that Singer produced were used to match each of the twenty amino acids to a specific RNA nucleotide triplet , . Singers research also includes the study of chromatin structure and genetic recombination of viruses . During her time as the head of the Laboratory of Biochemistry at the National Cancer Institute in the 1980s , she focused her research on LINEs , or long interspersed nucleotide elements . She focused on LINE-1 , a retrotransposon found in mammalian genomes that is scattered in thousands of places in the human genome , which she concluded is capable of movement and insertion into new places on the chromosomal DNA . She studied the mechanism of how LINE-1 replicates and disperses copies to new locations of the genome , and found that the insertion of these elements into a new location could induce mutations in nearby genes , playing a role in genetic disease . Contributions to scientific community . Besides her scientific research , Singer has been influential in refining science policy . When she was the co-chair of the Gordon Conference in 1973 , she raised concerns over the potential health effects and risks in the relatively new field of recombinant DNA technology . She organized the 1975 Asilomar conference in order to bring together scientists to impose restrictions and draw guidelines on recombinant DNA research , where she recommended resumption of research under cautious safeguards until more was known about the potential biohazards of recombinant DNA technology . Singer is also an advocate for women in science . She wrote an editorial in Science arguing that universities should encourage women pursuing science and engineering rather than wasting their skills due to unintentional bias against them . Singer also introduced the First Light project , a science education program for elementary school students in Washington , D.C . aiming to improve mathematics and science education in schools . Singer has written over 100 scientific papers , and has also published several books with co-author Paul Berg intended to help the public have a better understanding of molecular genetics , including Genes and Genomes ( 1991 ) , Dealing with Genes ( 1993 ) , and George Beadle : An Uncommon Farmer ( 2003 ) . In 2018 she published Blossoms : And the Genes that Make Them which describes the genetic and evolutionary reasons behind why flowers bloom . External links . - Maxine Singer papers ( 1950–2004 ) – Library of Congress finding aid - The Maxine Singer Papers – Profiles in Science , National Library of Medicine - Why Cant School Science Be More Like Science ? by Maxine Singer – Society for Developmental Biology
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"Minister for Foreign Affairs"
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Wong Kan Seng took which position from Sep 1988 to 1994?
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/wiki/Wong_Kan_Seng#P39#0
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Wong Kan Seng Wong Kan Seng ( ; born 8 September 1946 ) is a Singaporean business executive and a former politician . He retired from political service after 31 years . He currently serves as the chairman of Ascendas-Singbridge ( since 2015 ) and non-executive director of United Overseas Bank ( since 2017 ) . A former member of the governing Peoples Action Party ( PAP ) , he was a Member of Parliament ( MP ) representing various constituencies such as Kuo Chuan Single Member Constituency,Thomson GRC etc . He was a Member of Parliament from 22 December 1984 to 25 August 2015 for almost 31 years.He also served as the countrys Deputy Prime Minister from 2005 to 2011 . He also held the Cabinet portfolios of Minister for Community Development ( 1987–91 ) , Minister for Foreign Affairs ( 1988–94 ) , Minister for Home Affairs ( 1994–2010 ) and Co-ordinating Minister for National Security ( 2010–11 ) . Wong was the deputy prime minister on 1 September 2005 till 21 May 2011 when the former deputy prime minister Tony Tan stepped down from position . Wong was serving as deputy prime minister with S . Jayakumar & Teo Chee Hean . He served as Leader of the House from 25 February 1987 to 31 March 2007 . Political career . Wong is a Cantonese and entered politics on 22 December 1984 after working as a teacher in the Singapore Civil Service and the private sector . He served and held appointments in the Ministry of Defence . In 1981 , he joined Hewlett Packard Singapore where he remained till January 1985 . Wong was elected a Member of Parliament representing the Kuo Chuan constituency in Toa Payoh at the 1984 general election . He has since been re-elected as an MP representing the Group Representation Constituencies ( GRCs ) of Toa Payoh ( 1988 ) , Thomson ( 1991 ) and Bishan–Toa Payoh ( 1997 , 2001 , 2006 and 2011 ) and was once an adviser to the Bishan-Toa Payoh Town Council and the grassroots organisations . Wong was appointed the Acting Minister for Community Development in 1986 . He was made a full member of the Cabinet as Minister for Community Development by Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew in 1987 . He was concurrently appointed the Minister for Foreign Affairs in 1988 . In 1994 , he became the Minister for Home Affairs . Wong also served as the Leader of the House in Singapores Parliament from 1991 to 2007 . Wong was vocal in his capacity as cabinet minister when it comes to defending any criticisms of the PAP as being authoritarian , or that the political process was undemocratic with an advantage given to the ruling party . He often described the opposition as being disorganised , weak and driven by self-interests.The public has no sympathy for them . Neither do I . Why should I ? I mean , they mess it up.On opposition politician J.B . Jeyaretnams proposal to establish an independent elections commission , Wong remarked , It is absurd . I think we cannot be more democratic than we are now . We even allow a loser to be in Parliament and make speeches attacking the government . Where could you find such a democracy in other countries ? At the World Conference on Human Rights in 1993 , Wong argued that democracy was interpreted differently in Singapore . He claims that its citizens do not agree that pornography is an acceptable manifestation of free expression or that homosexual relationships are just a matter of lifestyle choice . Wong was also of the belief that excessive emphasis on individual rights over the rights of the community will retard progress . On 1 September 2005 , Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong appointed Wong as one of two Deputy Prime Ministers following the retirement of Tony Tan . On 1 November 2010 , Wong was appointed the Co-ordinating Minister for National Security and relinquished his post as Minister for Home Affairs . Wong retired from the Cabinet following the 2011 general election . He remains a Member of Parliament and also the special adviser for economic cooperation to Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong until 11 September 2015 , when he was finally retired from political service after 31 years . Role in homeland security in Singapore . As the Minister for Home Affairs , Wong was in charge of overseeing emergency planning , dealing with internal threats such as cults and terrorists , involved in law and order , and rooting out of criminals and illegal immigrants . Mas Selamat escape . On 27 February 2008 , alleged Jemaah Islamiyah leader Mas Selamat bin Kastari escaped from Whitley Road Detention Centre , leading to the largest manhunt in Singapore . Wong expressed his regret in Parliament the day after the occurrence . This should never have happened . I am sorry that it has . He revealed that Mas Selamat escaped when he was taken to the toilet before a meeting at the detention centres family visit room . Wong was criticised because news of Mas Selamats escape was not disseminated to the public until four hours after its occurrence . There were calls for Wong to step down , given the severity of the security lapse . Mas Selamat was eventually recaptured in Johor Bahru , Malaysia , on 1 April 2009 , by Malaysian authorities , over a year after his escape . SARS . Wong was then responsible for co-ordinating the inter-ministerial nationwide effort to counter the SARS epidemic . Certain measures were taken to contain the virus , including mandatory home quarantine measures , health screening at immigration checkpoints , schools and hospitals and public education programs . On 31 May 2003 , Singapore was taken off the World Health Organizations list of SARS-affected countries . Post-political career . Wong returned to the private sector after stepping down from the cabinet . Wong was appointed as the chairman of Singbridge , a unit of Temasek Holdings , in 2011 . He was later appointed chairman of Ascendas-Singbridge after the merger of the four operating subsidiaries owned by Temasek Holdings and Jurong Town Corporation in 2015 . He was appointed as an independent , non-executive director of United Overseas Bank in July 2017 . Education . Wong received his secondary education at Outram Secondary School . He went on to receive a Bachelor of Arts ( Honours ) from the National University of Singapore in 1970 , and a Master of Business Administration from the London Business School on a Singapore government scholarship in 1979 . Personal life . Wong is married to Ruth Lee Hong Geok . The couple have two children . External links . - Official website of Wong Kan Seng - Wong Kan Seng at parliament.gov.sg
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"Minister for Home Affairs"
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What position did Wong Kan Seng take from 1994 to Oct 2010?
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/wiki/Wong_Kan_Seng#P39#1
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Wong Kan Seng Wong Kan Seng ( ; born 8 September 1946 ) is a Singaporean business executive and a former politician . He retired from political service after 31 years . He currently serves as the chairman of Ascendas-Singbridge ( since 2015 ) and non-executive director of United Overseas Bank ( since 2017 ) . A former member of the governing Peoples Action Party ( PAP ) , he was a Member of Parliament ( MP ) representing various constituencies such as Kuo Chuan Single Member Constituency,Thomson GRC etc . He was a Member of Parliament from 22 December 1984 to 25 August 2015 for almost 31 years.He also served as the countrys Deputy Prime Minister from 2005 to 2011 . He also held the Cabinet portfolios of Minister for Community Development ( 1987–91 ) , Minister for Foreign Affairs ( 1988–94 ) , Minister for Home Affairs ( 1994–2010 ) and Co-ordinating Minister for National Security ( 2010–11 ) . Wong was the deputy prime minister on 1 September 2005 till 21 May 2011 when the former deputy prime minister Tony Tan stepped down from position . Wong was serving as deputy prime minister with S . Jayakumar & Teo Chee Hean . He served as Leader of the House from 25 February 1987 to 31 March 2007 . Political career . Wong is a Cantonese and entered politics on 22 December 1984 after working as a teacher in the Singapore Civil Service and the private sector . He served and held appointments in the Ministry of Defence . In 1981 , he joined Hewlett Packard Singapore where he remained till January 1985 . Wong was elected a Member of Parliament representing the Kuo Chuan constituency in Toa Payoh at the 1984 general election . He has since been re-elected as an MP representing the Group Representation Constituencies ( GRCs ) of Toa Payoh ( 1988 ) , Thomson ( 1991 ) and Bishan–Toa Payoh ( 1997 , 2001 , 2006 and 2011 ) and was once an adviser to the Bishan-Toa Payoh Town Council and the grassroots organisations . Wong was appointed the Acting Minister for Community Development in 1986 . He was made a full member of the Cabinet as Minister for Community Development by Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew in 1987 . He was concurrently appointed the Minister for Foreign Affairs in 1988 . In 1994 , he became the Minister for Home Affairs . Wong also served as the Leader of the House in Singapores Parliament from 1991 to 2007 . Wong was vocal in his capacity as cabinet minister when it comes to defending any criticisms of the PAP as being authoritarian , or that the political process was undemocratic with an advantage given to the ruling party . He often described the opposition as being disorganised , weak and driven by self-interests.The public has no sympathy for them . Neither do I . Why should I ? I mean , they mess it up.On opposition politician J.B . Jeyaretnams proposal to establish an independent elections commission , Wong remarked , It is absurd . I think we cannot be more democratic than we are now . We even allow a loser to be in Parliament and make speeches attacking the government . Where could you find such a democracy in other countries ? At the World Conference on Human Rights in 1993 , Wong argued that democracy was interpreted differently in Singapore . He claims that its citizens do not agree that pornography is an acceptable manifestation of free expression or that homosexual relationships are just a matter of lifestyle choice . Wong was also of the belief that excessive emphasis on individual rights over the rights of the community will retard progress . On 1 September 2005 , Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong appointed Wong as one of two Deputy Prime Ministers following the retirement of Tony Tan . On 1 November 2010 , Wong was appointed the Co-ordinating Minister for National Security and relinquished his post as Minister for Home Affairs . Wong retired from the Cabinet following the 2011 general election . He remains a Member of Parliament and also the special adviser for economic cooperation to Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong until 11 September 2015 , when he was finally retired from political service after 31 years . Role in homeland security in Singapore . As the Minister for Home Affairs , Wong was in charge of overseeing emergency planning , dealing with internal threats such as cults and terrorists , involved in law and order , and rooting out of criminals and illegal immigrants . Mas Selamat escape . On 27 February 2008 , alleged Jemaah Islamiyah leader Mas Selamat bin Kastari escaped from Whitley Road Detention Centre , leading to the largest manhunt in Singapore . Wong expressed his regret in Parliament the day after the occurrence . This should never have happened . I am sorry that it has . He revealed that Mas Selamat escaped when he was taken to the toilet before a meeting at the detention centres family visit room . Wong was criticised because news of Mas Selamats escape was not disseminated to the public until four hours after its occurrence . There were calls for Wong to step down , given the severity of the security lapse . Mas Selamat was eventually recaptured in Johor Bahru , Malaysia , on 1 April 2009 , by Malaysian authorities , over a year after his escape . SARS . Wong was then responsible for co-ordinating the inter-ministerial nationwide effort to counter the SARS epidemic . Certain measures were taken to contain the virus , including mandatory home quarantine measures , health screening at immigration checkpoints , schools and hospitals and public education programs . On 31 May 2003 , Singapore was taken off the World Health Organizations list of SARS-affected countries . Post-political career . Wong returned to the private sector after stepping down from the cabinet . Wong was appointed as the chairman of Singbridge , a unit of Temasek Holdings , in 2011 . He was later appointed chairman of Ascendas-Singbridge after the merger of the four operating subsidiaries owned by Temasek Holdings and Jurong Town Corporation in 2015 . He was appointed as an independent , non-executive director of United Overseas Bank in July 2017 . Education . Wong received his secondary education at Outram Secondary School . He went on to receive a Bachelor of Arts ( Honours ) from the National University of Singapore in 1970 , and a Master of Business Administration from the London Business School on a Singapore government scholarship in 1979 . Personal life . Wong is married to Ruth Lee Hong Geok . The couple have two children . External links . - Official website of Wong Kan Seng - Wong Kan Seng at parliament.gov.sg
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[
"Co-ordinating Minister for National Security"
] |
easy
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What position did Wong Kan Seng take from Nov 2010 to May 2011?
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/wiki/Wong_Kan_Seng#P39#2
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Wong Kan Seng Wong Kan Seng ( ; born 8 September 1946 ) is a Singaporean business executive and a former politician . He retired from political service after 31 years . He currently serves as the chairman of Ascendas-Singbridge ( since 2015 ) and non-executive director of United Overseas Bank ( since 2017 ) . A former member of the governing Peoples Action Party ( PAP ) , he was a Member of Parliament ( MP ) representing various constituencies such as Kuo Chuan Single Member Constituency,Thomson GRC etc . He was a Member of Parliament from 22 December 1984 to 25 August 2015 for almost 31 years.He also served as the countrys Deputy Prime Minister from 2005 to 2011 . He also held the Cabinet portfolios of Minister for Community Development ( 1987–91 ) , Minister for Foreign Affairs ( 1988–94 ) , Minister for Home Affairs ( 1994–2010 ) and Co-ordinating Minister for National Security ( 2010–11 ) . Wong was the deputy prime minister on 1 September 2005 till 21 May 2011 when the former deputy prime minister Tony Tan stepped down from position . Wong was serving as deputy prime minister with S . Jayakumar & Teo Chee Hean . He served as Leader of the House from 25 February 1987 to 31 March 2007 . Political career . Wong is a Cantonese and entered politics on 22 December 1984 after working as a teacher in the Singapore Civil Service and the private sector . He served and held appointments in the Ministry of Defence . In 1981 , he joined Hewlett Packard Singapore where he remained till January 1985 . Wong was elected a Member of Parliament representing the Kuo Chuan constituency in Toa Payoh at the 1984 general election . He has since been re-elected as an MP representing the Group Representation Constituencies ( GRCs ) of Toa Payoh ( 1988 ) , Thomson ( 1991 ) and Bishan–Toa Payoh ( 1997 , 2001 , 2006 and 2011 ) and was once an adviser to the Bishan-Toa Payoh Town Council and the grassroots organisations . Wong was appointed the Acting Minister for Community Development in 1986 . He was made a full member of the Cabinet as Minister for Community Development by Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew in 1987 . He was concurrently appointed the Minister for Foreign Affairs in 1988 . In 1994 , he became the Minister for Home Affairs . Wong also served as the Leader of the House in Singapores Parliament from 1991 to 2007 . Wong was vocal in his capacity as cabinet minister when it comes to defending any criticisms of the PAP as being authoritarian , or that the political process was undemocratic with an advantage given to the ruling party . He often described the opposition as being disorganised , weak and driven by self-interests.The public has no sympathy for them . Neither do I . Why should I ? I mean , they mess it up.On opposition politician J.B . Jeyaretnams proposal to establish an independent elections commission , Wong remarked , It is absurd . I think we cannot be more democratic than we are now . We even allow a loser to be in Parliament and make speeches attacking the government . Where could you find such a democracy in other countries ? At the World Conference on Human Rights in 1993 , Wong argued that democracy was interpreted differently in Singapore . He claims that its citizens do not agree that pornography is an acceptable manifestation of free expression or that homosexual relationships are just a matter of lifestyle choice . Wong was also of the belief that excessive emphasis on individual rights over the rights of the community will retard progress . On 1 September 2005 , Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong appointed Wong as one of two Deputy Prime Ministers following the retirement of Tony Tan . On 1 November 2010 , Wong was appointed the Co-ordinating Minister for National Security and relinquished his post as Minister for Home Affairs . Wong retired from the Cabinet following the 2011 general election . He remains a Member of Parliament and also the special adviser for economic cooperation to Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong until 11 September 2015 , when he was finally retired from political service after 31 years . Role in homeland security in Singapore . As the Minister for Home Affairs , Wong was in charge of overseeing emergency planning , dealing with internal threats such as cults and terrorists , involved in law and order , and rooting out of criminals and illegal immigrants . Mas Selamat escape . On 27 February 2008 , alleged Jemaah Islamiyah leader Mas Selamat bin Kastari escaped from Whitley Road Detention Centre , leading to the largest manhunt in Singapore . Wong expressed his regret in Parliament the day after the occurrence . This should never have happened . I am sorry that it has . He revealed that Mas Selamat escaped when he was taken to the toilet before a meeting at the detention centres family visit room . Wong was criticised because news of Mas Selamats escape was not disseminated to the public until four hours after its occurrence . There were calls for Wong to step down , given the severity of the security lapse . Mas Selamat was eventually recaptured in Johor Bahru , Malaysia , on 1 April 2009 , by Malaysian authorities , over a year after his escape . SARS . Wong was then responsible for co-ordinating the inter-ministerial nationwide effort to counter the SARS epidemic . Certain measures were taken to contain the virus , including mandatory home quarantine measures , health screening at immigration checkpoints , schools and hospitals and public education programs . On 31 May 2003 , Singapore was taken off the World Health Organizations list of SARS-affected countries . Post-political career . Wong returned to the private sector after stepping down from the cabinet . Wong was appointed as the chairman of Singbridge , a unit of Temasek Holdings , in 2011 . He was later appointed chairman of Ascendas-Singbridge after the merger of the four operating subsidiaries owned by Temasek Holdings and Jurong Town Corporation in 2015 . He was appointed as an independent , non-executive director of United Overseas Bank in July 2017 . Education . Wong received his secondary education at Outram Secondary School . He went on to receive a Bachelor of Arts ( Honours ) from the National University of Singapore in 1970 , and a Master of Business Administration from the London Business School on a Singapore government scholarship in 1979 . Personal life . Wong is married to Ruth Lee Hong Geok . The couple have two children . External links . - Official website of Wong Kan Seng - Wong Kan Seng at parliament.gov.sg
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[
"ZDF"
] |
easy
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Which employer did Dieter Nuhr work for from 2004 to 2006?
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/wiki/Dieter_Nuhr#P108#0
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Dieter Nuhr Dieter Herbert Nuhr ( born 29 October 1960 in Wesel , North Rhine-Westphalia ) is a German comedian , cabaret artist , author and television presenter . Nuhrs stage program nuhr in Berlin ( the title is a pun ; for explanation , see below ) is the first German stand-up comedy which was created exclusively for Netflix . Early life and education . Nuhr was born in Wesel but his family moved to Düsseldorf when he was four years old . Growing up he attended the secondary school Leibniz-Gymnasium . In 1981 he started to study art and history at the University of Duisburg-Essen and received his teaching degree in 1988 . From 1981 to 1989 , Nuhr studied art and history at the Folkwang Hochschule in Essen . Life and career . His first appearance on stage was with a school theater group where he also started to write his first own texts . In 1986 , he and Frank Küster founded the cabaret-duo V.E.V.-K.Barett . Their first official appearance on stage was part of their program called “Haben Sie sich ihre Schranknummer gemerkt?” , which can be translated as “Have you memorized your locker-number?” . In 1987 , he appeared for the first time as a cabaretist . In 1989 , the duo developed their second stage program “Pralle Pracht” ( lit . bulging opulence ) and after a name change in 1990 to V.E.V.Kabarett the duo performed their third stage program “Schrille Stille” ( lit . sharp silence ) . The last project of the group called “Zipfeltreffen” , which is a play on words in German ( Gipfeltreffen = summit conference whereas Zipfeltreffen = summit of dicks ) , followed . In 1994 , Nuhr started his first solo-project called “Nuhr am Nörgeln” . ( This program title contains , like most of Nuhrs titles , two different meanings . It could be literally translated as just grumbling or as Mr . Nuhr is grumbling because the German word nur , meaning just , is homophonic to Nuhrs last name. ) From 1982 to 1992 , he was an active artist , and several of his works were exhibited in the Rhineland . He has since gained notoriety for his numerous television appearances on Die Harald Schmidt Show , Genial daneben , Schillerstraße , Quatsch Comedy Club ( Channel Pro7 ) and 7 Tage , 7 Köpfe ( lit . 7 days , 7 heads ) on the channel RTL . In an interview with the newspaper Westdeutsche Zeitung in 2006 , Nuhr was asked how he had developed his unique style : “I started my solo career because the manager of a theater in Mönchengladbach had talked me into it . He allowed me to perform on his stage and directed me . While I was practicing my program more and more requisites went missing because he took more and more of them away . So when the day of my first performance came close there were no requisites left anymore . I just stood there and talked to the audience . This is how my very own style was born . At first I thought that this could not work at all , but the fewer requisites I used , the better it finally worked out for me . So I thought that this is what I should do : not use any requisites but talk to the audience in my very own style.” ( 28 January 2006 ) . In 1998 , the stage program “Nuhr weiter so” ( lit . Simply go on ) received an award : the Deutsche Kleinkunstpreis in the category cabaret and in 2003 , he received the Deutscher Comedypreis ( German comedy award ) for best live performance , making him the only person who received both of these well-known German awards . Nuhr is one of the most successful cabaret artists in Germany , with more than 200.000 viewers per year . Nuhr is regarded as a mediator between classical comedy and intelligent Stand-up comedy . In his work , he gives a critical glance to social behaviour in society and media , often satirising relationships and families . Nuhr has also been known to caricature the typical German know-it-all . A typical example is his famous saying that is frequently quoted in forums and Newsgroups due to its very provocative nature : Wenn man keine Ahnung hat : Einfach mal Fresse halten , which translates to , If you have no idea : just keep your mouth shut for once . His performance “Ich bin’s Nuhr” was visited by approximately half a million people . After presenting a humorous review of the years events in 2004 , he has been broadcast on ZDF with a similar TV show at the end of every following year . Nuhr presented the German comedy award for the first time on 24 October 2008 and did so over the course of the following five years . Since 3 October 2009 his four-part comedy series has been shown live on ZDF on four Tuesday evenings . In 2009 , Nuhr was asked whether he would like to participate in the album ”A Tribute to Die Fantastischen Vier” for the 20th anniversary of the group Die Fantastischen Vier . It is a compilation album with varied artists covering songs of the hip hop group from Stuttgart . Nuhr recorded the song “Buenos Dias Messias“ in his office room . In this song he played all the instruments himself and recorded it with his equipment , which he uses for radio reports otherwise . In addition to that , the album includes a conversation between Nuhr and the initiator of the album project Andreas Bär Läsker . From 20 January 2011 until 2014 , he presented the TV show Satire Gipfel on ARD . He replaced Mathias Richling , whose contract ended in 2010 . In October 2014 , this TV format was replaced by Nuhr im Ersten which was presented by him as well . Nuhr produced a two-part TV special concerning the 2010 FIFA World Cup . In doing so he referred to the topic soccer in an ironical way . Furthermore , he produced weekly cabaret segments for the radio station WDR 2 . Together with Ralph Casper he presented the quiz show Null gewinnt in the early evening time slot of ARD from July to March 2013 . In the year 2012 , Dieter Nuhr was mentor for the ARD-Themenwoche ( a special TV format , covering a weekly particular topic ) with an emphasis on the topic : living with death . To this TV format he contributed the television show Nuhr am Leben which was recorded in the St . Elisabeth church in Berlin Mitte and broadcast on ARD on 19 November 2012 . In 2013 , he took part in the ARD-Themenwoche again , when the topic fortunately/Im glad that.. . was concerned . His broadcast Nuhr im Glück was recorded in the orangery of the tropical Botanical Garden , Potsdam and was aired on 22 November 2013 . The ARD-Themenwoche 2014 will be about tolerance and Nuhr will perform his stage program “Nuhr mit Respekt” ( Only with respect ) and will be broadcast from the Jewish museum Berlin . Nuhr can also be seen regularly on the TV show “Mario Barth deckt auf!” in which he and the German comedian Mario Barth show examples of projects which only wasted tax money . In 2014 , Nuhr received the Jacob-Grimm-Award . The Jury praised Nuhrs way of performing and his intelligent form of cabaret . His stage programs were eloquent and his punch lines hit . Though the main aspect of his work was not the extraordinary quality of his speeches but also his ability to perform critique with and through language and the way Nuhr invites the audience to think about how language is able to influence our thoughts and emotions . Nuhrs stage program nuhr in Berlin ( the title is a pun ; for explanation , see below ) is the first German stand-up comedy which was created exclusively for Netflix . On November 15 , 2016 , it became available on Netflix in several countries ( optionally with subtitles ) , including the United States and the United Kingdom . Islamic cabaret controversy . Dieter Nuhr is one of the few German cabaret artists who deals with the topic of radical sides of Islam in his programmes and books . In October 2014 , a suspected Salafist pressed charges against Nuhr because he was allegedly insulting creeds and religious communities . Erhat Toka ( board member of the former Muslimisch Demokratischen Union – MDU , now Bündnis für Innovation und Gerechtigkeit ( BIG ) ) initiated the process and denoted Nuhr to be a hatemonger who agitates against Islam and invoked people to boycott Nuhrs event in Osnabrück . The Islamic scholar Bülent Ucar of the University of Osnabrück argued that Nuhr uses generalizations , feeds prejudice and brings himself up to tendentious interpretations of the Koran . The emeritus professor of theology Reinhold Mokrosch who is also speaker of the Round Table of the Religions could understand the criticism of Nuhr since he felt that it encouraged Islamophobia . Aiman Mazyek , chairman of the non-representative Central Council of Muslims in Germany was also upset about Nuhrs utterances but advised to keep calm . Mazyek declared : If Mr . Nuhr thinks he can interpret the Koran in a fundamentalist way for the sake of satire then he has to take responsibility for this . However , it is not worth suing him and thus giving him free advertising . Lawyer Klaus Staeck , recent president of the Academy of Arts , Berlin , does not expect the complaint against the cabaret artist to be successful . Nuhr only exercises his freedom of opinion , which is taken very seriously by German courts . Nuhr objects to the accusation that he would be stirring up hatred against Islam . He would continue warning of the dangers of radical Islam , said the satirist to the Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung . He is not interested in insulting Muslims , but still wants to deal critically with Islam , he told the Welt am Sonntag . The cabaret artist warned of not publicly criticizing Islam just because of fearing the possible reactions and to not leave the protest only to the right-wingers . Nuhr , on his part , criticized the report of the Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung , which related the term “hate preacher-image” to Nuhr in their online issue . The Tagesspiegel cited Nuhrs entry from his Facebook site : “Been accused as “hate preacher” by Islamists because I quoted the Quran correctly . Begging for regular visits in jail ! Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung only asks for the opinion of the Islamists and shows understanding . The question is : Does a country , that has that kind of newspapers , even need Islamists?” Richard Herzinger comments that there were some concerns and that the complaint would especially harm the image of Muslims . On 5 November 2014 , the Prosecution Office of Osnabrück announced that the proceedings against Nuhr would be closed . The prosecution justified this with the lack of “xenophobic sentiment” in the works of Dieter Nuhr as well as the circumstance , that it obviously is satire . Awards . - 1998 : Deutscher Kleinkunstpreis - 2000 : Bayerischer Kabarettpreis ( Bavarian Cabaret Awards ) and Morenhovener Lupe - 2003 : Deutscher Comedy-Preis : Bester Liveact ( German Comedy-Prize : best Live Act ) - 2008 : IQ Award - 2009/10 : Deutscher Comedy-Preis : Bester Komiker ( German Comedy-Prize : best comedian ) Personal life . As of 2010 , Nuhr lives in Ratingen , North Rhine-Westphalia . Productions . CD albums . Since nur means only , simply or just in German , the titles of his stand-up programs and CDs often involve puns . - Nuhr am Nörgeln , lit . Nuhr grousing or Just grousing ( 1994 ) - Nuhr weiter so , lit . Nuhr , go on or Just going on ( 1996 ) - Nuhr nach vorn , lit . Nuhr , go ahead or Just going ahead ( 1998 ) - www.nuhr.de ( 2000 ) - www.nuhr.de/2 ( 2002 ) - Ich bins Nuhr , lit . Its me , Nuhr or Its just me ( 2004 ) - Nuhr die Wahrheit , lit . Nuhr the truth or Only the truth ( 2007 ) - Nuhr die Ruhe , lit . Nuhr the calmness or Stay calm ( 2009 ) DVDs . - Quatsch Comedy Club 1&2 - Nuhr vom Feinsten , lit . The Best Of Nuhr or Only the best ( 2004 ) - Ich bins nuhr , lit . Its me , Nuhr or Its just me ( 2006 ) Books . - Gibt es intelligentes Leben ? lit . Does intelligent life exist ? - Wers glaubt , wird selig lit . Dont you believe it ! External links . - Official website - Nuhr in the WDR Comedy portal
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[
"ZDF"
] |
easy
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Dieter Nuhr was an employee for whom from 2006 to 2010?
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/wiki/Dieter_Nuhr#P108#1
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Dieter Nuhr Dieter Herbert Nuhr ( born 29 October 1960 in Wesel , North Rhine-Westphalia ) is a German comedian , cabaret artist , author and television presenter . Nuhrs stage program nuhr in Berlin ( the title is a pun ; for explanation , see below ) is the first German stand-up comedy which was created exclusively for Netflix . Early life and education . Nuhr was born in Wesel but his family moved to Düsseldorf when he was four years old . Growing up he attended the secondary school Leibniz-Gymnasium . In 1981 he started to study art and history at the University of Duisburg-Essen and received his teaching degree in 1988 . From 1981 to 1989 , Nuhr studied art and history at the Folkwang Hochschule in Essen . Life and career . His first appearance on stage was with a school theater group where he also started to write his first own texts . In 1986 , he and Frank Küster founded the cabaret-duo V.E.V.-K.Barett . Their first official appearance on stage was part of their program called “Haben Sie sich ihre Schranknummer gemerkt?” , which can be translated as “Have you memorized your locker-number?” . In 1987 , he appeared for the first time as a cabaretist . In 1989 , the duo developed their second stage program “Pralle Pracht” ( lit . bulging opulence ) and after a name change in 1990 to V.E.V.Kabarett the duo performed their third stage program “Schrille Stille” ( lit . sharp silence ) . The last project of the group called “Zipfeltreffen” , which is a play on words in German ( Gipfeltreffen = summit conference whereas Zipfeltreffen = summit of dicks ) , followed . In 1994 , Nuhr started his first solo-project called “Nuhr am Nörgeln” . ( This program title contains , like most of Nuhrs titles , two different meanings . It could be literally translated as just grumbling or as Mr . Nuhr is grumbling because the German word nur , meaning just , is homophonic to Nuhrs last name. ) From 1982 to 1992 , he was an active artist , and several of his works were exhibited in the Rhineland . He has since gained notoriety for his numerous television appearances on Die Harald Schmidt Show , Genial daneben , Schillerstraße , Quatsch Comedy Club ( Channel Pro7 ) and 7 Tage , 7 Köpfe ( lit . 7 days , 7 heads ) on the channel RTL . In an interview with the newspaper Westdeutsche Zeitung in 2006 , Nuhr was asked how he had developed his unique style : “I started my solo career because the manager of a theater in Mönchengladbach had talked me into it . He allowed me to perform on his stage and directed me . While I was practicing my program more and more requisites went missing because he took more and more of them away . So when the day of my first performance came close there were no requisites left anymore . I just stood there and talked to the audience . This is how my very own style was born . At first I thought that this could not work at all , but the fewer requisites I used , the better it finally worked out for me . So I thought that this is what I should do : not use any requisites but talk to the audience in my very own style.” ( 28 January 2006 ) . In 1998 , the stage program “Nuhr weiter so” ( lit . Simply go on ) received an award : the Deutsche Kleinkunstpreis in the category cabaret and in 2003 , he received the Deutscher Comedypreis ( German comedy award ) for best live performance , making him the only person who received both of these well-known German awards . Nuhr is one of the most successful cabaret artists in Germany , with more than 200.000 viewers per year . Nuhr is regarded as a mediator between classical comedy and intelligent Stand-up comedy . In his work , he gives a critical glance to social behaviour in society and media , often satirising relationships and families . Nuhr has also been known to caricature the typical German know-it-all . A typical example is his famous saying that is frequently quoted in forums and Newsgroups due to its very provocative nature : Wenn man keine Ahnung hat : Einfach mal Fresse halten , which translates to , If you have no idea : just keep your mouth shut for once . His performance “Ich bin’s Nuhr” was visited by approximately half a million people . After presenting a humorous review of the years events in 2004 , he has been broadcast on ZDF with a similar TV show at the end of every following year . Nuhr presented the German comedy award for the first time on 24 October 2008 and did so over the course of the following five years . Since 3 October 2009 his four-part comedy series has been shown live on ZDF on four Tuesday evenings . In 2009 , Nuhr was asked whether he would like to participate in the album ”A Tribute to Die Fantastischen Vier” for the 20th anniversary of the group Die Fantastischen Vier . It is a compilation album with varied artists covering songs of the hip hop group from Stuttgart . Nuhr recorded the song “Buenos Dias Messias“ in his office room . In this song he played all the instruments himself and recorded it with his equipment , which he uses for radio reports otherwise . In addition to that , the album includes a conversation between Nuhr and the initiator of the album project Andreas Bär Läsker . From 20 January 2011 until 2014 , he presented the TV show Satire Gipfel on ARD . He replaced Mathias Richling , whose contract ended in 2010 . In October 2014 , this TV format was replaced by Nuhr im Ersten which was presented by him as well . Nuhr produced a two-part TV special concerning the 2010 FIFA World Cup . In doing so he referred to the topic soccer in an ironical way . Furthermore , he produced weekly cabaret segments for the radio station WDR 2 . Together with Ralph Casper he presented the quiz show Null gewinnt in the early evening time slot of ARD from July to March 2013 . In the year 2012 , Dieter Nuhr was mentor for the ARD-Themenwoche ( a special TV format , covering a weekly particular topic ) with an emphasis on the topic : living with death . To this TV format he contributed the television show Nuhr am Leben which was recorded in the St . Elisabeth church in Berlin Mitte and broadcast on ARD on 19 November 2012 . In 2013 , he took part in the ARD-Themenwoche again , when the topic fortunately/Im glad that.. . was concerned . His broadcast Nuhr im Glück was recorded in the orangery of the tropical Botanical Garden , Potsdam and was aired on 22 November 2013 . The ARD-Themenwoche 2014 will be about tolerance and Nuhr will perform his stage program “Nuhr mit Respekt” ( Only with respect ) and will be broadcast from the Jewish museum Berlin . Nuhr can also be seen regularly on the TV show “Mario Barth deckt auf!” in which he and the German comedian Mario Barth show examples of projects which only wasted tax money . In 2014 , Nuhr received the Jacob-Grimm-Award . The Jury praised Nuhrs way of performing and his intelligent form of cabaret . His stage programs were eloquent and his punch lines hit . Though the main aspect of his work was not the extraordinary quality of his speeches but also his ability to perform critique with and through language and the way Nuhr invites the audience to think about how language is able to influence our thoughts and emotions . Nuhrs stage program nuhr in Berlin ( the title is a pun ; for explanation , see below ) is the first German stand-up comedy which was created exclusively for Netflix . On November 15 , 2016 , it became available on Netflix in several countries ( optionally with subtitles ) , including the United States and the United Kingdom . Islamic cabaret controversy . Dieter Nuhr is one of the few German cabaret artists who deals with the topic of radical sides of Islam in his programmes and books . In October 2014 , a suspected Salafist pressed charges against Nuhr because he was allegedly insulting creeds and religious communities . Erhat Toka ( board member of the former Muslimisch Demokratischen Union – MDU , now Bündnis für Innovation und Gerechtigkeit ( BIG ) ) initiated the process and denoted Nuhr to be a hatemonger who agitates against Islam and invoked people to boycott Nuhrs event in Osnabrück . The Islamic scholar Bülent Ucar of the University of Osnabrück argued that Nuhr uses generalizations , feeds prejudice and brings himself up to tendentious interpretations of the Koran . The emeritus professor of theology Reinhold Mokrosch who is also speaker of the Round Table of the Religions could understand the criticism of Nuhr since he felt that it encouraged Islamophobia . Aiman Mazyek , chairman of the non-representative Central Council of Muslims in Germany was also upset about Nuhrs utterances but advised to keep calm . Mazyek declared : If Mr . Nuhr thinks he can interpret the Koran in a fundamentalist way for the sake of satire then he has to take responsibility for this . However , it is not worth suing him and thus giving him free advertising . Lawyer Klaus Staeck , recent president of the Academy of Arts , Berlin , does not expect the complaint against the cabaret artist to be successful . Nuhr only exercises his freedom of opinion , which is taken very seriously by German courts . Nuhr objects to the accusation that he would be stirring up hatred against Islam . He would continue warning of the dangers of radical Islam , said the satirist to the Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung . He is not interested in insulting Muslims , but still wants to deal critically with Islam , he told the Welt am Sonntag . The cabaret artist warned of not publicly criticizing Islam just because of fearing the possible reactions and to not leave the protest only to the right-wingers . Nuhr , on his part , criticized the report of the Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung , which related the term “hate preacher-image” to Nuhr in their online issue . The Tagesspiegel cited Nuhrs entry from his Facebook site : “Been accused as “hate preacher” by Islamists because I quoted the Quran correctly . Begging for regular visits in jail ! Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung only asks for the opinion of the Islamists and shows understanding . The question is : Does a country , that has that kind of newspapers , even need Islamists?” Richard Herzinger comments that there were some concerns and that the complaint would especially harm the image of Muslims . On 5 November 2014 , the Prosecution Office of Osnabrück announced that the proceedings against Nuhr would be closed . The prosecution justified this with the lack of “xenophobic sentiment” in the works of Dieter Nuhr as well as the circumstance , that it obviously is satire . Awards . - 1998 : Deutscher Kleinkunstpreis - 2000 : Bayerischer Kabarettpreis ( Bavarian Cabaret Awards ) and Morenhovener Lupe - 2003 : Deutscher Comedy-Preis : Bester Liveact ( German Comedy-Prize : best Live Act ) - 2008 : IQ Award - 2009/10 : Deutscher Comedy-Preis : Bester Komiker ( German Comedy-Prize : best comedian ) Personal life . As of 2010 , Nuhr lives in Ratingen , North Rhine-Westphalia . Productions . CD albums . Since nur means only , simply or just in German , the titles of his stand-up programs and CDs often involve puns . - Nuhr am Nörgeln , lit . Nuhr grousing or Just grousing ( 1994 ) - Nuhr weiter so , lit . Nuhr , go on or Just going on ( 1996 ) - Nuhr nach vorn , lit . Nuhr , go ahead or Just going ahead ( 1998 ) - www.nuhr.de ( 2000 ) - www.nuhr.de/2 ( 2002 ) - Ich bins Nuhr , lit . Its me , Nuhr or Its just me ( 2004 ) - Nuhr die Wahrheit , lit . Nuhr the truth or Only the truth ( 2007 ) - Nuhr die Ruhe , lit . Nuhr the calmness or Stay calm ( 2009 ) DVDs . - Quatsch Comedy Club 1&2 - Nuhr vom Feinsten , lit . The Best Of Nuhr or Only the best ( 2004 ) - Ich bins nuhr , lit . Its me , Nuhr or Its just me ( 2006 ) Books . - Gibt es intelligentes Leben ? lit . Does intelligent life exist ? - Wers glaubt , wird selig lit . Dont you believe it ! External links . - Official website - Nuhr in the WDR Comedy portal
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[
""
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easy
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What was the name of the employer Dieter Nuhr work for from 2010 to 2011?
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/wiki/Dieter_Nuhr#P108#2
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Dieter Nuhr Dieter Herbert Nuhr ( born 29 October 1960 in Wesel , North Rhine-Westphalia ) is a German comedian , cabaret artist , author and television presenter . Nuhrs stage program nuhr in Berlin ( the title is a pun ; for explanation , see below ) is the first German stand-up comedy which was created exclusively for Netflix . Early life and education . Nuhr was born in Wesel but his family moved to Düsseldorf when he was four years old . Growing up he attended the secondary school Leibniz-Gymnasium . In 1981 he started to study art and history at the University of Duisburg-Essen and received his teaching degree in 1988 . From 1981 to 1989 , Nuhr studied art and history at the Folkwang Hochschule in Essen . Life and career . His first appearance on stage was with a school theater group where he also started to write his first own texts . In 1986 , he and Frank Küster founded the cabaret-duo V.E.V.-K.Barett . Their first official appearance on stage was part of their program called “Haben Sie sich ihre Schranknummer gemerkt?” , which can be translated as “Have you memorized your locker-number?” . In 1987 , he appeared for the first time as a cabaretist . In 1989 , the duo developed their second stage program “Pralle Pracht” ( lit . bulging opulence ) and after a name change in 1990 to V.E.V.Kabarett the duo performed their third stage program “Schrille Stille” ( lit . sharp silence ) . The last project of the group called “Zipfeltreffen” , which is a play on words in German ( Gipfeltreffen = summit conference whereas Zipfeltreffen = summit of dicks ) , followed . In 1994 , Nuhr started his first solo-project called “Nuhr am Nörgeln” . ( This program title contains , like most of Nuhrs titles , two different meanings . It could be literally translated as just grumbling or as Mr . Nuhr is grumbling because the German word nur , meaning just , is homophonic to Nuhrs last name. ) From 1982 to 1992 , he was an active artist , and several of his works were exhibited in the Rhineland . He has since gained notoriety for his numerous television appearances on Die Harald Schmidt Show , Genial daneben , Schillerstraße , Quatsch Comedy Club ( Channel Pro7 ) and 7 Tage , 7 Köpfe ( lit . 7 days , 7 heads ) on the channel RTL . In an interview with the newspaper Westdeutsche Zeitung in 2006 , Nuhr was asked how he had developed his unique style : “I started my solo career because the manager of a theater in Mönchengladbach had talked me into it . He allowed me to perform on his stage and directed me . While I was practicing my program more and more requisites went missing because he took more and more of them away . So when the day of my first performance came close there were no requisites left anymore . I just stood there and talked to the audience . This is how my very own style was born . At first I thought that this could not work at all , but the fewer requisites I used , the better it finally worked out for me . So I thought that this is what I should do : not use any requisites but talk to the audience in my very own style.” ( 28 January 2006 ) . In 1998 , the stage program “Nuhr weiter so” ( lit . Simply go on ) received an award : the Deutsche Kleinkunstpreis in the category cabaret and in 2003 , he received the Deutscher Comedypreis ( German comedy award ) for best live performance , making him the only person who received both of these well-known German awards . Nuhr is one of the most successful cabaret artists in Germany , with more than 200.000 viewers per year . Nuhr is regarded as a mediator between classical comedy and intelligent Stand-up comedy . In his work , he gives a critical glance to social behaviour in society and media , often satirising relationships and families . Nuhr has also been known to caricature the typical German know-it-all . A typical example is his famous saying that is frequently quoted in forums and Newsgroups due to its very provocative nature : Wenn man keine Ahnung hat : Einfach mal Fresse halten , which translates to , If you have no idea : just keep your mouth shut for once . His performance “Ich bin’s Nuhr” was visited by approximately half a million people . After presenting a humorous review of the years events in 2004 , he has been broadcast on ZDF with a similar TV show at the end of every following year . Nuhr presented the German comedy award for the first time on 24 October 2008 and did so over the course of the following five years . Since 3 October 2009 his four-part comedy series has been shown live on ZDF on four Tuesday evenings . In 2009 , Nuhr was asked whether he would like to participate in the album ”A Tribute to Die Fantastischen Vier” for the 20th anniversary of the group Die Fantastischen Vier . It is a compilation album with varied artists covering songs of the hip hop group from Stuttgart . Nuhr recorded the song “Buenos Dias Messias“ in his office room . In this song he played all the instruments himself and recorded it with his equipment , which he uses for radio reports otherwise . In addition to that , the album includes a conversation between Nuhr and the initiator of the album project Andreas Bär Läsker . From 20 January 2011 until 2014 , he presented the TV show Satire Gipfel on ARD . He replaced Mathias Richling , whose contract ended in 2010 . In October 2014 , this TV format was replaced by Nuhr im Ersten which was presented by him as well . Nuhr produced a two-part TV special concerning the 2010 FIFA World Cup . In doing so he referred to the topic soccer in an ironical way . Furthermore , he produced weekly cabaret segments for the radio station WDR 2 . Together with Ralph Casper he presented the quiz show Null gewinnt in the early evening time slot of ARD from July to March 2013 . In the year 2012 , Dieter Nuhr was mentor for the ARD-Themenwoche ( a special TV format , covering a weekly particular topic ) with an emphasis on the topic : living with death . To this TV format he contributed the television show Nuhr am Leben which was recorded in the St . Elisabeth church in Berlin Mitte and broadcast on ARD on 19 November 2012 . In 2013 , he took part in the ARD-Themenwoche again , when the topic fortunately/Im glad that.. . was concerned . His broadcast Nuhr im Glück was recorded in the orangery of the tropical Botanical Garden , Potsdam and was aired on 22 November 2013 . The ARD-Themenwoche 2014 will be about tolerance and Nuhr will perform his stage program “Nuhr mit Respekt” ( Only with respect ) and will be broadcast from the Jewish museum Berlin . Nuhr can also be seen regularly on the TV show “Mario Barth deckt auf!” in which he and the German comedian Mario Barth show examples of projects which only wasted tax money . In 2014 , Nuhr received the Jacob-Grimm-Award . The Jury praised Nuhrs way of performing and his intelligent form of cabaret . His stage programs were eloquent and his punch lines hit . Though the main aspect of his work was not the extraordinary quality of his speeches but also his ability to perform critique with and through language and the way Nuhr invites the audience to think about how language is able to influence our thoughts and emotions . Nuhrs stage program nuhr in Berlin ( the title is a pun ; for explanation , see below ) is the first German stand-up comedy which was created exclusively for Netflix . On November 15 , 2016 , it became available on Netflix in several countries ( optionally with subtitles ) , including the United States and the United Kingdom . Islamic cabaret controversy . Dieter Nuhr is one of the few German cabaret artists who deals with the topic of radical sides of Islam in his programmes and books . In October 2014 , a suspected Salafist pressed charges against Nuhr because he was allegedly insulting creeds and religious communities . Erhat Toka ( board member of the former Muslimisch Demokratischen Union – MDU , now Bündnis für Innovation und Gerechtigkeit ( BIG ) ) initiated the process and denoted Nuhr to be a hatemonger who agitates against Islam and invoked people to boycott Nuhrs event in Osnabrück . The Islamic scholar Bülent Ucar of the University of Osnabrück argued that Nuhr uses generalizations , feeds prejudice and brings himself up to tendentious interpretations of the Koran . The emeritus professor of theology Reinhold Mokrosch who is also speaker of the Round Table of the Religions could understand the criticism of Nuhr since he felt that it encouraged Islamophobia . Aiman Mazyek , chairman of the non-representative Central Council of Muslims in Germany was also upset about Nuhrs utterances but advised to keep calm . Mazyek declared : If Mr . Nuhr thinks he can interpret the Koran in a fundamentalist way for the sake of satire then he has to take responsibility for this . However , it is not worth suing him and thus giving him free advertising . Lawyer Klaus Staeck , recent president of the Academy of Arts , Berlin , does not expect the complaint against the cabaret artist to be successful . Nuhr only exercises his freedom of opinion , which is taken very seriously by German courts . Nuhr objects to the accusation that he would be stirring up hatred against Islam . He would continue warning of the dangers of radical Islam , said the satirist to the Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung . He is not interested in insulting Muslims , but still wants to deal critically with Islam , he told the Welt am Sonntag . The cabaret artist warned of not publicly criticizing Islam just because of fearing the possible reactions and to not leave the protest only to the right-wingers . Nuhr , on his part , criticized the report of the Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung , which related the term “hate preacher-image” to Nuhr in their online issue . The Tagesspiegel cited Nuhrs entry from his Facebook site : “Been accused as “hate preacher” by Islamists because I quoted the Quran correctly . Begging for regular visits in jail ! Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung only asks for the opinion of the Islamists and shows understanding . The question is : Does a country , that has that kind of newspapers , even need Islamists?” Richard Herzinger comments that there were some concerns and that the complaint would especially harm the image of Muslims . On 5 November 2014 , the Prosecution Office of Osnabrück announced that the proceedings against Nuhr would be closed . The prosecution justified this with the lack of “xenophobic sentiment” in the works of Dieter Nuhr as well as the circumstance , that it obviously is satire . Awards . - 1998 : Deutscher Kleinkunstpreis - 2000 : Bayerischer Kabarettpreis ( Bavarian Cabaret Awards ) and Morenhovener Lupe - 2003 : Deutscher Comedy-Preis : Bester Liveact ( German Comedy-Prize : best Live Act ) - 2008 : IQ Award - 2009/10 : Deutscher Comedy-Preis : Bester Komiker ( German Comedy-Prize : best comedian ) Personal life . As of 2010 , Nuhr lives in Ratingen , North Rhine-Westphalia . Productions . CD albums . Since nur means only , simply or just in German , the titles of his stand-up programs and CDs often involve puns . - Nuhr am Nörgeln , lit . Nuhr grousing or Just grousing ( 1994 ) - Nuhr weiter so , lit . Nuhr , go on or Just going on ( 1996 ) - Nuhr nach vorn , lit . Nuhr , go ahead or Just going ahead ( 1998 ) - www.nuhr.de ( 2000 ) - www.nuhr.de/2 ( 2002 ) - Ich bins Nuhr , lit . Its me , Nuhr or Its just me ( 2004 ) - Nuhr die Wahrheit , lit . Nuhr the truth or Only the truth ( 2007 ) - Nuhr die Ruhe , lit . Nuhr the calmness or Stay calm ( 2009 ) DVDs . - Quatsch Comedy Club 1&2 - Nuhr vom Feinsten , lit . The Best Of Nuhr or Only the best ( 2004 ) - Ich bins nuhr , lit . Its me , Nuhr or Its just me ( 2006 ) Books . - Gibt es intelligentes Leben ? lit . Does intelligent life exist ? - Wers glaubt , wird selig lit . Dont you believe it ! External links . - Official website - Nuhr in the WDR Comedy portal
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[
"director of programs for the American Anthropological Association"
] |
easy
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Which employer did David Post work for from 1976 to 1983?
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/wiki/David_Post#P108#0
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David Post David G . Post ( born 1951 ) is an American legal scholar . Post is an expert in intellectual property law and the law in cyberspace . Until his retirement in 2014 , Post served as Professor of Law at Beasley School of Law of Temple University in Philadelphia . Education . Post received his B.A . cum laude from Yale College in 1972 , his Ph.D . in anthropology from Yale University in 1978 , and his J.D . summa cum laude from Georgetown University Law Center in 1986 . Career . Post was the director of programs for the American Anthropological Association from 1976 to 1981 and an assistant professor of anthropology at Columbia University from 1981 to 1983 . Post served as law clerk to Ruth Bader Ginsburg twice , once from 1986 to 1987 , when Ginsburg was a judge of the U.S . Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , and a second time from 1993 to 1994 , after Ginsburg had been elevated to the Supreme Court of the United States . In between , from 1987 to 1993 , Post practiced law in Washington , D.C . as an associate at the law firm of Wilmer , Cutler & Pickering . From 1994 to 1997 , Post was an associate professor of law at Georgetown University Law Center . In 1997 , he joined the Beasley School of Law of Temple University in Philadelphia as a professor of law , remaining there until his retirement as the I . Herman Stern Professor of Law in fall 2014 . Post is a fellow of the Center for Democracy and Technology and the New York Law Schools Institute for Information Law and Policy , an adjunct scholar at the Cato Institute , and a contributor to the Volokh Conspiracy blog at The Washington Post . Post was formerly a senior fellow at the Open Technology Institute of the New America Foundation . Works and views . Posts main area of scholarly interest is intellectual property law and the relationship of complexity theory to the law . Post wrote In Search of Jeffersons Moose : Notes on the State of Cyberspace ( Oxford , 2009 ) . In the book , Post draws a parallel between the Internet and the natural and intellectual landscape that Thomas Jefferson explored , documented , and shaped . The book earned positive reviews from legal scholars , including Lawrence Lessig , Jonathan Zittrain , and Sean Wilentz . Post also coauthored , with Paul Schiff Berman and Patricia Bellia , another book , Cyberlaw : Problems of Policy and Jurisprudence in the Information Age ( West , 2007 ) , currently in its fourth ( 2011 ) edition . Post had authored a number of amicus briefs to the U.S . Supreme Court and other courts . Post was a signatory to an open letter from law professors in 2014 that expressed support for the legal recognition of same-sex marriages but also expressed concern that events ( such as the resignation of Mozilla CEO Brendan Eich after an outcry over a contribution that Eich had made to an anti-same-sex-marriage effort ) signal an eagerness by some supporters of same-sex marriage to punish rather than to criticize or to persuade those who disagree . External links . - Blog postings by Post at the Volokh Conspiracy on The Washington Post
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[
"Wilmer , Cutler & Pickering"
] |
easy
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Who did David Post work for from 1987 to 1993?
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/wiki/David_Post#P108#1
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David Post David G . Post ( born 1951 ) is an American legal scholar . Post is an expert in intellectual property law and the law in cyberspace . Until his retirement in 2014 , Post served as Professor of Law at Beasley School of Law of Temple University in Philadelphia . Education . Post received his B.A . cum laude from Yale College in 1972 , his Ph.D . in anthropology from Yale University in 1978 , and his J.D . summa cum laude from Georgetown University Law Center in 1986 . Career . Post was the director of programs for the American Anthropological Association from 1976 to 1981 and an assistant professor of anthropology at Columbia University from 1981 to 1983 . Post served as law clerk to Ruth Bader Ginsburg twice , once from 1986 to 1987 , when Ginsburg was a judge of the U.S . Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , and a second time from 1993 to 1994 , after Ginsburg had been elevated to the Supreme Court of the United States . In between , from 1987 to 1993 , Post practiced law in Washington , D.C . as an associate at the law firm of Wilmer , Cutler & Pickering . From 1994 to 1997 , Post was an associate professor of law at Georgetown University Law Center . In 1997 , he joined the Beasley School of Law of Temple University in Philadelphia as a professor of law , remaining there until his retirement as the I . Herman Stern Professor of Law in fall 2014 . Post is a fellow of the Center for Democracy and Technology and the New York Law Schools Institute for Information Law and Policy , an adjunct scholar at the Cato Institute , and a contributor to the Volokh Conspiracy blog at The Washington Post . Post was formerly a senior fellow at the Open Technology Institute of the New America Foundation . Works and views . Posts main area of scholarly interest is intellectual property law and the relationship of complexity theory to the law . Post wrote In Search of Jeffersons Moose : Notes on the State of Cyberspace ( Oxford , 2009 ) . In the book , Post draws a parallel between the Internet and the natural and intellectual landscape that Thomas Jefferson explored , documented , and shaped . The book earned positive reviews from legal scholars , including Lawrence Lessig , Jonathan Zittrain , and Sean Wilentz . Post also coauthored , with Paul Schiff Berman and Patricia Bellia , another book , Cyberlaw : Problems of Policy and Jurisprudence in the Information Age ( West , 2007 ) , currently in its fourth ( 2011 ) edition . Post had authored a number of amicus briefs to the U.S . Supreme Court and other courts . Post was a signatory to an open letter from law professors in 2014 that expressed support for the legal recognition of same-sex marriages but also expressed concern that events ( such as the resignation of Mozilla CEO Brendan Eich after an outcry over a contribution that Eich had made to an anti-same-sex-marriage effort ) signal an eagerness by some supporters of same-sex marriage to punish rather than to criticize or to persuade those who disagree . External links . - Blog postings by Post at the Volokh Conspiracy on The Washington Post
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[
"Georgetown University Law Center"
] |
easy
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Which employer did David Post work for from 1994 to 1997?
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/wiki/David_Post#P108#2
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David Post David G . Post ( born 1951 ) is an American legal scholar . Post is an expert in intellectual property law and the law in cyberspace . Until his retirement in 2014 , Post served as Professor of Law at Beasley School of Law of Temple University in Philadelphia . Education . Post received his B.A . cum laude from Yale College in 1972 , his Ph.D . in anthropology from Yale University in 1978 , and his J.D . summa cum laude from Georgetown University Law Center in 1986 . Career . Post was the director of programs for the American Anthropological Association from 1976 to 1981 and an assistant professor of anthropology at Columbia University from 1981 to 1983 . Post served as law clerk to Ruth Bader Ginsburg twice , once from 1986 to 1987 , when Ginsburg was a judge of the U.S . Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , and a second time from 1993 to 1994 , after Ginsburg had been elevated to the Supreme Court of the United States . In between , from 1987 to 1993 , Post practiced law in Washington , D.C . as an associate at the law firm of Wilmer , Cutler & Pickering . From 1994 to 1997 , Post was an associate professor of law at Georgetown University Law Center . In 1997 , he joined the Beasley School of Law of Temple University in Philadelphia as a professor of law , remaining there until his retirement as the I . Herman Stern Professor of Law in fall 2014 . Post is a fellow of the Center for Democracy and Technology and the New York Law Schools Institute for Information Law and Policy , an adjunct scholar at the Cato Institute , and a contributor to the Volokh Conspiracy blog at The Washington Post . Post was formerly a senior fellow at the Open Technology Institute of the New America Foundation . Works and views . Posts main area of scholarly interest is intellectual property law and the relationship of complexity theory to the law . Post wrote In Search of Jeffersons Moose : Notes on the State of Cyberspace ( Oxford , 2009 ) . In the book , Post draws a parallel between the Internet and the natural and intellectual landscape that Thomas Jefferson explored , documented , and shaped . The book earned positive reviews from legal scholars , including Lawrence Lessig , Jonathan Zittrain , and Sean Wilentz . Post also coauthored , with Paul Schiff Berman and Patricia Bellia , another book , Cyberlaw : Problems of Policy and Jurisprudence in the Information Age ( West , 2007 ) , currently in its fourth ( 2011 ) edition . Post had authored a number of amicus briefs to the U.S . Supreme Court and other courts . Post was a signatory to an open letter from law professors in 2014 that expressed support for the legal recognition of same-sex marriages but also expressed concern that events ( such as the resignation of Mozilla CEO Brendan Eich after an outcry over a contribution that Eich had made to an anti-same-sex-marriage effort ) signal an eagerness by some supporters of same-sex marriage to punish rather than to criticize or to persuade those who disagree . External links . - Blog postings by Post at the Volokh Conspiracy on The Washington Post
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[
"Beasley School of Law of Temple University"
] |
easy
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David Post was an employee for whom from 1997 to 2014?
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/wiki/David_Post#P108#3
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David Post David G . Post ( born 1951 ) is an American legal scholar . Post is an expert in intellectual property law and the law in cyberspace . Until his retirement in 2014 , Post served as Professor of Law at Beasley School of Law of Temple University in Philadelphia . Education . Post received his B.A . cum laude from Yale College in 1972 , his Ph.D . in anthropology from Yale University in 1978 , and his J.D . summa cum laude from Georgetown University Law Center in 1986 . Career . Post was the director of programs for the American Anthropological Association from 1976 to 1981 and an assistant professor of anthropology at Columbia University from 1981 to 1983 . Post served as law clerk to Ruth Bader Ginsburg twice , once from 1986 to 1987 , when Ginsburg was a judge of the U.S . Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , and a second time from 1993 to 1994 , after Ginsburg had been elevated to the Supreme Court of the United States . In between , from 1987 to 1993 , Post practiced law in Washington , D.C . as an associate at the law firm of Wilmer , Cutler & Pickering . From 1994 to 1997 , Post was an associate professor of law at Georgetown University Law Center . In 1997 , he joined the Beasley School of Law of Temple University in Philadelphia as a professor of law , remaining there until his retirement as the I . Herman Stern Professor of Law in fall 2014 . Post is a fellow of the Center for Democracy and Technology and the New York Law Schools Institute for Information Law and Policy , an adjunct scholar at the Cato Institute , and a contributor to the Volokh Conspiracy blog at The Washington Post . Post was formerly a senior fellow at the Open Technology Institute of the New America Foundation . Works and views . Posts main area of scholarly interest is intellectual property law and the relationship of complexity theory to the law . Post wrote In Search of Jeffersons Moose : Notes on the State of Cyberspace ( Oxford , 2009 ) . In the book , Post draws a parallel between the Internet and the natural and intellectual landscape that Thomas Jefferson explored , documented , and shaped . The book earned positive reviews from legal scholars , including Lawrence Lessig , Jonathan Zittrain , and Sean Wilentz . Post also coauthored , with Paul Schiff Berman and Patricia Bellia , another book , Cyberlaw : Problems of Policy and Jurisprudence in the Information Age ( West , 2007 ) , currently in its fourth ( 2011 ) edition . Post had authored a number of amicus briefs to the U.S . Supreme Court and other courts . Post was a signatory to an open letter from law professors in 2014 that expressed support for the legal recognition of same-sex marriages but also expressed concern that events ( such as the resignation of Mozilla CEO Brendan Eich after an outcry over a contribution that Eich had made to an anti-same-sex-marriage effort ) signal an eagerness by some supporters of same-sex marriage to punish rather than to criticize or to persuade those who disagree . External links . - Blog postings by Post at the Volokh Conspiracy on The Washington Post
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[
"International Master"
] |
easy
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Which title was conferred to Elena Sedina in 1999?
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/wiki/Elena_Sedina#P2962#0
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Elena Sedina Elena Sedina ( ; , Olena Sedina ; born 1 June 1968 in Kiev ) is a Ukrainian-Italian chess player who holds the FIDE titles of International Master ( IM ) and Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) . She has won the Ukrainian Womens Chess Championship , the Australian Open Chess Championship , and is a Chess Olympiad and Mitropa Cup gold medalist . Career . Sedina learned to play chess at the age of seven and became womens champion of Kiev at the age of eleven . At sixteen she won the Soviet Union Girls Under-18 Chess Championship in Chernihiv 1984 . Sedina won the Ukrainian Womens Chess Championship in 1988 and again in 1990 . She obtained the titles of Woman International Master ( WIM ) in 1990 , Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) in 1996 and International Master ( IM ) in 1999 . She moved to Italy in 1995 and transferred to the Italian Chess Federation in April 2001 . Sedina represented Ukraine in four Womens Chess Olympiads from 1994 to 2000 , and represented Italy , on board 1 , from 2004 to 2012 . Her best result was her Olympiad debut at the 31st Chess Olympiad in Moscow 1994 , where she scored 10.5/12 and won the gold medal on first reserve board , and the silver medal for best rating performance . She also won the bronze medal on board 3 at the 32nd Chess Olympiad in Yerevan 1996 . Sedina competed in the Womens World Chess Championship 2001 where she was eliminated by former Womens World Chess Champion Maia Chiburdanidze in round two , the Womens World Chess Championship 2004 where she was eliminated by Elina Danielian in round one , and the Womens World Chess Championship 2008 where she made it to round three but was eliminated by eventual runner-up Hou Yifan in the rapid playoffs . Along with Jana Krivec , she scored a perfect 7/7 in the 1997 Slovenian Womens Team Chess Championship , and was the top scorer with 8/9 in the 1999 Swiss Team Chess Championship . She won the San Martino di Castrozza Open in 2001 , came second in the 2000 Swiss Womens Chess Championship and won the event in 2001 , and finished equal first in the Genoa Centurini Open in 2004 . In January 2005 she scored 8.5/9 to win the Australian Open Chess Championship in Mount Buller , Victoria , becoming the first woman to ever do so . In 2006 , she scored 7.5/11 and finished equal third in the 7th European Womens Chess Championship in Kuşadası , Turkey . This qualified her to play in the Womens World Chess Championship 2008 in Nalchik , Russia where she defeated Irina Krush and Nguyen Thi Than An , before being eliminated by Hou Yifan in round 3 . In 2007 , she won the bronze medal in the 5th Mediterranean Chess Championship in Sousse , Tunisia and in 2008/2009 the silver medal in the 6th Mediterranean Chess Championship in Antalya , Turkey . Sedina has represented Italy in the Mitropa Cup eight times from 2008 to 2015 . She has won two individual gold medals ( in Olbia 2008 and Merlimont 2011 ) , four team gold medals ( in 2008 , 2010 , 2011 and 2014 ) , one silver team medal ( 2015 ) and three bronze team medals ( in 2009 , 2012 and 2013 ) in the Mitropa Cup . She has played in several national chess championship teams : in Germany with OSG Baden-Baden , with Mendrisio in Switzerland , in France with the Clichy-Echecs-92 , in England with Wood Green 1 . Personal life . Sedina graduated in Economics at the University of Kiev in 1990 . She also gained a PhD in chess training methods at the Kiev Institute of Physical Culture and Sport in 1994 . External links . - Elena Sedina chess games at 365Chess.com
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[
"Woman Grandmaster"
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easy
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Which title was conferred to Elena Sedina in 1996?
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/wiki/Elena_Sedina#P2962#1
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Elena Sedina Elena Sedina ( ; , Olena Sedina ; born 1 June 1968 in Kiev ) is a Ukrainian-Italian chess player who holds the FIDE titles of International Master ( IM ) and Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) . She has won the Ukrainian Womens Chess Championship , the Australian Open Chess Championship , and is a Chess Olympiad and Mitropa Cup gold medalist . Career . Sedina learned to play chess at the age of seven and became womens champion of Kiev at the age of eleven . At sixteen she won the Soviet Union Girls Under-18 Chess Championship in Chernihiv 1984 . Sedina won the Ukrainian Womens Chess Championship in 1988 and again in 1990 . She obtained the titles of Woman International Master ( WIM ) in 1990 , Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) in 1996 and International Master ( IM ) in 1999 . She moved to Italy in 1995 and transferred to the Italian Chess Federation in April 2001 . Sedina represented Ukraine in four Womens Chess Olympiads from 1994 to 2000 , and represented Italy , on board 1 , from 2004 to 2012 . Her best result was her Olympiad debut at the 31st Chess Olympiad in Moscow 1994 , where she scored 10.5/12 and won the gold medal on first reserve board , and the silver medal for best rating performance . She also won the bronze medal on board 3 at the 32nd Chess Olympiad in Yerevan 1996 . Sedina competed in the Womens World Chess Championship 2001 where she was eliminated by former Womens World Chess Champion Maia Chiburdanidze in round two , the Womens World Chess Championship 2004 where she was eliminated by Elina Danielian in round one , and the Womens World Chess Championship 2008 where she made it to round three but was eliminated by eventual runner-up Hou Yifan in the rapid playoffs . Along with Jana Krivec , she scored a perfect 7/7 in the 1997 Slovenian Womens Team Chess Championship , and was the top scorer with 8/9 in the 1999 Swiss Team Chess Championship . She won the San Martino di Castrozza Open in 2001 , came second in the 2000 Swiss Womens Chess Championship and won the event in 2001 , and finished equal first in the Genoa Centurini Open in 2004 . In January 2005 she scored 8.5/9 to win the Australian Open Chess Championship in Mount Buller , Victoria , becoming the first woman to ever do so . In 2006 , she scored 7.5/11 and finished equal third in the 7th European Womens Chess Championship in Kuşadası , Turkey . This qualified her to play in the Womens World Chess Championship 2008 in Nalchik , Russia where she defeated Irina Krush and Nguyen Thi Than An , before being eliminated by Hou Yifan in round 3 . In 2007 , she won the bronze medal in the 5th Mediterranean Chess Championship in Sousse , Tunisia and in 2008/2009 the silver medal in the 6th Mediterranean Chess Championship in Antalya , Turkey . Sedina has represented Italy in the Mitropa Cup eight times from 2008 to 2015 . She has won two individual gold medals ( in Olbia 2008 and Merlimont 2011 ) , four team gold medals ( in 2008 , 2010 , 2011 and 2014 ) , one silver team medal ( 2015 ) and three bronze team medals ( in 2009 , 2012 and 2013 ) in the Mitropa Cup . She has played in several national chess championship teams : in Germany with OSG Baden-Baden , with Mendrisio in Switzerland , in France with the Clichy-Echecs-92 , in England with Wood Green 1 . Personal life . Sedina graduated in Economics at the University of Kiev in 1990 . She also gained a PhD in chess training methods at the Kiev Institute of Physical Culture and Sport in 1994 . External links . - Elena Sedina chess games at 365Chess.com
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[
"Woman International Master"
] |
easy
|
Which title was conferred to Elena Sedina in 1990?
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/wiki/Elena_Sedina#P2962#2
|
Elena Sedina Elena Sedina ( ; , Olena Sedina ; born 1 June 1968 in Kiev ) is a Ukrainian-Italian chess player who holds the FIDE titles of International Master ( IM ) and Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) . She has won the Ukrainian Womens Chess Championship , the Australian Open Chess Championship , and is a Chess Olympiad and Mitropa Cup gold medalist . Career . Sedina learned to play chess at the age of seven and became womens champion of Kiev at the age of eleven . At sixteen she won the Soviet Union Girls Under-18 Chess Championship in Chernihiv 1984 . Sedina won the Ukrainian Womens Chess Championship in 1988 and again in 1990 . She obtained the titles of Woman International Master ( WIM ) in 1990 , Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) in 1996 and International Master ( IM ) in 1999 . She moved to Italy in 1995 and transferred to the Italian Chess Federation in April 2001 . Sedina represented Ukraine in four Womens Chess Olympiads from 1994 to 2000 , and represented Italy , on board 1 , from 2004 to 2012 . Her best result was her Olympiad debut at the 31st Chess Olympiad in Moscow 1994 , where she scored 10.5/12 and won the gold medal on first reserve board , and the silver medal for best rating performance . She also won the bronze medal on board 3 at the 32nd Chess Olympiad in Yerevan 1996 . Sedina competed in the Womens World Chess Championship 2001 where she was eliminated by former Womens World Chess Champion Maia Chiburdanidze in round two , the Womens World Chess Championship 2004 where she was eliminated by Elina Danielian in round one , and the Womens World Chess Championship 2008 where she made it to round three but was eliminated by eventual runner-up Hou Yifan in the rapid playoffs . Along with Jana Krivec , she scored a perfect 7/7 in the 1997 Slovenian Womens Team Chess Championship , and was the top scorer with 8/9 in the 1999 Swiss Team Chess Championship . She won the San Martino di Castrozza Open in 2001 , came second in the 2000 Swiss Womens Chess Championship and won the event in 2001 , and finished equal first in the Genoa Centurini Open in 2004 . In January 2005 she scored 8.5/9 to win the Australian Open Chess Championship in Mount Buller , Victoria , becoming the first woman to ever do so . In 2006 , she scored 7.5/11 and finished equal third in the 7th European Womens Chess Championship in Kuşadası , Turkey . This qualified her to play in the Womens World Chess Championship 2008 in Nalchik , Russia where she defeated Irina Krush and Nguyen Thi Than An , before being eliminated by Hou Yifan in round 3 . In 2007 , she won the bronze medal in the 5th Mediterranean Chess Championship in Sousse , Tunisia and in 2008/2009 the silver medal in the 6th Mediterranean Chess Championship in Antalya , Turkey . Sedina has represented Italy in the Mitropa Cup eight times from 2008 to 2015 . She has won two individual gold medals ( in Olbia 2008 and Merlimont 2011 ) , four team gold medals ( in 2008 , 2010 , 2011 and 2014 ) , one silver team medal ( 2015 ) and three bronze team medals ( in 2009 , 2012 and 2013 ) in the Mitropa Cup . She has played in several national chess championship teams : in Germany with OSG Baden-Baden , with Mendrisio in Switzerland , in France with the Clichy-Echecs-92 , in England with Wood Green 1 . Personal life . Sedina graduated in Economics at the University of Kiev in 1990 . She also gained a PhD in chess training methods at the Kiev Institute of Physical Culture and Sport in 1994 . External links . - Elena Sedina chess games at 365Chess.com
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[
""
] |
easy
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Which title was conferred to Elena Sedina in 1982?
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/wiki/Elena_Sedina#P2962#3
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Elena Sedina Elena Sedina ( ; , Olena Sedina ; born 1 June 1968 in Kiev ) is a Ukrainian-Italian chess player who holds the FIDE titles of International Master ( IM ) and Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) . She has won the Ukrainian Womens Chess Championship , the Australian Open Chess Championship , and is a Chess Olympiad and Mitropa Cup gold medalist . Career . Sedina learned to play chess at the age of seven and became womens champion of Kiev at the age of eleven . At sixteen she won the Soviet Union Girls Under-18 Chess Championship in Chernihiv 1984 . Sedina won the Ukrainian Womens Chess Championship in 1988 and again in 1990 . She obtained the titles of Woman International Master ( WIM ) in 1990 , Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) in 1996 and International Master ( IM ) in 1999 . She moved to Italy in 1995 and transferred to the Italian Chess Federation in April 2001 . Sedina represented Ukraine in four Womens Chess Olympiads from 1994 to 2000 , and represented Italy , on board 1 , from 2004 to 2012 . Her best result was her Olympiad debut at the 31st Chess Olympiad in Moscow 1994 , where she scored 10.5/12 and won the gold medal on first reserve board , and the silver medal for best rating performance . She also won the bronze medal on board 3 at the 32nd Chess Olympiad in Yerevan 1996 . Sedina competed in the Womens World Chess Championship 2001 where she was eliminated by former Womens World Chess Champion Maia Chiburdanidze in round two , the Womens World Chess Championship 2004 where she was eliminated by Elina Danielian in round one , and the Womens World Chess Championship 2008 where she made it to round three but was eliminated by eventual runner-up Hou Yifan in the rapid playoffs . Along with Jana Krivec , she scored a perfect 7/7 in the 1997 Slovenian Womens Team Chess Championship , and was the top scorer with 8/9 in the 1999 Swiss Team Chess Championship . She won the San Martino di Castrozza Open in 2001 , came second in the 2000 Swiss Womens Chess Championship and won the event in 2001 , and finished equal first in the Genoa Centurini Open in 2004 . In January 2005 she scored 8.5/9 to win the Australian Open Chess Championship in Mount Buller , Victoria , becoming the first woman to ever do so . In 2006 , she scored 7.5/11 and finished equal third in the 7th European Womens Chess Championship in Kuşadası , Turkey . This qualified her to play in the Womens World Chess Championship 2008 in Nalchik , Russia where she defeated Irina Krush and Nguyen Thi Than An , before being eliminated by Hou Yifan in round 3 . In 2007 , she won the bronze medal in the 5th Mediterranean Chess Championship in Sousse , Tunisia and in 2008/2009 the silver medal in the 6th Mediterranean Chess Championship in Antalya , Turkey . Sedina has represented Italy in the Mitropa Cup eight times from 2008 to 2015 . She has won two individual gold medals ( in Olbia 2008 and Merlimont 2011 ) , four team gold medals ( in 2008 , 2010 , 2011 and 2014 ) , one silver team medal ( 2015 ) and three bronze team medals ( in 2009 , 2012 and 2013 ) in the Mitropa Cup . She has played in several national chess championship teams : in Germany with OSG Baden-Baden , with Mendrisio in Switzerland , in France with the Clichy-Echecs-92 , in England with Wood Green 1 . Personal life . Sedina graduated in Economics at the University of Kiev in 1990 . She also gained a PhD in chess training methods at the Kiev Institute of Physical Culture and Sport in 1994 . External links . - Elena Sedina chess games at 365Chess.com
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[
"Minister for Culture"
] |
easy
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Dietmar Keller took which position from 1989 to 1990?
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/wiki/Dietmar_Keller#P39#0
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Dietmar Keller Dietmar Keller ( born 17 March 1942 ) was an East German politician ( SED/PDS ) who served as in the Modrow government . After reunification he sat as a member of the German parliament ( Bundestag ) between 1990 and 1994 . Life . Dietmar Keller was born at the height of the Second World War into a working class family in Chemnitz , which is also where he grew up . His father was a mechanic . His mother worked in a shop . Dietmar Keller completed his schooling in 1960 and for the next eighteen months undertook his military service in the National Peoples Army . Between 1962 and 1966 he studied successfully for a in Marxism–Leninism at the Karl Marx University ( as it was known between 1953 and 1991 ) at Leipzig , with a focus on history and journalism . He joined the ruling Socialist Unity Party ( Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands / SED ) in 1963 , the year of his twenty-first birthday . He stayed on at Leipzig as a research assistant - later a senior research assistant - between 1966 and 1970 . He received his doctorate in 1969 . The work for it involved , in his own words , the study of problems of the development of economic democracy between 1945 and 1952 in the Soviet occupation zone [ till October 1949 ] and the German Democratic Republic [ thereafter ] . The actual title of his dissertation was The emergence of socialist democracy in the materials production sector of the publicly owned enterprises from the middle of 1948 till the middle of 1952 ( Die Herausbildung der sozialistischen Demokratie im Bereich der materiellen Produktion der volkseigenen Industrie von Mitte 1948 bis Mitte 1952 ) . As a very young man Kellers ambition had been to become a sports journalist , and as he progressed his academic career he also supplied reports to the sports section of Freie Presse , a regional daily newspaper based in Chemnitz . In November 1970 he took over as Secretary for Sciences , Humanities and Arts ( Sekretär für Wissenschaft und Kultur ) with the party sectional leadership team ( SED-Kreisleitung ) at the Karl Marx University . That lasted till December 1977 when he took over as Party Regional Secretary for Sciences , Humanities , Popular education and Arts ( Sekretär für Wissenschaft und Kultur ) in respect of the Leipzig party regional leadership team ( SED-Bezirksleitung ) . By this time , seven years after receiving his doctorate , he had received his Habilitation for a piece of work on the postwar history of Leipzig University . Identified as a post-graduate student of significant promise , during 1982/83 he accepted the opportunity to study for a year at the Academy for Social Sciences run in Moscow by the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party . His lecturers in Moscow included the reformist historian Roy Medvedev who would emerge after 1991 as a leading proponent of Democratic socialism . Responding to an interviewers question in 1990 Keller acknowledge that even as far back as 1982/83 , when he was studying in Moscow , gentle breezes of what came to be known as Glasnost were already discernible in the Soviet capital , both one or two theatres and in some of the ( little noticed by foreign observers ) activities of Mikhail Gorbachev at the Agriculture Plenum of the Central Committees Secretariat for Agriculture . After returning home , in April 1984 he moved from Leipzig to Berlin when he was appointed a deputy minister at the . His principal responsibility covered the countrys post-school-level colleges and academies . Personal priorities included making the colleges more autonomous in their decision processes , and trying to ensure that admission criteria were based less on social provenance and more on talent . One ambition was to extend the Marxist-Leninist base education at the colleges and academies with religious history , with arts and cultural history , with ethics , morality and aesthetics ( das marxistisch-leninistische Grundlagenstudium an den künstlerischen Hoch- und Fachschulen zu ergänzen durch Geistes- und Religionsgeschichte , durch Kunst- und Kulturgeschichte , durch Ethik , Moral und Ästhetik ) . Self evidently , he did not succeed . Between 1988 and 1989 Keller served as Secretary of state ( high level official ) at the Culture Ministry , with special responsibility for museums and national anniversaries . He then took over from in November 1989 as Minister for Culture in the new Modrow government . He approached the job with high ambitions , but the changes triggered when protesters breaching the Berlin Wall demonstrated that the fraternal Soviet forces had no orders to suppress street protests by force as they had in 1953 . It was a difficult time to be an East German government minister : Dietmar Keller would later characterise his five months in the post as a blend of brilliance and misery ( Glanz und Elend eines Ministers ) . In March 1990 East Germany underwent its first ( and as matters turned out last ) free and fair general election . Replaced at the Culture Ministry by , Keller was elected to the East German national parliament ( Volkskammer ) , representing the Leipzig electoral district . He served as a member of the parliaments Committees for Germany Unification and was also chair of the parliamentary culture committee . Reunification took place , formally , in October 1990 . On 3 October , 144 of the 400 former members of the East German Volkskammer became members of a newly enlarged German Bundestag . Of those 144 , 24 were members of the PDS ( formerly SED ) , its dominating position in the Volkskammer having been destroyed by the election results seven months earlier . Dietmar Keller was one of the 24 PDS members who transferred from the Volkskammer to the Bundestag in October 1990 . A couple of months later General Election was held in which Dietmar Keller was re-elected , now as a list member for the Brandenburg electoral district . He was elected to the important which began its work in March 1992 . His seat on the commission was contested , and fellow members of the PDS Bundestag group elected him in preferences to . Ahead of the 1994 election he renounced his Bundestag membership , but he continued to work with the party group in the Bundestag on a consultancy basis . Four months after the election he became a personal political assistant to Gregor Gysi , a role in which he continued for eight years till 2002 . In addition to producing research papers and analyses , he became a speech writer for Gysi . In December 1996 he married the manager of Gysis political office , Marlies Deneke . ( His previous wife , Gisela Oechelhaeuser , was shortly afterwards unmasked as a Stasi informer ( IM ) during the later 1970s , although the information became public only in 1999. ) In May 2002 the Kellers decided to end their working relationship with Gregor Gysi . Gysi and Keller had always been political allies , members of the reforming wing of the PDS ( party ) even during their time as members of its precursor , the SED ( party ) during the final years of the German Democratic Republic . By 2002 the reforming wing of the PDS was becoming a lonely place . Gregor Gysi was involved with an expenses scandal involving air miles and would resign from the Berlin city government in July 1992 . Although for many ordinary voters he remained the public face of the PDS , among party comrades he had become increasingly isolated . Dietmar Keller , as Gysis reforming ( and intellectually formidable ) political ally , had also found himself attacked with increasing savagery by party comrades over the past couple of years , especially after a critical interview that he gave to Der Spiegel in April 2000 . Keller himself had not been a Bundestag member for eight years . His resignation from the party later in 2002 reverberated inside the party , but went largely unremarked otherwise . His political autobiographical volume , In den Mühlen der Ebene . Unzeitgemäße Erinnerungen ( loosely In the mills of government . Untimely memories ) appeared in 2011 .
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[
""
] |
easy
|
Which position did Dietmar Keller hold from Mar 1990 to Oct 1990?
