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[
"Werder Bremen"
] | easy | Which team did Tim Borowski play for from 2009 to 2012? | /wiki/Tim_Borowski#P54#4 | Tim Borowski Tim Borowski ( born 2 May 1980 ) is a German football assistant manager of SV Werder Bremen and a former professional midfielder who played from 2002 to 2008 for the German national team . Borowski played 33 times for the national squad , with which he represented Germany at the 2006 World Cup and Euro 2008 . He spent 11 years of his 12-year professional career with Werder Bremen , amassing Bundesliga totals of 236 games and 32 goals and winning three major titles , including the 2004 national championship . Next to manager Florian Kohfeldt , Borowski is part of the coaching team since 2017 . Prior to this , he assisted at one of the clubs youth level teams ( U17 ) . He is working to acquire the forth and final DFB manager license in 2020 . Club career . Werder Bremen . Born in Neubrandenburg , Bezirk Neubrandenburg , East Germany , Borowski started his career at hometown club 1 . FC Neubrandenburg 04 , where he was spotted by SV Werder Bremen and signed at the age of 16 for its junior teams . He spent two full seasons with the reserves , competing mainly in Regionalliga Nord . Borowski made his official debut for Werder on 26 August 2000 , starting in a 0–1 home loss against VfL Wolfsburg for the DFB-Pokal . He was definitely promoted to the main squad early into the following campaign . Borowski contributed with 25 games and one goal ( against FC Schalke 04 in a 4–1 home win ) in 2003–04 as the Hanseatic won their fourth national championship , the first in 11 years . He added career highs of ten goals and 11 assists in the 2005–06 season , helping his team to a final second position ; in the latter campaigns UEFA Champions League he also scored against Juventus F.C . for a 3–2 round-of-16 first leg home win , in an eventual away goals rule exit . Bayern Munich . Borowski joined FC Bayern Munich in the 2008 summer after the move was made effective in January , in a free transfer . He finished his first and only season with 30 appearances all competitions comprised . In this season , he appeared in the Champions League seven times and scored there once , he scored in the DFB-Pokal too , and in the Bundesliga five times . In the Bundesliga , he managed to establish himself in the starting eleven six times , in the DFB-Pokal twice , and in the Champions League also twice . Return to Werder . Borowski returned to Werder Bremen on 22 July 2009 , signing a three-year contract . After featuring in only 13 league matches in his last two years combined he was released by his main club , and retired from football shortly after due to injury , aged 32 . In the summer of 2014 , Borowski completed his 18-month traineeship in the marketing department which he had been going through since January 2013 at Werder Bremen . In April of the following year , he signed a contract until July 2018 as sports director for the reserve team . International career . Borowski gained his first cap for Germany on 21 August 2002 , appearing as a late substitute in a 2–2 friendly draw with Bulgaria in Sofia . He was selected by manager Jürgen Klinsmann for the 2006 FIFA World Cup on home soil , filling in for captain Michael Ballack in the opener against Costa Rica ( 4–2 triumph ) . Borowski then proceeded to collect a further four substitute appearances : in the quarter-final against Argentina he made a superb assist for Bremen teammate Miroslav Klose to score the equalizing goal for Germany , and also converted his penalty shootout attempt as it ended 4–2 for the hosts . He started in the following match against Italy , leaving injured in an eventual 0–2 loss . Borowski also participated at the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup ( three minutes against Brazil in the semi-finals ) and UEFA Euro 2008 ( two substitute appearances for the runners-up ) . Honours . Werder Bremen - Bundesliga : 2003–04 - DFB-Pokal : 2003–04 ; runner-up : 2009–10 - DFB-Ligapokal : 2006 ; runner-up : 2004 Germany - UEFA European Championship Runner-up : 2008 - FIFA World Cup third place : 2006 - FIFA Confederations Cup third place : 2005 |
[
"the House of Commons"