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/wiki/Dietmar_Keller#P39#1
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Dietmar Keller Dietmar Keller ( born 17 March 1942 ) was an East German politician ( SED/PDS ) who served as in the Modrow government . After reunification he sat as a member of the German parliament ( Bundestag ) between 1990 and 1994 . Life . Dietmar Keller was born at the height of the Second World War into a working class family in Chemnitz , which is also where he grew up . His father was a mechanic . His mother worked in a shop . Dietmar Keller completed his schooling in 1960 and for the next eighteen months undertook his military service in the National Peoples Army . Between 1962 and 1966 he studied successfully for a in Marxism–Leninism at the Karl Marx University ( as it was known between 1953 and 1991 ) at Leipzig , with a focus on history and journalism . He joined the ruling Socialist Unity Party ( Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands / SED ) in 1963 , the year of his twenty-first birthday . He stayed on at Leipzig as a research assistant - later a senior research assistant - between 1966 and 1970 . He received his doctorate in 1969 . The work for it involved , in his own words , the study of problems of the development of economic democracy between 1945 and 1952 in the Soviet occupation zone [ till October 1949 ] and the German Democratic Republic [ thereafter ] . The actual title of his dissertation was The emergence of socialist democracy in the materials production sector of the publicly owned enterprises from the middle of 1948 till the middle of 1952 ( Die Herausbildung der sozialistischen Demokratie im Bereich der materiellen Produktion der volkseigenen Industrie von Mitte 1948 bis Mitte 1952 ) . As a very young man Kellers ambition had been to become a sports journalist , and as he progressed his academic career he also supplied reports to the sports section of Freie Presse , a regional daily newspaper based in Chemnitz . In November 1970 he took over as Secretary for Sciences , Humanities and Arts ( Sekretär für Wissenschaft und Kultur ) with the party sectional leadership team ( SED-Kreisleitung ) at the Karl Marx University . That lasted till December 1977 when he took over as Party Regional Secretary for Sciences , Humanities , Popular education and Arts ( Sekretär für Wissenschaft und Kultur ) in respect of the Leipzig party regional leadership team ( SED-Bezirksleitung ) . By this time , seven years after receiving his doctorate , he had received his Habilitation for a piece of work on the postwar history of Leipzig University . Identified as a post-graduate student of significant promise , during 1982/83 he accepted the opportunity to study for a year at the Academy for Social Sciences run in Moscow by the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party . His lecturers in Moscow included the reformist historian Roy Medvedev who would emerge after 1991 as a leading proponent of Democratic socialism . Responding to an interviewers question in 1990 Keller acknowledge that even as far back as 1982/83 , when he was studying in Moscow , gentle breezes of what came to be known as Glasnost were already discernible in the Soviet capital , both one or two theatres and in some of the ( little noticed by foreign observers ) activities of Mikhail Gorbachev at the Agriculture Plenum of the Central Committees Secretariat for Agriculture . After returning home , in April 1984 he moved from Leipzig to Berlin when he was appointed a deputy minister at the . His principal responsibility covered the countrys post-school-level colleges and academies . Personal priorities included making the colleges more autonomous in their decision processes , and trying to ensure that admission criteria were based less on social provenance and more on talent . One ambition was to extend the Marxist-Leninist base education at the colleges and academies with religious history , with arts and cultural history , with ethics , morality and aesthetics ( das marxistisch-leninistische Grundlagenstudium an den künstlerischen Hoch- und Fachschulen zu ergänzen durch Geistes- und Religionsgeschichte , durch Kunst- und Kulturgeschichte , durch Ethik , Moral und Ästhetik ) . Self evidently , he did not succeed . Between 1988 and 1989 Keller served as Secretary of state ( high level official ) at the Culture Ministry , with special responsibility for museums and national anniversaries . He then took over from in November 1989 as Minister for Culture in the new Modrow government . He approached the job with high ambitions , but the changes triggered when protesters breaching the Berlin Wall demonstrated that the fraternal Soviet forces had no orders to suppress street protests by force as they had in 1953 . It was a difficult time to be an East German government minister : Dietmar Keller would later characterise his five months in the post as a blend of brilliance and misery ( Glanz und Elend eines Ministers ) . In March 1990 East Germany underwent its first ( and as matters turned out last ) free and fair general election . Replaced at the Culture Ministry by , Keller was elected to the East German national parliament ( Volkskammer ) , representing the Leipzig electoral district . He served as a member of the parliaments Committees for Germany Unification and was also chair of the parliamentary culture committee . Reunification took place , formally , in October 1990 . On 3 October , 144 of the 400 former members of the East German Volkskammer became members of a newly enlarged German Bundestag . Of those 144 , 24 were members of the PDS ( formerly SED ) , its dominating position in the Volkskammer having been destroyed by the election results seven months earlier . Dietmar Keller was one of the 24 PDS members who transferred from the Volkskammer to the Bundestag in October 1990 . A couple of months later General Election was held in which Dietmar Keller was re-elected , now as a list member for the Brandenburg electoral district . He was elected to the important which began its work in March 1992 . His seat on the commission was contested , and fellow members of the PDS Bundestag group elected him in preferences to . Ahead of the 1994 election he renounced his Bundestag membership , but he continued to work with the party group in the Bundestag on a consultancy basis . Four months after the election he became a personal political assistant to Gregor Gysi , a role in which he continued for eight years till 2002 . In addition to producing research papers and analyses , he became a speech writer for Gysi . In December 1996 he married the manager of Gysis political office , Marlies Deneke . ( His previous wife , Gisela Oechelhaeuser , was shortly afterwards unmasked as a Stasi informer ( IM ) during the later 1970s , although the information became public only in 1999. ) In May 2002 the Kellers decided to end their working relationship with Gregor Gysi . Gysi and Keller had always been political allies , members of the reforming wing of the PDS ( party ) even during their time as members of its precursor , the SED ( party ) during the final years of the German Democratic Republic . By 2002 the reforming wing of the PDS was becoming a lonely place . Gregor Gysi was involved with an expenses scandal involving air miles and would resign from the Berlin city government in July 1992 . Although for many ordinary voters he remained the public face of the PDS , among party comrades he had become increasingly isolated . Dietmar Keller , as Gysis reforming ( and intellectually formidable ) political ally , had also found himself attacked with increasing savagery by party comrades over the past couple of years , especially after a critical interview that he gave to Der Spiegel in April 2000 . Keller himself had not been a Bundestag member for eight years . His resignation from the party later in 2002 reverberated inside the party , but went largely unremarked otherwise . His political autobiographical volume , In den Mühlen der Ebene . Unzeitgemäße Erinnerungen ( loosely In the mills of government . Untimely memories ) appeared in 2011 .
|
[
"member of the German parliament"
] |
easy
|
Dietmar Keller took which position from Oct 1990 to Nov 1994?
|
/wiki/Dietmar_Keller#P39#2
|
Dietmar Keller Dietmar Keller ( born 17 March 1942 ) was an East German politician ( SED/PDS ) who served as in the Modrow government . After reunification he sat as a member of the German parliament ( Bundestag ) between 1990 and 1994 . Life . Dietmar Keller was born at the height of the Second World War into a working class family in Chemnitz , which is also where he grew up . His father was a mechanic . His mother worked in a shop . Dietmar Keller completed his schooling in 1960 and for the next eighteen months undertook his military service in the National Peoples Army . Between 1962 and 1966 he studied successfully for a in Marxism–Leninism at the Karl Marx University ( as it was known between 1953 and 1991 ) at Leipzig , with a focus on history and journalism . He joined the ruling Socialist Unity Party ( Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands / SED ) in 1963 , the year of his twenty-first birthday . He stayed on at Leipzig as a research assistant - later a senior research assistant - between 1966 and 1970 . He received his doctorate in 1969 . The work for it involved , in his own words , the study of problems of the development of economic democracy between 1945 and 1952 in the Soviet occupation zone [ till October 1949 ] and the German Democratic Republic [ thereafter ] . The actual title of his dissertation was The emergence of socialist democracy in the materials production sector of the publicly owned enterprises from the middle of 1948 till the middle of 1952 ( Die Herausbildung der sozialistischen Demokratie im Bereich der materiellen Produktion der volkseigenen Industrie von Mitte 1948 bis Mitte 1952 ) . As a very young man Kellers ambition had been to become a sports journalist , and as he progressed his academic career he also supplied reports to the sports section of Freie Presse , a regional daily newspaper based in Chemnitz . In November 1970 he took over as Secretary for Sciences , Humanities and Arts ( Sekretär für Wissenschaft und Kultur ) with the party sectional leadership team ( SED-Kreisleitung ) at the Karl Marx University . That lasted till December 1977 when he took over as Party Regional Secretary for Sciences , Humanities , Popular education and Arts ( Sekretär für Wissenschaft und Kultur ) in respect of the Leipzig party regional leadership team ( SED-Bezirksleitung ) . By this time , seven years after receiving his doctorate , he had received his Habilitation for a piece of work on the postwar history of Leipzig University . Identified as a post-graduate student of significant promise , during 1982/83 he accepted the opportunity to study for a year at the Academy for Social Sciences run in Moscow by the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party . His lecturers in Moscow included the reformist historian Roy Medvedev who would emerge after 1991 as a leading proponent of Democratic socialism . Responding to an interviewers question in 1990 Keller acknowledge that even as far back as 1982/83 , when he was studying in Moscow , gentle breezes of what came to be known as Glasnost were already discernible in the Soviet capital , both one or two theatres and in some of the ( little noticed by foreign observers ) activities of Mikhail Gorbachev at the Agriculture Plenum of the Central Committees Secretariat for Agriculture . After returning home , in April 1984 he moved from Leipzig to Berlin when he was appointed a deputy minister at the . His principal responsibility covered the countrys post-school-level colleges and academies . Personal priorities included making the colleges more autonomous in their decision processes , and trying to ensure that admission criteria were based less on social provenance and more on talent . One ambition was to extend the Marxist-Leninist base education at the colleges and academies with religious history , with arts and cultural history , with ethics , morality and aesthetics ( das marxistisch-leninistische Grundlagenstudium an den künstlerischen Hoch- und Fachschulen zu ergänzen durch Geistes- und Religionsgeschichte , durch Kunst- und Kulturgeschichte , durch Ethik , Moral und Ästhetik ) . Self evidently , he did not succeed . Between 1988 and 1989 Keller served as Secretary of state ( high level official ) at the Culture Ministry , with special responsibility for museums and national anniversaries . He then took over from in November 1989 as Minister for Culture in the new Modrow government . He approached the job with high ambitions , but the changes triggered when protesters breaching the Berlin Wall demonstrated that the fraternal Soviet forces had no orders to suppress street protests by force as they had in 1953 . It was a difficult time to be an East German government minister : Dietmar Keller would later characterise his five months in the post as a blend of brilliance and misery ( Glanz und Elend eines Ministers ) . In March 1990 East Germany underwent its first ( and as matters turned out last ) free and fair general election . Replaced at the Culture Ministry by , Keller was elected to the East German national parliament ( Volkskammer ) , representing the Leipzig electoral district . He served as a member of the parliaments Committees for Germany Unification and was also chair of the parliamentary culture committee . Reunification took place , formally , in October 1990 . On 3 October , 144 of the 400 former members of the East German Volkskammer became members of a newly enlarged German Bundestag . Of those 144 , 24 were members of the PDS ( formerly SED ) , its dominating position in the Volkskammer having been destroyed by the election results seven months earlier . Dietmar Keller was one of the 24 PDS members who transferred from the Volkskammer to the Bundestag in October 1990 . A couple of months later General Election was held in which Dietmar Keller was re-elected , now as a list member for the Brandenburg electoral district . He was elected to the important which began its work in March 1992 . His seat on the commission was contested , and fellow members of the PDS Bundestag group elected him in preferences to . Ahead of the 1994 election he renounced his Bundestag membership , but he continued to work with the party group in the Bundestag on a consultancy basis . Four months after the election he became a personal political assistant to Gregor Gysi , a role in which he continued for eight years till 2002 . In addition to producing research papers and analyses , he became a speech writer for Gysi . In December 1996 he married the manager of Gysis political office , Marlies Deneke . ( His previous wife , Gisela Oechelhaeuser , was shortly afterwards unmasked as a Stasi informer ( IM ) during the later 1970s , although the information became public only in 1999. ) In May 2002 the Kellers decided to end their working relationship with Gregor Gysi . Gysi and Keller had always been political allies , members of the reforming wing of the PDS ( party ) even during their time as members of its precursor , the SED ( party ) during the final years of the German Democratic Republic . By 2002 the reforming wing of the PDS was becoming a lonely place . Gregor Gysi was involved with an expenses scandal involving air miles and would resign from the Berlin city government in July 1992 . Although for many ordinary voters he remained the public face of the PDS , among party comrades he had become increasingly isolated . Dietmar Keller , as Gysis reforming ( and intellectually formidable ) political ally , had also found himself attacked with increasing savagery by party comrades over the past couple of years , especially after a critical interview that he gave to Der Spiegel in April 2000 . Keller himself had not been a Bundestag member for eight years . His resignation from the party later in 2002 reverberated inside the party , but went largely unremarked otherwise . His political autobiographical volume , In den Mühlen der Ebene . Unzeitgemäße Erinnerungen ( loosely In the mills of government . Untimely memories ) appeared in 2011 .
|
[
"Minister of State for Seniors"
] |
easy
|
Which position did Julian Fantino hold in May 2011?
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/wiki/Julian_Fantino#P39#0
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Julian Fantino Julian Fantino , ( ; born August 13 , 1942 ) is a Canadian retired police official and former politician . He was the Conservative Party of Canada Member of the Parliament of Canada for the riding of Vaughan following a November 29 , 2010 by-election , until his defeat in 2015 . On January 4 , 2011 , Fantino was named Minister of State for Seniors ; on May 18 , 2011 , he became Associate Minister of National Defence ; on July 4 , 2012 , he was named Minister for International Cooperation . Fantino served as the Minister of Veterans Affairs from 2013 until 2015 , when he was demoted to his earlier post of Associate Minister of National Defence following sustained criticism of his performance at Veterans Affairs . He was defeated by Liberal candidate Francesco Sorbara in the 2015 election . Prior to entering politics , Fantino was the Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police from 2006 to 2010 , Torontos Chief of Police from 2000 to 2005 , and Ontarios Commissioner of Emergency Management from 2005 until 2006 , and also served as chief of police of London , Ontario from 1991 to 1998 , and of York Region from 1998 until 2000 . Prior to his London appointment , he had been a Toronto police officer since 1969 . Early life . Fantino was born in Vendoglio , Italy in 1942 , and immigrated to Canada with his family when he was 11 years old . Early Toronto career . Before joining the Metro Toronto Police , Fantino was a security guard at Yorkdale Shopping Centre in suburban Toronto . He volunteered as an Auxiliary Police Officer for the Metro Toronto Police from 1964 to 1969 and then joined the force as a Police Constable . He was a member of the Drug Squad and was promoted to Detective Constable . He subsequently served with Criminal Intelligence and then the Homicide Squad before being promoted to Divisional Commander and then Acting Staff Superintendent of Detectives . Wiretap controversy . According to an internal police report leaked in 2007 , Fantino , as superintendent of detectives in 1991 , had ordered a wiretap of lawyer Peter Maloney a police critic and friend of Susan Eng , chair of the Toronto Police Services Board , the body overseeing the Toronto Police service . Conversations between Maloney and Eng were illegally recorded despite a court order that only the first minute of Maloneys conversations were to be monitored so as to determine whether the individual who he was talking to was on the list of those being investigated . Departure . After 23 years of service with the Metro Toronto Police , Fantino left to accept an appointment as Police Chief of London , Ontario in 1991 . London Police Service chief ( 1991-1998 ) . In London , he presided over the highly publicized and controversial Project Guardian , in which over two dozen gay men were arrested for involvement in a purported child pornography ring . While several men were eventually convicted of crimes not related to the stated purpose of the investigation , such as drug possession and prostitution , no child pornography ring was ever found . Journalist Gerald Hannon later published a piece in The Globe and Mail accusing Fantino of mounting an anti-gay witch hunt . In response , Fantino filed a complaint with the Ontario Press Council , which ultimately ruled that the Globe should have more clearly labelled Hannons article as an opinion piece . Fantino says that he is not anti-gay or homophobic and was simply arresting lawbreakers engaging in a sick , perverted crime . York Regional Police chief ( 1998–2000 ) . Fantino returned to the Greater Toronto Area as Chief of York Regional Police in 1998 . His tenure was brief and he returned to the Toronto Police Service two years later . He was succeeded as chief by Robert Middaugh . Toronto Police Service chief ( 2000–2005 ) . Policing controversies . An incident in September 2000 involving five male police officers entering a womans bath house sparked public outrage and drew attention to TPSs poor standing in the gay community . In 2004 , Fantino made an attempt to repair relations , primarily by appearing on the cover of fab in a photo which featured him posing in his police uniform with five other models dressed as the Village People standing behind him . Fantino appeared to have little patience for protesters : he wanted them to ask police for permission before holding demonstrations . In one report , he commented a problem is now arising where portions of the public believe that Dundas Square is a public space . In his new position with the OPP , Fantino took an aggressive posture with a native protest blocking a major highway : he stated he would not/could not tolerate the 401 being closed all day . However , the commander on site decided against a raid as [ he was ] not about to put people at risk for a piece of pavement . In 2003 , Fantino criticized the effectiveness of the Canadian gun registry . Also in 2003 , Fantino publicly named and identified several people as being under investigation for child pornography . Despite the lack of evidence , and the crown subsequently dropping the charges , at least one of the men publicly identified committed suicide , naming Fantinos intentional destruction of his reputation as the reason for his suicide in the suicide note . Corruption scandals . Fantino came under increasing scrutiny due to three corruption scandals which broke out during his tenure and his handling of those incidents . Fantino was accused of having tried to deal with these cases out of public view and attempting to shield them from investigation by outside police services . In one case , drug squad officers are alleged to have beaten and robbed suspected drug dealers . In another , plainclothes officers were charged with accepting bribes to help bars dodge liquor inspections . In the third , a group of officers who advocated on behalf of a drug-addicted car thief faced internal charges . Two of these cases involve the sons of former police chief William McCormack , and came to light not as a result of investigations by Toronto police , but due to a Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) investigation into gangster activity which inadvertently uncovered evidence of wrongdoing by Toronto police officers . Mike McCormack was later cleared of all wrongdoing due to a lack of evidence . In December 2009 , Fantino was accused during a related court case of having unplugged a special task force investigating corruption charges against the Toronto Police Services narcotics squad , thereby ignoring the task forces suspicions that another of the forces drug squads was corrupt . Lawyer Julian Falconer argued in court that When Chief Fantino declared there were only a few bad apples , he did not deliver the straight goods , and shut down the investigation before it expanded as part of a damage-control campaign . In March 2005 , the CBC announced that they had obtained documents via the Access to Information Act showing that between 1998 and 2005 Toronto had spent $30,633,303.63 settling lawsuits against police . Norm Gardner said the settlement costs , which amount to about $5 million a year over six years , were expected , given the number of confrontations police face , suggesting that people think they are going to get paid off . Contract expiry . Fantinos contract as police chief expired on February 28 , 2005 . On June 24 , 2004 , the police services board announced that it would not be reappointing Fantino due to a 2–2 tie . This was controversial since chair Norm Gardner had been suspended from the five-man board due to a conflict of interest ruling , but as he refused to vacate his seat the three required votes for renewal were far more difficult to obtain . Conservative politicians on Toronto City Council responded with a Save Fantino campaign , and the board was deadlocked on the issue of beginning the search for Fantinos replacement . Many Fantino supporters claimed that the Mayor at the time , David Miller , was openly hostile to Fantino . Miller had ignored calls to pressure the police board after it voted against Fantinos renewal , yet Miller subsequently contacted the board looking for a role in hiring the next police chief , although the latter request was not granted . Former deputy police chief Mike Boyd took over as interim chief of police on March 1 , 2005 . On April 6 , another former deputy chief , Bill Blair , was named Fantinos permanent successor . Commissioner of Emergency Management ( 2005–2006 ) . On February 8 , 2005 , Fantino was appointed Ontarios commissioner of emergency management by Ontario premier Dalton McGuinty . This move was criticized by the opposition parties in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario , both for the lack of transparency in the hiring process and for the perception that the appointment was primarily motivated by the desire to avoid having Fantino run as a Progressive Conservative candidate in the 2007 provincial election against Finance Minister Greg Sorbara . However , Sorbara had also blamed Miller for failing to renew Fantinos contract , so this appointment could have also been seen as the Ontario Liberals show of support for Fantino . Ontario Provincial Police commissioner ( 2006-2010 ) . Fantino was appointed Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police replacing the departed Gwen M . Boniface on October 12 , 2006 by the provincial Liberal government ; initially for a two-year term . His appointment was criticized by First Nations groups . In March 2008 his contract was extended until October 2009 . In June 2009 his contract was further extended until July 2010 so that he could oversee the provinces security contingent at the 2010 G8 Summit in Huntsville , Ontario . He received much public attention over highly publicized child pornography busts , with 21 men arrested in February 2008 and 31 men ( some as young as 14 ) arrested in February 2009 . None of the cases has come to trial to date . During his term , Fantino has changed the look of the OPP by ordering that the livery for police cruisers be changed to a 1960s era black and white pattern . Commissioner Fantinos salary , for 2009 , was $251,989.44 . Shawn Brant controversy . Fantino was criticized by lawyer Peter Rosenthal during the trial of aboriginal activist Shawn Brant . Fantino was criticized for ordering wiretaps of Brants phone without proper authority and for making provocative comments to Brant during negotiations to end a blockade of the rail line west of Kingston . By way of those illegal wiretaps , Fantino was recorded saying to Brant You are going to force me to do everything I can ; within your community and everywhere else ; to destroy your reputation and your whole world is going to come crashing down NDP MPP Peter Kormos called for Fantinos resignation accusing him of using pugnacious and bellicose rhetoric and for engaging in Rambo-style policing . In the face of defence motions for the police to disclose more evidence about their conduct the Crown agreed to drop the most serious charges against Brant in exchange for a plea bargain resulting in a light sentence . Fantino was also criticized for his role in the Caledonia land dispute after he was accused of sending e-mails to local politicians accusing them of encouraging anti-police rallies by non-Natives . Internal discipline hearing controversy . In late 2008 and early 2009 , Fantino was embroiled in a controversy surrounding his role in an internal discipline case at the OPP , in which Fantino was accused of being petty and vindictive in his actions against the officers . Fantino ordered a hearing into the matter but attempted to remove the adjudicator he had appointed on the grounds that the judge was biased against the commissioner due to critical comments he made during testimony by Fantino . Divisional Court rejected Fantinos request . The Ontario Court of Appeal upheld the lower court decision saying an informed person viewing the matter realistically and practically would not conclude there was any apprehension of bias on the part of the adjudicator . The OPP dropped the disciplinary case against the two officers on December 15 , 2009 , the same day Fantino was due to be cross examined by defence lawyer Julian Falconer . The entire process cost more than $500,000 in public money . Private prosecution charge for influencing or attempting to influence an elected official . Fantino was summoned in early January 2010 to face a charge of influencing or attempting to influence an elected official in April 2007 in Haldimand County , Ontario . The summons came after a December 31 Ontario Superior Court order demanding a formal charge be laid in relation to allegations against Mr . Fantino brought forward by a private complainant , Gary McHale , who alleged that Fantino was illegally influencing or attempting to influence municipal officials in regards to the Caledonia land dispute . The charge against Fantino was stayed in February 2010 as the Crown said there was no reasonable prospect of conviction . $90,000,000 conspiracy lawsuit . On February 4 , 2011 , Gerald Guy Brummell of Trenton , Ontario filed a $90,000,000 lawsuit against 36 OPP officers , including Julian Fantino , in the Superior Court of Justice in Cobourg Ontario ( File 11/11 ) alleging a conspiracy and coverup relating to the inappropriate use of the judicial system as a tool of revenge against Brummell and his family for complaining about a death threat by one of their officers . In early 2014 Superior Court Justice H.K . O’Connell sided with the government that the claim of malicious prosecution was not supported by evidence . Brummell has appealed this decision to the Court of Appeal for Ontario . On his web site , Brummell alleged that Fantino was an accessory to the murders of Jessica Lloyd and Marie France Comeau , and claimed OPP were knowledgeable of the earlier crimes of Colonel Russell Williams prior to his murders . The Crown settled the lawsuits brought against them by Williams victims , Larry and Bonnie Jones and Massicotte . Political aspirations . Following the resignation of John Tory as leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario Fantinos name was floated as a possible candidate in the ensuing leadership election . He ended speculation that he was interested in the job with a letter to the Globe and Mail . There were rumours that he may run for Mayor of Vaughan , Ontario in the October 25 , 2010 municipal election following his retirement from the OPP . An April 2010 , Toronto Star-Angus Reid poll indicates that Fantino would have the support of 43% of voters leading incumbent Mayor Linda Jackson who has 22% support . In an interview with CFRB on July 9 , 2010 , Fantino announced that he would not be running for mayor of Vaughan . Federal politics . On October 12 , 2010 , Fantino announced he would seek the nomination for the federal Conservative Party in the riding of Vaughan . It had been reported Prime Minister Stephen Harper had spoken to Fantino in early October about running as a Conservative and that Fantino was leaning toward doing so . A federal by-election had been made necessary after the resignation of Liberal MP Maurizio Bevilacqua . Fantino was acclaimed as Conservative Partys candidate on October 14 and the by-election was called for November 29 , 2010 . During the campaign , he was dogged by a group called Conservatives Against Fantino led by Gary McHale and Mark Vandermaas , two activists critical of Fantinos role in the Caledonia controversy . The group picketed Fantinos campaign office and events , and became registered as a third party with Elections Canada under the name Against Fantino ( after their use of the term Conservatives had been disallowed by the agency ) in order to be permitted to spend money on printing and distributing 60,000 anti-Fantino pamphlets . Fantino was elected to the House of Commons of Canada on November 29 , 2010 by narrowly defeating Liberal candidate Tony Genco . The Globe and Mail noted that Fantino had beat the Liberals out of one of their safest seats in Ontario , one they had held for 22 years . On January 4 , 2011 , Fantino was named as Minister of State for Seniors . In Prime Minister Harpers cabinet shuffle following the 2011 federal election Fantino was promoted to Associate Minister of National Defence . Following the departure of Bev Oda , Harper named Fantino the new Minister for International Cooperation portfolio on July 4 , 2012 , replacing him at National Defence with Bernard Valcourt . On July 15 , 2013 , Fantino was shuffled to the position of Minister of Veterans Affairs . Several months later , the veterans ombudsman reported that the government provides veterans with insufficient compensation for pain and suffering and criticized the government , saying that some would be near poverty because of cuts to pensions and benefits . In the same year , the department announced the closure of eight local offices servicing veterans . In January 2014 , Fantino arrived late for a meeting with veterans about the closures and engaged in an angry confrontation with one of the veterans , resulting in accusations that was is inept , rude and insensitive . In May , he was filmed ignoring and walking away from the angry wife of a veteran as she asked questions of him . Fantino was criticized for his departments difficulties in delivering help and benefits to veterans and for spending $4 million on advertising to explain the governments position while allowing more than $1 billion allocated for benefits to lapse . On January 5 , 2015 , after months of controversy , Fantino was replaced by Erin OToole and demoted to the position of Associate Defence Minister . In the 2015 Canadian federal election , Fantino was defeated by Liberal candidate , Francesco Sorbara in the redistributed electoral district of Vaughan-Woodbridge . Assault charge . On October 1 , 2015 a retired construction worker , John Bonnici , pressed charges against Fantino over an alleged incident on August 31 , 1973 in which Bonnici claimed that Fantino poured ketchup down his ( Bonnicis ) buttocks and spread the condiment by stroking the outside of his pants with a baton . Fantino , who was seeking re-election to the House of Commons in the 2015 Canadian federal election , was charged with assault with a weapon — a police baton — and assault causing bodily harm against John Bonnici . The Crown dismissed the charge in December 2015 arguing that there was no reasonable prospect of conviction . Post-political life . Cannabis industry . In September 2017 , Julian Fantino announced that he was working with Aleafia , a Concord Ontario-based company that is involved in the use of medical marijuana , one of the many start-ups capitalizing on Canadas July 1 , 2018 decriminalization of marijuana . On October 31 , 2017 , Fantino was announced as Executive Chairman of Aleafia . In several news interviews , he explained how his attitude to the drug changed during his time as Veterans Affairs Minister when he saw the benefits of pot in assisting soldiers to deal with anxiety , sleep disorders and PTSD . Fantino , who had been the boards chair , resigned from the board effective May 15 , 2020 . He had been criticized for his involvement due to his longtime opposition to cannabis and having once compared legalizing the substance to legalizing murder . Fantino was also involved in a retail recreational cannabis store which opened in Torontos Kensington Market in 2020 . Donald Best . On September 28 , 2017 Julian Fantino swore an affidavit in support of his application to intervene in the judicial review of a decision by the Canadian Judicial Council in respect of a complaint by former Toronto Police officer Donald Best against Ontario Superior Court Justice J . Bryan Shaughnessy . Fantinos extensive 33 page plus 100 exhibits affidavit stated that Best was convicted upon the presentation by lawyers of provably false evidence . and that that disturbing evidence suggests police resources and personnel were improperly retained , used and co-opted to help one side in the private civil dispute at the time that Fantino was Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police ( but without his knowledge ) . Fantino further posited in the affidavit that there was a conspiracy involving secret backroom dealings by a judge and the police . Mr . Fantinos application to intervene in the Donald Best matter was heard on October 11 , 2017 before a Federal Court of Canada prothonotary . The court refused Fantinos application , but he subsequently filed an appeal of this decision which was to be heard on November 20 , 2017 but was not heard by the court at that time . As of January 22 , 2018 the legal case continues . Honours and awards . - Recipient of the International Association of Chiefs of Police ( IACP ) Civil Rights Award in Law - Top Choice Award for Leadership ( 2005 ) , voted by Italian-Canadians in Toronto , Ontario - April 14 , 2005 he was presented the Key to the City of Toronto by Mayor David Miller . - Received a star on the Italian Walk of Fame in Toronto , Ontario , Canada in 2009 . - He was Sworn in as a Member of the Queens Privy Council for Canada on 4 January 2011 . Giving Him the Right to the Honorific Prefix The Honourable and the Post Nominal Letters PC for Life . - He Received the Honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from Assumption University on 10 May 2013 . External links . - Julian Fantino official site
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Julian Fantino Julian Fantino , ( ; born August 13 , 1942 ) is a Canadian retired police official and former politician . He was the Conservative Party of Canada Member of the Parliament of Canada for the riding of Vaughan following a November 29 , 2010 by-election , until his defeat in 2015 . On January 4 , 2011 , Fantino was named Minister of State for Seniors ; on May 18 , 2011 , he became Associate Minister of National Defence ; on July 4 , 2012 , he was named Minister for International Cooperation . Fantino served as the Minister of Veterans Affairs from 2013 until 2015 , when he was demoted to his earlier post of Associate Minister of National Defence following sustained criticism of his performance at Veterans Affairs . He was defeated by Liberal candidate Francesco Sorbara in the 2015 election . Prior to entering politics , Fantino was the Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police from 2006 to 2010 , Torontos Chief of Police from 2000 to 2005 , and Ontarios Commissioner of Emergency Management from 2005 until 2006 , and also served as chief of police of London , Ontario from 1991 to 1998 , and of York Region from 1998 until 2000 . Prior to his London appointment , he had been a Toronto police officer since 1969 . Early life . Fantino was born in Vendoglio , Italy in 1942 , and immigrated to Canada with his family when he was 11 years old . Early Toronto career . Before joining the Metro Toronto Police , Fantino was a security guard at Yorkdale Shopping Centre in suburban Toronto . He volunteered as an Auxiliary Police Officer for the Metro Toronto Police from 1964 to 1969 and then joined the force as a Police Constable . He was a member of the Drug Squad and was promoted to Detective Constable . He subsequently served with Criminal Intelligence and then the Homicide Squad before being promoted to Divisional Commander and then Acting Staff Superintendent of Detectives . Wiretap controversy . According to an internal police report leaked in 2007 , Fantino , as superintendent of detectives in 1991 , had ordered a wiretap of lawyer Peter Maloney a police critic and friend of Susan Eng , chair of the Toronto Police Services Board , the body overseeing the Toronto Police service . Conversations between Maloney and Eng were illegally recorded despite a court order that only the first minute of Maloneys conversations were to be monitored so as to determine whether the individual who he was talking to was on the list of those being investigated . Departure . After 23 years of service with the Metro Toronto Police , Fantino left to accept an appointment as Police Chief of London , Ontario in 1991 . London Police Service chief ( 1991-1998 ) . In London , he presided over the highly publicized and controversial Project Guardian , in which over two dozen gay men were arrested for involvement in a purported child pornography ring . While several men were eventually convicted of crimes not related to the stated purpose of the investigation , such as drug possession and prostitution , no child pornography ring was ever found . Journalist Gerald Hannon later published a piece in The Globe and Mail accusing Fantino of mounting an anti-gay witch hunt . In response , Fantino filed a complaint with the Ontario Press Council , which ultimately ruled that the Globe should have more clearly labelled Hannons article as an opinion piece . Fantino says that he is not anti-gay or homophobic and was simply arresting lawbreakers engaging in a sick , perverted crime . York Regional Police chief ( 1998–2000 ) . Fantino returned to the Greater Toronto Area as Chief of York Regional Police in 1998 . His tenure was brief and he returned to the Toronto Police Service two years later . He was succeeded as chief by Robert Middaugh . Toronto Police Service chief ( 2000–2005 ) . Policing controversies . An incident in September 2000 involving five male police officers entering a womans bath house sparked public outrage and drew attention to TPSs poor standing in the gay community . In 2004 , Fantino made an attempt to repair relations , primarily by appearing on the cover of fab in a photo which featured him posing in his police uniform with five other models dressed as the Village People standing behind him . Fantino appeared to have little patience for protesters : he wanted them to ask police for permission before holding demonstrations . In one report , he commented a problem is now arising where portions of the public believe that Dundas Square is a public space . In his new position with the OPP , Fantino took an aggressive posture with a native protest blocking a major highway : he stated he would not/could not tolerate the 401 being closed all day . However , the commander on site decided against a raid as [ he was ] not about to put people at risk for a piece of pavement . In 2003 , Fantino criticized the effectiveness of the Canadian gun registry . Also in 2003 , Fantino publicly named and identified several people as being under investigation for child pornography . Despite the lack of evidence , and the crown subsequently dropping the charges , at least one of the men publicly identified committed suicide , naming Fantinos intentional destruction of his reputation as the reason for his suicide in the suicide note . Corruption scandals . Fantino came under increasing scrutiny due to three corruption scandals which broke out during his tenure and his handling of those incidents . Fantino was accused of having tried to deal with these cases out of public view and attempting to shield them from investigation by outside police services . In one case , drug squad officers are alleged to have beaten and robbed suspected drug dealers . In another , plainclothes officers were charged with accepting bribes to help bars dodge liquor inspections . In the third , a group of officers who advocated on behalf of a drug-addicted car thief faced internal charges . Two of these cases involve the sons of former police chief William McCormack , and came to light not as a result of investigations by Toronto police , but due to a Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) investigation into gangster activity which inadvertently uncovered evidence of wrongdoing by Toronto police officers . Mike McCormack was later cleared of all wrongdoing due to a lack of evidence . In December 2009 , Fantino was accused during a related court case of having unplugged a special task force investigating corruption charges against the Toronto Police Services narcotics squad , thereby ignoring the task forces suspicions that another of the forces drug squads was corrupt . Lawyer Julian Falconer argued in court that When Chief Fantino declared there were only a few bad apples , he did not deliver the straight goods , and shut down the investigation before it expanded as part of a damage-control campaign . In March 2005 , the CBC announced that they had obtained documents via the Access to Information Act showing that between 1998 and 2005 Toronto had spent $30,633,303.63 settling lawsuits against police . Norm Gardner said the settlement costs , which amount to about $5 million a year over six years , were expected , given the number of confrontations police face , suggesting that people think they are going to get paid off . Contract expiry . Fantinos contract as police chief expired on February 28 , 2005 . On June 24 , 2004 , the police services board announced that it would not be reappointing Fantino due to a 2–2 tie . This was controversial since chair Norm Gardner had been suspended from the five-man board due to a conflict of interest ruling , but as he refused to vacate his seat the three required votes for renewal were far more difficult to obtain . Conservative politicians on Toronto City Council responded with a Save Fantino campaign , and the board was deadlocked on the issue of beginning the search for Fantinos replacement . Many Fantino supporters claimed that the Mayor at the time , David Miller , was openly hostile to Fantino . Miller had ignored calls to pressure the police board after it voted against Fantinos renewal , yet Miller subsequently contacted the board looking for a role in hiring the next police chief , although the latter request was not granted . Former deputy police chief Mike Boyd took over as interim chief of police on March 1 , 2005 . On April 6 , another former deputy chief , Bill Blair , was named Fantinos permanent successor . Commissioner of Emergency Management ( 2005–2006 ) . On February 8 , 2005 , Fantino was appointed Ontarios commissioner of emergency management by Ontario premier Dalton McGuinty . This move was criticized by the opposition parties in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario , both for the lack of transparency in the hiring process and for the perception that the appointment was primarily motivated by the desire to avoid having Fantino run as a Progressive Conservative candidate in the 2007 provincial election against Finance Minister Greg Sorbara . However , Sorbara had also blamed Miller for failing to renew Fantinos contract , so this appointment could have also been seen as the Ontario Liberals show of support for Fantino . Ontario Provincial Police commissioner ( 2006-2010 ) . Fantino was appointed Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police replacing the departed Gwen M . Boniface on October 12 , 2006 by the provincial Liberal government ; initially for a two-year term . His appointment was criticized by First Nations groups . In March 2008 his contract was extended until October 2009 . In June 2009 his contract was further extended until July 2010 so that he could oversee the provinces security contingent at the 2010 G8 Summit in Huntsville , Ontario . He received much public attention over highly publicized child pornography busts , with 21 men arrested in February 2008 and 31 men ( some as young as 14 ) arrested in February 2009 . None of the cases has come to trial to date . During his term , Fantino has changed the look of the OPP by ordering that the livery for police cruisers be changed to a 1960s era black and white pattern . Commissioner Fantinos salary , for 2009 , was $251,989.44 . Shawn Brant controversy . Fantino was criticized by lawyer Peter Rosenthal during the trial of aboriginal activist Shawn Brant . Fantino was criticized for ordering wiretaps of Brants phone without proper authority and for making provocative comments to Brant during negotiations to end a blockade of the rail line west of Kingston . By way of those illegal wiretaps , Fantino was recorded saying to Brant You are going to force me to do everything I can ; within your community and everywhere else ; to destroy your reputation and your whole world is going to come crashing down NDP MPP Peter Kormos called for Fantinos resignation accusing him of using pugnacious and bellicose rhetoric and for engaging in Rambo-style policing . In the face of defence motions for the police to disclose more evidence about their conduct the Crown agreed to drop the most serious charges against Brant in exchange for a plea bargain resulting in a light sentence . Fantino was also criticized for his role in the Caledonia land dispute after he was accused of sending e-mails to local politicians accusing them of encouraging anti-police rallies by non-Natives . Internal discipline hearing controversy . In late 2008 and early 2009 , Fantino was embroiled in a controversy surrounding his role in an internal discipline case at the OPP , in which Fantino was accused of being petty and vindictive in his actions against the officers . Fantino ordered a hearing into the matter but attempted to remove the adjudicator he had appointed on the grounds that the judge was biased against the commissioner due to critical comments he made during testimony by Fantino . Divisional Court rejected Fantinos request . The Ontario Court of Appeal upheld the lower court decision saying an informed person viewing the matter realistically and practically would not conclude there was any apprehension of bias on the part of the adjudicator . The OPP dropped the disciplinary case against the two officers on December 15 , 2009 , the same day Fantino was due to be cross examined by defence lawyer Julian Falconer . The entire process cost more than $500,000 in public money . Private prosecution charge for influencing or attempting to influence an elected official . Fantino was summoned in early January 2010 to face a charge of influencing or attempting to influence an elected official in April 2007 in Haldimand County , Ontario . The summons came after a December 31 Ontario Superior Court order demanding a formal charge be laid in relation to allegations against Mr . Fantino brought forward by a private complainant , Gary McHale , who alleged that Fantino was illegally influencing or attempting to influence municipal officials in regards to the Caledonia land dispute . The charge against Fantino was stayed in February 2010 as the Crown said there was no reasonable prospect of conviction . $90,000,000 conspiracy lawsuit . On February 4 , 2011 , Gerald Guy Brummell of Trenton , Ontario filed a $90,000,000 lawsuit against 36 OPP officers , including Julian Fantino , in the Superior Court of Justice in Cobourg Ontario ( File 11/11 ) alleging a conspiracy and coverup relating to the inappropriate use of the judicial system as a tool of revenge against Brummell and his family for complaining about a death threat by one of their officers . In early 2014 Superior Court Justice H.K . O’Connell sided with the government that the claim of malicious prosecution was not supported by evidence . Brummell has appealed this decision to the Court of Appeal for Ontario . On his web site , Brummell alleged that Fantino was an accessory to the murders of Jessica Lloyd and Marie France Comeau , and claimed OPP were knowledgeable of the earlier crimes of Colonel Russell Williams prior to his murders . The Crown settled the lawsuits brought against them by Williams victims , Larry and Bonnie Jones and Massicotte . Political aspirations . Following the resignation of John Tory as leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario Fantinos name was floated as a possible candidate in the ensuing leadership election . He ended speculation that he was interested in the job with a letter to the Globe and Mail . There were rumours that he may run for Mayor of Vaughan , Ontario in the October 25 , 2010 municipal election following his retirement from the OPP . An April 2010 , Toronto Star-Angus Reid poll indicates that Fantino would have the support of 43% of voters leading incumbent Mayor Linda Jackson who has 22% support . In an interview with CFRB on July 9 , 2010 , Fantino announced that he would not be running for mayor of Vaughan . Federal politics . On October 12 , 2010 , Fantino announced he would seek the nomination for the federal Conservative Party in the riding of Vaughan . It had been reported Prime Minister Stephen Harper had spoken to Fantino in early October about running as a Conservative and that Fantino was leaning toward doing so . A federal by-election had been made necessary after the resignation of Liberal MP Maurizio Bevilacqua . Fantino was acclaimed as Conservative Partys candidate on October 14 and the by-election was called for November 29 , 2010 . During the campaign , he was dogged by a group called Conservatives Against Fantino led by Gary McHale and Mark Vandermaas , two activists critical of Fantinos role in the Caledonia controversy . The group picketed Fantinos campaign office and events , and became registered as a third party with Elections Canada under the name Against Fantino ( after their use of the term Conservatives had been disallowed by the agency ) in order to be permitted to spend money on printing and distributing 60,000 anti-Fantino pamphlets . Fantino was elected to the House of Commons of Canada on November 29 , 2010 by narrowly defeating Liberal candidate Tony Genco . The Globe and Mail noted that Fantino had beat the Liberals out of one of their safest seats in Ontario , one they had held for 22 years . On January 4 , 2011 , Fantino was named as Minister of State for Seniors . In Prime Minister Harpers cabinet shuffle following the 2011 federal election Fantino was promoted to Associate Minister of National Defence . Following the departure of Bev Oda , Harper named Fantino the new Minister for International Cooperation portfolio on July 4 , 2012 , replacing him at National Defence with Bernard Valcourt . On July 15 , 2013 , Fantino was shuffled to the position of Minister of Veterans Affairs . Several months later , the veterans ombudsman reported that the government provides veterans with insufficient compensation for pain and suffering and criticized the government , saying that some would be near poverty because of cuts to pensions and benefits . In the same year , the department announced the closure of eight local offices servicing veterans . In January 2014 , Fantino arrived late for a meeting with veterans about the closures and engaged in an angry confrontation with one of the veterans , resulting in accusations that was is inept , rude and insensitive . In May , he was filmed ignoring and walking away from the angry wife of a veteran as she asked questions of him . Fantino was criticized for his departments difficulties in delivering help and benefits to veterans and for spending $4 million on advertising to explain the governments position while allowing more than $1 billion allocated for benefits to lapse . On January 5 , 2015 , after months of controversy , Fantino was replaced by Erin OToole and demoted to the position of Associate Defence Minister . In the 2015 Canadian federal election , Fantino was defeated by Liberal candidate , Francesco Sorbara in the redistributed electoral district of Vaughan-Woodbridge . Assault charge . On October 1 , 2015 a retired construction worker , John Bonnici , pressed charges against Fantino over an alleged incident on August 31 , 1973 in which Bonnici claimed that Fantino poured ketchup down his ( Bonnicis ) buttocks and spread the condiment by stroking the outside of his pants with a baton . Fantino , who was seeking re-election to the House of Commons in the 2015 Canadian federal election , was charged with assault with a weapon — a police baton — and assault causing bodily harm against John Bonnici . The Crown dismissed the charge in December 2015 arguing that there was no reasonable prospect of conviction . Post-political life . Cannabis industry . In September 2017 , Julian Fantino announced that he was working with Aleafia , a Concord Ontario-based company that is involved in the use of medical marijuana , one of the many start-ups capitalizing on Canadas July 1 , 2018 decriminalization of marijuana . On October 31 , 2017 , Fantino was announced as Executive Chairman of Aleafia . In several news interviews , he explained how his attitude to the drug changed during his time as Veterans Affairs Minister when he saw the benefits of pot in assisting soldiers to deal with anxiety , sleep disorders and PTSD . Fantino , who had been the boards chair , resigned from the board effective May 15 , 2020 . He had been criticized for his involvement due to his longtime opposition to cannabis and having once compared legalizing the substance to legalizing murder . Fantino was also involved in a retail recreational cannabis store which opened in Torontos Kensington Market in 2020 . Donald Best . On September 28 , 2017 Julian Fantino swore an affidavit in support of his application to intervene in the judicial review of a decision by the Canadian Judicial Council in respect of a complaint by former Toronto Police officer Donald Best against Ontario Superior Court Justice J . Bryan Shaughnessy . Fantinos extensive 33 page plus 100 exhibits affidavit stated that Best was convicted upon the presentation by lawyers of provably false evidence . and that that disturbing evidence suggests police resources and personnel were improperly retained , used and co-opted to help one side in the private civil dispute at the time that Fantino was Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police ( but without his knowledge ) . Fantino further posited in the affidavit that there was a conspiracy involving secret backroom dealings by a judge and the police . Mr . Fantinos application to intervene in the Donald Best matter was heard on October 11 , 2017 before a Federal Court of Canada prothonotary . The court refused Fantinos application , but he subsequently filed an appeal of this decision which was to be heard on November 20 , 2017 but was not heard by the court at that time . As of January 22 , 2018 the legal case continues . Honours and awards . - Recipient of the International Association of Chiefs of Police ( IACP ) Civil Rights Award in Law - Top Choice Award for Leadership ( 2005 ) , voted by Italian-Canadians in Toronto , Ontario - April 14 , 2005 he was presented the Key to the City of Toronto by Mayor David Miller . - Received a star on the Italian Walk of Fame in Toronto , Ontario , Canada in 2009 . - He was Sworn in as a Member of the Queens Privy Council for Canada on 4 January 2011 . Giving Him the Right to the Honorific Prefix The Honourable and the Post Nominal Letters PC for Life . - He Received the Honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from Assumption University on 10 May 2013 . External links . - Julian Fantino official site
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[
"Minister for International Cooperation"
] |
easy
|
What was the position of Julian Fantino from 2015 to Nov 2015?
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/wiki/Julian_Fantino#P39#2
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Julian Fantino Julian Fantino , ( ; born August 13 , 1942 ) is a Canadian retired police official and former politician . He was the Conservative Party of Canada Member of the Parliament of Canada for the riding of Vaughan following a November 29 , 2010 by-election , until his defeat in 2015 . On January 4 , 2011 , Fantino was named Minister of State for Seniors ; on May 18 , 2011 , he became Associate Minister of National Defence ; on July 4 , 2012 , he was named Minister for International Cooperation . Fantino served as the Minister of Veterans Affairs from 2013 until 2015 , when he was demoted to his earlier post of Associate Minister of National Defence following sustained criticism of his performance at Veterans Affairs . He was defeated by Liberal candidate Francesco Sorbara in the 2015 election . Prior to entering politics , Fantino was the Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police from 2006 to 2010 , Torontos Chief of Police from 2000 to 2005 , and Ontarios Commissioner of Emergency Management from 2005 until 2006 , and also served as chief of police of London , Ontario from 1991 to 1998 , and of York Region from 1998 until 2000 . Prior to his London appointment , he had been a Toronto police officer since 1969 . Early life . Fantino was born in Vendoglio , Italy in 1942 , and immigrated to Canada with his family when he was 11 years old . Early Toronto career . Before joining the Metro Toronto Police , Fantino was a security guard at Yorkdale Shopping Centre in suburban Toronto . He volunteered as an Auxiliary Police Officer for the Metro Toronto Police from 1964 to 1969 and then joined the force as a Police Constable . He was a member of the Drug Squad and was promoted to Detective Constable . He subsequently served with Criminal Intelligence and then the Homicide Squad before being promoted to Divisional Commander and then Acting Staff Superintendent of Detectives . Wiretap controversy . According to an internal police report leaked in 2007 , Fantino , as superintendent of detectives in 1991 , had ordered a wiretap of lawyer Peter Maloney a police critic and friend of Susan Eng , chair of the Toronto Police Services Board , the body overseeing the Toronto Police service . Conversations between Maloney and Eng were illegally recorded despite a court order that only the first minute of Maloneys conversations were to be monitored so as to determine whether the individual who he was talking to was on the list of those being investigated . Departure . After 23 years of service with the Metro Toronto Police , Fantino left to accept an appointment as Police Chief of London , Ontario in 1991 . London Police Service chief ( 1991-1998 ) . In London , he presided over the highly publicized and controversial Project Guardian , in which over two dozen gay men were arrested for involvement in a purported child pornography ring . While several men were eventually convicted of crimes not related to the stated purpose of the investigation , such as drug possession and prostitution , no child pornography ring was ever found . Journalist Gerald Hannon later published a piece in The Globe and Mail accusing Fantino of mounting an anti-gay witch hunt . In response , Fantino filed a complaint with the Ontario Press Council , which ultimately ruled that the Globe should have more clearly labelled Hannons article as an opinion piece . Fantino says that he is not anti-gay or homophobic and was simply arresting lawbreakers engaging in a sick , perverted crime . York Regional Police chief ( 1998–2000 ) . Fantino returned to the Greater Toronto Area as Chief of York Regional Police in 1998 . His tenure was brief and he returned to the Toronto Police Service two years later . He was succeeded as chief by Robert Middaugh . Toronto Police Service chief ( 2000–2005 ) . Policing controversies . An incident in September 2000 involving five male police officers entering a womans bath house sparked public outrage and drew attention to TPSs poor standing in the gay community . In 2004 , Fantino made an attempt to repair relations , primarily by appearing on the cover of fab in a photo which featured him posing in his police uniform with five other models dressed as the Village People standing behind him . Fantino appeared to have little patience for protesters : he wanted them to ask police for permission before holding demonstrations . In one report , he commented a problem is now arising where portions of the public believe that Dundas Square is a public space . In his new position with the OPP , Fantino took an aggressive posture with a native protest blocking a major highway : he stated he would not/could not tolerate the 401 being closed all day . However , the commander on site decided against a raid as [ he was ] not about to put people at risk for a piece of pavement . In 2003 , Fantino criticized the effectiveness of the Canadian gun registry . Also in 2003 , Fantino publicly named and identified several people as being under investigation for child pornography . Despite the lack of evidence , and the crown subsequently dropping the charges , at least one of the men publicly identified committed suicide , naming Fantinos intentional destruction of his reputation as the reason for his suicide in the suicide note . Corruption scandals . Fantino came under increasing scrutiny due to three corruption scandals which broke out during his tenure and his handling of those incidents . Fantino was accused of having tried to deal with these cases out of public view and attempting to shield them from investigation by outside police services . In one case , drug squad officers are alleged to have beaten and robbed suspected drug dealers . In another , plainclothes officers were charged with accepting bribes to help bars dodge liquor inspections . In the third , a group of officers who advocated on behalf of a drug-addicted car thief faced internal charges . Two of these cases involve the sons of former police chief William McCormack , and came to light not as a result of investigations by Toronto police , but due to a Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) investigation into gangster activity which inadvertently uncovered evidence of wrongdoing by Toronto police officers . Mike McCormack was later cleared of all wrongdoing due to a lack of evidence . In December 2009 , Fantino was accused during a related court case of having unplugged a special task force investigating corruption charges against the Toronto Police Services narcotics squad , thereby ignoring the task forces suspicions that another of the forces drug squads was corrupt . Lawyer Julian Falconer argued in court that When Chief Fantino declared there were only a few bad apples , he did not deliver the straight goods , and shut down the investigation before it expanded as part of a damage-control campaign . In March 2005 , the CBC announced that they had obtained documents via the Access to Information Act showing that between 1998 and 2005 Toronto had spent $30,633,303.63 settling lawsuits against police . Norm Gardner said the settlement costs , which amount to about $5 million a year over six years , were expected , given the number of confrontations police face , suggesting that people think they are going to get paid off . Contract expiry . Fantinos contract as police chief expired on February 28 , 2005 . On June 24 , 2004 , the police services board announced that it would not be reappointing Fantino due to a 2–2 tie . This was controversial since chair Norm Gardner had been suspended from the five-man board due to a conflict of interest ruling , but as he refused to vacate his seat the three required votes for renewal were far more difficult to obtain . Conservative politicians on Toronto City Council responded with a Save Fantino campaign , and the board was deadlocked on the issue of beginning the search for Fantinos replacement . Many Fantino supporters claimed that the Mayor at the time , David Miller , was openly hostile to Fantino . Miller had ignored calls to pressure the police board after it voted against Fantinos renewal , yet Miller subsequently contacted the board looking for a role in hiring the next police chief , although the latter request was not granted . Former deputy police chief Mike Boyd took over as interim chief of police on March 1 , 2005 . On April 6 , another former deputy chief , Bill Blair , was named Fantinos permanent successor . Commissioner of Emergency Management ( 2005–2006 ) . On February 8 , 2005 , Fantino was appointed Ontarios commissioner of emergency management by Ontario premier Dalton McGuinty . This move was criticized by the opposition parties in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario , both for the lack of transparency in the hiring process and for the perception that the appointment was primarily motivated by the desire to avoid having Fantino run as a Progressive Conservative candidate in the 2007 provincial election against Finance Minister Greg Sorbara . However , Sorbara had also blamed Miller for failing to renew Fantinos contract , so this appointment could have also been seen as the Ontario Liberals show of support for Fantino . Ontario Provincial Police commissioner ( 2006-2010 ) . Fantino was appointed Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police replacing the departed Gwen M . Boniface on October 12 , 2006 by the provincial Liberal government ; initially for a two-year term . His appointment was criticized by First Nations groups . In March 2008 his contract was extended until October 2009 . In June 2009 his contract was further extended until July 2010 so that he could oversee the provinces security contingent at the 2010 G8 Summit in Huntsville , Ontario . He received much public attention over highly publicized child pornography busts , with 21 men arrested in February 2008 and 31 men ( some as young as 14 ) arrested in February 2009 . None of the cases has come to trial to date . During his term , Fantino has changed the look of the OPP by ordering that the livery for police cruisers be changed to a 1960s era black and white pattern . Commissioner Fantinos salary , for 2009 , was $251,989.44 . Shawn Brant controversy . Fantino was criticized by lawyer Peter Rosenthal during the trial of aboriginal activist Shawn Brant . Fantino was criticized for ordering wiretaps of Brants phone without proper authority and for making provocative comments to Brant during negotiations to end a blockade of the rail line west of Kingston . By way of those illegal wiretaps , Fantino was recorded saying to Brant You are going to force me to do everything I can ; within your community and everywhere else ; to destroy your reputation and your whole world is going to come crashing down NDP MPP Peter Kormos called for Fantinos resignation accusing him of using pugnacious and bellicose rhetoric and for engaging in Rambo-style policing . In the face of defence motions for the police to disclose more evidence about their conduct the Crown agreed to drop the most serious charges against Brant in exchange for a plea bargain resulting in a light sentence . Fantino was also criticized for his role in the Caledonia land dispute after he was accused of sending e-mails to local politicians accusing them of encouraging anti-police rallies by non-Natives . Internal discipline hearing controversy . In late 2008 and early 2009 , Fantino was embroiled in a controversy surrounding his role in an internal discipline case at the OPP , in which Fantino was accused of being petty and vindictive in his actions against the officers . Fantino ordered a hearing into the matter but attempted to remove the adjudicator he had appointed on the grounds that the judge was biased against the commissioner due to critical comments he made during testimony by Fantino . Divisional Court rejected Fantinos request . The Ontario Court of Appeal upheld the lower court decision saying an informed person viewing the matter realistically and practically would not conclude there was any apprehension of bias on the part of the adjudicator . The OPP dropped the disciplinary case against the two officers on December 15 , 2009 , the same day Fantino was due to be cross examined by defence lawyer Julian Falconer . The entire process cost more than $500,000 in public money . Private prosecution charge for influencing or attempting to influence an elected official . Fantino was summoned in early January 2010 to face a charge of influencing or attempting to influence an elected official in April 2007 in Haldimand County , Ontario . The summons came after a December 31 Ontario Superior Court order demanding a formal charge be laid in relation to allegations against Mr . Fantino brought forward by a private complainant , Gary McHale , who alleged that Fantino was illegally influencing or attempting to influence municipal officials in regards to the Caledonia land dispute . The charge against Fantino was stayed in February 2010 as the Crown said there was no reasonable prospect of conviction . $90,000,000 conspiracy lawsuit . On February 4 , 2011 , Gerald Guy Brummell of Trenton , Ontario filed a $90,000,000 lawsuit against 36 OPP officers , including Julian Fantino , in the Superior Court of Justice in Cobourg Ontario ( File 11/11 ) alleging a conspiracy and coverup relating to the inappropriate use of the judicial system as a tool of revenge against Brummell and his family for complaining about a death threat by one of their officers . In early 2014 Superior Court Justice H.K . O’Connell sided with the government that the claim of malicious prosecution was not supported by evidence . Brummell has appealed this decision to the Court of Appeal for Ontario . On his web site , Brummell alleged that Fantino was an accessory to the murders of Jessica Lloyd and Marie France Comeau , and claimed OPP were knowledgeable of the earlier crimes of Colonel Russell Williams prior to his murders . The Crown settled the lawsuits brought against them by Williams victims , Larry and Bonnie Jones and Massicotte . Political aspirations . Following the resignation of John Tory as leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario Fantinos name was floated as a possible candidate in the ensuing leadership election . He ended speculation that he was interested in the job with a letter to the Globe and Mail . There were rumours that he may run for Mayor of Vaughan , Ontario in the October 25 , 2010 municipal election following his retirement from the OPP . An April 2010 , Toronto Star-Angus Reid poll indicates that Fantino would have the support of 43% of voters leading incumbent Mayor Linda Jackson who has 22% support . In an interview with CFRB on July 9 , 2010 , Fantino announced that he would not be running for mayor of Vaughan . Federal politics . On October 12 , 2010 , Fantino announced he would seek the nomination for the federal Conservative Party in the riding of Vaughan . It had been reported Prime Minister Stephen Harper had spoken to Fantino in early October about running as a Conservative and that Fantino was leaning toward doing so . A federal by-election had been made necessary after the resignation of Liberal MP Maurizio Bevilacqua . Fantino was acclaimed as Conservative Partys candidate on October 14 and the by-election was called for November 29 , 2010 . During the campaign , he was dogged by a group called Conservatives Against Fantino led by Gary McHale and Mark Vandermaas , two activists critical of Fantinos role in the Caledonia controversy . The group picketed Fantinos campaign office and events , and became registered as a third party with Elections Canada under the name Against Fantino ( after their use of the term Conservatives had been disallowed by the agency ) in order to be permitted to spend money on printing and distributing 60,000 anti-Fantino pamphlets . Fantino was elected to the House of Commons of Canada on November 29 , 2010 by narrowly defeating Liberal candidate Tony Genco . The Globe and Mail noted that Fantino had beat the Liberals out of one of their safest seats in Ontario , one they had held for 22 years . On January 4 , 2011 , Fantino was named as Minister of State for Seniors . In Prime Minister Harpers cabinet shuffle following the 2011 federal election Fantino was promoted to Associate Minister of National Defence . Following the departure of Bev Oda , Harper named Fantino the new Minister for International Cooperation portfolio on July 4 , 2012 , replacing him at National Defence with Bernard Valcourt . On July 15 , 2013 , Fantino was shuffled to the position of Minister of Veterans Affairs . Several months later , the veterans ombudsman reported that the government provides veterans with insufficient compensation for pain and suffering and criticized the government , saying that some would be near poverty because of cuts to pensions and benefits . In the same year , the department announced the closure of eight local offices servicing veterans . In January 2014 , Fantino arrived late for a meeting with veterans about the closures and engaged in an angry confrontation with one of the veterans , resulting in accusations that was is inept , rude and insensitive . In May , he was filmed ignoring and walking away from the angry wife of a veteran as she asked questions of him . Fantino was criticized for his departments difficulties in delivering help and benefits to veterans and for spending $4 million on advertising to explain the governments position while allowing more than $1 billion allocated for benefits to lapse . On January 5 , 2015 , after months of controversy , Fantino was replaced by Erin OToole and demoted to the position of Associate Defence Minister . In the 2015 Canadian federal election , Fantino was defeated by Liberal candidate , Francesco Sorbara in the redistributed electoral district of Vaughan-Woodbridge . Assault charge . On October 1 , 2015 a retired construction worker , John Bonnici , pressed charges against Fantino over an alleged incident on August 31 , 1973 in which Bonnici claimed that Fantino poured ketchup down his ( Bonnicis ) buttocks and spread the condiment by stroking the outside of his pants with a baton . Fantino , who was seeking re-election to the House of Commons in the 2015 Canadian federal election , was charged with assault with a weapon — a police baton — and assault causing bodily harm against John Bonnici . The Crown dismissed the charge in December 2015 arguing that there was no reasonable prospect of conviction . Post-political life . Cannabis industry . In September 2017 , Julian Fantino announced that he was working with Aleafia , a Concord Ontario-based company that is involved in the use of medical marijuana , one of the many start-ups capitalizing on Canadas July 1 , 2018 decriminalization of marijuana . On October 31 , 2017 , Fantino was announced as Executive Chairman of Aleafia . In several news interviews , he explained how his attitude to the drug changed during his time as Veterans Affairs Minister when he saw the benefits of pot in assisting soldiers to deal with anxiety , sleep disorders and PTSD . Fantino , who had been the boards chair , resigned from the board effective May 15 , 2020 . He had been criticized for his involvement due to his longtime opposition to cannabis and having once compared legalizing the substance to legalizing murder . Fantino was also involved in a retail recreational cannabis store which opened in Torontos Kensington Market in 2020 . Donald Best . On September 28 , 2017 Julian Fantino swore an affidavit in support of his application to intervene in the judicial review of a decision by the Canadian Judicial Council in respect of a complaint by former Toronto Police officer Donald Best against Ontario Superior Court Justice J . Bryan Shaughnessy . Fantinos extensive 33 page plus 100 exhibits affidavit stated that Best was convicted upon the presentation by lawyers of provably false evidence . and that that disturbing evidence suggests police resources and personnel were improperly retained , used and co-opted to help one side in the private civil dispute at the time that Fantino was Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police ( but without his knowledge ) . Fantino further posited in the affidavit that there was a conspiracy involving secret backroom dealings by a judge and the police . Mr . Fantinos application to intervene in the Donald Best matter was heard on October 11 , 2017 before a Federal Court of Canada prothonotary . The court refused Fantinos application , but he subsequently filed an appeal of this decision which was to be heard on November 20 , 2017 but was not heard by the court at that time . As of January 22 , 2018 the legal case continues . Honours and awards . - Recipient of the International Association of Chiefs of Police ( IACP ) Civil Rights Award in Law - Top Choice Award for Leadership ( 2005 ) , voted by Italian-Canadians in Toronto , Ontario - April 14 , 2005 he was presented the Key to the City of Toronto by Mayor David Miller . - Received a star on the Italian Walk of Fame in Toronto , Ontario , Canada in 2009 . - He was Sworn in as a Member of the Queens Privy Council for Canada on 4 January 2011 . Giving Him the Right to the Honorific Prefix The Honourable and the Post Nominal Letters PC for Life . - He Received the Honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from Assumption University on 10 May 2013 . External links . - Julian Fantino official site
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[
"pilot officer"
] |
easy
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What was the military rank of Frank Robert Miller from Sep 1931 to Sep 1937?
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/wiki/Frank_Robert_Miller#P410#0
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Frank Robert Miller Air Chief Marshal Frank Robert Miller ( April 30 , 1908 – October 20 , 1997 ) was a Canadian airman , the last Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff in 1964 , the first Chief of the Defence Staff from 1964 until 1966 , and Deputy Minister of National Defence . He held a range of Air Force training appointments during World War II . Military career . Frank Robert Miller was born in Kamloops , British Columbia , on April 30 , 1908 , to Hedley Miller and his wife Mary . After completing his education at the University of Alberta ( where he gained a BSc ) Miller joined the Royal Canadian Air Force at Camp Borden on September 15 , 1931 , with the rank of pilot officer . He received his wings on December 16 and was promoted to flying officer . Miller then underwent further training before becoming an instructor at the Camp Borden flying and navigation school in 1935 . Promoted to flight lieutenant on September 1 , 1937 , he taught at the Air Navigation and Seaplane School , Trenton from May 1937 to September 1938 . In September 1938 , Miller was posted to England to attend the Specialist Air Navigation Course at the School of Air Navigation , RAF Manston , during which time he was promoted to squadron leader on April 1 , 1939 . At the outbreak of war in September , Miller was the Officer Commanding of the Air Navigation and Reconnaissance School , Trenton . He was promoted to acting wing commander in December 1940 . From May 1942 Miller commanded the Air Navigation School at Rivers , Manitoba . Promoted to acting group captain in July , he commanded the General Reconnaissance School on Prince Edward Island before moving to the Air Force Headquarters in January 1943 where he served as Director of Training Plans and Requirements . He was promoted to acting air commodore in January 1943 . In 1944 Miller was posted to England and on September 19 he took up command of RAF Bomber Commands No . 61 Base in North Yorkshire , with the substantive rank of air commodore from October 14 . No 61 Base was headquartered at Topcliffe and commanded the RAF establishments at Dalton , Dishforth , and Wombleton . On November 9 Millars command was redesignated No . 76 Base and Gamston in Nottinghamshire was added as a subordinate unit . On January 13 , 1945 , Miller took up command of No . 63 Base which was responsible for RAF Leeming ( headquarters ) and RAF Skipton-on-Swale . After the war , Miller served in several senior positions in the Royal Canadian Air Force . In September 1951 , Miller was promoted to Vice-Chief of the Air Staff with the rank of air vice-marshal , serving until 1954 . He was then posted to Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe as General Lauris Norstad’s Vice-Deputy Air . Gaining promotion to air marshal in 1955 he then retired from the RCAF at Prime Minister Louis St . Laurents request to serve in the senior civil service position of Deputy Minister of National Defence , remaining in post until 1957 . He then became Deputy Commander-in-Chief NORAD . In 1960 he was appointed Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff gaining promotion to air chief marshal on 1 September 1961 . Three years later he became the first Chief of the Defence Staff , serving from 1964 until 1966 . As Chief of the Defence Staff , Miller was opposed to the plans of the Defence Minister Paul Hellyer to merge the Royal Canadian Air Force , the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Army into one service , and in 1966 resigned in protest , saying he could not in good conscience co-operate with Hellyers plans . In 1972 Miller was made a Companion of the Order of Canada . He died on October 20 , 1997 . Academic qualifications . - Bachelor of Science ( BSc ) - Doctor of Laws ( LLD ) External links . - Order of Canada Citation - Frank Robert Miller at The Canadian Encyclopedia
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[
"flight lieutenant"
] |
easy
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What was the military rank of Frank Robert Miller from Sep 1937 to Apr 1939?
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/wiki/Frank_Robert_Miller#P410#1
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Frank Robert Miller Air Chief Marshal Frank Robert Miller ( April 30 , 1908 – October 20 , 1997 ) was a Canadian airman , the last Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff in 1964 , the first Chief of the Defence Staff from 1964 until 1966 , and Deputy Minister of National Defence . He held a range of Air Force training appointments during World War II . Military career . Frank Robert Miller was born in Kamloops , British Columbia , on April 30 , 1908 , to Hedley Miller and his wife Mary . After completing his education at the University of Alberta ( where he gained a BSc ) Miller joined the Royal Canadian Air Force at Camp Borden on September 15 , 1931 , with the rank of pilot officer . He received his wings on December 16 and was promoted to flying officer . Miller then underwent further training before becoming an instructor at the Camp Borden flying and navigation school in 1935 . Promoted to flight lieutenant on September 1 , 1937 , he taught at the Air Navigation and Seaplane School , Trenton from May 1937 to September 1938 . In September 1938 , Miller was posted to England to attend the Specialist Air Navigation Course at the School of Air Navigation , RAF Manston , during which time he was promoted to squadron leader on April 1 , 1939 . At the outbreak of war in September , Miller was the Officer Commanding of the Air Navigation and Reconnaissance School , Trenton . He was promoted to acting wing commander in December 1940 . From May 1942 Miller commanded the Air Navigation School at Rivers , Manitoba . Promoted to acting group captain in July , he commanded the General Reconnaissance School on Prince Edward Island before moving to the Air Force Headquarters in January 1943 where he served as Director of Training Plans and Requirements . He was promoted to acting air commodore in January 1943 . In 1944 Miller was posted to England and on September 19 he took up command of RAF Bomber Commands No . 61 Base in North Yorkshire , with the substantive rank of air commodore from October 14 . No 61 Base was headquartered at Topcliffe and commanded the RAF establishments at Dalton , Dishforth , and Wombleton . On November 9 Millars command was redesignated No . 76 Base and Gamston in Nottinghamshire was added as a subordinate unit . On January 13 , 1945 , Miller took up command of No . 63 Base which was responsible for RAF Leeming ( headquarters ) and RAF Skipton-on-Swale . After the war , Miller served in several senior positions in the Royal Canadian Air Force . In September 1951 , Miller was promoted to Vice-Chief of the Air Staff with the rank of air vice-marshal , serving until 1954 . He was then posted to Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe as General Lauris Norstad’s Vice-Deputy Air . Gaining promotion to air marshal in 1955 he then retired from the RCAF at Prime Minister Louis St . Laurents request to serve in the senior civil service position of Deputy Minister of National Defence , remaining in post until 1957 . He then became Deputy Commander-in-Chief NORAD . In 1960 he was appointed Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff gaining promotion to air chief marshal on 1 September 1961 . Three years later he became the first Chief of the Defence Staff , serving from 1964 until 1966 . As Chief of the Defence Staff , Miller was opposed to the plans of the Defence Minister Paul Hellyer to merge the Royal Canadian Air Force , the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Army into one service , and in 1966 resigned in protest , saying he could not in good conscience co-operate with Hellyers plans . In 1972 Miller was made a Companion of the Order of Canada . He died on October 20 , 1997 . Academic qualifications . - Bachelor of Science ( BSc ) - Doctor of Laws ( LLD ) External links . - Order of Canada Citation - Frank Robert Miller at The Canadian Encyclopedia
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[
"squadron leader"
] |
easy
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What military rank did Frank Robert Miller have from Apr 1939 to 1940?
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/wiki/Frank_Robert_Miller#P410#2
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Frank Robert Miller Air Chief Marshal Frank Robert Miller ( April 30 , 1908 – October 20 , 1997 ) was a Canadian airman , the last Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff in 1964 , the first Chief of the Defence Staff from 1964 until 1966 , and Deputy Minister of National Defence . He held a range of Air Force training appointments during World War II . Military career . Frank Robert Miller was born in Kamloops , British Columbia , on April 30 , 1908 , to Hedley Miller and his wife Mary . After completing his education at the University of Alberta ( where he gained a BSc ) Miller joined the Royal Canadian Air Force at Camp Borden on September 15 , 1931 , with the rank of pilot officer . He received his wings on December 16 and was promoted to flying officer . Miller then underwent further training before becoming an instructor at the Camp Borden flying and navigation school in 1935 . Promoted to flight lieutenant on September 1 , 1937 , he taught at the Air Navigation and Seaplane School , Trenton from May 1937 to September 1938 . In September 1938 , Miller was posted to England to attend the Specialist Air Navigation Course at the School of Air Navigation , RAF Manston , during which time he was promoted to squadron leader on April 1 , 1939 . At the outbreak of war in September , Miller was the Officer Commanding of the Air Navigation and Reconnaissance School , Trenton . He was promoted to acting wing commander in December 1940 . From May 1942 Miller commanded the Air Navigation School at Rivers , Manitoba . Promoted to acting group captain in July , he commanded the General Reconnaissance School on Prince Edward Island before moving to the Air Force Headquarters in January 1943 where he served as Director of Training Plans and Requirements . He was promoted to acting air commodore in January 1943 . In 1944 Miller was posted to England and on September 19 he took up command of RAF Bomber Commands No . 61 Base in North Yorkshire , with the substantive rank of air commodore from October 14 . No 61 Base was headquartered at Topcliffe and commanded the RAF establishments at Dalton , Dishforth , and Wombleton . On November 9 Millars command was redesignated No . 76 Base and Gamston in Nottinghamshire was added as a subordinate unit . On January 13 , 1945 , Miller took up command of No . 63 Base which was responsible for RAF Leeming ( headquarters ) and RAF Skipton-on-Swale . After the war , Miller served in several senior positions in the Royal Canadian Air Force . In September 1951 , Miller was promoted to Vice-Chief of the Air Staff with the rank of air vice-marshal , serving until 1954 . He was then posted to Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe as General Lauris Norstad’s Vice-Deputy Air . Gaining promotion to air marshal in 1955 he then retired from the RCAF at Prime Minister Louis St . Laurents request to serve in the senior civil service position of Deputy Minister of National Defence , remaining in post until 1957 . He then became Deputy Commander-in-Chief NORAD . In 1960 he was appointed Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff gaining promotion to air chief marshal on 1 September 1961 . Three years later he became the first Chief of the Defence Staff , serving from 1964 until 1966 . As Chief of the Defence Staff , Miller was opposed to the plans of the Defence Minister Paul Hellyer to merge the Royal Canadian Air Force , the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Army into one service , and in 1966 resigned in protest , saying he could not in good conscience co-operate with Hellyers plans . In 1972 Miller was made a Companion of the Order of Canada . He died on October 20 , 1997 . Academic qualifications . - Bachelor of Science ( BSc ) - Doctor of Laws ( LLD ) External links . - Order of Canada Citation - Frank Robert Miller at The Canadian Encyclopedia
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[
"group captain"
] |
easy
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What was the military rank of Frank Robert Miller from 1940 to 1943?
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/wiki/Frank_Robert_Miller#P410#3
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Frank Robert Miller Air Chief Marshal Frank Robert Miller ( April 30 , 1908 – October 20 , 1997 ) was a Canadian airman , the last Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff in 1964 , the first Chief of the Defence Staff from 1964 until 1966 , and Deputy Minister of National Defence . He held a range of Air Force training appointments during World War II . Military career . Frank Robert Miller was born in Kamloops , British Columbia , on April 30 , 1908 , to Hedley Miller and his wife Mary . After completing his education at the University of Alberta ( where he gained a BSc ) Miller joined the Royal Canadian Air Force at Camp Borden on September 15 , 1931 , with the rank of pilot officer . He received his wings on December 16 and was promoted to flying officer . Miller then underwent further training before becoming an instructor at the Camp Borden flying and navigation school in 1935 . Promoted to flight lieutenant on September 1 , 1937 , he taught at the Air Navigation and Seaplane School , Trenton from May 1937 to September 1938 . In September 1938 , Miller was posted to England to attend the Specialist Air Navigation Course at the School of Air Navigation , RAF Manston , during which time he was promoted to squadron leader on April 1 , 1939 . At the outbreak of war in September , Miller was the Officer Commanding of the Air Navigation and Reconnaissance School , Trenton . He was promoted to acting wing commander in December 1940 . From May 1942 Miller commanded the Air Navigation School at Rivers , Manitoba . Promoted to acting group captain in July , he commanded the General Reconnaissance School on Prince Edward Island before moving to the Air Force Headquarters in January 1943 where he served as Director of Training Plans and Requirements . He was promoted to acting air commodore in January 1943 . In 1944 Miller was posted to England and on September 19 he took up command of RAF Bomber Commands No . 61 Base in North Yorkshire , with the substantive rank of air commodore from October 14 . No 61 Base was headquartered at Topcliffe and commanded the RAF establishments at Dalton , Dishforth , and Wombleton . On November 9 Millars command was redesignated No . 76 Base and Gamston in Nottinghamshire was added as a subordinate unit . On January 13 , 1945 , Miller took up command of No . 63 Base which was responsible for RAF Leeming ( headquarters ) and RAF Skipton-on-Swale . After the war , Miller served in several senior positions in the Royal Canadian Air Force . In September 1951 , Miller was promoted to Vice-Chief of the Air Staff with the rank of air vice-marshal , serving until 1954 . He was then posted to Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe as General Lauris Norstad’s Vice-Deputy Air . Gaining promotion to air marshal in 1955 he then retired from the RCAF at Prime Minister Louis St . Laurents request to serve in the senior civil service position of Deputy Minister of National Defence , remaining in post until 1957 . He then became Deputy Commander-in-Chief NORAD . In 1960 he was appointed Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff gaining promotion to air chief marshal on 1 September 1961 . Three years later he became the first Chief of the Defence Staff , serving from 1964 until 1966 . As Chief of the Defence Staff , Miller was opposed to the plans of the Defence Minister Paul Hellyer to merge the Royal Canadian Air Force , the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Army into one service , and in 1966 resigned in protest , saying he could not in good conscience co-operate with Hellyers plans . In 1972 Miller was made a Companion of the Order of Canada . He died on October 20 , 1997 . Academic qualifications . - Bachelor of Science ( BSc ) - Doctor of Laws ( LLD ) External links . - Order of Canada Citation - Frank Robert Miller at The Canadian Encyclopedia
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[
"Director of Training Plans and Requirements"
] |
easy
|
What was the military rank of Frank Robert Miller from 1943 to 1951?
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/wiki/Frank_Robert_Miller#P410#4
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Frank Robert Miller Air Chief Marshal Frank Robert Miller ( April 30 , 1908 – October 20 , 1997 ) was a Canadian airman , the last Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff in 1964 , the first Chief of the Defence Staff from 1964 until 1966 , and Deputy Minister of National Defence . He held a range of Air Force training appointments during World War II . Military career . Frank Robert Miller was born in Kamloops , British Columbia , on April 30 , 1908 , to Hedley Miller and his wife Mary . After completing his education at the University of Alberta ( where he gained a BSc ) Miller joined the Royal Canadian Air Force at Camp Borden on September 15 , 1931 , with the rank of pilot officer . He received his wings on December 16 and was promoted to flying officer . Miller then underwent further training before becoming an instructor at the Camp Borden flying and navigation school in 1935 . Promoted to flight lieutenant on September 1 , 1937 , he taught at the Air Navigation and Seaplane School , Trenton from May 1937 to September 1938 . In September 1938 , Miller was posted to England to attend the Specialist Air Navigation Course at the School of Air Navigation , RAF Manston , during which time he was promoted to squadron leader on April 1 , 1939 . At the outbreak of war in September , Miller was the Officer Commanding of the Air Navigation and Reconnaissance School , Trenton . He was promoted to acting wing commander in December 1940 . From May 1942 Miller commanded the Air Navigation School at Rivers , Manitoba . Promoted to acting group captain in July , he commanded the General Reconnaissance School on Prince Edward Island before moving to the Air Force Headquarters in January 1943 where he served as Director of Training Plans and Requirements . He was promoted to acting air commodore in January 1943 . In 1944 Miller was posted to England and on September 19 he took up command of RAF Bomber Commands No . 61 Base in North Yorkshire , with the substantive rank of air commodore from October 14 . No 61 Base was headquartered at Topcliffe and commanded the RAF establishments at Dalton , Dishforth , and Wombleton . On November 9 Millars command was redesignated No . 76 Base and Gamston in Nottinghamshire was added as a subordinate unit . On January 13 , 1945 , Miller took up command of No . 63 Base which was responsible for RAF Leeming ( headquarters ) and RAF Skipton-on-Swale . After the war , Miller served in several senior positions in the Royal Canadian Air Force . In September 1951 , Miller was promoted to Vice-Chief of the Air Staff with the rank of air vice-marshal , serving until 1954 . He was then posted to Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe as General Lauris Norstad’s Vice-Deputy Air . Gaining promotion to air marshal in 1955 he then retired from the RCAF at Prime Minister Louis St . Laurents request to serve in the senior civil service position of Deputy Minister of National Defence , remaining in post until 1957 . He then became Deputy Commander-in-Chief NORAD . In 1960 he was appointed Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff gaining promotion to air chief marshal on 1 September 1961 . Three years later he became the first Chief of the Defence Staff , serving from 1964 until 1966 . As Chief of the Defence Staff , Miller was opposed to the plans of the Defence Minister Paul Hellyer to merge the Royal Canadian Air Force , the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Army into one service , and in 1966 resigned in protest , saying he could not in good conscience co-operate with Hellyers plans . In 1972 Miller was made a Companion of the Order of Canada . He died on October 20 , 1997 . Academic qualifications . - Bachelor of Science ( BSc ) - Doctor of Laws ( LLD ) External links . - Order of Canada Citation - Frank Robert Miller at The Canadian Encyclopedia
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[
"air vice-marshal"
] |
easy
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What military rank did Frank Robert Miller have from 1951 to 1955?
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/wiki/Frank_Robert_Miller#P410#5
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Frank Robert Miller Air Chief Marshal Frank Robert Miller ( April 30 , 1908 – October 20 , 1997 ) was a Canadian airman , the last Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff in 1964 , the first Chief of the Defence Staff from 1964 until 1966 , and Deputy Minister of National Defence . He held a range of Air Force training appointments during World War II . Military career . Frank Robert Miller was born in Kamloops , British Columbia , on April 30 , 1908 , to Hedley Miller and his wife Mary . After completing his education at the University of Alberta ( where he gained a BSc ) Miller joined the Royal Canadian Air Force at Camp Borden on September 15 , 1931 , with the rank of pilot officer . He received his wings on December 16 and was promoted to flying officer . Miller then underwent further training before becoming an instructor at the Camp Borden flying and navigation school in 1935 . Promoted to flight lieutenant on September 1 , 1937 , he taught at the Air Navigation and Seaplane School , Trenton from May 1937 to September 1938 . In September 1938 , Miller was posted to England to attend the Specialist Air Navigation Course at the School of Air Navigation , RAF Manston , during which time he was promoted to squadron leader on April 1 , 1939 . At the outbreak of war in September , Miller was the Officer Commanding of the Air Navigation and Reconnaissance School , Trenton . He was promoted to acting wing commander in December 1940 . From May 1942 Miller commanded the Air Navigation School at Rivers , Manitoba . Promoted to acting group captain in July , he commanded the General Reconnaissance School on Prince Edward Island before moving to the Air Force Headquarters in January 1943 where he served as Director of Training Plans and Requirements . He was promoted to acting air commodore in January 1943 . In 1944 Miller was posted to England and on September 19 he took up command of RAF Bomber Commands No . 61 Base in North Yorkshire , with the substantive rank of air commodore from October 14 . No 61 Base was headquartered at Topcliffe and commanded the RAF establishments at Dalton , Dishforth , and Wombleton . On November 9 Millars command was redesignated No . 76 Base and Gamston in Nottinghamshire was added as a subordinate unit . On January 13 , 1945 , Miller took up command of No . 63 Base which was responsible for RAF Leeming ( headquarters ) and RAF Skipton-on-Swale . After the war , Miller served in several senior positions in the Royal Canadian Air Force . In September 1951 , Miller was promoted to Vice-Chief of the Air Staff with the rank of air vice-marshal , serving until 1954 . He was then posted to Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe as General Lauris Norstad’s Vice-Deputy Air . Gaining promotion to air marshal in 1955 he then retired from the RCAF at Prime Minister Louis St . Laurents request to serve in the senior civil service position of Deputy Minister of National Defence , remaining in post until 1957 . He then became Deputy Commander-in-Chief NORAD . In 1960 he was appointed Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff gaining promotion to air chief marshal on 1 September 1961 . Three years later he became the first Chief of the Defence Staff , serving from 1964 until 1966 . As Chief of the Defence Staff , Miller was opposed to the plans of the Defence Minister Paul Hellyer to merge the Royal Canadian Air Force , the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Army into one service , and in 1966 resigned in protest , saying he could not in good conscience co-operate with Hellyers plans . In 1972 Miller was made a Companion of the Order of Canada . He died on October 20 , 1997 . Academic qualifications . - Bachelor of Science ( BSc ) - Doctor of Laws ( LLD ) External links . - Order of Canada Citation - Frank Robert Miller at The Canadian Encyclopedia
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[
"air marshal"
] |
easy
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What was the military rank of Frank Robert Miller from 1955 to Sep 1961?
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/wiki/Frank_Robert_Miller#P410#6
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Frank Robert Miller Air Chief Marshal Frank Robert Miller ( April 30 , 1908 – October 20 , 1997 ) was a Canadian airman , the last Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff in 1964 , the first Chief of the Defence Staff from 1964 until 1966 , and Deputy Minister of National Defence . He held a range of Air Force training appointments during World War II . Military career . Frank Robert Miller was born in Kamloops , British Columbia , on April 30 , 1908 , to Hedley Miller and his wife Mary . After completing his education at the University of Alberta ( where he gained a BSc ) Miller joined the Royal Canadian Air Force at Camp Borden on September 15 , 1931 , with the rank of pilot officer . He received his wings on December 16 and was promoted to flying officer . Miller then underwent further training before becoming an instructor at the Camp Borden flying and navigation school in 1935 . Promoted to flight lieutenant on September 1 , 1937 , he taught at the Air Navigation and Seaplane School , Trenton from May 1937 to September 1938 . In September 1938 , Miller was posted to England to attend the Specialist Air Navigation Course at the School of Air Navigation , RAF Manston , during which time he was promoted to squadron leader on April 1 , 1939 . At the outbreak of war in September , Miller was the Officer Commanding of the Air Navigation and Reconnaissance School , Trenton . He was promoted to acting wing commander in December 1940 . From May 1942 Miller commanded the Air Navigation School at Rivers , Manitoba . Promoted to acting group captain in July , he commanded the General Reconnaissance School on Prince Edward Island before moving to the Air Force Headquarters in January 1943 where he served as Director of Training Plans and Requirements . He was promoted to acting air commodore in January 1943 . In 1944 Miller was posted to England and on September 19 he took up command of RAF Bomber Commands No . 61 Base in North Yorkshire , with the substantive rank of air commodore from October 14 . No 61 Base was headquartered at Topcliffe and commanded the RAF establishments at Dalton , Dishforth , and Wombleton . On November 9 Millars command was redesignated No . 76 Base and Gamston in Nottinghamshire was added as a subordinate unit . On January 13 , 1945 , Miller took up command of No . 63 Base which was responsible for RAF Leeming ( headquarters ) and RAF Skipton-on-Swale . After the war , Miller served in several senior positions in the Royal Canadian Air Force . In September 1951 , Miller was promoted to Vice-Chief of the Air Staff with the rank of air vice-marshal , serving until 1954 . He was then posted to Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe as General Lauris Norstad’s Vice-Deputy Air . Gaining promotion to air marshal in 1955 he then retired from the RCAF at Prime Minister Louis St . Laurents request to serve in the senior civil service position of Deputy Minister of National Defence , remaining in post until 1957 . He then became Deputy Commander-in-Chief NORAD . In 1960 he was appointed Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff gaining promotion to air chief marshal on 1 September 1961 . Three years later he became the first Chief of the Defence Staff , serving from 1964 until 1966 . As Chief of the Defence Staff , Miller was opposed to the plans of the Defence Minister Paul Hellyer to merge the Royal Canadian Air Force , the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Army into one service , and in 1966 resigned in protest , saying he could not in good conscience co-operate with Hellyers plans . In 1972 Miller was made a Companion of the Order of Canada . He died on October 20 , 1997 . Academic qualifications . - Bachelor of Science ( BSc ) - Doctor of Laws ( LLD ) External links . - Order of Canada Citation - Frank Robert Miller at The Canadian Encyclopedia
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[
"Air Chief Marshal"
] |
easy
|
What was the military rank of Frank Robert Miller from Sep 1961 to Sep 1962?
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/wiki/Frank_Robert_Miller#P410#7
|
Frank Robert Miller Air Chief Marshal Frank Robert Miller ( April 30 , 1908 – October 20 , 1997 ) was a Canadian airman , the last Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff in 1964 , the first Chief of the Defence Staff from 1964 until 1966 , and Deputy Minister of National Defence . He held a range of Air Force training appointments during World War II . Military career . Frank Robert Miller was born in Kamloops , British Columbia , on April 30 , 1908 , to Hedley Miller and his wife Mary . After completing his education at the University of Alberta ( where he gained a BSc ) Miller joined the Royal Canadian Air Force at Camp Borden on September 15 , 1931 , with the rank of pilot officer . He received his wings on December 16 and was promoted to flying officer . Miller then underwent further training before becoming an instructor at the Camp Borden flying and navigation school in 1935 . Promoted to flight lieutenant on September 1 , 1937 , he taught at the Air Navigation and Seaplane School , Trenton from May 1937 to September 1938 . In September 1938 , Miller was posted to England to attend the Specialist Air Navigation Course at the School of Air Navigation , RAF Manston , during which time he was promoted to squadron leader on April 1 , 1939 . At the outbreak of war in September , Miller was the Officer Commanding of the Air Navigation and Reconnaissance School , Trenton . He was promoted to acting wing commander in December 1940 . From May 1942 Miller commanded the Air Navigation School at Rivers , Manitoba . Promoted to acting group captain in July , he commanded the General Reconnaissance School on Prince Edward Island before moving to the Air Force Headquarters in January 1943 where he served as Director of Training Plans and Requirements . He was promoted to acting air commodore in January 1943 . In 1944 Miller was posted to England and on September 19 he took up command of RAF Bomber Commands No . 61 Base in North Yorkshire , with the substantive rank of air commodore from October 14 . No 61 Base was headquartered at Topcliffe and commanded the RAF establishments at Dalton , Dishforth , and Wombleton . On November 9 Millars command was redesignated No . 76 Base and Gamston in Nottinghamshire was added as a subordinate unit . On January 13 , 1945 , Miller took up command of No . 63 Base which was responsible for RAF Leeming ( headquarters ) and RAF Skipton-on-Swale . After the war , Miller served in several senior positions in the Royal Canadian Air Force . In September 1951 , Miller was promoted to Vice-Chief of the Air Staff with the rank of air vice-marshal , serving until 1954 . He was then posted to Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe as General Lauris Norstad’s Vice-Deputy Air . Gaining promotion to air marshal in 1955 he then retired from the RCAF at Prime Minister Louis St . Laurents request to serve in the senior civil service position of Deputy Minister of National Defence , remaining in post until 1957 . He then became Deputy Commander-in-Chief NORAD . In 1960 he was appointed Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff gaining promotion to air chief marshal on 1 September 1961 . Three years later he became the first Chief of the Defence Staff , serving from 1964 until 1966 . As Chief of the Defence Staff , Miller was opposed to the plans of the Defence Minister Paul Hellyer to merge the Royal Canadian Air Force , the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Army into one service , and in 1966 resigned in protest , saying he could not in good conscience co-operate with Hellyers plans . In 1972 Miller was made a Companion of the Order of Canada . He died on October 20 , 1997 . Academic qualifications . - Bachelor of Science ( BSc ) - Doctor of Laws ( LLD ) External links . - Order of Canada Citation - Frank Robert Miller at The Canadian Encyclopedia
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[
"Hilda Petrie and her husband Sir Flinders Petrie",
"British School of Archaeology"
] |
easy
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Which employer did Olga Tufnell work for from 1922 to 1927?
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/wiki/Olga_Tufnell#P108#0
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Olga Tufnell Olga Tufnell ( 26 January 1905 – 11 April 1985 ) was a British archaeologist who assisted on the excavation of the ancient city of Lachish in the 1930s . She had no formal training in archaeology , but had worked as a secretary for Flinders Petrie for a number of years before being given a field assignment . Olga then went on to join James Leslie Starkey in the expedition to find Lachish in 1929 and remained part of the team for the following seasons . When Starkey was killed in 1938 , the team finished the season then closed the site . Olga volunteered to write up the report of the dig and spent the following twenty years researching and writing up the majority of the excavation report . Olgas work has been regarded as the pre-eminent source book for Palestinian archeology . Once the report was published , she turned her attention to cataloguing scarabs and other seals . Early life . Olga Tufnell was born on 26 January 1905 in Sudbury , Suffolk to a prominent landholding family . Her father , Beauchamp Le Fevre Tufnell had been a second lieutenant in the 4th Battalion of Essex Regiment , and her mother , Blanche , maintained a broad range of cultural interests , as well as working with the Anglo-Czech Society . Olga was a middle child with two brothers , Joliffe Gilbert Tufnell and Louis de Saumarez Tufnell . She spent her early life in Little Waltham , and was educated at schools in London and Belgium before going to finishing school in Italy . When Olga had completed her time at the finishing school in 1922 , she went to help her mothers close friend Hilda Petrie and her husband Sir Flinders Petrie , with an exhibition of their recent finds at University College London , before taking on a secretarial role at the British School of Archaeology in Egypt . She held the position of Hilda Petries secretary for five years , though she described it as dull and repetitive work in fundraising , but also spent some time drawing and repairing pottery . Olgas work evidently impressed Sir Flinders who , at the end of 1927 , offered her an opportunity to assist him in the field in 1928 . Expeditions . Although Sir Flinders himself did not join the expedition in 1929 , he sent Olga with a group of other archaeologists to Qau , where they spent two months recording the reliefs from the tombs of the ancient rulers . She and a few colleagues , including Gerald Lankester Harding , then joined the seasons primary expedition , which was being led by James Leslie Starkey at the Tell Fara tomb group in Palestine . During the time she would not only supervise the work of a team , but also ran an evening clinic for the Arab workers and families , as well as other local people . In all , she would help up to forty people per day with minor injuries or upset stomachs . Sir Flinders joined the group in 1930 and after reviewing Olgas work , allowed her to publish it under her own name . In 1931 , during the Petrie expedition to Tell el-Ajjul , Olga discovered a Hyksos tomb which included a horse burial . In 1932 , Starkey secured funding from Charles Marston and Henry Wellcome to start an expedition apart from the Petries , which Olga joined . The Wellcome-Marston expedition was to focus on the excavation of the ancient city of Lachish , a stronghold mentioned in the Bible . Over the next six years , the team made some important finds , including the Lachish letters , but the work was interrupted by the murder of Starkey , while he was en route to the opening of the Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem . The remaining team finished during the 1938/9 season , then closed the site . Olga wrote the final report . Return to London . The Wellcome Foundation allowed Olga some rooms at St Johns Lodge in Londons Regents Park , where the University College Londons Institute of Archaeology had recently been established . Her work was almost immediately put on hold due to the outbreak of World War II , as Olga was co-opted to the BBC Arabic radio station due to her association with the Middle East . Around the same time , she also became an air raid warden . At the end of the war , she returned to her work on the report . She controversially published findings that held that the time period between two occupational levels , Level II ( preceding Babylonian conquest by Nebuchadnezzar ) and Level III ( preceding Assyrian conquest by Sennacherib ) was likely to be in the range of 100 years , rather than a decade , as Starkey had suggested . Although the majority held that Starkeys interpretation was more likely , in 1973 subsequent excavations vindicated her opinion . In 1951 , Olga became a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London . She was proud of this award and called it one of her greatest achievements . Olga continued to study and to write up the Lachish report for 20 years , with the final publication ( Lachish IV ) in 1957 . Whilst writing the report , she dealt with requests related to the excavation , including distributing the Lachish finds and sending some unwanted pots to a school museum The multi-volume report was described as the pre-eminent source book for Palestinian archaeology . Later life . Once the full report had been published , Olga turned her attention to the study of scarabs , working with William Ayres Ward . Although many scholars dismissed the field of scarabs and seals as unreliable of chronology , Olga meticulously recorded the dimensions and styles of the artefacts . She was an early adopter of the use of computers for measurement of the scarabs and she was due to present a paper on that use of computers just days after her death in April 1985 . In 1983 , 50 years after the initial excavations , Olga was invited back to the site of Lachish , to see the more modern excavations by University of Tel Aviv . There she was greeted by 200 local archaeologists , who welcomed her enthusiastically .
|
[
"Sir Flinders"
] |
easy
|
What was the name of the employer Olga Tufnell work for from 1928 to 1939?
|
/wiki/Olga_Tufnell#P108#1
|
Olga Tufnell Olga Tufnell ( 26 January 1905 – 11 April 1985 ) was a British archaeologist who assisted on the excavation of the ancient city of Lachish in the 1930s . She had no formal training in archaeology , but had worked as a secretary for Flinders Petrie for a number of years before being given a field assignment . Olga then went on to join James Leslie Starkey in the expedition to find Lachish in 1929 and remained part of the team for the following seasons . When Starkey was killed in 1938 , the team finished the season then closed the site . Olga volunteered to write up the report of the dig and spent the following twenty years researching and writing up the majority of the excavation report . Olgas work has been regarded as the pre-eminent source book for Palestinian archeology . Once the report was published , she turned her attention to cataloguing scarabs and other seals . Early life . Olga Tufnell was born on 26 January 1905 in Sudbury , Suffolk to a prominent landholding family . Her father , Beauchamp Le Fevre Tufnell had been a second lieutenant in the 4th Battalion of Essex Regiment , and her mother , Blanche , maintained a broad range of cultural interests , as well as working with the Anglo-Czech Society . Olga was a middle child with two brothers , Joliffe Gilbert Tufnell and Louis de Saumarez Tufnell . She spent her early life in Little Waltham , and was educated at schools in London and Belgium before going to finishing school in Italy . When Olga had completed her time at the finishing school in 1922 , she went to help her mothers close friend Hilda Petrie and her husband Sir Flinders Petrie , with an exhibition of their recent finds at University College London , before taking on a secretarial role at the British School of Archaeology in Egypt . She held the position of Hilda Petries secretary for five years , though she described it as dull and repetitive work in fundraising , but also spent some time drawing and repairing pottery . Olgas work evidently impressed Sir Flinders who , at the end of 1927 , offered her an opportunity to assist him in the field in 1928 . Expeditions . Although Sir Flinders himself did not join the expedition in 1929 , he sent Olga with a group of other archaeologists to Qau , where they spent two months recording the reliefs from the tombs of the ancient rulers . She and a few colleagues , including Gerald Lankester Harding , then joined the seasons primary expedition , which was being led by James Leslie Starkey at the Tell Fara tomb group in Palestine . During the time she would not only supervise the work of a team , but also ran an evening clinic for the Arab workers and families , as well as other local people . In all , she would help up to forty people per day with minor injuries or upset stomachs . Sir Flinders joined the group in 1930 and after reviewing Olgas work , allowed her to publish it under her own name . In 1931 , during the Petrie expedition to Tell el-Ajjul , Olga discovered a Hyksos tomb which included a horse burial . In 1932 , Starkey secured funding from Charles Marston and Henry Wellcome to start an expedition apart from the Petries , which Olga joined . The Wellcome-Marston expedition was to focus on the excavation of the ancient city of Lachish , a stronghold mentioned in the Bible . Over the next six years , the team made some important finds , including the Lachish letters , but the work was interrupted by the murder of Starkey , while he was en route to the opening of the Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem . The remaining team finished during the 1938/9 season , then closed the site . Olga wrote the final report . Return to London . The Wellcome Foundation allowed Olga some rooms at St Johns Lodge in Londons Regents Park , where the University College Londons Institute of Archaeology had recently been established . Her work was almost immediately put on hold due to the outbreak of World War II , as Olga was co-opted to the BBC Arabic radio station due to her association with the Middle East . Around the same time , she also became an air raid warden . At the end of the war , she returned to her work on the report . She controversially published findings that held that the time period between two occupational levels , Level II ( preceding Babylonian conquest by Nebuchadnezzar ) and Level III ( preceding Assyrian conquest by Sennacherib ) was likely to be in the range of 100 years , rather than a decade , as Starkey had suggested . Although the majority held that Starkeys interpretation was more likely , in 1973 subsequent excavations vindicated her opinion . In 1951 , Olga became a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London . She was proud of this award and called it one of her greatest achievements . Olga continued to study and to write up the Lachish report for 20 years , with the final publication ( Lachish IV ) in 1957 . Whilst writing the report , she dealt with requests related to the excavation , including distributing the Lachish finds and sending some unwanted pots to a school museum The multi-volume report was described as the pre-eminent source book for Palestinian archaeology . Later life . Once the full report had been published , Olga turned her attention to the study of scarabs , working with William Ayres Ward . Although many scholars dismissed the field of scarabs and seals as unreliable of chronology , Olga meticulously recorded the dimensions and styles of the artefacts . She was an early adopter of the use of computers for measurement of the scarabs and she was due to present a paper on that use of computers just days after her death in April 1985 . In 1983 , 50 years after the initial excavations , Olga was invited back to the site of Lachish , to see the more modern excavations by University of Tel Aviv . There she was greeted by 200 local archaeologists , who welcomed her enthusiastically .
|
[
"BBC Arabic radio station"
] |
easy
|
Olga Tufnell was an employee for whom from 1939 to 1945?
|
/wiki/Olga_Tufnell#P108#2
|
Olga Tufnell Olga Tufnell ( 26 January 1905 – 11 April 1985 ) was a British archaeologist who assisted on the excavation of the ancient city of Lachish in the 1930s . She had no formal training in archaeology , but had worked as a secretary for Flinders Petrie for a number of years before being given a field assignment . Olga then went on to join James Leslie Starkey in the expedition to find Lachish in 1929 and remained part of the team for the following seasons . When Starkey was killed in 1938 , the team finished the season then closed the site . Olga volunteered to write up the report of the dig and spent the following twenty years researching and writing up the majority of the excavation report . Olgas work has been regarded as the pre-eminent source book for Palestinian archeology . Once the report was published , she turned her attention to cataloguing scarabs and other seals . Early life . Olga Tufnell was born on 26 January 1905 in Sudbury , Suffolk to a prominent landholding family . Her father , Beauchamp Le Fevre Tufnell had been a second lieutenant in the 4th Battalion of Essex Regiment , and her mother , Blanche , maintained a broad range of cultural interests , as well as working with the Anglo-Czech Society . Olga was a middle child with two brothers , Joliffe Gilbert Tufnell and Louis de Saumarez Tufnell . She spent her early life in Little Waltham , and was educated at schools in London and Belgium before going to finishing school in Italy . When Olga had completed her time at the finishing school in 1922 , she went to help her mothers close friend Hilda Petrie and her husband Sir Flinders Petrie , with an exhibition of their recent finds at University College London , before taking on a secretarial role at the British School of Archaeology in Egypt . She held the position of Hilda Petries secretary for five years , though she described it as dull and repetitive work in fundraising , but also spent some time drawing and repairing pottery . Olgas work evidently impressed Sir Flinders who , at the end of 1927 , offered her an opportunity to assist him in the field in 1928 . Expeditions . Although Sir Flinders himself did not join the expedition in 1929 , he sent Olga with a group of other archaeologists to Qau , where they spent two months recording the reliefs from the tombs of the ancient rulers . She and a few colleagues , including Gerald Lankester Harding , then joined the seasons primary expedition , which was being led by James Leslie Starkey at the Tell Fara tomb group in Palestine . During the time she would not only supervise the work of a team , but also ran an evening clinic for the Arab workers and families , as well as other local people . In all , she would help up to forty people per day with minor injuries or upset stomachs . Sir Flinders joined the group in 1930 and after reviewing Olgas work , allowed her to publish it under her own name . In 1931 , during the Petrie expedition to Tell el-Ajjul , Olga discovered a Hyksos tomb which included a horse burial . In 1932 , Starkey secured funding from Charles Marston and Henry Wellcome to start an expedition apart from the Petries , which Olga joined . The Wellcome-Marston expedition was to focus on the excavation of the ancient city of Lachish , a stronghold mentioned in the Bible . Over the next six years , the team made some important finds , including the Lachish letters , but the work was interrupted by the murder of Starkey , while he was en route to the opening of the Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem . The remaining team finished during the 1938/9 season , then closed the site . Olga wrote the final report . Return to London . The Wellcome Foundation allowed Olga some rooms at St Johns Lodge in Londons Regents Park , where the University College Londons Institute of Archaeology had recently been established . Her work was almost immediately put on hold due to the outbreak of World War II , as Olga was co-opted to the BBC Arabic radio station due to her association with the Middle East . Around the same time , she also became an air raid warden . At the end of the war , she returned to her work on the report . She controversially published findings that held that the time period between two occupational levels , Level II ( preceding Babylonian conquest by Nebuchadnezzar ) and Level III ( preceding Assyrian conquest by Sennacherib ) was likely to be in the range of 100 years , rather than a decade , as Starkey had suggested . Although the majority held that Starkeys interpretation was more likely , in 1973 subsequent excavations vindicated her opinion . In 1951 , Olga became a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London . She was proud of this award and called it one of her greatest achievements . Olga continued to study and to write up the Lachish report for 20 years , with the final publication ( Lachish IV ) in 1957 . Whilst writing the report , she dealt with requests related to the excavation , including distributing the Lachish finds and sending some unwanted pots to a school museum The multi-volume report was described as the pre-eminent source book for Palestinian archaeology . Later life . Once the full report had been published , Olga turned her attention to the study of scarabs , working with William Ayres Ward . Although many scholars dismissed the field of scarabs and seals as unreliable of chronology , Olga meticulously recorded the dimensions and styles of the artefacts . She was an early adopter of the use of computers for measurement of the scarabs and she was due to present a paper on that use of computers just days after her death in April 1985 . In 1983 , 50 years after the initial excavations , Olga was invited back to the site of Lachish , to see the more modern excavations by University of Tel Aviv . There she was greeted by 200 local archaeologists , who welcomed her enthusiastically .
|
[
"The Wellcome Foundation"
] |
easy
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Which employer did Olga Tufnell work for from 1945 to 1946?
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/wiki/Olga_Tufnell#P108#3
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Olga Tufnell Olga Tufnell ( 26 January 1905 – 11 April 1985 ) was a British archaeologist who assisted on the excavation of the ancient city of Lachish in the 1930s . She had no formal training in archaeology , but had worked as a secretary for Flinders Petrie for a number of years before being given a field assignment . Olga then went on to join James Leslie Starkey in the expedition to find Lachish in 1929 and remained part of the team for the following seasons . When Starkey was killed in 1938 , the team finished the season then closed the site . Olga volunteered to write up the report of the dig and spent the following twenty years researching and writing up the majority of the excavation report . Olgas work has been regarded as the pre-eminent source book for Palestinian archeology . Once the report was published , she turned her attention to cataloguing scarabs and other seals . Early life . Olga Tufnell was born on 26 January 1905 in Sudbury , Suffolk to a prominent landholding family . Her father , Beauchamp Le Fevre Tufnell had been a second lieutenant in the 4th Battalion of Essex Regiment , and her mother , Blanche , maintained a broad range of cultural interests , as well as working with the Anglo-Czech Society . Olga was a middle child with two brothers , Joliffe Gilbert Tufnell and Louis de Saumarez Tufnell . She spent her early life in Little Waltham , and was educated at schools in London and Belgium before going to finishing school in Italy . When Olga had completed her time at the finishing school in 1922 , she went to help her mothers close friend Hilda Petrie and her husband Sir Flinders Petrie , with an exhibition of their recent finds at University College London , before taking on a secretarial role at the British School of Archaeology in Egypt . She held the position of Hilda Petries secretary for five years , though she described it as dull and repetitive work in fundraising , but also spent some time drawing and repairing pottery . Olgas work evidently impressed Sir Flinders who , at the end of 1927 , offered her an opportunity to assist him in the field in 1928 . Expeditions . Although Sir Flinders himself did not join the expedition in 1929 , he sent Olga with a group of other archaeologists to Qau , where they spent two months recording the reliefs from the tombs of the ancient rulers . She and a few colleagues , including Gerald Lankester Harding , then joined the seasons primary expedition , which was being led by James Leslie Starkey at the Tell Fara tomb group in Palestine . During the time she would not only supervise the work of a team , but also ran an evening clinic for the Arab workers and families , as well as other local people . In all , she would help up to forty people per day with minor injuries or upset stomachs . Sir Flinders joined the group in 1930 and after reviewing Olgas work , allowed her to publish it under her own name . In 1931 , during the Petrie expedition to Tell el-Ajjul , Olga discovered a Hyksos tomb which included a horse burial . In 1932 , Starkey secured funding from Charles Marston and Henry Wellcome to start an expedition apart from the Petries , which Olga joined . The Wellcome-Marston expedition was to focus on the excavation of the ancient city of Lachish , a stronghold mentioned in the Bible . Over the next six years , the team made some important finds , including the Lachish letters , but the work was interrupted by the murder of Starkey , while he was en route to the opening of the Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem . The remaining team finished during the 1938/9 season , then closed the site . Olga wrote the final report . Return to London . The Wellcome Foundation allowed Olga some rooms at St Johns Lodge in Londons Regents Park , where the University College Londons Institute of Archaeology had recently been established . Her work was almost immediately put on hold due to the outbreak of World War II , as Olga was co-opted to the BBC Arabic radio station due to her association with the Middle East . Around the same time , she also became an air raid warden . At the end of the war , she returned to her work on the report . She controversially published findings that held that the time period between two occupational levels , Level II ( preceding Babylonian conquest by Nebuchadnezzar ) and Level III ( preceding Assyrian conquest by Sennacherib ) was likely to be in the range of 100 years , rather than a decade , as Starkey had suggested . Although the majority held that Starkeys interpretation was more likely , in 1973 subsequent excavations vindicated her opinion . In 1951 , Olga became a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London . She was proud of this award and called it one of her greatest achievements . Olga continued to study and to write up the Lachish report for 20 years , with the final publication ( Lachish IV ) in 1957 . Whilst writing the report , she dealt with requests related to the excavation , including distributing the Lachish finds and sending some unwanted pots to a school museum The multi-volume report was described as the pre-eminent source book for Palestinian archaeology . Later life . Once the full report had been published , Olga turned her attention to the study of scarabs , working with William Ayres Ward . Although many scholars dismissed the field of scarabs and seals as unreliable of chronology , Olga meticulously recorded the dimensions and styles of the artefacts . She was an early adopter of the use of computers for measurement of the scarabs and she was due to present a paper on that use of computers just days after her death in April 1985 . In 1983 , 50 years after the initial excavations , Olga was invited back to the site of Lachish , to see the more modern excavations by University of Tel Aviv . There she was greeted by 200 local archaeologists , who welcomed her enthusiastically .
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[
"colonial secretary of Sierra Leone"
] |
easy
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What was the position of Mark Aitchison Young from 1929 to 1930?
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/wiki/Mark_Aitchison_Young#P39#0
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Mark Aitchison Young Sir Mark Aitchison Young ( 楊慕琦 , 30 June 1886 – 12 May 1974 ) was a British administrator who became the Governor of Hong Kong during the years immediately before and after the Japanese occupation of the territory . Early life , service in war . Young was the third son of colonial administrator William Mackworth Young and his second wife , Frances Mary , daughter of Sir Robert Eyles Egerton , KCSI , JP , Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab from 1877 to 1882 , Sir Robert Egerton was nephew of the 8th and 9th Grey Egerton baronets . Mark Youngs paternal grandfather was Sir George Young , 2nd Baronet . Young was educated at Eton College and Kings College , Cambridge . He entered the Ceylon Civil Service in 1909 and served in the British Army with the Rifle Brigade ( Prince Consorts Own ) during World War I from 1915 . Colonial administration . Young served as principal assistant colonial secretary of Ceylon from 1923 to 1928 , then as colonial secretary of Sierra Leone from 1928 to 1930 . From 1930 to 1933 , he served as chief secretary to the Government of the British Mandate of Palestine . From 5 August 1933 to March 1938 , he served as governor and commander-in-chief of Barbados . From November 1937 to February 1938 , he served in the Government of Trinidad and Tobago . Then from 1938 to 1941 , he served as governor and commander-in-chief of the Tanganyika Territory British Mandate . Hong Kong governor , prisoner of war . On 10 September 1941 he was appointed Governor of Hong Kong . Japanese forces already occupied the Chinese mainland adjoining Hong Kong as part of their ongoing war with China , and early in Youngs term Hong Kong came under the threat of Japanese invasion . At 08:00 , 8 December 1941 , several hours after Pearl Harbor was attacked , Hong Kong came under fire by Imperial Japanese Forces . The battle lasted for 17 days , and ended when Young surrendered the colony to the Japanese General Takashi Sakai on 25 December , known as the Black Christmas by Hong Kong people , who were then subject to Japanese rule for the next 3 years and 8 months . Young rebuffed several attempts by General Maltby and others in the military to ask for terms and discuss surrender as early as the 18th . This was in part based on clear instruction by Churchill directly to Young , advising him that Every Part of ( Hong Kong ) Island must be fought over and the enemy resisted with the utmost stubbornness . Every day that you are able to maintain your resistance you help the Allied cause all over the world . Young was a prisoner of war in Japanese hands from December 1941 to August 1945 . He was initially held in the Peninsula Hotel and subsequently incarcerated in a prisoner of war camp in Stanley , on the southern shores of Hong Kong Island . Shortly thereafter , he was later transferred , with other high-ranking Allied captives , including General Maltby , to a series of POW camps in Shanghai , Taiwan , and Japan , then to a camp near the Chinese-Mongolian border , and finally to a location near Mukden ( modern Shenyang ) Manchuria , until his liberation at wars end . Despite being the colonys highest-ranking official , Young was mistreated by his captors . Japan was defeated and surrendered in September 1945 and the British regained control of the colony . Post-Japanese occupation governorship . Young resumed his duties as Governor of Hong Kong on 1 May 1946 , after having spent some time recuperating in England . After returning , he proposed political reforms that would have allowed Hong Kong residents to directly choose a 30-member representative Legislative Council . He envisaged that the new Council would handle everyday affairs and that its decisions would be immune to the Governors veto . Young , echoing the plan of Sir Geoffry Northcote , called for the promotion of local Chinese civil servants to the senior posts . These initiatives were eventually abandoned under the term of Governor Sir Alexander Grantham , an ardent conservative . Young retired from the governorship in 1947 . Personal life . Young and his wife , Josephine Mary , had two sons and two daughters . Young , Sir William Robinson and Christopher Patten are the only governors not to have been honoured in Hong Kong after completing their post . This is likely as most of Youngs time in Hong Kong was spent as prisoner of war , with only a brief period from 1946 to 1947 as governor . His brothers Gerard Mackworth Young ( also director of the British School at Athens ) and Sir Hubert Winthrop Young , KCMG , were also colonial administrators . Honours . - C.M.G. , 1931 - K.C.M.G. , 1934 - G.C.M.G. , 1946 References . - Battle For Hong Kong December 1941 by Philip Cracknell JULY 2019 . Publisher AMBERLEY . External links . - Hong Kong Photo 1946–1947 by Hedda Morrison
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[
"Governor of Hong Kong"
] |
easy
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Mark Aitchison Young took which position from Sep 1941 to Dec 1941?
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/wiki/Mark_Aitchison_Young#P39#1
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Mark Aitchison Young Sir Mark Aitchison Young ( 楊慕琦 , 30 June 1886 – 12 May 1974 ) was a British administrator who became the Governor of Hong Kong during the years immediately before and after the Japanese occupation of the territory . Early life , service in war . Young was the third son of colonial administrator William Mackworth Young and his second wife , Frances Mary , daughter of Sir Robert Eyles Egerton , KCSI , JP , Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab from 1877 to 1882 , Sir Robert Egerton was nephew of the 8th and 9th Grey Egerton baronets . Mark Youngs paternal grandfather was Sir George Young , 2nd Baronet . Young was educated at Eton College and Kings College , Cambridge . He entered the Ceylon Civil Service in 1909 and served in the British Army with the Rifle Brigade ( Prince Consorts Own ) during World War I from 1915 . Colonial administration . Young served as principal assistant colonial secretary of Ceylon from 1923 to 1928 , then as colonial secretary of Sierra Leone from 1928 to 1930 . From 1930 to 1933 , he served as chief secretary to the Government of the British Mandate of Palestine . From 5 August 1933 to March 1938 , he served as governor and commander-in-chief of Barbados . From November 1937 to February 1938 , he served in the Government of Trinidad and Tobago . Then from 1938 to 1941 , he served as governor and commander-in-chief of the Tanganyika Territory British Mandate . Hong Kong governor , prisoner of war . On 10 September 1941 he was appointed Governor of Hong Kong . Japanese forces already occupied the Chinese mainland adjoining Hong Kong as part of their ongoing war with China , and early in Youngs term Hong Kong came under the threat of Japanese invasion . At 08:00 , 8 December 1941 , several hours after Pearl Harbor was attacked , Hong Kong came under fire by Imperial Japanese Forces . The battle lasted for 17 days , and ended when Young surrendered the colony to the Japanese General Takashi Sakai on 25 December , known as the Black Christmas by Hong Kong people , who were then subject to Japanese rule for the next 3 years and 8 months . Young rebuffed several attempts by General Maltby and others in the military to ask for terms and discuss surrender as early as the 18th . This was in part based on clear instruction by Churchill directly to Young , advising him that Every Part of ( Hong Kong ) Island must be fought over and the enemy resisted with the utmost stubbornness . Every day that you are able to maintain your resistance you help the Allied cause all over the world . Young was a prisoner of war in Japanese hands from December 1941 to August 1945 . He was initially held in the Peninsula Hotel and subsequently incarcerated in a prisoner of war camp in Stanley , on the southern shores of Hong Kong Island . Shortly thereafter , he was later transferred , with other high-ranking Allied captives , including General Maltby , to a series of POW camps in Shanghai , Taiwan , and Japan , then to a camp near the Chinese-Mongolian border , and finally to a location near Mukden ( modern Shenyang ) Manchuria , until his liberation at wars end . Despite being the colonys highest-ranking official , Young was mistreated by his captors . Japan was defeated and surrendered in September 1945 and the British regained control of the colony . Post-Japanese occupation governorship . Young resumed his duties as Governor of Hong Kong on 1 May 1946 , after having spent some time recuperating in England . After returning , he proposed political reforms that would have allowed Hong Kong residents to directly choose a 30-member representative Legislative Council . He envisaged that the new Council would handle everyday affairs and that its decisions would be immune to the Governors veto . Young , echoing the plan of Sir Geoffry Northcote , called for the promotion of local Chinese civil servants to the senior posts . These initiatives were eventually abandoned under the term of Governor Sir Alexander Grantham , an ardent conservative . Young retired from the governorship in 1947 . Personal life . Young and his wife , Josephine Mary , had two sons and two daughters . Young , Sir William Robinson and Christopher Patten are the only governors not to have been honoured in Hong Kong after completing their post . This is likely as most of Youngs time in Hong Kong was spent as prisoner of war , with only a brief period from 1946 to 1947 as governor . His brothers Gerard Mackworth Young ( also director of the British School at Athens ) and Sir Hubert Winthrop Young , KCMG , were also colonial administrators . Honours . - C.M.G. , 1931 - K.C.M.G. , 1934 - G.C.M.G. , 1946 References . - Battle For Hong Kong December 1941 by Philip Cracknell JULY 2019 . Publisher AMBERLEY . External links . - Hong Kong Photo 1946–1947 by Hedda Morrison
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[
"Governor of Hong Kong"
] |
easy
|
Mark Aitchison Young took which position from May 1946 to May 1947?
|
/wiki/Mark_Aitchison_Young#P39#2
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Mark Aitchison Young Sir Mark Aitchison Young ( 楊慕琦 , 30 June 1886 – 12 May 1974 ) was a British administrator who became the Governor of Hong Kong during the years immediately before and after the Japanese occupation of the territory . Early life , service in war . Young was the third son of colonial administrator William Mackworth Young and his second wife , Frances Mary , daughter of Sir Robert Eyles Egerton , KCSI , JP , Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab from 1877 to 1882 , Sir Robert Egerton was nephew of the 8th and 9th Grey Egerton baronets . Mark Youngs paternal grandfather was Sir George Young , 2nd Baronet . Young was educated at Eton College and Kings College , Cambridge . He entered the Ceylon Civil Service in 1909 and served in the British Army with the Rifle Brigade ( Prince Consorts Own ) during World War I from 1915 . Colonial administration . Young served as principal assistant colonial secretary of Ceylon from 1923 to 1928 , then as colonial secretary of Sierra Leone from 1928 to 1930 . From 1930 to 1933 , he served as chief secretary to the Government of the British Mandate of Palestine . From 5 August 1933 to March 1938 , he served as governor and commander-in-chief of Barbados . From November 1937 to February 1938 , he served in the Government of Trinidad and Tobago . Then from 1938 to 1941 , he served as governor and commander-in-chief of the Tanganyika Territory British Mandate . Hong Kong governor , prisoner of war . On 10 September 1941 he was appointed Governor of Hong Kong . Japanese forces already occupied the Chinese mainland adjoining Hong Kong as part of their ongoing war with China , and early in Youngs term Hong Kong came under the threat of Japanese invasion . At 08:00 , 8 December 1941 , several hours after Pearl Harbor was attacked , Hong Kong came under fire by Imperial Japanese Forces . The battle lasted for 17 days , and ended when Young surrendered the colony to the Japanese General Takashi Sakai on 25 December , known as the Black Christmas by Hong Kong people , who were then subject to Japanese rule for the next 3 years and 8 months . Young rebuffed several attempts by General Maltby and others in the military to ask for terms and discuss surrender as early as the 18th . This was in part based on clear instruction by Churchill directly to Young , advising him that Every Part of ( Hong Kong ) Island must be fought over and the enemy resisted with the utmost stubbornness . Every day that you are able to maintain your resistance you help the Allied cause all over the world . Young was a prisoner of war in Japanese hands from December 1941 to August 1945 . He was initially held in the Peninsula Hotel and subsequently incarcerated in a prisoner of war camp in Stanley , on the southern shores of Hong Kong Island . Shortly thereafter , he was later transferred , with other high-ranking Allied captives , including General Maltby , to a series of POW camps in Shanghai , Taiwan , and Japan , then to a camp near the Chinese-Mongolian border , and finally to a location near Mukden ( modern Shenyang ) Manchuria , until his liberation at wars end . Despite being the colonys highest-ranking official , Young was mistreated by his captors . Japan was defeated and surrendered in September 1945 and the British regained control of the colony . Post-Japanese occupation governorship . Young resumed his duties as Governor of Hong Kong on 1 May 1946 , after having spent some time recuperating in England . After returning , he proposed political reforms that would have allowed Hong Kong residents to directly choose a 30-member representative Legislative Council . He envisaged that the new Council would handle everyday affairs and that its decisions would be immune to the Governors veto . Young , echoing the plan of Sir Geoffry Northcote , called for the promotion of local Chinese civil servants to the senior posts . These initiatives were eventually abandoned under the term of Governor Sir Alexander Grantham , an ardent conservative . Young retired from the governorship in 1947 . Personal life . Young and his wife , Josephine Mary , had two sons and two daughters . Young , Sir William Robinson and Christopher Patten are the only governors not to have been honoured in Hong Kong after completing their post . This is likely as most of Youngs time in Hong Kong was spent as prisoner of war , with only a brief period from 1946 to 1947 as governor . His brothers Gerard Mackworth Young ( also director of the British School at Athens ) and Sir Hubert Winthrop Young , KCMG , were also colonial administrators . Honours . - C.M.G. , 1931 - K.C.M.G. , 1934 - G.C.M.G. , 1946 References . - Battle For Hong Kong December 1941 by Philip Cracknell JULY 2019 . Publisher AMBERLEY . External links . - Hong Kong Photo 1946–1947 by Hedda Morrison
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[
"D.C . United"
] |
easy
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Who occupied Audi Field in Jul 2018?
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/wiki/Audi_Field#P466#0
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Audi Field Audi Field is a soccer-specific stadium in Buzzard Point in Washington , D.C . It is the home stadium for the Major League Soccer team D.C . United . The stadium is also used by the Washington Spirit of the NWSL in select matches . The stadium seats 20,000 people . Previously , D.C . United had explored sites in the Washington metropolitan area . Following the failure of an initial stadium proposal in 2006 , D.C . United made two additional stadium proposals that also failed to be built . In January 2011 , the club explored using previously unused land at Buzzard Point to build a stadium ; this was confirmed in July 2013 , when Buzzard Point was announced as the stadium location . The ground-breaking ceremony occurred in February 2017 , with construction completed in July 2018 . Site selection . Early proposals . D.C . United and Major League Soccer commissioner Don Garber raised concerns about scheduling conflicts with the Washington Nationals at RFK Stadium in July 2004 , with Garber stating that a soccer-specific stadium in Washington , D.C . needs to become a priority . Later that year , D.C . United unveiled a proposal to build a 24,000-seat stadium at Poplar Point along the Anacostia River , to open in time for the 2007 season . The stadiums size was later increased to 27,000 and incorporated into a mixed-use development on the site to the revitalize the Anacostia neighborhood , with the support of Ward 8 councilmember Marion Barry after he initially opposed the stadium . The stadium project was neglected by the citys leadership during the debate over a baseball stadium in Navy Yard . After a change of ownership for D.C . United in January 2007 , the $200 million stadium project was moved into public review , where it drew criticism over its public financing , gentrification , and displacement of residents . By mid-July , the Poplar Point plan was abandoned and D.C . United began looking at other locations for the stadium . Despite the failed bid , then-Mayor Adrian Fenty opted to have a closed-door meeting in February 2008 to discuss the city funding $150 million for the club . However , despite a short-lived renewed interest , when the D.C . Council recessed in July 2008 , the plan never was brought up , and ultimately died after the main developer for the Poplar Point project withdrew their funding . In February 2009 , the team announced plans for a new stadium in nearby Prince Georges County , Maryland , close to FedExField . This proposal ran into similar trouble , however , when the Prince Georges County Council voted to send a letter to the Maryland General Assembly opposing the stadium plan . Poplar Point . Originally , D.C . United proposed building a stadium at Poplar Point on the Anacostia riverfront in Washington , D.C . as part of a planned mixed-use development that would have included a hotel , offices , housing , and retail . Plans were formulated as early as 2005 and were formally announced in January 2007 . However , in July 2007 , the talks stalled between the team and city officials . There were disputes over the financial arrangements proposed by the team , which would have the city providing $200 million in subsidies and development rights while the team assumed construction costs . In January 2008 , the team announced it was looking at other possible sites in the area for construction of the new stadium . In February 2008 , Washington , D.C. , mayor Adrian Fenty suggested at a closed-door city council meeting that the city might offer as much as $150 million towards the costs of building a soccer stadium at Poplar Point . There was apparently renewed interest on the part of the city in providing public funds for the stadium at Poplar Point . However , in July 2008 , the D.C . Council recessed without considering the proposed stadium plan . With sites in Maryland entering the discussion , negotiations continued throughout 2008 before collapsing in early 2009 as the developer pulled out of the project . Prince Georges County . Maryland first expressed an interest in United as talks stalled in summer 2007 . In February 2009 , United co-owner Victor MacFarlane announced the team would seek a new stadium in Prince Georges County . However , county officials began expressing concerns about revenue from the stadium in March . On April 7 , the Prince Georges County Council voted to outline its concern to the Maryland General Assembly about proposed state legislation that would authorize a feasibility study for the new stadium . The legislation stalled in the Statehouse and died without the support of the Prince Georges Council . Following the failure of the Prince Georges County proposal , United began surveying fans about the possibility of relocating to Loudoun County , Virginia ; Frederick County , Virginia ; or Montgomery County , Maryland . However , no public negotiations ever began . Baltimore . In October 2009 , Baltimore mayor Sheila Dixon asked the Maryland Stadium Authority to explore building a soccer stadium to serve as D.C . Uniteds home , as well as to host concerts , lacrosse games , and other events . A potential location mentioned for the stadium was the Westport Waterfront project , and the proposed stadium would have had access to light rail and Interstates 95 and 295 . Meanwhile , in March 2010 , MLS commissioner Don Garber criticized Washington , D.C. , politicians for how long it had taken to find D.C . United a permanent home stadium . Discussions continued with Baltimore and other sites in Maryland , with a feasibility study released in December 2010 . However , the club opted to refocus its efforts on finding a location within the District of Columbia . Loudoun County . In May 2015 , team officials visited potential sites in Loudoun County , Virginia and met with county and state officials about building a stadium in Northern Virginia rather than Washington . Virginia Governor Terry McAuliffes economic development team suggested sites in Woodbridge , Virginia , and Loudoun , while Loudoun County officials had multiple meetings with team officials . In a letter to the team , Loudoun economic development director Buddy Rizer wrote that a stadium in Virginia would be $38 million cheaper than in D.C . and would be ready by the 2017 season , which the team claimed was not possible in Washington . Buzzard Point . In January 2011 , the Web site Greater Greater Washington reported that the club was looking into building a stadium in the Buzzard Point neighborhood in the city . The project involved land owned by the Akridge Development Co . only a few blocks from Nationals Park . By May , according to the Washington Post , the team was also considering a stadium at a site near the Capital City Market and the Westport neighborhood of Baltimore . In late May 2012 , D.C . United was sold to a group led by Indonesian businessman Erick Thohir and attorney Jason Levien , with former principal owner William Chang remaining as a minority partner . The new owners said Buzzard Point remained their preferred option for a new stadium site . A few days after the sale was announced , the Washington Post obtained a confidential draft report , commissioned by the Greater Washington Sports Alliance ( a private , nonprofit foundation ) , which said a 24,000-seat stadium would cost $157 million to build ( which did not include the price of land ) . Construction of the stadium could generate $19.5 million in wages and $38 million in spending . The completed stadium would likely employ 600 to 800 part- and full-time jobs and generate $5.5 million to $7.3 million a year in tax revenue . The study assumed the stadium would include an $82 million mixed-use development as well . Financing and construction . On July 25 , 2013 , the District of Columbia and D.C . United announced a tentative deal to build a $300 million , 20,000–25,000-seat stadium at Buzzard Point . The deal required the District of Columbia to obtain the Akridge land at Buzzard Point in exchange for cash and title to the Frank D . Reeves Municipal Center ( the citys primary government office building , located in the desirable Shaw neighborhood ) . D.C . United would contribute $150 million to construct the stadium on the city-owned land , which it would lease for 20 to 35 years . The deal also gave D.C . United the right to build restaurants , bars , and even a hotel nearby . The Buzzard Point plan—formally termed the District of Columbia Soccer Stadium Act of 2014—was approved by the D.C . City Council on December 17 , 2014 . The December legislation significantly revised the July 2013 agreement . No longer would the city give Akridge a building and cash ; now , the city would pay fair market value for the Akridge land . If a deal could not be reached through negotiation , the legislation gave the city the right to use eminent domain to seize the land . In another revision , the city agreed to contribute the $150 million to purchase land for the stadium . $89 million of this amount was for land acquisition . Another $61 million would be to improve utilities , remove toxic and hazardous wastes , and clear the land for construction . D.C . United also agreed to spend at least $150 million for stadium construction . The legislation did not provide the club with $7 million in sales tax breaks it sought , but did give it $43 million in property tax credits . Outgoing Mayor Vincent Gray signed the bill into law on December 30 as one of the final acts of his term . Negotiations between the city and Akridge began in January 2015 . D.C . Council Chairman Phil Mendelson was downbeat about the talks , saying the two sides were very far apart on a price . In February , club officials estimated that the stadium would take 14 to 16 months to construct . Mayor Muriel Bowser , Grays successor , budgeted $106.3 million in fiscal 2016 to acquire the stadium site , add infrastructure ( such as water , sewer , electrical , and natural gas lines ) , and remove toxic hazards at the site . The budget provided for borrowing $106 million and reprogramming $32 million away from the citys school modernization program to pay for the citys stadium costs . The D.C . City Council began working on legislation to permanently close several city streets that crossed the stadium land in April 2015 . As the city and club came close to finalizing its lease agreement in May , D.C . United began talking with city , county , and state officials in Virginia about abandoning the District of Columbia and constructing a stadium in Northern Virginia . The talks became public knowledge on June 1 . D.C . officials were outraged , although they conceded the initiative was probably just a negotiating tactic to get the city to sweeten its deal . The controversy did not appear to harm the talks , as on June 8 , D.C . United and the city signed a final construction agreement . The agreement required that the facility seat a minimum of 17,000 people and established the term of the lease at 30 years for a minimal $1 per year . The agreement also contained a clause governing land : If the cost of land acquisition rose above $150 million , D.C . United was required to reimburse the city 50% of the excess ( although the clubs commitment was capped at $10 million ) . The club was also barred from playing more than an occasional home game away from the Buzzard Point stadium ( i.e. , barred from relocating for the lease term ) . Mayor Bowser then submitted the agreement , as well as land purchase agreements and a revised developer agreement , to the City Council for approval . The land purchase agreements paid Pepco $39.3 million for land and $1 million to remove electrical generation equipment from its site , $15.9 million for land owned by Super Salvage , and $10.32 million for land owned by developer Mark Ein ( owner of the Washington Kastles professional tennis team ) . The cost of the land purchase agreements was offset by a deal for Pepco to purchase a $15 million city-owned parcel of land at 1st and K Streets NW . The council approved the land purchase agreements on June 30 , 2015 . Under the terms of the June 8 agreement , D.C . United was required to submit a concept design for the stadium to the city by September 1 , 2015 . The District of Columbia faced a deadline of September 30 , 2015 , to use eminent domain to acquire the Akridge land , which forced the club to commit to building a stadium before the city finished purchasing land . On September 30 , the District of Columbia filed for eminent domain for the Akridge parcel . On February 15 , 2017 , German automobile manufacturer Audi and D.C . United announced a long-term naming rights deal for the new stadium . The Washington Post reported the deal was for a minimum of twelve years . Audis United States headquarters are located in Herndon , Virginia , a suburb of Washington . Construction began two weeks later with a ceremonial groundbreaking . Opening . Audi Field had a ribbon-cutting ceremony on July 9 , 2018 . The first-ever opening match held in Audi Field was a Major League Soccer match between D.C . United and Vancouver Whitecaps FC on July 14 , 2018 , which ended in a 3–1 win for D.C . United in front of a sellout crowd of 20,504 people . A sideline reporter was injured after being hit by a piece of the railing before the game . Public transport . Audi Field is within 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) of the Navy Yard–Ballpark station of the Washington Metro . The station is served by the Green Line . It is also served by DC Circulator and Potomac Riverboat Company shuttle services on match days . Sports . Soccer . In addition to serving as the home stadium for D.C . United , Audi Field occasionally hosts other soccer matches . On August 25 , 2018 , in a National Womens Soccer League regular season match , the hometown Washington Spirit lost 1–0 to the visiting Portland Thorns FC . The Spirit returned to Audi Field for two matches in the 2019 season , against the Orlando Pride on August 24 and Reign FC on September 14 . The Spirit are now transitioning toward making Audi Field their primary home venue . In 2020 , they were slated to play four home games at each of three venues—Audi Field ; their original home of the Maryland SoccerPlex in Montgomery County ; and Segra Field , home of D.C . Uniteds USL Championship reserve side Loudoun United FC in Leesburg , Virginia . In 2021 , the Spirit will play seven home games at Audi Field and five at Segra Field . On September 3 , 2018 , the Maryland Terrapins mens soccer and Virginia Cavaliers mens soccer teams drew 0–0 in the first collegiate soccer match played at Audi Field . Loudoun United used Audi Field for three home games in their inaugural 2019 season while its permanent venue of Segra Field was under construction . The United States mens national soccer team played an international friendly match against Jamaica at Audi Field on June 5 , 2019 . The US lost 1–0 . The USMNT played at Audi Field again in a CONCACAF Nations League game against Cuba on October 11 , 2019 . The US won 7–0 . Lacrosse . In its inaugural season , the Premier Lacrosse League played three games at Audi Field the weekend of July 6–7 , 2019 . Football . In 2020 , the DC Defenders of the XFL played their home games at Audi Field . Their first game was on February 8 , 2020 , with the Defenders defeating the Seattle Dragons by a score of 31–19 . After three home games , the XFL season was suspended and ultimately canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic . The Defenders won all three games at Audi Field .
|
[
"Washington Spirit"
] |
easy
|
Who was the occupant of Audi Field from Aug 2018 to Feb 2020?
|
/wiki/Audi_Field#P466#1
|
Audi Field Audi Field is a soccer-specific stadium in Buzzard Point in Washington , D.C . It is the home stadium for the Major League Soccer team D.C . United . The stadium is also used by the Washington Spirit of the NWSL in select matches . The stadium seats 20,000 people . Previously , D.C . United had explored sites in the Washington metropolitan area . Following the failure of an initial stadium proposal in 2006 , D.C . United made two additional stadium proposals that also failed to be built . In January 2011 , the club explored using previously unused land at Buzzard Point to build a stadium ; this was confirmed in July 2013 , when Buzzard Point was announced as the stadium location . The ground-breaking ceremony occurred in February 2017 , with construction completed in July 2018 . Site selection . Early proposals . D.C . United and Major League Soccer commissioner Don Garber raised concerns about scheduling conflicts with the Washington Nationals at RFK Stadium in July 2004 , with Garber stating that a soccer-specific stadium in Washington , D.C . needs to become a priority . Later that year , D.C . United unveiled a proposal to build a 24,000-seat stadium at Poplar Point along the Anacostia River , to open in time for the 2007 season . The stadiums size was later increased to 27,000 and incorporated into a mixed-use development on the site to the revitalize the Anacostia neighborhood , with the support of Ward 8 councilmember Marion Barry after he initially opposed the stadium . The stadium project was neglected by the citys leadership during the debate over a baseball stadium in Navy Yard . After a change of ownership for D.C . United in January 2007 , the $200 million stadium project was moved into public review , where it drew criticism over its public financing , gentrification , and displacement of residents . By mid-July , the Poplar Point plan was abandoned and D.C . United began looking at other locations for the stadium . Despite the failed bid , then-Mayor Adrian Fenty opted to have a closed-door meeting in February 2008 to discuss the city funding $150 million for the club . However , despite a short-lived renewed interest , when the D.C . Council recessed in July 2008 , the plan never was brought up , and ultimately died after the main developer for the Poplar Point project withdrew their funding . In February 2009 , the team announced plans for a new stadium in nearby Prince Georges County , Maryland , close to FedExField . This proposal ran into similar trouble , however , when the Prince Georges County Council voted to send a letter to the Maryland General Assembly opposing the stadium plan . Poplar Point . Originally , D.C . United proposed building a stadium at Poplar Point on the Anacostia riverfront in Washington , D.C . as part of a planned mixed-use development that would have included a hotel , offices , housing , and retail . Plans were formulated as early as 2005 and were formally announced in January 2007 . However , in July 2007 , the talks stalled between the team and city officials . There were disputes over the financial arrangements proposed by the team , which would have the city providing $200 million in subsidies and development rights while the team assumed construction costs . In January 2008 , the team announced it was looking at other possible sites in the area for construction of the new stadium . In February 2008 , Washington , D.C. , mayor Adrian Fenty suggested at a closed-door city council meeting that the city might offer as much as $150 million towards the costs of building a soccer stadium at Poplar Point . There was apparently renewed interest on the part of the city in providing public funds for the stadium at Poplar Point . However , in July 2008 , the D.C . Council recessed without considering the proposed stadium plan . With sites in Maryland entering the discussion , negotiations continued throughout 2008 before collapsing in early 2009 as the developer pulled out of the project . Prince Georges County . Maryland first expressed an interest in United as talks stalled in summer 2007 . In February 2009 , United co-owner Victor MacFarlane announced the team would seek a new stadium in Prince Georges County . However , county officials began expressing concerns about revenue from the stadium in March . On April 7 , the Prince Georges County Council voted to outline its concern to the Maryland General Assembly about proposed state legislation that would authorize a feasibility study for the new stadium . The legislation stalled in the Statehouse and died without the support of the Prince Georges Council . Following the failure of the Prince Georges County proposal , United began surveying fans about the possibility of relocating to Loudoun County , Virginia ; Frederick County , Virginia ; or Montgomery County , Maryland . However , no public negotiations ever began . Baltimore . In October 2009 , Baltimore mayor Sheila Dixon asked the Maryland Stadium Authority to explore building a soccer stadium to serve as D.C . Uniteds home , as well as to host concerts , lacrosse games , and other events . A potential location mentioned for the stadium was the Westport Waterfront project , and the proposed stadium would have had access to light rail and Interstates 95 and 295 . Meanwhile , in March 2010 , MLS commissioner Don Garber criticized Washington , D.C. , politicians for how long it had taken to find D.C . United a permanent home stadium . Discussions continued with Baltimore and other sites in Maryland , with a feasibility study released in December 2010 . However , the club opted to refocus its efforts on finding a location within the District of Columbia . Loudoun County . In May 2015 , team officials visited potential sites in Loudoun County , Virginia and met with county and state officials about building a stadium in Northern Virginia rather than Washington . Virginia Governor Terry McAuliffes economic development team suggested sites in Woodbridge , Virginia , and Loudoun , while Loudoun County officials had multiple meetings with team officials . In a letter to the team , Loudoun economic development director Buddy Rizer wrote that a stadium in Virginia would be $38 million cheaper than in D.C . and would be ready by the 2017 season , which the team claimed was not possible in Washington . Buzzard Point . In January 2011 , the Web site Greater Greater Washington reported that the club was looking into building a stadium in the Buzzard Point neighborhood in the city . The project involved land owned by the Akridge Development Co . only a few blocks from Nationals Park . By May , according to the Washington Post , the team was also considering a stadium at a site near the Capital City Market and the Westport neighborhood of Baltimore . In late May 2012 , D.C . United was sold to a group led by Indonesian businessman Erick Thohir and attorney Jason Levien , with former principal owner William Chang remaining as a minority partner . The new owners said Buzzard Point remained their preferred option for a new stadium site . A few days after the sale was announced , the Washington Post obtained a confidential draft report , commissioned by the Greater Washington Sports Alliance ( a private , nonprofit foundation ) , which said a 24,000-seat stadium would cost $157 million to build ( which did not include the price of land ) . Construction of the stadium could generate $19.5 million in wages and $38 million in spending . The completed stadium would likely employ 600 to 800 part- and full-time jobs and generate $5.5 million to $7.3 million a year in tax revenue . The study assumed the stadium would include an $82 million mixed-use development as well . Financing and construction . On July 25 , 2013 , the District of Columbia and D.C . United announced a tentative deal to build a $300 million , 20,000–25,000-seat stadium at Buzzard Point . The deal required the District of Columbia to obtain the Akridge land at Buzzard Point in exchange for cash and title to the Frank D . Reeves Municipal Center ( the citys primary government office building , located in the desirable Shaw neighborhood ) . D.C . United would contribute $150 million to construct the stadium on the city-owned land , which it would lease for 20 to 35 years . The deal also gave D.C . United the right to build restaurants , bars , and even a hotel nearby . The Buzzard Point plan—formally termed the District of Columbia Soccer Stadium Act of 2014—was approved by the D.C . City Council on December 17 , 2014 . The December legislation significantly revised the July 2013 agreement . No longer would the city give Akridge a building and cash ; now , the city would pay fair market value for the Akridge land . If a deal could not be reached through negotiation , the legislation gave the city the right to use eminent domain to seize the land . In another revision , the city agreed to contribute the $150 million to purchase land for the stadium . $89 million of this amount was for land acquisition . Another $61 million would be to improve utilities , remove toxic and hazardous wastes , and clear the land for construction . D.C . United also agreed to spend at least $150 million for stadium construction . The legislation did not provide the club with $7 million in sales tax breaks it sought , but did give it $43 million in property tax credits . Outgoing Mayor Vincent Gray signed the bill into law on December 30 as one of the final acts of his term . Negotiations between the city and Akridge began in January 2015 . D.C . Council Chairman Phil Mendelson was downbeat about the talks , saying the two sides were very far apart on a price . In February , club officials estimated that the stadium would take 14 to 16 months to construct . Mayor Muriel Bowser , Grays successor , budgeted $106.3 million in fiscal 2016 to acquire the stadium site , add infrastructure ( such as water , sewer , electrical , and natural gas lines ) , and remove toxic hazards at the site . The budget provided for borrowing $106 million and reprogramming $32 million away from the citys school modernization program to pay for the citys stadium costs . The D.C . City Council began working on legislation to permanently close several city streets that crossed the stadium land in April 2015 . As the city and club came close to finalizing its lease agreement in May , D.C . United began talking with city , county , and state officials in Virginia about abandoning the District of Columbia and constructing a stadium in Northern Virginia . The talks became public knowledge on June 1 . D.C . officials were outraged , although they conceded the initiative was probably just a negotiating tactic to get the city to sweeten its deal . The controversy did not appear to harm the talks , as on June 8 , D.C . United and the city signed a final construction agreement . The agreement required that the facility seat a minimum of 17,000 people and established the term of the lease at 30 years for a minimal $1 per year . The agreement also contained a clause governing land : If the cost of land acquisition rose above $150 million , D.C . United was required to reimburse the city 50% of the excess ( although the clubs commitment was capped at $10 million ) . The club was also barred from playing more than an occasional home game away from the Buzzard Point stadium ( i.e. , barred from relocating for the lease term ) . Mayor Bowser then submitted the agreement , as well as land purchase agreements and a revised developer agreement , to the City Council for approval . The land purchase agreements paid Pepco $39.3 million for land and $1 million to remove electrical generation equipment from its site , $15.9 million for land owned by Super Salvage , and $10.32 million for land owned by developer Mark Ein ( owner of the Washington Kastles professional tennis team ) . The cost of the land purchase agreements was offset by a deal for Pepco to purchase a $15 million city-owned parcel of land at 1st and K Streets NW . The council approved the land purchase agreements on June 30 , 2015 . Under the terms of the June 8 agreement , D.C . United was required to submit a concept design for the stadium to the city by September 1 , 2015 . The District of Columbia faced a deadline of September 30 , 2015 , to use eminent domain to acquire the Akridge land , which forced the club to commit to building a stadium before the city finished purchasing land . On September 30 , the District of Columbia filed for eminent domain for the Akridge parcel . On February 15 , 2017 , German automobile manufacturer Audi and D.C . United announced a long-term naming rights deal for the new stadium . The Washington Post reported the deal was for a minimum of twelve years . Audis United States headquarters are located in Herndon , Virginia , a suburb of Washington . Construction began two weeks later with a ceremonial groundbreaking . Opening . Audi Field had a ribbon-cutting ceremony on July 9 , 2018 . The first-ever opening match held in Audi Field was a Major League Soccer match between D.C . United and Vancouver Whitecaps FC on July 14 , 2018 , which ended in a 3–1 win for D.C . United in front of a sellout crowd of 20,504 people . A sideline reporter was injured after being hit by a piece of the railing before the game . Public transport . Audi Field is within 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) of the Navy Yard–Ballpark station of the Washington Metro . The station is served by the Green Line . It is also served by DC Circulator and Potomac Riverboat Company shuttle services on match days . Sports . Soccer . In addition to serving as the home stadium for D.C . United , Audi Field occasionally hosts other soccer matches . On August 25 , 2018 , in a National Womens Soccer League regular season match , the hometown Washington Spirit lost 1–0 to the visiting Portland Thorns FC . The Spirit returned to Audi Field for two matches in the 2019 season , against the Orlando Pride on August 24 and Reign FC on September 14 . The Spirit are now transitioning toward making Audi Field their primary home venue . In 2020 , they were slated to play four home games at each of three venues—Audi Field ; their original home of the Maryland SoccerPlex in Montgomery County ; and Segra Field , home of D.C . Uniteds USL Championship reserve side Loudoun United FC in Leesburg , Virginia . In 2021 , the Spirit will play seven home games at Audi Field and five at Segra Field . On September 3 , 2018 , the Maryland Terrapins mens soccer and Virginia Cavaliers mens soccer teams drew 0–0 in the first collegiate soccer match played at Audi Field . Loudoun United used Audi Field for three home games in their inaugural 2019 season while its permanent venue of Segra Field was under construction . The United States mens national soccer team played an international friendly match against Jamaica at Audi Field on June 5 , 2019 . The US lost 1–0 . The USMNT played at Audi Field again in a CONCACAF Nations League game against Cuba on October 11 , 2019 . The US won 7–0 . Lacrosse . In its inaugural season , the Premier Lacrosse League played three games at Audi Field the weekend of July 6–7 , 2019 . Football . In 2020 , the DC Defenders of the XFL played their home games at Audi Field . Their first game was on February 8 , 2020 , with the Defenders defeating the Seattle Dragons by a score of 31–19 . After three home games , the XFL season was suspended and ultimately canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic . The Defenders won all three games at Audi Field .
|
[
"DC Defenders"
] |
easy
|
Who occupied Audi Field from Feb 2020 to Feb 2021?
|
/wiki/Audi_Field#P466#2
|
Audi Field Audi Field is a soccer-specific stadium in Buzzard Point in Washington , D.C . It is the home stadium for the Major League Soccer team D.C . United . The stadium is also used by the Washington Spirit of the NWSL in select matches . The stadium seats 20,000 people . Previously , D.C . United had explored sites in the Washington metropolitan area . Following the failure of an initial stadium proposal in 2006 , D.C . United made two additional stadium proposals that also failed to be built . In January 2011 , the club explored using previously unused land at Buzzard Point to build a stadium ; this was confirmed in July 2013 , when Buzzard Point was announced as the stadium location . The ground-breaking ceremony occurred in February 2017 , with construction completed in July 2018 . Site selection . Early proposals . D.C . United and Major League Soccer commissioner Don Garber raised concerns about scheduling conflicts with the Washington Nationals at RFK Stadium in July 2004 , with Garber stating that a soccer-specific stadium in Washington , D.C . needs to become a priority . Later that year , D.C . United unveiled a proposal to build a 24,000-seat stadium at Poplar Point along the Anacostia River , to open in time for the 2007 season . The stadiums size was later increased to 27,000 and incorporated into a mixed-use development on the site to the revitalize the Anacostia neighborhood , with the support of Ward 8 councilmember Marion Barry after he initially opposed the stadium . The stadium project was neglected by the citys leadership during the debate over a baseball stadium in Navy Yard . After a change of ownership for D.C . United in January 2007 , the $200 million stadium project was moved into public review , where it drew criticism over its public financing , gentrification , and displacement of residents . By mid-July , the Poplar Point plan was abandoned and D.C . United began looking at other locations for the stadium . Despite the failed bid , then-Mayor Adrian Fenty opted to have a closed-door meeting in February 2008 to discuss the city funding $150 million for the club . However , despite a short-lived renewed interest , when the D.C . Council recessed in July 2008 , the plan never was brought up , and ultimately died after the main developer for the Poplar Point project withdrew their funding . In February 2009 , the team announced plans for a new stadium in nearby Prince Georges County , Maryland , close to FedExField . This proposal ran into similar trouble , however , when the Prince Georges County Council voted to send a letter to the Maryland General Assembly opposing the stadium plan . Poplar Point . Originally , D.C . United proposed building a stadium at Poplar Point on the Anacostia riverfront in Washington , D.C . as part of a planned mixed-use development that would have included a hotel , offices , housing , and retail . Plans were formulated as early as 2005 and were formally announced in January 2007 . However , in July 2007 , the talks stalled between the team and city officials . There were disputes over the financial arrangements proposed by the team , which would have the city providing $200 million in subsidies and development rights while the team assumed construction costs . In January 2008 , the team announced it was looking at other possible sites in the area for construction of the new stadium . In February 2008 , Washington , D.C. , mayor Adrian Fenty suggested at a closed-door city council meeting that the city might offer as much as $150 million towards the costs of building a soccer stadium at Poplar Point . There was apparently renewed interest on the part of the city in providing public funds for the stadium at Poplar Point . However , in July 2008 , the D.C . Council recessed without considering the proposed stadium plan . With sites in Maryland entering the discussion , negotiations continued throughout 2008 before collapsing in early 2009 as the developer pulled out of the project . Prince Georges County . Maryland first expressed an interest in United as talks stalled in summer 2007 . In February 2009 , United co-owner Victor MacFarlane announced the team would seek a new stadium in Prince Georges County . However , county officials began expressing concerns about revenue from the stadium in March . On April 7 , the Prince Georges County Council voted to outline its concern to the Maryland General Assembly about proposed state legislation that would authorize a feasibility study for the new stadium . The legislation stalled in the Statehouse and died without the support of the Prince Georges Council . Following the failure of the Prince Georges County proposal , United began surveying fans about the possibility of relocating to Loudoun County , Virginia ; Frederick County , Virginia ; or Montgomery County , Maryland . However , no public negotiations ever began . Baltimore . In October 2009 , Baltimore mayor Sheila Dixon asked the Maryland Stadium Authority to explore building a soccer stadium to serve as D.C . Uniteds home , as well as to host concerts , lacrosse games , and other events . A potential location mentioned for the stadium was the Westport Waterfront project , and the proposed stadium would have had access to light rail and Interstates 95 and 295 . Meanwhile , in March 2010 , MLS commissioner Don Garber criticized Washington , D.C. , politicians for how long it had taken to find D.C . United a permanent home stadium . Discussions continued with Baltimore and other sites in Maryland , with a feasibility study released in December 2010 . However , the club opted to refocus its efforts on finding a location within the District of Columbia . Loudoun County . In May 2015 , team officials visited potential sites in Loudoun County , Virginia and met with county and state officials about building a stadium in Northern Virginia rather than Washington . Virginia Governor Terry McAuliffes economic development team suggested sites in Woodbridge , Virginia , and Loudoun , while Loudoun County officials had multiple meetings with team officials . In a letter to the team , Loudoun economic development director Buddy Rizer wrote that a stadium in Virginia would be $38 million cheaper than in D.C . and would be ready by the 2017 season , which the team claimed was not possible in Washington . Buzzard Point . In January 2011 , the Web site Greater Greater Washington reported that the club was looking into building a stadium in the Buzzard Point neighborhood in the city . The project involved land owned by the Akridge Development Co . only a few blocks from Nationals Park . By May , according to the Washington Post , the team was also considering a stadium at a site near the Capital City Market and the Westport neighborhood of Baltimore . In late May 2012 , D.C . United was sold to a group led by Indonesian businessman Erick Thohir and attorney Jason Levien , with former principal owner William Chang remaining as a minority partner . The new owners said Buzzard Point remained their preferred option for a new stadium site . A few days after the sale was announced , the Washington Post obtained a confidential draft report , commissioned by the Greater Washington Sports Alliance ( a private , nonprofit foundation ) , which said a 24,000-seat stadium would cost $157 million to build ( which did not include the price of land ) . Construction of the stadium could generate $19.5 million in wages and $38 million in spending . The completed stadium would likely employ 600 to 800 part- and full-time jobs and generate $5.5 million to $7.3 million a year in tax revenue . The study assumed the stadium would include an $82 million mixed-use development as well . Financing and construction . On July 25 , 2013 , the District of Columbia and D.C . United announced a tentative deal to build a $300 million , 20,000–25,000-seat stadium at Buzzard Point . The deal required the District of Columbia to obtain the Akridge land at Buzzard Point in exchange for cash and title to the Frank D . Reeves Municipal Center ( the citys primary government office building , located in the desirable Shaw neighborhood ) . D.C . United would contribute $150 million to construct the stadium on the city-owned land , which it would lease for 20 to 35 years . The deal also gave D.C . United the right to build restaurants , bars , and even a hotel nearby . The Buzzard Point plan—formally termed the District of Columbia Soccer Stadium Act of 2014—was approved by the D.C . City Council on December 17 , 2014 . The December legislation significantly revised the July 2013 agreement . No longer would the city give Akridge a building and cash ; now , the city would pay fair market value for the Akridge land . If a deal could not be reached through negotiation , the legislation gave the city the right to use eminent domain to seize the land . In another revision , the city agreed to contribute the $150 million to purchase land for the stadium . $89 million of this amount was for land acquisition . Another $61 million would be to improve utilities , remove toxic and hazardous wastes , and clear the land for construction . D.C . United also agreed to spend at least $150 million for stadium construction . The legislation did not provide the club with $7 million in sales tax breaks it sought , but did give it $43 million in property tax credits . Outgoing Mayor Vincent Gray signed the bill into law on December 30 as one of the final acts of his term . Negotiations between the city and Akridge began in January 2015 . D.C . Council Chairman Phil Mendelson was downbeat about the talks , saying the two sides were very far apart on a price . In February , club officials estimated that the stadium would take 14 to 16 months to construct . Mayor Muriel Bowser , Grays successor , budgeted $106.3 million in fiscal 2016 to acquire the stadium site , add infrastructure ( such as water , sewer , electrical , and natural gas lines ) , and remove toxic hazards at the site . The budget provided for borrowing $106 million and reprogramming $32 million away from the citys school modernization program to pay for the citys stadium costs . The D.C . City Council began working on legislation to permanently close several city streets that crossed the stadium land in April 2015 . As the city and club came close to finalizing its lease agreement in May , D.C . United began talking with city , county , and state officials in Virginia about abandoning the District of Columbia and constructing a stadium in Northern Virginia . The talks became public knowledge on June 1 . D.C . officials were outraged , although they conceded the initiative was probably just a negotiating tactic to get the city to sweeten its deal . The controversy did not appear to harm the talks , as on June 8 , D.C . United and the city signed a final construction agreement . The agreement required that the facility seat a minimum of 17,000 people and established the term of the lease at 30 years for a minimal $1 per year . The agreement also contained a clause governing land : If the cost of land acquisition rose above $150 million , D.C . United was required to reimburse the city 50% of the excess ( although the clubs commitment was capped at $10 million ) . The club was also barred from playing more than an occasional home game away from the Buzzard Point stadium ( i.e. , barred from relocating for the lease term ) . Mayor Bowser then submitted the agreement , as well as land purchase agreements and a revised developer agreement , to the City Council for approval . The land purchase agreements paid Pepco $39.3 million for land and $1 million to remove electrical generation equipment from its site , $15.9 million for land owned by Super Salvage , and $10.32 million for land owned by developer Mark Ein ( owner of the Washington Kastles professional tennis team ) . The cost of the land purchase agreements was offset by a deal for Pepco to purchase a $15 million city-owned parcel of land at 1st and K Streets NW . The council approved the land purchase agreements on June 30 , 2015 . Under the terms of the June 8 agreement , D.C . United was required to submit a concept design for the stadium to the city by September 1 , 2015 . The District of Columbia faced a deadline of September 30 , 2015 , to use eminent domain to acquire the Akridge land , which forced the club to commit to building a stadium before the city finished purchasing land . On September 30 , the District of Columbia filed for eminent domain for the Akridge parcel . On February 15 , 2017 , German automobile manufacturer Audi and D.C . United announced a long-term naming rights deal for the new stadium . The Washington Post reported the deal was for a minimum of twelve years . Audis United States headquarters are located in Herndon , Virginia , a suburb of Washington . Construction began two weeks later with a ceremonial groundbreaking . Opening . Audi Field had a ribbon-cutting ceremony on July 9 , 2018 . The first-ever opening match held in Audi Field was a Major League Soccer match between D.C . United and Vancouver Whitecaps FC on July 14 , 2018 , which ended in a 3–1 win for D.C . United in front of a sellout crowd of 20,504 people . A sideline reporter was injured after being hit by a piece of the railing before the game . Public transport . Audi Field is within 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) of the Navy Yard–Ballpark station of the Washington Metro . The station is served by the Green Line . It is also served by DC Circulator and Potomac Riverboat Company shuttle services on match days . Sports . Soccer . In addition to serving as the home stadium for D.C . United , Audi Field occasionally hosts other soccer matches . On August 25 , 2018 , in a National Womens Soccer League regular season match , the hometown Washington Spirit lost 1–0 to the visiting Portland Thorns FC . The Spirit returned to Audi Field for two matches in the 2019 season , against the Orlando Pride on August 24 and Reign FC on September 14 . The Spirit are now transitioning toward making Audi Field their primary home venue . In 2020 , they were slated to play four home games at each of three venues—Audi Field ; their original home of the Maryland SoccerPlex in Montgomery County ; and Segra Field , home of D.C . Uniteds USL Championship reserve side Loudoun United FC in Leesburg , Virginia . In 2021 , the Spirit will play seven home games at Audi Field and five at Segra Field . On September 3 , 2018 , the Maryland Terrapins mens soccer and Virginia Cavaliers mens soccer teams drew 0–0 in the first collegiate soccer match played at Audi Field . Loudoun United used Audi Field for three home games in their inaugural 2019 season while its permanent venue of Segra Field was under construction . The United States mens national soccer team played an international friendly match against Jamaica at Audi Field on June 5 , 2019 . The US lost 1–0 . The USMNT played at Audi Field again in a CONCACAF Nations League game against Cuba on October 11 , 2019 . The US won 7–0 . Lacrosse . In its inaugural season , the Premier Lacrosse League played three games at Audi Field the weekend of July 6–7 , 2019 . Football . In 2020 , the DC Defenders of the XFL played their home games at Audi Field . Their first game was on February 8 , 2020 , with the Defenders defeating the Seattle Dragons by a score of 31–19 . After three home games , the XFL season was suspended and ultimately canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic . The Defenders won all three games at Audi Field .
|
[
"Swarthmore College"
] |
easy
|
Which school did Carl Abbott (urban historian) go to from 1965 to 1966?
|
/wiki/Carl_Abbott_(urban_historian)#P69#0
|
Carl Abbott ( urban historian ) Carl Abbott ( born December 3 , 1944 ) is an American historian and urbanist , specialising in the related fields of urban history , western American history , urban planning , and science fiction , and is a frequent speaker to local community groups . Since 1967 he has been married to Margery Post Abbott , a Quaker scholar and teacher . Academia . He received a BA in history from Swarthmore College ( 1966 ) and a PhD from the University of Chicago ( 1971 ) . His academic positions have included the University of Denver ( 1971–72 ) , Old Dominion University ( 1972–78 ) , and Portland State University ( 1978–2012 ) . He has also held visiting positions at Mesa University , George Washington University , and the University of Oregon . He served as president of the Urban History Association ( 1995 ) , has been a member of the American Historical Association since 1982 and served as president of its Pacific Coach Branch from 2012 until 2013 . Other professional service has included co-editorship of the journal of the American Planning Association from 1999 to 2004 and of the Pacific Historical Review from 1997 to 2014 . Writing . Abbott has authored or co-authored sixteen books . The Metropolitan Frontier : Cities in the Modern American West ( 1993 ) received the book award of the Urban History Association and Political Terrain : Washington D.C . from Tidewater Town to Global Metropolis ( 1999 ) received the book award of the Society for American City and Regional Planning History . He has also published many scholarly articles , chapters , and reviews as well as shorter essays for general readers on his website . Abbott is also active in fields of public history , working with Portlands Architectural Heritage Center , The Oregon Encyclopedia , the Oregon Historical Society , and other organizations and is an advocate of community-based history . Works . - Colorado : The History of the Centennial State . Colorado Associated University Press , Boulder 1976 . Fifth edition 2013 ( with Stephen Leonard and Tom Noel ) : University of Colorado Press , Boulder 2013 , . - The Great Extravaganza : Portland and the Lewis and Clark Exposition . Oregon Historical Society , Portland 1981 , . - Boosters and Businessmen : Popular Economic Thought and Urban Growth in the Antebellum Middle West . Greenwood Press , Westport CT 1981 , . - The New Urban America : Growth and Politics in Sunbelt Cities . University of North Carolina Press , 1981 . Revised edition 1987 , . - Portland : Planning , Politics , and Growth in a Twentieth Century City . University of Nebraska Press , Lincoln NE 1983 , . - Urban America in the Modern Age , 1920 to Present . H . Davidson , Arlington Heights IL 1987 . 2nd edition 2007 , . - The Metropolitan Frontier : Cities in the Modern American West . University of Arizona Press , Tucson 1993 , . - Planning a New West : The Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area ( with Sy Adler and Margery Post Abbott ) . Oregon State University Press , Corvallis 1997 . . - Political Terrain : Washington , D.C. , from Tidewater Town to Global Metropolis . University of North Carolina Press , Chapel Hill 1999 , . - Greater Portland : Urban Life and Landscape in the Pacific Northwest . University of Pennsylvania Press , Philadelphia 2001 , . - Two Centuries of Lewis and Clark : Reflections on the Voyage of Discovery ( with William L . Lang ) . Oregon Historical Society Press , Portland 2004 , . - Frontiers Past and Future : Science Fiction and the American West . University Press of Kansas , Lawrence KS 2006 , . - How Cities Won the West : Four Centuries of Urban Change in Western North America . University of New Mexico Press , Albuquerque 2008 , . - Portland in Three Centuries : The Place and the People . Oregon State University Press , Corvallis 2011 . - Imagined Frontiers : Contemporary America and Beyond . University of Oklahoma Press , Norman 2015 , - Imagining Urban Futures : Cities in Science Fiction and What We Might Learn from Them . Wesleyan University Press , Middletown , CT 2016 .
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[
"University of Chicago"
] |
easy
|
Which school did Carl Abbott (urban historian) go to from 1966 to 1971?
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/wiki/Carl_Abbott_(urban_historian)#P69#1
|
Carl Abbott ( urban historian ) Carl Abbott ( born December 3 , 1944 ) is an American historian and urbanist , specialising in the related fields of urban history , western American history , urban planning , and science fiction , and is a frequent speaker to local community groups . Since 1967 he has been married to Margery Post Abbott , a Quaker scholar and teacher . Academia . He received a BA in history from Swarthmore College ( 1966 ) and a PhD from the University of Chicago ( 1971 ) . His academic positions have included the University of Denver ( 1971–72 ) , Old Dominion University ( 1972–78 ) , and Portland State University ( 1978–2012 ) . He has also held visiting positions at Mesa University , George Washington University , and the University of Oregon . He served as president of the Urban History Association ( 1995 ) , has been a member of the American Historical Association since 1982 and served as president of its Pacific Coach Branch from 2012 until 2013 . Other professional service has included co-editorship of the journal of the American Planning Association from 1999 to 2004 and of the Pacific Historical Review from 1997 to 2014 . Writing . Abbott has authored or co-authored sixteen books . The Metropolitan Frontier : Cities in the Modern American West ( 1993 ) received the book award of the Urban History Association and Political Terrain : Washington D.C . from Tidewater Town to Global Metropolis ( 1999 ) received the book award of the Society for American City and Regional Planning History . He has also published many scholarly articles , chapters , and reviews as well as shorter essays for general readers on his website . Abbott is also active in fields of public history , working with Portlands Architectural Heritage Center , The Oregon Encyclopedia , the Oregon Historical Society , and other organizations and is an advocate of community-based history . Works . - Colorado : The History of the Centennial State . Colorado Associated University Press , Boulder 1976 . Fifth edition 2013 ( with Stephen Leonard and Tom Noel ) : University of Colorado Press , Boulder 2013 , . - The Great Extravaganza : Portland and the Lewis and Clark Exposition . Oregon Historical Society , Portland 1981 , . - Boosters and Businessmen : Popular Economic Thought and Urban Growth in the Antebellum Middle West . Greenwood Press , Westport CT 1981 , . - The New Urban America : Growth and Politics in Sunbelt Cities . University of North Carolina Press , 1981 . Revised edition 1987 , . - Portland : Planning , Politics , and Growth in a Twentieth Century City . University of Nebraska Press , Lincoln NE 1983 , . - Urban America in the Modern Age , 1920 to Present . H . Davidson , Arlington Heights IL 1987 . 2nd edition 2007 , . - The Metropolitan Frontier : Cities in the Modern American West . University of Arizona Press , Tucson 1993 , . - Planning a New West : The Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area ( with Sy Adler and Margery Post Abbott ) . Oregon State University Press , Corvallis 1997 . . - Political Terrain : Washington , D.C. , from Tidewater Town to Global Metropolis . University of North Carolina Press , Chapel Hill 1999 , . - Greater Portland : Urban Life and Landscape in the Pacific Northwest . University of Pennsylvania Press , Philadelphia 2001 , . - Two Centuries of Lewis and Clark : Reflections on the Voyage of Discovery ( with William L . Lang ) . Oregon Historical Society Press , Portland 2004 , . - Frontiers Past and Future : Science Fiction and the American West . University Press of Kansas , Lawrence KS 2006 , . - How Cities Won the West : Four Centuries of Urban Change in Western North America . University of New Mexico Press , Albuquerque 2008 , . - Portland in Three Centuries : The Place and the People . Oregon State University Press , Corvallis 2011 . - Imagined Frontiers : Contemporary America and Beyond . University of Oklahoma Press , Norman 2015 , - Imagining Urban Futures : Cities in Science Fiction and What We Might Learn from Them . Wesleyan University Press , Middletown , CT 2016 .
|
[
"Berlin"
] |
easy
|
What was the residence of Elli Schmidt from 1931 to 1932?