] | easy | What was the position of Jim Prentice from Jun 2004 to May 2011? | /wiki/Jim_Prentice#P39#0 | Jim Prentice Peter Eric James Prentice ( July 20 , 1956 – October 13 , 2016 ) was a Canadian politician who served as the 16th Premier of Alberta from 2014 to 2015 . In the 2004 federal election he was elected to the House of Commons of Canada as a candidate of the Conservative Party of Canada . He was re-elected in the 2006 federal election and appointed to the cabinet as Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development and Federal Interlocutor for Métis and Non-Status Indians . Prentice was appointed Minister of Industry on August 14 , 2007 , and after the 2008 election became Minister of Environment on October 30 , 2008 . On November 4 , 2010 , Prentice announced his resignation from cabinet and as MP for Calgary Centre-North . After retiring from federal politics he entered the private sector as vice-chairman of CIBC . Prentice entered provincial politics in his home province of Alberta , and ran for the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta to replace Dave Hancock , who was serving as interim Premier and party leader after Alison Redfords resignation . On September 6 , 2014 , Prentice won the leadership election , becoming both the leader of the Progressive Conservatives and as such the Premier , as his party held a majority in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta . As Premier of Alberta , Prentice formed a new cabinet consisting of some members from the previous government , but also new Ministers including two who did not hold seats in the Legislature—Stephen Mandel and Gordon Dirks . All three stood as candidates in by-elections scheduled for October 27 , 2014 , and all three were elected with Prentice becoming the MLA for Calgary-Foothills . After introducing his first budget in 2015 , Prentice declared an early provincial election on May 5 , 2015 . In the election , Prentices PCs suffered an unprecedented defeat , dropping to third place in the legislature with just 10 seats – ending 44 years of Tory rule in Alberta , the longest consecutive reign for any political party at the provincial level in Canada . Despite winning re-election in Calgary-Foothills , on election night Prentice resigned as both PC leader and MLA and retired from politics after results indicated that the Alberta NDP had won a majority government . On October 13 , 2016 , Prentice and three others were killed when the aircraft in which they were travelling crashed shortly after taking off from Kelowna , British Columbia . The flight was en route from Kelowna to Springbank Airport , just outside Calgary . Background . Prentice was born to a large , blue-collar family in South Porcupine , near Timmins , Ontario . The family then moved to Alberta in 1969 . He was the son of Wilma Lyle Marea ( Mawhiney ) and Eric Prentice , a professional hockey player who played five games in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) in the 1940s . His uncle Dean Prentice played in the NHL for more than 20 years . Prentice was educated at the University of Alberta ( where he became a member of the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity ) and Dalhousie University . He paid for his tuition by working as a coal miner in the summer months for seven years . As a lawyer , he served as a Law Commissioner of the Indian Claims Commission of Canada . In his personal life , Prentice served for seven years on the Board of Directors at the Calgary Winter Club , including stints as president and Chairman . He was an active member and volunteer leader in the Grace Presbyterian Church . Prentice and his wife Karen have three daughters and two grandchildren . He was also a member of the Trilateral Commission , a non-partisan organization that aims to increase cooperation within the developed world . In this capacity , Prentice was one of 20 Canadian members . Early political career . Prentice joined the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in 1976 , and was active in Tory circles ever since . In the 1986 provincial election , Prentice ran for the Progressive Conservatives in Calgary Mountain View , being defeated by NDP candidate Bob Hawkesworth . During the early 1990s , Prentice served as the governing federal PC partys chief financial officer and treasurer ( 1990–93 ) . Prentice first ran for Parliament as the nominated Progressive Conservative candidate in a spring 2002 by-election in the riding of Calgary Southwest that followed the retirement of Preston Manning as the ridings Member of Parliament ( MP ) . When newly elected Canadian Alliance leader Stephen Harper replaced nominated CA candidate Ezra Levant in the by-election , Prentice withdrew from the race , following common practice to allow a party leader to win a seat uncontested so they may lead their party within Parliament . He ran in the 2003 Progressive Conservative leadership election to support the United Alternative proposal to merge the PC party with the Canadian Alliance . He was seen by many as an alternative to the status quo candidate and front runner Peter MacKay . A basic platform of Prentices campaign was that no one has ever defeated the Liberals with a divided conservative family . Prentice entered the 2003 convention day with some momentum , after delivering a passionate speech to the assembled delegates that encouraged Tories to be proud of their accomplishments , despite recent setbacks , and that recalled the sacrifices of Canadian soldiers who fought in the Battle of Passchendaele . He also unexpectedly received