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/wiki/Elli_Schmidt#P551#0
|
Elli Schmidt Elli Schmidt ( 9 August 1908 – 30 July 1980 ) was a German communist political activist with links to Moscow , where as a young woman she spent most of the war years . She returned in 1945 to what later ( in 1949 ) became the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) where she pursued a successful political career till her fall from grace : that came as part of a wider clear out of comrades critical of the national leadership in the aftermath of the 1953 uprising . She was formally rehabilitated on 29 July 1956 , but never returned to mainstream politics . In 1948 Schmidt became the first head of the Democratic Womens League ( Demokratischer Frauenbund Deutschlands / DFD ) , one of several government backed mass organisations included in the highly centralised power structure then being developed for the country . Between 1950 and 1954 she was a member of the Central Committee of the ruling Socialist Unity Party ( Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands / SED ) , but within the Central Committee she never progressed beyond the candidates list for Politburo membership . Life . Provenance and early years . Elli Schmidt was born in Berlin-Wedding , an inner city district of the German capital . Her father was a police official . She attended school locally and then , between 1922 and 1926 , undertook an apprenticeship in dressmaking . She worked in various Berlin fashion houses during the 1920s , and continued to be employed in the sector till 1932 . She joined the in 1926 and the Young Communists in 1927 . In or before 1929 she became a member of the Communist Party itself . She was a member of the local party leadership team ( Bezirksleitung ) for Berlin-Brandenburg between 1929 and 1932 , heading up the Womens Department within it during 1931/32 . Communist and political exile . Schmidt trained for party work at the Cominterns International Lenin School in Moscow between October 1932 and 1934 . While she was abroad , in January 1933 the National Socialists took power and lost no time in transforming Germany into a one-party dictatorship . By the time she returned home in the Autumn 1934 the Communist Party had been banned and political activity in support of it was illegal . Many comrades had been arrested or fled abroad , and one source describes as illegal her action in returning to Germany . She continued to work illegally in Germany till 1937 . In 1934 she was appointed policy-leader and trades union instructor for the underground party operation in the Lower Rhine Region ( Bezirk Niederrhein ) . In 1935 , according to one source , she even took on the leadership of the underground Communist Party for Berlin . During July/August 1935 she took part in the World Congress of the Comintern ( which was held in Moscow ) . She also participated in the German Communist Partys in October of that year . At the Brussels Conference she was elected to the partys Central Committee , remaining a member till the party itself was replaced in 1946 . During the National Socialist years she was identified by a party pseudonym as Irene Gärtner . There are indications that she was the only woman to be a member of the central committee during this period . She had to flee to Prague in 1937 , and from there moved on to Paris where she worked as a member of the Central Committee Secretariat with the German party leadership in exile between 1937 and 1940 . In 1940 Schmidt was one of the political refugees who transferred from Paris to Moscow : she remained in the Soviet Union till 1945 . When the German launched their invasion in June 1941 she was evacuated to the spa settlement of Lesnoi ( Krasnye Baki ) on the Vetluga River , returning to Moscow in 1942 after the crisis had peaked . At one stage she worked for Inradio . Then from Autumn 1942 she was working with the special German Peoples Radio ( Deutscher Volkssender ) German-language radio service , later becoming womens editor on it . She also worked with the National Committee for a Free Germany , which was increasingly involved in planning and documenting the plans for the postwar period . Anton Ackermann . According to one source , during her time in Moscow Elli Schmidt began to live with the comrade generally identified by his party pseudonym as Anton Ackermann , a leading member of the team that would embark on a carefully choreographed nation building programme under the leadership of Walter Ulbricht in the Soviet occupation zone after April 1945 . Elsewhere it is stated that the two of them were married back in 1935 when they met as a result of their work in the Comecon . In any event , the two of them lived together as man and wife till 1949 , by which time it appears they had at some point formally married . The marriage produced two children , born approximately in 1941 and 1948 respectively . Mainstream politician after the war in the Soviet occupation zone / German Democratic Republic . Hundreds of thousands of Germans had ended up deep inside in the Soviet Union by the time the war ended in May 1945 , mostly as political refugees or as prisoners of war , and for most of them it would take many months or several years before they were able to return . However , on 30 April 1945 a group of thirty men – the so-called Ulbricht Group – arrived from Moscow by plane in Berlin , keen to waste no time in implementing their project for the Soviet occupation zone , a large central chunk of what had previously been Germany , sandwiched between the three western occupation zones and the eastern third of what had been Germany , which was now incorporated into Poland , the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia . Schmidts partner , Anton Ackermann , was a leading member of that group of thirty men . Elli Schmidt herself returned to Germany in June 1945 at the same time as Wilhelm Pieck . She was still a member of the ( no longer banned ) Central Committee of the Communist Party of Germany . She and Ackermann were two of the sixteen co-signatories of the Communist Party Appeal .. . to the German people of 11 June 1945 ( still using her party pseudonym , Irene Gärtner ) . As party structures began to emerge , in July she became a member of the Secretariat of the Communist Party Central Committee , and she served during 1945/46 as head of the Communist Party Central Committees Womens Committee . She also took a leading role in the city politics of . According to one source she served as a between 1946 and 1948 . She chaired the main Womens Committee of the . During 1945/46 she was a membership of the Communist Party Leadership team ( KPD-Landesleitung ) for the Berlin region . In April 1946 a contentious merger between the Communist Party of Germany and the Social Democratic Party was implemented . It was clear that the development was intended to apply across the whole of Berlin , and it is not impossible that if matters had turned out differently it would also have extended across the British , French and American occupation zones of Germany . In the event the Socialist Unity Party ( Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands / SED ) took root only in the part of the country administered as the Soviet occupation zone . As western commentators were quick to point out , over the next few years the SED itself became the ruling party in a new kind of German one-party dictatorship . Elli Schmidt was closely engaged with the project , and was indeed , with Anton Ackermann , a co-author of Grundsätze u . Ziele der SED ( Principles and objectives of the SED ) , a programme for the new party . Between 1946 and early 1954 Schmidt served as a member of the SED Party Executive ( Partei Vorstand ) and then of the Central Committee which it quite soon became . She was also a member of the partys Central Secretariat . Between April 1946 and May 1949 , jointly with , she headed up the partys Womens Secretariat . Schmidt was a member of the executive board of the Democratic Womens League of ( East ) Germany ( Demokratischer Frauenbund Deutschlands / DFD ) from its launch in March 1947 . In 1948 she became chair of the DFDs Berlin branch . The DFD was important : it was one of several government backed mass organisations included in the Leninist political structure that the country had adopted . In order to broaden the structural support and legitimacy of the government , five mass organisations - of which the DFD was one - were allocated a quota of seats in the national parliament ( Volkskammer ) . East Germanys first general election took place in October 1950 , almost exactly one year after the country had replaced the Soviet occupation zone . Following the election , which was organised according to the infamous single-list system , the DFD was allocated 20 of the 466 seats in the chamber . In May 1949 Elli Schmidt took over from Emmy Damerius-Koenen as national chair of the DFD after Damerius-Koenen had been required to relinquish the post , officially on health grounds . In 1950 Schmidt was appointed to head up the Commission for drafting legislation on protection of mothers and children ( Kommission zur Ausarbeitung des Gesetzes über den Mütter- und Kinderschutz ) . In February 1953 she was appointed to chair the National Commission for Commerce and Welfare ( Staatliche Kommission für Handel und Versorgung ) . Along with her national role in the DFD , Schmidt was a member of the executive and council of the Womens International Democratic Federation , an international anti-fascist umbrella organisation widely viewed as a proxy for Soviet expansionism ( although the accusation has never gone entirely unchallenged ) , especially after it was obliged to remove its international head office from Paris and relocated to East Berlin . Elli Schmidt also served as a member of the Peoples Council ( Volksrat ) and of the national parliament ( Volkskammer ) which emerged from it between 1949 and 1954 . Despite being an SED member she held one of the seats allocated to the DFD . At the , held at the Werner Seelenbinder Sports Hall in East Berlin in July 1950 , Elli Schmidt was elected a candidate for membership of the Politburo of the Central Committee . The uprising and its aftermath . The uprising of 17 June 1953 involved more than one million people in about 700 localities . The street protests were suppressed very quickly , partly thanks to the unhestitating fraternal intervention on behalf of the forces of law and order by Soviet troops . These had been present in considerable numbers in East Germany since before the countrys launch back in October 1949 . The East German leadership , already unsettled by the ( barely discernible on East German streets ) winds of change emanating from Moscow since the death of Stalin in March 1953 , suffered a crisis of confidence the extent of which has only gradually become apparent to outsiders . At least 21 people had been killed Many estimates set the number of fatalities at a far higher level . In July 1953 a dramatic politburo meeting took place , lasting through most of a long night . A number of comrades were still sufficiently shaken up by the June events to depart from their customary discretion , and openly to voice their criticisms of the Central Committee First Secretary . Although she was still only a candidate for membership , Elli Schmidt attended the meeting and was indeed one of the most forthright participants . Of the thirteen present , eleven called on Walter Ulbricht to resign . Only two spoke out in support of Ulbricht : and Ulbrichts protégé , Erich Honecker . Comrade Elli Schmidt blamed herself for having glossed over conditions [ in the country ] which it was a crime to have glossed over . The whole spirit of out party is torn asunder . The quick fixes , the lies , the running away from peoples worries , the threats , the boastings - that has brought us to this point : for that , dear Walter , you bear more culpability than anyone , and that is what you will not admit , that without all that June 17 would never have happened . Records of politburo meetings were not published , and Elli Schmidts remarkable outburst only became public in June 1990 , thanks to the disclosure of eyewitness testimony provided in records kept by another politburo member , Friedrich Ebert Jr. , who as the son of Germanys first ( socialist ) president always enjoyed a certain enduring untouchability within East Germanys ruling establishment . Even if details of that politburo meeting were at that time not widely known outside the politburo , it was no secret that Elli Schmidt was a supporter of the position taken Wilhelm Zaisser and Rudolf Herrnstadt , two senior Central Committee members known to be uneasy about the extent of the links between the SED and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . We are not creating the Bolshevik Party , Herrnstadt had insisted ( apparently to little effect ) as far back as 1948 , but a very specific German party of the new type under certain historical conditions . In any imminent power struggle within the East German establishment it could therefore be assumed that the influence of the Communist Party in Moscow would be exerted in opposition to the Zaisser-Herrnstadt partnership . Ulbricht was Moscows man and Ulbricht had long since mastered the applications of political power . Zaisser and Herrnstadt were removed from the Central Committee in July 1953 and then , six months later , excluded from the party in January 1954 . Elli Schmidt , as a prominent supporter of them both , received a formal Central Committee reprimand and was removed from the Central Committee in January 1954 . Elections to the politburo took place on 26 July 1953 , but it turned out that Elli Schmidts name no longer even appeared on the list of candidates for membership . She was removed from her leadership role in the DFD in September 1953 . Interestingly , however , she was never expelled from the party and her fall from grace was less total ( and less permanent ) than that suffered by Zaisser and Herrnstadt . After politics . Between 1954 and 1967 Elli Schmidt worked as director of the Institut für Bekleidungskultur ( loosely , Institute for Clothing Culture - later renamed as the German Fashion Institute ) . The Central Committee rehabilitated her formally on 29 July 1956 . After she retired in 1966 or 1967 she continued to live in East Berlin , which is where she died in 1980 .
|
[
"Moscow"
] |
easy
|
Where did Elli Schmidt live from 1932 to 1934?
|
/wiki/Elli_Schmidt#P551#1
|
Elli Schmidt Elli Schmidt ( 9 August 1908 – 30 July 1980 ) was a German communist political activist with links to Moscow , where as a young woman she spent most of the war years . She returned in 1945 to what later ( in 1949 ) became the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) where she pursued a successful political career till her fall from grace : that came as part of a wider clear out of comrades critical of the national leadership in the aftermath of the 1953 uprising . She was formally rehabilitated on 29 July 1956 , but never returned to mainstream politics . In 1948 Schmidt became the first head of the Democratic Womens League ( Demokratischer Frauenbund Deutschlands / DFD ) , one of several government backed mass organisations included in the highly centralised power structure then being developed for the country . Between 1950 and 1954 she was a member of the Central Committee of the ruling Socialist Unity Party ( Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands / SED ) , but within the Central Committee she never progressed beyond the candidates list for Politburo membership . Life . Provenance and early years . Elli Schmidt was born in Berlin-Wedding , an inner city district of the German capital . Her father was a police official . She attended school locally and then , between 1922 and 1926 , undertook an apprenticeship in dressmaking . She worked in various Berlin fashion houses during the 1920s , and continued to be employed in the sector till 1932 . She joined the in 1926 and the Young Communists in 1927 . In or before 1929 she became a member of the Communist Party itself . She was a member of the local party leadership team ( Bezirksleitung ) for Berlin-Brandenburg between 1929 and 1932 , heading up the Womens Department within it during 1931/32 . Communist and political exile . Schmidt trained for party work at the Cominterns International Lenin School in Moscow between October 1932 and 1934 . While she was abroad , in January 1933 the National Socialists took power and lost no time in transforming Germany into a one-party dictatorship . By the time she returned home in the Autumn 1934 the Communist Party had been banned and political activity in support of it was illegal . Many comrades had been arrested or fled abroad , and one source describes as illegal her action in returning to Germany . She continued to work illegally in Germany till 1937 . In 1934 she was appointed policy-leader and trades union instructor for the underground party operation in the Lower Rhine Region ( Bezirk Niederrhein ) . In 1935 , according to one source , she even took on the leadership of the underground Communist Party for Berlin . During July/August 1935 she took part in the World Congress of the Comintern ( which was held in Moscow ) . She also participated in the German Communist Partys in October of that year . At the Brussels Conference she was elected to the partys Central Committee , remaining a member till the party itself was replaced in 1946 . During the National Socialist years she was identified by a party pseudonym as Irene Gärtner . There are indications that she was the only woman to be a member of the central committee during this period . She had to flee to Prague in 1937 , and from there moved on to Paris where she worked as a member of the Central Committee Secretariat with the German party leadership in exile between 1937 and 1940 . In 1940 Schmidt was one of the political refugees who transferred from Paris to Moscow : she remained in the Soviet Union till 1945 . When the German launched their invasion in June 1941 she was evacuated to the spa settlement of Lesnoi ( Krasnye Baki ) on the Vetluga River , returning to Moscow in 1942 after the crisis had peaked . At one stage she worked for Inradio . Then from Autumn 1942 she was working with the special German Peoples Radio ( Deutscher Volkssender ) German-language radio service , later becoming womens editor on it . She also worked with the National Committee for a Free Germany , which was increasingly involved in planning and documenting the plans for the postwar period . Anton Ackermann . According to one source , during her time in Moscow Elli Schmidt began to live with the comrade generally identified by his party pseudonym as Anton Ackermann , a leading member of the team that would embark on a carefully choreographed nation building programme under the leadership of Walter Ulbricht in the Soviet occupation zone after April 1945 . Elsewhere it is stated that the two of them were married back in 1935 when they met as a result of their work in the Comecon . In any event , the two of them lived together as man and wife till 1949 , by which time it appears they had at some point formally married . The marriage produced two children , born approximately in 1941 and 1948 respectively . Mainstream politician after the war in the Soviet occupation zone / German Democratic Republic . Hundreds of thousands of Germans had ended up deep inside in the Soviet Union by the time the war ended in May 1945 , mostly as political refugees or as prisoners of war , and for most of them it would take many months or several years before they were able to return . However , on 30 April 1945 a group of thirty men – the so-called Ulbricht Group – arrived from Moscow by plane in Berlin , keen to waste no time in implementing their project for the Soviet occupation zone , a large central chunk of what had previously been Germany , sandwiched between the three western occupation zones and the eastern third of what had been Germany , which was now incorporated into Poland , the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia . Schmidts partner , Anton Ackermann , was a leading member of that group of thirty men . Elli Schmidt herself returned to Germany in June 1945 at the same time as Wilhelm Pieck . She was still a member of the ( no longer banned ) Central Committee of the Communist Party of Germany . She and Ackermann were two of the sixteen co-signatories of the Communist Party Appeal .. . to the German people of 11 June 1945 ( still using her party pseudonym , Irene Gärtner ) . As party structures began to emerge , in July she became a member of the Secretariat of the Communist Party Central Committee , and she served during 1945/46 as head of the Communist Party Central Committees Womens Committee . She also took a leading role in the city politics of . According to one source she served as a between 1946 and 1948 . She chaired the main Womens Committee of the . During 1945/46 she was a membership of the Communist Party Leadership team ( KPD-Landesleitung ) for the Berlin region . In April 1946 a contentious merger between the Communist Party of Germany and the Social Democratic Party was implemented . It was clear that the development was intended to apply across the whole of Berlin , and it is not impossible that if matters had turned out differently it would also have extended across the British , French and American occupation zones of Germany . In the event the Socialist Unity Party ( Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands / SED ) took root only in the part of the country administered as the Soviet occupation zone . As western commentators were quick to point out , over the next few years the SED itself became the ruling party in a new kind of German one-party dictatorship . Elli Schmidt was closely engaged with the project , and was indeed , with Anton Ackermann , a co-author of Grundsätze u . Ziele der SED ( Principles and objectives of the SED ) , a programme for the new party . Between 1946 and early 1954 Schmidt served as a member of the SED Party Executive ( Partei Vorstand ) and then of the Central Committee which it quite soon became . She was also a member of the partys Central Secretariat . Between April 1946 and May 1949 , jointly with , she headed up the partys Womens Secretariat . Schmidt was a member of the executive board of the Democratic Womens League of ( East ) Germany ( Demokratischer Frauenbund Deutschlands / DFD ) from its launch in March 1947 . In 1948 she became chair of the DFDs Berlin branch . The DFD was important : it was one of several government backed mass organisations included in the Leninist political structure that the country had adopted . In order to broaden the structural support and legitimacy of the government , five mass organisations - of which the DFD was one - were allocated a quota of seats in the national parliament ( Volkskammer ) . East Germanys first general election took place in October 1950 , almost exactly one year after the country had replaced the Soviet occupation zone . Following the election , which was organised according to the infamous single-list system , the DFD was allocated 20 of the 466 seats in the chamber . In May 1949 Elli Schmidt took over from Emmy Damerius-Koenen as national chair of the DFD after Damerius-Koenen had been required to relinquish the post , officially on health grounds . In 1950 Schmidt was appointed to head up the Commission for drafting legislation on protection of mothers and children ( Kommission zur Ausarbeitung des Gesetzes über den Mütter- und Kinderschutz ) . In February 1953 she was appointed to chair the National Commission for Commerce and Welfare ( Staatliche Kommission für Handel und Versorgung ) . Along with her national role in the DFD , Schmidt was a member of the executive and council of the Womens International Democratic Federation , an international anti-fascist umbrella organisation widely viewed as a proxy for Soviet expansionism ( although the accusation has never gone entirely unchallenged ) , especially after it was obliged to remove its international head office from Paris and relocated to East Berlin . Elli Schmidt also served as a member of the Peoples Council ( Volksrat ) and of the national parliament ( Volkskammer ) which emerged from it between 1949 and 1954 . Despite being an SED member she held one of the seats allocated to the DFD . At the , held at the Werner Seelenbinder Sports Hall in East Berlin in July 1950 , Elli Schmidt was elected a candidate for membership of the Politburo of the Central Committee . The uprising and its aftermath . The uprising of 17 June 1953 involved more than one million people in about 700 localities . The street protests were suppressed very quickly , partly thanks to the unhestitating fraternal intervention on behalf of the forces of law and order by Soviet troops . These had been present in considerable numbers in East Germany since before the countrys launch back in October 1949 . The East German leadership , already unsettled by the ( barely discernible on East German streets ) winds of change emanating from Moscow since the death of Stalin in March 1953 , suffered a crisis of confidence the extent of which has only gradually become apparent to outsiders . At least 21 people had been killed Many estimates set the number of fatalities at a far higher level . In July 1953 a dramatic politburo meeting took place , lasting through most of a long night . A number of comrades were still sufficiently shaken up by the June events to depart from their customary discretion , and openly to voice their criticisms of the Central Committee First Secretary . Although she was still only a candidate for membership , Elli Schmidt attended the meeting and was indeed one of the most forthright participants . Of the thirteen present , eleven called on Walter Ulbricht to resign . Only two spoke out in support of Ulbricht : and Ulbrichts protégé , Erich Honecker . Comrade Elli Schmidt blamed herself for having glossed over conditions [ in the country ] which it was a crime to have glossed over . The whole spirit of out party is torn asunder . The quick fixes , the lies , the running away from peoples worries , the threats , the boastings - that has brought us to this point : for that , dear Walter , you bear more culpability than anyone , and that is what you will not admit , that without all that June 17 would never have happened . Records of politburo meetings were not published , and Elli Schmidts remarkable outburst only became public in June 1990 , thanks to the disclosure of eyewitness testimony provided in records kept by another politburo member , Friedrich Ebert Jr. , who as the son of Germanys first ( socialist ) president always enjoyed a certain enduring untouchability within East Germanys ruling establishment . Even if details of that politburo meeting were at that time not widely known outside the politburo , it was no secret that Elli Schmidt was a supporter of the position taken Wilhelm Zaisser and Rudolf Herrnstadt , two senior Central Committee members known to be uneasy about the extent of the links between the SED and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . We are not creating the Bolshevik Party , Herrnstadt had insisted ( apparently to little effect ) as far back as 1948 , but a very specific German party of the new type under certain historical conditions . In any imminent power struggle within the East German establishment it could therefore be assumed that the influence of the Communist Party in Moscow would be exerted in opposition to the Zaisser-Herrnstadt partnership . Ulbricht was Moscows man and Ulbricht had long since mastered the applications of political power . Zaisser and Herrnstadt were removed from the Central Committee in July 1953 and then , six months later , excluded from the party in January 1954 . Elli Schmidt , as a prominent supporter of them both , received a formal Central Committee reprimand and was removed from the Central Committee in January 1954 . Elections to the politburo took place on 26 July 1953 , but it turned out that Elli Schmidts name no longer even appeared on the list of candidates for membership . She was removed from her leadership role in the DFD in September 1953 . Interestingly , however , she was never expelled from the party and her fall from grace was less total ( and less permanent ) than that suffered by Zaisser and Herrnstadt . After politics . Between 1954 and 1967 Elli Schmidt worked as director of the Institut für Bekleidungskultur ( loosely , Institute for Clothing Culture - later renamed as the German Fashion Institute ) . The Central Committee rehabilitated her formally on 29 July 1956 . After she retired in 1966 or 1967 she continued to live in East Berlin , which is where she died in 1980 .
|
[
"Germany"
] |
easy
|
What was the residence of Elli Schmidt from 1934 to 1936?
|
/wiki/Elli_Schmidt#P551#2
|
Elli Schmidt Elli Schmidt ( 9 August 1908 – 30 July 1980 ) was a German communist political activist with links to Moscow , where as a young woman she spent most of the war years . She returned in 1945 to what later ( in 1949 ) became the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) where she pursued a successful political career till her fall from grace : that came as part of a wider clear out of comrades critical of the national leadership in the aftermath of the 1953 uprising . She was formally rehabilitated on 29 July 1956 , but never returned to mainstream politics . In 1948 Schmidt became the first head of the Democratic Womens League ( Demokratischer Frauenbund Deutschlands / DFD ) , one of several government backed mass organisations included in the highly centralised power structure then being developed for the country . Between 1950 and 1954 she was a member of the Central Committee of the ruling Socialist Unity Party ( Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands / SED ) , but within the Central Committee she never progressed beyond the candidates list for Politburo membership . Life . Provenance and early years . Elli Schmidt was born in Berlin-Wedding , an inner city district of the German capital . Her father was a police official . She attended school locally and then , between 1922 and 1926 , undertook an apprenticeship in dressmaking . She worked in various Berlin fashion houses during the 1920s , and continued to be employed in the sector till 1932 . She joined the in 1926 and the Young Communists in 1927 . In or before 1929 she became a member of the Communist Party itself . She was a member of the local party leadership team ( Bezirksleitung ) for Berlin-Brandenburg between 1929 and 1932 , heading up the Womens Department within it during 1931/32 . Communist and political exile . Schmidt trained for party work at the Cominterns International Lenin School in Moscow between October 1932 and 1934 . While she was abroad , in January 1933 the National Socialists took power and lost no time in transforming Germany into a one-party dictatorship . By the time she returned home in the Autumn 1934 the Communist Party had been banned and political activity in support of it was illegal . Many comrades had been arrested or fled abroad , and one source describes as illegal her action in returning to Germany . She continued to work illegally in Germany till 1937 . In 1934 she was appointed policy-leader and trades union instructor for the underground party operation in the Lower Rhine Region ( Bezirk Niederrhein ) . In 1935 , according to one source , she even took on the leadership of the underground Communist Party for Berlin . During July/August 1935 she took part in the World Congress of the Comintern ( which was held in Moscow ) . She also participated in the German Communist Partys in October of that year . At the Brussels Conference she was elected to the partys Central Committee , remaining a member till the party itself was replaced in 1946 . During the National Socialist years she was identified by a party pseudonym as Irene Gärtner . There are indications that she was the only woman to be a member of the central committee during this period . She had to flee to Prague in 1937 , and from there moved on to Paris where she worked as a member of the Central Committee Secretariat with the German party leadership in exile between 1937 and 1940 . In 1940 Schmidt was one of the political refugees who transferred from Paris to Moscow : she remained in the Soviet Union till 1945 . When the German launched their invasion in June 1941 she was evacuated to the spa settlement of Lesnoi ( Krasnye Baki ) on the Vetluga River , returning to Moscow in 1942 after the crisis had peaked . At one stage she worked for Inradio . Then from Autumn 1942 she was working with the special German Peoples Radio ( Deutscher Volkssender ) German-language radio service , later becoming womens editor on it . She also worked with the National Committee for a Free Germany , which was increasingly involved in planning and documenting the plans for the postwar period . Anton Ackermann . According to one source , during her time in Moscow Elli Schmidt began to live with the comrade generally identified by his party pseudonym as Anton Ackermann , a leading member of the team that would embark on a carefully choreographed nation building programme under the leadership of Walter Ulbricht in the Soviet occupation zone after April 1945 . Elsewhere it is stated that the two of them were married back in 1935 when they met as a result of their work in the Comecon . In any event , the two of them lived together as man and wife till 1949 , by which time it appears they had at some point formally married . The marriage produced two children , born approximately in 1941 and 1948 respectively . Mainstream politician after the war in the Soviet occupation zone / German Democratic Republic . Hundreds of thousands of Germans had ended up deep inside in the Soviet Union by the time the war ended in May 1945 , mostly as political refugees or as prisoners of war , and for most of them it would take many months or several years before they were able to return . However , on 30 April 1945 a group of thirty men – the so-called Ulbricht Group – arrived from Moscow by plane in Berlin , keen to waste no time in implementing their project for the Soviet occupation zone , a large central chunk of what had previously been Germany , sandwiched between the three western occupation zones and the eastern third of what had been Germany , which was now incorporated into Poland , the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia . Schmidts partner , Anton Ackermann , was a leading member of that group of thirty men . Elli Schmidt herself returned to Germany in June 1945 at the same time as Wilhelm Pieck . She was still a member of the ( no longer banned ) Central Committee of the Communist Party of Germany . She and Ackermann were two of the sixteen co-signatories of the Communist Party Appeal .. . to the German people of 11 June 1945 ( still using her party pseudonym , Irene Gärtner ) . As party structures began to emerge , in July she became a member of the Secretariat of the Communist Party Central Committee , and she served during 1945/46 as head of the Communist Party Central Committees Womens Committee . She also took a leading role in the city politics of . According to one source she served as a between 1946 and 1948 . She chaired the main Womens Committee of the . During 1945/46 she was a membership of the Communist Party Leadership team ( KPD-Landesleitung ) for the Berlin region . In April 1946 a contentious merger between the Communist Party of Germany and the Social Democratic Party was implemented . It was clear that the development was intended to apply across the whole of Berlin , and it is not impossible that if matters had turned out differently it would also have extended across the British , French and American occupation zones of Germany . In the event the Socialist Unity Party ( Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands / SED ) took root only in the part of the country administered as the Soviet occupation zone . As western commentators were quick to point out , over the next few years the SED itself became the ruling party in a new kind of German one-party dictatorship . Elli Schmidt was closely engaged with the project , and was indeed , with Anton Ackermann , a co-author of Grundsätze u . Ziele der SED ( Principles and objectives of the SED ) , a programme for the new party . Between 1946 and early 1954 Schmidt served as a member of the SED Party Executive ( Partei Vorstand ) and then of the Central Committee which it quite soon became . She was also a member of the partys Central Secretariat . Between April 1946 and May 1949 , jointly with , she headed up the partys Womens Secretariat . Schmidt was a member of the executive board of the Democratic Womens League of ( East ) Germany ( Demokratischer Frauenbund Deutschlands / DFD ) from its launch in March 1947 . In 1948 she became chair of the DFDs Berlin branch . The DFD was important : it was one of several government backed mass organisations included in the Leninist political structure that the country had adopted . In order to broaden the structural support and legitimacy of the government , five mass organisations - of which the DFD was one - were allocated a quota of seats in the national parliament ( Volkskammer ) . East Germanys first general election took place in October 1950 , almost exactly one year after the country had replaced the Soviet occupation zone . Following the election , which was organised according to the infamous single-list system , the DFD was allocated 20 of the 466 seats in the chamber . In May 1949 Elli Schmidt took over from Emmy Damerius-Koenen as national chair of the DFD after Damerius-Koenen had been required to relinquish the post , officially on health grounds . In 1950 Schmidt was appointed to head up the Commission for drafting legislation on protection of mothers and children ( Kommission zur Ausarbeitung des Gesetzes über den Mütter- und Kinderschutz ) . In February 1953 she was appointed to chair the National Commission for Commerce and Welfare ( Staatliche Kommission für Handel und Versorgung ) . Along with her national role in the DFD , Schmidt was a member of the executive and council of the Womens International Democratic Federation , an international anti-fascist umbrella organisation widely viewed as a proxy for Soviet expansionism ( although the accusation has never gone entirely unchallenged ) , especially after it was obliged to remove its international head office from Paris and relocated to East Berlin . Elli Schmidt also served as a member of the Peoples Council ( Volksrat ) and of the national parliament ( Volkskammer ) which emerged from it between 1949 and 1954 . Despite being an SED member she held one of the seats allocated to the DFD . At the , held at the Werner Seelenbinder Sports Hall in East Berlin in July 1950 , Elli Schmidt was elected a candidate for membership of the Politburo of the Central Committee . The uprising and its aftermath . The uprising of 17 June 1953 involved more than one million people in about 700 localities . The street protests were suppressed very quickly , partly thanks to the unhestitating fraternal intervention on behalf of the forces of law and order by Soviet troops . These had been present in considerable numbers in East Germany since before the countrys launch back in October 1949 . The East German leadership , already unsettled by the ( barely discernible on East German streets ) winds of change emanating from Moscow since the death of Stalin in March 1953 , suffered a crisis of confidence the extent of which has only gradually become apparent to outsiders . At least 21 people had been killed Many estimates set the number of fatalities at a far higher level . In July 1953 a dramatic politburo meeting took place , lasting through most of a long night . A number of comrades were still sufficiently shaken up by the June events to depart from their customary discretion , and openly to voice their criticisms of the Central Committee First Secretary . Although she was still only a candidate for membership , Elli Schmidt attended the meeting and was indeed one of the most forthright participants . Of the thirteen present , eleven called on Walter Ulbricht to resign . Only two spoke out in support of Ulbricht : and Ulbrichts protégé , Erich Honecker . Comrade Elli Schmidt blamed herself for having glossed over conditions [ in the country ] which it was a crime to have glossed over . The whole spirit of out party is torn asunder . The quick fixes , the lies , the running away from peoples worries , the threats , the boastings - that has brought us to this point : for that , dear Walter , you bear more culpability than anyone , and that is what you will not admit , that without all that June 17 would never have happened . Records of politburo meetings were not published , and Elli Schmidts remarkable outburst only became public in June 1990 , thanks to the disclosure of eyewitness testimony provided in records kept by another politburo member , Friedrich Ebert Jr. , who as the son of Germanys first ( socialist ) president always enjoyed a certain enduring untouchability within East Germanys ruling establishment . Even if details of that politburo meeting were at that time not widely known outside the politburo , it was no secret that Elli Schmidt was a supporter of the position taken Wilhelm Zaisser and Rudolf Herrnstadt , two senior Central Committee members known to be uneasy about the extent of the links between the SED and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . We are not creating the Bolshevik Party , Herrnstadt had insisted ( apparently to little effect ) as far back as 1948 , but a very specific German party of the new type under certain historical conditions . In any imminent power struggle within the East German establishment it could therefore be assumed that the influence of the Communist Party in Moscow would be exerted in opposition to the Zaisser-Herrnstadt partnership . Ulbricht was Moscows man and Ulbricht had long since mastered the applications of political power . Zaisser and Herrnstadt were removed from the Central Committee in July 1953 and then , six months later , excluded from the party in January 1954 . Elli Schmidt , as a prominent supporter of them both , received a formal Central Committee reprimand and was removed from the Central Committee in January 1954 . Elections to the politburo took place on 26 July 1953 , but it turned out that Elli Schmidts name no longer even appeared on the list of candidates for membership . She was removed from her leadership role in the DFD in September 1953 . Interestingly , however , she was never expelled from the party and her fall from grace was less total ( and less permanent ) than that suffered by Zaisser and Herrnstadt . After politics . Between 1954 and 1967 Elli Schmidt worked as director of the Institut für Bekleidungskultur ( loosely , Institute for Clothing Culture - later renamed as the German Fashion Institute ) . The Central Committee rehabilitated her formally on 29 July 1956 . After she retired in 1966 or 1967 she continued to live in East Berlin , which is where she died in 1980 .
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What was the residence of Elli Schmidt from 1936 to 1945?
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Elli Schmidt Elli Schmidt ( 9 August 1908 – 30 July 1980 ) was a German communist political activist with links to Moscow , where as a young woman she spent most of the war years . She returned in 1945 to what later ( in 1949 ) became the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) where she pursued a successful political career till her fall from grace : that came as part of a wider clear out of comrades critical of the national leadership in the aftermath of the 1953 uprising . She was formally rehabilitated on 29 July 1956 , but never returned to mainstream politics . In 1948 Schmidt became the first head of the Democratic Womens League ( Demokratischer Frauenbund Deutschlands / DFD ) , one of several government backed mass organisations included in the highly centralised power structure then being developed for the country . Between 1950 and 1954 she was a member of the Central Committee of the ruling Socialist Unity Party ( Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands / SED ) , but within the Central Committee she never progressed beyond the candidates list for Politburo membership . Life . Provenance and early years . Elli Schmidt was born in Berlin-Wedding , an inner city district of the German capital . Her father was a police official . She attended school locally and then , between 1922 and 1926 , undertook an apprenticeship in dressmaking . She worked in various Berlin fashion houses during the 1920s , and continued to be employed in the sector till 1932 . She joined the in 1926 and the Young Communists in 1927 . In or before 1929 she became a member of the Communist Party itself . She was a member of the local party leadership team ( Bezirksleitung ) for Berlin-Brandenburg between 1929 and 1932 , heading up the Womens Department within it during 1931/32 . Communist and political exile . Schmidt trained for party work at the Cominterns International Lenin School in Moscow between October 1932 and 1934 . While she was abroad , in January 1933 the National Socialists took power and lost no time in transforming Germany into a one-party dictatorship . By the time she returned home in the Autumn 1934 the Communist Party had been banned and political activity in support of it was illegal . Many comrades had been arrested or fled abroad , and one source describes as illegal her action in returning to Germany . She continued to work illegally in Germany till 1937 . In 1934 she was appointed policy-leader and trades union instructor for the underground party operation in the Lower Rhine Region ( Bezirk Niederrhein ) . In 1935 , according to one source , she even took on the leadership of the underground Communist Party for Berlin . During July/August 1935 she took part in the World Congress of the Comintern ( which was held in Moscow ) . She also participated in the German Communist Partys in October of that year . At the Brussels Conference she was elected to the partys Central Committee , remaining a member till the party itself was replaced in 1946 . During the National Socialist years she was identified by a party pseudonym as Irene Gärtner . There are indications that she was the only woman to be a member of the central committee during this period . She had to flee to Prague in 1937 , and from there moved on to Paris where she worked as a member of the Central Committee Secretariat with the German party leadership in exile between 1937 and 1940 . In 1940 Schmidt was one of the political refugees who transferred from Paris to Moscow : she remained in the Soviet Union till 1945 . When the German launched their invasion in June 1941 she was evacuated to the spa settlement of Lesnoi ( Krasnye Baki ) on the Vetluga River , returning to Moscow in 1942 after the crisis had peaked . At one stage she worked for Inradio . Then from Autumn 1942 she was working with the special German Peoples Radio ( Deutscher Volkssender ) German-language radio service , later becoming womens editor on it . She also worked with the National Committee for a Free Germany , which was increasingly involved in planning and documenting the plans for the postwar period . Anton Ackermann . According to one source , during her time in Moscow Elli Schmidt began to live with the comrade generally identified by his party pseudonym as Anton Ackermann , a leading member of the team that would embark on a carefully choreographed nation building programme under the leadership of Walter Ulbricht in the Soviet occupation zone after April 1945 . Elsewhere it is stated that the two of them were married back in 1935 when they met as a result of their work in the Comecon . In any event , the two of them lived together as man and wife till 1949 , by which time it appears they had at some point formally married . The marriage produced two children , born approximately in 1941 and 1948 respectively . Mainstream politician after the war in the Soviet occupation zone / German Democratic Republic . Hundreds of thousands of Germans had ended up deep inside in the Soviet Union by the time the war ended in May 1945 , mostly as political refugees or as prisoners of war , and for most of them it would take many months or several years before they were able to return . However , on 30 April 1945 a group of thirty men – the so-called Ulbricht Group – arrived from Moscow by plane in Berlin , keen to waste no time in implementing their project for the Soviet occupation zone , a large central chunk of what had previously been Germany , sandwiched between the three western occupation zones and the eastern third of what had been Germany , which was now incorporated into Poland , the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia . Schmidts partner , Anton Ackermann , was a leading member of that group of thirty men . Elli Schmidt herself returned to Germany in June 1945 at the same time as Wilhelm Pieck . She was still a member of the ( no longer banned ) Central Committee of the Communist Party of Germany . She and Ackermann were two of the sixteen co-signatories of the Communist Party Appeal .. . to the German people of 11 June 1945 ( still using her party pseudonym , Irene Gärtner ) . As party structures began to emerge , in July she became a member of the Secretariat of the Communist Party Central Committee , and she served during 1945/46 as head of the Communist Party Central Committees Womens Committee . She also took a leading role in the city politics of . According to one source she served as a between 1946 and 1948 . She chaired the main Womens Committee of the . During 1945/46 she was a membership of the Communist Party Leadership team ( KPD-Landesleitung ) for the Berlin region . In April 1946 a contentious merger between the Communist Party of Germany and the Social Democratic Party was implemented . It was clear that the development was intended to apply across the whole of Berlin , and it is not impossible that if matters had turned out differently it would also have extended across the British , French and American occupation zones of Germany . In the event the Socialist Unity Party ( Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands / SED ) took root only in the part of the country administered as the Soviet occupation zone . As western commentators were quick to point out , over the next few years the SED itself became the ruling party in a new kind of German one-party dictatorship . Elli Schmidt was closely engaged with the project , and was indeed , with Anton Ackermann , a co-author of Grundsätze u . Ziele der SED ( Principles and objectives of the SED ) , a programme for the new party . Between 1946 and early 1954 Schmidt served as a member of the SED Party Executive ( Partei Vorstand ) and then of the Central Committee which it quite soon became . She was also a member of the partys Central Secretariat . Between April 1946 and May 1949 , jointly with , she headed up the partys Womens Secretariat . Schmidt was a member of the executive board of the Democratic Womens League of ( East ) Germany ( Demokratischer Frauenbund Deutschlands / DFD ) from its launch in March 1947 . In 1948 she became chair of the DFDs Berlin branch . The DFD was important : it was one of several government backed mass organisations included in the Leninist political structure that the country had adopted . In order to broaden the structural support and legitimacy of the government , five mass organisations - of which the DFD was one - were allocated a quota of seats in the national parliament ( Volkskammer ) . East Germanys first general election took place in October 1950 , almost exactly one year after the country had replaced the Soviet occupation zone . Following the election , which was organised according to the infamous single-list system , the DFD was allocated 20 of the 466 seats in the chamber . In May 1949 Elli Schmidt took over from Emmy Damerius-Koenen as national chair of the DFD after Damerius-Koenen had been required to relinquish the post , officially on health grounds . In 1950 Schmidt was appointed to head up the Commission for drafting legislation on protection of mothers and children ( Kommission zur Ausarbeitung des Gesetzes über den Mütter- und Kinderschutz ) . In February 1953 she was appointed to chair the National Commission for Commerce and Welfare ( Staatliche Kommission für Handel und Versorgung ) . Along with her national role in the DFD , Schmidt was a member of the executive and council of the Womens International Democratic Federation , an international anti-fascist umbrella organisation widely viewed as a proxy for Soviet expansionism ( although the accusation has never gone entirely unchallenged ) , especially after it was obliged to remove its international head office from Paris and relocated to East Berlin . Elli Schmidt also served as a member of the Peoples Council ( Volksrat ) and of the national parliament ( Volkskammer ) which emerged from it between 1949 and 1954 . Despite being an SED member she held one of the seats allocated to the DFD . At the , held at the Werner Seelenbinder Sports Hall in East Berlin in July 1950 , Elli Schmidt was elected a candidate for membership of the Politburo of the Central Committee . The uprising and its aftermath . The uprising of 17 June 1953 involved more than one million people in about 700 localities . The street protests were suppressed very quickly , partly thanks to the unhestitating fraternal intervention on behalf of the forces of law and order by Soviet troops . These had been present in considerable numbers in East Germany since before the countrys launch back in October 1949 . The East German leadership , already unsettled by the ( barely discernible on East German streets ) winds of change emanating from Moscow since the death of Stalin in March 1953 , suffered a crisis of confidence the extent of which has only gradually become apparent to outsiders . At least 21 people had been killed Many estimates set the number of fatalities at a far higher level . In July 1953 a dramatic politburo meeting took place , lasting through most of a long night . A number of comrades were still sufficiently shaken up by the June events to depart from their customary discretion , and openly to voice their criticisms of the Central Committee First Secretary . Although she was still only a candidate for membership , Elli Schmidt attended the meeting and was indeed one of the most forthright participants . Of the thirteen present , eleven called on Walter Ulbricht to resign . Only two spoke out in support of Ulbricht : and Ulbrichts protégé , Erich Honecker . Comrade Elli Schmidt blamed herself for having glossed over conditions [ in the country ] which it was a crime to have glossed over . The whole spirit of out party is torn asunder . The quick fixes , the lies , the running away from peoples worries , the threats , the boastings - that has brought us to this point : for that , dear Walter , you bear more culpability than anyone , and that is what you will not admit , that without all that June 17 would never have happened . Records of politburo meetings were not published , and Elli Schmidts remarkable outburst only became public in June 1990 , thanks to the disclosure of eyewitness testimony provided in records kept by another politburo member , Friedrich Ebert Jr. , who as the son of Germanys first ( socialist ) president always enjoyed a certain enduring untouchability within East Germanys ruling establishment . Even if details of that politburo meeting were at that time not widely known outside the politburo , it was no secret that Elli Schmidt was a supporter of the position taken Wilhelm Zaisser and Rudolf Herrnstadt , two senior Central Committee members known to be uneasy about the extent of the links between the SED and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . We are not creating the Bolshevik Party , Herrnstadt had insisted ( apparently to little effect ) as far back as 1948 , but a very specific German party of the new type under certain historical conditions . In any imminent power struggle within the East German establishment it could therefore be assumed that the influence of the Communist Party in Moscow would be exerted in opposition to the Zaisser-Herrnstadt partnership . Ulbricht was Moscows man and Ulbricht had long since mastered the applications of political power . Zaisser and Herrnstadt were removed from the Central Committee in July 1953 and then , six months later , excluded from the party in January 1954 . Elli Schmidt , as a prominent supporter of them both , received a formal Central Committee reprimand and was removed from the Central Committee in January 1954 . Elections to the politburo took place on 26 July 1953 , but it turned out that Elli Schmidts name no longer even appeared on the list of candidates for membership . She was removed from her leadership role in the DFD in September 1953 . Interestingly , however , she was never expelled from the party and her fall from grace was less total ( and less permanent ) than that suffered by Zaisser and Herrnstadt . After politics . Between 1954 and 1967 Elli Schmidt worked as director of the Institut für Bekleidungskultur ( loosely , Institute for Clothing Culture - later renamed as the German Fashion Institute ) . The Central Committee rehabilitated her formally on 29 July 1956 . After she retired in 1966 or 1967 she continued to live in East Berlin , which is where she died in 1980 .
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What was the residence of Elli Schmidt from 1945 to 1946?
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/wiki/Elli_Schmidt#P551#4
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Elli Schmidt Elli Schmidt ( 9 August 1908 – 30 July 1980 ) was a German communist political activist with links to Moscow , where as a young woman she spent most of the war years . She returned in 1945 to what later ( in 1949 ) became the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) where she pursued a successful political career till her fall from grace : that came as part of a wider clear out of comrades critical of the national leadership in the aftermath of the 1953 uprising . She was formally rehabilitated on 29 July 1956 , but never returned to mainstream politics . In 1948 Schmidt became the first head of the Democratic Womens League ( Demokratischer Frauenbund Deutschlands / DFD ) , one of several government backed mass organisations included in the highly centralised power structure then being developed for the country . Between 1950 and 1954 she was a member of the Central Committee of the ruling Socialist Unity Party ( Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands / SED ) , but within the Central Committee she never progressed beyond the candidates list for Politburo membership . Life . Provenance and early years . Elli Schmidt was born in Berlin-Wedding , an inner city district of the German capital . Her father was a police official . She attended school locally and then , between 1922 and 1926 , undertook an apprenticeship in dressmaking . She worked in various Berlin fashion houses during the 1920s , and continued to be employed in the sector till 1932 . She joined the in 1926 and the Young Communists in 1927 . In or before 1929 she became a member of the Communist Party itself . She was a member of the local party leadership team ( Bezirksleitung ) for Berlin-Brandenburg between 1929 and 1932 , heading up the Womens Department within it during 1931/32 . Communist and political exile . Schmidt trained for party work at the Cominterns International Lenin School in Moscow between October 1932 and 1934 . While she was abroad , in January 1933 the National Socialists took power and lost no time in transforming Germany into a one-party dictatorship . By the time she returned home in the Autumn 1934 the Communist Party had been banned and political activity in support of it was illegal . Many comrades had been arrested or fled abroad , and one source describes as illegal her action in returning to Germany . She continued to work illegally in Germany till 1937 . In 1934 she was appointed policy-leader and trades union instructor for the underground party operation in the Lower Rhine Region ( Bezirk Niederrhein ) . In 1935 , according to one source , she even took on the leadership of the underground Communist Party for Berlin . During July/August 1935 she took part in the World Congress of the Comintern ( which was held in Moscow ) . She also participated in the German Communist Partys in October of that year . At the Brussels Conference she was elected to the partys Central Committee , remaining a member till the party itself was replaced in 1946 . During the National Socialist years she was identified by a party pseudonym as Irene Gärtner . There are indications that she was the only woman to be a member of the central committee during this period . She had to flee to Prague in 1937 , and from there moved on to Paris where she worked as a member of the Central Committee Secretariat with the German party leadership in exile between 1937 and 1940 . In 1940 Schmidt was one of the political refugees who transferred from Paris to Moscow : she remained in the Soviet Union till 1945 . When the German launched their invasion in June 1941 she was evacuated to the spa settlement of Lesnoi ( Krasnye Baki ) on the Vetluga River , returning to Moscow in 1942 after the crisis had peaked . At one stage she worked for Inradio . Then from Autumn 1942 she was working with the special German Peoples Radio ( Deutscher Volkssender ) German-language radio service , later becoming womens editor on it . She also worked with the National Committee for a Free Germany , which was increasingly involved in planning and documenting the plans for the postwar period . Anton Ackermann . According to one source , during her time in Moscow Elli Schmidt began to live with the comrade generally identified by his party pseudonym as Anton Ackermann , a leading member of the team that would embark on a carefully choreographed nation building programme under the leadership of Walter Ulbricht in the Soviet occupation zone after April 1945 . Elsewhere it is stated that the two of them were married back in 1935 when they met as a result of their work in the Comecon . In any event , the two of them lived together as man and wife till 1949 , by which time it appears they had at some point formally married . The marriage produced two children , born approximately in 1941 and 1948 respectively . Mainstream politician after the war in the Soviet occupation zone / German Democratic Republic . Hundreds of thousands of Germans had ended up deep inside in the Soviet Union by the time the war ended in May 1945 , mostly as political refugees or as prisoners of war , and for most of them it would take many months or several years before they were able to return . However , on 30 April 1945 a group of thirty men – the so-called Ulbricht Group – arrived from Moscow by plane in Berlin , keen to waste no time in implementing their project for the Soviet occupation zone , a large central chunk of what had previously been Germany , sandwiched between the three western occupation zones and the eastern third of what had been Germany , which was now incorporated into Poland , the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia . Schmidts partner , Anton Ackermann , was a leading member of that group of thirty men . Elli Schmidt herself returned to Germany in June 1945 at the same time as Wilhelm Pieck . She was still a member of the ( no longer banned ) Central Committee of the Communist Party of Germany . She and Ackermann were two of the sixteen co-signatories of the Communist Party Appeal .. . to the German people of 11 June 1945 ( still using her party pseudonym , Irene Gärtner ) . As party structures began to emerge , in July she became a member of the Secretariat of the Communist Party Central Committee , and she served during 1945/46 as head of the Communist Party Central Committees Womens Committee . She also took a leading role in the city politics of . According to one source she served as a between 1946 and 1948 . She chaired the main Womens Committee of the . During 1945/46 she was a membership of the Communist Party Leadership team ( KPD-Landesleitung ) for the Berlin region . In April 1946 a contentious merger between the Communist Party of Germany and the Social Democratic Party was implemented . It was clear that the development was intended to apply across the whole of Berlin , and it is not impossible that if matters had turned out differently it would also have extended across the British , French and American occupation zones of Germany . In the event the Socialist Unity Party ( Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands / SED ) took root only in the part of the country administered as the Soviet occupation zone . As western commentators were quick to point out , over the next few years the SED itself became the ruling party in a new kind of German one-party dictatorship . Elli Schmidt was closely engaged with the project , and was indeed , with Anton Ackermann , a co-author of Grundsätze u . Ziele der SED ( Principles and objectives of the SED ) , a programme for the new party . Between 1946 and early 1954 Schmidt served as a member of the SED Party Executive ( Partei Vorstand ) and then of the Central Committee which it quite soon became . She was also a member of the partys Central Secretariat . Between April 1946 and May 1949 , jointly with , she headed up the partys Womens Secretariat . Schmidt was a member of the executive board of the Democratic Womens League of ( East ) Germany ( Demokratischer Frauenbund Deutschlands / DFD ) from its launch in March 1947 . In 1948 she became chair of the DFDs Berlin branch . The DFD was important : it was one of several government backed mass organisations included in the Leninist political structure that the country had adopted . In order to broaden the structural support and legitimacy of the government , five mass organisations - of which the DFD was one - were allocated a quota of seats in the national parliament ( Volkskammer ) . East Germanys first general election took place in October 1950 , almost exactly one year after the country had replaced the Soviet occupation zone . Following the election , which was organised according to the infamous single-list system , the DFD was allocated 20 of the 466 seats in the chamber . In May 1949 Elli Schmidt took over from Emmy Damerius-Koenen as national chair of the DFD after Damerius-Koenen had been required to relinquish the post , officially on health grounds . In 1950 Schmidt was appointed to head up the Commission for drafting legislation on protection of mothers and children ( Kommission zur Ausarbeitung des Gesetzes über den Mütter- und Kinderschutz ) . In February 1953 she was appointed to chair the National Commission for Commerce and Welfare ( Staatliche Kommission für Handel und Versorgung ) . Along with her national role in the DFD , Schmidt was a member of the executive and council of the Womens International Democratic Federation , an international anti-fascist umbrella organisation widely viewed as a proxy for Soviet expansionism ( although the accusation has never gone entirely unchallenged ) , especially after it was obliged to remove its international head office from Paris and relocated to East Berlin . Elli Schmidt also served as a member of the Peoples Council ( Volksrat ) and of the national parliament ( Volkskammer ) which emerged from it between 1949 and 1954 . Despite being an SED member she held one of the seats allocated to the DFD . At the , held at the Werner Seelenbinder Sports Hall in East Berlin in July 1950 , Elli Schmidt was elected a candidate for membership of the Politburo of the Central Committee . The uprising and its aftermath . The uprising of 17 June 1953 involved more than one million people in about 700 localities . The street protests were suppressed very quickly , partly thanks to the unhestitating fraternal intervention on behalf of the forces of law and order by Soviet troops . These had been present in considerable numbers in East Germany since before the countrys launch back in October 1949 . The East German leadership , already unsettled by the ( barely discernible on East German streets ) winds of change emanating from Moscow since the death of Stalin in March 1953 , suffered a crisis of confidence the extent of which has only gradually become apparent to outsiders . At least 21 people had been killed Many estimates set the number of fatalities at a far higher level . In July 1953 a dramatic politburo meeting took place , lasting through most of a long night . A number of comrades were still sufficiently shaken up by the June events to depart from their customary discretion , and openly to voice their criticisms of the Central Committee First Secretary . Although she was still only a candidate for membership , Elli Schmidt attended the meeting and was indeed one of the most forthright participants . Of the thirteen present , eleven called on Walter Ulbricht to resign . Only two spoke out in support of Ulbricht : and Ulbrichts protégé , Erich Honecker . Comrade Elli Schmidt blamed herself for having glossed over conditions [ in the country ] which it was a crime to have glossed over . The whole spirit of out party is torn asunder . The quick fixes , the lies , the running away from peoples worries , the threats , the boastings - that has brought us to this point : for that , dear Walter , you bear more culpability than anyone , and that is what you will not admit , that without all that June 17 would never have happened . Records of politburo meetings were not published , and Elli Schmidts remarkable outburst only became public in June 1990 , thanks to the disclosure of eyewitness testimony provided in records kept by another politburo member , Friedrich Ebert Jr. , who as the son of Germanys first ( socialist ) president always enjoyed a certain enduring untouchability within East Germanys ruling establishment . Even if details of that politburo meeting were at that time not widely known outside the politburo , it was no secret that Elli Schmidt was a supporter of the position taken Wilhelm Zaisser and Rudolf Herrnstadt , two senior Central Committee members known to be uneasy about the extent of the links between the SED and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . We are not creating the Bolshevik Party , Herrnstadt had insisted ( apparently to little effect ) as far back as 1948 , but a very specific German party of the new type under certain historical conditions . In any imminent power struggle within the East German establishment it could therefore be assumed that the influence of the Communist Party in Moscow would be exerted in opposition to the Zaisser-Herrnstadt partnership . Ulbricht was Moscows man and Ulbricht had long since mastered the applications of political power . Zaisser and Herrnstadt were removed from the Central Committee in July 1953 and then , six months later , excluded from the party in January 1954 . Elli Schmidt , as a prominent supporter of them both , received a formal Central Committee reprimand and was removed from the Central Committee in January 1954 . Elections to the politburo took place on 26 July 1953 , but it turned out that Elli Schmidts name no longer even appeared on the list of candidates for membership . She was removed from her leadership role in the DFD in September 1953 . Interestingly , however , she was never expelled from the party and her fall from grace was less total ( and less permanent ) than that suffered by Zaisser and Herrnstadt . After politics . Between 1954 and 1967 Elli Schmidt worked as director of the Institut für Bekleidungskultur ( loosely , Institute for Clothing Culture - later renamed as the German Fashion Institute ) . The Central Committee rehabilitated her formally on 29 July 1956 . After she retired in 1966 or 1967 she continued to live in East Berlin , which is where she died in 1980 .
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Which employer did Howard Zinn work for from 1956 to 1963?
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Howard Zinn Howard Zinn ( August 24 , 1922January 27 , 2010 ) was an American historian , playwright , philosopher and socialist thinker . He was chair of the history and social sciences department at Spelman College , and a political science professor at Boston University . Zinn wrote over 20 books , including his best-selling and influential A Peoples History of the United States in 1980 . In 2007 , he published a version of it for younger readers , A Young Peoples History of the United States . Zinn described himself as something of an anarchist , something of a socialist . Maybe a democratic socialist . He wrote extensively about the civil rights movement , the anti-war movement and labor history of the United States . His memoir , You Cant Be Neutral on a Moving Train ( Beacon Press , 2002 ) , was also the title of a about Zinns life and work . Zinn died of a heart attack in 2010 , at age 87 . Life and career . Early life . Zinn was born to a Jewish immigrant family in Brooklyn on August 24 , 1922 . His father , Eddie Zinn , born in Austria-Hungary , immigrated to the U.S . with his brother Samuel before the outbreak of World War I . His mother , Jenny ( Rabinowitz ) Zinn , emigrated from the Eastern Siberian city of Irkutsk . His parents first became acquainted as workers at the same factory . His father worked as a ditch digger and window cleaner during the Great Depression . His father and mother ran a neighborhood candy store for a brief time , barely getting by . For many years , his father was in the waiters union and worked as a waiter for weddings and bar mitzvahs . Both parents were factory workers with limited education when they met and married , and there were no books or magazines in the series of apartments where they raised their children . Zinns parents introduced him to literature by sending 10 cents plus a coupon to the New York Post for each of the 20 volumes of Charles Dickens collected works . As a young man , Zinn made the acquaintance of several young Communists from his Brooklyn neighborhood . They invited him to a political rally being held in Times Square . Despite it being a peaceful rally , mounted police charged the marchers . Zinn was hit and knocked unconscious . This would have a profound effect on his political and social outlook . He also studied creative writing at Thomas Jefferson High School in a special program established by principal and poet Elias Lieberman . Zinn initially opposed entry into World War II , influenced by his friends , by the results of the Nye Committee , and by his ongoing reading . However , these feelings shifted as he learned more about fascism and its rise in Europe . The book Sawdust Caesar had a particularly large impact through its depiction of Mussolini . Thus , after graduating from high school in 1940 , Zinn took the Civil Service exam and became an apprentice shipfitter in the New York Navy Yard at the age of 18 . Concerns about low wages and hazardous working conditions compelled Zinn and several other apprentices to form the Apprentice Association . At the time , apprentices were excluded from trade unions and thus had little bargaining power , to which the Apprentice Association was their answer . The head organizers of the association , which included Zinn himself , would meet once a week outside of work to discuss strategy and read books that at the time were considered radical . Zinn was the Activities Director for the group . His time in this group would tremendously influence his political views and created for him an appreciation for unions . World War II . Eager to fight fascism , Zinn joined the United States Army Air Forces during World War II and became an officer . He was assigned as a bombardier in the 490th Bombardment Group , bombing targets in Berlin , Czechoslovakia , and Hungary . As bombardier , Zinn dropped napalm bombs in April 1945 on Royan , a seaside resort in western France . The anti-war stance Zinn developed later was informed , in part , by his experiences . On a post-doctoral research mission nine years later , Zinn visited the resort near Bordeaux where he interviewed residents , reviewed municipal documents , and read wartime newspaper clippings at the local library . In 1966 , Zinn returned to Royan after which he gave his fullest account of that research in his book , The Politics of History . On the ground , Zinn learned that the aerial bombing attacks in which he participated had killed more than a thousand French civilians as well as some German soldiers hiding near Royan to await the wars end , events that are described in all accounts he found as une tragique erreur that leveled a small but ancient city and its population that was , at least officially , friend , not foe . In The Politics of History , Zinn described how the bombing was ordered—three weeks before the war in Europe ended—by military officials who were , in part , motivated more by the desire for their own career advancement than in legitimate military objectives . He quotes the official history of the U.S . Army Air Forces brief reference to the Eighth Air Force attack on Royan and also , in the same chapter , to the bombing of Plzeň in what was then Czechoslovakia . The official history stated that the Skoda works in Pilsen received 500 well-placed tons , and that because of a warning sent out ahead of time the workers were able to escape , except for five persons.The Americans received a rapturous welcome when they liberated the city . Zinn wrote:I recalled flying on that mission , too , as deputy lead bombardier , and that we did not aim specifically at the Skoda works ( which I would have noted , because it was the one target in Czechoslovakia I had read about ) but dropped our bombs , without much precision , on the city of Pilsen . Two Czech citizens who lived in Pilsen at the time told me , recently , that several hundred people were killed in that raid ( that is , Czechs ) —not five . Zinn said his experience as a wartime bombardier , combined with his research into the reasons for , and effects of the bombing of Royan and Pilsen , sensitized him to the ethical dilemmas faced by G.I.s during wartime . Zinn questioned the justifications for military operations that inflicted massive civilian casualties during the Allied bombing of cities such as Dresden , Royan , Tokyo , and Hiroshima and Nagasaki in World War II , Hanoi during the War in Vietnam , and Baghdad during the war in Iraq and the civilian casualties during bombings in Afghanistan during the current war there . In his pamphlet , Hiroshima : Breaking the Silence written in 1995 , he laid out the case against targeting civilians with aerial bombing . Six years later , he wrote:Recall that in the midst of the Gulf War , the U.S . military bombed an air raid shelter , killing 400 to 500 men , women , and children who were huddled to escape bombs . The claim was that it was a military target , housing a communications center , but reporters going through the ruins immediately afterward said there was no sign of anything like that . I suggest that the history of bombing—and no one has bombed more than this nation—is a history of endless atrocities , all calmly explained by deceptive and deadly language like accident , military target , and collateral damage . Education . After World War II , Zinn attended New York University on the GI Bill , graduating with a B.A . in 1951 . At Columbia University , he earned an M.A . ( 1952 ) and a Ph.D . in history with a minor in political science ( 1958 ) . His masters thesis examined the Colorado coal strikes of 1914 . His doctoral dissertation LaGuardia in Congress was a study of Fiorello LaGuardias congressional career , and it depicted the conscience of the twenties as LaGuardia fought for public power , the right to strike , and the redistribution of wealth by taxation . His specific legislative program , Zinn wrote , was an astonishingly accurate preview of the New Deal . It was published by the Cornell University Press for the American Historical Association . LaGuardia in Congress was nominated for the American Historical Associations Beveridge Prize as the best English-language book on American history . His professors at Columbia included Harry Carman , Henry Steele Commager , and David Donald . But it was Columbia historian Richard Hofstadters The American Political Tradition that made the most lasting impression . Zinn regularly included it in his lists of recommended readings , and , after Barack Obama was elected President of the United States , Zinn wrote , If Richard Hofstadter were adding to his book The American Political Tradition , in which he found both conservative and liberal Presidents , both Democrats and Republicans , maintaining for dear life the two critical characteristics of the American system , nationalism and capitalism , Obama would fit the pattern . In 1960–61 , Zinn was a post-doctoral fellow in East Asian Studies at Harvard University . Academic career . Zinn was professor of history at Spelman College in Atlanta from 1956 to 1963 , and visiting professor at both the University of Paris and University of Bologna . At the end of the academic year in 1963 , Zinn was fired from Spelman for insubordination . His dismissal came from Dr . Albert Manley , the first African-American president of that college , who felt Zinn was radicalizing Spelman students . In 1964 , he accepted a position at Boston University ( BU ) , after writing two books and participating in the Civil Rights Movement in the South . His classes in civil liberties were among the most popular at the university with as many as 400 students subscribing each semester to the non-required class . A professor of political science , he taught at BU for 24 years and retired in 1988 at age 66 . He had a deep sense of fairness and justice for the underdog . But he always kept his sense of humor . He was a happy warrior , said Caryl Rivers , journalism professor at BU . Rivers and Zinn were among a group of faculty members who in 1979 defended the right of the schools clerical workers to strike and were threatened with dismissal after refusing to cross a picket line . Zinn came to believe that the point of view expressed in traditional history books was often limited . Biographer Martin Duberman noted that when he was asked directly if he was a Marxist , Zinn replied , Yes , Im something of a Marxist . He especially was influenced by the liberating vision of the young Marx in overcoming alienation , and disliked what he perceived to be Marxs later dogmatism . In later life he moved more toward anarchism . He wrote a history text , A Peoples History of the United States , to provide other perspectives on American history . The book depicts the struggles of Native Americans against European and U.S . conquest and expansion , slaves against slavery , unionists and other workers against capitalists , women against patriarchy , and African-Americans for civil rights . The book was a finalist for the National Book Award in 1981 . In the years since the first edition of A Peoples History was published in 1980 , it has been used as an alternative to standard textbooks in many college history courses , and it is one of the most widely known examples of critical pedagogy . The New York Times Book Review stated in 2006 that the book routinely sells more than 100,000 copies a year . In 2004 , Zinn published Voices of a Peoples History of the United States with Anthony Arnove . Voices is a sourcebook of speeches , articles , essays , poetry and song lyrics by the people themselves whose stories are told in A Peoples History . In 2008 , the Zinn Education Project was launched to support educators using A Peoples History of the United States as a source for middle and high school history . The project was started when a former student of Zinn , who wanted to bring Zinns lessons to students around the country , provided the financial backing to allow two other organizations , Rethinking Schools and Teaching for Change to coordinate the project . The project hosts a website with hundreds of free downloadable lesson plans to complement A Peoples History of the United States . The People Speak , released in 2010 , is a documentary movie based on A Peoples History of the United States and inspired by the lives of ordinary people who fought back against oppressive conditions over the course of the history of the United States . The film , narrated by Zinn , includes performances by Matt Damon , Morgan Freeman , Bob Dylan , Bruce Springsteen , Eddie Vedder , Viggo Mortensen , Josh Brolin , Danny Glover , Marisa Tomei , Don Cheadle , and Sandra Oh . Civil rights movement . From 1956 through 1963 , Zinn chaired the Department of History and Social Sciences at Spelman College . He participated in the Civil Rights Movement and lobbied with historian August Meier to end the practice of the Southern Historical Association of holding meetings at segregated hotels . While at Spelman , Zinn served as an adviser to the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) and wrote about sit-ins and other actions by SNCC for The Nation and Harpers . In 1964 , Beacon Press published his book . In 1964 Zinn began developing with SNCC an educational program so that the 200 volunteer SNCC civil rights workers in the South , many of whom had been in college but had dropped out , could continue with their civil rights work and at the same time be involved in an educational system . Up until then many of the volunteers had been dropping out of school so they could continue their work with SNCC . Other volunteers had not spent much time in college . The program had been endorsed by SNCC in December 1963 and was envisioned by Zinn as having a curriculum that ranged from novels to books about major currents in 20th-century world history-such as fascism , communism , and anti-colonial movements . This occurred while Zinn was in Boston . Zinn also attended an assortment of SNCC meetings in 1964 , traveling back and forth from Boston . One of those trips was to Hattiesburg , MS , in January , 1964 to participate in a SNCC voter registration drive . The local newspaper the Hattiesburg American , described the SNCC volunteers in town for the voter registration drive as outside agitators and told local blacks to ignore whatever goes on , and interfere in no way.. . At a mass meeting held during the visit to Hattiesburg , Zinn and another SNCC representative , Ella Baker , emphasized the risks that went along with their efforts , a subject probably in their minds since a well-known civil rights activist , Medgar Evers , had been murdered getting out of his car in the driveway of his home in Jackson , MS only 6 months earlier . Evers had been the state field secretary for the NAACP . Zinn was also involved in what became known as Freedom Summer in Mississippi in the summer of 1964 . Freedom Summer involved bringing 1,000 college students to Mississippi to work for the summer in various roles as civil rights activists . Part of the program involved organizing Freedom Schools . Zinns involvement included helping develop the curriculum for the Freedom Schools . Zinn was also concerned that bringing 1,000 college students to Mississippi to work as civil rights activists could lead to violence and killings . As a consequence , Zinn recommended approaching Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett and President Lyndon Johnson to request protection for the young civil rights volunteers . Protection was not forthcoming . Planning for the summer went forward under the umbrella of SNCC , the Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) and the Council of Federated Organizations ( COFO ) . On June 20 , 1964 , just as civil rights activists were beginning to arrive in Mississippi , a Neshoba County sheriffs deputy pulled over a car for a traffic violation and then arrested and took into custody the three young civil rights activists in the car , James Chaney , Andrew Goodman , and Michael Schwerner . After being arrested , all three were then released and apparently began heading back to nearby Meridian , only to be pulled over by two carloads of KKK ( Ku Klux Klan ) members . None of the three was heard from again until their bodies were found in an earthen dam two months later . They had been murdered and the only black among the three , James Chaney , had been mutilated . Zinn and other representatives of SNCC attended a later memorial service for the three murdered civil rights workers . The service was held at the ruins of the Mount Zion Baptist Church , the burning of which Chaney , Goodman , and Schwerner had gone to investigate before they were pulled over and arrested in Neshoba County . Zinn collaborated with historian Staughton Lynd mentoring student activists , among them Alice Walker , who would later write The Color Purple , and Marian Wright Edelman , founder and president of the Childrens Defense Fund . Edelman identified Zinn as a major influence in her life and , in that same journal article , tells of his accompanying students to a sit-in at the segregated white section of the Georgia state legislature . Zinn also co-wrote a column in The Boston Globe with fellow activist Eric Mann , Left Field Stands . Although Zinn was a tenured professor , he was dismissed in June 1963 after siding with students in the struggle against segregation . As Zinn described in The Nation , though Spelman administrators prided themselves for turning out refined young ladies , its students were likely to be found on the picket line , or in jail for participating in the greater effort to break down segregation in public places in Atlanta . Zinns years at Spelman are recounted in his autobiography You Cant Be Neutral on a Moving Train : A Personal History of Our Times . His seven years at Spelman College , Zinn said , are probably the most interesting , exciting , most educational years for me . I learned more from my students than my students learned from me . While living in Georgia , Zinn wrote that he observed 30 violations of the First and Fourteenth amendments to the United States Constitution in Albany , Georgia , including the rights to freedom of speech , freedom of assembly and equal protection under the law . In an article on the civil rights movement in Albany , Zinn described the people who participated in the Freedom Rides to end segregation , and the reluctance of President John F . Kennedy to enforce the law . Zinn said that the Justice Department under Robert F . Kennedy and the Federal Bureau of Investigation , headed by J . Edgar Hoover , did little or nothing to stop the segregationists from brutalizing civil rights workers . Zinn wrote about the struggle for civil rights , as both participant and historian . His second book , The Southern Mystique , was published in 1964 , the same year as his SNCC : The New Abolitionists in which he describes how the sit-ins against segregation were initiated by students and , in that sense , were independent of the efforts of the older , more established civil rights organizations . In 2005 , forty-one years after he was sacked from Spelman , Zinn returned to the college where he was given an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters . He delivered the commencement address titled , Against Discouragement and said that the lesson of that history is that you must not despair , that if you are right , and you persist , things will change . The government may try to deceive the people , and the newspapers and television may do the same , but the truth has a way of coming out . The truth has a power greater than a hundred lies . Anti-war efforts . Zinn wrote one of the earliest books calling for the U.S . withdrawal from its war in Vietnam . Vietnam : The Logic of Withdrawal was published by Beacon Press in 1967 based on his articles in Commonweal , The Nation , and Ramparts . In the opinion of Noam Chomsky , The Logic of Withdrawal was Zinns most important book:He was the first person to say—loudly , publicly , very persuasively—that this simply has to stop ; we should get out , period , no conditions ; we have no right to be there ; its an act of aggression ; pull out . It was so surprising at the time that there wasnt even a review of the book . In fact , he asked me if I would review it in Ramparts just so that people would know about the book . In December 1969 , radical historians tried unsuccessfully to persuade the American Historical Association to pass an anti-Vietnam War resolution . A debacle unfolded as Harvard historian ( and AHA president in 1968 ) John Fairbank literally wrestled the microphone from Zinns hands . In later years , Zinn was an adviser to the Disarm Education Fund . Vietnam . Zinns diplomatic visit to Hanoi with Reverend Daniel Berrigan , during the Tet Offensive in January 1968 , resulted in the return of three American airmen , the first American POWs released by the North Vietnamese since the U.S . bombing of that nation had begun . The event was widely reported in the news media and discussed in a variety of books including Who Spoke Up ? American Protest Against the War in Vietnam 1963–1975 by Nancy Zaroulis and Gerald Sullivan . Zinn and the Berrigan brothers , Dan and Philip , remained friends and allies over the years . Also in January 1968 , he signed the Writers and Editors War Tax Protest pledge , vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the war . Daniel Ellsberg , a former RAND consultant who had secretly copied The Pentagon Papers , which described the history of the United States military involvement in Southeast Asia , gave a copy to Howard and Roslyn Zinn . Along with Noam Chomsky , Zinn edited and annotated the copy of The Pentagon Papers that Senator Mike Gravel read into the Congressional Record and that was subsequently published by Beacon Press . Announced on August 17 and published on October 10 , 1971 , this four-volume , relatively expensive set became the Senator Gravel Edition , which studies from Cornell University and the Annenberg Center for Communication have labeled as the most complete edition of the Pentagon Papers to be published . The Gravel Edition was edited and annotated by Noam Chomsky and Howard Zinn , and included an additional volume of analytical articles on the origins and progress of the war , also edited by Chomsky and Zinn . Beacon Press became the subject of an FBI investigation , an outgrowth of which was Gravel v . United States in which the U.S . Supreme Court ruled in June 1972 that the Speech or Debate Clause in the US Constitution did grant immunity to Gravel for his reading the papers in his subcommittee , and did grant some immunity to Gravels congressional aide , but granted no immunity to Beacon Press in relation to its publishing the same papers . Zinn testified as an expert witness at Ellsbergs criminal trial for theft , conspiracy , and espionage in connection with the publication of the Pentagon Papers by The New York Times . Defense attorneys asked Zinn to explain to the jury the history of U.S . involvement in Vietnam from World War II through 1963 . Zinn discussed that history for several hours , and later reflected on his time before the jury . I explained there was nothing in the papers of military significance that could be used to harm the defense of the United States , that the information in them was simply embarrassing to our government because what was revealed , in the governments own interoffice memos , was how it had lied to the American public . .. . The secrets disclosed in the Pentagon Papers might embarrass politicians , might hurt the profits of corporations wanting tin , rubber , oil , in far-off places . But this was not the same as hurting the nation , the people . Most of the jurors later said that they voted for acquittal . However , the federal judge who presided over the case dismissed it on grounds it had been tainted by the Nixon administrations burglary of the office of Ellsbergs psychiatrist . Zinns testimony on the motivation for government secrecy was confirmed in 1989 by Erwin Griswold , who as U.S . solicitor general during the Nixon administration sued The New York Times in the Pentagon Papers case in 1971 to stop publication . Griswold persuaded three Supreme Court justices to vote to stop The New York Times from continuing to publish the Pentagon Papers , an order known as prior restraint that has been held to be illegal under the First Amendment to the U.S . Constitution . The papers were simultaneously published in The Washington Post , effectively nullifying the effect of the prior restraint order . In 1989 , Griswold admitted there had been no national security damage resulting from publication . In a column in the Washington Post , Griswold wrote : It quickly becomes apparent to any person who has considerable experience with classified material that there is massive over-classification and that the principal concern of the classifiers is not with national security , but with governmental embarrassment of one sort or another . Zinn supported the G.I . anti-war movement during the U.S . war in Vietnam . In the 2001 film , Zinn provides a historical context for the 1971 anti-war march by Vietnam Veterans against the War . The marchers traveled from Bunker Hill near Boston to Lexington , Massachusetts , which retraced Paul Reveres ride of 1775 and ended in the massive arrest of 410 veterans and civilians by the Lexington police . The film depicts scenes from the 1971 Winter Soldier hearings , during which former G.I.s testified about atrocities they either participated in or said they had witnessed committed by U.S . forces in Vietnam . Iraq . Zinn opposed the 2003 invasion and occupation of Iraq and wrote several books about it . In an interview with The Brooklyn Rail he said , We certainly should not be initiating a war , as its not a clear and present danger to the United States , or in fact , to anyone around it . If it were , then the states around Iraq would be calling for a war on it . The Arab states around Iraq are opposed to the war , and if anyones in danger from Iraq , they are . At the same time , the U.S . is violating the U.N . charter by initiating a war on Iraq . Bush made a big deal about the number of resolutions Iraq has violated—and its true , Iraq has not abided by the resolutions of the Security Council . But its not the first nation to violate Security Council resolutions . Israel has violated Security Council resolutions every year since 1967 . Now , however , the U.S . is violating a fundamental principle of the U.N . Charter , which is that nations cant initiate a war—they can only do so after being attacked . And Iraq has not attacked us . He asserted that the U.S . would end Gulf War II when resistance within the military increased in the same way resistance within the military contributed to ending the U.S . war in Vietnam . Zinn compared the demand by a growing number of contemporary U.S . military families to end the war in Iraq to parallel demands in the Confederacy in the Civil War , when the wives of soldiers rioted because their husbands were dying and the plantation owners were profiting from the sale of cotton , refusing to grow grains for civilians to eat . Zinn believed that U.S . President George W . Bush and followers of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi , the former leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq , who was personally responsible for beheadings and numerous attacks designed to cause civil war in Iraq , should be considered moral equivalents . Jean-Christophe Agnew , Professor of History and American Studies at Yale University , told the Yale Daily News in May 2007 that Zinns historical work is highly influential and widely used . He observed that it is not unusual for prominent professors such as Zinn to weigh in on current events , citing a resolution opposing the war in Iraq that was recently ratified by the American Historical Association . Agnew added : In these moments of crisis , when the country is split—so historians are split . Socialism . Zinn described himself as something of an anarchist , something of a socialist . Maybe a democratic socialist . He suggested looking at socialism in its full historical context as a popular , positive idea that got a bad name from its association with Soviet Communism . In Madison , Wisconsin , in 2009 , Zinn said : FBI files . On July 30 , 2010 , a Freedom of Information Act ( FOIA ) request resulted in the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) releasing a file with 423 pages of information on Howard Zinns life and activities . During the height of McCarthyism in 1949 , the FBI first opened a domestic security investigation on Zinn ( FBI File # 100-360217 ) , based on Zinns activities in what the agency considered to be communist front groups , such as the American Labor Party , and informant reports that Zinn was an active member of the Communist Party of the United States ( CPUSA ) . Zinn denied ever being a member and said that he had participated in the activities of various organizations which might be considered Communist fronts , but that his participation was motivated by his belief that in this country people had the right to believe , think , and act according to their own ideals . According to journalist Chris Hedges , Zinn steadfastly refused to cooperate in the anti-communist witchhunts in the 1950s . Later in the 1960s , as a result of Zinns campaigning against the Vietnam War and his communicating with Martin Luther King Jr . ( Prior to disavowing any communication with communists ) the FBI designated him a high security risk to the country by adding him to the Security Index , a listing of American citizens who could be summarily arrested if a state of emergency were to be declared . The FBI memos also show that they were concerned with Zinns repeated criticism of the FBI for failing to protect blacks against white mob violence . Zinns daughter said she was not surprised by the files ; He always knew they had a file on him . Personal life . Zinn married Roslyn Shechter in 1944 . They remained married until her death in 2008 . They had a daughter , Myla , and a son , Jeff . Myla is the wife of mindfulness instructor Jon Kabat-Zinn . Death . Zinn was swimming in a hotel pool when he died of an apparent heart attack in Santa Monica , California , on January 27 , 2010 , at age 87 . He had been scheduled to speak at Crossroads School and Santa Monica Museum of Art for an event titled A Collection of Ideas.. . the People Speak . In one of his last interviews , Zinn stated that he would like to be remembered for introducing a different way of thinking about the world , about war , about human rights , about equality , and for getting more people to realize that the power which rests so far in the hands of people with wealth and guns , that the power ultimately rests in people themselves and that they can use it . At certain points in history , they have used it . Black people in the South used it . People in the womens movement used it . People in the anti-war movement used it . People in other countries who have overthrown tyrannies have used it . He said he wanted to be known as somebody who gave people a feeling of hope and power that they didnt have before . Notable recognition . - 2008 Howard Zinn was selected as a special senior advisor to Miguel dEscoto Brockmann , the president of the United Nations General Assembly 63rd session . - Established by a former Boston University student of Zinns and two nonprofit organizations ( Rethinking Schools and Teaching for Change ) while he was alive , the Zinn Education Project is Howard Zinns legacy to middle- and high-school teachers and their students . The project offers classroom teachers free lessons based on A Peoples History of the United States and like-minded history texts . Awards . In 1991 the Thomas Merton Center for Peace and Social Justice in Pittsburgh awarded Zinn the Thomas Merton Award for his activism and work on national and international issues that transform our world . For his leadership in the Peace Movement , Zinn received the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award in 1996 . In 1998 he received the Eugene V . Debs Award , the Firecracker Alternative Booksellers Award in the Politics category for The Zinn Reader : Writings on Disobedience and Democracy , and the Lannan Literary Award for nonfiction . The following year he won the Upton Sinclair Award , which honors those whose work illustrates an abiding commitment to social justice and equality . In 2003 , Zinn was awarded the Prix des Amis du Monde diplomatique for the French version of his seminal work , Une histoire populaire des Etats-Unis . On October 5 , 2006 , Zinn received the Havens Center Award for Lifetime Contribution to Critical Scholarship in Madison , Wisconsin . Controversy and critiques . In July 2013 , the Associated Press revealed that Mitch Daniels , when he was the sitting Republican Governor of Indiana , asked for assurance from his education advisors that Zinns works were not taught in K–12 public schools in the state . The AP had gained access to Daniels emails under a Freedom of Information Act request . Daniels also wanted a cleanup of K–12 professional development courses to eliminate propaganda and highlight ( if there is any ) the more useful offerings . In one of the emails , Daniels expressed contempt for Zinn upon his death : At the time the emails were released , Daniels was serving as the president of Purdue University . In response , 90 Purdue professors issued an open letter expressing their concern . Because of Daniels attempt to remove Zinns book , the former governor was accused of censorship , to which Daniels responded by saying that his views were misrepresented , and that if Zinn were alive and a member of the Purdue faculty , he would defend his free speech rights and right to publish . But he said that would not give Zinn an entitlement to have that work foisted on school children in public schools . Stanford professor Sam Wineburg has publicly criticized Zinns research . Reviewing a critique by Wineburg , reviewer David Plotnikoff credits Wineburg for showing that A Peoples History perpetrates the same errors of historical practice as the tomes it aimed to correct , for Zinns desire to cast a light on what he saw as historic injustice was a crusade built on secondary sources of questionable provenance , omission of exculpatory evidence , leading questions and shaky connections between evidence and conclusions , for which he provides many examples . Daniel J . Flynn , an author and columnist at The American Spectator , likewise charges Zinn with presenting biased history . Michael Kazin , professor at Georgetown University , also faults Zinn , stating that A Peoples History is bad history , albeit gilded with virtuous intentions . Zinn reduces the past to a Manichean fable . In early 2017 , Arkansas Representative Kim Hendren ( R ) submitted a Bill introduced to ban Zinns books from Arkansas public schools . References in popular culture . In film . - Actors Matt Damon and Ben Affleck , who grew up near Zinn and were family friends , gave A Peoples History a plug in their Academy Award-winning screenplay for Good Will Hunting ( 1997 ) . - A Peoples History was the basis for the 2007 documentary Profit Motive and the Whispering Wind . - An interview with Zinn is featured in the documentary film Sacco and Vanzetti ( 2007 ) . - The 2010 Spanish film También la lluvia ( Even the Rain ) , depicting the struggle of the indigenous people of Bolivia against the privatization of their water supply , is dedicated to his memory . - An Interview with Zinn is featured in the documentary film I Am ( 2010 ) . - An interview with Zinn is featured in the documentary film Hit & Stay ( 2013 ) . - Zinns book A Peoples History of The United States is criticized in Dinesh DSouzas movie , , released July 3 , 2014 . - One of the characters in the coming-of-age story , Lady Bird ( 2017 ) , is seen reading Howard Zinns book A Peoples History of the United States . - A Peoples History of the United States is recommended by John Leguizamo in John Leguizamo Is Here to Explain Latino History for You . Leguizamos one-man Broadway show , John Leguizamos Latin History for Morons , is currently streaming on Netflix . In television . - A Peoples History briefly appears in The Sopranos season 4 episode Christopher . - A Peoples History briefly appears in The Simpsons episode 411 . - Who is Howard Zinn was the answer to a Jeopardy ! question on October 16 , 2017 . In music . - Rapper Brother Ali mentions Howard Zinn in his song Lookinat Me Sideways on his heralded 2007 album The Undisputed Truth . Organic vegetables , mix em with fast food Im Howard Stern meets Howard Zinn - Punk rock record label Alternative Tentacles released Apocalypse Always ! in 2002 , a compilation CD featuring many punk rock bands and a spoken word track by Zinn . - Eddie Vedders relationship with Zinn inspired the Pearl Jam song Down from the album Lost Dogs . - Musician Bruce Springsteens bleak album Nebraska was inspired in part by A Peoples History . - In the System Of A Downs Deer Dance , a song about police brutality against peaceful protest , Zinn is paraphrased in the line , We cant afford to be neutral on a moving train , and in their song A.D.D ( American Dream Denial ) from their album Steal This Album! : There is no flag large enough , to hide the shame of a man in cuffs . - Viggo Mortensen and Buckethead used snippets of one of Zinns speeches in the song What Kind of Nation from their album Intelligence Failure . - The song Franco Un-American , on the 2003 album The War on Errorism by American punk rock band NOFX , references lead singer Fat Mike reading Howard Zinn as part of learning more about the world : I never looked around , never second-guessed , then I read some Howard Zinn , now Im always depressed . - Lupe Fiasco samples part of Howard Zinns speech War and Social Justice on the Introduction track of his 2011 mixtape Friend of the People : I Fight Evil . - Rapper Vinnie Paz samples quotes from Howard Zinns speech ; You Cant Be Neutral On A Moving Train on his album released in 2012 ; God of the Serengeti on the track of the same name . In books . - Pride by Ibi Zoboi references a Howard Zinn book : What’s to tell ? He plops down in his usual spot on the recliner chair and grabs an old Howard Zinn book that he’s read a hundred times . Papi reads as if the world is running out of books . Sometimes he’s more interested in stories and history than people . Bibliography . Author . - LaGuardia in Congress ( 1959 ) . - The Southern Mystique ( 1962 ) . - ( 1964 ) . - New Deal Thought ( editor ) ( 1965 ) . - Vietnam : The Logic of Withdrawal ( 1967 ) . - Disobedience and Democracy : Nine Fallacies on Law and Order ( 1968 , re-issued 2002 ) . - The Politics of History ( 1970 ) ( 2nd edition 1990 ) . - The Pentagon Papers Senator Gravel Edition . Vol . Five . Critical Essays . Boston . Beacon Press , 1972 . 341p . plus 72p . of Index to Vol . I–IV of the Papers , Noam Chomsky , Howard Zinn , editors . . - Justice in Everyday Life : The Way It Really Works ( Editor ) ( 1974 ) . - Justice ? Eyewitness Accounts ( 1977 ) . - A Peoples History of the United States : 1492 – Present ( 1980 ) , revised ( 1995 ) ( 1998 ) ( 1999 ) ( 2003 ) ( 2004 ) ( 2005 ) ( 2010 ) . - Playbook by Maxine Klein , Lydia Sargent and Howard Zinn ( 1986 ) . - Declarations of Independence : Cross-Examining American Ideology ( 1991 ) . - A Peoples History of the United States : The Civil War to the Present Kathy Emery and Ellen Reeves , Howard Zinn ( 2003 teaching edition ) Vol . I : . Vol II : . - Failure to Quit : Reflections of an Optimistic Historian ( 1993 ) . - You Cant Be Neutral on a Moving Train : A Personal History of Our Times ( autobiography ) ( 1994 ) - A Peoples History of the United States : The Wall Charts by Howard Zinn and George Kirschner ( 1995 ) . - Hiroshima : Breaking the Silence ( pamphlet , 1995 ) . - The Zinn Reader : Writings on Disobedience and Democracy ( 1997 ) ; 2nd edition ( 2009 ) . - The Cold War & the University : Toward an Intellectual History of the Postwar Years ( Noam Chomsky ( Editor ) Authors : Ira Katznelson , R . C . Lewontin , David Montgomery , Laura Nader , Richard Ohmann , Ray Siever , Immanuel Wallerstein , Howard Zinn ( 1997 ) . - Marx in Soho : A Play on History ( 1999 ) . - The Future of History : Interviews With David Barsamian ( 1999 ) . - Howard Zinn on War ( 2000 ) . - Howard Zinn on History ( 2000 ) . - La Otra Historia De Los Estados Unidos ( 2000 ) . - Three Strikes : Miners , Musicians , Salesgirls , and the Fighting Spirit of Labors Last Century ( Dana Frank , Robin Kelley , and Howard Zinn ) ( 2002 ) . - Terrorism and War ( 2002 ) . ( interviews , Anthony Arnove ( Ed. ) ) - The Power of Nonviolence : Writings by Advocates of Peace Editor ( 2002 ) . - Emma : A Play in Two Acts About Emma Goldman , American Anarchist ( 2002 ) . - Artists in Times of War ( 2003 ) . - The 20th century : A Peoples History ( 2003 ) . - A Peoples History of the United States : Teaching Edition Abridged ( 2003 updated ) . - Passionate Declarations : Essays on War and Justice ( 2003 ) . - Iraq Under Siege , The Deadly Impact of Sanctions and War , co-author ( 2003 ) - Howard Zinn On Democratic Education Donaldo Macedo , Editor ( 2004 ) . - The People Speak : American Voices , Some Famous , Some Little Known ( 2004 ) . - Voices of a People’s History of the United States ( with Anthony Arnove , 2004 ) ; 2nd edition ( 2009 ) . - A Peoples History of the Civil War : Struggles for the Meaning of Freedom by David Williams , Howard Zinn ( Series Editor ) ( 2005 ) . - A Power Governments Cannot Suppress ( 2006 ) . - Original Zinn : Conversations on History and Politics ( 2006 ) Howard Zinn and David Barsamian . - A Peoples History of American Empire ( 2008 ) by Howard Zinn , Mike Konopacki and Paul Buhle . . - A Young Peoples History of the United States , adapted from the original text by Rebecca Stefoff ; illustrated and updated through 2006 , with new introduction and afterword by Howard Zinn ; two volumes , Seven Stories Press , New York , 2007 . - Vol . 1 : Columbus to the Spanish–American War . . - Vol . 2 : Class Struggle to the War on Terror . . - One-volume edition ( 2009 ) . - The Bomb ( City Lights Publishers , 2010 ) . - The Historic Unfulfilled Promise ( City Lights Publishers , 2012 ) . - Howard Zinn Speaks : Collected Speeches 1963-2009 ( Haymarket Books , 2012 ) . - Truth Has a Power of Its Own : Conversations About A People’s History by Howard Zinn and Ray Suarez ( The New Press , 2019 ) . Contributor . - Ars Americana Ars Politica : Partisan Expression in Contemporary American Literature and Culture . by Peter Swirski ( 2010 ) . - Admirable Radical : Staughton Lynd and Cold War Dissent , 1945–1970 ( 2010 ) , Kent State University Press by Carl Mirra . - A Gigantic Mistake by Mickey Z ( 2004 ) . - A Peoples History of the Supreme Court by Peter H . Irons ( 2000 ) . - A Political Dynasty In North Idaho , 1933–1967 by Randall Doyle ( 2004 ) . - American Political Prisoners : Prosecutions Under the Espionage and Sedition Acts by Stephen M . Kohn ( 1994 ) . - American Power and the New Mandarins by Noam Chomsky ( 2002 ) . - Broken Promises Of America : At Home And Abroad , Past And Present : An Encyclopedia For Our Times by ( Douglas F . Dowd ( 2004 ) . - Deserter From Death : Dispatches From Western Europe 1950–2000 by Daniel Singer ( 2005 ) . - Ecocide of Native America : Environmental Destruction of Indian Lands and Peoples by Donald Grinde , Bruce Johansen ( 1994 ) . - Eugene V . Debs Reader : Socialism and the Class Struggle by William A . Pelz ( 2000 ) . - From a Native Son : Selected Essays in Indigenism , 1985–1995 by Ward Churchill ( 1996 ) . - Green Parrots : A War Surgeons Diary by Gino Strada ( 2005 ) . - Hijacking Catastrophe : 9/11 , Fear And The Selling Of American Empire by Sut Jhally editor , Jeremy Earp editor ( 2004 ) . - If Youre Not a Terrorist...Then Stop Asking Questions ! by Micah Ian Wright ( 2004 ) . - Iraq : The Logic of Withdrawal by Anthony Arnove ( 2006 ) . - Impeach the President : The Case Against Bush and Cheney Dennis Loo ( Editor ) , Peter Phillips ( Editor ) , Seven Stories Press : 2006 . - Life of an Anarchist : The Alexander Berkman Reader by Alexander Berkman Gene Fellner , editor ( 2004 ) . - Long Shadows : Veterans Paths to Peace by David Giffey editor ( 2006 ) . - Masters of War : Latin America and United States Aggression from the Cuban Revolution Through the Clinton Years by Clara Nieto , Chris Brandt ( trans ) ( 2003 ) . - Peace Signs : The Anti-War Movement Illustrated by James Mann , editor ( 2004 ) . - Prayer for the Morning Headlines : On the Sanctity of Life and Death by Daniel Berrigan ( poetry ) and Adrianna Amari ( photography ) ( 2007 ) . - Silencing Political Dissent : How Post-9-11 Anti-terrorism Measures Threaten Our Civil Liberties by Nancy Chang , Center for Constitutional Rights ( 2002 ) . - Soldiers In Revolt : GI Resistance During The Vietnam War by David Cortright ( 2005 ) . - Sold to the Highest Bidder : The Presidency from Dwight D . Eisenhower to George W . Bush by Daniel M . Friedenberg ( 2002 ) . - The Autobiography of Abbie Hoffman Intro by Norman Mailer , Afterword by HZ ( 2000 ) . - The Case for Socialism by Alan Maass ( 2004 ) . - The Forging of the American Empire : From the Revolution to Vietnam , a History of U.S . Imperialism by Sidney Lens ( 2003 ) . - The Higher Law : Thoreau on Civil Disobedience and Reform by Henry David Thoreau , Wendell Glick , editor ( 2004 ) . - The Iron Heel by Jack London ( 1971 ) . - The Sixties Experience : Hard Lessons about Modern America by Edward P . Morgan ( 1992 ) . - You Back the Attack , Well Bomb Who We Want by Micah Ian Wright ( 2003 ) . - A Peoples History of the American Revolution by Ray Raphael ( 2002 ) . Howard Zinn Foreword for New Press Peoples History Series . Recordings . - A Peoples History of the United States ( 1999 ) - Artists in the Time of War ( 2002 ) - Heroes & Martyrs : Emma Goldman , Sacco & Vanzetti , and the Revolutionary Struggle ( 2000 ) - Stories Hollywood Never Tells ( 2000 ) - You Cant Blow Up A Social Relationship , CD including Zinn lectures and performances by rock band Resident Genius ( Thick Records , 2005 ) Theatre . - Emma ( 1976 ) - Daughter of Venus ( 1985 ) - Marx in Soho ( 1999 )
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Howard Zinn Howard Zinn ( August 24 , 1922January 27 , 2010 ) was an American historian , playwright , philosopher and socialist thinker . He was chair of the history and social sciences department at Spelman College , and a political science professor at Boston University . Zinn wrote over 20 books , including his best-selling and influential A Peoples History of the United States in 1980 . In 2007 , he published a version of it for younger readers , A Young Peoples History of the United States . Zinn described himself as something of an anarchist , something of a socialist . Maybe a democratic socialist . He wrote extensively about the civil rights movement , the anti-war movement and labor history of the United States . His memoir , You Cant Be Neutral on a Moving Train ( Beacon Press , 2002 ) , was also the title of a about Zinns life and work . Zinn died of a heart attack in 2010 , at age 87 . Life and career . Early life . Zinn was born to a Jewish immigrant family in Brooklyn on August 24 , 1922 . His father , Eddie Zinn , born in Austria-Hungary , immigrated to the U.S . with his brother Samuel before the outbreak of World War I . His mother , Jenny ( Rabinowitz ) Zinn , emigrated from the Eastern Siberian city of Irkutsk . His parents first became acquainted as workers at the same factory . His father worked as a ditch digger and window cleaner during the Great Depression . His father and mother ran a neighborhood candy store for a brief time , barely getting by . For many years , his father was in the waiters union and worked as a waiter for weddings and bar mitzvahs . Both parents were factory workers with limited education when they met and married , and there were no books or magazines in the series of apartments where they raised their children . Zinns parents introduced him to literature by sending 10 cents plus a coupon to the New York Post for each of the 20 volumes of Charles Dickens collected works . As a young man , Zinn made the acquaintance of several young Communists from his Brooklyn neighborhood . They invited him to a political rally being held in Times Square . Despite it being a peaceful rally , mounted police charged the marchers . Zinn was hit and knocked unconscious . This would have a profound effect on his political and social outlook . He also studied creative writing at Thomas Jefferson High School in a special program established by principal and poet Elias Lieberman . Zinn initially opposed entry into World War II , influenced by his friends , by the results of the Nye Committee , and by his ongoing reading . However , these feelings shifted as he learned more about fascism and its rise in Europe . The book Sawdust Caesar had a particularly large impact through its depiction of Mussolini . Thus , after graduating from high school in 1940 , Zinn took the Civil Service exam and became an apprentice shipfitter in the New York Navy Yard at the age of 18 . Concerns about low wages and hazardous working conditions compelled Zinn and several other apprentices to form the Apprentice Association . At the time , apprentices were excluded from trade unions and thus had little bargaining power , to which the Apprentice Association was their answer . The head organizers of the association , which included Zinn himself , would meet once a week outside of work to discuss strategy and read books that at the time were considered radical . Zinn was the Activities Director for the group . His time in this group would tremendously influence his political views and created for him an appreciation for unions . World War II . Eager to fight fascism , Zinn joined the United States Army Air Forces during World War II and became an officer . He was assigned as a bombardier in the 490th Bombardment Group , bombing targets in Berlin , Czechoslovakia , and Hungary . As bombardier , Zinn dropped napalm bombs in April 1945 on Royan , a seaside resort in western France . The anti-war stance Zinn developed later was informed , in part , by his experiences . On a post-doctoral research mission nine years later , Zinn visited the resort near Bordeaux where he interviewed residents , reviewed municipal documents , and read wartime newspaper clippings at the local library . In 1966 , Zinn returned to Royan after which he gave his fullest account of that research in his book , The Politics of History . On the ground , Zinn learned that the aerial bombing attacks in which he participated had killed more than a thousand French civilians as well as some German soldiers hiding near Royan to await the wars end , events that are described in all accounts he found as une tragique erreur that leveled a small but ancient city and its population that was , at least officially , friend , not foe . In The Politics of History , Zinn described how the bombing was ordered—three weeks before the war in Europe ended—by military officials who were , in part , motivated more by the desire for their own career advancement than in legitimate military objectives . He quotes the official history of the U.S . Army Air Forces brief reference to the Eighth Air Force attack on Royan and also , in the same chapter , to the bombing of Plzeň in what was then Czechoslovakia . The official history stated that the Skoda works in Pilsen received 500 well-placed tons , and that because of a warning sent out ahead of time the workers were able to escape , except for five persons.The Americans received a rapturous welcome when they liberated the city . Zinn wrote:I recalled flying on that mission , too , as deputy lead bombardier , and that we did not aim specifically at the Skoda works ( which I would have noted , because it was the one target in Czechoslovakia I had read about ) but dropped our bombs , without much precision , on the city of Pilsen . Two Czech citizens who lived in Pilsen at the time told me , recently , that several hundred people were killed in that raid ( that is , Czechs ) —not five . Zinn said his experience as a wartime bombardier , combined with his research into the reasons for , and effects of the bombing of Royan and Pilsen , sensitized him to the ethical dilemmas faced by G.I.s during wartime . Zinn questioned the justifications for military operations that inflicted massive civilian casualties during the Allied bombing of cities such as Dresden , Royan , Tokyo , and Hiroshima and Nagasaki in World War II , Hanoi during the War in Vietnam , and Baghdad during the war in Iraq and the civilian casualties during bombings in Afghanistan during the current war there . In his pamphlet , Hiroshima : Breaking the Silence written in 1995 , he laid out the case against targeting civilians with aerial bombing . Six years later , he wrote:Recall that in the midst of the Gulf War , the U.S . military bombed an air raid shelter , killing 400 to 500 men , women , and children who were huddled to escape bombs . The claim was that it was a military target , housing a communications center , but reporters going through the ruins immediately afterward said there was no sign of anything like that . I suggest that the history of bombing—and no one has bombed more than this nation—is a history of endless atrocities , all calmly explained by deceptive and deadly language like accident , military target , and collateral damage . Education . After World War II , Zinn attended New York University on the GI Bill , graduating with a B.A . in 1951 . At Columbia University , he earned an M.A . ( 1952 ) and a Ph.D . in history with a minor in political science ( 1958 ) . His masters thesis examined the Colorado coal strikes of 1914 . His doctoral dissertation LaGuardia in Congress was a study of Fiorello LaGuardias congressional career , and it depicted the conscience of the twenties as LaGuardia fought for public power , the right to strike , and the redistribution of wealth by taxation . His specific legislative program , Zinn wrote , was an astonishingly accurate preview of the New Deal . It was published by the Cornell University Press for the American Historical Association . LaGuardia in Congress was nominated for the American Historical Associations Beveridge Prize as the best English-language book on American history . His professors at Columbia included Harry Carman , Henry Steele Commager , and David Donald . But it was Columbia historian Richard Hofstadters The American Political Tradition that made the most lasting impression . Zinn regularly included it in his lists of recommended readings , and , after Barack Obama was elected President of the United States , Zinn wrote , If Richard Hofstadter were adding to his book The American Political Tradition , in which he found both conservative and liberal Presidents , both Democrats and Republicans , maintaining for dear life the two critical characteristics of the American system , nationalism and capitalism , Obama would fit the pattern . In 1960–61 , Zinn was a post-doctoral fellow in East Asian Studies at Harvard University . Academic career . Zinn was professor of history at Spelman College in Atlanta from 1956 to 1963 , and visiting professor at both the University of Paris and University of Bologna . At the end of the academic year in 1963 , Zinn was fired from Spelman for insubordination . His dismissal came from Dr . Albert Manley , the first African-American president of that college , who felt Zinn was radicalizing Spelman students . In 1964 , he accepted a position at Boston University ( BU ) , after writing two books and participating in the Civil Rights Movement in the South . His classes in civil liberties were among the most popular at the university with as many as 400 students subscribing each semester to the non-required class . A professor of political science , he taught at BU for 24 years and retired in 1988 at age 66 . He had a deep sense of fairness and justice for the underdog . But he always kept his sense of humor . He was a happy warrior , said Caryl Rivers , journalism professor at BU . Rivers and Zinn were among a group of faculty members who in 1979 defended the right of the schools clerical workers to strike and were threatened with dismissal after refusing to cross a picket line . Zinn came to believe that the point of view expressed in traditional history books was often limited . Biographer Martin Duberman noted that when he was asked directly if he was a Marxist , Zinn replied , Yes , Im something of a Marxist . He especially was influenced by the liberating vision of the young Marx in overcoming alienation , and disliked what he perceived to be Marxs later dogmatism . In later life he moved more toward anarchism . He wrote a history text , A Peoples History of the United States , to provide other perspectives on American history . The book depicts the struggles of Native Americans against European and U.S . conquest and expansion , slaves against slavery , unionists and other workers against capitalists , women against patriarchy , and African-Americans for civil rights . The book was a finalist for the National Book Award in 1981 . In the years since the first edition of A Peoples History was published in 1980 , it has been used as an alternative to standard textbooks in many college history courses , and it is one of the most widely known examples of critical pedagogy . The New York Times Book Review stated in 2006 that the book routinely sells more than 100,000 copies a year . In 2004 , Zinn published Voices of a Peoples History of the United States with Anthony Arnove . Voices is a sourcebook of speeches , articles , essays , poetry and song lyrics by the people themselves whose stories are told in A Peoples History . In 2008 , the Zinn Education Project was launched to support educators using A Peoples History of the United States as a source for middle and high school history . The project was started when a former student of Zinn , who wanted to bring Zinns lessons to students around the country , provided the financial backing to allow two other organizations , Rethinking Schools and Teaching for Change to coordinate the project . The project hosts a website with hundreds of free downloadable lesson plans to complement A Peoples History of the United States . The People Speak , released in 2010 , is a documentary movie based on A Peoples History of the United States and inspired by the lives of ordinary people who fought back against oppressive conditions over the course of the history of the United States . The film , narrated by Zinn , includes performances by Matt Damon , Morgan Freeman , Bob Dylan , Bruce Springsteen , Eddie Vedder , Viggo Mortensen , Josh Brolin , Danny Glover , Marisa Tomei , Don Cheadle , and Sandra Oh . Civil rights movement . From 1956 through 1963 , Zinn chaired the Department of History and Social Sciences at Spelman College . He participated in the Civil Rights Movement and lobbied with historian August Meier to end the practice of the Southern Historical Association of holding meetings at segregated hotels . While at Spelman , Zinn served as an adviser to the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) and wrote about sit-ins and other actions by SNCC for The Nation and Harpers . In 1964 , Beacon Press published his book . In 1964 Zinn began developing with SNCC an educational program so that the 200 volunteer SNCC civil rights workers in the South , many of whom had been in college but had dropped out , could continue with their civil rights work and at the same time be involved in an educational system . Up until then many of the volunteers had been dropping out of school so they could continue their work with SNCC . Other volunteers had not spent much time in college . The program had been endorsed by SNCC in December 1963 and was envisioned by Zinn as having a curriculum that ranged from novels to books about major currents in 20th-century world history-such as fascism , communism , and anti-colonial movements . This occurred while Zinn was in Boston . Zinn also attended an assortment of SNCC meetings in 1964 , traveling back and forth from Boston . One of those trips was to Hattiesburg , MS , in January , 1964 to participate in a SNCC voter registration drive . The local newspaper the Hattiesburg American , described the SNCC volunteers in town for the voter registration drive as outside agitators and told local blacks to ignore whatever goes on , and interfere in no way.. . At a mass meeting held during the visit to Hattiesburg , Zinn and another SNCC representative , Ella Baker , emphasized the risks that went along with their efforts , a subject probably in their minds since a well-known civil rights activist , Medgar Evers , had been murdered getting out of his car in the driveway of his home in Jackson , MS only 6 months earlier . Evers had been the state field secretary for the NAACP . Zinn was also involved in what became known as Freedom Summer in Mississippi in the summer of 1964 . Freedom Summer involved bringing 1,000 college students to Mississippi to work for the summer in various roles as civil rights activists . Part of the program involved organizing Freedom Schools . Zinns involvement included helping develop the curriculum for the Freedom Schools . Zinn was also concerned that bringing 1,000 college students to Mississippi to work as civil rights activists could lead to violence and killings . As a consequence , Zinn recommended approaching Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett and President Lyndon Johnson to request protection for the young civil rights volunteers . Protection was not forthcoming . Planning for the summer went forward under the umbrella of SNCC , the Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) and the Council of Federated Organizations ( COFO ) . On June 20 , 1964 , just as civil rights activists were beginning to arrive in Mississippi , a Neshoba County sheriffs deputy pulled over a car for a traffic violation and then arrested and took into custody the three young civil rights activists in the car , James Chaney , Andrew Goodman , and Michael Schwerner . After being arrested , all three were then released and apparently began heading back to nearby Meridian , only to be pulled over by two carloads of KKK ( Ku Klux Klan ) members . None of the three was heard from again until their bodies were found in an earthen dam two months later . They had been murdered and the only black among the three , James Chaney , had been mutilated . Zinn and other representatives of SNCC attended a later memorial service for the three murdered civil rights workers . The service was held at the ruins of the Mount Zion Baptist Church , the burning of which Chaney , Goodman , and Schwerner had gone to investigate before they were pulled over and arrested in Neshoba County . Zinn collaborated with historian Staughton Lynd mentoring student activists , among them Alice Walker , who would later write The Color Purple , and Marian Wright Edelman , founder and president of the Childrens Defense Fund . Edelman identified Zinn as a major influence in her life and , in that same journal article , tells of his accompanying students to a sit-in at the segregated white section of the Georgia state legislature . Zinn also co-wrote a column in The Boston Globe with fellow activist Eric Mann , Left Field Stands . Although Zinn was a tenured professor , he was dismissed in June 1963 after siding with students in the struggle against segregation . As Zinn described in The Nation , though Spelman administrators prided themselves for turning out refined young ladies , its students were likely to be found on the picket line , or in jail for participating in the greater effort to break down segregation in public places in Atlanta . Zinns years at Spelman are recounted in his autobiography You Cant Be Neutral on a Moving Train : A Personal History of Our Times . His seven years at Spelman College , Zinn said , are probably the most interesting , exciting , most educational years for me . I learned more from my students than my students learned from me . While living in Georgia , Zinn wrote that he observed 30 violations of the First and Fourteenth amendments to the United States Constitution in Albany , Georgia , including the rights to freedom of speech , freedom of assembly and equal protection under the law . In an article on the civil rights movement in Albany , Zinn described the people who participated in the Freedom Rides to end segregation , and the reluctance of President John F . Kennedy to enforce the law . Zinn said that the Justice Department under Robert F . Kennedy and the Federal Bureau of Investigation , headed by J . Edgar Hoover , did little or nothing to stop the segregationists from brutalizing civil rights workers . Zinn wrote about the struggle for civil rights , as both participant and historian . His second book , The Southern Mystique , was published in 1964 , the same year as his SNCC : The New Abolitionists in which he describes how the sit-ins against segregation were initiated by students and , in that sense , were independent of the efforts of the older , more established civil rights organizations . In 2005 , forty-one years after he was sacked from Spelman , Zinn returned to the college where he was given an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters . He delivered the commencement address titled , Against Discouragement and said that the lesson of that history is that you must not despair , that if you are right , and you persist , things will change . The government may try to deceive the people , and the newspapers and television may do the same , but the truth has a way of coming out . The truth has a power greater than a hundred lies . Anti-war efforts . Zinn wrote one of the earliest books calling for the U.S . withdrawal from its war in Vietnam . Vietnam : The Logic of Withdrawal was published by Beacon Press in 1967 based on his articles in Commonweal , The Nation , and Ramparts . In the opinion of Noam Chomsky , The Logic of Withdrawal was Zinns most important book:He was the first person to say—loudly , publicly , very persuasively—that this simply has to stop ; we should get out , period , no conditions ; we have no right to be there ; its an act of aggression ; pull out . It was so surprising at the time that there wasnt even a review of the book . In fact , he asked me if I would review it in Ramparts just so that people would know about the book . In December 1969 , radical historians tried unsuccessfully to persuade the American Historical Association to pass an anti-Vietnam War resolution . A debacle unfolded as Harvard historian ( and AHA president in 1968 ) John Fairbank literally wrestled the microphone from Zinns hands . In later years , Zinn was an adviser to the Disarm Education Fund . Vietnam . Zinns diplomatic visit to Hanoi with Reverend Daniel Berrigan , during the Tet Offensive in January 1968 , resulted in the return of three American airmen , the first American POWs released by the North Vietnamese since the U.S . bombing of that nation had begun . The event was widely reported in the news media and discussed in a variety of books including Who Spoke Up ? American Protest Against the War in Vietnam 1963–1975 by Nancy Zaroulis and Gerald Sullivan . Zinn and the Berrigan brothers , Dan and Philip , remained friends and allies over the years . Also in January 1968 , he signed the Writers and Editors War Tax Protest pledge , vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the war . Daniel Ellsberg , a former RAND consultant who had secretly copied The Pentagon Papers , which described the history of the United States military involvement in Southeast Asia , gave a copy to Howard and Roslyn Zinn . Along with Noam Chomsky , Zinn edited and annotated the copy of The Pentagon Papers that Senator Mike Gravel read into the Congressional Record and that was subsequently published by Beacon Press . Announced on August 17 and published on October 10 , 1971 , this four-volume , relatively expensive set became the Senator Gravel Edition , which studies from Cornell University and the Annenberg Center for Communication have labeled as the most complete edition of the Pentagon Papers to be published . The Gravel Edition was edited and annotated by Noam Chomsky and Howard Zinn , and included an additional volume of analytical articles on the origins and progress of the war , also edited by Chomsky and Zinn . Beacon Press became the subject of an FBI investigation , an outgrowth of which was Gravel v . United States in which the U.S . Supreme Court ruled in June 1972 that the Speech or Debate Clause in the US Constitution did grant immunity to Gravel for his reading the papers in his subcommittee , and did grant some immunity to Gravels congressional aide , but granted no immunity to Beacon Press in relation to its publishing the same papers . Zinn testified as an expert witness at Ellsbergs criminal trial for theft , conspiracy , and espionage in connection with the publication of the Pentagon Papers by The New York Times . Defense attorneys asked Zinn to explain to the jury the history of U.S . involvement in Vietnam from World War II through 1963 . Zinn discussed that history for several hours , and later reflected on his time before the jury . I explained there was nothing in the papers of military significance that could be used to harm the defense of the United States , that the information in them was simply embarrassing to our government because what was revealed , in the governments own interoffice memos , was how it had lied to the American public . .. . The secrets disclosed in the Pentagon Papers might embarrass politicians , might hurt the profits of corporations wanting tin , rubber , oil , in far-off places . But this was not the same as hurting the nation , the people . Most of the jurors later said that they voted for acquittal . However , the federal judge who presided over the case dismissed it on grounds it had been tainted by the Nixon administrations burglary of the office of Ellsbergs psychiatrist . Zinns testimony on the motivation for government secrecy was confirmed in 1989 by Erwin Griswold , who as U.S . solicitor general during the Nixon administration sued The New York Times in the Pentagon Papers case in 1971 to stop publication . Griswold persuaded three Supreme Court justices to vote to stop The New York Times from continuing to publish the Pentagon Papers , an order known as prior restraint that has been held to be illegal under the First Amendment to the U.S . Constitution . The papers were simultaneously published in The Washington Post , effectively nullifying the effect of the prior restraint order . In 1989 , Griswold admitted there had been no national security damage resulting from publication . In a column in the Washington Post , Griswold wrote : It quickly becomes apparent to any person who has considerable experience with classified material that there is massive over-classification and that the principal concern of the classifiers is not with national security , but with governmental embarrassment of one sort or another . Zinn supported the G.I . anti-war movement during the U.S . war in Vietnam . In the 2001 film , Zinn provides a historical context for the 1971 anti-war march by Vietnam Veterans against the War . The marchers traveled from Bunker Hill near Boston to Lexington , Massachusetts , which retraced Paul Reveres ride of 1775 and ended in the massive arrest of 410 veterans and civilians by the Lexington police . The film depicts scenes from the 1971 Winter Soldier hearings , during which former G.I.s testified about atrocities they either participated in or said they had witnessed committed by U.S . forces in Vietnam . Iraq . Zinn opposed the 2003 invasion and occupation of Iraq and wrote several books about it . In an interview with The Brooklyn Rail he said , We certainly should not be initiating a war , as its not a clear and present danger to the United States , or in fact , to anyone around it . If it were , then the states around Iraq would be calling for a war on it . The Arab states around Iraq are opposed to the war , and if anyones in danger from Iraq , they are . At the same time , the U.S . is violating the U.N . charter by initiating a war on Iraq . Bush made a big deal about the number of resolutions Iraq has violated—and its true , Iraq has not abided by the resolutions of the Security Council . But its not the first nation to violate Security Council resolutions . Israel has violated Security Council resolutions every year since 1967 . Now , however , the U.S . is violating a fundamental principle of the U.N . Charter , which is that nations cant initiate a war—they can only do so after being attacked . And Iraq has not attacked us . He asserted that the U.S . would end Gulf War II when resistance within the military increased in the same way resistance within the military contributed to ending the U.S . war in Vietnam . Zinn compared the demand by a growing number of contemporary U.S . military families to end the war in Iraq to parallel demands in the Confederacy in the Civil War , when the wives of soldiers rioted because their husbands were dying and the plantation owners were profiting from the sale of cotton , refusing to grow grains for civilians to eat . Zinn believed that U.S . President George W . Bush and followers of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi , the former leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq , who was personally responsible for beheadings and numerous attacks designed to cause civil war in Iraq , should be considered moral equivalents . Jean-Christophe Agnew , Professor of History and American Studies at Yale University , told the Yale Daily News in May 2007 that Zinns historical work is highly influential and widely used . He observed that it is not unusual for prominent professors such as Zinn to weigh in on current events , citing a resolution opposing the war in Iraq that was recently ratified by the American Historical Association . Agnew added : In these moments of crisis , when the country is split—so historians are split . Socialism . Zinn described himself as something of an anarchist , something of a socialist . Maybe a democratic socialist . He suggested looking at socialism in its full historical context as a popular , positive idea that got a bad name from its association with Soviet Communism . In Madison , Wisconsin , in 2009 , Zinn said : FBI files . On July 30 , 2010 , a Freedom of Information Act ( FOIA ) request resulted in the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) releasing a file with 423 pages of information on Howard Zinns life and activities . During the height of McCarthyism in 1949 , the FBI first opened a domestic security investigation on Zinn ( FBI File # 100-360217 ) , based on Zinns activities in what the agency considered to be communist front groups , such as the American Labor Party , and informant reports that Zinn was an active member of the Communist Party of the United States ( CPUSA ) . Zinn denied ever being a member and said that he had participated in the activities of various organizations which might be considered Communist fronts , but that his participation was motivated by his belief that in this country people had the right to believe , think , and act according to their own ideals . According to journalist Chris Hedges , Zinn steadfastly refused to cooperate in the anti-communist witchhunts in the 1950s . Later in the 1960s , as a result of Zinns campaigning against the Vietnam War and his communicating with Martin Luther King Jr . ( Prior to disavowing any communication with communists ) the FBI designated him a high security risk to the country by adding him to the Security Index , a listing of American citizens who could be summarily arrested if a state of emergency were to be declared . The FBI memos also show that they were concerned with Zinns repeated criticism of the FBI for failing to protect blacks against white mob violence . Zinns daughter said she was not surprised by the files ; He always knew they had a file on him . Personal life . Zinn married Roslyn Shechter in 1944 . They remained married until her death in 2008 . They had a daughter , Myla , and a son , Jeff . Myla is the wife of mindfulness instructor Jon Kabat-Zinn . Death . Zinn was swimming in a hotel pool when he died of an apparent heart attack in Santa Monica , California , on January 27 , 2010 , at age 87 . He had been scheduled to speak at Crossroads School and Santa Monica Museum of Art for an event titled A Collection of Ideas.. . the People Speak . In one of his last interviews , Zinn stated that he would like to be remembered for introducing a different way of thinking about the world , about war , about human rights , about equality , and for getting more people to realize that the power which rests so far in the hands of people with wealth and guns , that the power ultimately rests in people themselves and that they can use it . At certain points in history , they have used it . Black people in the South used it . People in the womens movement used it . People in the anti-war movement used it . People in other countries who have overthrown tyrannies have used it . He said he wanted to be known as somebody who gave people a feeling of hope and power that they didnt have before . Notable recognition . - 2008 Howard Zinn was selected as a special senior advisor to Miguel dEscoto Brockmann , the president of the United Nations General Assembly 63rd session . - Established by a former Boston University student of Zinns and two nonprofit organizations ( Rethinking Schools and Teaching for Change ) while he was alive , the Zinn Education Project is Howard Zinns legacy to middle- and high-school teachers and their students . The project offers classroom teachers free lessons based on A Peoples History of the United States and like-minded history texts . Awards . In 1991 the Thomas Merton Center for Peace and Social Justice in Pittsburgh awarded Zinn the Thomas Merton Award for his activism and work on national and international issues that transform our world . For his leadership in the Peace Movement , Zinn received the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award in 1996 . In 1998 he received the Eugene V . Debs Award , the Firecracker Alternative Booksellers Award in the Politics category for The Zinn Reader : Writings on Disobedience and Democracy , and the Lannan Literary Award for nonfiction . The following year he won the Upton Sinclair Award , which honors those whose work illustrates an abiding commitment to social justice and equality . In 2003 , Zinn was awarded the Prix des Amis du Monde diplomatique for the French version of his seminal work , Une histoire populaire des Etats-Unis . On October 5 , 2006 , Zinn received the Havens Center Award for Lifetime Contribution to Critical Scholarship in Madison , Wisconsin . Controversy and critiques . In July 2013 , the Associated Press revealed that Mitch Daniels , when he was the sitting Republican Governor of Indiana , asked for assurance from his education advisors that Zinns works were not taught in K–12 public schools in the state . The AP had gained access to Daniels emails under a Freedom of Information Act request . Daniels also wanted a cleanup of K–12 professional development courses to eliminate propaganda and highlight ( if there is any ) the more useful offerings . In one of the emails , Daniels expressed contempt for Zinn upon his death : At the time the emails were released , Daniels was serving as the president of Purdue University . In response , 90 Purdue professors issued an open letter expressing their concern . Because of Daniels attempt to remove Zinns book , the former governor was accused of censorship , to which Daniels responded by saying that his views were misrepresented , and that if Zinn were alive and a member of the Purdue faculty , he would defend his free speech rights and right to publish . But he said that would not give Zinn an entitlement to have that work foisted on school children in public schools . Stanford professor Sam Wineburg has publicly criticized Zinns research . Reviewing a critique by Wineburg , reviewer David Plotnikoff credits Wineburg for showing that A Peoples History perpetrates the same errors of historical practice as the tomes it aimed to correct , for Zinns desire to cast a light on what he saw as historic injustice was a crusade built on secondary sources of questionable provenance , omission of exculpatory evidence , leading questions and shaky connections between evidence and conclusions , for which he provides many examples . Daniel J . Flynn , an author and columnist at The American Spectator , likewise charges Zinn with presenting biased history . Michael Kazin , professor at Georgetown University , also faults Zinn , stating that A Peoples History is bad history , albeit gilded with virtuous intentions . Zinn reduces the past to a Manichean fable . In early 2017 , Arkansas Representative Kim Hendren ( R ) submitted a Bill introduced to ban Zinns books from Arkansas public schools . References in popular culture . In film . - Actors Matt Damon and Ben Affleck , who grew up near Zinn and were family friends , gave A Peoples History a plug in their Academy Award-winning screenplay for Good Will Hunting ( 1997 ) . - A Peoples History was the basis for the 2007 documentary Profit Motive and the Whispering Wind . - An interview with Zinn is featured in the documentary film Sacco and Vanzetti ( 2007 ) . - The 2010 Spanish film También la lluvia ( Even the Rain ) , depicting the struggle of the indigenous people of Bolivia against the privatization of their water supply , is dedicated to his memory . - An Interview with Zinn is featured in the documentary film I Am ( 2010 ) . - An interview with Zinn is featured in the documentary film Hit & Stay ( 2013 ) . - Zinns book A Peoples History of The United States is criticized in Dinesh DSouzas movie , , released July 3 , 2014 . - One of the characters in the coming-of-age story , Lady Bird ( 2017 ) , is seen reading Howard Zinns book A Peoples History of the United States . - A Peoples History of the United States is recommended by John Leguizamo in John Leguizamo Is Here to Explain Latino History for You . Leguizamos one-man Broadway show , John Leguizamos Latin History for Morons , is currently streaming on Netflix . In television . - A Peoples History briefly appears in The Sopranos season 4 episode Christopher . - A Peoples History briefly appears in The Simpsons episode 411 . - Who is Howard Zinn was the answer to a Jeopardy ! question on October 16 , 2017 . In music . - Rapper Brother Ali mentions Howard Zinn in his song Lookinat Me Sideways on his heralded 2007 album The Undisputed Truth . Organic vegetables , mix em with fast food Im Howard Stern meets Howard Zinn - Punk rock record label Alternative Tentacles released Apocalypse Always ! in 2002 , a compilation CD featuring many punk rock bands and a spoken word track by Zinn . - Eddie Vedders relationship with Zinn inspired the Pearl Jam song Down from the album Lost Dogs . - Musician Bruce Springsteens bleak album Nebraska was inspired in part by A Peoples History . - In the System Of A Downs Deer Dance , a song about police brutality against peaceful protest , Zinn is paraphrased in the line , We cant afford to be neutral on a moving train , and in their song A.D.D ( American Dream Denial ) from their album Steal This Album! : There is no flag large enough , to hide the shame of a man in cuffs . - Viggo Mortensen and Buckethead used snippets of one of Zinns speeches in the song What Kind of Nation from their album Intelligence Failure . - The song Franco Un-American , on the 2003 album The War on Errorism by American punk rock band NOFX , references lead singer Fat Mike reading Howard Zinn as part of learning more about the world : I never looked around , never second-guessed , then I read some Howard Zinn , now Im always depressed . - Lupe Fiasco samples part of Howard Zinns speech War and Social Justice on the Introduction track of his 2011 mixtape Friend of the People : I Fight Evil . - Rapper Vinnie Paz samples quotes from Howard Zinns speech ; You Cant Be Neutral On A Moving Train on his album released in 2012 ; God of the Serengeti on the track of the same name . In books . - Pride by Ibi Zoboi references a Howard Zinn book : What’s to tell ? He plops down in his usual spot on the recliner chair and grabs an old Howard Zinn book that he’s read a hundred times . Papi reads as if the world is running out of books . Sometimes he’s more interested in stories and history than people . Bibliography . Author . - LaGuardia in Congress ( 1959 ) . - The Southern Mystique ( 1962 ) . - ( 1964 ) . - New Deal Thought ( editor ) ( 1965 ) . - Vietnam : The Logic of Withdrawal ( 1967 ) . - Disobedience and Democracy : Nine Fallacies on Law and Order ( 1968 , re-issued 2002 ) . - The Politics of History ( 1970 ) ( 2nd edition 1990 ) . - The Pentagon Papers Senator Gravel Edition . Vol . Five . Critical Essays . Boston . Beacon Press , 1972 . 341p . plus 72p . of Index to Vol . I–IV of the Papers , Noam Chomsky , Howard Zinn , editors . . - Justice in Everyday Life : The Way It Really Works ( Editor ) ( 1974 ) . - Justice ? Eyewitness Accounts ( 1977 ) . - A Peoples History of the United States : 1492 – Present ( 1980 ) , revised ( 1995 ) ( 1998 ) ( 1999 ) ( 2003 ) ( 2004 ) ( 2005 ) ( 2010 ) . - Playbook by Maxine Klein , Lydia Sargent and Howard Zinn ( 1986 ) . - Declarations of Independence : Cross-Examining American Ideology ( 1991 ) . - A Peoples History of the United States : The Civil War to the Present Kathy Emery and Ellen Reeves , Howard Zinn ( 2003 teaching edition ) Vol . I : . Vol II : . - Failure to Quit : Reflections of an Optimistic Historian ( 1993 ) . - You Cant Be Neutral on a Moving Train : A Personal History of Our Times ( autobiography ) ( 1994 ) - A Peoples History of the United States : The Wall Charts by Howard Zinn and George Kirschner ( 1995 ) . - Hiroshima : Breaking the Silence ( pamphlet , 1995 ) . - The Zinn Reader : Writings on Disobedience and Democracy ( 1997 ) ; 2nd edition ( 2009 ) . - The Cold War & the University : Toward an Intellectual History of the Postwar Years ( Noam Chomsky ( Editor ) Authors : Ira Katznelson , R . C . Lewontin , David Montgomery , Laura Nader , Richard Ohmann , Ray Siever , Immanuel Wallerstein , Howard Zinn ( 1997 ) . - Marx in Soho : A Play on History ( 1999 ) . - The Future of History : Interviews With David Barsamian ( 1999 ) . - Howard Zinn on War ( 2000 ) . - Howard Zinn on History ( 2000 ) . - La Otra Historia De Los Estados Unidos ( 2000 ) . - Three Strikes : Miners , Musicians , Salesgirls , and the Fighting Spirit of Labors Last Century ( Dana Frank , Robin Kelley , and Howard Zinn ) ( 2002 ) . - Terrorism and War ( 2002 ) . ( interviews , Anthony Arnove ( Ed. ) ) - The Power of Nonviolence : Writings by Advocates of Peace Editor ( 2002 ) . - Emma : A Play in Two Acts About Emma Goldman , American Anarchist ( 2002 ) . - Artists in Times of War ( 2003 ) . - The 20th century : A Peoples History ( 2003 ) . - A Peoples History of the United States : Teaching Edition Abridged ( 2003 updated ) . - Passionate Declarations : Essays on War and Justice ( 2003 ) . - Iraq Under Siege , The Deadly Impact of Sanctions and War , co-author ( 2003 ) - Howard Zinn On Democratic Education Donaldo Macedo , Editor ( 2004 ) . - The People Speak : American Voices , Some Famous , Some Little Known ( 2004 ) . - Voices of a People’s History of the United States ( with Anthony Arnove , 2004 ) ; 2nd edition ( 2009 ) . - A Peoples History of the Civil War : Struggles for the Meaning of Freedom by David Williams , Howard Zinn ( Series Editor ) ( 2005 ) . - A Power Governments Cannot Suppress ( 2006 ) . - Original Zinn : Conversations on History and Politics ( 2006 ) Howard Zinn and David Barsamian . - A Peoples History of American Empire ( 2008 ) by Howard Zinn , Mike Konopacki and Paul Buhle . . - A Young Peoples History of the United States , adapted from the original text by Rebecca Stefoff ; illustrated and updated through 2006 , with new introduction and afterword by Howard Zinn ; two volumes , Seven Stories Press , New York , 2007 . - Vol . 1 : Columbus to the Spanish–American War . . - Vol . 2 : Class Struggle to the War on Terror . . - One-volume edition ( 2009 ) . - The Bomb ( City Lights Publishers , 2010 ) . - The Historic Unfulfilled Promise ( City Lights Publishers , 2012 ) . - Howard Zinn Speaks : Collected Speeches 1963-2009 ( Haymarket Books , 2012 ) . - Truth Has a Power of Its Own : Conversations About A People’s History by Howard Zinn and Ray Suarez ( The New Press , 2019 ) . Contributor . - Ars Americana Ars Politica : Partisan Expression in Contemporary American Literature and Culture . by Peter Swirski ( 2010 ) . - Admirable Radical : Staughton Lynd and Cold War Dissent , 1945–1970 ( 2010 ) , Kent State University Press by Carl Mirra . - A Gigantic Mistake by Mickey Z ( 2004 ) . - A Peoples History of the Supreme Court by Peter H . Irons ( 2000 ) . - A Political Dynasty In North Idaho , 1933–1967 by Randall Doyle ( 2004 ) . - American Political Prisoners : Prosecutions Under the Espionage and Sedition Acts by Stephen M . Kohn ( 1994 ) . - American Power and the New Mandarins by Noam Chomsky ( 2002 ) . - Broken Promises Of America : At Home And Abroad , Past And Present : An Encyclopedia For Our Times by ( Douglas F . Dowd ( 2004 ) . - Deserter From Death : Dispatches From Western Europe 1950–2000 by Daniel Singer ( 2005 ) . - Ecocide of Native America : Environmental Destruction of Indian Lands and Peoples by Donald Grinde , Bruce Johansen ( 1994 ) . - Eugene V . Debs Reader : Socialism and the Class Struggle by William A . Pelz ( 2000 ) . - From a Native Son : Selected Essays in Indigenism , 1985–1995 by Ward Churchill ( 1996 ) . - Green Parrots : A War Surgeons Diary by Gino Strada ( 2005 ) . - Hijacking Catastrophe : 9/11 , Fear And The Selling Of American Empire by Sut Jhally editor , Jeremy Earp editor ( 2004 ) . - If Youre Not a Terrorist...Then Stop Asking Questions ! by Micah Ian Wright ( 2004 ) . - Iraq : The Logic of Withdrawal by Anthony Arnove ( 2006 ) . - Impeach the President : The Case Against Bush and Cheney Dennis Loo ( Editor ) , Peter Phillips ( Editor ) , Seven Stories Press : 2006 . - Life of an Anarchist : The Alexander Berkman Reader by Alexander Berkman Gene Fellner , editor ( 2004 ) . - Long Shadows : Veterans Paths to Peace by David Giffey editor ( 2006 ) . - Masters of War : Latin America and United States Aggression from the Cuban Revolution Through the Clinton Years by Clara Nieto , Chris Brandt ( trans ) ( 2003 ) . - Peace Signs : The Anti-War Movement Illustrated by James Mann , editor ( 2004 ) . - Prayer for the Morning Headlines : On the Sanctity of Life and Death by Daniel Berrigan ( poetry ) and Adrianna Amari ( photography ) ( 2007 ) . - Silencing Political Dissent : How Post-9-11 Anti-terrorism Measures Threaten Our Civil Liberties by Nancy Chang , Center for Constitutional Rights ( 2002 ) . - Soldiers In Revolt : GI Resistance During The Vietnam War by David Cortright ( 2005 ) . - Sold to the Highest Bidder : The Presidency from Dwight D . Eisenhower to George W . Bush by Daniel M . Friedenberg ( 2002 ) . - The Autobiography of Abbie Hoffman Intro by Norman Mailer , Afterword by HZ ( 2000 ) . - The Case for Socialism by Alan Maass ( 2004 ) . - The Forging of the American Empire : From the Revolution to Vietnam , a History of U.S . Imperialism by Sidney Lens ( 2003 ) . - The Higher Law : Thoreau on Civil Disobedience and Reform by Henry David Thoreau , Wendell Glick , editor ( 2004 ) . - The Iron Heel by Jack London ( 1971 ) . - The Sixties Experience : Hard Lessons about Modern America by Edward P . Morgan ( 1992 ) . - You Back the Attack , Well Bomb Who We Want by Micah Ian Wright ( 2003 ) . - A Peoples History of the American Revolution by Ray Raphael ( 2002 ) . Howard Zinn Foreword for New Press Peoples History Series . Recordings . - A Peoples History of the United States ( 1999 ) - Artists in the Time of War ( 2002 ) - Heroes & Martyrs : Emma Goldman , Sacco & Vanzetti , and the Revolutionary Struggle ( 2000 ) - Stories Hollywood Never Tells ( 2000 ) - You Cant Blow Up A Social Relationship , CD including Zinn lectures and performances by rock band Resident Genius ( Thick Records , 2005 ) Theatre . - Emma ( 1976 ) - Daughter of Venus ( 1985 ) - Marx in Soho ( 1999 )
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"England U16s"
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easy
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Which team did the player Jed Steer belong to from 2007 to 2008?
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/wiki/Jed_Steer#P54#0
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Jed Steer Jed John Steer ( born 23 September 1992 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Aston Villa . Steer joined Villa from his hometown club Norwich City on 1 July 2013 , after beginning his playing career with the Canaries . He has also played on loan for Yeovil Town , Cambridge United , Doncaster Rovers and Charlton Athletic , as well as England at under-16 , under-17 and under-19 level . Early life . Born in Norwich , Steer joined the Norwich City Academy at the age of 9 . He was spotted playing in goal and City invited the youngster for a trial . It was not long before he was offered a youth contract by them . Club career . Norwich City . Steer signed his first professional contract on his 17th birthday . He was first named as a substitute for the FA Cup Second Round tie against Carlisle United in the 2009–10 season . Steer played a vital role in the 2010–11 FA Youth Cup ; in the Third Round , he saved a penalty in the last minute against Charlton Athletic to ensure Norwich won the game 1–0 . His coach Ricky Martin said after the game ; Hes probably the best under-18 goalkeeper in the country , If ever you wanted somebody in goal Jeds the one and he stepped up and made a fantastic save . He made his first-team debut on 28 January 2012 , in a fourth round FA Cup 2–1 victory against West Bromwich Albion . Yeovil Town ( loan ) . In July 2011 , Yeovil Town confirmed that Steer had joined them on a three-month loan deal . Steer made his first senior appearance and Football League debut in the opening game of the 2011–12 Football League One season in which Yeovil lost 2–0 away to Brentford . He returned to Norwich on 13 October after suffering a thigh injury . Cambridge United ( loan ) . Steer joined Cambridge United on a one-month loan deal on 9 November 2012 , until 8 December 2012 . Aston Villa . On 26 June 2013 , Aston Villa announced that they would sign Steer on 1 July when he became a free agent . The deal went forward according to plan . Villa gave him the number 13 shirt , replacing Shay Given and therefore securing the No.2 spot . He played in the League Cup 2nd round win against Rotherham United 3 – 0 , keeping a clean sheet . He also kept a clean sheet in Villas 1–0 pre-season victory over MLS side Houston Dynamo on 26 July 2014 . On 24 May 2015 , Steer made his Premier League debut for Villa in a 0–1 loss against Burnley . Doncaster Rovers ( loan ) . After the departure of Ross Turnbull to league counterparts Barnsley , Doncaster Rovers signed Steer on a three-month loan deal on 1 August 2014 . On 31 October 2014 , Steers loan ended after 17 appearances in all competitions , recording six clean sheets . Yeovil Town ( loan ) . On 31 October 2014 , Yeovil Town re-signed Steer on loan from Aston Villa until 31 January 2015 . Huddersfield Town ( loan ) . On 11 September 2015 , Steer joined Championship side Huddersfield Town on a one-month loan . He made his début the next day in Towns 2–0 loss against Cardiff City . He played on loan for 2 months , before returning to Villa , but then he returned for another month from 26 November 2015 . After that was completed on 26 December , he returned to Villa , but when the Winter transfer window opened , he returned to Huddersfield for the remainder of the season . Charlton Athletic ( loan ) . On 10 August 2018 , Steer joined League One side Charlton Athletic on a season-long loan . Jed Steer was recalled by Aston Villa on Monday 31 December 2018 due to an injury to Orjan Nyland . Return to Villa . Jed Steer was recalled to cover for Villas new signing Lovre Kalinić after Orjan Nyland was injured , but following an injury to Kalinic during a match against West Brom , Steer was subbed on at halftime . He then started the following match against Stoke City , and his impressive performance meant that he continued to play the next match against Derby , despite Kalinic returning from injury , before retaining his place in Villas following match , the Second City Derby against Birmingham City . Steers good performances continued , and he quickly became first-choice keeper for Dean Smith , which saw Steer become part of a record-breaking ten-league-game winning streak for Aston Villa . Steer starred in Aston Villas Championship play-offs semi-final win against West Bromwich Albion , saving two penalties from Mason Holgate and Ahmed Hegazi in a 4–3 shoot-out win to help send Aston Villa to the play-off finals for a second consecutive year . International career . Steer made his youth international début in October 2007 and he enjoyed a good start for the England U16s as his side lifted the Sky Sports Victory Shield , and were champions of the Montaigu Tournament in which Steer produced the matchwinning penalty save . In August 2008 , he was called up for the England U17 , aged 15 , for friendly matches against Italy , Portugal and Israel . He made his England U17 debut against Armenia in October 2008 . They went on to qualify for the UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship but very much under achieved and failed to qualify for the FIFA U-17 World Cup . Steer made his England U19 debut against Cyprus in October 2010 , keeping a clean sheet and saving a penalty in the process . Honours . Aston Villa - EFL Championship play-offs : 2019
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"England U17"
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easy
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Which team did Jed Steer play for from 2008 to 2009?
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/wiki/Jed_Steer#P54#1
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Jed Steer Jed John Steer ( born 23 September 1992 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Aston Villa . Steer joined Villa from his hometown club Norwich City on 1 July 2013 , after beginning his playing career with the Canaries . He has also played on loan for Yeovil Town , Cambridge United , Doncaster Rovers and Charlton Athletic , as well as England at under-16 , under-17 and under-19 level . Early life . Born in Norwich , Steer joined the Norwich City Academy at the age of 9 . He was spotted playing in goal and City invited the youngster for a trial . It was not long before he was offered a youth contract by them . Club career . Norwich City . Steer signed his first professional contract on his 17th birthday . He was first named as a substitute for the FA Cup Second Round tie against Carlisle United in the 2009–10 season . Steer played a vital role in the 2010–11 FA Youth Cup ; in the Third Round , he saved a penalty in the last minute against Charlton Athletic to ensure Norwich won the game 1–0 . His coach Ricky Martin said after the game ; Hes probably the best under-18 goalkeeper in the country , If ever you wanted somebody in goal Jeds the one and he stepped up and made a fantastic save . He made his first-team debut on 28 January 2012 , in a fourth round FA Cup 2–1 victory against West Bromwich Albion . Yeovil Town ( loan ) . In July 2011 , Yeovil Town confirmed that Steer had joined them on a three-month loan deal . Steer made his first senior appearance and Football League debut in the opening game of the 2011–12 Football League One season in which Yeovil lost 2–0 away to Brentford . He returned to Norwich on 13 October after suffering a thigh injury . Cambridge United ( loan ) . Steer joined Cambridge United on a one-month loan deal on 9 November 2012 , until 8 December 2012 . Aston Villa . On 26 June 2013 , Aston Villa announced that they would sign Steer on 1 July when he became a free agent . The deal went forward according to plan . Villa gave him the number 13 shirt , replacing Shay Given and therefore securing the No.2 spot . He played in the League Cup 2nd round win against Rotherham United 3 – 0 , keeping a clean sheet . He also kept a clean sheet in Villas 1–0 pre-season victory over MLS side Houston Dynamo on 26 July 2014 . On 24 May 2015 , Steer made his Premier League debut for Villa in a 0–1 loss against Burnley . Doncaster Rovers ( loan ) . After the departure of Ross Turnbull to league counterparts Barnsley , Doncaster Rovers signed Steer on a three-month loan deal on 1 August 2014 . On 31 October 2014 , Steers loan ended after 17 appearances in all competitions , recording six clean sheets . Yeovil Town ( loan ) . On 31 October 2014 , Yeovil Town re-signed Steer on loan from Aston Villa until 31 January 2015 . Huddersfield Town ( loan ) . On 11 September 2015 , Steer joined Championship side Huddersfield Town on a one-month loan . He made his début the next day in Towns 2–0 loss against Cardiff City . He played on loan for 2 months , before returning to Villa , but then he returned for another month from 26 November 2015 . After that was completed on 26 December , he returned to Villa , but when the Winter transfer window opened , he returned to Huddersfield for the remainder of the season . Charlton Athletic ( loan ) . On 10 August 2018 , Steer joined League One side Charlton Athletic on a season-long loan . Jed Steer was recalled by Aston Villa on Monday 31 December 2018 due to an injury to Orjan Nyland . Return to Villa . Jed Steer was recalled to cover for Villas new signing Lovre Kalinić after Orjan Nyland was injured , but following an injury to Kalinic during a match against West Brom , Steer was subbed on at halftime . He then started the following match against Stoke City , and his impressive performance meant that he continued to play the next match against Derby , despite Kalinic returning from injury , before retaining his place in Villas following match , the Second City Derby against Birmingham City . Steers good performances continued , and he quickly became first-choice keeper for Dean Smith , which saw Steer become part of a record-breaking ten-league-game winning streak for Aston Villa . Steer starred in Aston Villas Championship play-offs semi-final win against West Bromwich Albion , saving two penalties from Mason Holgate and Ahmed Hegazi in a 4–3 shoot-out win to help send Aston Villa to the play-off finals for a second consecutive year . International career . Steer made his youth international début in October 2007 and he enjoyed a good start for the England U16s as his side lifted the Sky Sports Victory Shield , and were champions of the Montaigu Tournament in which Steer produced the matchwinning penalty save . In August 2008 , he was called up for the England U17 , aged 15 , for friendly matches against Italy , Portugal and Israel . He made his England U17 debut against Armenia in October 2008 . They went on to qualify for the UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship but very much under achieved and failed to qualify for the FIFA U-17 World Cup . Steer made his England U19 debut against Cyprus in October 2010 , keeping a clean sheet and saving a penalty in the process . Honours . Aston Villa - EFL Championship play-offs : 2019
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[
"Norwich City"
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easy
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Which team did Jed Steer play for from 2010 to 2013?
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/wiki/Jed_Steer#P54#2
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Jed Steer Jed John Steer ( born 23 September 1992 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Aston Villa . Steer joined Villa from his hometown club Norwich City on 1 July 2013 , after beginning his playing career with the Canaries . He has also played on loan for Yeovil Town , Cambridge United , Doncaster Rovers and Charlton Athletic , as well as England at under-16 , under-17 and under-19 level . Early life . Born in Norwich , Steer joined the Norwich City Academy at the age of 9 . He was spotted playing in goal and City invited the youngster for a trial . It was not long before he was offered a youth contract by them . Club career . Norwich City . Steer signed his first professional contract on his 17th birthday . He was first named as a substitute for the FA Cup Second Round tie against Carlisle United in the 2009–10 season . Steer played a vital role in the 2010–11 FA Youth Cup ; in the Third Round , he saved a penalty in the last minute against Charlton Athletic to ensure Norwich won the game 1–0 . His coach Ricky Martin said after the game ; Hes probably the best under-18 goalkeeper in the country , If ever you wanted somebody in goal Jeds the one and he stepped up and made a fantastic save . He made his first-team debut on 28 January 2012 , in a fourth round FA Cup 2–1 victory against West Bromwich Albion . Yeovil Town ( loan ) . In July 2011 , Yeovil Town confirmed that Steer had joined them on a three-month loan deal . Steer made his first senior appearance and Football League debut in the opening game of the 2011–12 Football League One season in which Yeovil lost 2–0 away to Brentford . He returned to Norwich on 13 October after suffering a thigh injury . Cambridge United ( loan ) . Steer joined Cambridge United on a one-month loan deal on 9 November 2012 , until 8 December 2012 . Aston Villa . On 26 June 2013 , Aston Villa announced that they would sign Steer on 1 July when he became a free agent . The deal went forward according to plan . Villa gave him the number 13 shirt , replacing Shay Given and therefore securing the No.2 spot . He played in the League Cup 2nd round win against Rotherham United 3 – 0 , keeping a clean sheet . He also kept a clean sheet in Villas 1–0 pre-season victory over MLS side Houston Dynamo on 26 July 2014 . On 24 May 2015 , Steer made his Premier League debut for Villa in a 0–1 loss against Burnley . Doncaster Rovers ( loan ) . After the departure of Ross Turnbull to league counterparts Barnsley , Doncaster Rovers signed Steer on a three-month loan deal on 1 August 2014 . On 31 October 2014 , Steers loan ended after 17 appearances in all competitions , recording six clean sheets . Yeovil Town ( loan ) . On 31 October 2014 , Yeovil Town re-signed Steer on loan from Aston Villa until 31 January 2015 . Huddersfield Town ( loan ) . On 11 September 2015 , Steer joined Championship side Huddersfield Town on a one-month loan . He made his début the next day in Towns 2–0 loss against Cardiff City . He played on loan for 2 months , before returning to Villa , but then he returned for another month from 26 November 2015 . After that was completed on 26 December , he returned to Villa , but when the Winter transfer window opened , he returned to Huddersfield for the remainder of the season . Charlton Athletic ( loan ) . On 10 August 2018 , Steer joined League One side Charlton Athletic on a season-long loan . Jed Steer was recalled by Aston Villa on Monday 31 December 2018 due to an injury to Orjan Nyland . Return to Villa . Jed Steer was recalled to cover for Villas new signing Lovre Kalinić after Orjan Nyland was injured , but following an injury to Kalinic during a match against West Brom , Steer was subbed on at halftime . He then started the following match against Stoke City , and his impressive performance meant that he continued to play the next match against Derby , despite Kalinic returning from injury , before retaining his place in Villas following match , the Second City Derby against Birmingham City . Steers good performances continued , and he quickly became first-choice keeper for Dean Smith , which saw Steer become part of a record-breaking ten-league-game winning streak for Aston Villa . Steer starred in Aston Villas Championship play-offs semi-final win against West Bromwich Albion , saving two penalties from Mason Holgate and Ahmed Hegazi in a 4–3 shoot-out win to help send Aston Villa to the play-off finals for a second consecutive year . International career . Steer made his youth international début in October 2007 and he enjoyed a good start for the England U16s as his side lifted the Sky Sports Victory Shield , and were champions of the Montaigu Tournament in which Steer produced the matchwinning penalty save . In August 2008 , he was called up for the England U17 , aged 15 , for friendly matches against Italy , Portugal and Israel . He made his England U17 debut against Armenia in October 2008 . They went on to qualify for the UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship but very much under achieved and failed to qualify for the FIFA U-17 World Cup . Steer made his England U19 debut against Cyprus in October 2010 , keeping a clean sheet and saving a penalty in the process . Honours . Aston Villa - EFL Championship play-offs : 2019
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[
"Aston Villa"
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easy
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Which team did Jed Steer play for from 2013 to 2014?
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/wiki/Jed_Steer#P54#3
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Jed Steer Jed John Steer ( born 23 September 1992 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Aston Villa . Steer joined Villa from his hometown club Norwich City on 1 July 2013 , after beginning his playing career with the Canaries . He has also played on loan for Yeovil Town , Cambridge United , Doncaster Rovers and Charlton Athletic , as well as England at under-16 , under-17 and under-19 level . Early life . Born in Norwich , Steer joined the Norwich City Academy at the age of 9 . He was spotted playing in goal and City invited the youngster for a trial . It was not long before he was offered a youth contract by them . Club career . Norwich City . Steer signed his first professional contract on his 17th birthday . He was first named as a substitute for the FA Cup Second Round tie against Carlisle United in the 2009–10 season . Steer played a vital role in the 2010–11 FA Youth Cup ; in the Third Round , he saved a penalty in the last minute against Charlton Athletic to ensure Norwich won the game 1–0 . His coach Ricky Martin said after the game ; Hes probably the best under-18 goalkeeper in the country , If ever you wanted somebody in goal Jeds the one and he stepped up and made a fantastic save . He made his first-team debut on 28 January 2012 , in a fourth round FA Cup 2–1 victory against West Bromwich Albion . Yeovil Town ( loan ) . In July 2011 , Yeovil Town confirmed that Steer had joined them on a three-month loan deal . Steer made his first senior appearance and Football League debut in the opening game of the 2011–12 Football League One season in which Yeovil lost 2–0 away to Brentford . He returned to Norwich on 13 October after suffering a thigh injury . Cambridge United ( loan ) . Steer joined Cambridge United on a one-month loan deal on 9 November 2012 , until 8 December 2012 . Aston Villa . On 26 June 2013 , Aston Villa announced that they would sign Steer on 1 July when he became a free agent . The deal went forward according to plan . Villa gave him the number 13 shirt , replacing Shay Given and therefore securing the No.2 spot . He played in the League Cup 2nd round win against Rotherham United 3 – 0 , keeping a clean sheet . He also kept a clean sheet in Villas 1–0 pre-season victory over MLS side Houston Dynamo on 26 July 2014 . On 24 May 2015 , Steer made his Premier League debut for Villa in a 0–1 loss against Burnley . Doncaster Rovers ( loan ) . After the departure of Ross Turnbull to league counterparts Barnsley , Doncaster Rovers signed Steer on a three-month loan deal on 1 August 2014 . On 31 October 2014 , Steers loan ended after 17 appearances in all competitions , recording six clean sheets . Yeovil Town ( loan ) . On 31 October 2014 , Yeovil Town re-signed Steer on loan from Aston Villa until 31 January 2015 . Huddersfield Town ( loan ) . On 11 September 2015 , Steer joined Championship side Huddersfield Town on a one-month loan . He made his début the next day in Towns 2–0 loss against Cardiff City . He played on loan for 2 months , before returning to Villa , but then he returned for another month from 26 November 2015 . After that was completed on 26 December , he returned to Villa , but when the Winter transfer window opened , he returned to Huddersfield for the remainder of the season . Charlton Athletic ( loan ) . On 10 August 2018 , Steer joined League One side Charlton Athletic on a season-long loan . Jed Steer was recalled by Aston Villa on Monday 31 December 2018 due to an injury to Orjan Nyland . Return to Villa . Jed Steer was recalled to cover for Villas new signing Lovre Kalinić after Orjan Nyland was injured , but following an injury to Kalinic during a match against West Brom , Steer was subbed on at halftime . He then started the following match against Stoke City , and his impressive performance meant that he continued to play the next match against Derby , despite Kalinic returning from injury , before retaining his place in Villas following match , the Second City Derby against Birmingham City . Steers good performances continued , and he quickly became first-choice keeper for Dean Smith , which saw Steer become part of a record-breaking ten-league-game winning streak for Aston Villa . Steer starred in Aston Villas Championship play-offs semi-final win against West Bromwich Albion , saving two penalties from Mason Holgate and Ahmed Hegazi in a 4–3 shoot-out win to help send Aston Villa to the play-off finals for a second consecutive year . International career . Steer made his youth international début in October 2007 and he enjoyed a good start for the England U16s as his side lifted the Sky Sports Victory Shield , and were champions of the Montaigu Tournament in which Steer produced the matchwinning penalty save . In August 2008 , he was called up for the England U17 , aged 15 , for friendly matches against Italy , Portugal and Israel . He made his England U17 debut against Armenia in October 2008 . They went on to qualify for the UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship but very much under achieved and failed to qualify for the FIFA U-17 World Cup . Steer made his England U19 debut against Cyprus in October 2010 , keeping a clean sheet and saving a penalty in the process . Honours . Aston Villa - EFL Championship play-offs : 2019
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[
"Doncaster Rovers"
] |
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Which team did Jed Steer play for from 2014 to 2015?
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/wiki/Jed_Steer#P54#4
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Jed Steer Jed John Steer ( born 23 September 1992 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Aston Villa . Steer joined Villa from his hometown club Norwich City on 1 July 2013 , after beginning his playing career with the Canaries . He has also played on loan for Yeovil Town , Cambridge United , Doncaster Rovers and Charlton Athletic , as well as England at under-16 , under-17 and under-19 level . Early life . Born in Norwich , Steer joined the Norwich City Academy at the age of 9 . He was spotted playing in goal and City invited the youngster for a trial . It was not long before he was offered a youth contract by them . Club career . Norwich City . Steer signed his first professional contract on his 17th birthday . He was first named as a substitute for the FA Cup Second Round tie against Carlisle United in the 2009–10 season . Steer played a vital role in the 2010–11 FA Youth Cup ; in the Third Round , he saved a penalty in the last minute against Charlton Athletic to ensure Norwich won the game 1–0 . His coach Ricky Martin said after the game ; Hes probably the best under-18 goalkeeper in the country , If ever you wanted somebody in goal Jeds the one and he stepped up and made a fantastic save . He made his first-team debut on 28 January 2012 , in a fourth round FA Cup 2–1 victory against West Bromwich Albion . Yeovil Town ( loan ) . In July 2011 , Yeovil Town confirmed that Steer had joined them on a three-month loan deal . Steer made his first senior appearance and Football League debut in the opening game of the 2011–12 Football League One season in which Yeovil lost 2–0 away to Brentford . He returned to Norwich on 13 October after suffering a thigh injury . Cambridge United ( loan ) . Steer joined Cambridge United on a one-month loan deal on 9 November 2012 , until 8 December 2012 . Aston Villa . On 26 June 2013 , Aston Villa announced that they would sign Steer on 1 July when he became a free agent . The deal went forward according to plan . Villa gave him the number 13 shirt , replacing Shay Given and therefore securing the No.2 spot . He played in the League Cup 2nd round win against Rotherham United 3 – 0 , keeping a clean sheet . He also kept a clean sheet in Villas 1–0 pre-season victory over MLS side Houston Dynamo on 26 July 2014 . On 24 May 2015 , Steer made his Premier League debut for Villa in a 0–1 loss against Burnley . Doncaster Rovers ( loan ) . After the departure of Ross Turnbull to league counterparts Barnsley , Doncaster Rovers signed Steer on a three-month loan deal on 1 August 2014 . On 31 October 2014 , Steers loan ended after 17 appearances in all competitions , recording six clean sheets . Yeovil Town ( loan ) . On 31 October 2014 , Yeovil Town re-signed Steer on loan from Aston Villa until 31 January 2015 . Huddersfield Town ( loan ) . On 11 September 2015 , Steer joined Championship side Huddersfield Town on a one-month loan . He made his début the next day in Towns 2–0 loss against Cardiff City . He played on loan for 2 months , before returning to Villa , but then he returned for another month from 26 November 2015 . After that was completed on 26 December , he returned to Villa , but when the Winter transfer window opened , he returned to Huddersfield for the remainder of the season . Charlton Athletic ( loan ) . On 10 August 2018 , Steer joined League One side Charlton Athletic on a season-long loan . Jed Steer was recalled by Aston Villa on Monday 31 December 2018 due to an injury to Orjan Nyland . Return to Villa . Jed Steer was recalled to cover for Villas new signing Lovre Kalinić after Orjan Nyland was injured , but following an injury to Kalinic during a match against West Brom , Steer was subbed on at halftime . He then started the following match against Stoke City , and his impressive performance meant that he continued to play the next match against Derby , despite Kalinic returning from injury , before retaining his place in Villas following match , the Second City Derby against Birmingham City . Steers good performances continued , and he quickly became first-choice keeper for Dean Smith , which saw Steer become part of a record-breaking ten-league-game winning streak for Aston Villa . Steer starred in Aston Villas Championship play-offs semi-final win against West Bromwich Albion , saving two penalties from Mason Holgate and Ahmed Hegazi in a 4–3 shoot-out win to help send Aston Villa to the play-off finals for a second consecutive year . International career . Steer made his youth international début in October 2007 and he enjoyed a good start for the England U16s as his side lifted the Sky Sports Victory Shield , and were champions of the Montaigu Tournament in which Steer produced the matchwinning penalty save . In August 2008 , he was called up for the England U17 , aged 15 , for friendly matches against Italy , Portugal and Israel . He made his England U17 debut against Armenia in October 2008 . They went on to qualify for the UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship but very much under achieved and failed to qualify for the FIFA U-17 World Cup . Steer made his England U19 debut against Cyprus in October 2010 , keeping a clean sheet and saving a penalty in the process . Honours . Aston Villa - EFL Championship play-offs : 2019
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""
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Jed Steer played for which team from 2016 to 2017?
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/wiki/Jed_Steer#P54#5
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Jed Steer Jed John Steer ( born 23 September 1992 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Aston Villa . Steer joined Villa from his hometown club Norwich City on 1 July 2013 , after beginning his playing career with the Canaries . He has also played on loan for Yeovil Town , Cambridge United , Doncaster Rovers and Charlton Athletic , as well as England at under-16 , under-17 and under-19 level . Early life . Born in Norwich , Steer joined the Norwich City Academy at the age of 9 . He was spotted playing in goal and City invited the youngster for a trial . It was not long before he was offered a youth contract by them . Club career . Norwich City . Steer signed his first professional contract on his 17th birthday . He was first named as a substitute for the FA Cup Second Round tie against Carlisle United in the 2009–10 season . Steer played a vital role in the 2010–11 FA Youth Cup ; in the Third Round , he saved a penalty in the last minute against Charlton Athletic to ensure Norwich won the game 1–0 . His coach Ricky Martin said after the game ; Hes probably the best under-18 goalkeeper in the country , If ever you wanted somebody in goal Jeds the one and he stepped up and made a fantastic save . He made his first-team debut on 28 January 2012 , in a fourth round FA Cup 2–1 victory against West Bromwich Albion . Yeovil Town ( loan ) . In July 2011 , Yeovil Town confirmed that Steer had joined them on a three-month loan deal . Steer made his first senior appearance and Football League debut in the opening game of the 2011–12 Football League One season in which Yeovil lost 2–0 away to Brentford . He returned to Norwich on 13 October after suffering a thigh injury . Cambridge United ( loan ) . Steer joined Cambridge United on a one-month loan deal on 9 November 2012 , until 8 December 2012 . Aston Villa . On 26 June 2013 , Aston Villa announced that they would sign Steer on 1 July when he became a free agent . The deal went forward according to plan . Villa gave him the number 13 shirt , replacing Shay Given and therefore securing the No.2 spot . He played in the League Cup 2nd round win against Rotherham United 3 – 0 , keeping a clean sheet . He also kept a clean sheet in Villas 1–0 pre-season victory over MLS side Houston Dynamo on 26 July 2014 . On 24 May 2015 , Steer made his Premier League debut for Villa in a 0–1 loss against Burnley . Doncaster Rovers ( loan ) . After the departure of Ross Turnbull to league counterparts Barnsley , Doncaster Rovers signed Steer on a three-month loan deal on 1 August 2014 . On 31 October 2014 , Steers loan ended after 17 appearances in all competitions , recording six clean sheets . Yeovil Town ( loan ) . On 31 October 2014 , Yeovil Town re-signed Steer on loan from Aston Villa until 31 January 2015 . Huddersfield Town ( loan ) . On 11 September 2015 , Steer joined Championship side Huddersfield Town on a one-month loan . He made his début the next day in Towns 2–0 loss against Cardiff City . He played on loan for 2 months , before returning to Villa , but then he returned for another month from 26 November 2015 . After that was completed on 26 December , he returned to Villa , but when the Winter transfer window opened , he returned to Huddersfield for the remainder of the season . Charlton Athletic ( loan ) . On 10 August 2018 , Steer joined League One side Charlton Athletic on a season-long loan . Jed Steer was recalled by Aston Villa on Monday 31 December 2018 due to an injury to Orjan Nyland . Return to Villa . Jed Steer was recalled to cover for Villas new signing Lovre Kalinić after Orjan Nyland was injured , but following an injury to Kalinic during a match against West Brom , Steer was subbed on at halftime . He then started the following match against Stoke City , and his impressive performance meant that he continued to play the next match against Derby , despite Kalinic returning from injury , before retaining his place in Villas following match , the Second City Derby against Birmingham City . Steers good performances continued , and he quickly became first-choice keeper for Dean Smith , which saw Steer become part of a record-breaking ten-league-game winning streak for Aston Villa . Steer starred in Aston Villas Championship play-offs semi-final win against West Bromwich Albion , saving two penalties from Mason Holgate and Ahmed Hegazi in a 4–3 shoot-out win to help send Aston Villa to the play-off finals for a second consecutive year . International career . Steer made his youth international début in October 2007 and he enjoyed a good start for the England U16s as his side lifted the Sky Sports Victory Shield , and were champions of the Montaigu Tournament in which Steer produced the matchwinning penalty save . In August 2008 , he was called up for the England U17 , aged 15 , for friendly matches against Italy , Portugal and Israel . He made his England U17 debut against Armenia in October 2008 . They went on to qualify for the UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship but very much under achieved and failed to qualify for the FIFA U-17 World Cup . Steer made his England U19 debut against Cyprus in October 2010 , keeping a clean sheet and saving a penalty in the process . Honours . Aston Villa - EFL Championship play-offs : 2019
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[
"Arthur Hornblow"
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Who was Myrna Loy 's spouse from Jun 1936 to 1942?
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/wiki/Myrna_Loy#P26#0
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Myrna Loy Myrna Loy ( born Myrna Adele Williams ; August 2 , 1905 – December 14 , 1993 ) was an American film , television and stage actress . Trained as a dancer , Loy devoted herself fully to an acting career following a few minor roles in silent films . She was originally typecast in exotic roles , often as a vamp or a woman of Asian descent , but her career prospects improved greatly following her portrayal of Nora Charles in The Thin Man ( 1934 ) . Born in Helena , Montana , Loy was raised in rural Radersburg during her early childhood , before relocating to Los Angeles with her mother in her early adolescence . There , she began studying dance , and trained extensively throughout her high school education . She was discovered by production designer Natacha Rambova , who helped facilitate film auditions for her , and she began obtaining small roles in the late 1920s , mainly portraying vamps . Her role in The Thin Man helped elevate her reputation as a versatile actress , and she reprised the role of Nora Charles five more times . Loys career began to slow in the 1940s , and she appeared in only a few films in the 1950s , including a lead role in the comedy Cheaper by the Dozen ( 1950 ) , as well as supporting parts in The Ambassadors Daughter ( 1956 ) and the drama Lonelyhearts ( 1958 ) . She appeared in only eight films between 1960 and 1981 , after which she retired from acting . Although Loy was never nominated for an Academy Award , in March 1991 she received an Honorary Academy Award in recognition of her lifes work both onscreen and off , including serving as assistant to the director of military and naval welfare for the Red Cross during World War II , and a member-at-large of the U.S . Commission to UNESCO . Loy died in December 1993 in New York City , aged 88 . Life and career . 1905–1924 : Early life . Loy was born Myrna Adele Williams on August 2 , 1905 , in Helena , Montana , the daughter of Adelle Mae ( née Johnson ) and rancher David Franklin Williams . Her parents had married in Helena in 1904 , one year before Loy was born . She had one younger brother , David Frederick Williams ( 1982 ) . Loys paternal grandfather , David Thomas Williams , was Welsh , and emigrated from Liverpool , England to the United States in 1856 , arriving in Philadelphia . Unable to read or write in English , he later settled in the Montana Territory where he began a career as a rancher . Loys maternal grandparents were Scottish and Swedish immigrants . During her childhood , her father worked as a banker , real estate developer , and farmland appraiser in Helena , and was the youngest man ever elected to serve in the Montana state legislature . Her mother had studied music at the American Conservatory of Music in Chicago , and at one time considered a career as a concert performer , but instead devoted her time to raising Loy and her brother . Loys mother was a lifelong Democrat , while her father was a staunch Republican . She was raised in the Methodist faith . Loy spent her early life in Radersburg , Montana , a rural mining community approximately southeast of Helena . During the winter of 1912 , Loys mother nearly died from pneumonia , and her father sent his wife and daughter to La Jolla , California . Loys mother saw great potential in Southern California , and during one of her husbands visits , she encouraged him to purchase real estate there . Among the properties he bought was land that he would later sell , at a considerable profit , to filmmaker Charlie Chaplin for his film studio there . Although her mother tried to persuade her husband to move to California permanently , he preferred ranch life and the three eventually returned to Montana . Soon afterward , Loys mother needed a hysterectomy and insisted Los Angeles was a safer place to have it done , so she , Loy , and Loys brother David moved to Ocean Park , where Loy began to take dancing lessons . After the family returned to Montana , Loy continued her dancing lessons , and at the age of 12 , Myrna Williams made her stage debut performing a dance she had choreographed based on The Blue Bird from the Rose Dream operetta at Helenas Marlow Theater . When Loy was 13 , her father died during the 1918 flu pandemic in November of that year . Loys mother permanently relocated the family to California , where they settled in Culver City , outside Los Angeles . Loy attended the exclusive Westlake School for Girls while continuing to study dance in downtown Los Angeles . When her teachers objected to her extracurricular participation in theatrical arts , her mother enrolled her in Venice High School , and at 15 , she began appearing in local stage productions . In 1921 , Loy posed for Venice High School sculpture teacher Harry Fielding Winebrenner as Inspiration ; the full length figure was central in his allegorical sculpture group Fountain of Education . Completed in 1922 , the sculpture group was installed in front of the campus outdoor pool in May 1923 where it stood for decades . Loys slender figure with her uplifted face and one arm extending skyward presented a vision of purity , grace , youthful vigor , and aspiration that was singled out in a Los Angeles Times story that included a photo of the Inspiration figure along with the models name—the first time her name appeared in a newspaper . A few months later , Loys Inspiration figure was temporarily removed from the sculpture group and transported aboard the battleship for a Memorial Day pageant in which Miss Myrna Williams participated . Fountain of Education can be seen in the opening scenes of the 1978 film Grease . After decades of exposure to the elements and vandalism , the original concrete statue was removed from display in 2002 , and replaced in 2010 by a bronze duplicate paid for through an alumni-led fundraising campaign . Loy left school at the age of 18 to begin to help with the familys finances . She obtained work at Graumans Egyptian Theatre , where she performed in what were called prologues , elaborate musical sequences that were related to and served as preliminary entertainment before the feature film . During this period , Loy saw Eleonora Duse in the play Thy Will Be Done , and the simple acting techniques she employed made such an impact on Loy that she tried to emulate them throughout her career . 1925–1932 : Career beginnings . While Loy was dancing in prologues at the Graumans Egyptian Theatre , portrait photographer Henry Waxman took several pictures of her that were noticed by Rudolph Valentino when the actor went to Waxmans studio for a sitting . Valentino was looking for a leading lady for Cobra , the first independent project he and his wife Natacha Rambova were producing . Loy tested for the role , which went to Gertrude Olmstead instead , but soon after she was hired as an extra for Pretty Ladies ( 1925 ) , in which she and fellow newcomer Joan Crawford were among a bevy of chorus girls dangling from an elaborate chandelier . Rambova hired Loy for a small but showy role opposite Nita Naldi in What Price Beauty? , a film she was producing . Shot in May 1925 , the film remained unreleased for three years ; but stills of Loy in her exotic makeup and costume appeared in Motion Picture magazine and led to a contract with Warner Bros . There , her surname was changed from Williams to Loy . Loys silent film roles were mainly as a vamp or femme fatale , and she frequently portrayed characters of Asian or Eurasian background in films such as Across the Pacific ( 1926 ) , A Girl in Every Port ( 1928 ) , The Crimson City ( 1928 ) , The Black Watch ( 1929 ) , and The Desert Song ( 1929 ) , which she later recalled kind of solidified my exotic non-American image . In 1930 she appeared in The Great Divide . It took years for her to overcome this typecast , and as late as 1932 , she was cast as a villainous Eurasian in Thirteen Women ( 1932 ) . She also played , opposite Boris Karloff , the depraved sadistic daughter of the title character in The Mask of Fu Manchu ( 1932 ) . In 1932 , Loy began dating producer Arthur Hornblow Jr. , when he was still married to his wife , Juliette Crosby . Prior to that , Loy appeared in small roles in The Jazz Singer and a number of early lavish Technicolor musicals , including The Show of Shows , The Bride of the Regiment , and Under a Texas Moon . As a result , she became associated with musical roles , and when they began to lose favor with the public , her career went into a slump . In 1934 , Loy appeared in Manhattan Melodrama with Clark Gable and William Powell . When gangster John Dillinger was shot to death after leaving a screening of the film at the Biograph Theater in Chicago , the film received widespread publicity , with some newspapers reporting that Loy had been Dillingers favorite actress . 1933–1938 : Rise to stardom . After appearing with Ramón Novarro in The Barbarian ( 1933 ) , Loy was cast as Nora Charles in the 1934 film The Thin Man . Director W . S . Van Dyke chose Loy after he detected a wit and sense of humor that her previous films had not revealed . At a Hollywood party , he pushed her into a swimming pool to test her reaction , and felt that her aplomb in handling the situation was exactly what he envisioned for Nora . Louis B . Mayer at first refused to allow Loy to play the part because he felt she was a dramatic actress , but Van Dyke insisted . Mayer finally relented on the condition that filming be completed within three weeks , as Loy was committed to start filming Stamboul Quest . The Thin Man became one of the years biggest hits , and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture . Loy received excellent reviews and was acclaimed for her comedic skills . Her costar William Powell and she proved to be a popular screen couple and appeared in 14 films together , one of the most prolific pairings in Hollywood history . Loy later referred to The Thin Man as the film that finally made me .. . after more than 80 films . Her successes in Manhattan Melodrama and The Thin Man marked a turning point in her career , and she was cast in more important pictures . Such films as Wife vs . Secretary ( 1936 ) with Clark Gable and Jean Harlow , and Petticoat Fever ( 1936 ) with Robert Montgomery gave her opportunity to develop comedic skills . She made four films in close succession with William Powell : Libeled Lady ( 1936 ) , which also starred Jean Harlow and Spencer Tracy ; The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) , in which she played Billie Burke opposite Powells Florenz Ziegfeld ; the second Thin Man film , After the Thin Man ( 1936 ) , with Powell and James Stewart ; and the romantic comedy Double Wedding ( 1937 ) . Loy married Arthur Hornblow in 1936 in-between filming the successive productions . She was later rumored to have had affairs with co-star Tracy between 1935 and 1936 while filming Whipsaw and Libeled Lady . She also made three more films with Gable at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ( MGM ) : Parnell ( 1937 ) was a historical drama and one of the most poorly received films of either Loys or Gables career , but their other pairings in Test Pilot and Too Hot to Handle ( both 1938 ) were successes . While working for MGM , Loy was outspoken about the studios casting hierarchy , especially based on race , and was quoted as saying : Why does every black person in the movies have to play a servant ? How about a black person walking up the steps of a court house carrying a briefcase ? During this period , Loy was one of Hollywoods busiest and highest-paid actresses , and in 1937 and 1938 , she was listed in the annual Quigley Poll of the Top Ten Money Making Stars , which was compiled from the votes of movie exhibitors throughout the United States for the stars who had generated the most revenue in their theaters over the previous year . 1939–1949 : Mainstream work and war activism . By the late 1930s , Loy was highly regarded for her performances in romantic comedies , and she was anxious to demonstrate her dramatic ability . She was cast in the lead female role in The Rains Came ( 1939 ) opposite Tyrone Power . She filmed Third Finger , Left Hand ( 1940 ) with Melvyn Douglas and appeared in I Love You Again ( 1940 ) , Love Crazy ( 1941 ) , and Shadow of the Thin Man ( 1941 ) , all with William Powell . On June 1 , 1942 , Loy divorced husband Hornblow in Reno , citing mental cruelty as the impetus for separating . Five days after the divorce , she married John D . Hertz , Jr . an advertising executive and founder of Hertz Rent A Car , at his sisters home in New York City . They remained married for two years , eventually divorcing in Cuernavaca , Mexico , on August 21 , 1944 , with Loy again citing mental cruelty . With the outbreak of World War II the same year , Loy all but abandoned her acting career to focus on the war effort and began devoting her time working with the Red Cross . She was so fiercely outspoken against Adolf Hitler that her name appeared on his blacklist , resulting in her films being banned in Germany . She also helped run a Naval Auxiliary canteen and toured frequently to raise funds for the war efforts . Around 1945 , Loy began dating producer and screenwriter Gene Markey , who had previously been married to actresses Joan Bennett and Hedy Lamarr . The two were married in a private ceremony on January 3 , 1946 , at the chapel on Terminal Island , while Markey was serving in the military . She returned to films with The Thin Man Goes Home ( 1945 ) . In 1946 , she played the wife of returning serviceman Fredric March in The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) . Loy was paired with Cary Grant in David O . Selznicks The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer ( 1947 ) . The film co-starred a teenaged Shirley Temple . Following its success , she appeared again with Grant in Mr . Blandings Builds His Dream House ( 1948 ) . 1950–1982 : Later career and political activities . In 1950 , Loy co-starred with Clifton Webb in Cheaper by the Dozen ( 1950 ) , which was a box-office hit , grossing $4.4 million in the United States . The same year , she divorced Markey . Her fourth and final husband was Howland H . Sargeant , U.S . Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs and president of Radio Liberty , whom she married on June 2 , 1951 , in Fort Myer , Virginia . Sargeant , a Presbyterian , wanted the marriage officiated in the church , but they were unable to do so due to Loys recent divorce . Throughout the 1950s , Loy assumed an influential role as co-chairman of the Advisory Council of the National Committee Against Discrimination in Housing . In 1948 , she had become a member of the U.S . National Commission for UNESCO , the first Hollywood celebrity to do so . In 1952 , she starred in the Cheaper by the Dozen sequel , Belles on Their Toes . In 1956 , she appeared in The Ambassadors Daughter along with John Forsythe and Olivia de Havilland . She played opposite Montgomery Clift and Robert Ryan in Lonelyhearts ( 1958 ) , Dore Scharys adaptation of Nathanael Wests classic 1933 novel Miss Lonelyhearts . In 1960 , she appeared in Midnight Lace and From the Terrace , but was not in another film until 1969 in The April Fools . In 1965 , Loy won the Sarah Siddons Award for her work in Chicago theatre . Loy , a lifelong Democrat , publicly supported the election of John F . Kennedy in 1960 . After divorcing her fourth husband Sargeant in 1960 , Loy relocated to 23 East 74th Street in Manhattans Upper East Side . She later lived at 425 East 63rd Street . In 1967 , she was cast in the television series The Virginian , appearing in an episode titled Lady of the House . Also in 1967 , she appeared on Family Affair in the episode A Helping Hand as a woman out of work and taking on hired-help and cook work , comically aided by Mr . French , though , the job did not work out , and she takes the failure out on John Williams , who was temporarily substituting for Sebastian Cabot in the role of Mr . French . In 1972 , she appeared as the suspects mother-in-law in an episode of the television series Columbo titled Étude in Black . In 1974 , she had a supporting part in Airport 1975 playing Mrs . Devaney , a heavy-drinking woman imbibing Jim Beam and Olympia Beer mixed together ; a foil to the character played by Sid Caesar . In 1975 , Loy was diagnosed with breast cancer and underwent two mastectomies to treat the disease . She kept her cancer diagnosis and subsequent treatment from the public until the publication of her autobiography in 1987 . In 1978 , she appeared in the film The End as the mother of the main character played by Burt Reynolds . Her last motion picture performance was in 1980 in Sidney Lumets Just Tell Me What You Want . She also returned to the stage , making her Broadway debut in a short-lived 1973 revival of Clare Boothe Luces The Women . She toured in a 1978 production of Alan Ayckbourns Relatively Speaking , directed by David Clayton . In 1981 , she appeared in the television drama Summer Solstice , which was Henry Fondas last performance . Her last acting role was a guest spot on the sitcom Love , Sidney , in 1982 . 1983–1993 : Final years . Her autobiography , Myrna Loy : Being and Becoming , was published in 1987 . The following year , she received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Kennedy Center . Although Loy was never nominated for an Academy Award for any single performance , after an extensive letter-writing campaign and years of lobbying by screenwriter and then-Writers Guild of America , West board member Michael Russnow , who enlisted the support of Loys former screen colleagues and friends such as Roddy McDowall , Sidney Sheldon , Harold Russell , and many others , she received a 1991 Academy Honorary Award for her career achievement . She accepted via camera from her New York City home , simply stating , Youve made me very happy . Thank you very much . It was her last public appearance in any medium . Death . Loy died at age 88 on December 14 , 1993 , at Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan during a surgery following a long , unspecified illness . She had been frail and in failing health , which had resulted in her being unable to attend the 1991 Academy Awards ceremony , where she was to receive a lifetime achievement Oscar . She was cremated in New York and her ashes interred at Forestvale Cemetery in her native Helena , Montana . Legacy . For her contribution to the film industry , Loy has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6685 Hollywood Boulevard . A building at Sony Pictures Studios , formerly MGM Studios , in Culver City is named in her honor . A cast of her handprint and her signature are in the sidewalk in front of Theater 80 , on St . Marks Place in New York City . In 1991 , the Myrna Loy Center for the Performing and Media Arts opened in downtown Helena , not far from Loys childhood home . Located in the historic Lewis and Clark Country Jail , it sponsors live performances and alternative films for underserved audiences . The songwriter Josh Ritter included a song about Loy on his 2017 album Gathering . Works cited . - Carr , Larry . More Fabulous Faces : The Evolution and Metamorphosis of Bette Davis , Katharine Hepburn , Dolores del Río , Carole Lombard and Myrna Loy . New York : Doubleday and Company , 1979 . . External links . - Official website - Obituary , nytimes.com - Profile , virtual-history.com
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[
"John D . Hertz"
] |
easy
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Who was the spouse of Myrna Loy from 1942 to Jun 1942?