the support of fellow leadership challenger Craig Chandler , who withdrew early . Prentice ultimately emerged in second-place on the fourth ballot to the eventual winner MacKay . Consistent with his positions during the leadership race , Prentice was a supporter of the merger endorsed by both the CA and PC parties in December 2003 that formed the new Conservative Party of Canada . Prentice was the first declared candidate for the leadership of the new Conservative Party , announcing his run on December 7 , 2003 , the day after the new party was ratified by members of the PC Party . Prentice began his campaign in Calgary and toured parts of Ontario , specifically visiting Kingston , Ontario , the hometown of the first Canadian Conservative Leader Sir John A . Macdonald and also the city where one of his daughters attends Queens University . However , he withdrew from the race on January 12 , 2004 , citing difficulty in raising new funds less than a year after his unsuccessful first leadership bid . The leadership election was won by Stephen Harper , who later became Prime Minister of Canada after the 2006 Canadian federal election . Early parliamentary career . Prentice ran in the riding of Calgary Centre-North in the 2004 election for the new Conservative Party , and won the seat with 54% of the popular vote . After being sworn in as the MP for Calgary Centre North on July 16 , Conservative Party Leader Stephen Harper named Prentice to the Shadow Cabinet as the Official Opposition Critic for Indian and Northern Affairs . In that role Prentice opposed the Tli Cho land claim agreement , which he said would make Canadian law secondary to Tlicho local law . Prentice was also a strong supporter of the proposed and controversial Mackenzie Valley pipeline . He criticized the Liberal government for its treatment of aboriginal women , and its alleged costs of administering the Residential School Claims program for aboriginal victims of abuse . Prentice described himself as a Red Tory in the Conservative Party and surprised many observers when he voted in favour of Bill C-38 supporting same-sex marriage . Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development . Prentice had been assigned the Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development in the Conservative government , and was sworn into this role on February 6 , 2006 until August 13 , 2007 . One of his main challenges as Minister was to implement The Nunavut Project , a 2006 report authored by Thomas Berger , to show tangible , measurable results to increase Inuit representation in the Nunavut public services . Kelowna Accord and residential schools . In the fall of 2006 , Phil Fontaine , National chief of the Assembly of First Nations , expressed disappointment over the Conservative governments refusal to honour the Kelowna Accord , endorsed by 14 jurisdictions ( the federal government , 10 provinces , and three territories ) . Fontaine previously described the federal governments point person on Kelowna , Jim Prentice , as an honourable person sensitive to native concerns . Prior to January 2006 election , Fontaine and two vice-chiefs of the Assembly of First Nations had a meeting with Prentice . [ Prentice ] acknowledged all the hard work that went into Kelowna and ( said ) that the Conservative party would not put this aside , says Fontaine . We took him at his word . Prentice did not recall saying that : Ive always been very , very careful about what Ive said about Kelowna , According to Fontaine , in their first meeting after the 2006 election , ( Prentice ) wanted to apply a very focused approach to his responsibilities . In the federal budget of May 2006 , Fontaine and other native leaders got a glimpse of what focused meant : just $450 million ( over two years ) was committed to implementing Kelowna , not the $1.64 billion for the first two years that Paul Martin had agreed to . Prentice argued that there was actually $3.7 billion in spending on native peoples in the May 2006 budget , more than the previous four budgets in total . That figure includes $2.2 billion in compensation for victims of abuse in residential schools ( another deal that was worked out with the previous government ) and $300 million for off-reserve housing . On June 11 , 2008 Prime Minister Stephen Harper thanked Jim Prentice for his work on addressing the matter of the Indian residential schools and providing a government apology for the residential school system . Stephen Harpers thanks to Prentice came before he made the apology to former students of the schools . Minister of Industry . In a cabinet shuffle on August 14 , 2007 , Prentice became Minister of Industry , succeeding Maxime Bernier . Copyright legislation and controversy . Bringing Canada into WIPO treaty compliance had been stated as one of Prentices goals in future copyright legislation . It has been pointed out repeatedly , however , that at the time of Prentices statement of his rationale for introducing amendments to the Copyright Act , there was no international legal obligation to implement any provision of the World Intellectual Property Organization ( WIPO ) Copyright Treaty ( WCT ) or the WIPO Performances & Phonograms Treaty ( WPPT ) since neither had been ratified by Canada . Prentice has promised to put consumers first . claiming in an editorial that ( C-61 ) allows the recording of webcasts and TV and radio programs to be enjoyed at different times while ignoring the fact that if the files are protected by digital rights management ( DRM ) it is illegal to break the DRM to make the recording . Michael Geist , Canada Research Chair of Internet and E-commerce Law at the University of Ottawa , has suggested that the core desire of the draft legislation is to satisfy U.S . pressure by enacting something very close to the U.S . Digital Millennium Copyright Act . Prentice did not immediately provide a rationale for not discussing the issue with CBC Radio Canada despite the hundreds of questions that flooded in from concerned Canadians . He also refused to talk to a group of protesters who went to his office to express their concern , stating When Canadian Heritage Minister Josée Verner and I have reached a consensus and were satisfied , we will introduce a bill . Prentice has also implied that he will not follow the Governments policy to table the WCT & WPPT 21 days prior to introducing copyright amendments designed to implement parts of these treaties contrary to the Governments policy on treaty implementation . Industry Canada announced on June 11 , 2008 , that Prentice will deliver brief statements and answer media inquiries shortly after the tabling of a bill to amend the Copyright Act .. . [ on ] Thursday , June 12 , 2008 . After less than two hours , hundreds of Canadians and critics panned the new Bill C-61 as nothing more than pandering to US interests at the expense of Canadians . On a 10-minute interview with the CBCs Search Engine radio program he dismissed any question related to digital rights management as extremely technical and claimed that the market will take care of copy protected CDs . Prentice then hung up mid question and refused to continue the interview at a later time . Most notably , Jim Prentice hung up before answering Jesse Browns final question about who , under this bill , would have the power to investigate potential copyright violations . Wikipedia controversy . During the period of May 27 , 2008 to June 4 , 2008 , edits originating from an IP address belonging to Industry Canada were made to the Jim Prentice article on Wikipedia . The edits included the removal of references to new copyright legislation ( claiming that it did not exist ) and the addition of two passages about Prentices recent accomplishments as Minister of Industry . Specifically , information about the copyright controversy was deleted from Prentices biography by someone using an Industry Canada IP address . Jay Walsh , spokesman for the Wikimedia Foundation , said in an interview there are tens of thousands of living people with biographies on Wikipedia , so challenges about information are not uncommon . Walsh said neutrality of language and guarding against conflicts of interest are two of the central pillars of Wikipedia . He said , The edits which should be trusted would come from people who dont possess a conflict of interest , in this case , it would be worthwhile saying that if someone is making edits from a computer within the government of Canada … if it was someone within that ministry , that would theoretically constitute a conflict of interest . Auto industry . In a February 29 , 2008 speech to the Toronto Board of Trade Prentice rejected the concept of direct subsidies to the auto industry , insisting that setting up a strong economic foundation is a better route to strengthen the business . Former Liberal Leader Stéphane Dion said Finance Minister Jim Flaherty should be fired after the planned shutdown of the GM truck plant in Oshawa , Ont. , with Prentice and Flaherty expressing hope for a new GM plant . Net neutrality . While serving as a Federal Cabinet minister , Prentice received criticism that he was sidestepping the issue of Canadas net neutrality laws by not providing clear answers regarding the governments position on internet throttling practices by national Internet Service Providers ( ISPs ) . New Democratic Party MP Charlie Angus raised the issue to Prentice in the House of Commons and said the governments hands off approach was bad for Canadian innovation . Prentice said that the issue is being appropriately handled by the Federal government agency the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) , which invited the general public to an open debate on net neutrality . Text messaging fees . After initially appearing to take a stand on the issue , Prentice refused to