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/wiki/Myrna_Loy#P26#1
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Myrna Loy Myrna Loy ( born Myrna Adele Williams ; August 2 , 1905 – December 14 , 1993 ) was an American film , television and stage actress . Trained as a dancer , Loy devoted herself fully to an acting career following a few minor roles in silent films . She was originally typecast in exotic roles , often as a vamp or a woman of Asian descent , but her career prospects improved greatly following her portrayal of Nora Charles in The Thin Man ( 1934 ) . Born in Helena , Montana , Loy was raised in rural Radersburg during her early childhood , before relocating to Los Angeles with her mother in her early adolescence . There , she began studying dance , and trained extensively throughout her high school education . She was discovered by production designer Natacha Rambova , who helped facilitate film auditions for her , and she began obtaining small roles in the late 1920s , mainly portraying vamps . Her role in The Thin Man helped elevate her reputation as a versatile actress , and she reprised the role of Nora Charles five more times . Loys career began to slow in the 1940s , and she appeared in only a few films in the 1950s , including a lead role in the comedy Cheaper by the Dozen ( 1950 ) , as well as supporting parts in The Ambassadors Daughter ( 1956 ) and the drama Lonelyhearts ( 1958 ) . She appeared in only eight films between 1960 and 1981 , after which she retired from acting . Although Loy was never nominated for an Academy Award , in March 1991 she received an Honorary Academy Award in recognition of her lifes work both onscreen and off , including serving as assistant to the director of military and naval welfare for the Red Cross during World War II , and a member-at-large of the U.S . Commission to UNESCO . Loy died in December 1993 in New York City , aged 88 . Life and career . 1905–1924 : Early life . Loy was born Myrna Adele Williams on August 2 , 1905 , in Helena , Montana , the daughter of Adelle Mae ( née Johnson ) and rancher David Franklin Williams . Her parents had married in Helena in 1904 , one year before Loy was born . She had one younger brother , David Frederick Williams ( 1982 ) . Loys paternal grandfather , David Thomas Williams , was Welsh , and emigrated from Liverpool , England to the United States in 1856 , arriving in Philadelphia . Unable to read or write in English , he later settled in the Montana Territory where he began a career as a rancher . Loys maternal grandparents were Scottish and Swedish immigrants . During her childhood , her father worked as a banker , real estate developer , and farmland appraiser in Helena , and was the youngest man ever elected to serve in the Montana state legislature . Her mother had studied music at the American Conservatory of Music in Chicago , and at one time considered a career as a concert performer , but instead devoted her time to raising Loy and her brother . Loys mother was a lifelong Democrat , while her father was a staunch Republican . She was raised in the Methodist faith . Loy spent her early life in Radersburg , Montana , a rural mining community approximately southeast of Helena . During the winter of 1912 , Loys mother nearly died from pneumonia , and her father sent his wife and daughter to La Jolla , California . Loys mother saw great potential in Southern California , and during one of her husbands visits , she encouraged him to purchase real estate there . Among the properties he bought was land that he would later sell , at a considerable profit , to filmmaker Charlie Chaplin for his film studio there . Although her mother tried to persuade her husband to move to California permanently , he preferred ranch life and the three eventually returned to Montana . Soon afterward , Loys mother needed a hysterectomy and insisted Los Angeles was a safer place to have it done , so she , Loy , and Loys brother David moved to Ocean Park , where Loy began to take dancing lessons . After the family returned to Montana , Loy continued her dancing lessons , and at the age of 12 , Myrna Williams made her stage debut performing a dance she had choreographed based on The Blue Bird from the Rose Dream operetta at Helenas Marlow Theater . When Loy was 13 , her father died during the 1918 flu pandemic in November of that year . Loys mother permanently relocated the family to California , where they settled in Culver City , outside Los Angeles . Loy attended the exclusive Westlake School for Girls while continuing to study dance in downtown Los Angeles . When her teachers objected to her extracurricular participation in theatrical arts , her mother enrolled her in Venice High School , and at 15 , she began appearing in local stage productions . In 1921 , Loy posed for Venice High School sculpture teacher Harry Fielding Winebrenner as Inspiration ; the full length figure was central in his allegorical sculpture group Fountain of Education . Completed in 1922 , the sculpture group was installed in front of the campus outdoor pool in May 1923 where it stood for decades . Loys slender figure with her uplifted face and one arm extending skyward presented a vision of purity , grace , youthful vigor , and aspiration that was singled out in a Los Angeles Times story that included a photo of the Inspiration figure along with the models name—the first time her name appeared in a newspaper . A few months later , Loys Inspiration figure was temporarily removed from the sculpture group and transported aboard the battleship for a Memorial Day pageant in which Miss Myrna Williams participated . Fountain of Education can be seen in the opening scenes of the 1978 film Grease . After decades of exposure to the elements and vandalism , the original concrete statue was removed from display in 2002 , and replaced in 2010 by a bronze duplicate paid for through an alumni-led fundraising campaign . Loy left school at the age of 18 to begin to help with the familys finances . She obtained work at Graumans Egyptian Theatre , where she performed in what were called prologues , elaborate musical sequences that were related to and served as preliminary entertainment before the feature film . During this period , Loy saw Eleonora Duse in the play Thy Will Be Done , and the simple acting techniques she employed made such an impact on Loy that she tried to emulate them throughout her career . 1925–1932 : Career beginnings . While Loy was dancing in prologues at the Graumans Egyptian Theatre , portrait photographer Henry Waxman took several pictures of her that were noticed by Rudolph Valentino when the actor went to Waxmans studio for a sitting . Valentino was looking for a leading lady for Cobra , the first independent project he and his wife Natacha Rambova were producing . Loy tested for the role , which went to Gertrude Olmstead instead , but soon after she was hired as an extra for Pretty Ladies ( 1925 ) , in which she and fellow newcomer Joan Crawford were among a bevy of chorus girls dangling from an elaborate chandelier . Rambova hired Loy for a small but showy role opposite Nita Naldi in What Price Beauty? , a film she was producing . Shot in May 1925 , the film remained unreleased for three years ; but stills of Loy in her exotic makeup and costume appeared in Motion Picture magazine and led to a contract with Warner Bros . There , her surname was changed from Williams to Loy . Loys silent film roles were mainly as a vamp or femme fatale , and she frequently portrayed characters of Asian or Eurasian background in films such as Across the Pacific ( 1926 ) , A Girl in Every Port ( 1928 ) , The Crimson City ( 1928 ) , The Black Watch ( 1929 ) , and The Desert Song ( 1929 ) , which she later recalled kind of solidified my exotic non-American image . In 1930 she appeared in The Great Divide . It took years for her to overcome this typecast , and as late as 1932 , she was cast as a villainous Eurasian in Thirteen Women ( 1932 ) . She also played , opposite Boris Karloff , the depraved sadistic daughter of the title character in The Mask of Fu Manchu ( 1932 ) . In 1932 , Loy began dating producer Arthur Hornblow Jr. , when he was still married to his wife , Juliette Crosby . Prior to that , Loy appeared in small roles in The Jazz Singer and a number of early lavish Technicolor musicals , including The Show of Shows , The Bride of the Regiment , and Under a Texas Moon . As a result , she became associated with musical roles , and when they began to lose favor with the public , her career went into a slump . In 1934 , Loy appeared in Manhattan Melodrama with Clark Gable and William Powell . When gangster John Dillinger was shot to death after leaving a screening of the film at the Biograph Theater in Chicago , the film received widespread publicity , with some newspapers reporting that Loy had been Dillingers favorite actress . 1933–1938 : Rise to stardom . After appearing with Ramón Novarro in The Barbarian ( 1933 ) , Loy was cast as Nora Charles in the 1934 film The Thin Man . Director W . S . Van Dyke chose Loy after he detected a wit and sense of humor that her previous films had not revealed . At a Hollywood party , he pushed her into a swimming pool to test her reaction , and felt that her aplomb in handling the situation was exactly what he envisioned for Nora . Louis B . Mayer at first refused to allow Loy to play the part because he felt she was a dramatic actress , but Van Dyke insisted . Mayer finally relented on the condition that filming be completed within three weeks , as Loy was committed to start filming Stamboul Quest . The Thin Man became one of the years biggest hits , and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture . Loy received excellent reviews and was acclaimed for her comedic skills . Her costar William Powell and she proved to be a popular screen couple and appeared in 14 films together , one of the most prolific pairings in Hollywood history . Loy later referred to The Thin Man as the film that finally made me .. . after more than 80 films . Her successes in Manhattan Melodrama and The Thin Man marked a turning point in her career , and she was cast in more important pictures . Such films as Wife vs . Secretary ( 1936 ) with Clark Gable and Jean Harlow , and Petticoat Fever ( 1936 ) with Robert Montgomery gave her opportunity to develop comedic skills . She made four films in close succession with William Powell : Libeled Lady ( 1936 ) , which also starred Jean Harlow and Spencer Tracy ; The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) , in which she played Billie Burke opposite Powells Florenz Ziegfeld ; the second Thin Man film , After the Thin Man ( 1936 ) , with Powell and James Stewart ; and the romantic comedy Double Wedding ( 1937 ) . Loy married Arthur Hornblow in 1936 in-between filming the successive productions . She was later rumored to have had affairs with co-star Tracy between 1935 and 1936 while filming Whipsaw and Libeled Lady . She also made three more films with Gable at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ( MGM ) : Parnell ( 1937 ) was a historical drama and one of the most poorly received films of either Loys or Gables career , but their other pairings in Test Pilot and Too Hot to Handle ( both 1938 ) were successes . While working for MGM , Loy was outspoken about the studios casting hierarchy , especially based on race , and was quoted as saying : Why does every black person in the movies have to play a servant ? How about a black person walking up the steps of a court house carrying a briefcase ? During this period , Loy was one of Hollywoods busiest and highest-paid actresses , and in 1937 and 1938 , she was listed in the annual Quigley Poll of the Top Ten Money Making Stars , which was compiled from the votes of movie exhibitors throughout the United States for the stars who had generated the most revenue in their theaters over the previous year . 1939–1949 : Mainstream work and war activism . By the late 1930s , Loy was highly regarded for her performances in romantic comedies , and she was anxious to demonstrate her dramatic ability . She was cast in the lead female role in The Rains Came ( 1939 ) opposite Tyrone Power . She filmed Third Finger , Left Hand ( 1940 ) with Melvyn Douglas and appeared in I Love You Again ( 1940 ) , Love Crazy ( 1941 ) , and Shadow of the Thin Man ( 1941 ) , all with William Powell . On June 1 , 1942 , Loy divorced husband Hornblow in Reno , citing mental cruelty as the impetus for separating . Five days after the divorce , she married John D . Hertz , Jr . an advertising executive and founder of Hertz Rent A Car , at his sisters home in New York City . They remained married for two years , eventually divorcing in Cuernavaca , Mexico , on August 21 , 1944 , with Loy again citing mental cruelty . With the outbreak of World War II the same year , Loy all but abandoned her acting career to focus on the war effort and began devoting her time working with the Red Cross . She was so fiercely outspoken against Adolf Hitler that her name appeared on his blacklist , resulting in her films being banned in Germany . She also helped run a Naval Auxiliary canteen and toured frequently to raise funds for the war efforts . Around 1945 , Loy began dating producer and screenwriter Gene Markey , who had previously been married to actresses Joan Bennett and Hedy Lamarr . The two were married in a private ceremony on January 3 , 1946 , at the chapel on Terminal Island , while Markey was serving in the military . She returned to films with The Thin Man Goes Home ( 1945 ) . In 1946 , she played the wife of returning serviceman Fredric March in The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) . Loy was paired with Cary Grant in David O . Selznicks The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer ( 1947 ) . The film co-starred a teenaged Shirley Temple . Following its success , she appeared again with Grant in Mr . Blandings Builds His Dream House ( 1948 ) . 1950–1982 : Later career and political activities . In 1950 , Loy co-starred with Clifton Webb in Cheaper by the Dozen ( 1950 ) , which was a box-office hit , grossing $4.4 million in the United States . The same year , she divorced Markey . Her fourth and final husband was Howland H . Sargeant , U.S . Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs and president of Radio Liberty , whom she married on June 2 , 1951 , in Fort Myer , Virginia . Sargeant , a Presbyterian , wanted the marriage officiated in the church , but they were unable to do so due to Loys recent divorce . Throughout the 1950s , Loy assumed an influential role as co-chairman of the Advisory Council of the National Committee Against Discrimination in Housing . In 1948 , she had become a member of the U.S . National Commission for UNESCO , the first Hollywood celebrity to do so . In 1952 , she starred in the Cheaper by the Dozen sequel , Belles on Their Toes . In 1956 , she appeared in The Ambassadors Daughter along with John Forsythe and Olivia de Havilland . She played opposite Montgomery Clift and Robert Ryan in Lonelyhearts ( 1958 ) , Dore Scharys adaptation of Nathanael Wests classic 1933 novel Miss Lonelyhearts . In 1960 , she appeared in Midnight Lace and From the Terrace , but was not in another film until 1969 in The April Fools . In 1965 , Loy won the Sarah Siddons Award for her work in Chicago theatre . Loy , a lifelong Democrat , publicly supported the election of John F . Kennedy in 1960 . After divorcing her fourth husband Sargeant in 1960 , Loy relocated to 23 East 74th Street in Manhattans Upper East Side . She later lived at 425 East 63rd Street . In 1967 , she was cast in the television series The Virginian , appearing in an episode titled Lady of the House . Also in 1967 , she appeared on Family Affair in the episode A Helping Hand as a woman out of work and taking on hired-help and cook work , comically aided by Mr . French , though , the job did not work out , and she takes the failure out on John Williams , who was temporarily substituting for Sebastian Cabot in the role of Mr . French . In 1972 , she appeared as the suspects mother-in-law in an episode of the television series Columbo titled Étude in Black . In 1974 , she had a supporting part in Airport 1975 playing Mrs . Devaney , a heavy-drinking woman imbibing Jim Beam and Olympia Beer mixed together ; a foil to the character played by Sid Caesar . In 1975 , Loy was diagnosed with breast cancer and underwent two mastectomies to treat the disease . She kept her cancer diagnosis and subsequent treatment from the public until the publication of her autobiography in 1987 . In 1978 , she appeared in the film The End as the mother of the main character played by Burt Reynolds . Her last motion picture performance was in 1980 in Sidney Lumets Just Tell Me What You Want . She also returned to the stage , making her Broadway debut in a short-lived 1973 revival of Clare Boothe Luces The Women . She toured in a 1978 production of Alan Ayckbourns Relatively Speaking , directed by David Clayton . In 1981 , she appeared in the television drama Summer Solstice , which was Henry Fondas last performance . Her last acting role was a guest spot on the sitcom Love , Sidney , in 1982 . 1983–1993 : Final years . Her autobiography , Myrna Loy : Being and Becoming , was published in 1987 . The following year , she received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Kennedy Center . Although Loy was never nominated for an Academy Award for any single performance , after an extensive letter-writing campaign and years of lobbying by screenwriter and then-Writers Guild of America , West board member Michael Russnow , who enlisted the support of Loys former screen colleagues and friends such as Roddy McDowall , Sidney Sheldon , Harold Russell , and many others , she received a 1991 Academy Honorary Award for her career achievement . She accepted via camera from her New York City home , simply stating , Youve made me very happy . Thank you very much . It was her last public appearance in any medium . Death . Loy died at age 88 on December 14 , 1993 , at Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan during a surgery following a long , unspecified illness . She had been frail and in failing health , which had resulted in her being unable to attend the 1991 Academy Awards ceremony , where she was to receive a lifetime achievement Oscar . She was cremated in New York and her ashes interred at Forestvale Cemetery in her native Helena , Montana . Legacy . For her contribution to the film industry , Loy has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6685 Hollywood Boulevard . A building at Sony Pictures Studios , formerly MGM Studios , in Culver City is named in her honor . A cast of her handprint and her signature are in the sidewalk in front of Theater 80 , on St . Marks Place in New York City . In 1991 , the Myrna Loy Center for the Performing and Media Arts opened in downtown Helena , not far from Loys childhood home . Located in the historic Lewis and Clark Country Jail , it sponsors live performances and alternative films for underserved audiences . The songwriter Josh Ritter included a song about Loy on his 2017 album Gathering . Works cited . - Carr , Larry . More Fabulous Faces : The Evolution and Metamorphosis of Bette Davis , Katharine Hepburn , Dolores del Río , Carole Lombard and Myrna Loy . New York : Doubleday and Company , 1979 . . External links . - Official website - Obituary , nytimes.com - Profile , virtual-history.com
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[
"Gene Markey"
] |
easy
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Who was the spouse of Myrna Loy from 1946 to Aug 1950?
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/wiki/Myrna_Loy#P26#2
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Myrna Loy Myrna Loy ( born Myrna Adele Williams ; August 2 , 1905 – December 14 , 1993 ) was an American film , television and stage actress . Trained as a dancer , Loy devoted herself fully to an acting career following a few minor roles in silent films . She was originally typecast in exotic roles , often as a vamp or a woman of Asian descent , but her career prospects improved greatly following her portrayal of Nora Charles in The Thin Man ( 1934 ) . Born in Helena , Montana , Loy was raised in rural Radersburg during her early childhood , before relocating to Los Angeles with her mother in her early adolescence . There , she began studying dance , and trained extensively throughout her high school education . She was discovered by production designer Natacha Rambova , who helped facilitate film auditions for her , and she began obtaining small roles in the late 1920s , mainly portraying vamps . Her role in The Thin Man helped elevate her reputation as a versatile actress , and she reprised the role of Nora Charles five more times . Loys career began to slow in the 1940s , and she appeared in only a few films in the 1950s , including a lead role in the comedy Cheaper by the Dozen ( 1950 ) , as well as supporting parts in The Ambassadors Daughter ( 1956 ) and the drama Lonelyhearts ( 1958 ) . She appeared in only eight films between 1960 and 1981 , after which she retired from acting . Although Loy was never nominated for an Academy Award , in March 1991 she received an Honorary Academy Award in recognition of her lifes work both onscreen and off , including serving as assistant to the director of military and naval welfare for the Red Cross during World War II , and a member-at-large of the U.S . Commission to UNESCO . Loy died in December 1993 in New York City , aged 88 . Life and career . 1905–1924 : Early life . Loy was born Myrna Adele Williams on August 2 , 1905 , in Helena , Montana , the daughter of Adelle Mae ( née Johnson ) and rancher David Franklin Williams . Her parents had married in Helena in 1904 , one year before Loy was born . She had one younger brother , David Frederick Williams ( 1982 ) . Loys paternal grandfather , David Thomas Williams , was Welsh , and emigrated from Liverpool , England to the United States in 1856 , arriving in Philadelphia . Unable to read or write in English , he later settled in the Montana Territory where he began a career as a rancher . Loys maternal grandparents were Scottish and Swedish immigrants . During her childhood , her father worked as a banker , real estate developer , and farmland appraiser in Helena , and was the youngest man ever elected to serve in the Montana state legislature . Her mother had studied music at the American Conservatory of Music in Chicago , and at one time considered a career as a concert performer , but instead devoted her time to raising Loy and her brother . Loys mother was a lifelong Democrat , while her father was a staunch Republican . She was raised in the Methodist faith . Loy spent her early life in Radersburg , Montana , a rural mining community approximately southeast of Helena . During the winter of 1912 , Loys mother nearly died from pneumonia , and her father sent his wife and daughter to La Jolla , California . Loys mother saw great potential in Southern California , and during one of her husbands visits , she encouraged him to purchase real estate there . Among the properties he bought was land that he would later sell , at a considerable profit , to filmmaker Charlie Chaplin for his film studio there . Although her mother tried to persuade her husband to move to California permanently , he preferred ranch life and the three eventually returned to Montana . Soon afterward , Loys mother needed a hysterectomy and insisted Los Angeles was a safer place to have it done , so she , Loy , and Loys brother David moved to Ocean Park , where Loy began to take dancing lessons . After the family returned to Montana , Loy continued her dancing lessons , and at the age of 12 , Myrna Williams made her stage debut performing a dance she had choreographed based on The Blue Bird from the Rose Dream operetta at Helenas Marlow Theater . When Loy was 13 , her father died during the 1918 flu pandemic in November of that year . Loys mother permanently relocated the family to California , where they settled in Culver City , outside Los Angeles . Loy attended the exclusive Westlake School for Girls while continuing to study dance in downtown Los Angeles . When her teachers objected to her extracurricular participation in theatrical arts , her mother enrolled her in Venice High School , and at 15 , she began appearing in local stage productions . In 1921 , Loy posed for Venice High School sculpture teacher Harry Fielding Winebrenner as Inspiration ; the full length figure was central in his allegorical sculpture group Fountain of Education . Completed in 1922 , the sculpture group was installed in front of the campus outdoor pool in May 1923 where it stood for decades . Loys slender figure with her uplifted face and one arm extending skyward presented a vision of purity , grace , youthful vigor , and aspiration that was singled out in a Los Angeles Times story that included a photo of the Inspiration figure along with the models name—the first time her name appeared in a newspaper . A few months later , Loys Inspiration figure was temporarily removed from the sculpture group and transported aboard the battleship for a Memorial Day pageant in which Miss Myrna Williams participated . Fountain of Education can be seen in the opening scenes of the 1978 film Grease . After decades of exposure to the elements and vandalism , the original concrete statue was removed from display in 2002 , and replaced in 2010 by a bronze duplicate paid for through an alumni-led fundraising campaign . Loy left school at the age of 18 to begin to help with the familys finances . She obtained work at Graumans Egyptian Theatre , where she performed in what were called prologues , elaborate musical sequences that were related to and served as preliminary entertainment before the feature film . During this period , Loy saw Eleonora Duse in the play Thy Will Be Done , and the simple acting techniques she employed made such an impact on Loy that she tried to emulate them throughout her career . 1925–1932 : Career beginnings . While Loy was dancing in prologues at the Graumans Egyptian Theatre , portrait photographer Henry Waxman took several pictures of her that were noticed by Rudolph Valentino when the actor went to Waxmans studio for a sitting . Valentino was looking for a leading lady for Cobra , the first independent project he and his wife Natacha Rambova were producing . Loy tested for the role , which went to Gertrude Olmstead instead , but soon after she was hired as an extra for Pretty Ladies ( 1925 ) , in which she and fellow newcomer Joan Crawford were among a bevy of chorus girls dangling from an elaborate chandelier . Rambova hired Loy for a small but showy role opposite Nita Naldi in What Price Beauty? , a film she was producing . Shot in May 1925 , the film remained unreleased for three years ; but stills of Loy in her exotic makeup and costume appeared in Motion Picture magazine and led to a contract with Warner Bros . There , her surname was changed from Williams to Loy . Loys silent film roles were mainly as a vamp or femme fatale , and she frequently portrayed characters of Asian or Eurasian background in films such as Across the Pacific ( 1926 ) , A Girl in Every Port ( 1928 ) , The Crimson City ( 1928 ) , The Black Watch ( 1929 ) , and The Desert Song ( 1929 ) , which she later recalled kind of solidified my exotic non-American image . In 1930 she appeared in The Great Divide . It took years for her to overcome this typecast , and as late as 1932 , she was cast as a villainous Eurasian in Thirteen Women ( 1932 ) . She also played , opposite Boris Karloff , the depraved sadistic daughter of the title character in The Mask of Fu Manchu ( 1932 ) . In 1932 , Loy began dating producer Arthur Hornblow Jr. , when he was still married to his wife , Juliette Crosby . Prior to that , Loy appeared in small roles in The Jazz Singer and a number of early lavish Technicolor musicals , including The Show of Shows , The Bride of the Regiment , and Under a Texas Moon . As a result , she became associated with musical roles , and when they began to lose favor with the public , her career went into a slump . In 1934 , Loy appeared in Manhattan Melodrama with Clark Gable and William Powell . When gangster John Dillinger was shot to death after leaving a screening of the film at the Biograph Theater in Chicago , the film received widespread publicity , with some newspapers reporting that Loy had been Dillingers favorite actress . 1933–1938 : Rise to stardom . After appearing with Ramón Novarro in The Barbarian ( 1933 ) , Loy was cast as Nora Charles in the 1934 film The Thin Man . Director W . S . Van Dyke chose Loy after he detected a wit and sense of humor that her previous films had not revealed . At a Hollywood party , he pushed her into a swimming pool to test her reaction , and felt that her aplomb in handling the situation was exactly what he envisioned for Nora . Louis B . Mayer at first refused to allow Loy to play the part because he felt she was a dramatic actress , but Van Dyke insisted . Mayer finally relented on the condition that filming be completed within three weeks , as Loy was committed to start filming Stamboul Quest . The Thin Man became one of the years biggest hits , and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture . Loy received excellent reviews and was acclaimed for her comedic skills . Her costar William Powell and she proved to be a popular screen couple and appeared in 14 films together , one of the most prolific pairings in Hollywood history . Loy later referred to The Thin Man as the film that finally made me .. . after more than 80 films . Her successes in Manhattan Melodrama and The Thin Man marked a turning point in her career , and she was cast in more important pictures . Such films as Wife vs . Secretary ( 1936 ) with Clark Gable and Jean Harlow , and Petticoat Fever ( 1936 ) with Robert Montgomery gave her opportunity to develop comedic skills . She made four films in close succession with William Powell : Libeled Lady ( 1936 ) , which also starred Jean Harlow and Spencer Tracy ; The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) , in which she played Billie Burke opposite Powells Florenz Ziegfeld ; the second Thin Man film , After the Thin Man ( 1936 ) , with Powell and James Stewart ; and the romantic comedy Double Wedding ( 1937 ) . Loy married Arthur Hornblow in 1936 in-between filming the successive productions . She was later rumored to have had affairs with co-star Tracy between 1935 and 1936 while filming Whipsaw and Libeled Lady . She also made three more films with Gable at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ( MGM ) : Parnell ( 1937 ) was a historical drama and one of the most poorly received films of either Loys or Gables career , but their other pairings in Test Pilot and Too Hot to Handle ( both 1938 ) were successes . While working for MGM , Loy was outspoken about the studios casting hierarchy , especially based on race , and was quoted as saying : Why does every black person in the movies have to play a servant ? How about a black person walking up the steps of a court house carrying a briefcase ? During this period , Loy was one of Hollywoods busiest and highest-paid actresses , and in 1937 and 1938 , she was listed in the annual Quigley Poll of the Top Ten Money Making Stars , which was compiled from the votes of movie exhibitors throughout the United States for the stars who had generated the most revenue in their theaters over the previous year . 1939–1949 : Mainstream work and war activism . By the late 1930s , Loy was highly regarded for her performances in romantic comedies , and she was anxious to demonstrate her dramatic ability . She was cast in the lead female role in The Rains Came ( 1939 ) opposite Tyrone Power . She filmed Third Finger , Left Hand ( 1940 ) with Melvyn Douglas and appeared in I Love You Again ( 1940 ) , Love Crazy ( 1941 ) , and Shadow of the Thin Man ( 1941 ) , all with William Powell . On June 1 , 1942 , Loy divorced husband Hornblow in Reno , citing mental cruelty as the impetus for separating . Five days after the divorce , she married John D . Hertz , Jr . an advertising executive and founder of Hertz Rent A Car , at his sisters home in New York City . They remained married for two years , eventually divorcing in Cuernavaca , Mexico , on August 21 , 1944 , with Loy again citing mental cruelty . With the outbreak of World War II the same year , Loy all but abandoned her acting career to focus on the war effort and began devoting her time working with the Red Cross . She was so fiercely outspoken against Adolf Hitler that her name appeared on his blacklist , resulting in her films being banned in Germany . She also helped run a Naval Auxiliary canteen and toured frequently to raise funds for the war efforts . Around 1945 , Loy began dating producer and screenwriter Gene Markey , who had previously been married to actresses Joan Bennett and Hedy Lamarr . The two were married in a private ceremony on January 3 , 1946 , at the chapel on Terminal Island , while Markey was serving in the military . She returned to films with The Thin Man Goes Home ( 1945 ) . In 1946 , she played the wife of returning serviceman Fredric March in The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) . Loy was paired with Cary Grant in David O . Selznicks The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer ( 1947 ) . The film co-starred a teenaged Shirley Temple . Following its success , she appeared again with Grant in Mr . Blandings Builds His Dream House ( 1948 ) . 1950–1982 : Later career and political activities . In 1950 , Loy co-starred with Clifton Webb in Cheaper by the Dozen ( 1950 ) , which was a box-office hit , grossing $4.4 million in the United States . The same year , she divorced Markey . Her fourth and final husband was Howland H . Sargeant , U.S . Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs and president of Radio Liberty , whom she married on June 2 , 1951 , in Fort Myer , Virginia . Sargeant , a Presbyterian , wanted the marriage officiated in the church , but they were unable to do so due to Loys recent divorce . Throughout the 1950s , Loy assumed an influential role as co-chairman of the Advisory Council of the National Committee Against Discrimination in Housing . In 1948 , she had become a member of the U.S . National Commission for UNESCO , the first Hollywood celebrity to do so . In 1952 , she starred in the Cheaper by the Dozen sequel , Belles on Their Toes . In 1956 , she appeared in The Ambassadors Daughter along with John Forsythe and Olivia de Havilland . She played opposite Montgomery Clift and Robert Ryan in Lonelyhearts ( 1958 ) , Dore Scharys adaptation of Nathanael Wests classic 1933 novel Miss Lonelyhearts . In 1960 , she appeared in Midnight Lace and From the Terrace , but was not in another film until 1969 in The April Fools . In 1965 , Loy won the Sarah Siddons Award for her work in Chicago theatre . Loy , a lifelong Democrat , publicly supported the election of John F . Kennedy in 1960 . After divorcing her fourth husband Sargeant in 1960 , Loy relocated to 23 East 74th Street in Manhattans Upper East Side . She later lived at 425 East 63rd Street . In 1967 , she was cast in the television series The Virginian , appearing in an episode titled Lady of the House . Also in 1967 , she appeared on Family Affair in the episode A Helping Hand as a woman out of work and taking on hired-help and cook work , comically aided by Mr . French , though , the job did not work out , and she takes the failure out on John Williams , who was temporarily substituting for Sebastian Cabot in the role of Mr . French . In 1972 , she appeared as the suspects mother-in-law in an episode of the television series Columbo titled Étude in Black . In 1974 , she had a supporting part in Airport 1975 playing Mrs . Devaney , a heavy-drinking woman imbibing Jim Beam and Olympia Beer mixed together ; a foil to the character played by Sid Caesar . In 1975 , Loy was diagnosed with breast cancer and underwent two mastectomies to treat the disease . She kept her cancer diagnosis and subsequent treatment from the public until the publication of her autobiography in 1987 . In 1978 , she appeared in the film The End as the mother of the main character played by Burt Reynolds . Her last motion picture performance was in 1980 in Sidney Lumets Just Tell Me What You Want . She also returned to the stage , making her Broadway debut in a short-lived 1973 revival of Clare Boothe Luces The Women . She toured in a 1978 production of Alan Ayckbourns Relatively Speaking , directed by David Clayton . In 1981 , she appeared in the television drama Summer Solstice , which was Henry Fondas last performance . Her last acting role was a guest spot on the sitcom Love , Sidney , in 1982 . 1983–1993 : Final years . Her autobiography , Myrna Loy : Being and Becoming , was published in 1987 . The following year , she received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Kennedy Center . Although Loy was never nominated for an Academy Award for any single performance , after an extensive letter-writing campaign and years of lobbying by screenwriter and then-Writers Guild of America , West board member Michael Russnow , who enlisted the support of Loys former screen colleagues and friends such as Roddy McDowall , Sidney Sheldon , Harold Russell , and many others , she received a 1991 Academy Honorary Award for her career achievement . She accepted via camera from her New York City home , simply stating , Youve made me very happy . Thank you very much . It was her last public appearance in any medium . Death . Loy died at age 88 on December 14 , 1993 , at Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan during a surgery following a long , unspecified illness . She had been frail and in failing health , which had resulted in her being unable to attend the 1991 Academy Awards ceremony , where she was to receive a lifetime achievement Oscar . She was cremated in New York and her ashes interred at Forestvale Cemetery in her native Helena , Montana . Legacy . For her contribution to the film industry , Loy has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6685 Hollywood Boulevard . A building at Sony Pictures Studios , formerly MGM Studios , in Culver City is named in her honor . A cast of her handprint and her signature are in the sidewalk in front of Theater 80 , on St . Marks Place in New York City . In 1991 , the Myrna Loy Center for the Performing and Media Arts opened in downtown Helena , not far from Loys childhood home . Located in the historic Lewis and Clark Country Jail , it sponsors live performances and alternative films for underserved audiences . The songwriter Josh Ritter included a song about Loy on his 2017 album Gathering . Works cited . - Carr , Larry . More Fabulous Faces : The Evolution and Metamorphosis of Bette Davis , Katharine Hepburn , Dolores del Río , Carole Lombard and Myrna Loy . New York : Doubleday and Company , 1979 . . External links . - Official website - Obituary , nytimes.com - Profile , virtual-history.com
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[
"Howland H . Sargeant"
] |
easy
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Who was the spouse of Myrna Loy from Jun 1951 to May 1960?
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/wiki/Myrna_Loy#P26#3
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Myrna Loy Myrna Loy ( born Myrna Adele Williams ; August 2 , 1905 – December 14 , 1993 ) was an American film , television and stage actress . Trained as a dancer , Loy devoted herself fully to an acting career following a few minor roles in silent films . She was originally typecast in exotic roles , often as a vamp or a woman of Asian descent , but her career prospects improved greatly following her portrayal of Nora Charles in The Thin Man ( 1934 ) . Born in Helena , Montana , Loy was raised in rural Radersburg during her early childhood , before relocating to Los Angeles with her mother in her early adolescence . There , she began studying dance , and trained extensively throughout her high school education . She was discovered by production designer Natacha Rambova , who helped facilitate film auditions for her , and she began obtaining small roles in the late 1920s , mainly portraying vamps . Her role in The Thin Man helped elevate her reputation as a versatile actress , and she reprised the role of Nora Charles five more times . Loys career began to slow in the 1940s , and she appeared in only a few films in the 1950s , including a lead role in the comedy Cheaper by the Dozen ( 1950 ) , as well as supporting parts in The Ambassadors Daughter ( 1956 ) and the drama Lonelyhearts ( 1958 ) . She appeared in only eight films between 1960 and 1981 , after which she retired from acting . Although Loy was never nominated for an Academy Award , in March 1991 she received an Honorary Academy Award in recognition of her lifes work both onscreen and off , including serving as assistant to the director of military and naval welfare for the Red Cross during World War II , and a member-at-large of the U.S . Commission to UNESCO . Loy died in December 1993 in New York City , aged 88 . Life and career . 1905–1924 : Early life . Loy was born Myrna Adele Williams on August 2 , 1905 , in Helena , Montana , the daughter of Adelle Mae ( née Johnson ) and rancher David Franklin Williams . Her parents had married in Helena in 1904 , one year before Loy was born . She had one younger brother , David Frederick Williams ( 1982 ) . Loys paternal grandfather , David Thomas Williams , was Welsh , and emigrated from Liverpool , England to the United States in 1856 , arriving in Philadelphia . Unable to read or write in English , he later settled in the Montana Territory where he began a career as a rancher . Loys maternal grandparents were Scottish and Swedish immigrants . During her childhood , her father worked as a banker , real estate developer , and farmland appraiser in Helena , and was the youngest man ever elected to serve in the Montana state legislature . Her mother had studied music at the American Conservatory of Music in Chicago , and at one time considered a career as a concert performer , but instead devoted her time to raising Loy and her brother . Loys mother was a lifelong Democrat , while her father was a staunch Republican . She was raised in the Methodist faith . Loy spent her early life in Radersburg , Montana , a rural mining community approximately southeast of Helena . During the winter of 1912 , Loys mother nearly died from pneumonia , and her father sent his wife and daughter to La Jolla , California . Loys mother saw great potential in Southern California , and during one of her husbands visits , she encouraged him to purchase real estate there . Among the properties he bought was land that he would later sell , at a considerable profit , to filmmaker Charlie Chaplin for his film studio there . Although her mother tried to persuade her husband to move to California permanently , he preferred ranch life and the three eventually returned to Montana . Soon afterward , Loys mother needed a hysterectomy and insisted Los Angeles was a safer place to have it done , so she , Loy , and Loys brother David moved to Ocean Park , where Loy began to take dancing lessons . After the family returned to Montana , Loy continued her dancing lessons , and at the age of 12 , Myrna Williams made her stage debut performing a dance she had choreographed based on The Blue Bird from the Rose Dream operetta at Helenas Marlow Theater . When Loy was 13 , her father died during the 1918 flu pandemic in November of that year . Loys mother permanently relocated the family to California , where they settled in Culver City , outside Los Angeles . Loy attended the exclusive Westlake School for Girls while continuing to study dance in downtown Los Angeles . When her teachers objected to her extracurricular participation in theatrical arts , her mother enrolled her in Venice High School , and at 15 , she began appearing in local stage productions . In 1921 , Loy posed for Venice High School sculpture teacher Harry Fielding Winebrenner as Inspiration ; the full length figure was central in his allegorical sculpture group Fountain of Education . Completed in 1922 , the sculpture group was installed in front of the campus outdoor pool in May 1923 where it stood for decades . Loys slender figure with her uplifted face and one arm extending skyward presented a vision of purity , grace , youthful vigor , and aspiration that was singled out in a Los Angeles Times story that included a photo of the Inspiration figure along with the models name—the first time her name appeared in a newspaper . A few months later , Loys Inspiration figure was temporarily removed from the sculpture group and transported aboard the battleship for a Memorial Day pageant in which Miss Myrna Williams participated . Fountain of Education can be seen in the opening scenes of the 1978 film Grease . After decades of exposure to the elements and vandalism , the original concrete statue was removed from display in 2002 , and replaced in 2010 by a bronze duplicate paid for through an alumni-led fundraising campaign . Loy left school at the age of 18 to begin to help with the familys finances . She obtained work at Graumans Egyptian Theatre , where she performed in what were called prologues , elaborate musical sequences that were related to and served as preliminary entertainment before the feature film . During this period , Loy saw Eleonora Duse in the play Thy Will Be Done , and the simple acting techniques she employed made such an impact on Loy that she tried to emulate them throughout her career . 1925–1932 : Career beginnings . While Loy was dancing in prologues at the Graumans Egyptian Theatre , portrait photographer Henry Waxman took several pictures of her that were noticed by Rudolph Valentino when the actor went to Waxmans studio for a sitting . Valentino was looking for a leading lady for Cobra , the first independent project he and his wife Natacha Rambova were producing . Loy tested for the role , which went to Gertrude Olmstead instead , but soon after she was hired as an extra for Pretty Ladies ( 1925 ) , in which she and fellow newcomer Joan Crawford were among a bevy of chorus girls dangling from an elaborate chandelier . Rambova hired Loy for a small but showy role opposite Nita Naldi in What Price Beauty? , a film she was producing . Shot in May 1925 , the film remained unreleased for three years ; but stills of Loy in her exotic makeup and costume appeared in Motion Picture magazine and led to a contract with Warner Bros . There , her surname was changed from Williams to Loy . Loys silent film roles were mainly as a vamp or femme fatale , and she frequently portrayed characters of Asian or Eurasian background in films such as Across the Pacific ( 1926 ) , A Girl in Every Port ( 1928 ) , The Crimson City ( 1928 ) , The Black Watch ( 1929 ) , and The Desert Song ( 1929 ) , which she later recalled kind of solidified my exotic non-American image . In 1930 she appeared in The Great Divide . It took years for her to overcome this typecast , and as late as 1932 , she was cast as a villainous Eurasian in Thirteen Women ( 1932 ) . She also played , opposite Boris Karloff , the depraved sadistic daughter of the title character in The Mask of Fu Manchu ( 1932 ) . In 1932 , Loy began dating producer Arthur Hornblow Jr. , when he was still married to his wife , Juliette Crosby . Prior to that , Loy appeared in small roles in The Jazz Singer and a number of early lavish Technicolor musicals , including The Show of Shows , The Bride of the Regiment , and Under a Texas Moon . As a result , she became associated with musical roles , and when they began to lose favor with the public , her career went into a slump . In 1934 , Loy appeared in Manhattan Melodrama with Clark Gable and William Powell . When gangster John Dillinger was shot to death after leaving a screening of the film at the Biograph Theater in Chicago , the film received widespread publicity , with some newspapers reporting that Loy had been Dillingers favorite actress . 1933–1938 : Rise to stardom . After appearing with Ramón Novarro in The Barbarian ( 1933 ) , Loy was cast as Nora Charles in the 1934 film The Thin Man . Director W . S . Van Dyke chose Loy after he detected a wit and sense of humor that her previous films had not revealed . At a Hollywood party , he pushed her into a swimming pool to test her reaction , and felt that her aplomb in handling the situation was exactly what he envisioned for Nora . Louis B . Mayer at first refused to allow Loy to play the part because he felt she was a dramatic actress , but Van Dyke insisted . Mayer finally relented on the condition that filming be completed within three weeks , as Loy was committed to start filming Stamboul Quest . The Thin Man became one of the years biggest hits , and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture . Loy received excellent reviews and was acclaimed for her comedic skills . Her costar William Powell and she proved to be a popular screen couple and appeared in 14 films together , one of the most prolific pairings in Hollywood history . Loy later referred to The Thin Man as the film that finally made me .. . after more than 80 films . Her successes in Manhattan Melodrama and The Thin Man marked a turning point in her career , and she was cast in more important pictures . Such films as Wife vs . Secretary ( 1936 ) with Clark Gable and Jean Harlow , and Petticoat Fever ( 1936 ) with Robert Montgomery gave her opportunity to develop comedic skills . She made four films in close succession with William Powell : Libeled Lady ( 1936 ) , which also starred Jean Harlow and Spencer Tracy ; The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) , in which she played Billie Burke opposite Powells Florenz Ziegfeld ; the second Thin Man film , After the Thin Man ( 1936 ) , with Powell and James Stewart ; and the romantic comedy Double Wedding ( 1937 ) . Loy married Arthur Hornblow in 1936 in-between filming the successive productions . She was later rumored to have had affairs with co-star Tracy between 1935 and 1936 while filming Whipsaw and Libeled Lady . She also made three more films with Gable at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ( MGM ) : Parnell ( 1937 ) was a historical drama and one of the most poorly received films of either Loys or Gables career , but their other pairings in Test Pilot and Too Hot to Handle ( both 1938 ) were successes . While working for MGM , Loy was outspoken about the studios casting hierarchy , especially based on race , and was quoted as saying : Why does every black person in the movies have to play a servant ? How about a black person walking up the steps of a court house carrying a briefcase ? During this period , Loy was one of Hollywoods busiest and highest-paid actresses , and in 1937 and 1938 , she was listed in the annual Quigley Poll of the Top Ten Money Making Stars , which was compiled from the votes of movie exhibitors throughout the United States for the stars who had generated the most revenue in their theaters over the previous year . 1939–1949 : Mainstream work and war activism . By the late 1930s , Loy was highly regarded for her performances in romantic comedies , and she was anxious to demonstrate her dramatic ability . She was cast in the lead female role in The Rains Came ( 1939 ) opposite Tyrone Power . She filmed Third Finger , Left Hand ( 1940 ) with Melvyn Douglas and appeared in I Love You Again ( 1940 ) , Love Crazy ( 1941 ) , and Shadow of the Thin Man ( 1941 ) , all with William Powell . On June 1 , 1942 , Loy divorced husband Hornblow in Reno , citing mental cruelty as the impetus for separating . Five days after the divorce , she married John D . Hertz , Jr . an advertising executive and founder of Hertz Rent A Car , at his sisters home in New York City . They remained married for two years , eventually divorcing in Cuernavaca , Mexico , on August 21 , 1944 , with Loy again citing mental cruelty . With the outbreak of World War II the same year , Loy all but abandoned her acting career to focus on the war effort and began devoting her time working with the Red Cross . She was so fiercely outspoken against Adolf Hitler that her name appeared on his blacklist , resulting in her films being banned in Germany . She also helped run a Naval Auxiliary canteen and toured frequently to raise funds for the war efforts . Around 1945 , Loy began dating producer and screenwriter Gene Markey , who had previously been married to actresses Joan Bennett and Hedy Lamarr . The two were married in a private ceremony on January 3 , 1946 , at the chapel on Terminal Island , while Markey was serving in the military . She returned to films with The Thin Man Goes Home ( 1945 ) . In 1946 , she played the wife of returning serviceman Fredric March in The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) . Loy was paired with Cary Grant in David O . Selznicks The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer ( 1947 ) . The film co-starred a teenaged Shirley Temple . Following its success , she appeared again with Grant in Mr . Blandings Builds His Dream House ( 1948 ) . 1950–1982 : Later career and political activities . In 1950 , Loy co-starred with Clifton Webb in Cheaper by the Dozen ( 1950 ) , which was a box-office hit , grossing $4.4 million in the United States . The same year , she divorced Markey . Her fourth and final husband was Howland H . Sargeant , U.S . Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs and president of Radio Liberty , whom she married on June 2 , 1951 , in Fort Myer , Virginia . Sargeant , a Presbyterian , wanted the marriage officiated in the church , but they were unable to do so due to Loys recent divorce . Throughout the 1950s , Loy assumed an influential role as co-chairman of the Advisory Council of the National Committee Against Discrimination in Housing . In 1948 , she had become a member of the U.S . National Commission for UNESCO , the first Hollywood celebrity to do so . In 1952 , she starred in the Cheaper by the Dozen sequel , Belles on Their Toes . In 1956 , she appeared in The Ambassadors Daughter along with John Forsythe and Olivia de Havilland . She played opposite Montgomery Clift and Robert Ryan in Lonelyhearts ( 1958 ) , Dore Scharys adaptation of Nathanael Wests classic 1933 novel Miss Lonelyhearts . In 1960 , she appeared in Midnight Lace and From the Terrace , but was not in another film until 1969 in The April Fools . In 1965 , Loy won the Sarah Siddons Award for her work in Chicago theatre . Loy , a lifelong Democrat , publicly supported the election of John F . Kennedy in 1960 . After divorcing her fourth husband Sargeant in 1960 , Loy relocated to 23 East 74th Street in Manhattans Upper East Side . She later lived at 425 East 63rd Street . In 1967 , she was cast in the television series The Virginian , appearing in an episode titled Lady of the House . Also in 1967 , she appeared on Family Affair in the episode A Helping Hand as a woman out of work and taking on hired-help and cook work , comically aided by Mr . French , though , the job did not work out , and she takes the failure out on John Williams , who was temporarily substituting for Sebastian Cabot in the role of Mr . French . In 1972 , she appeared as the suspects mother-in-law in an episode of the television series Columbo titled Étude in Black . In 1974 , she had a supporting part in Airport 1975 playing Mrs . Devaney , a heavy-drinking woman imbibing Jim Beam and Olympia Beer mixed together ; a foil to the character played by Sid Caesar . In 1975 , Loy was diagnosed with breast cancer and underwent two mastectomies to treat the disease . She kept her cancer diagnosis and subsequent treatment from the public until the publication of her autobiography in 1987 . In 1978 , she appeared in the film The End as the mother of the main character played by Burt Reynolds . Her last motion picture performance was in 1980 in Sidney Lumets Just Tell Me What You Want . She also returned to the stage , making her Broadway debut in a short-lived 1973 revival of Clare Boothe Luces The Women . She toured in a 1978 production of Alan Ayckbourns Relatively Speaking , directed by David Clayton . In 1981 , she appeared in the television drama Summer Solstice , which was Henry Fondas last performance . Her last acting role was a guest spot on the sitcom Love , Sidney , in 1982 . 1983–1993 : Final years . Her autobiography , Myrna Loy : Being and Becoming , was published in 1987 . The following year , she received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Kennedy Center . Although Loy was never nominated for an Academy Award for any single performance , after an extensive letter-writing campaign and years of lobbying by screenwriter and then-Writers Guild of America , West board member Michael Russnow , who enlisted the support of Loys former screen colleagues and friends such as Roddy McDowall , Sidney Sheldon , Harold Russell , and many others , she received a 1991 Academy Honorary Award for her career achievement . She accepted via camera from her New York City home , simply stating , Youve made me very happy . Thank you very much . It was her last public appearance in any medium . Death . Loy died at age 88 on December 14 , 1993 , at Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan during a surgery following a long , unspecified illness . She had been frail and in failing health , which had resulted in her being unable to attend the 1991 Academy Awards ceremony , where she was to receive a lifetime achievement Oscar . She was cremated in New York and her ashes interred at Forestvale Cemetery in her native Helena , Montana . Legacy . For her contribution to the film industry , Loy has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6685 Hollywood Boulevard . A building at Sony Pictures Studios , formerly MGM Studios , in Culver City is named in her honor . A cast of her handprint and her signature are in the sidewalk in front of Theater 80 , on St . Marks Place in New York City . In 1991 , the Myrna Loy Center for the Performing and Media Arts opened in downtown Helena , not far from Loys childhood home . Located in the historic Lewis and Clark Country Jail , it sponsors live performances and alternative films for underserved audiences . The songwriter Josh Ritter included a song about Loy on his 2017 album Gathering . Works cited . - Carr , Larry . More Fabulous Faces : The Evolution and Metamorphosis of Bette Davis , Katharine Hepburn , Dolores del Río , Carole Lombard and Myrna Loy . New York : Doubleday and Company , 1979 . . External links . - Official website - Obituary , nytimes.com - Profile , virtual-history.com
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[
"St . Marks High School"
] |
easy
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John Carney (politician) went to which school from 1973 to 1974?
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/wiki/John_Carney_(politician)#P69#0
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John Carney ( politician ) John Charles Carney Jr . ( born May 20 , 1956 ) is an American politician who is the 74th governor of Delaware , serving since 2017 . He is a member of the Democratic Party , and served as the U.S . Representative for from 2011 to 2017 . Carney was also the 24th Lieutenant Governor of Delaware from 2001 to 2009 and served as Delawares Secretary of Finance . He first unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination for governor in 2008 , losing to Jack Markell . He ran for governor again in 2016 and won , succeeding Markell , who was term-limited . He was reelected in 2020 , defeating Republican Julianne Murray with 59.5% of the vote . Early life . Carney was born in Wilmington , Delaware , and raised in Claymont , the second of nine children of Ann Marie ( née Buckley ) and John Charles Jack Carney ( 1925-2014 ) . Both his parents were educators . His great-grandparents immigrated from Ireland . Carney was quarterback of the 1973 state championship St . Marks High School football team , and earned All-Ivy League and Most Valuable Player honors in football at Dartmouth College , from which he graduated in 1978 . While a student at Dartmouth , he joined the local Beta Alpha Omega fraternity . He later coached freshman football at the University of Delaware , while earning his masters degree in public administration . Early political career . Carney has served as Deputy Chief Administrative Officer of New Castle County and as Secretary of Finance and Deputy Chief of Staff for Governor Tom Carper . Lieutenant Governor of Delaware . He was first elected Lieutenant Governor of Delaware in 2000 and served from January 16 , 2001 until January 20 , 2009 . As Lieutenant Governor Carney presided over the Delaware State Senate and chaired the Board of Pardons . He was chairman of the Delaware Health Care Commission , the Interagency Council on Adult Literacy , the Criminal Justice Council , the Center for Education Technology , and the Livable Delaware Advisory Council . In 2002 he launched the education initiative Models of Excellence in Education to identify practices in schools that have raised student achievement . Carney was also selected by other Lieutenant Governors as chairman of the National Lieutenant Governors Association from July 2004 to July 2005 . Carney has long been an advocate for wellness issues in Delaware , sponsoring BeHealthy Delaware and The Lt . Governors Challenge to encourage Delawareans to be more active and address the States high rate of chronic diseases . He fought for Delawares public smoking ban to improve health , cut cancer rates , and discourage teens from starting to smoke . After completing his tenure as lieutenant governor in 2009 , Carney served as president and chief operating officer of Transformative Technologies , which is investing in the DelaWind project , to bring offshore wind turbine construction to Delaware . He planned to step down in early 2010 to concentrate on his U.S . House campaign . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2010 Carney was the Democratic Party nominee for Delawares at-large seat in the United States House of Representatives in 2010 . Carney faced Republican Glen Urquhart , Independent Party of Delaware Earl R . Lofland , Libertarian Brent A . Wangen , and Blue Enigma Jeffrey Brown . The seat had been held since 1993 by Republican Michael Castle , who declined to seek re-election to the House in order to run for the U.S . Senate seat once held by Vice President Joe Biden . In the first week of October , Fairleigh Dickinson Universitys PublicMind Poll released the results of its opinion research , showing Carney with a 15-point advantage over Urquhart , 51%-36% ; well ahead in New Castle County ( 56-32 ) but running even with Urquhart ( 43-43 ) in the downstate counties of Kent and Sussex . Days before the election , a second Fairleigh Dickinson poll showed Carney leading by 17 percentage points , 53% to 36% among likely voters . Carney won the seat by 16 points , 57%-41% , and took office on January 3 of 2011 . His victory was one of the three seats gained by the Democrats in a year where they suffered a net loss of 63 seats to the Republicans . - 2012 In his bid for a second term , Carney faced Republican Tom Kovach , the President of New Castle County Council , and two minor candidates . In a debate with Kovach , Carney stated , I will continue to do in Washington what I did in Delaware : work across the aisle to get things done . I learned early on that compromise is part of life . Speaking on the Affordable Care Act ( commonly called Obamacare ) , Carney stated that it is not perfect but that it is the only chance we have to get costs under control . Carney was re-elected in a landslide , with 64% of the vote to Kovachs 33% . - 2014 Carney ran for re-election to a third term in 2014 . He defeated Republican Rose Izzo by 59% to 37% , with Green Bernie August and Libertarian Scott Gesty taking 2% each . Tenure . In 2011 , Carney and Illinois Republican Aaron Schock co-sponsored a bill that would use U.S . oil exploration to help fund a five-year federal highway construction project . On April 7 , 2014 , Carney introduced the Expatriate Health Coverage Clarification Act of 2014 ( H.R . 4414 ; 113th Congress ) into the House . The bill would exempt expatriate health care plans from the requirements of the Affordable Care Act . Carney argued that expatriates , a group that includes businessmen , pilots , and ship captains , usually already have special , high-quality health care plans designed to meet the unique needs to expatriates . Carney said that expatriate health insurance plans offer high-end , robust coverage to executives and others working outside their home country , giving them access to a global network of health care providers . Carney indicated that requiring American expatriate health care providers to meet the tax and reporting requirements of the Affordable Care Act would put them at an unfair competitive disadvantage in comparison to foreign companies offering similar health care plans . Committee assignments . - Committee on Financial Services - Subcommittee on Capital Markets and Government-Sponsored Enterprises - Subcommittee on Monetary Policy and Trade - Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Governor of Delaware . Elections . 2008 . Carney sought the Democratic nomination for the office of governor in 2008 , as incumbent Governor Ruth Ann Minner was constitutionally barred from seeking a third term . However , despite the backing of most of the party establishment , Carney lost the Democratic primary by fewer than two thousand votes in a close race to State Treasurer Jack Markell , who went on to win the general election . 2016 . Carney once again sought the Democratic nomination for the office of governor in 2016 , as incumbent Governor Jack Markell was constitutionally barred from seeking a third term . Carney won the Democratic primary unopposed and went on to win the general election . Tenure . On July 12 , 2017 , following his signing of Executive Order 11 to reestablish the Juvenile Justice Advisory Group , Carney said , The Juvenile Justice Advisory Group will help us create an environment where all Delaware kids have an opportunity to succeed . This Executive Order will recharge and reenergize the group to find solutions that will work . July 20 , Carney vetoed a Delaware House of Representatives bill removing the five-mile radius of Delaware charter schools with enrollment preference and keeping out students in Wilmington , charging it with negatively impacting some of our most vulnerable students . On October 13 , 2017 , in response to President Donald Trumps ending cost-sharing reductions within the American health care system , Carney asserted the choice would lead to more people being uninsured in our state , which eventually means increased premiums for all of us and pledged he would work with the state congressional delegation to return the cost-sharing reductions . In April 2019 , Carney pardoned Barry Croft , a Bear resident who had served a three-year sentence for possessing a gun during the commission of a felony . In October 2020 , Croft was arrested and federally charged for his involvement in a kidnapping plot against Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer . The day after Crofts arrest , Carney confirmed the pardon , called the federal charges disturbing , and said , This is also another warning sign about the growing threat of violence and radicalization in our politics . On March 12 , 2020 , one day after the first case of COVID-19 was reported in the state , Carney declared a State of Delaware Due to a Public Health Threat State of Emergency for the State of Delaware Due to a Public Health Threat . He has issued a series of declarations in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Delaware . Electoral history . Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1 . The Lieutenant Governor takes office the third Tuesday of January with a four-year term . U.S . Representatives take office January 3 and have a two-year term . Personal life . Carney and his wife , Tracey Quillen Carney , have two children , Sam and Jimmy . They attended Wilmington Friends School . Sam Carney graduated from Clemson University , while Jimmy is a computer science major at Tufts University . In 2015 Sam Carney was named as one of a number of defendants in two separate lawsuits filed by the parents of Tucker Hipps , whose 2014 death allegedly occurred during a fraternity hazing incident . The lawsuit was settled in July 2017 . External links . - Governor of Delaware official government website - John Carney for Governor official campaign website
|
[
"Dartmouth College"
] |
easy
|
Which school did John Carney (politician) go to in 1974?
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/wiki/John_Carney_(politician)#P69#1
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John Carney ( politician ) John Charles Carney Jr . ( born May 20 , 1956 ) is an American politician who is the 74th governor of Delaware , serving since 2017 . He is a member of the Democratic Party , and served as the U.S . Representative for from 2011 to 2017 . Carney was also the 24th Lieutenant Governor of Delaware from 2001 to 2009 and served as Delawares Secretary of Finance . He first unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination for governor in 2008 , losing to Jack Markell . He ran for governor again in 2016 and won , succeeding Markell , who was term-limited . He was reelected in 2020 , defeating Republican Julianne Murray with 59.5% of the vote . Early life . Carney was born in Wilmington , Delaware , and raised in Claymont , the second of nine children of Ann Marie ( née Buckley ) and John Charles Jack Carney ( 1925-2014 ) . Both his parents were educators . His great-grandparents immigrated from Ireland . Carney was quarterback of the 1973 state championship St . Marks High School football team , and earned All-Ivy League and Most Valuable Player honors in football at Dartmouth College , from which he graduated in 1978 . While a student at Dartmouth , he joined the local Beta Alpha Omega fraternity . He later coached freshman football at the University of Delaware , while earning his masters degree in public administration . Early political career . Carney has served as Deputy Chief Administrative Officer of New Castle County and as Secretary of Finance and Deputy Chief of Staff for Governor Tom Carper . Lieutenant Governor of Delaware . He was first elected Lieutenant Governor of Delaware in 2000 and served from January 16 , 2001 until January 20 , 2009 . As Lieutenant Governor Carney presided over the Delaware State Senate and chaired the Board of Pardons . He was chairman of the Delaware Health Care Commission , the Interagency Council on Adult Literacy , the Criminal Justice Council , the Center for Education Technology , and the Livable Delaware Advisory Council . In 2002 he launched the education initiative Models of Excellence in Education to identify practices in schools that have raised student achievement . Carney was also selected by other Lieutenant Governors as chairman of the National Lieutenant Governors Association from July 2004 to July 2005 . Carney has long been an advocate for wellness issues in Delaware , sponsoring BeHealthy Delaware and The Lt . Governors Challenge to encourage Delawareans to be more active and address the States high rate of chronic diseases . He fought for Delawares public smoking ban to improve health , cut cancer rates , and discourage teens from starting to smoke . After completing his tenure as lieutenant governor in 2009 , Carney served as president and chief operating officer of Transformative Technologies , which is investing in the DelaWind project , to bring offshore wind turbine construction to Delaware . He planned to step down in early 2010 to concentrate on his U.S . House campaign . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2010 Carney was the Democratic Party nominee for Delawares at-large seat in the United States House of Representatives in 2010 . Carney faced Republican Glen Urquhart , Independent Party of Delaware Earl R . Lofland , Libertarian Brent A . Wangen , and Blue Enigma Jeffrey Brown . The seat had been held since 1993 by Republican Michael Castle , who declined to seek re-election to the House in order to run for the U.S . Senate seat once held by Vice President Joe Biden . In the first week of October , Fairleigh Dickinson Universitys PublicMind Poll released the results of its opinion research , showing Carney with a 15-point advantage over Urquhart , 51%-36% ; well ahead in New Castle County ( 56-32 ) but running even with Urquhart ( 43-43 ) in the downstate counties of Kent and Sussex . Days before the election , a second Fairleigh Dickinson poll showed Carney leading by 17 percentage points , 53% to 36% among likely voters . Carney won the seat by 16 points , 57%-41% , and took office on January 3 of 2011 . His victory was one of the three seats gained by the Democrats in a year where they suffered a net loss of 63 seats to the Republicans . - 2012 In his bid for a second term , Carney faced Republican Tom Kovach , the President of New Castle County Council , and two minor candidates . In a debate with Kovach , Carney stated , I will continue to do in Washington what I did in Delaware : work across the aisle to get things done . I learned early on that compromise is part of life . Speaking on the Affordable Care Act ( commonly called Obamacare ) , Carney stated that it is not perfect but that it is the only chance we have to get costs under control . Carney was re-elected in a landslide , with 64% of the vote to Kovachs 33% . - 2014 Carney ran for re-election to a third term in 2014 . He defeated Republican Rose Izzo by 59% to 37% , with Green Bernie August and Libertarian Scott Gesty taking 2% each . Tenure . In 2011 , Carney and Illinois Republican Aaron Schock co-sponsored a bill that would use U.S . oil exploration to help fund a five-year federal highway construction project . On April 7 , 2014 , Carney introduced the Expatriate Health Coverage Clarification Act of 2014 ( H.R . 4414 ; 113th Congress ) into the House . The bill would exempt expatriate health care plans from the requirements of the Affordable Care Act . Carney argued that expatriates , a group that includes businessmen , pilots , and ship captains , usually already have special , high-quality health care plans designed to meet the unique needs to expatriates . Carney said that expatriate health insurance plans offer high-end , robust coverage to executives and others working outside their home country , giving them access to a global network of health care providers . Carney indicated that requiring American expatriate health care providers to meet the tax and reporting requirements of the Affordable Care Act would put them at an unfair competitive disadvantage in comparison to foreign companies offering similar health care plans . Committee assignments . - Committee on Financial Services - Subcommittee on Capital Markets and Government-Sponsored Enterprises - Subcommittee on Monetary Policy and Trade - Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Governor of Delaware . Elections . 2008 . Carney sought the Democratic nomination for the office of governor in 2008 , as incumbent Governor Ruth Ann Minner was constitutionally barred from seeking a third term . However , despite the backing of most of the party establishment , Carney lost the Democratic primary by fewer than two thousand votes in a close race to State Treasurer Jack Markell , who went on to win the general election . 2016 . Carney once again sought the Democratic nomination for the office of governor in 2016 , as incumbent Governor Jack Markell was constitutionally barred from seeking a third term . Carney won the Democratic primary unopposed and went on to win the general election . Tenure . On July 12 , 2017 , following his signing of Executive Order 11 to reestablish the Juvenile Justice Advisory Group , Carney said , The Juvenile Justice Advisory Group will help us create an environment where all Delaware kids have an opportunity to succeed . This Executive Order will recharge and reenergize the group to find solutions that will work . July 20 , Carney vetoed a Delaware House of Representatives bill removing the five-mile radius of Delaware charter schools with enrollment preference and keeping out students in Wilmington , charging it with negatively impacting some of our most vulnerable students . On October 13 , 2017 , in response to President Donald Trumps ending cost-sharing reductions within the American health care system , Carney asserted the choice would lead to more people being uninsured in our state , which eventually means increased premiums for all of us and pledged he would work with the state congressional delegation to return the cost-sharing reductions . In April 2019 , Carney pardoned Barry Croft , a Bear resident who had served a three-year sentence for possessing a gun during the commission of a felony . In October 2020 , Croft was arrested and federally charged for his involvement in a kidnapping plot against Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer . The day after Crofts arrest , Carney confirmed the pardon , called the federal charges disturbing , and said , This is also another warning sign about the growing threat of violence and radicalization in our politics . On March 12 , 2020 , one day after the first case of COVID-19 was reported in the state , Carney declared a State of Delaware Due to a Public Health Threat State of Emergency for the State of Delaware Due to a Public Health Threat . He has issued a series of declarations in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Delaware . Electoral history . Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1 . The Lieutenant Governor takes office the third Tuesday of January with a four-year term . U.S . Representatives take office January 3 and have a two-year term . Personal life . Carney and his wife , Tracey Quillen Carney , have two children , Sam and Jimmy . They attended Wilmington Friends School . Sam Carney graduated from Clemson University , while Jimmy is a computer science major at Tufts University . In 2015 Sam Carney was named as one of a number of defendants in two separate lawsuits filed by the parents of Tucker Hipps , whose 2014 death allegedly occurred during a fraternity hazing incident . The lawsuit was settled in July 2017 . External links . - Governor of Delaware official government website - John Carney for Governor official campaign website
|
[
""
] |
easy
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John Carney (politician) went to which school from 1978 to 1987?
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/wiki/John_Carney_(politician)#P69#2
|
John Carney ( politician ) John Charles Carney Jr . ( born May 20 , 1956 ) is an American politician who is the 74th governor of Delaware , serving since 2017 . He is a member of the Democratic Party , and served as the U.S . Representative for from 2011 to 2017 . Carney was also the 24th Lieutenant Governor of Delaware from 2001 to 2009 and served as Delawares Secretary of Finance . He first unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination for governor in 2008 , losing to Jack Markell . He ran for governor again in 2016 and won , succeeding Markell , who was term-limited . He was reelected in 2020 , defeating Republican Julianne Murray with 59.5% of the vote . Early life . Carney was born in Wilmington , Delaware , and raised in Claymont , the second of nine children of Ann Marie ( née Buckley ) and John Charles Jack Carney ( 1925-2014 ) . Both his parents were educators . His great-grandparents immigrated from Ireland . Carney was quarterback of the 1973 state championship St . Marks High School football team , and earned All-Ivy League and Most Valuable Player honors in football at Dartmouth College , from which he graduated in 1978 . While a student at Dartmouth , he joined the local Beta Alpha Omega fraternity . He later coached freshman football at the University of Delaware , while earning his masters degree in public administration . Early political career . Carney has served as Deputy Chief Administrative Officer of New Castle County and as Secretary of Finance and Deputy Chief of Staff for Governor Tom Carper . Lieutenant Governor of Delaware . He was first elected Lieutenant Governor of Delaware in 2000 and served from January 16 , 2001 until January 20 , 2009 . As Lieutenant Governor Carney presided over the Delaware State Senate and chaired the Board of Pardons . He was chairman of the Delaware Health Care Commission , the Interagency Council on Adult Literacy , the Criminal Justice Council , the Center for Education Technology , and the Livable Delaware Advisory Council . In 2002 he launched the education initiative Models of Excellence in Education to identify practices in schools that have raised student achievement . Carney was also selected by other Lieutenant Governors as chairman of the National Lieutenant Governors Association from July 2004 to July 2005 . Carney has long been an advocate for wellness issues in Delaware , sponsoring BeHealthy Delaware and The Lt . Governors Challenge to encourage Delawareans to be more active and address the States high rate of chronic diseases . He fought for Delawares public smoking ban to improve health , cut cancer rates , and discourage teens from starting to smoke . After completing his tenure as lieutenant governor in 2009 , Carney served as president and chief operating officer of Transformative Technologies , which is investing in the DelaWind project , to bring offshore wind turbine construction to Delaware . He planned to step down in early 2010 to concentrate on his U.S . House campaign . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2010 Carney was the Democratic Party nominee for Delawares at-large seat in the United States House of Representatives in 2010 . Carney faced Republican Glen Urquhart , Independent Party of Delaware Earl R . Lofland , Libertarian Brent A . Wangen , and Blue Enigma Jeffrey Brown . The seat had been held since 1993 by Republican Michael Castle , who declined to seek re-election to the House in order to run for the U.S . Senate seat once held by Vice President Joe Biden . In the first week of October , Fairleigh Dickinson Universitys PublicMind Poll released the results of its opinion research , showing Carney with a 15-point advantage over Urquhart , 51%-36% ; well ahead in New Castle County ( 56-32 ) but running even with Urquhart ( 43-43 ) in the downstate counties of Kent and Sussex . Days before the election , a second Fairleigh Dickinson poll showed Carney leading by 17 percentage points , 53% to 36% among likely voters . Carney won the seat by 16 points , 57%-41% , and took office on January 3 of 2011 . His victory was one of the three seats gained by the Democrats in a year where they suffered a net loss of 63 seats to the Republicans . - 2012 In his bid for a second term , Carney faced Republican Tom Kovach , the President of New Castle County Council , and two minor candidates . In a debate with Kovach , Carney stated , I will continue to do in Washington what I did in Delaware : work across the aisle to get things done . I learned early on that compromise is part of life . Speaking on the Affordable Care Act ( commonly called Obamacare ) , Carney stated that it is not perfect but that it is the only chance we have to get costs under control . Carney was re-elected in a landslide , with 64% of the vote to Kovachs 33% . - 2014 Carney ran for re-election to a third term in 2014 . He defeated Republican Rose Izzo by 59% to 37% , with Green Bernie August and Libertarian Scott Gesty taking 2% each . Tenure . In 2011 , Carney and Illinois Republican Aaron Schock co-sponsored a bill that would use U.S . oil exploration to help fund a five-year federal highway construction project . On April 7 , 2014 , Carney introduced the Expatriate Health Coverage Clarification Act of 2014 ( H.R . 4414 ; 113th Congress ) into the House . The bill would exempt expatriate health care plans from the requirements of the Affordable Care Act . Carney argued that expatriates , a group that includes businessmen , pilots , and ship captains , usually already have special , high-quality health care plans designed to meet the unique needs to expatriates . Carney said that expatriate health insurance plans offer high-end , robust coverage to executives and others working outside their home country , giving them access to a global network of health care providers . Carney indicated that requiring American expatriate health care providers to meet the tax and reporting requirements of the Affordable Care Act would put them at an unfair competitive disadvantage in comparison to foreign companies offering similar health care plans . Committee assignments . - Committee on Financial Services - Subcommittee on Capital Markets and Government-Sponsored Enterprises - Subcommittee on Monetary Policy and Trade - Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Governor of Delaware . Elections . 2008 . Carney sought the Democratic nomination for the office of governor in 2008 , as incumbent Governor Ruth Ann Minner was constitutionally barred from seeking a third term . However , despite the backing of most of the party establishment , Carney lost the Democratic primary by fewer than two thousand votes in a close race to State Treasurer Jack Markell , who went on to win the general election . 2016 . Carney once again sought the Democratic nomination for the office of governor in 2016 , as incumbent Governor Jack Markell was constitutionally barred from seeking a third term . Carney won the Democratic primary unopposed and went on to win the general election . Tenure . On July 12 , 2017 , following his signing of Executive Order 11 to reestablish the Juvenile Justice Advisory Group , Carney said , The Juvenile Justice Advisory Group will help us create an environment where all Delaware kids have an opportunity to succeed . This Executive Order will recharge and reenergize the group to find solutions that will work . July 20 , Carney vetoed a Delaware House of Representatives bill removing the five-mile radius of Delaware charter schools with enrollment preference and keeping out students in Wilmington , charging it with negatively impacting some of our most vulnerable students . On October 13 , 2017 , in response to President Donald Trumps ending cost-sharing reductions within the American health care system , Carney asserted the choice would lead to more people being uninsured in our state , which eventually means increased premiums for all of us and pledged he would work with the state congressional delegation to return the cost-sharing reductions . In April 2019 , Carney pardoned Barry Croft , a Bear resident who had served a three-year sentence for possessing a gun during the commission of a felony . In October 2020 , Croft was arrested and federally charged for his involvement in a kidnapping plot against Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer . The day after Crofts arrest , Carney confirmed the pardon , called the federal charges disturbing , and said , This is also another warning sign about the growing threat of violence and radicalization in our politics . On March 12 , 2020 , one day after the first case of COVID-19 was reported in the state , Carney declared a State of Delaware Due to a Public Health Threat State of Emergency for the State of Delaware Due to a Public Health Threat . He has issued a series of declarations in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Delaware . Electoral history . Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1 . The Lieutenant Governor takes office the third Tuesday of January with a four-year term . U.S . Representatives take office January 3 and have a two-year term . Personal life . Carney and his wife , Tracey Quillen Carney , have two children , Sam and Jimmy . They attended Wilmington Friends School . Sam Carney graduated from Clemson University , while Jimmy is a computer science major at Tufts University . In 2015 Sam Carney was named as one of a number of defendants in two separate lawsuits filed by the parents of Tucker Hipps , whose 2014 death allegedly occurred during a fraternity hazing incident . The lawsuit was settled in July 2017 . External links . - Governor of Delaware official government website - John Carney for Governor official campaign website
|
[
"registered in the National Register of Historic Places"
] |
easy
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Haskell Free Library and Opera House from Sep 1976 to Dec 1977?
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/wiki/Haskell_Free_Library_and_Opera_House#P1435#0
|
Haskell Free Library and Opera House The Haskell Free Library and Opera House ( ) is a Victorian building that straddles the Canada–United States border , in Rock Island ( now part of Stanstead ) , Quebec and Derby Line , Vermont , respectively . The Opera House opened on June 7 , 1904 , having deliberately been built on the international border . It was declared a heritage building by both countries in the 1970s and 1980s . The library has two different addresses : 93 Caswell Avenue , Derby Line , Vermont , and 1 rue Church ( Church Street ) , Stanstead , Quebec . Overview . The library collection and the opera stage are located in Stanstead , but the main entrance and most opera seats are located in Derby Line . Because of this , the Haskell is sometimes called the only library in the U.S.A . with no books and the only opera house in the U.S.A . with no stage . There is no entrance from Canada ; however , there is an emergency exit on the Canadian side of the building . All patrons and visitors must use the U.S . entrance to access the building . Patrons from Canada are permitted to enter the United States door without needing to report to customs by using a prescribed route through the sidewalk of rue Church ( Church Street ) , provided that they return to Canada immediately upon leaving the building using the same route . A thick black line runs beneath the seats of the opera house and diagonally across the center of the librarys reading room to mark the Canada–United States border . The stage and half of the seats are in Canada , the remainder of the opera hall is in the US . The building has different postal codes ( 93 Caswell Avenue , 05830 and 1 , rue Church ( Church Street ) , J0B 3E2 ) and different telephone area codes ( +1-802-873-3022 and +1-819-876-2471 ) in its two respective countries . The library has a collection of more than 20,000 books in French and English , and is open to the public 38 hours a week . The building is recognized as a historic site in both countries . In the United States , it has been registered in the National Register of Historic Places since 1976 . In Canada , it was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1985 and has been a provincial heritage site since 1977 . Following the Trump travel ban , the library served as a site for international reunions , as it is partly in Canada and partly in the United States History . The Haskell Free Library and Opera House was a gift from Martha Stewart Haskell and her son Horace Stewart Haskell . It was built in memory of her parents Catherine and Horace Stewart and her husband Carlos Freeman Haskell . The Haskells wanted Canadians and Americans to have equal access to the Library and Opera House and so they chose to build on the border . Construction began in 1901 and the Opera House opened in 1904 and the Library in 1905 . The opera house on the second floor was rumored to be modeled after the old Boston Opera House in a somewhat scaled down fashion ( it seats four hundred ) , but the Boston Opera house was built afterwards . A painted scene of Venice on the drop curtain and 4 other scenes by Erwin Lamoss ( 1901 ) and plaster scrollwork complete with plump cherubs built in Boston ornament the opera hall and balcony in this historic building , which was constructed with walls built of granite from Stanstead . The Haskell family later donated the building to the towns of Derby Line and Rock Island in Haskells memory ; it is run by a private international board of four American and three Canadian directors . Organization . French and English books are co-filed . Because of different language conventions in the direction of printing titles on spines—American English books have titles written top-to-bottom , and French books bottom-to-top—the language of a book can be immediately determined .
|
[
"National Historic Site of Canada"
] |
easy
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Haskell Free Library and Opera House from Dec 1977 to Nov 1985?
|
/wiki/Haskell_Free_Library_and_Opera_House#P1435#1
|
Haskell Free Library and Opera House The Haskell Free Library and Opera House ( ) is a Victorian building that straddles the Canada–United States border , in Rock Island ( now part of Stanstead ) , Quebec and Derby Line , Vermont , respectively . The Opera House opened on June 7 , 1904 , having deliberately been built on the international border . It was declared a heritage building by both countries in the 1970s and 1980s . The library has two different addresses : 93 Caswell Avenue , Derby Line , Vermont , and 1 rue Church ( Church Street ) , Stanstead , Quebec . Overview . The library collection and the opera stage are located in Stanstead , but the main entrance and most opera seats are located in Derby Line . Because of this , the Haskell is sometimes called the only library in the U.S.A . with no books and the only opera house in the U.S.A . with no stage . There is no entrance from Canada ; however , there is an emergency exit on the Canadian side of the building . All patrons and visitors must use the U.S . entrance to access the building . Patrons from Canada are permitted to enter the United States door without needing to report to customs by using a prescribed route through the sidewalk of rue Church ( Church Street ) , provided that they return to Canada immediately upon leaving the building using the same route . A thick black line runs beneath the seats of the opera house and diagonally across the center of the librarys reading room to mark the Canada–United States border . The stage and half of the seats are in Canada , the remainder of the opera hall is in the US . The building has different postal codes ( 93 Caswell Avenue , 05830 and 1 , rue Church ( Church Street ) , J0B 3E2 ) and different telephone area codes ( +1-802-873-3022 and +1-819-876-2471 ) in its two respective countries . The library has a collection of more than 20,000 books in French and English , and is open to the public 38 hours a week . The building is recognized as a historic site in both countries . In the United States , it has been registered in the National Register of Historic Places since 1976 . In Canada , it was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1985 and has been a provincial heritage site since 1977 . Following the Trump travel ban , the library served as a site for international reunions , as it is partly in Canada and partly in the United States History . The Haskell Free Library and Opera House was a gift from Martha Stewart Haskell and her son Horace Stewart Haskell . It was built in memory of her parents Catherine and Horace Stewart and her husband Carlos Freeman Haskell . The Haskells wanted Canadians and Americans to have equal access to the Library and Opera House and so they chose to build on the border . Construction began in 1901 and the Opera House opened in 1904 and the Library in 1905 . The opera house on the second floor was rumored to be modeled after the old Boston Opera House in a somewhat scaled down fashion ( it seats four hundred ) , but the Boston Opera house was built afterwards . A painted scene of Venice on the drop curtain and 4 other scenes by Erwin Lamoss ( 1901 ) and plaster scrollwork complete with plump cherubs built in Boston ornament the opera hall and balcony in this historic building , which was constructed with walls built of granite from Stanstead . The Haskell family later donated the building to the towns of Derby Line and Rock Island in Haskells memory ; it is run by a private international board of four American and three Canadian directors . Organization . French and English books are co-filed . Because of different language conventions in the direction of printing titles on spines—American English books have titles written top-to-bottom , and French books bottom-to-top—the language of a book can be immediately determined .
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Haskell Free Library and Opera House from Nov 1985 to Nov 1986?
|
/wiki/Haskell_Free_Library_and_Opera_House#P1435#2
|
Haskell Free Library and Opera House The Haskell Free Library and Opera House ( ) is a Victorian building that straddles the Canada–United States border , in Rock Island ( now part of Stanstead ) , Quebec and Derby Line , Vermont , respectively . The Opera House opened on June 7 , 1904 , having deliberately been built on the international border . It was declared a heritage building by both countries in the 1970s and 1980s . The library has two different addresses : 93 Caswell Avenue , Derby Line , Vermont , and 1 rue Church ( Church Street ) , Stanstead , Quebec . Overview . The library collection and the opera stage are located in Stanstead , but the main entrance and most opera seats are located in Derby Line . Because of this , the Haskell is sometimes called the only library in the U.S.A . with no books and the only opera house in the U.S.A . with no stage . There is no entrance from Canada ; however , there is an emergency exit on the Canadian side of the building . All patrons and visitors must use the U.S . entrance to access the building . Patrons from Canada are permitted to enter the United States door without needing to report to customs by using a prescribed route through the sidewalk of rue Church ( Church Street ) , provided that they return to Canada immediately upon leaving the building using the same route . A thick black line runs beneath the seats of the opera house and diagonally across the center of the librarys reading room to mark the Canada–United States border . The stage and half of the seats are in Canada , the remainder of the opera hall is in the US . The building has different postal codes ( 93 Caswell Avenue , 05830 and 1 , rue Church ( Church Street ) , J0B 3E2 ) and different telephone area codes ( +1-802-873-3022 and +1-819-876-2471 ) in its two respective countries . The library has a collection of more than 20,000 books in French and English , and is open to the public 38 hours a week . The building is recognized as a historic site in both countries . In the United States , it has been registered in the National Register of Historic Places since 1976 . In Canada , it was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1985 and has been a provincial heritage site since 1977 . Following the Trump travel ban , the library served as a site for international reunions , as it is partly in Canada and partly in the United States History . The Haskell Free Library and Opera House was a gift from Martha Stewart Haskell and her son Horace Stewart Haskell . It was built in memory of her parents Catherine and Horace Stewart and her husband Carlos Freeman Haskell . The Haskells wanted Canadians and Americans to have equal access to the Library and Opera House and so they chose to build on the border . Construction began in 1901 and the Opera House opened in 1904 and the Library in 1905 . The opera house on the second floor was rumored to be modeled after the old Boston Opera House in a somewhat scaled down fashion ( it seats four hundred ) , but the Boston Opera house was built afterwards . A painted scene of Venice on the drop curtain and 4 other scenes by Erwin Lamoss ( 1901 ) and plaster scrollwork complete with plump cherubs built in Boston ornament the opera hall and balcony in this historic building , which was constructed with walls built of granite from Stanstead . The Haskell family later donated the building to the towns of Derby Line and Rock Island in Haskells memory ; it is run by a private international board of four American and three Canadian directors . Organization . French and English books are co-filed . Because of different language conventions in the direction of printing titles on spines—American English books have titles written top-to-bottom , and French books bottom-to-top—the language of a book can be immediately determined .
|
[
"Pope"
] |
easy
|
What position did Pope Nicholas III take from Nov 1277 to Aug 1280?