intervene when Telus and Bell started charging 15 cents for incoming SMS text messages despite widespread opposition by consumer groups . This decision was made after Prentice dialogued with senior Bell and Telus executives and suggested that consumers seek alternatives , even in Canadas limited-competition cellular industry . Minister of the Environment . On October 30 , 2008 , Prentice was sworn in as Minister of the Environment in the Conservative Government . During his tenure , funding for the CFCAS ( Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences ) was not renewed , which some argued lead to a brain drain in the climate scientific community . Draft Prentice Movement . Shortly after the Conservative government faced a possible defeat by the opposition over the Conservatives economic update , a Conservatives for Prentice website emerged , gaining a place on the Blogging Tories blogroll . A posting from a person claiming to be David Higginbottom , Prentices campaign manager in the last election , said , It is unfortunate that at a time when Conservatives need to be working together to prevent what is a desperate power play by the opposition to seize control of our democratically elected government , that a site like this would be created . Resignation . On November 4 , 2010 Prentice announced he was resigning as Environment Minister effective immediately and that he would be resigning as Member of Parliament for Calgary Centre-North by the end of the year to take a job as vice-chairman of the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce . Prentice suggested that his departure was for family reasons ; he had committed to spending 10 years in politics , and at that point he had . He expressed a desire to step down so he could explore new opportunities in his life . His resignation raised some questions with the opposition ; NDP leader Jack Layton expressed concern over the apparent connection between Ministers and the large banks . Premier of Alberta . Though previously rumoured to have been interested in succeeding Stephen Harper as federal Conservative leader , Prentice entered the 2014 Alberta Progressive Conservative leadership election on May 15 , 2014 . At the time the Alberta PC party was lagging badly in polls behind the opposition Wildrose due to personal expense controversies with Allison Redford , who resigned as premier and party leader after facing a revolt from the caucus and riding associations , with Dave Hancock serving in these roles for the interim . On September 6 , 2014 Prentice won the leadership race with more than 76% of the vote on the first ballot . Prentice was formally sworn in as premier on September 15 , 2014 . He immediately named a 20-member Executive Council of Alberta , smaller than the cabinet had been under recent premiers . His recommendations for cabinet appointments included two people , former Edmonton mayor Stephen Mandel and former Calgary Board of Education trustee Gordon Dirks , who were not members of the Legislative Assembly . Prentice was elected to the legislature in a by-election in Calgary-Foothills , the seat formerly held by MLA Len Webber . The PCs won all four of the provincial by-elections held on October 27 , 2014 in what was seen at the time as a major electoral success for Prentice . On November 24 , 2014 , Wildrose Party MLAs Kerry Towle , ( Innisfail-Sylvan Lake ) , and Ian Donovan , ( Little Bow ) crossed the floor to join the ruling PC Partys caucus giving the turmoil within the Wildrose Party , uncertainty about the leadership of Danielle Smith and confidence in Prentice as reasons for their move . On December 17 , 2014 , in a highly unusual move within any parliament using the Westminster system , Leader of the Opposition Danielle Smith confirmed that she herself and eight other Wildrose members – Rob Anderson , Gary Bikman , Rod Fox , Jason Hale , Bruce McAllister , Blake Pedersen , Bruce Rowe and Jeff Wilson – would cross the floor to the Progressive Conservative caucus . At a press conference , Smith said that her conversations with Prentice revealed that they shared so much common ground that it made little sense for her to continue in opposition . If you’re going to be the official Opposition leader , she said , you have to really want to take down the government and really take down the premier . I dont want to take down this premier . I want this premier to succeed . The defections were termed by a journalist as an unprecedented move in Canadian political history , although they did not change the overall make-up of the government – the Conservatives still held a vast majority of the seats and the Wildrose Party was still the Official Opposition with a smaller caucus in the Legislature . Prentices March 2015 budget raised a plethora of taxes and fees to help pay the provinces way out of its hole , but he refuses to touch corporate taxes , because he is spooked by the prospect of investors skipping over Alberta for their next billion-dollar energy project , in favour of some more clement petro-state somewhere else . This array of taxes on you and your friends , but not on the C-Suite in Calgary’s office-tower jungle , has provoked populists on the left and right . In retrospect , Ron Kneebone of the University of Calgary’s School of Public Policy defended Prentices budget saying Weve got to look in the mirror . He got tossed for it . But he was absolutely right because he said , You guys keep electing us for spending all this money . On April 7 , 2015 , Prentice advised the Lieutenant Governor to call an early election for May 5 claiming that he needed to seek a new mandate in order to pass his budget , a full year before he was mandated to by the provincial fixed-election law of an election every four years ( by the constitution , the incumbent government could run for up to five years before the writ had to be dropped in 2017 ) . The Progressive Conservatives were already lagging in polls behind the resurgent Wildrose Party led by Brian Jean , as Prentices pre-election budget was deeply unpopular with both the left and right in the political spectrum while only business leaders thought it was tough but fair . Several gaffes by Prentice hurt him and his party in the campaign , including a comment before the election call in which Prentice appeared to be blaming Albertans , telling them that they had to look in the mirror to understand the root cause of Albertas serious budget shortfall ; Alberta Party leader Greg Clark dubbed this “Mr . Prentice’s Alice in Wonderland moment because it’s only in some alternate reality that the blame for decades of PC mismanagement can be placed squarely on Albertans . There was an embarrassing miscalculation in the proposed NDP budget released two days before the debate that Prentice planned to capitalize upon ; during the televised leaders debate Prentice said I know math is difficult to Alberta New Democratic Party leader Rachel Notley in criticizing the multibillion-dollar hole in [ her ] proposed budget , however Prentices remark came under fire for as being deeply patronizing as well as potentially sexist . While Prentice otherwise performed respectably ahead of Wildrose leader Brian Jean and interim Liberal leader David Swann , the NDP gained momentum as a result of the debate and overtook Wildrose for the lead in polls . The provincial election ended the Progressive Conservatives 44-year run in government , with the Alberta New Democratic Party winning a majority government , the first time the party had been elected to government in the provinces history . The Progressive Conservatives fell to third place in the legislature , with 10 seats , behind both the NDP and the Wildrose Party . While the PCs placed second in terms of the popular vote , their caucus was decimated due to being completely shut out in Edmonton and losing all but eight seats in Calgary . Thirteen members of Prentices cabinet were defeated , though Prentice himself was re-elected in Calgary-Foothills . However , with the overall result beyond doubt , he resigned as PC leader , disclaimed his seat ( thus voiding the election result in his riding ) and retired from politics . During the transition of power , Prentice advised Premier-designate Notley to continue settlement talks with the Lubicon Lake Band . The band had been seeking an agreement for 80 years , and Prentice had reopened negotiations in the fall of 2014 . Notley recalled He saw a path forward and he advised me how to travel that path , for which I , and many , many others , are very grateful , and the land claim deal was reached in late 2018 . After politics . Prentice served as a visiting global fellow at the Canada Institute at the Wilson Center in Washington , D.C . for a four-month term that begun in February 2016 . At the Wilson Center , he wrote the book Triple Crown : Winning Canada’s Energy Future with Jean-Sebastien Rioux that was published posthumously by HarperCollins on February 21 , 2017 . Prentice was appointed as a senior advisor to private equity firm Warburg Pincus LLC in June 2016 , specializing in the energy industry . Death . Prentice was among the four people killed in a small-plane crash in British Columbia on October 13 , 2016 . He was aboard a twin-engine Cessna Citation 500 that disappeared from radar and crashed in nearby Lake Country shortly after takeoff from Kelowna International Airport , en route to the Springbank Airport , just outside of Calgary . He had spent the day golfing in the Kelowna area and had been returning home to Calgary . In April 2018 , the Transportation Safety Board of Canada reported that while no conclusive reason for the crash could be determined , it was likely that the pilot had experienced spatial disorientation shortly after takeoff , having had little experience flying at night . A state funeral was held for Prentice