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Pope Nicholas III Pope Nicholas III ( ; c . 1225 – 22 August 1280 ) , born Giovanni Gaetano Orsini , was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 25 November 1277 to his death . He was a Roman nobleman who had served under eight popes , been made Cardinal-Deacon of St . Nicola in Carcere Tulliano by Pope Innocent IV ( 1243–54 ) , protector of the Franciscans by Pope Alexander IV ( 1254–61 ) , inquisitor-general by Pope Urban IV ( 1261–64 ) , and succeeded Pope John XXI ( 1276–77 ) after a six-month vacancy in the Holy See resolved in the papal election of 1277 , largely through family influence . Personal life . The future pope , Giovanni Gaetano Orsini , was born in Rome , a member of the prominent Orsini family of Italy , the eldest son of Roman nobleman Matteo Rosso Orsini by his first wife , Perna Caetani . His father was Lord of Vicovaro , Licenza , Bardella , Cantalupo , Roccagiovine , Galera , Fornello , Castel SantAngelo di Tivoli , Nettuno , Civitella , Bomarzo , San Polo and Castelfoglia , of Nerola from 1235 ; Lord of Mugnano , Santangelo and Monterotondo ; Senator of Rome 1241-1243 . His brother Giordano was named Cardinal Deacon of San Eustachio by Nicholas III on 12 March 1278 . His brother Gentile became Lord of Mugnano , Penna , Nettuno and Pitigliano . Another brother , Matteo Rosso of Montegiordano , was Senator of Rome ( probably ) in 1279 , War Captain of Todi , and Podestà of Siena in 1281 . There were five other younger brothers and two sisters . The Orsini family had already produced several popes : Stephen II ( 752-757 ) , Paul I ( 757-767 ) and Celestine III ( 1191-1198 ) . He did not , as some scholars used to think , study at Paris—though his nephew did . His career shows no indication that he was a legal professional or a theologian . He never became a priest , until he became pope in 1277 . Cardinalate . Giovanni Gaetano Orsini was one of a dozen men created a cardinal by Pope Innocent IV ( Sinibaldo Fieschi ) in his first Consistory for the creation of cardinals , on Saturday , May 28 , 1244 , and was assigned the Deaconry of San Nicola in Carcere . He was a Canon and Prebendary of York , and also of Soissons and Laon In the summer of 1244 , he was one of five cardinals who fled to Genoa with Pope Innocent IV . He was at Lyons , and was present in June and July for the Ecumenical Council of Lyons . Cardinal Orsini and the Curia did not return to Italy until May 1251—after the death of Emperor Frederick II Hohenstaufen . After spending the summer in Genoa , Milan and Brescia , they finally reached Perugia in November 1251 , where the Papal Court resided continuously until April 1253 . The Curia returned to Rome in mid-October , where Pope and Curia resided continually until the end of April , 1254 . In May they went on pilgrimage to Assisi , then visited Anagni , where the Court stayed from June until the second week in October , when they went off in pursuit of Manfred , the claimant to the Hohenstaufen imperial crown . At the beginning of December , the Battle of Foggia took place , and the papal army was routed . Innocent IV died in Naples , where he had taken refuge , on 7 December 1254 , and the meeting to elect his successor was therefore held in Naples in the palace in which he had died . Voting began on Friday , 11 December , with ten of the twelve cardinals present , but no candidate received the required votes . But on Saturday , 12 December , Cardinal Rinaldo dei Conti di Segni , the nephew of Pope Gregory IX , who had a reputation of a conciliator , was elected pope . He chose to be called Alexander IV and was crowned on Sunday , December 20 , 1254 , in the Cathedral of Naples . As for Cardinal Giovanni Gaetano Orsini , in his first eleven and a half years as a cardinal , he had only spent six months in the city of Rome . A peripatetic Curia had its disadvantages . Pope Alexander IV and the Curia continued to live in Naples , until the first week of June 1255 when they returned to Anagni , and it was not until mid-November that the Pope was back in Rome . There the Curia stayed until the end of May , 1256 , when it was off to Anagni for the summer , until the beginning of December . The problem was that Rome was in the hands of Senator Brancaleone degli Andalo , Count of Casalecchio , since 1252 , and the Ghibbelines and Alexander was repeatedly driven out by unruly mobs . Rome was home again until the end of May , 1257 , until the summer vacation at Viterbo began . The vacation lasted until the end of October , 1258 , when the Court visited Anagni again ; they stayed until the beginning of November , 1260 . The Pope then was able to reside at the Lateran until the first week of May , 1261 , when the Court was off to Viterbo again . Alexander IV died at Viterbo on 25 May 1261 . A total of nineteen months was spent in Rome , out of a total of seventy-eight months . Alexander had created no new cardinals , and so the Electoral meeting following his death had only eight participants . The Election was a long-drawn-out one , lasting from 25 May to 29 August 1261 . Unable to agree on one of themselves , the Cardinals chose Jacques Pantaléon , the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem , who , since 1255 , was Papal Legate with the Crusade in the Holy Land . He became Pope Urban IV , and was crowned at Viterbo on 4 September 1261 . Cardinal Orsini was named General Inquisitor by Urban IV on November 2 , 1262 , the first known Grand Inquisitor . Cardinal Orsini attended the first Conclave of 1268-1271 , and was one of the cardinals who signed the letter of complaint against the authorities and people of Viterbo for their treatment of the cardinals and the Curia . He was one of the six cardinals who were chosen by the rest of the Sacred College on September 1 , 1271 , to select a compromise candidate for election as pope . He was therefore instrumental in bringing to the papal throne the Archdeacon of Liège , Teobaldo Visconti , who was not a cardinal , and who was not even in Italy , but in the Holy Land on crusade . He traveled with the Curia to France in 1273 , and was present at the Ecumenical Council of Lyons . He was not one of the cardinals in the suite of Pope Gregory X when he left Lyons in 1275 to return to Rome , nor was he at Arezzo where the Pope died on 10 January 1276 , before reaching the City . He did not attend the first conclave which began on 20 January 1276 , and concluded the next day with the election of Peter of Tarantaise , who became Pope Innocent V . Pope Innocent V ( Peter of Tarantaise ) died in Rome at the Lateran , on 22 June 22 , 1276 . The second Conclave of 1276 began , therefore , according to the rules set down by Pope Gregory X , on July 2 . Thirteen cardinals were present , including Giovanni Gaetano Orsini . King Charles I of Sicily acted as the Governor of the Conclave , in which position he is said to have been rigorous , but understandably partisan in favor of the French faction . Cardinal Ottobono Fieschi of Genoa was elected on July 11 and chose the name Pope Adrian V . He lived only thirty-nine days longer , dying at Viterbo , where he had gone to meet King Rudolf and avoid the summer heat of Rome . According to Bernardus Guidonis , he was never ordained priest , consecrated bishop or crowned pope ( nondum promotus in sacerdotem nec coronatus nec consecratus ) . His one memorable act was to suspend the Constitution of Gregory X Ubi periculum which regulated conclaves . He intended , on the advice of his cardinals , to improve Gregorys regulations . Cardinal Orsini was present at the discussion and decision . Shortly after his accession , moreover , Pope Adrian V had wanted King Charles I of Sicily to come to Viterbo to carry out the usual fealty , and sent the Suburbicarian Bishop of Sabina ( Bertrand de Saint Martin ) ; Cardinal Giovanni ( Orsini ) , Cardinal Deacon of Saint Nicholas in Carcere Tulliano ; and Cardinal Giacomo ( Savelli ) , Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin , to effect his wishes . Charles arrived in Viterbo from Rome on July 24 . Unfortunately , Pope Adrian died , on August 18 , leaving his negotiations with King Charles unfinished . The third Conclave of 1276 began at the beginning of September in Viterbo , where Adrian V had died . The opening ceremonies , which should have taken place on August 29 , had to be delayed for several days because of the riotous behavior of the people of Viterbo . Since Pope Adrian had created no new cardinals , the number of cardinals was twelve ; Cardinal Simon de Brion was still in France , serving as Papal Legate . Once the tumults had been put down , however , the cardinals did their business quickly . On September 8 , 1276 , the senior Cardinal-Bishop , Peter Julian of Lisbon , was elected on the first ballot . He chose to be called John XXI , and on September 20 he was crowned at the Cathedral of San Lorenzo in Viterbo by Cardinal Giovanni Caetano Orsini . Since John XXI was already a bishop , there was no ordination or consecration necessary . He was the fourth pope of 1276 . On 18 October , Cardinal Giovanni Gaetano Orsini was appointed Archpriest of St . Peters , in place of Cardinal Riccardo Annibaldi , who had recently died , and who may have been too ill to participate in the Conclave or the Coronation . Pope Adrian Vs suspension of the regulations of Gregory X , however imperfect they may have been , was under attack . Some critics even claimed that the cardinals who vouched for the truth of the suspension , including Cardinal Peter Julian , were liars , or that the revocation was uncanonical . These were probably the same troublemakers in the Curia who had instigated the disturbances that delayed the Conclave . John XXI immediately struck back , on 30 September 1276 , making it perfectly clear that the suspension had taken place and that it was valid . Ptolemy of Lucca states that the issue of this bull of revocation by John XXI was made at the suggestion of Cardinal Giovanni Caetano Orsini . The negotiations which Cardinal Giovanni Caetano had been engaged in with King Charles I were brought to a completion , and Charles swore his oath of fealty to Pope John on 7 October 1276 . It appeared that his reign was going to be a successful one , when one day in mid-May 1277 , while the Pope was in a new room which he had just had built in the Episcopal Palace in Viterbo , suddenly the roof caved in . There was nothing suspicious about this , since the palace had been under construction since 1268 and was still being worked on . The Pope was severely injured from the falling stones and timber . He lingered in pain for several days ( three , or six ) , and died on 20 May 1277 , exactly eight months after his coronation . He had named no cardinals . Yet another Conclave took place in Viterbo , therefore , with seven cardinals in attendance . Cardinal Simon de Brion was still in France as papal legate . But this was not an easy conclave . Three of the electors belonged to the Angevin faction , and three opposed it . The only surviving Cardinal-Bishop , the Benedictine Bertrand de Saint Martin , wavered back and forth , providing little leadership . The Conclave therefore went on for more than five and a half months . Finally , on the Feast of S . Catherine , 25 November 1277 , Cardinal Giovanni Gaetano Orsini was elected . He chose the name Nicholas III . The new pope set out immediately for Rome . He was ordained a priest on December 18 , consecrated a bishop on December 19 , and crowned on the Feast of S . Stephen , 26 December . His election portended serious difficulties , for he was not a candidate of King Charles of Sicily . Quite the contrary , he believed that King Charles had entirely too much influence in church affairs and in the operation of the Papal States . Activities as pope . Politics . The lands under direct papal rule were threatened by surrounding powers . In the second quarter of the 13th century , they were threatened by the expansionist policies of the Emperor Frederick II , who aimed to unite his inheritance in the south ( Sicily and southern Italy ) with his acquisition of the Holy Roman Empire in northern Italy . He spent a great deal of time and energy attempting to gain control over Lombardy and Tuscany , which brought him into direct conflict with the Papacy . Frederick was repeatedly excommunicated by one pope after another . In order to drive off the Hohenstaufen , the Papacy contrived a deal with the brother of Louis IX of France , Charles of Anjou , Count of Provence , who was invited to Italy to assume the crown of Sicily and be a counterweight against the Empire . He was too successful , however , and the Papacy found itself in the deadly embrace of the Angevins . Nicholas prime goal was to loosen Charles Is grip on the Papacy , Rome , and the lands of the Church . Nicholas pontificate , though brief , was marked by several important events . He greatly strengthened the papal position in Italy . On 1 October 1273 , Rudolph I of Habsburg , the godson of Frederick II , had been elected King of Germany and King of the Romans . Pope Gregory X had recognized him as King , after some hard negotiation , but the imperial title and coronation were withheld . Pope Nicholas was willing to negotiate , but he refused to crown Rudolf as Emperor until Rudolph had acknowledged all the claims of the Church , including many that were quite dubious . The concordat with Rudolph I of Habsburg was concluded in May 1278 . In it the city of Bologna , the Romagna , and the exarchate of Ravenna were guaranteed to the papacy . According to the chronographer Bartholomew of Lucca ( Ptolemy of Lucca ) , he discussed with Rudolph , in general terms at least , the splitting the Holy Roman Empire into four separate kingdoms – Lombardy , Burgundy , Tuscia and Germany – where Rudolphs kingdom would be made hereditary and he himself would be recognized as Holy Roman Emperor . Nicholas III was even able to persuade King Charles I of Naples and Sicily to give up his position as Roman Senator in 1278 , at the conclusion of ten years of tenure , as well as the position of Papal Vicar for Tuscany . In July 1278 , Nicholas III issued an epoch-making constitution for the government of Rome , Fundamenta militantis which forbade foreigners from taking civil office . It depends for its justification not only on the biblical phrase , Tu es Petrus , et super hanc petram aedificabo ecclesiam meam ( Matthew 16:18 ) , but also on the forged Donations of Constantine . Ecclesiastical . Nicholas father had been a personal friend of Francis of Assisi , and he himself had to focus much of his attention on the Franciscan order . More than 165 of his bulls and letters address the subject . Most importantly , he issued the papal bull Exiit qui seminat on 14 August 1279 , to settle the strife within the order between the parties of strict and relaxed observance . He repaired the Lateran Palace and the Vatican at enormous cost , and erected a beautiful country house at Soriano nel Cimino near Viterbo , where he died of a cardiovascular event ( sources differ on whether it was a heart-attack or a stroke ) . Nepotism . Nicholas III , though a man of learning noted for his strength of character , was known for his excessive nepotism . He elevated three of his closest relatives to the cardinalate and gave others important positions . This nepotism was lampooned both by Dante and in contemporary cartoons , depicting him in his fine robes with three little bears ( orsetti , a pun on the family name ) hanging on below . After the death of Nicholas III , in December , 1316 , his namesake Giovanni Gaetano Orsini was appointed a cardinal by Pope John XXII . This was not , of course , a case of nepotism . John XXII , was nonetheless a nepotist , having appointed five of his nephews to the cardinalate . Cardinals . Nicholas III created nine cardinals in one consistory celebrated on 12 March 1278 : - Ordonho Alvares , Archbishop of Braga – named Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati , † 21 December 1285 . - Bentivenga da Bentivengi , O.F.M. , Bishop of Todi – named Cardinal-Bishop of Albano , † 25 March 1289 . - Latino Malabranca Orsini , O.P. , nephew of Nicholas – named Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia e Velletri,† 10 August 1294 - Robert Kilwardby , O.P. , Archbishop of Canterbury – named Cardinal-Bishop of Porto and S . Rufina , † 12 September 1279 . - Gerard de Lessines , Bishop of Auxerre – named cardinal-bishop of Palestrina , † 18 July 1278 . - Gerardo Bianchi – named Cardinal-Priest of SS . XII Apostoli , then cardinal-bishop of Sabina ( 12 April 1281 ) , † 1 March 1302 . - Girolamo Masci , O.Min . – Minister General of the Franciscans . Named Cardinal-Priest of S . Pudenziana , then cardinal-bishop of Palestrina ( 12 April 1281 ) and Pope Nicholas IV ( 22 February 1288 ) , † 4 April 1292 - Giordano Orsini , brother of Pope Nicholas III – named Cardinal-Deacon of S . Eustachio , † 8 September 1287 . - Giacomo Colonna – named Cardinal-Deacon of S . Maria in Via Lata ; excommunicated and deposed on 10 May 1297 , restored as Cardinal-Deacon without a title on 15 December 1305 , † 14 August 1318 . Most of these new Cardinals were not of the French party , and among them were five members of religious orders . Two died before the next Conclave , which was to take place on the death of Nicholas III in 1280 , and the rest had to be terrorized into voting for a candidate of Charles I of Sicily . Death . Pope Nicholas III was stricken ill quite unexpectedly . The Curia was residing at the time in the city of Viterbo . Pope Nicholas was at his country retreat at Castro Soriano . According to the Chronicon Parmense he was suddenly deprived of consciousness and movement ( privatus subito omni sensu et motu ) . Bartholomeus ( Ptolemy ) of Lucca says , subito factus apoplecticus , sine loquela moritur ( suddenly stricken with apoplexy , he died without speaking ) . Nicholas was unable to make his confession , and died at his palace at Castro Soriano , in the diocese of Viterbo , on 22 August 1280 . He had been pope for two years , eight months , and twenty-eight days . His remains were taken to Rome , where he was buried in the Vatican Basilica , in the Chapel of S . Nicholas . There was an alternative story circulating , as was frequently the case in the sudden deaths of medieval and renaissance popes—that the pope had been poisoned . Portrayal in The Inferno . Dante , in The Inferno ( of the Divine Comedy ) , talks briefly to Nicholas III , who was condemned to spend eternity in the Third Bolgia of the Eighth Circle of Hell , reserved for those who committed simony , the ecclesiastical crime of paying for offices or positions in the hierarchy of a church . In Dantes story , the Simoniacs are placed head-first in holes , flames burning on the soles of their feet ( Canto XIX ) . Nicholas was the chief sinner in these pits , which is demonstrated by the height of the flames on his feet . At first he mistakes Dante for Pope Boniface VIII . When the confusion is cleared up , Nicholas informs Dante that he foresees the damnation ( for simony ) not only of Boniface VIII , but also Clement V , an even more corrupt pope .
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What was the position of Pope Nicholas III from Aug 1280 to Aug 1281?
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Pope Nicholas III Pope Nicholas III ( ; c . 1225 – 22 August 1280 ) , born Giovanni Gaetano Orsini , was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 25 November 1277 to his death . He was a Roman nobleman who had served under eight popes , been made Cardinal-Deacon of St . Nicola in Carcere Tulliano by Pope Innocent IV ( 1243–54 ) , protector of the Franciscans by Pope Alexander IV ( 1254–61 ) , inquisitor-general by Pope Urban IV ( 1261–64 ) , and succeeded Pope John XXI ( 1276–77 ) after a six-month vacancy in the Holy See resolved in the papal election of 1277 , largely through family influence . Personal life . The future pope , Giovanni Gaetano Orsini , was born in Rome , a member of the prominent Orsini family of Italy , the eldest son of Roman nobleman Matteo Rosso Orsini by his first wife , Perna Caetani . His father was Lord of Vicovaro , Licenza , Bardella , Cantalupo , Roccagiovine , Galera , Fornello , Castel SantAngelo di Tivoli , Nettuno , Civitella , Bomarzo , San Polo and Castelfoglia , of Nerola from 1235 ; Lord of Mugnano , Santangelo and Monterotondo ; Senator of Rome 1241-1243 . His brother Giordano was named Cardinal Deacon of San Eustachio by Nicholas III on 12 March 1278 . His brother Gentile became Lord of Mugnano , Penna , Nettuno and Pitigliano . Another brother , Matteo Rosso of Montegiordano , was Senator of Rome ( probably ) in 1279 , War Captain of Todi , and Podestà of Siena in 1281 . There were five other younger brothers and two sisters . The Orsini family had already produced several popes : Stephen II ( 752-757 ) , Paul I ( 757-767 ) and Celestine III ( 1191-1198 ) . He did not , as some scholars used to think , study at Paris—though his nephew did . His career shows no indication that he was a legal professional or a theologian . He never became a priest , until he became pope in 1277 . Cardinalate . Giovanni Gaetano Orsini was one of a dozen men created a cardinal by Pope Innocent IV ( Sinibaldo Fieschi ) in his first Consistory for the creation of cardinals , on Saturday , May 28 , 1244 , and was assigned the Deaconry of San Nicola in Carcere . He was a Canon and Prebendary of York , and also of Soissons and Laon In the summer of 1244 , he was one of five cardinals who fled to Genoa with Pope Innocent IV . He was at Lyons , and was present in June and July for the Ecumenical Council of Lyons . Cardinal Orsini and the Curia did not return to Italy until May 1251—after the death of Emperor Frederick II Hohenstaufen . After spending the summer in Genoa , Milan and Brescia , they finally reached Perugia in November 1251 , where the Papal Court resided continuously until April 1253 . The Curia returned to Rome in mid-October , where Pope and Curia resided continually until the end of April , 1254 . In May they went on pilgrimage to Assisi , then visited Anagni , where the Court stayed from June until the second week in October , when they went off in pursuit of Manfred , the claimant to the Hohenstaufen imperial crown . At the beginning of December , the Battle of Foggia took place , and the papal army was routed . Innocent IV died in Naples , where he had taken refuge , on 7 December 1254 , and the meeting to elect his successor was therefore held in Naples in the palace in which he had died . Voting began on Friday , 11 December , with ten of the twelve cardinals present , but no candidate received the required votes . But on Saturday , 12 December , Cardinal Rinaldo dei Conti di Segni , the nephew of Pope Gregory IX , who had a reputation of a conciliator , was elected pope . He chose to be called Alexander IV and was crowned on Sunday , December 20 , 1254 , in the Cathedral of Naples . As for Cardinal Giovanni Gaetano Orsini , in his first eleven and a half years as a cardinal , he had only spent six months in the city of Rome . A peripatetic Curia had its disadvantages . Pope Alexander IV and the Curia continued to live in Naples , until the first week of June 1255 when they returned to Anagni , and it was not until mid-November that the Pope was back in Rome . There the Curia stayed until the end of May , 1256 , when it was off to Anagni for the summer , until the beginning of December . The problem was that Rome was in the hands of Senator Brancaleone degli Andalo , Count of Casalecchio , since 1252 , and the Ghibbelines and Alexander was repeatedly driven out by unruly mobs . Rome was home again until the end of May , 1257 , until the summer vacation at Viterbo began . The vacation lasted until the end of October , 1258 , when the Court visited Anagni again ; they stayed until the beginning of November , 1260 . The Pope then was able to reside at the Lateran until the first week of May , 1261 , when the Court was off to Viterbo again . Alexander IV died at Viterbo on 25 May 1261 . A total of nineteen months was spent in Rome , out of a total of seventy-eight months . Alexander had created no new cardinals , and so the Electoral meeting following his death had only eight participants . The Election was a long-drawn-out one , lasting from 25 May to 29 August 1261 . Unable to agree on one of themselves , the Cardinals chose Jacques Pantaléon , the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem , who , since 1255 , was Papal Legate with the Crusade in the Holy Land . He became Pope Urban IV , and was crowned at Viterbo on 4 September 1261 . Cardinal Orsini was named General Inquisitor by Urban IV on November 2 , 1262 , the first known Grand Inquisitor . Cardinal Orsini attended the first Conclave of 1268-1271 , and was one of the cardinals who signed the letter of complaint against the authorities and people of Viterbo for their treatment of the cardinals and the Curia . He was one of the six cardinals who were chosen by the rest of the Sacred College on September 1 , 1271 , to select a compromise candidate for election as pope . He was therefore instrumental in bringing to the papal throne the Archdeacon of Liège , Teobaldo Visconti , who was not a cardinal , and who was not even in Italy , but in the Holy Land on crusade . He traveled with the Curia to France in 1273 , and was present at the Ecumenical Council of Lyons . He was not one of the cardinals in the suite of Pope Gregory X when he left Lyons in 1275 to return to Rome , nor was he at Arezzo where the Pope died on 10 January 1276 , before reaching the City . He did not attend the first conclave which began on 20 January 1276 , and concluded the next day with the election of Peter of Tarantaise , who became Pope Innocent V . Pope Innocent V ( Peter of Tarantaise ) died in Rome at the Lateran , on 22 June 22 , 1276 . The second Conclave of 1276 began , therefore , according to the rules set down by Pope Gregory X , on July 2 . Thirteen cardinals were present , including Giovanni Gaetano Orsini . King Charles I of Sicily acted as the Governor of the Conclave , in which position he is said to have been rigorous , but understandably partisan in favor of the French faction . Cardinal Ottobono Fieschi of Genoa was elected on July 11 and chose the name Pope Adrian V . He lived only thirty-nine days longer , dying at Viterbo , where he had gone to meet King Rudolf and avoid the summer heat of Rome . According to Bernardus Guidonis , he was never ordained priest , consecrated bishop or crowned pope ( nondum promotus in sacerdotem nec coronatus nec consecratus ) . His one memorable act was to suspend the Constitution of Gregory X Ubi periculum which regulated conclaves . He intended , on the advice of his cardinals , to improve Gregorys regulations . Cardinal Orsini was present at the discussion and decision . Shortly after his accession , moreover , Pope Adrian V had wanted King Charles I of Sicily to come to Viterbo to carry out the usual fealty , and sent the Suburbicarian Bishop of Sabina ( Bertrand de Saint Martin ) ; Cardinal Giovanni ( Orsini ) , Cardinal Deacon of Saint Nicholas in Carcere Tulliano ; and Cardinal Giacomo ( Savelli ) , Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin , to effect his wishes . Charles arrived in Viterbo from Rome on July 24 . Unfortunately , Pope Adrian died , on August 18 , leaving his negotiations with King Charles unfinished . The third Conclave of 1276 began at the beginning of September in Viterbo , where Adrian V had died . The opening ceremonies , which should have taken place on August 29 , had to be delayed for several days because of the riotous behavior of the people of Viterbo . Since Pope Adrian had created no new cardinals , the number of cardinals was twelve ; Cardinal Simon de Brion was still in France , serving as Papal Legate . Once the tumults had been put down , however , the cardinals did their business quickly . On September 8 , 1276 , the senior Cardinal-Bishop , Peter Julian of Lisbon , was elected on the first ballot . He chose to be called John XXI , and on September 20 he was crowned at the Cathedral of San Lorenzo in Viterbo by Cardinal Giovanni Caetano Orsini . Since John XXI was already a bishop , there was no ordination or consecration necessary . He was the fourth pope of 1276 . On 18 October , Cardinal Giovanni Gaetano Orsini was appointed Archpriest of St . Peters , in place of Cardinal Riccardo Annibaldi , who had recently died , and who may have been too ill to participate in the Conclave or the Coronation . Pope Adrian Vs suspension of the regulations of Gregory X , however imperfect they may have been , was under attack . Some critics even claimed that the cardinals who vouched for the truth of the suspension , including Cardinal Peter Julian , were liars , or that the revocation was uncanonical . These were probably the same troublemakers in the Curia who had instigated the disturbances that delayed the Conclave . John XXI immediately struck back , on 30 September 1276 , making it perfectly clear that the suspension had taken place and that it was valid . Ptolemy of Lucca states that the issue of this bull of revocation by John XXI was made at the suggestion of Cardinal Giovanni Caetano Orsini . The negotiations which Cardinal Giovanni Caetano had been engaged in with King Charles I were brought to a completion , and Charles swore his oath of fealty to Pope John on 7 October 1276 . It appeared that his reign was going to be a successful one , when one day in mid-May 1277 , while the Pope was in a new room which he had just had built in the Episcopal Palace in Viterbo , suddenly the roof caved in . There was nothing suspicious about this , since the palace had been under construction since 1268 and was still being worked on . The Pope was severely injured from the falling stones and timber . He lingered in pain for several days ( three , or six ) , and died on 20 May 1277 , exactly eight months after his coronation . He had named no cardinals . Yet another Conclave took place in Viterbo , therefore , with seven cardinals in attendance . Cardinal Simon de Brion was still in France as papal legate . But this was not an easy conclave . Three of the electors belonged to the Angevin faction , and three opposed it . The only surviving Cardinal-Bishop , the Benedictine Bertrand de Saint Martin , wavered back and forth , providing little leadership . The Conclave therefore went on for more than five and a half months . Finally , on the Feast of S . Catherine , 25 November 1277 , Cardinal Giovanni Gaetano Orsini was elected . He chose the name Nicholas III . The new pope set out immediately for Rome . He was ordained a priest on December 18 , consecrated a bishop on December 19 , and crowned on the Feast of S . Stephen , 26 December . His election portended serious difficulties , for he was not a candidate of King Charles of Sicily . Quite the contrary , he believed that King Charles had entirely too much influence in church affairs and in the operation of the Papal States . Activities as pope . Politics . The lands under direct papal rule were threatened by surrounding powers . In the second quarter of the 13th century , they were threatened by the expansionist policies of the Emperor Frederick II , who aimed to unite his inheritance in the south ( Sicily and southern Italy ) with his acquisition of the Holy Roman Empire in northern Italy . He spent a great deal of time and energy attempting to gain control over Lombardy and Tuscany , which brought him into direct conflict with the Papacy . Frederick was repeatedly excommunicated by one pope after another . In order to drive off the Hohenstaufen , the Papacy contrived a deal with the brother of Louis IX of France , Charles of Anjou , Count of Provence , who was invited to Italy to assume the crown of Sicily and be a counterweight against the Empire . He was too successful , however , and the Papacy found itself in the deadly embrace of the Angevins . Nicholas prime goal was to loosen Charles Is grip on the Papacy , Rome , and the lands of the Church . Nicholas pontificate , though brief , was marked by several important events . He greatly strengthened the papal position in Italy . On 1 October 1273 , Rudolph I of Habsburg , the godson of Frederick II , had been elected King of Germany and King of the Romans . Pope Gregory X had recognized him as King , after some hard negotiation , but the imperial title and coronation were withheld . Pope Nicholas was willing to negotiate , but he refused to crown Rudolf as Emperor until Rudolph had acknowledged all the claims of the Church , including many that were quite dubious . The concordat with Rudolph I of Habsburg was concluded in May 1278 . In it the city of Bologna , the Romagna , and the exarchate of Ravenna were guaranteed to the papacy . According to the chronographer Bartholomew of Lucca ( Ptolemy of Lucca ) , he discussed with Rudolph , in general terms at least , the splitting the Holy Roman Empire into four separate kingdoms – Lombardy , Burgundy , Tuscia and Germany – where Rudolphs kingdom would be made hereditary and he himself would be recognized as Holy Roman Emperor . Nicholas III was even able to persuade King Charles I of Naples and Sicily to give up his position as Roman Senator in 1278 , at the conclusion of ten years of tenure , as well as the position of Papal Vicar for Tuscany . In July 1278 , Nicholas III issued an epoch-making constitution for the government of Rome , Fundamenta militantis which forbade foreigners from taking civil office . It depends for its justification not only on the biblical phrase , Tu es Petrus , et super hanc petram aedificabo ecclesiam meam ( Matthew 16:18 ) , but also on the forged Donations of Constantine . Ecclesiastical . Nicholas father had been a personal friend of Francis of Assisi , and he himself had to focus much of his attention on the Franciscan order . More than 165 of his bulls and letters address the subject . Most importantly , he issued the papal bull Exiit qui seminat on 14 August 1279 , to settle the strife within the order between the parties of strict and relaxed observance . He repaired the Lateran Palace and the Vatican at enormous cost , and erected a beautiful country house at Soriano nel Cimino near Viterbo , where he died of a cardiovascular event ( sources differ on whether it was a heart-attack or a stroke ) . Nepotism . Nicholas III , though a man of learning noted for his strength of character , was known for his excessive nepotism . He elevated three of his closest relatives to the cardinalate and gave others important positions . This nepotism was lampooned both by Dante and in contemporary cartoons , depicting him in his fine robes with three little bears ( orsetti , a pun on the family name ) hanging on below . After the death of Nicholas III , in December , 1316 , his namesake Giovanni Gaetano Orsini was appointed a cardinal by Pope John XXII . This was not , of course , a case of nepotism . John XXII , was nonetheless a nepotist , having appointed five of his nephews to the cardinalate . Cardinals . Nicholas III created nine cardinals in one consistory celebrated on 12 March 1278 : - Ordonho Alvares , Archbishop of Braga – named Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati , † 21 December 1285 . - Bentivenga da Bentivengi , O.F.M. , Bishop of Todi – named Cardinal-Bishop of Albano , † 25 March 1289 . - Latino Malabranca Orsini , O.P. , nephew of Nicholas – named Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia e Velletri,† 10 August 1294 - Robert Kilwardby , O.P. , Archbishop of Canterbury – named Cardinal-Bishop of Porto and S . Rufina , † 12 September 1279 . - Gerard de Lessines , Bishop of Auxerre – named cardinal-bishop of Palestrina , † 18 July 1278 . - Gerardo Bianchi – named Cardinal-Priest of SS . XII Apostoli , then cardinal-bishop of Sabina ( 12 April 1281 ) , † 1 March 1302 . - Girolamo Masci , O.Min . – Minister General of the Franciscans . Named Cardinal-Priest of S . Pudenziana , then cardinal-bishop of Palestrina ( 12 April 1281 ) and Pope Nicholas IV ( 22 February 1288 ) , † 4 April 1292 - Giordano Orsini , brother of Pope Nicholas III – named Cardinal-Deacon of S . Eustachio , † 8 September 1287 . - Giacomo Colonna – named Cardinal-Deacon of S . Maria in Via Lata ; excommunicated and deposed on 10 May 1297 , restored as Cardinal-Deacon without a title on 15 December 1305 , † 14 August 1318 . Most of these new Cardinals were not of the French party , and among them were five members of religious orders . Two died before the next Conclave , which was to take place on the death of Nicholas III in 1280 , and the rest had to be terrorized into voting for a candidate of Charles I of Sicily . Death . Pope Nicholas III was stricken ill quite unexpectedly . The Curia was residing at the time in the city of Viterbo . Pope Nicholas was at his country retreat at Castro Soriano . According to the Chronicon Parmense he was suddenly deprived of consciousness and movement ( privatus subito omni sensu et motu ) . Bartholomeus ( Ptolemy ) of Lucca says , subito factus apoplecticus , sine loquela moritur ( suddenly stricken with apoplexy , he died without speaking ) . Nicholas was unable to make his confession , and died at his palace at Castro Soriano , in the diocese of Viterbo , on 22 August 1280 . He had been pope for two years , eight months , and twenty-eight days . His remains were taken to Rome , where he was buried in the Vatican Basilica , in the Chapel of S . Nicholas . There was an alternative story circulating , as was frequently the case in the sudden deaths of medieval and renaissance popes—that the pope had been poisoned . Portrayal in The Inferno . Dante , in The Inferno ( of the Divine Comedy ) , talks briefly to Nicholas III , who was condemned to spend eternity in the Third Bolgia of the Eighth Circle of Hell , reserved for those who committed simony , the ecclesiastical crime of paying for offices or positions in the hierarchy of a church . In Dantes story , the Simoniacs are placed head-first in holes , flames burning on the soles of their feet ( Canto XIX ) . Nicholas was the chief sinner in these pits , which is demonstrated by the height of the flames on his feet . At first he mistakes Dante for Pope Boniface VIII . When the confusion is cleared up , Nicholas informs Dante that he foresees the damnation ( for simony ) not only of Boniface VIII , but also Clement V , an even more corrupt pope .
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""
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easy
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Which political party did Albert Edward Smith belong to from 1918 to 1920?
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/wiki/Albert_Edward_Smith#P102#0
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Albert Edward Smith Albert Edward Smith ( October 20 , 1871 – 1947 ) , known as A . E . Smith , was a Canadian religious leader and politician . A social gospeller , Smith was for many years a minister in the Canadian Methodist Church before starting his own Peoples Church . He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1920 to 1922 as a Labour representative . In 1925 , he became a member of the Communist Party of Canada . Early life . Smith was born on October 20 , 1871 , in Guelph , Ontario , the son of William George Smith and Elizabeth Bildson , working-class immigrants from England . He worked as a machinists apprentice and later a bookbinder to contribute to the familys income . His family later moved to Hamilton , where he developed an interest in religion after joining the Gore Street Methodist Church . After passing an oral examination , he became a lay preacher in 1888 . In 1890 Smith was transferred to MacGregor , Manitoba , to begin field work . His appointment came from James Woodsworth , and father of J . S . Woodsworth . Smith was a vocal supporter of Thomas Greenways Liberal government in Manitoba during the 1890s . During the Manitoba Schools Question , he defended the Greenway governments decision to remove funding from French-language denominational schools . Ordination . After three years work as a probationer , Smith enrolled as a student for the ministry at Wesley College in Winnipeg in 1893 . He was formally ordained to the ministry in 1897 . He married Maude Mercy Rogers in 1898 , with whom he would have seven children . After working in Dauphin , Manitoba , and Prince Albert , Saskatchewan , Smith was stationed at the MacDougall Memorial Methodist Church in north-end Winnipeg in 1902 . Left-wing politics . Smiths political views now turned to labour , and he spoke in support of Labour MP Arthur Puttees re-election in the 1904 federal election . Smith left Winnipeg in 1906 , and moved to Portage la Prairie . In 1910 , he accepted ministerial work in Nelson , British Columbia . He spoke at Socialist Party gatherings , and became acquainted with Jack Johnstone , later a leading figure in the Communist Party of the United States . Smith returned to Manitoba in 1913 , to accept a position as minister of the wealthy First Methodist Church in Brandon . Smith was an advocate of church union with the Presbyterians throughout the 1910s . In 1925 , this union came about via the creation of the United Church of Canada . Smith was asked to consider running in the 1917 federal election as a supporter of Robert Bordens Union government of pro-conscription Liberals and Conservatives . Although he rejected these requests , Smiths name was put forward for the Unionist nomination in Brandon . Bordens government was supported by both mainstream labour and the Methodist Church , and some local government supporters believed Smiths name would aid their cause . Asked to make a speech at the nomination meeting , he informed the delegates that he had no confidence in either of the older parties , and did not believe the Union arrangement would make any difference . To the surprise of none present , Smith did not receive the nomination . Socialist politics . In 1917 , Smith read The Communist Manifesto for the first time . He later claimed that the work was like a revelation . Smiths religious views were , by his own admission , unorthodox for the standards of his age : he believed that the message of Jesus was the proclamation of a new social order of human society , and rejected the harsh theologies of mainstream Christian churches . In my sermons , he wrote , no miracle was required to explain the birth of Jesus or his life and teachings .. . His name was to be cherished because He died as a leader of the people , for His principles and in protest against the unjust rulers of His day . After reading The Communist Manifesto , Smith eventually reached the conclusion that Jesus was a communist . Smiths views had not yet developed to this stage in 1917 , however , and he joined the social reformist Dominion Labour Party at the end of the First World War . Smith supported the strikers from his pulpit during the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 and opened his church to Brandon civic workers who voted for a parallel strike in their city . As a member of the Brandon Trades and Labour Council , Smith provided extensive logistical support to Brandons strike committee . He also testified before the Royal Commission on Industrial Relations . Not surprisingly , Smiths labour activities were opposed by more conservative figures in his Methodist church . At a special meeting of the church board held on May 26 , 1919 , a prominent church member moved that Smith be restrained from any further preaching in First Church . No formal charges were made against him , and the motion was withdrawn . Nonetheless , his role as Brandons Methodist minister had become untenable . On June 8 , he announced the formation of a new Peoples Church in the city . Peoples Church . On June 22 the first meeting of the Peoples Church was held , with roughly 400 people in attendance . Despite his commitment to the Peoples Church , Smith did not intend to leave the Methodist Church . He hoped to secure a leave from the Church so that he could pursue his work with the Peoples Church . The Methodist Stationing Committee initially granted his request , but when a motion was called to put all special cases before the committee as a whole , the decision was rescinded . Smith was determined that the Peoples Church would spread across Canada , offering an alternative to the traditional church . In 1920 he travelled to Western Canada and established the Peoples Church in Vancouver , Victoria , Calgary , and Edmonton . In 1923 Smith moved to Toronto and began working with the Toronto Peoples Church . Labour MLA . In 1920 , Smith was prevailed on to run for the provincial legislature as a labour candidate in Brandon . He received the nomination of the Brandon Labour Party , which was aligned with the Winnipeg branch of the Dominion Labour Party . He was successful in the 1920 provincial election , defeating Liberal incumbent Stephen Emmett Clement by 604 votes . Some blamed vote-splitting by the Liberals and Conservatives for his victory . For the next two years , Smith sat with the labour parliamentary group led by Fred Dixon in the legislative opposition . Unlike other labour members , Smith did not join the Independent Labour Party when the Winnipeg branch of the Dominion Labour Party split in late 1920 . In August 1921 , he instead attended a meeting of the Winnipeg Trades and Labour Council which led to the creation of the Canadian Labour Party . While joining the CLP took Smith on a different path from his co-legislators , he remained a member of the labor parliamentary group . Labours political support in Manitoba had declined somewhat by the 1922 provincial election . Smith lost his seat to John Edmison , who ran as a fusion candidate of the local Liberals and Conservatives , thus preventing any possible vote-splitting in the Liberal and Conservative camp . No longer receiving a salary as a Methodist minister or Member of the Legislative Assembly ( MLA ) , Smith experienced financial difficulties in Brandon and decided to return to Ontario . He moved to Ontario in 1923 , and immediately started a Peoples Church in Toronto . Smith was also involved in the Forum Committee of the local Labour Temple , and became a prominent member of the Canadian Labour Party in the city . Unlike James Simpson , Smith supported opening the CLP to members of the newly formed Communist Party of Canada . Joining the Communist Party . Smiths personal philosophy continued to develop in this period , and in January 1925 he made the decision to join the Communist Party himself . His membership in the party was confirmed at a small upstairs room at 8 Gerrard Street East in Toronto , where a meeting of the party was held . He later explained his decision to a Toronto Star reporter by arguing that communism was a part of mans social evolution . Smith remained a member of the Communist Party for the rest of his life . Still a prominent figure in Toronto , he often defended the Communist Party against threats from hostile governments . He became a prominent organizer for the Canadian Labour Defence League across Canada in the 1920s , and served as its general secretary until it was shut down by the Canadian government in 1940 . He campaigned for the House of Commons of Canada in the 1925 federal election as a candidate of the CLP in the northern Ontario riding of Port Arthur—Thunder Bay . He finished fourth , with 1,363 votes . The winner was William Fitzgerald Langworthy of the Conservative Party . At the time of the election , Smith described his occupation as educationalist . He ran again in the 1926 election , and finished third with 1,382 votes . The winner was Conservative Donald James Cowan . Smith ran for municipal office in Toronto during this period . In 1925 , he ran for alderman in Ward Seven as a candidate of the Labour Representation Political Association , a broad-tent group aligned with the Canadian Labour Party . He was defeated , and lost a second time in 1926 . He also ran as a candidate of the Ontario division of the CLP in the 1926 provincial election , receiving 416 votes in Hamilton Centre . The winner on that occasion was Thomas Jutten of the Ontario Conservative Party . In the 1930 federal election he ran as an independent candidate in Fort William winning 594 votes . Opposition to Trotskyism . During the late 1920s , Smith became a prominent opponent of Trotskyism within the Communist Party of Canada . He supported the removal of Maurice Spector and Jack MacDonald from the CPC , and endorsed Tim Buck , a strong supporter of Joseph Stalin , to become the partys new leader in 1929 . In his autobiography , Smith accused Leon Trotsky of attempting to betray the Russian Revolution , alleging that he had been in the service of British agents in 1926 . With the Canadian Labour Party falling into disarray , Smith returned to northern Ontario for the federal election of 1930 to contest Fort William as an independent candidate . He received 594 votes , finishing third . The winner was Robert James Manion , who later served as leader of the federal Conservative Party . Stalinism . Smith visited the Soviet Union for the first time in 1932 and wrote favourably of the experience upon his return . In July 1936 , he traveled to Spain during the Spanish Civil War as an emissary of the Friends of the Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion . Smith was one of CPC leader Tim Bucks most vocal defenders in the early 1930s . Buck was put in prison and nearly killed in the Kingston Penitentiary . In 1934 , Smith was arrested and charged with sedition ( under section 98 of the Criminal Code ) due to statements he made in support of the Eight Men Speak play . He was acquitted . The coverage of the court case publicized the truth of an attempt on Bucks life , and soon Buck and seven other CPC leaders were released from prison . In the 1934 provincial election , Smith ran as a candidate of the Ontario Communist Party against Conservative Premier George Henry in the constituency of York East . He finished fourth , though still polling a respectable 664 votes . Also in 1934 , Smith polled a surprising 8,500 votes when he ran for Mayor of Toronto . Returning again to northern Ontario , Smith ran for the House of Commons as a candidate of the Communist Party in the 1935 federal election . He received 1,161 votes for a fourth-place finish in Port Arthur . Later years . Smith largely curtailed his political activities after this time , though he remained an active figure within the Communist Party . He returned to Manitoba for the 1945 federal election , and campaigned for the Labor-Progressive Party ( as the Communist Party had renamed itself ) in his old riding of Brandon . He received 497 votes , finishing fourth . The winner was Liberal James Ewen Matthews . Smith died in 1947 . His autobiography , All My Life , was published posthumously in 1949 . The work chronicles his religious and political evolution , and gives extensive consideration to the Communist Partys struggles of the 1930s . Joseph Stalin is never mentioned by name in this book . To the end of his life , Smith argued that his beliefs were a reflection of the message promoted by Jesus . A . E . Smiths son , Stewart Smith , was a leading member of the Communist Party in his own right .
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"Canadian Labour Party"
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Which political party did Albert Edward Smith belong to from 1921 to 1925?
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/wiki/Albert_Edward_Smith#P102#1
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Albert Edward Smith Albert Edward Smith ( October 20 , 1871 – 1947 ) , known as A . E . Smith , was a Canadian religious leader and politician . A social gospeller , Smith was for many years a minister in the Canadian Methodist Church before starting his own Peoples Church . He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1920 to 1922 as a Labour representative . In 1925 , he became a member of the Communist Party of Canada . Early life . Smith was born on October 20 , 1871 , in Guelph , Ontario , the son of William George Smith and Elizabeth Bildson , working-class immigrants from England . He worked as a machinists apprentice and later a bookbinder to contribute to the familys income . His family later moved to Hamilton , where he developed an interest in religion after joining the Gore Street Methodist Church . After passing an oral examination , he became a lay preacher in 1888 . In 1890 Smith was transferred to MacGregor , Manitoba , to begin field work . His appointment came from James Woodsworth , and father of J . S . Woodsworth . Smith was a vocal supporter of Thomas Greenways Liberal government in Manitoba during the 1890s . During the Manitoba Schools Question , he defended the Greenway governments decision to remove funding from French-language denominational schools . Ordination . After three years work as a probationer , Smith enrolled as a student for the ministry at Wesley College in Winnipeg in 1893 . He was formally ordained to the ministry in 1897 . He married Maude Mercy Rogers in 1898 , with whom he would have seven children . After working in Dauphin , Manitoba , and Prince Albert , Saskatchewan , Smith was stationed at the MacDougall Memorial Methodist Church in north-end Winnipeg in 1902 . Left-wing politics . Smiths political views now turned to labour , and he spoke in support of Labour MP Arthur Puttees re-election in the 1904 federal election . Smith left Winnipeg in 1906 , and moved to Portage la Prairie . In 1910 , he accepted ministerial work in Nelson , British Columbia . He spoke at Socialist Party gatherings , and became acquainted with Jack Johnstone , later a leading figure in the Communist Party of the United States . Smith returned to Manitoba in 1913 , to accept a position as minister of the wealthy First Methodist Church in Brandon . Smith was an advocate of church union with the Presbyterians throughout the 1910s . In 1925 , this union came about via the creation of the United Church of Canada . Smith was asked to consider running in the 1917 federal election as a supporter of Robert Bordens Union government of pro-conscription Liberals and Conservatives . Although he rejected these requests , Smiths name was put forward for the Unionist nomination in Brandon . Bordens government was supported by both mainstream labour and the Methodist Church , and some local government supporters believed Smiths name would aid their cause . Asked to make a speech at the nomination meeting , he informed the delegates that he had no confidence in either of the older parties , and did not believe the Union arrangement would make any difference . To the surprise of none present , Smith did not receive the nomination . Socialist politics . In 1917 , Smith read The Communist Manifesto for the first time . He later claimed that the work was like a revelation . Smiths religious views were , by his own admission , unorthodox for the standards of his age : he believed that the message of Jesus was the proclamation of a new social order of human society , and rejected the harsh theologies of mainstream Christian churches . In my sermons , he wrote , no miracle was required to explain the birth of Jesus or his life and teachings .. . His name was to be cherished because He died as a leader of the people , for His principles and in protest against the unjust rulers of His day . After reading The Communist Manifesto , Smith eventually reached the conclusion that Jesus was a communist . Smiths views had not yet developed to this stage in 1917 , however , and he joined the social reformist Dominion Labour Party at the end of the First World War . Smith supported the strikers from his pulpit during the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 and opened his church to Brandon civic workers who voted for a parallel strike in their city . As a member of the Brandon Trades and Labour Council , Smith provided extensive logistical support to Brandons strike committee . He also testified before the Royal Commission on Industrial Relations . Not surprisingly , Smiths labour activities were opposed by more conservative figures in his Methodist church . At a special meeting of the church board held on May 26 , 1919 , a prominent church member moved that Smith be restrained from any further preaching in First Church . No formal charges were made against him , and the motion was withdrawn . Nonetheless , his role as Brandons Methodist minister had become untenable . On June 8 , he announced the formation of a new Peoples Church in the city . Peoples Church . On June 22 the first meeting of the Peoples Church was held , with roughly 400 people in attendance . Despite his commitment to the Peoples Church , Smith did not intend to leave the Methodist Church . He hoped to secure a leave from the Church so that he could pursue his work with the Peoples Church . The Methodist Stationing Committee initially granted his request , but when a motion was called to put all special cases before the committee as a whole , the decision was rescinded . Smith was determined that the Peoples Church would spread across Canada , offering an alternative to the traditional church . In 1920 he travelled to Western Canada and established the Peoples Church in Vancouver , Victoria , Calgary , and Edmonton . In 1923 Smith moved to Toronto and began working with the Toronto Peoples Church . Labour MLA . In 1920 , Smith was prevailed on to run for the provincial legislature as a labour candidate in Brandon . He received the nomination of the Brandon Labour Party , which was aligned with the Winnipeg branch of the Dominion Labour Party . He was successful in the 1920 provincial election , defeating Liberal incumbent Stephen Emmett Clement by 604 votes . Some blamed vote-splitting by the Liberals and Conservatives for his victory . For the next two years , Smith sat with the labour parliamentary group led by Fred Dixon in the legislative opposition . Unlike other labour members , Smith did not join the Independent Labour Party when the Winnipeg branch of the Dominion Labour Party split in late 1920 . In August 1921 , he instead attended a meeting of the Winnipeg Trades and Labour Council which led to the creation of the Canadian Labour Party . While joining the CLP took Smith on a different path from his co-legislators , he remained a member of the labor parliamentary group . Labours political support in Manitoba had declined somewhat by the 1922 provincial election . Smith lost his seat to John Edmison , who ran as a fusion candidate of the local Liberals and Conservatives , thus preventing any possible vote-splitting in the Liberal and Conservative camp . No longer receiving a salary as a Methodist minister or Member of the Legislative Assembly ( MLA ) , Smith experienced financial difficulties in Brandon and decided to return to Ontario . He moved to Ontario in 1923 , and immediately started a Peoples Church in Toronto . Smith was also involved in the Forum Committee of the local Labour Temple , and became a prominent member of the Canadian Labour Party in the city . Unlike James Simpson , Smith supported opening the CLP to members of the newly formed Communist Party of Canada . Joining the Communist Party . Smiths personal philosophy continued to develop in this period , and in January 1925 he made the decision to join the Communist Party himself . His membership in the party was confirmed at a small upstairs room at 8 Gerrard Street East in Toronto , where a meeting of the party was held . He later explained his decision to a Toronto Star reporter by arguing that communism was a part of mans social evolution . Smith remained a member of the Communist Party for the rest of his life . Still a prominent figure in Toronto , he often defended the Communist Party against threats from hostile governments . He became a prominent organizer for the Canadian Labour Defence League across Canada in the 1920s , and served as its general secretary until it was shut down by the Canadian government in 1940 . He campaigned for the House of Commons of Canada in the 1925 federal election as a candidate of the CLP in the northern Ontario riding of Port Arthur—Thunder Bay . He finished fourth , with 1,363 votes . The winner was William Fitzgerald Langworthy of the Conservative Party . At the time of the election , Smith described his occupation as educationalist . He ran again in the 1926 election , and finished third with 1,382 votes . The winner was Conservative Donald James Cowan . Smith ran for municipal office in Toronto during this period . In 1925 , he ran for alderman in Ward Seven as a candidate of the Labour Representation Political Association , a broad-tent group aligned with the Canadian Labour Party . He was defeated , and lost a second time in 1926 . He also ran as a candidate of the Ontario division of the CLP in the 1926 provincial election , receiving 416 votes in Hamilton Centre . The winner on that occasion was Thomas Jutten of the Ontario Conservative Party . In the 1930 federal election he ran as an independent candidate in Fort William winning 594 votes . Opposition to Trotskyism . During the late 1920s , Smith became a prominent opponent of Trotskyism within the Communist Party of Canada . He supported the removal of Maurice Spector and Jack MacDonald from the CPC , and endorsed Tim Buck , a strong supporter of Joseph Stalin , to become the partys new leader in 1929 . In his autobiography , Smith accused Leon Trotsky of attempting to betray the Russian Revolution , alleging that he had been in the service of British agents in 1926 . With the Canadian Labour Party falling into disarray , Smith returned to northern Ontario for the federal election of 1930 to contest Fort William as an independent candidate . He received 594 votes , finishing third . The winner was Robert James Manion , who later served as leader of the federal Conservative Party . Stalinism . Smith visited the Soviet Union for the first time in 1932 and wrote favourably of the experience upon his return . In July 1936 , he traveled to Spain during the Spanish Civil War as an emissary of the Friends of the Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion . Smith was one of CPC leader Tim Bucks most vocal defenders in the early 1930s . Buck was put in prison and nearly killed in the Kingston Penitentiary . In 1934 , Smith was arrested and charged with sedition ( under section 98 of the Criminal Code ) due to statements he made in support of the Eight Men Speak play . He was acquitted . The coverage of the court case publicized the truth of an attempt on Bucks life , and soon Buck and seven other CPC leaders were released from prison . In the 1934 provincial election , Smith ran as a candidate of the Ontario Communist Party against Conservative Premier George Henry in the constituency of York East . He finished fourth , though still polling a respectable 664 votes . Also in 1934 , Smith polled a surprising 8,500 votes when he ran for Mayor of Toronto . Returning again to northern Ontario , Smith ran for the House of Commons as a candidate of the Communist Party in the 1935 federal election . He received 1,161 votes for a fourth-place finish in Port Arthur . Later years . Smith largely curtailed his political activities after this time , though he remained an active figure within the Communist Party . He returned to Manitoba for the 1945 federal election , and campaigned for the Labor-Progressive Party ( as the Communist Party had renamed itself ) in his old riding of Brandon . He received 497 votes , finishing fourth . The winner was Liberal James Ewen Matthews . Smith died in 1947 . His autobiography , All My Life , was published posthumously in 1949 . The work chronicles his religious and political evolution , and gives extensive consideration to the Communist Partys struggles of the 1930s . Joseph Stalin is never mentioned by name in this book . To the end of his life , Smith argued that his beliefs were a reflection of the message promoted by Jesus . A . E . Smiths son , Stewart Smith , was a leading member of the Communist Party in his own right .
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"Communist Party of Canada"
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easy
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Which political party did Albert Edward Smith belong to from 1925 to 1926?
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/wiki/Albert_Edward_Smith#P102#2
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Albert Edward Smith Albert Edward Smith ( October 20 , 1871 – 1947 ) , known as A . E . Smith , was a Canadian religious leader and politician . A social gospeller , Smith was for many years a minister in the Canadian Methodist Church before starting his own Peoples Church . He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1920 to 1922 as a Labour representative . In 1925 , he became a member of the Communist Party of Canada . Early life . Smith was born on October 20 , 1871 , in Guelph , Ontario , the son of William George Smith and Elizabeth Bildson , working-class immigrants from England . He worked as a machinists apprentice and later a bookbinder to contribute to the familys income . His family later moved to Hamilton , where he developed an interest in religion after joining the Gore Street Methodist Church . After passing an oral examination , he became a lay preacher in 1888 . In 1890 Smith was transferred to MacGregor , Manitoba , to begin field work . His appointment came from James Woodsworth , and father of J . S . Woodsworth . Smith was a vocal supporter of Thomas Greenways Liberal government in Manitoba during the 1890s . During the Manitoba Schools Question , he defended the Greenway governments decision to remove funding from French-language denominational schools . Ordination . After three years work as a probationer , Smith enrolled as a student for the ministry at Wesley College in Winnipeg in 1893 . He was formally ordained to the ministry in 1897 . He married Maude Mercy Rogers in 1898 , with whom he would have seven children . After working in Dauphin , Manitoba , and Prince Albert , Saskatchewan , Smith was stationed at the MacDougall Memorial Methodist Church in north-end Winnipeg in 1902 . Left-wing politics . Smiths political views now turned to labour , and he spoke in support of Labour MP Arthur Puttees re-election in the 1904 federal election . Smith left Winnipeg in 1906 , and moved to Portage la Prairie . In 1910 , he accepted ministerial work in Nelson , British Columbia . He spoke at Socialist Party gatherings , and became acquainted with Jack Johnstone , later a leading figure in the Communist Party of the United States . Smith returned to Manitoba in 1913 , to accept a position as minister of the wealthy First Methodist Church in Brandon . Smith was an advocate of church union with the Presbyterians throughout the 1910s . In 1925 , this union came about via the creation of the United Church of Canada . Smith was asked to consider running in the 1917 federal election as a supporter of Robert Bordens Union government of pro-conscription Liberals and Conservatives . Although he rejected these requests , Smiths name was put forward for the Unionist nomination in Brandon . Bordens government was supported by both mainstream labour and the Methodist Church , and some local government supporters believed Smiths name would aid their cause . Asked to make a speech at the nomination meeting , he informed the delegates that he had no confidence in either of the older parties , and did not believe the Union arrangement would make any difference . To the surprise of none present , Smith did not receive the nomination . Socialist politics . In 1917 , Smith read The Communist Manifesto for the first time . He later claimed that the work was like a revelation . Smiths religious views were , by his own admission , unorthodox for the standards of his age : he believed that the message of Jesus was the proclamation of a new social order of human society , and rejected the harsh theologies of mainstream Christian churches . In my sermons , he wrote , no miracle was required to explain the birth of Jesus or his life and teachings .. . His name was to be cherished because He died as a leader of the people , for His principles and in protest against the unjust rulers of His day . After reading The Communist Manifesto , Smith eventually reached the conclusion that Jesus was a communist . Smiths views had not yet developed to this stage in 1917 , however , and he joined the social reformist Dominion Labour Party at the end of the First World War . Smith supported the strikers from his pulpit during the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 and opened his church to Brandon civic workers who voted for a parallel strike in their city . As a member of the Brandon Trades and Labour Council , Smith provided extensive logistical support to Brandons strike committee . He also testified before the Royal Commission on Industrial Relations . Not surprisingly , Smiths labour activities were opposed by more conservative figures in his Methodist church . At a special meeting of the church board held on May 26 , 1919 , a prominent church member moved that Smith be restrained from any further preaching in First Church . No formal charges were made against him , and the motion was withdrawn . Nonetheless , his role as Brandons Methodist minister had become untenable . On June 8 , he announced the formation of a new Peoples Church in the city . Peoples Church . On June 22 the first meeting of the Peoples Church was held , with roughly 400 people in attendance . Despite his commitment to the Peoples Church , Smith did not intend to leave the Methodist Church . He hoped to secure a leave from the Church so that he could pursue his work with the Peoples Church . The Methodist Stationing Committee initially granted his request , but when a motion was called to put all special cases before the committee as a whole , the decision was rescinded . Smith was determined that the Peoples Church would spread across Canada , offering an alternative to the traditional church . In 1920 he travelled to Western Canada and established the Peoples Church in Vancouver , Victoria , Calgary , and Edmonton . In 1923 Smith moved to Toronto and began working with the Toronto Peoples Church . Labour MLA . In 1920 , Smith was prevailed on to run for the provincial legislature as a labour candidate in Brandon . He received the nomination of the Brandon Labour Party , which was aligned with the Winnipeg branch of the Dominion Labour Party . He was successful in the 1920 provincial election , defeating Liberal incumbent Stephen Emmett Clement by 604 votes . Some blamed vote-splitting by the Liberals and Conservatives for his victory . For the next two years , Smith sat with the labour parliamentary group led by Fred Dixon in the legislative opposition . Unlike other labour members , Smith did not join the Independent Labour Party when the Winnipeg branch of the Dominion Labour Party split in late 1920 . In August 1921 , he instead attended a meeting of the Winnipeg Trades and Labour Council which led to the creation of the Canadian Labour Party . While joining the CLP took Smith on a different path from his co-legislators , he remained a member of the labor parliamentary group . Labours political support in Manitoba had declined somewhat by the 1922 provincial election . Smith lost his seat to John Edmison , who ran as a fusion candidate of the local Liberals and Conservatives , thus preventing any possible vote-splitting in the Liberal and Conservative camp . No longer receiving a salary as a Methodist minister or Member of the Legislative Assembly ( MLA ) , Smith experienced financial difficulties in Brandon and decided to return to Ontario . He moved to Ontario in 1923 , and immediately started a Peoples Church in Toronto . Smith was also involved in the Forum Committee of the local Labour Temple , and became a prominent member of the Canadian Labour Party in the city . Unlike James Simpson , Smith supported opening the CLP to members of the newly formed Communist Party of Canada . Joining the Communist Party . Smiths personal philosophy continued to develop in this period , and in January 1925 he made the decision to join the Communist Party himself . His membership in the party was confirmed at a small upstairs room at 8 Gerrard Street East in Toronto , where a meeting of the party was held . He later explained his decision to a Toronto Star reporter by arguing that communism was a part of mans social evolution . Smith remained a member of the Communist Party for the rest of his life . Still a prominent figure in Toronto , he often defended the Communist Party against threats from hostile governments . He became a prominent organizer for the Canadian Labour Defence League across Canada in the 1920s , and served as its general secretary until it was shut down by the Canadian government in 1940 . He campaigned for the House of Commons of Canada in the 1925 federal election as a candidate of the CLP in the northern Ontario riding of Port Arthur—Thunder Bay . He finished fourth , with 1,363 votes . The winner was William Fitzgerald Langworthy of the Conservative Party . At the time of the election , Smith described his occupation as educationalist . He ran again in the 1926 election , and finished third with 1,382 votes . The winner was Conservative Donald James Cowan . Smith ran for municipal office in Toronto during this period . In 1925 , he ran for alderman in Ward Seven as a candidate of the Labour Representation Political Association , a broad-tent group aligned with the Canadian Labour Party . He was defeated , and lost a second time in 1926 . He also ran as a candidate of the Ontario division of the CLP in the 1926 provincial election , receiving 416 votes in Hamilton Centre . The winner on that occasion was Thomas Jutten of the Ontario Conservative Party . In the 1930 federal election he ran as an independent candidate in Fort William winning 594 votes . Opposition to Trotskyism . During the late 1920s , Smith became a prominent opponent of Trotskyism within the Communist Party of Canada . He supported the removal of Maurice Spector and Jack MacDonald from the CPC , and endorsed Tim Buck , a strong supporter of Joseph Stalin , to become the partys new leader in 1929 . In his autobiography , Smith accused Leon Trotsky of attempting to betray the Russian Revolution , alleging that he had been in the service of British agents in 1926 . With the Canadian Labour Party falling into disarray , Smith returned to northern Ontario for the federal election of 1930 to contest Fort William as an independent candidate . He received 594 votes , finishing third . The winner was Robert James Manion , who later served as leader of the federal Conservative Party . Stalinism . Smith visited the Soviet Union for the first time in 1932 and wrote favourably of the experience upon his return . In July 1936 , he traveled to Spain during the Spanish Civil War as an emissary of the Friends of the Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion . Smith was one of CPC leader Tim Bucks most vocal defenders in the early 1930s . Buck was put in prison and nearly killed in the Kingston Penitentiary . In 1934 , Smith was arrested and charged with sedition ( under section 98 of the Criminal Code ) due to statements he made in support of the Eight Men Speak play . He was acquitted . The coverage of the court case publicized the truth of an attempt on Bucks life , and soon Buck and seven other CPC leaders were released from prison . In the 1934 provincial election , Smith ran as a candidate of the Ontario Communist Party against Conservative Premier George Henry in the constituency of York East . He finished fourth , though still polling a respectable 664 votes . Also in 1934 , Smith polled a surprising 8,500 votes when he ran for Mayor of Toronto . Returning again to northern Ontario , Smith ran for the House of Commons as a candidate of the Communist Party in the 1935 federal election . He received 1,161 votes for a fourth-place finish in Port Arthur . Later years . Smith largely curtailed his political activities after this time , though he remained an active figure within the Communist Party . He returned to Manitoba for the 1945 federal election , and campaigned for the Labor-Progressive Party ( as the Communist Party had renamed itself ) in his old riding of Brandon . He received 497 votes , finishing fourth . The winner was Liberal James Ewen Matthews . Smith died in 1947 . His autobiography , All My Life , was published posthumously in 1949 . The work chronicles his religious and political evolution , and gives extensive consideration to the Communist Partys struggles of the 1930s . Joseph Stalin is never mentioned by name in this book . To the end of his life , Smith argued that his beliefs were a reflection of the message promoted by Jesus . A . E . Smiths son , Stewart Smith , was a leading member of the Communist Party in his own right .
|
[
"Young Communist League"
] |
easy
|
What organization did Dorothy Ray Healey join in 1928?
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/wiki/Dorothy_Ray_Healey#P463#0
|
Dorothy Ray Healey Dorothy Ray Healey ( September 22 , 1914 – August 6 , 2006 ) was a long-time activist in the Communist Party USA , from the late 1920s to the 1970s . In the 1930s , she was one of the first union leaders to advocate for the rights of Chicanos and blacks as factory and field workers . During the decades of the 1950s and 1960s , Healey was one of the leading public figures of the Communist Party in the state of California . An opponent of the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 and at odds with the orthodox pro-Soviet leadership of Gus Hall , Healey subsequently left the Communist Party to join the New American Movement , which merged to become part of the Democratic Socialists of America in 1982 . Early life . Healey was born Dorothy Harriet Rosenblum in Denver to Hungarian Jewish immigrants . Her fathers family , the Rosenblums , were proud of their Hungarian background and considered themselves Austro-Hungarians rather than Jews . Her mothers family , on the other hand , were Orthodox Jews , with her maternal grandfather serving as a shokhet , a supervisor of the ritual slaughter of animals to ensure that they were kosher . Healey was a so-called red diaper baby , and her mother was won over to socialism as a teenager after hearing a lecture on the subject delivered by J . Stitt Wilson in 1900 and later took part in helping to establish the Communist Party of America . Her father was an apolitical traveling salesman , peddling foodstuffs to grocery stores . Her mother bore six children , one dying at birth and another dying in early childhood . She also performed multiple abortions upon herself , nearly dying of blood poisoning on one occasion , as a result of the procedure when Dorothy was a young girl . When Dorothy was six , the family relocated to Los Angeles , where she would eventually become known as the Red Queen of Los Angeles . As her father moved about the West , his family moved with him , and she attended 19 schools before dropping out of high school . At 14 , she joined the youth section of the Workers ( Communist ) Party , the Young Workers League , and the adult Communist Party itself in 1932 , at 18 . At the behest of the YCL she took a job in a peach processing factory , making 12 cents an hour and hiding when government labor inspectors came looking for underage workers . It was there where she gained her first experience as an organizer . Leader in party . Her convictions about social justice and issues of race , class , unions and labor fueled her activism . From the moment that she joined the CPUSA , she was a true believer . We knew with absolute conviction that we were part of a vanguard that was destined to lead an American working class to a socialist revolution , she once said . Healey became a successful labor organizer and rose to become the chair of the CPUSA in Southern California . Eventually , she joined the national Party leadership . She mentored many young communists and labor activists . In the 1950s , she and 14 other Californians were convicted under the Smith Act of conspiring to advocate the forceful overthrow of the government . She faced five years in prison and a $10,000 fine before the Supreme Court overturned the conviction . In the 1960s , she again faced imprisonment and a hefty fine under a piece of McCarthy-era legislation known as the McCarran Act , when she and others refused to register as agents of a foreign government ( the logic being that the CPUSA was under the control of the Soviet Union ) . In 1965 , the Supreme Court reconsidered an earlier decision and found the registration provision to be in violation of the Fifth Amendment guarantee against self-incrimination . Break with party . A critical moment for her came in 1956 , after the reading of Nikita Khrushchevs speech , On the Personality Cult and its Consequences , which revealed the crimes that Joseph Stalin committed under the USSRs one-party system . The speech went on for four hours , and I was reduced to tears after about 30 minutes , she said . Fact after fact of monstrous things had happened . It was a relentless account . But I believed it . There was no questioning its authenticity . From that point , she was outspoken in her insistence for the American Communist Party to support democracy and reduce its ties with the Soviets . Although many others like novelist Howard Fast left the CPUSA after the revelations of Stalins crimes , Healey tried to reform it from within . Her story is told in a book she wrote with historian Maurice Isserman , Dorothy Healey Remembers : A Life in the American Communist Party ( 1990 ) , in which she revealed the aspirations , commitment , illusions -- and , ultimately , disillusionment -- of a generation of young Communists who joined the movement before and during the Great Depression . She and they had to deal with and the Party [ being ] reduced to a remnant of its former strength through the battering it received in the McCarthy era and through its own sectarian mistakes . She resigned from her leadership post in 1968 , after Soviet Party Boss Leonid Brezhnev ordered Soviet and Warsaw Pact troops to crush the democratic socialist movement in Czechoslovakia . She stayed in the party until 1973 , when she resigned in a dispute with CPUSA General Secretary Gus Hall over issues of orthodoxy , to which she could no longer conform . The end came when she could no longer hold her tongue and publicly criticized the Party . Later life . In 1974 , Healey joined the New American Movement , and in 1975 , she became a member of its national interim committee . Later , she supported the merger of NAM with the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee in 1982 , to form the Democratic Socialists of America . Through her involvement with NAM and the Democratic Socialists , she provided an important link between the activists of the 1930s and the younger generation inspired by the popular movement against the Vietnam War . She mentored hundreds of young activists , who later made contributions to the labor movement and community organizations in the Los Angeles area . Healey moved to Washington , D.C. , in 1983 to live with her son , Richard Healey , to help raise her grandchildren . She had been broadcasting on Pacifica Radio in Los Angeles since 1959 , and in Washington , she and Richard co-hosted Dialogue , an hour-long public affairs show on WPFW on Wednesday mornings . Dorothy Ray Healey was married to , in her own words , three good men : Lon Sherman , Don Healey and Phillip Connelly . All three marriages ended in divorce . She once wrote : My hatred of capitalism , which degrades and debases humans , is as intense now as it was when I joined the Young Communist League in 1928 . I remain a communist , as I have been all my life , albeit without a party . Death . Healey died of respiratory failure and pneumonia at age 91 at the Hebrew Home of Greater Washington in Rockville , Maryland . Legacy . Healeys extensive collection of papers and other material on the CPUSA is archived at the California State University , Long Beach library . Healey is featured in two documentaries , Seeing Red ( 1983 ) and Dorothy Healey : An American Red ( 1984 ) . Further reading . - Dorothy Healey and Maurice Isserman , Dorothy Healey Remembers : A Life in the American Communist Party . New York : Oxford University Press , 1990 . Reprinted in paperback as California Red : A Life in the American Communist Party . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1993 . - Jon Wiener , The Communist Party : An Interview with Dorothy Healey , Radical America , vol . 11 , no . 3 ( May-June 1977 ) , pp . 24-45 . External links . - Interview of Dorothy Healey , Center for Oral History Research , UCLA Library Special Collections , University of California , Los Angeles .
|
[
"New American Movement"
] |
easy
|
What organization did Dorothy Ray Healey join in 1974?
|
/wiki/Dorothy_Ray_Healey#P463#1
|
Dorothy Ray Healey Dorothy Ray Healey ( September 22 , 1914 – August 6 , 2006 ) was a long-time activist in the Communist Party USA , from the late 1920s to the 1970s . In the 1930s , she was one of the first union leaders to advocate for the rights of Chicanos and blacks as factory and field workers . During the decades of the 1950s and 1960s , Healey was one of the leading public figures of the Communist Party in the state of California . An opponent of the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 and at odds with the orthodox pro-Soviet leadership of Gus Hall , Healey subsequently left the Communist Party to join the New American Movement , which merged to become part of the Democratic Socialists of America in 1982 . Early life . Healey was born Dorothy Harriet Rosenblum in Denver to Hungarian Jewish immigrants . Her fathers family , the Rosenblums , were proud of their Hungarian background and considered themselves Austro-Hungarians rather than Jews . Her mothers family , on the other hand , were Orthodox Jews , with her maternal grandfather serving as a shokhet , a supervisor of the ritual slaughter of animals to ensure that they were kosher . Healey was a so-called red diaper baby , and her mother was won over to socialism as a teenager after hearing a lecture on the subject delivered by J . Stitt Wilson in 1900 and later took part in helping to establish the Communist Party of America . Her father was an apolitical traveling salesman , peddling foodstuffs to grocery stores . Her mother bore six children , one dying at birth and another dying in early childhood . She also performed multiple abortions upon herself , nearly dying of blood poisoning on one occasion , as a result of the procedure when Dorothy was a young girl . When Dorothy was six , the family relocated to Los Angeles , where she would eventually become known as the Red Queen of Los Angeles . As her father moved about the West , his family moved with him , and she attended 19 schools before dropping out of high school . At 14 , she joined the youth section of the Workers ( Communist ) Party , the Young Workers League , and the adult Communist Party itself in 1932 , at 18 . At the behest of the YCL she took a job in a peach processing factory , making 12 cents an hour and hiding when government labor inspectors came looking for underage workers . It was there where she gained her first experience as an organizer . Leader in party . Her convictions about social justice and issues of race , class , unions and labor fueled her activism . From the moment that she joined the CPUSA , she was a true believer . We knew with absolute conviction that we were part of a vanguard that was destined to lead an American working class to a socialist revolution , she once said . Healey became a successful labor organizer and rose to become the chair of the CPUSA in Southern California . Eventually , she joined the national Party leadership . She mentored many young communists and labor activists . In the 1950s , she and 14 other Californians were convicted under the Smith Act of conspiring to advocate the forceful overthrow of the government . She faced five years in prison and a $10,000 fine before the Supreme Court overturned the conviction . In the 1960s , she again faced imprisonment and a hefty fine under a piece of McCarthy-era legislation known as the McCarran Act , when she and others refused to register as agents of a foreign government ( the logic being that the CPUSA was under the control of the Soviet Union ) . In 1965 , the Supreme Court reconsidered an earlier decision and found the registration provision to be in violation of the Fifth Amendment guarantee against self-incrimination . Break with party . A critical moment for her came in 1956 , after the reading of Nikita Khrushchevs speech , On the Personality Cult and its Consequences , which revealed the crimes that Joseph Stalin committed under the USSRs one-party system . The speech went on for four hours , and I was reduced to tears after about 30 minutes , she said . Fact after fact of monstrous things had happened . It was a relentless account . But I believed it . There was no questioning its authenticity . From that point , she was outspoken in her insistence for the American Communist Party to support democracy and reduce its ties with the Soviets . Although many others like novelist Howard Fast left the CPUSA after the revelations of Stalins crimes , Healey tried to reform it from within . Her story is told in a book she wrote with historian Maurice Isserman , Dorothy Healey Remembers : A Life in the American Communist Party ( 1990 ) , in which she revealed the aspirations , commitment , illusions -- and , ultimately , disillusionment -- of a generation of young Communists who joined the movement before and during the Great Depression . She and they had to deal with and the Party [ being ] reduced to a remnant of its former strength through the battering it received in the McCarthy era and through its own sectarian mistakes . She resigned from her leadership post in 1968 , after Soviet Party Boss Leonid Brezhnev ordered Soviet and Warsaw Pact troops to crush the democratic socialist movement in Czechoslovakia . She stayed in the party until 1973 , when she resigned in a dispute with CPUSA General Secretary Gus Hall over issues of orthodoxy , to which she could no longer conform . The end came when she could no longer hold her tongue and publicly criticized the Party . Later life . In 1974 , Healey joined the New American Movement , and in 1975 , she became a member of its national interim committee . Later , she supported the merger of NAM with the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee in 1982 , to form the Democratic Socialists of America . Through her involvement with NAM and the Democratic Socialists , she provided an important link between the activists of the 1930s and the younger generation inspired by the popular movement against the Vietnam War . She mentored hundreds of young activists , who later made contributions to the labor movement and community organizations in the Los Angeles area . Healey moved to Washington , D.C. , in 1983 to live with her son , Richard Healey , to help raise her grandchildren . She had been broadcasting on Pacifica Radio in Los Angeles since 1959 , and in Washington , she and Richard co-hosted Dialogue , an hour-long public affairs show on WPFW on Wednesday mornings . Dorothy Ray Healey was married to , in her own words , three good men : Lon Sherman , Don Healey and Phillip Connelly . All three marriages ended in divorce . She once wrote : My hatred of capitalism , which degrades and debases humans , is as intense now as it was when I joined the Young Communist League in 1928 . I remain a communist , as I have been all my life , albeit without a party . Death . Healey died of respiratory failure and pneumonia at age 91 at the Hebrew Home of Greater Washington in Rockville , Maryland . Legacy . Healeys extensive collection of papers and other material on the CPUSA is archived at the California State University , Long Beach library . Healey is featured in two documentaries , Seeing Red ( 1983 ) and Dorothy Healey : An American Red ( 1984 ) . Further reading . - Dorothy Healey and Maurice Isserman , Dorothy Healey Remembers : A Life in the American Communist Party . New York : Oxford University Press , 1990 . Reprinted in paperback as California Red : A Life in the American Communist Party . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1993 . - Jon Wiener , The Communist Party : An Interview with Dorothy Healey , Radical America , vol . 11 , no . 3 ( May-June 1977 ) , pp . 24-45 . External links . - Interview of Dorothy Healey , Center for Oral History Research , UCLA Library Special Collections , University of California , Los Angeles .
|
[
"Democratic Socialists of America"
] |
easy
|
Dorothy Ray Healey became a member of what organization or association in 1982?
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/wiki/Dorothy_Ray_Healey#P463#2
|
Dorothy Ray Healey Dorothy Ray Healey ( September 22 , 1914 – August 6 , 2006 ) was a long-time activist in the Communist Party USA , from the late 1920s to the 1970s . In the 1930s , she was one of the first union leaders to advocate for the rights of Chicanos and blacks as factory and field workers . During the decades of the 1950s and 1960s , Healey was one of the leading public figures of the Communist Party in the state of California . An opponent of the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 and at odds with the orthodox pro-Soviet leadership of Gus Hall , Healey subsequently left the Communist Party to join the New American Movement , which merged to become part of the Democratic Socialists of America in 1982 . Early life . Healey was born Dorothy Harriet Rosenblum in Denver to Hungarian Jewish immigrants . Her fathers family , the Rosenblums , were proud of their Hungarian background and considered themselves Austro-Hungarians rather than Jews . Her mothers family , on the other hand , were Orthodox Jews , with her maternal grandfather serving as a shokhet , a supervisor of the ritual slaughter of animals to ensure that they were kosher . Healey was a so-called red diaper baby , and her mother was won over to socialism as a teenager after hearing a lecture on the subject delivered by J . Stitt Wilson in 1900 and later took part in helping to establish the Communist Party of America . Her father was an apolitical traveling salesman , peddling foodstuffs to grocery stores . Her mother bore six children , one dying at birth and another dying in early childhood . She also performed multiple abortions upon herself , nearly dying of blood poisoning on one occasion , as a result of the procedure when Dorothy was a young girl . When Dorothy was six , the family relocated to Los Angeles , where she would eventually become known as the Red Queen of Los Angeles . As her father moved about the West , his family moved with him , and she attended 19 schools before dropping out of high school . At 14 , she joined the youth section of the Workers ( Communist ) Party , the Young Workers League , and the adult Communist Party itself in 1932 , at 18 . At the behest of the YCL she took a job in a peach processing factory , making 12 cents an hour and hiding when government labor inspectors came looking for underage workers . It was there where she gained her first experience as an organizer . Leader in party . Her convictions about social justice and issues of race , class , unions and labor fueled her activism . From the moment that she joined the CPUSA , she was a true believer . We knew with absolute conviction that we were part of a vanguard that was destined to lead an American working class to a socialist revolution , she once said . Healey became a successful labor organizer and rose to become the chair of the CPUSA in Southern California . Eventually , she joined the national Party leadership . She mentored many young communists and labor activists . In the 1950s , she and 14 other Californians were convicted under the Smith Act of conspiring to advocate the forceful overthrow of the government . She faced five years in prison and a $10,000 fine before the Supreme Court overturned the conviction . In the 1960s , she again faced imprisonment and a hefty fine under a piece of McCarthy-era legislation known as the McCarran Act , when she and others refused to register as agents of a foreign government ( the logic being that the CPUSA was under the control of the Soviet Union ) . In 1965 , the Supreme Court reconsidered an earlier decision and found the registration provision to be in violation of the Fifth Amendment guarantee against self-incrimination . Break with party . A critical moment for her came in 1956 , after the reading of Nikita Khrushchevs speech , On the Personality Cult and its Consequences , which revealed the crimes that Joseph Stalin committed under the USSRs one-party system . The speech went on for four hours , and I was reduced to tears after about 30 minutes , she said . Fact after fact of monstrous things had happened . It was a relentless account . But I believed it . There was no questioning its authenticity . From that point , she was outspoken in her insistence for the American Communist Party to support democracy and reduce its ties with the Soviets . Although many others like novelist Howard Fast left the CPUSA after the revelations of Stalins crimes , Healey tried to reform it from within . Her story is told in a book she wrote with historian Maurice Isserman , Dorothy Healey Remembers : A Life in the American Communist Party ( 1990 ) , in which she revealed the aspirations , commitment , illusions -- and , ultimately , disillusionment -- of a generation of young Communists who joined the movement before and during the Great Depression . She and they had to deal with and the Party [ being ] reduced to a remnant of its former strength through the battering it received in the McCarthy era and through its own sectarian mistakes . She resigned from her leadership post in 1968 , after Soviet Party Boss Leonid Brezhnev ordered Soviet and Warsaw Pact troops to crush the democratic socialist movement in Czechoslovakia . She stayed in the party until 1973 , when she resigned in a dispute with CPUSA General Secretary Gus Hall over issues of orthodoxy , to which she could no longer conform . The end came when she could no longer hold her tongue and publicly criticized the Party . Later life . In 1974 , Healey joined the New American Movement , and in 1975 , she became a member of its national interim committee . Later , she supported the merger of NAM with the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee in 1982 , to form the Democratic Socialists of America . Through her involvement with NAM and the Democratic Socialists , she provided an important link between the activists of the 1930s and the younger generation inspired by the popular movement against the Vietnam War . She mentored hundreds of young activists , who later made contributions to the labor movement and community organizations in the Los Angeles area . Healey moved to Washington , D.C. , in 1983 to live with her son , Richard Healey , to help raise her grandchildren . She had been broadcasting on Pacifica Radio in Los Angeles since 1959 , and in Washington , she and Richard co-hosted Dialogue , an hour-long public affairs show on WPFW on Wednesday mornings . Dorothy Ray Healey was married to , in her own words , three good men : Lon Sherman , Don Healey and Phillip Connelly . All three marriages ended in divorce . She once wrote : My hatred of capitalism , which degrades and debases humans , is as intense now as it was when I joined the Young Communist League in 1928 . I remain a communist , as I have been all my life , albeit without a party . Death . Healey died of respiratory failure and pneumonia at age 91 at the Hebrew Home of Greater Washington in Rockville , Maryland . Legacy . Healeys extensive collection of papers and other material on the CPUSA is archived at the California State University , Long Beach library . Healey is featured in two documentaries , Seeing Red ( 1983 ) and Dorothy Healey : An American Red ( 1984 ) . Further reading . - Dorothy Healey and Maurice Isserman , Dorothy Healey Remembers : A Life in the American Communist Party . New York : Oxford University Press , 1990 . Reprinted in paperback as California Red : A Life in the American Communist Party . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1993 . - Jon Wiener , The Communist Party : An Interview with Dorothy Healey , Radical America , vol . 11 , no . 3 ( May-June 1977 ) , pp . 24-45 . External links . - Interview of Dorothy Healey , Center for Oral History Research , UCLA Library Special Collections , University of California , Los Angeles .
|
[
"FK Modriča"
] |
easy
|
Dario Purić played for which team from 2004 to 2005?
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/wiki/Dario_Purić#P54#0
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Dario Purić Dario Purić ( born 18 May 1986 ) is a Bosnian-Herzegovinian retired football midfielder who last played for Alfa Modriča . Club career . Born in Slavonski Brod , SR Croatia , Purić started his career in FK Modriča , one of the most prosperous clubs in Bosnia at time , where he stayed until 2008 when the club won the Bosnian championship . In the summer of 2007 his spell with FK Modriča was interrupted when he joined Serbian Superliga club OFK Belgrade , where he stayed for a half season without making any appearances . In the summer of 2008 he moved to NK Čelik Zenica and , in summer 2009 , he was loaned to the usual Czech Republic European club competitions representing the Gambrinus liga club FC Slovan Liberec . In January 2010 he returned to NK Čelik Zenica and has been playing with the club until summer 2012 . In the summer of 2012 Purić moved to Serbia again , joining top league side FK Sloboda Užice . International career . He has played regularly for the Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team , and is considered one of the most prospective Bosnian young footballers . In December 2010 , he made his debut and played his only game for the senior Bosnian national team , a friendly match against Poland . Honours . - Modriča - Bosnian-Herzegovinian Premier League : 2007–08 - Republika Srpska Cup : 2007 FK Sarajevo - Bosnian-Herzegovinian Premier League : - Winners ( 1 ) : 2014–15 - Bosnian-Herzegovinian Cup : - Winners ( 1 ) : 2013–14
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[
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team"
] |
easy
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Dario Purić played for which team from 2005 to 2008?
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/wiki/Dario_Purić#P54#1
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Dario Purić Dario Purić ( born 18 May 1986 ) is a Bosnian-Herzegovinian retired football midfielder who last played for Alfa Modriča . Club career . Born in Slavonski Brod , SR Croatia , Purić started his career in FK Modriča , one of the most prosperous clubs in Bosnia at time , where he stayed until 2008 when the club won the Bosnian championship . In the summer of 2007 his spell with FK Modriča was interrupted when he joined Serbian Superliga club OFK Belgrade , where he stayed for a half season without making any appearances . In the summer of 2008 he moved to NK Čelik Zenica and , in summer 2009 , he was loaned to the usual Czech Republic European club competitions representing the Gambrinus liga club FC Slovan Liberec . In January 2010 he returned to NK Čelik Zenica and has been playing with the club until summer 2012 . In the summer of 2012 Purić moved to Serbia again , joining top league side FK Sloboda Užice . International career . He has played regularly for the Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team , and is considered one of the most prospective Bosnian young footballers . In December 2010 , he made his debut and played his only game for the senior Bosnian national team , a friendly match against Poland . Honours . - Modriča - Bosnian-Herzegovinian Premier League : 2007–08 - Republika Srpska Cup : 2007 FK Sarajevo - Bosnian-Herzegovinian Premier League : - Winners ( 1 ) : 2014–15 - Bosnian-Herzegovinian Cup : - Winners ( 1 ) : 2013–14
|
[
"NK Čelik"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Dario Purić play for from 2008 to 2010?
|
/wiki/Dario_Purić#P54#2
|
Dario Purić Dario Purić ( born 18 May 1986 ) is a Bosnian-Herzegovinian retired football midfielder who last played for Alfa Modriča . Club career . Born in Slavonski Brod , SR Croatia , Purić started his career in FK Modriča , one of the most prosperous clubs in Bosnia at time , where he stayed until 2008 when the club won the Bosnian championship . In the summer of 2007 his spell with FK Modriča was interrupted when he joined Serbian Superliga club OFK Belgrade , where he stayed for a half season without making any appearances . In the summer of 2008 he moved to NK Čelik Zenica and , in summer 2009 , he was loaned to the usual Czech Republic European club competitions representing the Gambrinus liga club FC Slovan Liberec . In January 2010 he returned to NK Čelik Zenica and has been playing with the club until summer 2012 . In the summer of 2012 Purić moved to Serbia again , joining top league side FK Sloboda Užice . International career . He has played regularly for the Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team , and is considered one of the most prospective Bosnian young footballers . In December 2010 , he made his debut and played his only game for the senior Bosnian national team , a friendly match against Poland . Honours . - Modriča - Bosnian-Herzegovinian Premier League : 2007–08 - Republika Srpska Cup : 2007 FK Sarajevo - Bosnian-Herzegovinian Premier League : - Winners ( 1 ) : 2014–15 - Bosnian-Herzegovinian Cup : - Winners ( 1 ) : 2013–14
|
[
"NK Čelik Zenica"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Dario Purić belong to from 2010 to 2012?
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/wiki/Dario_Purić#P54#3
|
Dario Purić Dario Purić ( born 18 May 1986 ) is a Bosnian-Herzegovinian retired football midfielder who last played for Alfa Modriča . Club career . Born in Slavonski Brod , SR Croatia , Purić started his career in FK Modriča , one of the most prosperous clubs in Bosnia at time , where he stayed until 2008 when the club won the Bosnian championship . In the summer of 2007 his spell with FK Modriča was interrupted when he joined Serbian Superliga club OFK Belgrade , where he stayed for a half season without making any appearances . In the summer of 2008 he moved to NK Čelik Zenica and , in summer 2009 , he was loaned to the usual Czech Republic European club competitions representing the Gambrinus liga club FC Slovan Liberec . In January 2010 he returned to NK Čelik Zenica and has been playing with the club until summer 2012 . In the summer of 2012 Purić moved to Serbia again , joining top league side FK Sloboda Užice . International career . He has played regularly for the Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team , and is considered one of the most prospective Bosnian young footballers . In December 2010 , he made his debut and played his only game for the senior Bosnian national team , a friendly match against Poland . Honours . - Modriča - Bosnian-Herzegovinian Premier League : 2007–08 - Republika Srpska Cup : 2007 FK Sarajevo - Bosnian-Herzegovinian Premier League : - Winners ( 1 ) : 2014–15 - Bosnian-Herzegovinian Cup : - Winners ( 1 ) : 2013–14
|
[
"Sloboda Užice"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Dario Purić belong to from 2012 to 2013?
|
/wiki/Dario_Purić#P54#4
|
Dario Purić Dario Purić ( born 18 May 1986 ) is a Bosnian-Herzegovinian retired football midfielder who last played for Alfa Modriča . Club career . Born in Slavonski Brod , SR Croatia , Purić started his career in FK Modriča , one of the most prosperous clubs in Bosnia at time , where he stayed until 2008 when the club won the Bosnian championship . In the summer of 2007 his spell with FK Modriča was interrupted when he joined Serbian Superliga club OFK Belgrade , where he stayed for a half season without making any appearances . In the summer of 2008 he moved to NK Čelik Zenica and , in summer 2009 , he was loaned to the usual Czech Republic European club competitions representing the Gambrinus liga club FC Slovan Liberec . In January 2010 he returned to NK Čelik Zenica and has been playing with the club until summer 2012 . In the summer of 2012 Purić moved to Serbia again , joining top league side FK Sloboda Užice . International career . He has played regularly for the Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team , and is considered one of the most prospective Bosnian young footballers . In December 2010 , he made his debut and played his only game for the senior Bosnian national team , a friendly match against Poland . Honours . - Modriča - Bosnian-Herzegovinian Premier League : 2007–08 - Republika Srpska Cup : 2007 FK Sarajevo - Bosnian-Herzegovinian Premier League : - Winners ( 1 ) : 2014–15 - Bosnian-Herzegovinian Cup : - Winners ( 1 ) : 2013–14
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
Which team did Dario Purić play for from 2013 to 2014?
|
/wiki/Dario_Purić#P54#5
|
Dario Purić Dario Purić ( born 18 May 1986 ) is a Bosnian-Herzegovinian retired football midfielder who last played for Alfa Modriča . Club career . Born in Slavonski Brod , SR Croatia , Purić started his career in FK Modriča , one of the most prosperous clubs in Bosnia at time , where he stayed until 2008 when the club won the Bosnian championship . In the summer of 2007 his spell with FK Modriča was interrupted when he joined Serbian Superliga club OFK Belgrade , where he stayed for a half season without making any appearances . In the summer of 2008 he moved to NK Čelik Zenica and , in summer 2009 , he was loaned to the usual Czech Republic European club competitions representing the Gambrinus liga club FC Slovan Liberec . In January 2010 he returned to NK Čelik Zenica and has been playing with the club until summer 2012 . In the summer of 2012 Purić moved to Serbia again , joining top league side FK Sloboda Užice . International career . He has played regularly for the Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team , and is considered one of the most prospective Bosnian young footballers . In December 2010 , he made his debut and played his only game for the senior Bosnian national team , a friendly match against Poland . Honours . - Modriča - Bosnian-Herzegovinian Premier League : 2007–08 - Republika Srpska Cup : 2007 FK Sarajevo - Bosnian-Herzegovinian Premier League : - Winners ( 1 ) : 2014–15 - Bosnian-Herzegovinian Cup : - Winners ( 1 ) : 2013–14
|
[
"FK Sarajevo"
] |
easy
|
Dario Purić played for which team from 2014 to 2016?
|
/wiki/Dario_Purić#P54#6
|
Dario Purić Dario Purić ( born 18 May 1986 ) is a Bosnian-Herzegovinian retired football midfielder who last played for Alfa Modriča . Club career . Born in Slavonski Brod , SR Croatia , Purić started his career in FK Modriča , one of the most prosperous clubs in Bosnia at time , where he stayed until 2008 when the club won the Bosnian championship . In the summer of 2007 his spell with FK Modriča was interrupted when he joined Serbian Superliga club OFK Belgrade , where he stayed for a half season without making any appearances . In the summer of 2008 he moved to NK Čelik Zenica and , in summer 2009 , he was loaned to the usual Czech Republic European club competitions representing the Gambrinus liga club FC Slovan Liberec . In January 2010 he returned to NK Čelik Zenica and has been playing with the club until summer 2012 . In the summer of 2012 Purić moved to Serbia again , joining top league side FK Sloboda Užice . International career . He has played regularly for the Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team , and is considered one of the most prospective Bosnian young footballers . In December 2010 , he made his debut and played his only game for the senior Bosnian national team , a friendly match against Poland . Honours . - Modriča - Bosnian-Herzegovinian Premier League : 2007–08 - Republika Srpska Cup : 2007 FK Sarajevo - Bosnian-Herzegovinian Premier League : - Winners ( 1 ) : 2014–15 - Bosnian-Herzegovinian Cup : - Winners ( 1 ) : 2013–14
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Dario Purić belong to from 2016 to 2017?
|
/wiki/Dario_Purić#P54#7
|
Dario Purić Dario Purić ( born 18 May 1986 ) is a Bosnian-Herzegovinian retired football midfielder who last played for Alfa Modriča . Club career . Born in Slavonski Brod , SR Croatia , Purić started his career in FK Modriča , one of the most prosperous clubs in Bosnia at time , where he stayed until 2008 when the club won the Bosnian championship . In the summer of 2007 his spell with FK Modriča was interrupted when he joined Serbian Superliga club OFK Belgrade , where he stayed for a half season without making any appearances . In the summer of 2008 he moved to NK Čelik Zenica and , in summer 2009 , he was loaned to the usual Czech Republic European club competitions representing the Gambrinus liga club FC Slovan Liberec . In January 2010 he returned to NK Čelik Zenica and has been playing with the club until summer 2012 . In the summer of 2012 Purić moved to Serbia again , joining top league side FK Sloboda Užice . International career . He has played regularly for the Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team , and is considered one of the most prospective Bosnian young footballers . In December 2010 , he made his debut and played his only game for the senior Bosnian national team , a friendly match against Poland . Honours . - Modriča - Bosnian-Herzegovinian Premier League : 2007–08 - Republika Srpska Cup : 2007 FK Sarajevo - Bosnian-Herzegovinian Premier League : - Winners ( 1 ) : 2014–15 - Bosnian-Herzegovinian Cup : - Winners ( 1 ) : 2013–14
|
[
"New York City landmark"
] |
easy
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Central Synagogue (Manhattan) from Jun 1966 to Oct 1970?
|
/wiki/Central_Synagogue_(Manhattan)#P1435#0
|
Central Synagogue ( Manhattan ) Central Synagogue ( Congregation Ahawath Chesed Shaar Hashomayim ; ) is a Reform synagogue located at 652 Lexington Avenue , at the corner of East 55th Street in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . It was built in 1870–1872 and was designed by Henry Fernbach in the Moorish Revival style as a copy of Budapests Dohány Street Synagogue . It has been in continuous use by a congregation longer than any other in the state of New York , except Congregation Berith Sholom in Troy , New York and is among the oldest existing synagogue buildings in the United States . The building was designated a New York City landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1966 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 . It was then designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975 . History . The Ahawath Chesed congregation was founded in 1846 on Ludlow Street in Manhattan by German-speaking Jews from Bohemia . It merged in 1898 with Congregation Shaar Hashomayim , which was founded by German Jews in 1839 on Albany Street . The combined congregation bought the lot at Lexington Avenue and East 55th Street and engaged Henry Fernbach , the countrys first prominent Jewish architect , to design it . The dramatic style of the building was the subject of much debate during the construction . Some felt its excess would inspire envy and stand in the way of assimilation . Construction was completed in 1872 . After a fire in 1886 , the building was restored by Ely Jacques Kahn . The building was restored in the original style after an accidental fire in August 1998 , which occurred just as a major renovation was nearing completion . The fire destroyed the roof and its supports . During the fire , the firefighters sensitivity for the building saved all but the central pane in the rose window that dominates the eastern ( Lexington Avenue ) wall . Marble plaques on the north wall of the foyer honor the firefighters of the 8th Battalion of the New York City Fire Department . The restoration of the building was supervised by Hugh Hardy of Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer . Hardy restored some details to the interior that Ely Jacques Kahn had removed during the earlier restoration in 1886 . The recent restoration was completed on September 9 , 2001 . In March 2019 , the mosque of the nearby Islamic Society of Mid-Manhattan was damaged by a fire in an adjoining restaurant . A rabbi of the synagogue invited the congregation of the mosque to hold services in the synagogue until its structure could be repaired . Architecture . Although the brownstone exterior is the finest extant example of the Moorish Revival style in New York City , the plan of the interior is Gothic in nature . The exterior is dominated by two octagonal towers topped by globular domes , as well as by the rose window of geometric design . A small row of arches just below the cornice , at the roof line , adds to the richness of the facade . The north facade , on East 55th Street , features six stained-glass windows framed by Moorish arches . The interior is stenciled with rich blues , earthy reds , ocher , and gilt – Moorish , but distinctly 19th century American . Services . Sensitive to the evolving interests and needs of the Reform Judaism community , Central Synagogue explores both traditional and alternative modes of prayer . In addition to daily morning minyan , Shabbat , holiday services , and celebrations of lifecycle events , the synagogue offers Tot Shabbat for children , and healing and community services . Notable clergy . - Angela Warnick Buchdahl , senior cantor from 2011-2014 , senior rabbi since 2014 - Deborah Prinz , assistant rabbi 1978-1981 - Daniel Mutlu , senior cantor since 2017 - Peter Rubinstein , senior rabbi from 1991-2014 - Richard Botton , senior cantor from 1974-1998 - Sheldon Zimmerman , senior rabbi from 1972-1985 External links . - Central Synagogue Restoration Booklet
|
[
"National Register of Historic Places"
] |
easy
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Central Synagogue (Manhattan) from Oct 1970 to May 1975?
|
/wiki/Central_Synagogue_(Manhattan)#P1435#1
|
Central Synagogue ( Manhattan ) Central Synagogue ( Congregation Ahawath Chesed Shaar Hashomayim ; ) is a Reform synagogue located at 652 Lexington Avenue , at the corner of East 55th Street in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . It was built in 1870–1872 and was designed by Henry Fernbach in the Moorish Revival style as a copy of Budapests Dohány Street Synagogue . It has been in continuous use by a congregation longer than any other in the state of New York , except Congregation Berith Sholom in Troy , New York and is among the oldest existing synagogue buildings in the United States . The building was designated a New York City landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1966 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 . It was then designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975 . History . The Ahawath Chesed congregation was founded in 1846 on Ludlow Street in Manhattan by German-speaking Jews from Bohemia . It merged in 1898 with Congregation Shaar Hashomayim , which was founded by German Jews in 1839 on Albany Street . The combined congregation bought the lot at Lexington Avenue and East 55th Street and engaged Henry Fernbach , the countrys first prominent Jewish architect , to design it . The dramatic style of the building was the subject of much debate during the construction . Some felt its excess would inspire envy and stand in the way of assimilation . Construction was completed in 1872 . After a fire in 1886 , the building was restored by Ely Jacques Kahn . The building was restored in the original style after an accidental fire in August 1998 , which occurred just as a major renovation was nearing completion . The fire destroyed the roof and its supports . During the fire , the firefighters sensitivity for the building saved all but the central pane in the rose window that dominates the eastern ( Lexington Avenue ) wall . Marble plaques on the north wall of the foyer honor the firefighters of the 8th Battalion of the New York City Fire Department . The restoration of the building was supervised by Hugh Hardy of Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer . Hardy restored some details to the interior that Ely Jacques Kahn had removed during the earlier restoration in 1886 . The recent restoration was completed on September 9 , 2001 . In March 2019 , the mosque of the nearby Islamic Society of Mid-Manhattan was damaged by a fire in an adjoining restaurant . A rabbi of the synagogue invited the congregation of the mosque to hold services in the synagogue until its structure could be repaired . Architecture . Although the brownstone exterior is the finest extant example of the Moorish Revival style in New York City , the plan of the interior is Gothic in nature . The exterior is dominated by two octagonal towers topped by globular domes , as well as by the rose window of geometric design . A small row of arches just below the cornice , at the roof line , adds to the richness of the facade . The north facade , on East 55th Street , features six stained-glass windows framed by Moorish arches . The interior is stenciled with rich blues , earthy reds , ocher , and gilt – Moorish , but distinctly 19th century American . Services . Sensitive to the evolving interests and needs of the Reform Judaism community , Central Synagogue explores both traditional and alternative modes of prayer . In addition to daily morning minyan , Shabbat , holiday services , and celebrations of lifecycle events , the synagogue offers Tot Shabbat for children , and healing and community services . Notable clergy . - Angela Warnick Buchdahl , senior cantor from 2011-2014 , senior rabbi since 2014 - Deborah Prinz , assistant rabbi 1978-1981 - Daniel Mutlu , senior cantor since 2017 - Peter Rubinstein , senior rabbi from 1991-2014 - Richard Botton , senior cantor from 1974-1998 - Sheldon Zimmerman , senior rabbi from 1972-1985 External links . - Central Synagogue Restoration Booklet
|
[
"National Historic Landmark"
] |
easy
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Central Synagogue (Manhattan) from May 1975 to May 1976?
|
/wiki/Central_Synagogue_(Manhattan)#P1435#2
|
Central Synagogue ( Manhattan ) Central Synagogue ( Congregation Ahawath Chesed Shaar Hashomayim ; ) is a Reform synagogue located at 652 Lexington Avenue , at the corner of East 55th Street in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . It was built in 1870–1872 and was designed by Henry Fernbach in the Moorish Revival style as a copy of Budapests Dohány Street Synagogue . It has been in continuous use by a congregation longer than any other in the state of New York , except Congregation Berith Sholom in Troy , New York and is among the oldest existing synagogue buildings in the United States . The building was designated a New York City landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1966 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 . It was then designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975 . History . The Ahawath Chesed congregation was founded in 1846 on Ludlow Street in Manhattan by German-speaking Jews from Bohemia . It merged in 1898 with Congregation Shaar Hashomayim , which was founded by German Jews in 1839 on Albany Street . The combined congregation bought the lot at Lexington Avenue and East 55th Street and engaged Henry Fernbach , the countrys first prominent Jewish architect , to design it . The dramatic style of the building was the subject of much debate during the construction . Some felt its excess would inspire envy and stand in the way of assimilation . Construction was completed in 1872 . After a fire in 1886 , the building was restored by Ely Jacques Kahn . The building was restored in the original style after an accidental fire in August 1998 , which occurred just as a major renovation was nearing completion . The fire destroyed the roof and its supports . During the fire , the firefighters sensitivity for the building saved all but the central pane in the rose window that dominates the eastern ( Lexington Avenue ) wall . Marble plaques on the north wall of the foyer honor the firefighters of the 8th Battalion of the New York City Fire Department . The restoration of the building was supervised by Hugh Hardy of Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer . Hardy restored some details to the interior that Ely Jacques Kahn had removed during the earlier restoration in 1886 . The recent restoration was completed on September 9 , 2001 . In March 2019 , the mosque of the nearby Islamic Society of Mid-Manhattan was damaged by a fire in an adjoining restaurant . A rabbi of the synagogue invited the congregation of the mosque to hold services in the synagogue until its structure could be repaired . Architecture . Although the brownstone exterior is the finest extant example of the Moorish Revival style in New York City , the plan of the interior is Gothic in nature . The exterior is dominated by two octagonal towers topped by globular domes , as well as by the rose window of geometric design . A small row of arches just below the cornice , at the roof line , adds to the richness of the facade . The north facade , on East 55th Street , features six stained-glass windows framed by Moorish arches . The interior is stenciled with rich blues , earthy reds , ocher , and gilt – Moorish , but distinctly 19th century American . Services . Sensitive to the evolving interests and needs of the Reform Judaism community , Central Synagogue explores both traditional and alternative modes of prayer . In addition to daily morning minyan , Shabbat , holiday services , and celebrations of lifecycle events , the synagogue offers Tot Shabbat for children , and healing and community services . Notable clergy . - Angela Warnick Buchdahl , senior cantor from 2011-2014 , senior rabbi since 2014 - Deborah Prinz , assistant rabbi 1978-1981 - Daniel Mutlu , senior cantor since 2017 - Peter Rubinstein , senior rabbi from 1991-2014 - Richard Botton , senior cantor from 1974-1998 - Sheldon Zimmerman , senior rabbi from 1972-1985 External links . - Central Synagogue Restoration Booklet
|
[
"officer aspirant"
] |
easy
|
What was the military rank of August Maus from Apr 1934 to Sep 1934?
|
/wiki/August_Maus#P410#0
|
August Maus August Maus ( 7 February 1915 – 28 September 1996 ) was a German U-boat commander in World War II and recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany . Prior to taking command of , he served as an officer on under the command of Captain Karl-Friedrich Merten . Maus was taken prisoner following the sinking of and in 1944 participated in an escape attempt from the prisoner-of-war camp Papago Park in the United States . Biography . August Maus joined the German Navy ( Reichsmarine , after 1 June 1935 Kriegsmarine ) on 8 April 1934 at the age of 19 as officer aspirant and was sent to Stralsund to do his basic training . Then he was assigned to the training ship . On 26 September 1934 , he was appointed Seekadett , and one day later , he was assigned to the light cruiser . On 27 June 1935 he started his training at Marineschule Mürwik and completed his infantry training on 29 July 1936 . In August 1936 he was transferred to the light cruiser , on which he sailed to take part in the non-intervention patrols during the Spanish Civil War without encountering any belligerent forces . On 1 January 1937 he was appointed Oberfähnrich zur See . After returning to Germany in February 1937 , Maus took several technical courses . On 1 April 1937 he was promoted to Leutnant zur See and returned to the cruiser Nürnberg , where he served as adjutant from 3 March 1939 to 14 June 1939 and was promoted to Oberleutnant zur See on 1 April 1939 . He was transferred to the battleship on 15 June 1939 and was present on the attacking battleship at the Battle of Westerplatte at the beginning of World War II . On 29 April 1940 he was transferred the U-Boot-Waffe , and on 22 December 1940 he was assigned to , serving under the command of Karl-Friedrich Merten and participating in two missions of the U-boat . On 1 November 1941 he was promoted to Kapitänleutnant and assigned to the 24th U-boat Flotilla . After completing a training for U-boat commanders beginning on 20 April 1942 he was assigned to on 5 May 1942 and became her commander on 12 June 1942 . As the commander of U-185 , Maus led three missions in the Atlantic Ocean , where he managed to sink 9 ships with , killing altogether 172 men , damaging one ship with 6,840 GRT and shooting down two Allied aircraft . On 11 August 1943 the German submarine was attacked and heavily damaged by a US Navy Lockheed Ventura aircraft flown by Thomas D . Davies . U-604 was prepared for scuttling and its commander , Horst Höltring , called for help . U-185 under the command of August Maus and under the command of Carl Emmermann were the only two surviving German submarines in the area . On 11 August 1943 they met with U-604 to rescue her crew . U-172 took 22 of them , whereas 25 went with Mauss U-185 , including commander Höltring . During the rescue and scuttling action , a US Consolidated B-24 Liberator bomber attacked , killing one member of U-172s crew . Emmermanns U-172 submerged , whereas Maus of U-185 ordered to open fire on the aircraft , which was shot down , killing ten men . However , on 24 August 1943 , U-185 was detected and attacked by a Grumman F4F Wildcat and a Grumman TBF Avenger from the escort carrier . One officer was shot dead by the Wildcat , and U-185 was heavily damaged by the depth charges from the Avenger , so sea water streamed into the submarine and chlorine gas developed , killing many of the crew . Höltring killed two badly wounded men who had asked for it , and then himself . August Maus gave the order to abandon ship and scuttle . 36 men from U-185 and U-604 were rescued by the destroyer , but four of them died from their wounds shortly after . Altogether , 32 survivors – 23 from U-185 and 9 from U-604 – were taken prisoner and transferred to USS Core , among them August Maus . Later , Maus and his men were interrogated . On 21 September 1943 , Maus was awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross for his successful raids , but it is unknown whether the Oberkommando der Marine ( High Command of the German Navy ) knew about the loss of U-185 at the time . Maus was interned in Crossville , Tennessee , and was transferred to Camp Papago Park in Arizona on 27 January 1944 . Shortly after , on 12 February 1944 , he managed to escape together with four other former U-boat commanders , but he was recaptured in Tucson together with the former commander of U-513 , Friedrich Guggenberger . Maus helped his companions to dig a tunnel in the so-called Great Papago Escape . In the evening of 23 December 1944 , 25 prisoners escaped through the tunnel , but August Maus could not take part because he was injured . Within the next two weeks , they were all recaptured , including Friedrich Guggenberger and Hans-Werner Kraus . In 1946 , Maus was released from captivity . After the war , he lived as a businessman in Hamburg . Ships attacked . As commander of August Maus is credited with the sinking of nine ships for a total of and damaging one ship of . Awards . - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th Class ( 1 April 1938 ) - Spanish Cross ( 5 June 1940 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 6 October 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 5 May 1943 ) - High Seas Fleet Badge ( 9 November 1942 ) - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 26 December 1942 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 21 September 1943 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of External links . - August Maus , Kapitänleutnant ( Crew 34 ) , Uboat.net - U-185 , Uboat.net - U-185 , Uboatarchive.net : Navy Department Office of the Chief of Naval Operations Washington , O.N.I . 250 – G/Serial 23 , Report on the Interrogation of Survivors From U-604 and U-185 Sunk on 11 August 1943 and 24 August 1943
|
[
"Seekadett"
] |
easy
|
What was the military rank of August Maus from Sep 1934 to Jul 1935?
|
/wiki/August_Maus#P410#1
|
August Maus August Maus ( 7 February 1915 – 28 September 1996 ) was a German U-boat commander in World War II and recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany . Prior to taking command of , he served as an officer on under the command of Captain Karl-Friedrich Merten . Maus was taken prisoner following the sinking of and in 1944 participated in an escape attempt from the prisoner-of-war camp Papago Park in the United States . Biography . August Maus joined the German Navy ( Reichsmarine , after 1 June 1935 Kriegsmarine ) on 8 April 1934 at the age of 19 as officer aspirant and was sent to Stralsund to do his basic training . Then he was assigned to the training ship . On 26 September 1934 , he was appointed Seekadett , and one day later , he was assigned to the light cruiser . On 27 June 1935 he started his training at Marineschule Mürwik and completed his infantry training on 29 July 1936 . In August 1936 he was transferred to the light cruiser , on which he sailed to take part in the non-intervention patrols during the Spanish Civil War without encountering any belligerent forces . On 1 January 1937 he was appointed Oberfähnrich zur See . After returning to Germany in February 1937 , Maus took several technical courses . On 1 April 1937 he was promoted to Leutnant zur See and returned to the cruiser Nürnberg , where he served as adjutant from 3 March 1939 to 14 June 1939 and was promoted to Oberleutnant zur See on 1 April 1939 . He was transferred to the battleship on 15 June 1939 and was present on the attacking battleship at the Battle of Westerplatte at the beginning of World War II . On 29 April 1940 he was transferred the U-Boot-Waffe , and on 22 December 1940 he was assigned to , serving under the command of Karl-Friedrich Merten and participating in two missions of the U-boat . On 1 November 1941 he was promoted to Kapitänleutnant and assigned to the 24th U-boat Flotilla . After completing a training for U-boat commanders beginning on 20 April 1942 he was assigned to on 5 May 1942 and became her commander on 12 June 1942 . As the commander of U-185 , Maus led three missions in the Atlantic Ocean , where he managed to sink 9 ships with , killing altogether 172 men , damaging one ship with 6,840 GRT and shooting down two Allied aircraft . On 11 August 1943 the German submarine was attacked and heavily damaged by a US Navy Lockheed Ventura aircraft flown by Thomas D . Davies . U-604 was prepared for scuttling and its commander , Horst Höltring , called for help . U-185 under the command of August Maus and under the command of Carl Emmermann were the only two surviving German submarines in the area . On 11 August 1943 they met with U-604 to rescue her crew . U-172 took 22 of them , whereas 25 went with Mauss U-185 , including commander Höltring . During the rescue and scuttling action , a US Consolidated B-24 Liberator bomber attacked , killing one member of U-172s crew . Emmermanns U-172 submerged , whereas Maus of U-185 ordered to open fire on the aircraft , which was shot down , killing ten men . However , on 24 August 1943 , U-185 was detected and attacked by a Grumman F4F Wildcat and a Grumman TBF Avenger from the escort carrier . One officer was shot dead by the Wildcat , and U-185 was heavily damaged by the depth charges from the Avenger , so sea water streamed into the submarine and chlorine gas developed , killing many of the crew . Höltring killed two badly wounded men who had asked for it , and then himself . August Maus gave the order to abandon ship and scuttle . 36 men from U-185 and U-604 were rescued by the destroyer , but four of them died from their wounds shortly after . Altogether , 32 survivors – 23 from U-185 and 9 from U-604 – were taken prisoner and transferred to USS Core , among them August Maus . Later , Maus and his men were interrogated . On 21 September 1943 , Maus was awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross for his successful raids , but it is unknown whether the Oberkommando der Marine ( High Command of the German Navy ) knew about the loss of U-185 at the time . Maus was interned in Crossville , Tennessee , and was transferred to Camp Papago Park in Arizona on 27 January 1944 . Shortly after , on 12 February 1944 , he managed to escape together with four other former U-boat commanders , but he was recaptured in Tucson together with the former commander of U-513 , Friedrich Guggenberger . Maus helped his companions to dig a tunnel in the so-called Great Papago Escape . In the evening of 23 December 1944 , 25 prisoners escaped through the tunnel , but August Maus could not take part because he was injured . Within the next two weeks , they were all recaptured , including Friedrich Guggenberger and Hans-Werner Kraus . In 1946 , Maus was released from captivity . After the war , he lived as a businessman in Hamburg . Ships attacked . As commander of August Maus is credited with the sinking of nine ships for a total of and damaging one ship of . Awards . - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th Class ( 1 April 1938 ) - Spanish Cross ( 5 June 1940 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 6 October 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 5 May 1943 ) - High Seas Fleet Badge ( 9 November 1942 ) - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 26 December 1942 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 21 September 1943 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of External links . - August Maus , Kapitänleutnant ( Crew 34 ) , Uboat.net - U-185 , Uboat.net - U-185 , Uboatarchive.net : Navy Department Office of the Chief of Naval Operations Washington , O.N.I . 250 – G/Serial 23 , Report on the Interrogation of Survivors From U-604 and U-185 Sunk on 11 August 1943 and 24 August 1943
|
[
"Oberfähnrich zur See"
] |
easy
|
What was the military rank of August Maus from Jul 1935 to 1937?
|
/wiki/August_Maus#P410#2
|
August Maus August Maus ( 7 February 1915 – 28 September 1996 ) was a German U-boat commander in World War II and recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany . Prior to taking command of , he served as an officer on under the command of Captain Karl-Friedrich Merten . Maus was taken prisoner following the sinking of and in 1944 participated in an escape attempt from the prisoner-of-war camp Papago Park in the United States . Biography . August Maus joined the German Navy ( Reichsmarine , after 1 June 1935 Kriegsmarine ) on 8 April 1934 at the age of 19 as officer aspirant and was sent to Stralsund to do his basic training . Then he was assigned to the training ship . On 26 September 1934 , he was appointed Seekadett , and one day later , he was assigned to the light cruiser . On 27 June 1935 he started his training at Marineschule Mürwik and completed his infantry training on 29 July 1936 . In August 1936 he was transferred to the light cruiser , on which he sailed to take part in the non-intervention patrols during the Spanish Civil War without encountering any belligerent forces . On 1 January 1937 he was appointed Oberfähnrich zur See . After returning to Germany in February 1937 , Maus took several technical courses . On 1 April 1937 he was promoted to Leutnant zur See and returned to the cruiser Nürnberg , where he served as adjutant from 3 March 1939 to 14 June 1939 and was promoted to Oberleutnant zur See on 1 April 1939 . He was transferred to the battleship on 15 June 1939 and was present on the attacking battleship at the Battle of Westerplatte at the beginning of World War II . On 29 April 1940 he was transferred the U-Boot-Waffe , and on 22 December 1940 he was assigned to , serving under the command of Karl-Friedrich Merten and participating in two missions of the U-boat . On 1 November 1941 he was promoted to Kapitänleutnant and assigned to the 24th U-boat Flotilla . After completing a training for U-boat commanders beginning on 20 April 1942 he was assigned to on 5 May 1942 and became her commander on 12 June 1942 . As the commander of U-185 , Maus led three missions in the Atlantic Ocean , where he managed to sink 9 ships with , killing altogether 172 men , damaging one ship with 6,840 GRT and shooting down two Allied aircraft . On 11 August 1943 the German submarine was attacked and heavily damaged by a US Navy Lockheed Ventura aircraft flown by Thomas D . Davies . U-604 was prepared for scuttling and its commander , Horst Höltring , called for help . U-185 under the command of August Maus and under the command of Carl Emmermann were the only two surviving German submarines in the area . On 11 August 1943 they met with U-604 to rescue her crew . U-172 took 22 of them , whereas 25 went with Mauss U-185 , including commander Höltring . During the rescue and scuttling action , a US Consolidated B-24 Liberator bomber attacked , killing one member of U-172s crew . Emmermanns U-172 submerged , whereas Maus of U-185 ordered to open fire on the aircraft , which was shot down , killing ten men . However , on 24 August 1943 , U-185 was detected and attacked by a Grumman F4F Wildcat and a Grumman TBF Avenger from the escort carrier . One officer was shot dead by the Wildcat , and U-185 was heavily damaged by the depth charges from the Avenger , so sea water streamed into the submarine and chlorine gas developed , killing many of the crew . Höltring killed two badly wounded men who had asked for it , and then himself . August Maus gave the order to abandon ship and scuttle . 36 men from U-185 and U-604 were rescued by the destroyer , but four of them died from their wounds shortly after . Altogether , 32 survivors – 23 from U-185 and 9 from U-604 – were taken prisoner and transferred to USS Core , among them August Maus . Later , Maus and his men were interrogated . On 21 September 1943 , Maus was awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross for his successful raids , but it is unknown whether the Oberkommando der Marine ( High Command of the German Navy ) knew about the loss of U-185 at the time . Maus was interned in Crossville , Tennessee , and was transferred to Camp Papago Park in Arizona on 27 January 1944 . Shortly after , on 12 February 1944 , he managed to escape together with four other former U-boat commanders , but he was recaptured in Tucson together with the former commander of U-513 , Friedrich Guggenberger . Maus helped his companions to dig a tunnel in the so-called Great Papago Escape . In the evening of 23 December 1944 , 25 prisoners escaped through the tunnel , but August Maus could not take part because he was injured . Within the next two weeks , they were all recaptured , including Friedrich Guggenberger and Hans-Werner Kraus . In 1946 , Maus was released from captivity . After the war , he lived as a businessman in Hamburg . Ships attacked . As commander of August Maus is credited with the sinking of nine ships for a total of and damaging one ship of . Awards . - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th Class ( 1 April 1938 ) - Spanish Cross ( 5 June 1940 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 6 October 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 5 May 1943 ) - High Seas Fleet Badge ( 9 November 1942 ) - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 26 December 1942 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 21 September 1943 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of External links . - August Maus , Kapitänleutnant ( Crew 34 ) , Uboat.net - U-185 , Uboat.net - U-185 , Uboatarchive.net : Navy Department Office of the Chief of Naval Operations Washington , O.N.I . 250 – G/Serial 23 , Report on the Interrogation of Survivors From U-604 and U-185 Sunk on 11 August 1943 and 24 August 1943
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[
"Oberfähnrich zur See"
] |
easy
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What was the military rank of August Maus from 1937 to Apr 1937?
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/wiki/August_Maus#P410#3
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August Maus August Maus ( 7 February 1915 – 28 September 1996 ) was a German U-boat commander in World War II and recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany . Prior to taking command of , he served as an officer on under the command of Captain Karl-Friedrich Merten . Maus was taken prisoner following the sinking of and in 1944 participated in an escape attempt from the prisoner-of-war camp Papago Park in the United States . Biography . August Maus joined the German Navy ( Reichsmarine , after 1 June 1935 Kriegsmarine ) on 8 April 1934 at the age of 19 as officer aspirant and was sent to Stralsund to do his basic training . Then he was assigned to the training ship . On 26 September 1934 , he was appointed Seekadett , and one day later , he was assigned to the light cruiser . On 27 June 1935 he started his training at Marineschule Mürwik and completed his infantry training on 29 July 1936 . In August 1936 he was transferred to the light cruiser , on which he sailed to take part in the non-intervention patrols during the Spanish Civil War without encountering any belligerent forces . On 1 January 1937 he was appointed Oberfähnrich zur See . After returning to Germany in February 1937 , Maus took several technical courses . On 1 April 1937 he was promoted to Leutnant zur See and returned to the cruiser Nürnberg , where he served as adjutant from 3 March 1939 to 14 June 1939 and was promoted to Oberleutnant zur See on 1 April 1939 . He was transferred to the battleship on 15 June 1939 and was present on the attacking battleship at the Battle of Westerplatte at the beginning of World War II . On 29 April 1940 he was transferred the U-Boot-Waffe , and on 22 December 1940 he was assigned to , serving under the command of Karl-Friedrich Merten and participating in two missions of the U-boat . On 1 November 1941 he was promoted to Kapitänleutnant and assigned to the 24th U-boat Flotilla . After completing a training for U-boat commanders beginning on 20 April 1942 he was assigned to on 5 May 1942 and became her commander on 12 June 1942 . As the commander of U-185 , Maus led three missions in the Atlantic Ocean , where he managed to sink 9 ships with , killing altogether 172 men , damaging one ship with 6,840 GRT and shooting down two Allied aircraft . On 11 August 1943 the German submarine was attacked and heavily damaged by a US Navy Lockheed Ventura aircraft flown by Thomas D . Davies . U-604 was prepared for scuttling and its commander , Horst Höltring , called for help . U-185 under the command of August Maus and under the command of Carl Emmermann were the only two surviving German submarines in the area . On 11 August 1943 they met with U-604 to rescue her crew . U-172 took 22 of them , whereas 25 went with Mauss U-185 , including commander Höltring . During the rescue and scuttling action , a US Consolidated B-24 Liberator bomber attacked , killing one member of U-172s crew . Emmermanns U-172 submerged , whereas Maus of U-185 ordered to open fire on the aircraft , which was shot down , killing ten men . However , on 24 August 1943 , U-185 was detected and attacked by a Grumman F4F Wildcat and a Grumman TBF Avenger from the escort carrier . One officer was shot dead by the Wildcat , and U-185 was heavily damaged by the depth charges from the Avenger , so sea water streamed into the submarine and chlorine gas developed , killing many of the crew . Höltring killed two badly wounded men who had asked for it , and then himself . August Maus gave the order to abandon ship and scuttle . 36 men from U-185 and U-604 were rescued by the destroyer , but four of them died from their wounds shortly after . Altogether , 32 survivors – 23 from U-185 and 9 from U-604 – were taken prisoner and transferred to USS Core , among them August Maus . Later , Maus and his men were interrogated . On 21 September 1943 , Maus was awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross for his successful raids , but it is unknown whether the Oberkommando der Marine ( High Command of the German Navy ) knew about the loss of U-185 at the time . Maus was interned in Crossville , Tennessee , and was transferred to Camp Papago Park in Arizona on 27 January 1944 . Shortly after , on 12 February 1944 , he managed to escape together with four other former U-boat commanders , but he was recaptured in Tucson together with the former commander of U-513 , Friedrich Guggenberger . Maus helped his companions to dig a tunnel in the so-called Great Papago Escape . In the evening of 23 December 1944 , 25 prisoners escaped through the tunnel , but August Maus could not take part because he was injured . Within the next two weeks , they were all recaptured , including Friedrich Guggenberger and Hans-Werner Kraus . In 1946 , Maus was released from captivity . After the war , he lived as a businessman in Hamburg . Ships attacked . As commander of August Maus is credited with the sinking of nine ships for a total of and damaging one ship of . Awards . - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th Class ( 1 April 1938 ) - Spanish Cross ( 5 June 1940 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 6 October 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 5 May 1943 ) - High Seas Fleet Badge ( 9 November 1942 ) - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 26 December 1942 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 21 September 1943 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of External links . - August Maus , Kapitänleutnant ( Crew 34 ) , Uboat.net - U-185 , Uboat.net - U-185 , Uboatarchive.net : Navy Department Office of the Chief of Naval Operations Washington , O.N.I . 250 – G/Serial 23 , Report on the Interrogation of Survivors From U-604 and U-185 Sunk on 11 August 1943 and 24 August 1943
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[
"Leutnant zur See"
] |
easy
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What military rank did August Maus have from Apr 1937 to Apr 1939?
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/wiki/August_Maus#P410#4
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August Maus August Maus ( 7 February 1915 – 28 September 1996 ) was a German U-boat commander in World War II and recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany . Prior to taking command of , he served as an officer on under the command of Captain Karl-Friedrich Merten . Maus was taken prisoner following the sinking of and in 1944 participated in an escape attempt from the prisoner-of-war camp Papago Park in the United States . Biography . August Maus joined the German Navy ( Reichsmarine , after 1 June 1935 Kriegsmarine ) on 8 April 1934 at the age of 19 as officer aspirant and was sent to Stralsund to do his basic training . Then he was assigned to the training ship . On 26 September 1934 , he was appointed Seekadett , and one day later , he was assigned to the light cruiser . On 27 June 1935 he started his training at Marineschule Mürwik and completed his infantry training on 29 July 1936 . In August 1936 he was transferred to the light cruiser , on which he sailed to take part in the non-intervention patrols during the Spanish Civil War without encountering any belligerent forces . On 1 January 1937 he was appointed Oberfähnrich zur See . After returning to Germany in February 1937 , Maus took several technical courses . On 1 April 1937 he was promoted to Leutnant zur See and returned to the cruiser Nürnberg , where he served as adjutant from 3 March 1939 to 14 June 1939 and was promoted to Oberleutnant zur See on 1 April 1939 . He was transferred to the battleship on 15 June 1939 and was present on the attacking battleship at the Battle of Westerplatte at the beginning of World War II . On 29 April 1940 he was transferred the U-Boot-Waffe , and on 22 December 1940 he was assigned to , serving under the command of Karl-Friedrich Merten and participating in two missions of the U-boat . On 1 November 1941 he was promoted to Kapitänleutnant and assigned to the 24th U-boat Flotilla . After completing a training for U-boat commanders beginning on 20 April 1942 he was assigned to on 5 May 1942 and became her commander on 12 June 1942 . As the commander of U-185 , Maus led three missions in the Atlantic Ocean , where he managed to sink 9 ships with , killing altogether 172 men , damaging one ship with 6,840 GRT and shooting down two Allied aircraft . On 11 August 1943 the German submarine was attacked and heavily damaged by a US Navy Lockheed Ventura aircraft flown by Thomas D . Davies . U-604 was prepared for scuttling and its commander , Horst Höltring , called for help . U-185 under the command of August Maus and under the command of Carl Emmermann were the only two surviving German submarines in the area . On 11 August 1943 they met with U-604 to rescue her crew . U-172 took 22 of them , whereas 25 went with Mauss U-185 , including commander Höltring . During the rescue and scuttling action , a US Consolidated B-24 Liberator bomber attacked , killing one member of U-172s crew . Emmermanns U-172 submerged , whereas Maus of U-185 ordered to open fire on the aircraft , which was shot down , killing ten men . However , on 24 August 1943 , U-185 was detected and attacked by a Grumman F4F Wildcat and a Grumman TBF Avenger from the escort carrier . One officer was shot dead by the Wildcat , and U-185 was heavily damaged by the depth charges from the Avenger , so sea water streamed into the submarine and chlorine gas developed , killing many of the crew . Höltring killed two badly wounded men who had asked for it , and then himself . August Maus gave the order to abandon ship and scuttle . 36 men from U-185 and U-604 were rescued by the destroyer , but four of them died from their wounds shortly after . Altogether , 32 survivors – 23 from U-185 and 9 from U-604 – were taken prisoner and transferred to USS Core , among them August Maus . Later , Maus and his men were interrogated . On 21 September 1943 , Maus was awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross for his successful raids , but it is unknown whether the Oberkommando der Marine ( High Command of the German Navy ) knew about the loss of U-185 at the time . Maus was interned in Crossville , Tennessee , and was transferred to Camp Papago Park in Arizona on 27 January 1944 . Shortly after , on 12 February 1944 , he managed to escape together with four other former U-boat commanders , but he was recaptured in Tucson together with the former commander of U-513 , Friedrich Guggenberger . Maus helped his companions to dig a tunnel in the so-called Great Papago Escape . In the evening of 23 December 1944 , 25 prisoners escaped through the tunnel , but August Maus could not take part because he was injured . Within the next two weeks , they were all recaptured , including Friedrich Guggenberger and Hans-Werner Kraus . In 1946 , Maus was released from captivity . After the war , he lived as a businessman in Hamburg . Ships attacked . As commander of August Maus is credited with the sinking of nine ships for a total of and damaging one ship of . Awards . - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th Class ( 1 April 1938 ) - Spanish Cross ( 5 June 1940 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 6 October 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 5 May 1943 ) - High Seas Fleet Badge ( 9 November 1942 ) - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 26 December 1942 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 21 September 1943 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of External links . - August Maus , Kapitänleutnant ( Crew 34 ) , Uboat.net - U-185 , Uboat.net - U-185 , Uboatarchive.net : Navy Department Office of the Chief of Naval Operations Washington , O.N.I . 250 – G/Serial 23 , Report on the Interrogation of Survivors From U-604 and U-185 Sunk on 11 August 1943 and 24 August 1943
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[
"Oberleutnant zur See"
] |
easy
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What military rank did August Maus have from Apr 1939 to Nov 1941?
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/wiki/August_Maus#P410#5
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August Maus August Maus ( 7 February 1915 – 28 September 1996 ) was a German U-boat commander in World War II and recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany . Prior to taking command of , he served as an officer on under the command of Captain Karl-Friedrich Merten . Maus was taken prisoner following the sinking of and in 1944 participated in an escape attempt from the prisoner-of-war camp Papago Park in the United States . Biography . August Maus joined the German Navy ( Reichsmarine , after 1 June 1935 Kriegsmarine ) on 8 April 1934 at the age of 19 as officer aspirant and was sent to Stralsund to do his basic training . Then he was assigned to the training ship . On 26 September 1934 , he was appointed Seekadett , and one day later , he was assigned to the light cruiser . On 27 June 1935 he started his training at Marineschule Mürwik and completed his infantry training on 29 July 1936 . In August 1936 he was transferred to the light cruiser , on which he sailed to take part in the non-intervention patrols during the Spanish Civil War without encountering any belligerent forces . On 1 January 1937 he was appointed Oberfähnrich zur See . After returning to Germany in February 1937 , Maus took several technical courses . On 1 April 1937 he was promoted to Leutnant zur See and returned to the cruiser Nürnberg , where he served as adjutant from 3 March 1939 to 14 June 1939 and was promoted to Oberleutnant zur See on 1 April 1939 . He was transferred to the battleship on 15 June 1939 and was present on the attacking battleship at the Battle of Westerplatte at the beginning of World War II . On 29 April 1940 he was transferred the U-Boot-Waffe , and on 22 December 1940 he was assigned to , serving under the command of Karl-Friedrich Merten and participating in two missions of the U-boat . On 1 November 1941 he was promoted to Kapitänleutnant and assigned to the 24th U-boat Flotilla . After completing a training for U-boat commanders beginning on 20 April 1942 he was assigned to on 5 May 1942 and became her commander on 12 June 1942 . As the commander of U-185 , Maus led three missions in the Atlantic Ocean , where he managed to sink 9 ships with , killing altogether 172 men , damaging one ship with 6,840 GRT and shooting down two Allied aircraft . On 11 August 1943 the German submarine was attacked and heavily damaged by a US Navy Lockheed Ventura aircraft flown by Thomas D . Davies . U-604 was prepared for scuttling and its commander , Horst Höltring , called for help . U-185 under the command of August Maus and under the command of Carl Emmermann were the only two surviving German submarines in the area . On 11 August 1943 they met with U-604 to rescue her crew . U-172 took 22 of them , whereas 25 went with Mauss U-185 , including commander Höltring . During the rescue and scuttling action , a US Consolidated B-24 Liberator bomber attacked , killing one member of U-172s crew . Emmermanns U-172 submerged , whereas Maus of U-185 ordered to open fire on the aircraft , which was shot down , killing ten men . However , on 24 August 1943 , U-185 was detected and attacked by a Grumman F4F Wildcat and a Grumman TBF Avenger from the escort carrier . One officer was shot dead by the Wildcat , and U-185 was heavily damaged by the depth charges from the Avenger , so sea water streamed into the submarine and chlorine gas developed , killing many of the crew . Höltring killed two badly wounded men who had asked for it , and then himself . August Maus gave the order to abandon ship and scuttle . 36 men from U-185 and U-604 were rescued by the destroyer , but four of them died from their wounds shortly after . Altogether , 32 survivors – 23 from U-185 and 9 from U-604 – were taken prisoner and transferred to USS Core , among them August Maus . Later , Maus and his men were interrogated . On 21 September 1943 , Maus was awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross for his successful raids , but it is unknown whether the Oberkommando der Marine ( High Command of the German Navy ) knew about the loss of U-185 at the time . Maus was interned in Crossville , Tennessee , and was transferred to Camp Papago Park in Arizona on 27 January 1944 . Shortly after , on 12 February 1944 , he managed to escape together with four other former U-boat commanders , but he was recaptured in Tucson together with the former commander of U-513 , Friedrich Guggenberger . Maus helped his companions to dig a tunnel in the so-called Great Papago Escape . In the evening of 23 December 1944 , 25 prisoners escaped through the tunnel , but August Maus could not take part because he was injured . Within the next two weeks , they were all recaptured , including Friedrich Guggenberger and Hans-Werner Kraus . In 1946 , Maus was released from captivity . After the war , he lived as a businessman in Hamburg . Ships attacked . As commander of August Maus is credited with the sinking of nine ships for a total of and damaging one ship of . Awards . - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th Class ( 1 April 1938 ) - Spanish Cross ( 5 June 1940 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 6 October 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 5 May 1943 ) - High Seas Fleet Badge ( 9 November 1942 ) - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 26 December 1942 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 21 September 1943 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of External links . - August Maus , Kapitänleutnant ( Crew 34 ) , Uboat.net - U-185 , Uboat.net - U-185 , Uboatarchive.net : Navy Department Office of the Chief of Naval Operations Washington , O.N.I . 250 – G/Serial 23 , Report on the Interrogation of Survivors From U-604 and U-185 Sunk on 11 August 1943 and 24 August 1943
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[
"Kapitänleutnant"
] |
easy
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What military rank did August Maus have from Nov 1941 to Nov 1942?
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/wiki/August_Maus#P410#6
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August Maus August Maus ( 7 February 1915 – 28 September 1996 ) was a German U-boat commander in World War II and recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany . Prior to taking command of , he served as an officer on under the command of Captain Karl-Friedrich Merten . Maus was taken prisoner following the sinking of and in 1944 participated in an escape attempt from the prisoner-of-war camp Papago Park in the United States . Biography . August Maus joined the German Navy ( Reichsmarine , after 1 June 1935 Kriegsmarine ) on 8 April 1934 at the age of 19 as officer aspirant and was sent to Stralsund to do his basic training . Then he was assigned to the training ship . On 26 September 1934 , he was appointed Seekadett , and one day later , he was assigned to the light cruiser . On 27 June 1935 he started his training at Marineschule Mürwik and completed his infantry training on 29 July 1936 . In August 1936 he was transferred to the light cruiser , on which he sailed to take part in the non-intervention patrols during the Spanish Civil War without encountering any belligerent forces . On 1 January 1937 he was appointed Oberfähnrich zur See . After returning to Germany in February 1937 , Maus took several technical courses . On 1 April 1937 he was promoted to Leutnant zur See and returned to the cruiser Nürnberg , where he served as adjutant from 3 March 1939 to 14 June 1939 and was promoted to Oberleutnant zur See on 1 April 1939 . He was transferred to the battleship on 15 June 1939 and was present on the attacking battleship at the Battle of Westerplatte at the beginning of World War II . On 29 April 1940 he was transferred the U-Boot-Waffe , and on 22 December 1940 he was assigned to , serving under the command of Karl-Friedrich Merten and participating in two missions of the U-boat . On 1 November 1941 he was promoted to Kapitänleutnant and assigned to the 24th U-boat Flotilla . After completing a training for U-boat commanders beginning on 20 April 1942 he was assigned to on 5 May 1942 and became her commander on 12 June 1942 . As the commander of U-185 , Maus led three missions in the Atlantic Ocean , where he managed to sink 9 ships with , killing altogether 172 men , damaging one ship with 6,840 GRT and shooting down two Allied aircraft . On 11 August 1943 the German submarine was attacked and heavily damaged by a US Navy Lockheed Ventura aircraft flown by Thomas D . Davies . U-604 was prepared for scuttling and its commander , Horst Höltring , called for help . U-185 under the command of August Maus and under the command of Carl Emmermann were the only two surviving German submarines in the area . On 11 August 1943 they met with U-604 to rescue her crew . U-172 took 22 of them , whereas 25 went with Mauss U-185 , including commander Höltring . During the rescue and scuttling action , a US Consolidated B-24 Liberator bomber attacked , killing one member of U-172s crew . Emmermanns U-172 submerged , whereas Maus of U-185 ordered to open fire on the aircraft , which was shot down , killing ten men . However , on 24 August 1943 , U-185 was detected and attacked by a Grumman F4F Wildcat and a Grumman TBF Avenger from the escort carrier . One officer was shot dead by the Wildcat , and U-185 was heavily damaged by the depth charges from the Avenger , so sea water streamed into the submarine and chlorine gas developed , killing many of the crew . Höltring killed two badly wounded men who had asked for it , and then himself . August Maus gave the order to abandon ship and scuttle . 36 men from U-185 and U-604 were rescued by the destroyer , but four of them died from their wounds shortly after . Altogether , 32 survivors – 23 from U-185 and 9 from U-604 – were taken prisoner and transferred to USS Core , among them August Maus . Later , Maus and his men were interrogated . On 21 September 1943 , Maus was awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross for his successful raids , but it is unknown whether the Oberkommando der Marine ( High Command of the German Navy ) knew about the loss of U-185 at the time . Maus was interned in Crossville , Tennessee , and was transferred to Camp Papago Park in Arizona on 27 January 1944 . Shortly after , on 12 February 1944 , he managed to escape together with four other former U-boat commanders , but he was recaptured in Tucson together with the former commander of U-513 , Friedrich Guggenberger . Maus helped his companions to dig a tunnel in the so-called Great Papago Escape . In the evening of 23 December 1944 , 25 prisoners escaped through the tunnel , but August Maus could not take part because he was injured . Within the next two weeks , they were all recaptured , including Friedrich Guggenberger and Hans-Werner Kraus . In 1946 , Maus was released from captivity . After the war , he lived as a businessman in Hamburg . Ships attacked . As commander of August Maus is credited with the sinking of nine ships for a total of and damaging one ship of . Awards . - Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th Class ( 1 April 1938 ) - Spanish Cross ( 5 June 1940 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 6 October 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 5 May 1943 ) - High Seas Fleet Badge ( 9 November 1942 ) - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 26 December 1942 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 21 September 1943 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of External links . - August Maus , Kapitänleutnant ( Crew 34 ) , Uboat.net - U-185 , Uboat.net - U-185 , Uboatarchive.net : Navy Department Office of the Chief of Naval Operations Washington , O.N.I . 250 – G/Serial 23 , Report on the Interrogation of Survivors From U-604 and U-185 Sunk on 11 August 1943 and 24 August 1943
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[
"Deputy Prime Minister"
] |
easy
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Which position did Don McKinnon hold from Nov 1990 to Dec 1996?
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/wiki/Don_McKinnon#P39#0
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Don McKinnon Sir Donald Charles McKinnon ( born 27 February 1939 ) is a former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of New Zealand . He was the Secretary-General of the Commonwealth of Nations from 2000 until 2008 . Early life . McKinnon was born in Blackheath , London . His father was Major-General Walter McKinnon , CB CBE , a New Zealand Chief of the General Staff , and once Chairman of New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation . McKinnons brothers include the twins John McKinnon , the current New Zealand Secretary of Defence and a former Ambassador to China , and Malcolm McKinnon , an editor and academic , and Ian McKinnon , Pro-Chancellor of Victoria University of Wellington , School Headmaster of Scots College and former Deputy Mayor of Wellington . The McKinnon brothers are great-great-grandsons of John Plimmer , known as the father of Wellington . McKinnon was educated at Khandallah School and then Nelson College from 1952 to 1953 . In 1956 , he graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School , in Washington , D.C. . McKinnon later spent a lengthy period in the Bighorn Mountains in Wyoming . He undertook study at Lincoln Agricultural College , New Zealand . After leaving university , he became a farm manager , and later a farm management consultant . In 1974 , he became a real estate agent . In his spare time , he also worked as a rehabilitation tutor in prisons . Member of Parliament . In the elections of 1969 and 1972 , McKinnon stood unsuccessfully as the National Partys candidate in the Birkenhead electorate , having previously served on two of the partys electorate committees . In the election of 1978 , McKinnon won the newly established seat of Albany , which covered much of the same area . In 1980 , McKinnon was made the governments junior Whip . Two years later , he was made senior Whip . When Prime Minister Robert Muldoon called the snap election of 1984 , and was defeated by David Langes New Zealand Labour Party , McKinnon remained senior Whip for his party in Opposition . In September 1987 , following Nationals defeat at the August election , he became deputy leader of the National Party after defeating Ruth Richardson for the position by just one vote . He was also appointed Shadow Minister of Defence and Shadow Minister of Health by leader Jim Bolger . Cabinet minister . When National , then led by Jim Bolger , won the 1990 election , McKinnon became Deputy Prime Minister . He also became Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade and Minister of Pacific Island Affairs . During his tenure in the former role , he oversaw New Zealands election to the UN Security Council , increased activity in the Commonwealth of Nations , and attempts to broker a truce on the island of Bougainville . He received recognition as a result of the Bougainville negotiations . In 1996 , the National Party required the support of the New Zealand First party to form a government , and part of the coalition agreement gave the office of Deputy Prime Minister to New Zealand First leader Winston Peters . McKinnon kept his role as Minister of Foreign Affairs , however , and also became Minister of Disarmament and Arms Control . When the coalition with New Zealand First collapsed , McKinnon did not resume the Deputy Prime Ministers role as he had been replaced beforehand as Deputy National Party leader by Wyatt Creech and therefore Creech became Deputy Prime Minister instead , although he did gain the minor responsibility of Minister in Charge of War Pensions . McKinnon retired from parliament shortly after the 1999 election , being replaced by Arthur Anae . Secretary-General of the Commonwealth . During his time as New Zealands Minister of Foreign Affairs , McKinnon had been highly involved with the Commonwealth . At the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1999 ( CHOGM ) , in Durban , he was elected to the office of Secretary General . Since that time , he has had to deal with issues such as Zimbabwes Robert Mugabe and George Speights attempted nationalist coup in Fiji . McKinnon has also placed an emphasis on supporting good governance . In late 2003 , New Zealand media reported that Zimbabwe was attempting to gather support from other Commonwealth members to remove McKinnon from the office of Secretary-General , presumably in retaliation for McKinnons views about the issue of Zimbabwean democracy . The government of Zimbabwe denied that it was making any such efforts . At the opening of the 2003 CHOGM , in Nigeria on 5 December , McKinnon was challenged for the position of Secretary-General by Lakshman Kadirgamar , a former Foreign Minister of Sri Lanka . However , McKinnon defeated Kadirgamar in a vote reported to be 40–11 in McKinnons favour . McKinnon received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 2005 In 2007 McKinnon attempted to mediate between Fiji and the Australian and New Zealand governments in their continuing dispute over the appropriate timetable and rules for the holding of Fijian election in 2008 . In a 2007 interview McKinnon criticised British public support for evicted white farmers in Zimbabwe as being a bit of a guilt thing and argued that the evictions were justified as there was no way you can justify a society where 15,000 white farmers control 80 per cent of the most fertile land . In the 2008 New Year Honours , McKinnon was appointed as a Member of the Order of New Zealand , New Zealands highest civilian honour . In 2009 , McKinnon was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order for services to the Commonwealth . He is a Vice-President of the Royal Commonwealth Society . Legacy . Don McKinnon Drive is named after McKinnon , in his former electorate of Albany . In April 2013 , McKinnon released his memoirs of his time as Secretary General of the Commonwealth , entitled In The Ring . McKinnon is chairman of the Global Panel Foundation Australasia , a non-governmental organization that works in crisis areas around the world . Personal life . McKinnon is married to his second wife , former journalist Clare de Lore , and together they have a son . McKinnon also has four other children from a previous marriage . External links . - Profile : Don McKinnon - BBC news - The Global Panel Foundation
|
[
"Minister of Foreign Affairs"
] |
easy
|
What was the position of Don McKinnon from Dec 1996 to Dec 1999?
|
/wiki/Don_McKinnon#P39#1
|
Don McKinnon Sir Donald Charles McKinnon ( born 27 February 1939 ) is a former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of New Zealand . He was the Secretary-General of the Commonwealth of Nations from 2000 until 2008 . Early life . McKinnon was born in Blackheath , London . His father was Major-General Walter McKinnon , CB CBE , a New Zealand Chief of the General Staff , and once Chairman of New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation . McKinnons brothers include the twins John McKinnon , the current New Zealand Secretary of Defence and a former Ambassador to China , and Malcolm McKinnon , an editor and academic , and Ian McKinnon , Pro-Chancellor of Victoria University of Wellington , School Headmaster of Scots College and former Deputy Mayor of Wellington . The McKinnon brothers are great-great-grandsons of John Plimmer , known as the father of Wellington . McKinnon was educated at Khandallah School and then Nelson College from 1952 to 1953 . In 1956 , he graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School , in Washington , D.C. . McKinnon later spent a lengthy period in the Bighorn Mountains in Wyoming . He undertook study at Lincoln Agricultural College , New Zealand . After leaving university , he became a farm manager , and later a farm management consultant . In 1974 , he became a real estate agent . In his spare time , he also worked as a rehabilitation tutor in prisons . Member of Parliament . In the elections of 1969 and 1972 , McKinnon stood unsuccessfully as the National Partys candidate in the Birkenhead electorate , having previously served on two of the partys electorate committees . In the election of 1978 , McKinnon won the newly established seat of Albany , which covered much of the same area . In 1980 , McKinnon was made the governments junior Whip . Two years later , he was made senior Whip . When Prime Minister Robert Muldoon called the snap election of 1984 , and was defeated by David Langes New Zealand Labour Party , McKinnon remained senior Whip for his party in Opposition . In September 1987 , following Nationals defeat at the August election , he became deputy leader of the National Party after defeating Ruth Richardson for the position by just one vote . He was also appointed Shadow Minister of Defence and Shadow Minister of Health by leader Jim Bolger . Cabinet minister . When National , then led by Jim Bolger , won the 1990 election , McKinnon became Deputy Prime Minister . He also became Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade and Minister of Pacific Island Affairs . During his tenure in the former role , he oversaw New Zealands election to the UN Security Council , increased activity in the Commonwealth of Nations , and attempts to broker a truce on the island of Bougainville . He received recognition as a result of the Bougainville negotiations . In 1996 , the National Party required the support of the New Zealand First party to form a government , and part of the coalition agreement gave the office of Deputy Prime Minister to New Zealand First leader Winston Peters . McKinnon kept his role as Minister of Foreign Affairs , however , and also became Minister of Disarmament and Arms Control . When the coalition with New Zealand First collapsed , McKinnon did not resume the Deputy Prime Ministers role as he had been replaced beforehand as Deputy National Party leader by Wyatt Creech and therefore Creech became Deputy Prime Minister instead , although he did gain the minor responsibility of Minister in Charge of War Pensions . McKinnon retired from parliament shortly after the 1999 election , being replaced by Arthur Anae . Secretary-General of the Commonwealth . During his time as New Zealands Minister of Foreign Affairs , McKinnon had been highly involved with the Commonwealth . At the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1999 ( CHOGM ) , in Durban , he was elected to the office of Secretary General . Since that time , he has had to deal with issues such as Zimbabwes Robert Mugabe and George Speights attempted nationalist coup in Fiji . McKinnon has also placed an emphasis on supporting good governance . In late 2003 , New Zealand media reported that Zimbabwe was attempting to gather support from other Commonwealth members to remove McKinnon from the office of Secretary-General , presumably in retaliation for McKinnons views about the issue of Zimbabwean democracy . The government of Zimbabwe denied that it was making any such efforts . At the opening of the 2003 CHOGM , in Nigeria on 5 December , McKinnon was challenged for the position of Secretary-General by Lakshman Kadirgamar , a former Foreign Minister of Sri Lanka . However , McKinnon defeated Kadirgamar in a vote reported to be 40–11 in McKinnons favour . McKinnon received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 2005 In 2007 McKinnon attempted to mediate between Fiji and the Australian and New Zealand governments in their continuing dispute over the appropriate timetable and rules for the holding of Fijian election in 2008 . In a 2007 interview McKinnon criticised British public support for evicted white farmers in Zimbabwe as being a bit of a guilt thing and argued that the evictions were justified as there was no way you can justify a society where 15,000 white farmers control 80 per cent of the most fertile land . In the 2008 New Year Honours , McKinnon was appointed as a Member of the Order of New Zealand , New Zealands highest civilian honour . In 2009 , McKinnon was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order for services to the Commonwealth . He is a Vice-President of the Royal Commonwealth Society . Legacy . Don McKinnon Drive is named after McKinnon , in his former electorate of Albany . In April 2013 , McKinnon released his memoirs of his time as Secretary General of the Commonwealth , entitled In The Ring . McKinnon is chairman of the Global Panel Foundation Australasia , a non-governmental organization that works in crisis areas around the world . Personal life . McKinnon is married to his second wife , former journalist Clare de Lore , and together they have a son . McKinnon also has four other children from a previous marriage . External links . - Profile : Don McKinnon - BBC news - The Global Panel Foundation
|
[
"Secretary-General"
] |
easy
|
Which position did Don McKinnon hold from Apr 2000 to Apr 2008?
|
/wiki/Don_McKinnon#P39#2
|
Don McKinnon Sir Donald Charles McKinnon ( born 27 February 1939 ) is a former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of New Zealand . He was the Secretary-General of the Commonwealth of Nations from 2000 until 2008 . Early life . McKinnon was born in Blackheath , London . His father was Major-General Walter McKinnon , CB CBE , a New Zealand Chief of the General Staff , and once Chairman of New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation . McKinnons brothers include the twins John McKinnon , the current New Zealand Secretary of Defence and a former Ambassador to China , and Malcolm McKinnon , an editor and academic , and Ian McKinnon , Pro-Chancellor of Victoria University of Wellington , School Headmaster of Scots College and former Deputy Mayor of Wellington . The McKinnon brothers are great-great-grandsons of John Plimmer , known as the father of Wellington . McKinnon was educated at Khandallah School and then Nelson College from 1952 to 1953 . In 1956 , he graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School , in Washington , D.C. . McKinnon later spent a lengthy period in the Bighorn Mountains in Wyoming . He undertook study at Lincoln Agricultural College , New Zealand . After leaving university , he became a farm manager , and later a farm management consultant . In 1974 , he became a real estate agent . In his spare time , he also worked as a rehabilitation tutor in prisons . Member of Parliament . In the elections of 1969 and 1972 , McKinnon stood unsuccessfully as the National Partys candidate in the Birkenhead electorate , having previously served on two of the partys electorate committees . In the election of 1978 , McKinnon won the newly established seat of Albany , which covered much of the same area . In 1980 , McKinnon was made the governments junior Whip . Two years later , he was made senior Whip . When Prime Minister Robert Muldoon called the snap election of 1984 , and was defeated by David Langes New Zealand Labour Party , McKinnon remained senior Whip for his party in Opposition . In September 1987 , following Nationals defeat at the August election , he became deputy leader of the National Party after defeating Ruth Richardson for the position by just one vote . He was also appointed Shadow Minister of Defence and Shadow Minister of Health by leader Jim Bolger . Cabinet minister . When National , then led by Jim Bolger , won the 1990 election , McKinnon became Deputy Prime Minister . He also became Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade and Minister of Pacific Island Affairs . During his tenure in the former role , he oversaw New Zealands election to the UN Security Council , increased activity in the Commonwealth of Nations , and attempts to broker a truce on the island of Bougainville . He received recognition as a result of the Bougainville negotiations . In 1996 , the National Party required the support of the New Zealand First party to form a government , and part of the coalition agreement gave the office of Deputy Prime Minister to New Zealand First leader Winston Peters . McKinnon kept his role as Minister of Foreign Affairs , however , and also became Minister of Disarmament and Arms Control . When the coalition with New Zealand First collapsed , McKinnon did not resume the Deputy Prime Ministers role as he had been replaced beforehand as Deputy National Party leader by Wyatt Creech and therefore Creech became Deputy Prime Minister instead , although he did gain the minor responsibility of Minister in Charge of War Pensions . McKinnon retired from parliament shortly after the 1999 election , being replaced by Arthur Anae . Secretary-General of the Commonwealth . During his time as New Zealands Minister of Foreign Affairs , McKinnon had been highly involved with the Commonwealth . At the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1999 ( CHOGM ) , in Durban , he was elected to the office of Secretary General . Since that time , he has had to deal with issues such as Zimbabwes Robert Mugabe and George Speights attempted nationalist coup in Fiji . McKinnon has also placed an emphasis on supporting good governance . In late 2003 , New Zealand media reported that Zimbabwe was attempting to gather support from other Commonwealth members to remove McKinnon from the office of Secretary-General , presumably in retaliation for McKinnons views about the issue of Zimbabwean democracy . The government of Zimbabwe denied that it was making any such efforts . At the opening of the 2003 CHOGM , in Nigeria on 5 December , McKinnon was challenged for the position of Secretary-General by Lakshman Kadirgamar , a former Foreign Minister of Sri Lanka . However , McKinnon defeated Kadirgamar in a vote reported to be 40–11 in McKinnons favour . McKinnon received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 2005 In 2007 McKinnon attempted to mediate between Fiji and the Australian and New Zealand governments in their continuing dispute over the appropriate timetable and rules for the holding of Fijian election in 2008 . In a 2007 interview McKinnon criticised British public support for evicted white farmers in Zimbabwe as being a bit of a guilt thing and argued that the evictions were justified as there was no way you can justify a society where 15,000 white farmers control 80 per cent of the most fertile land . In the 2008 New Year Honours , McKinnon was appointed as a Member of the Order of New Zealand , New Zealands highest civilian honour . In 2009 , McKinnon was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order for services to the Commonwealth . He is a Vice-President of the Royal Commonwealth Society . Legacy . Don McKinnon Drive is named after McKinnon , in his former electorate of Albany . In April 2013 , McKinnon released his memoirs of his time as Secretary General of the Commonwealth , entitled In The Ring . McKinnon is chairman of the Global Panel Foundation Australasia , a non-governmental organization that works in crisis areas around the world . Personal life . McKinnon is married to his second wife , former journalist Clare de Lore , and together they have a son . McKinnon also has four other children from a previous marriage . External links . - Profile : Don McKinnon - BBC news - The Global Panel Foundation
|
[
"PSV"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Daniel Guijo-Velasco play for from 2003 to 2004?
|
/wiki/Daniel_Guijo-Velasco#P54#0
|
Daniel Guijo-Velasco Daniel Guijo-Velasco ( born 24 February 1984 ) is a Belgian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder . Born in Hasselt , Belgium with a Spanish background , Guijo-Velasco was part of the PSV youth academy , before making his first professional appearances in 2004 . After stints at AGOVV and Excelsior , he had his most successful period at Helmond Sport , where he made more than 100 appearances and grew out to become team captain . He retired in 2015 after being diagnosed with a rare , autoimmune disease , and since became a psychiatric nurse . Career . PSV . Guijo-Velasco played in the PSV youth academy and made two appearances as a substitute for their first team . His first professional appearance came on 1 November 2003 in a 1–3 away win over NAC Breda , when he came on as a substitute for Theo Lucius in the 82nd minute . His second and final game for PSV came a month later , in a 7–0 home win over FC Volendam where he came on for Mateja Kežman , who had scored a hat-trick . AGOVV . At the end of the 2003–04 season , Guijo-Velasco signed for AGOVV Apeldoorn in the Eerste Divisie , where he was a regular in midfield for two seasons under head coach Jurrie Koolhof . He scored his first goal in professional football on 1 October 2004 , in a 4–1 home win over TOP Oss . He finished the season with seven goals , as AGOVV finished 10th in the league table . The following season , he grew out to become a key player for the team , and was rewarded with a move to Eredivisie club Excelsior . Excelsior . At Excelsior , he immediately made an impact alongside other key players such as Luigi Bruins and Andwélé Slory , in the team coached by Ton Lokhoff . Thus , relegation was avoided at the end of the season , with Guijo-Velasco as part of the central midfielder due with René van Dieren . However , the following season ended in disappointment after Bruins and Slory had left for Feyenoord , and Guijo-Velasco only made 10 league appearances in which he scored one goal . Excelsior finished last in the league table , and suffered relegation to the second-tier Eerste Divisie . Helmond Sport . On 30 May 2008 , Guijo-Velasco moved to Helmond Sport on a two-year contract . He made his debut for the club on 8 August against his old team AGOVV . The game was lost 1–2 , but nevertheless , the team experienced a reasonable season that ended in tenth place . Together with Ilja van Leerdam and former Telstar icon Sjaak Lettinga , Guijo-Velasco formed an experienced midfield , while Dirk Jan Derksen was the goal-poacher in front . Guijo-Velasco was known as a driven player with a strong will to win , but was discredited after he gave the Nazi salute to an opponent against RBC Roosendaal . He subsequently stated that his opponent played like a German and he wanted to show this . Helmond Sport suspended him for one match following this incident and instructed him to help with a social school project . The Royal Dutch Football Association ( KNVB ) suspended him for five matches . Guijo-Velasco became an important player for the club , and in the 2012–13 season , the Belgian even became team captain of the club . In the spring of 2013 , however , Guijo-Velasco suffered from a neck hernia which began a downward spiral for him . He was found to be suffering from a rare autoimmune disease affecting only around 40 total people in the world , and he was sidelined for a substantial period of time . Guijo-Velasco missed the entire 2013–14 season , but the following year he attempted a comeback , as he made seven official appearances for the Helmond team . In the summer of 2015 , Guijo-Velasco decided to retire from professional football due to his illness and focus on a career in psychiatry . He made his final professional appearance at home against RKC Waalwijk on 27 February 2015 . In the match , which was won 3-0 , he came in as a substitute in the last ten minutes . After his retirement from football , he has worked as a psychiatric nurse . He also played at amateur level for KFC Diest . External links . - Voetbal International profile - Daniel Guijo-Velasco at Footballdatabase
|
[
"AGOVV"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Daniel Guijo-Velasco play for from 2004 to 2006?
|
/wiki/Daniel_Guijo-Velasco#P54#1
|
Daniel Guijo-Velasco Daniel Guijo-Velasco ( born 24 February 1984 ) is a Belgian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder . Born in Hasselt , Belgium with a Spanish background , Guijo-Velasco was part of the PSV youth academy , before making his first professional appearances in 2004 . After stints at AGOVV and Excelsior , he had his most successful period at Helmond Sport , where he made more than 100 appearances and grew out to become team captain . He retired in 2015 after being diagnosed with a rare , autoimmune disease , and since became a psychiatric nurse . Career . PSV . Guijo-Velasco played in the PSV youth academy and made two appearances as a substitute for their first team . His first professional appearance came on 1 November 2003 in a 1–3 away win over NAC Breda , when he came on as a substitute for Theo Lucius in the 82nd minute . His second and final game for PSV came a month later , in a 7–0 home win over FC Volendam where he came on for Mateja Kežman , who had scored a hat-trick . AGOVV . At the end of the 2003–04 season , Guijo-Velasco signed for AGOVV Apeldoorn in the Eerste Divisie , where he was a regular in midfield for two seasons under head coach Jurrie Koolhof . He scored his first goal in professional football on 1 October 2004 , in a 4–1 home win over TOP Oss . He finished the season with seven goals , as AGOVV finished 10th in the league table . The following season , he grew out to become a key player for the team , and was rewarded with a move to Eredivisie club Excelsior . Excelsior . At Excelsior , he immediately made an impact alongside other key players such as Luigi Bruins and Andwélé Slory , in the team coached by Ton Lokhoff . Thus , relegation was avoided at the end of the season , with Guijo-Velasco as part of the central midfielder due with René van Dieren . However , the following season ended in disappointment after Bruins and Slory had left for Feyenoord , and Guijo-Velasco only made 10 league appearances in which he scored one goal . Excelsior finished last in the league table , and suffered relegation to the second-tier Eerste Divisie . Helmond Sport . On 30 May 2008 , Guijo-Velasco moved to Helmond Sport on a two-year contract . He made his debut for the club on 8 August against his old team AGOVV . The game was lost 1–2 , but nevertheless , the team experienced a reasonable season that ended in tenth place . Together with Ilja van Leerdam and former Telstar icon Sjaak Lettinga , Guijo-Velasco formed an experienced midfield , while Dirk Jan Derksen was the goal-poacher in front . Guijo-Velasco was known as a driven player with a strong will to win , but was discredited after he gave the Nazi salute to an opponent against RBC Roosendaal . He subsequently stated that his opponent played like a German and he wanted to show this . Helmond Sport suspended him for one match following this incident and instructed him to help with a social school project . The Royal Dutch Football Association ( KNVB ) suspended him for five matches . Guijo-Velasco became an important player for the club , and in the 2012–13 season , the Belgian even became team captain of the club . In the spring of 2013 , however , Guijo-Velasco suffered from a neck hernia which began a downward spiral for him . He was found to be suffering from a rare autoimmune disease affecting only around 40 total people in the world , and he was sidelined for a substantial period of time . Guijo-Velasco missed the entire 2013–14 season , but the following year he attempted a comeback , as he made seven official appearances for the Helmond team . In the summer of 2015 , Guijo-Velasco decided to retire from professional football due to his illness and focus on a career in psychiatry . He made his final professional appearance at home against RKC Waalwijk on 27 February 2015 . In the match , which was won 3-0 , he came in as a substitute in the last ten minutes . After his retirement from football , he has worked as a psychiatric nurse . He also played at amateur level for KFC Diest . External links . - Voetbal International profile - Daniel Guijo-Velasco at Footballdatabase
|
[
"Excelsior"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Daniel Guijo-Velasco belong to from 2006 to 2008?
|
/wiki/Daniel_Guijo-Velasco#P54#2
|
Daniel Guijo-Velasco Daniel Guijo-Velasco ( born 24 February 1984 ) is a Belgian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder . Born in Hasselt , Belgium with a Spanish background , Guijo-Velasco was part of the PSV youth academy , before making his first professional appearances in 2004 . After stints at AGOVV and Excelsior , he had his most successful period at Helmond Sport , where he made more than 100 appearances and grew out to become team captain . He retired in 2015 after being diagnosed with a rare , autoimmune disease , and since became a psychiatric nurse . Career . PSV . Guijo-Velasco played in the PSV youth academy and made two appearances as a substitute for their first team . His first professional appearance came on 1 November 2003 in a 1–3 away win over NAC Breda , when he came on as a substitute for Theo Lucius in the 82nd minute . His second and final game for PSV came a month later , in a 7–0 home win over FC Volendam where he came on for Mateja Kežman , who had scored a hat-trick . AGOVV . At the end of the 2003–04 season , Guijo-Velasco signed for AGOVV Apeldoorn in the Eerste Divisie , where he was a regular in midfield for two seasons under head coach Jurrie Koolhof . He scored his first goal in professional football on 1 October 2004 , in a 4–1 home win over TOP Oss . He finished the season with seven goals , as AGOVV finished 10th in the league table . The following season , he grew out to become a key player for the team , and was rewarded with a move to Eredivisie club Excelsior . Excelsior . At Excelsior , he immediately made an impact alongside other key players such as Luigi Bruins and Andwélé Slory , in the team coached by Ton Lokhoff . Thus , relegation was avoided at the end of the season , with Guijo-Velasco as part of the central midfielder due with René van Dieren . However , the following season ended in disappointment after Bruins and Slory had left for Feyenoord , and Guijo-Velasco only made 10 league appearances in which he scored one goal . Excelsior finished last in the league table , and suffered relegation to the second-tier Eerste Divisie . Helmond Sport . On 30 May 2008 , Guijo-Velasco moved to Helmond Sport on a two-year contract . He made his debut for the club on 8 August against his old team AGOVV . The game was lost 1–2 , but nevertheless , the team experienced a reasonable season that ended in tenth place . Together with Ilja van Leerdam and former Telstar icon Sjaak Lettinga , Guijo-Velasco formed an experienced midfield , while Dirk Jan Derksen was the goal-poacher in front . Guijo-Velasco was known as a driven player with a strong will to win , but was discredited after he gave the Nazi salute to an opponent against RBC Roosendaal . He subsequently stated that his opponent played like a German and he wanted to show this . Helmond Sport suspended him for one match following this incident and instructed him to help with a social school project . The Royal Dutch Football Association ( KNVB ) suspended him for five matches . Guijo-Velasco became an important player for the club , and in the 2012–13 season , the Belgian even became team captain of the club . In the spring of 2013 , however , Guijo-Velasco suffered from a neck hernia which began a downward spiral for him . He was found to be suffering from a rare autoimmune disease affecting only around 40 total people in the world , and he was sidelined for a substantial period of time . Guijo-Velasco missed the entire 2013–14 season , but the following year he attempted a comeback , as he made seven official appearances for the Helmond team . In the summer of 2015 , Guijo-Velasco decided to retire from professional football due to his illness and focus on a career in psychiatry . He made his final professional appearance at home against RKC Waalwijk on 27 February 2015 . In the match , which was won 3-0 , he came in as a substitute in the last ten minutes . After his retirement from football , he has worked as a psychiatric nurse . He also played at amateur level for KFC Diest . External links . - Voetbal International profile - Daniel Guijo-Velasco at Footballdatabase
|
[
"Helmond Sport"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Daniel Guijo-Velasco play for from 2008 to 2015?
|
/wiki/Daniel_Guijo-Velasco#P54#3
|
Daniel Guijo-Velasco Daniel Guijo-Velasco ( born 24 February 1984 ) is a Belgian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder . Born in Hasselt , Belgium with a Spanish background , Guijo-Velasco was part of the PSV youth academy , before making his first professional appearances in 2004 . After stints at AGOVV and Excelsior , he had his most successful period at Helmond Sport , where he made more than 100 appearances and grew out to become team captain . He retired in 2015 after being diagnosed with a rare , autoimmune disease , and since became a psychiatric nurse . Career . PSV . Guijo-Velasco played in the PSV youth academy and made two appearances as a substitute for their first team . His first professional appearance came on 1 November 2003 in a 1–3 away win over NAC Breda , when he came on as a substitute for Theo Lucius in the 82nd minute . His second and final game for PSV came a month later , in a 7–0 home win over FC Volendam where he came on for Mateja Kežman , who had scored a hat-trick . AGOVV . At the end of the 2003–04 season , Guijo-Velasco signed for AGOVV Apeldoorn in the Eerste Divisie , where he was a regular in midfield for two seasons under head coach Jurrie Koolhof . He scored his first goal in professional football on 1 October 2004 , in a 4–1 home win over TOP Oss . He finished the season with seven goals , as AGOVV finished 10th in the league table . The following season , he grew out to become a key player for the team , and was rewarded with a move to Eredivisie club Excelsior . Excelsior . At Excelsior , he immediately made an impact alongside other key players such as Luigi Bruins and Andwélé Slory , in the team coached by Ton Lokhoff . Thus , relegation was avoided at the end of the season , with Guijo-Velasco as part of the central midfielder due with René van Dieren . However , the following season ended in disappointment after Bruins and Slory had left for Feyenoord , and Guijo-Velasco only made 10 league appearances in which he scored one goal . Excelsior finished last in the league table , and suffered relegation to the second-tier Eerste Divisie . Helmond Sport . On 30 May 2008 , Guijo-Velasco moved to Helmond Sport on a two-year contract . He made his debut for the club on 8 August against his old team AGOVV . The game was lost 1–2 , but nevertheless , the team experienced a reasonable season that ended in tenth place . Together with Ilja van Leerdam and former Telstar icon Sjaak Lettinga , Guijo-Velasco formed an experienced midfield , while Dirk Jan Derksen was the goal-poacher in front . Guijo-Velasco was known as a driven player with a strong will to win , but was discredited after he gave the Nazi salute to an opponent against RBC Roosendaal . He subsequently stated that his opponent played like a German and he wanted to show this . Helmond Sport suspended him for one match following this incident and instructed him to help with a social school project . The Royal Dutch Football Association ( KNVB ) suspended him for five matches . Guijo-Velasco became an important player for the club , and in the 2012–13 season , the Belgian even became team captain of the club . In the spring of 2013 , however , Guijo-Velasco suffered from a neck hernia which began a downward spiral for him . He was found to be suffering from a rare autoimmune disease affecting only around 40 total people in the world , and he was sidelined for a substantial period of time . Guijo-Velasco missed the entire 2013–14 season , but the following year he attempted a comeback , as he made seven official appearances for the Helmond team . In the summer of 2015 , Guijo-Velasco decided to retire from professional football due to his illness and focus on a career in psychiatry . He made his final professional appearance at home against RKC Waalwijk on 27 February 2015 . In the match , which was won 3-0 , he came in as a substitute in the last ten minutes . After his retirement from football , he has worked as a psychiatric nurse . He also played at amateur level for KFC Diest . External links . - Voetbal International profile - Daniel Guijo-Velasco at Footballdatabase
|
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