on October 28 , 2016 . Numerous dignitaries were in attendance , including former Prime Minister Stephen Harper , interim federal Conservative leader Rona Ambrose , Alberta Premier Rachel Notley , British Columbia Premier Christy Clark , Calgary Mayor Naheed Nenshi , Green Party Leader Elizabeth May , former prime minister Joe Clark and former opposition leader Preston Manning . Prentices official portrait as Premier of Alberta was unveiled on February 4 , 2019 . Painted by David Goatley , it depicts Prentice standing on the third floor of the Alberta legislature , hands resting on the marble railing , eyes looking off in the distance . The expression and gaze shows Jims sense of vision . Hes thinking of the future and not the past . At the ceremony of the portrait unveiling , his widow Karen recalled that Prentice was one who couldnt resist meeting with school tours when they passed by his office . He would invite them in , show them around , and give each of them the opportunity to sit in the premiers chair . I honestly believe his hope was that the experience would inspire more than one of these children to become involved in politics one day , and perhaps even become premier . |
[
"the 16th Premier of Alberta"
] | easy | Jim Prentice took which position in Sep 2014? | /wiki/Jim_Prentice#P39#1 | Jim Prentice Peter Eric James Prentice ( July 20 , 1956 – October 13 , 2016 ) was a Canadian politician who served as the 16th Premier of Alberta from 2014 to 2015 . In the 2004 federal election he was elected to the House of Commons of Canada as a candidate of the Conservative Party of Canada . He was re-elected in the 2006 federal election and appointed to the cabinet as Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development and Federal Interlocutor for Métis and Non-Status Indians . Prentice was appointed Minister of Industry on August 14 , 2007 , and after the 2008 election became Minister of Environment on October 30 , 2008 . On November 4 , 2010 , Prentice announced his resignation from cabinet and as MP for Calgary Centre-North . After retiring from federal politics he entered the private sector as vice-chairman of CIBC . Prentice entered provincial politics in his home province of Alberta , and ran for the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta to replace Dave Hancock , who was serving as interim Premier and party leader after Alison Redfords resignation . On September 6 , 2014 , Prentice won the leadership election , becoming both the leader of the Progressive Conservatives and as such the Premier , as his party held a majority in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta . As Premier of Alberta , Prentice formed a new cabinet consisting of some members from the previous government , but also new Ministers including two who did not hold seats in the Legislature—Stephen Mandel and Gordon Dirks . All three stood as candidates in by-elections scheduled for October 27 , 2014 , and all three were elected with Prentice becoming the MLA for Calgary-Foothills . After introducing his first budget in 2015 , Prentice declared an early provincial election on May 5 , 2015 . In the election , Prentices PCs suffered an unprecedented defeat , dropping to third place in the legislature with just 10 seats – ending 44 years of Tory rule in Alberta , the longest consecutive reign for any political party at the provincial level in Canada . Despite winning re-election in Calgary-Foothills , on election night Prentice resigned as both PC leader and MLA and retired from politics after results indicated that the Alberta NDP had won a majority government . On October 13 , 2016 , Prentice and three others were killed when the aircraft in which they were travelling crashed shortly after taking off from Kelowna , British Columbia . The flight was en route from Kelowna to Springbank Airport , just outside Calgary . Background . Prentice was born to a large , blue-collar family in South Porcupine , near Timmins , Ontario . The family then moved to Alberta in 1969 . He was the son of Wilma Lyle Marea ( Mawhiney ) and Eric Prentice , a professional hockey player who played five games in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) in the 1940s . His uncle Dean Prentice played in the NHL for more than 20 years . Prentice was educated at the University of Alberta ( where he became a member of the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity ) and Dalhousie University . He paid for his tuition by working as a coal miner in the summer months for seven years . As a lawyer , he served as a Law Commissioner of the Indian Claims Commission of Canada . In his personal life , Prentice served for seven years on the Board of Directors at the Calgary Winter Club , including stints as president and Chairman . He was an active member and volunteer leader in the Grace Presbyterian Church . Prentice and his wife Karen have three daughters and two grandchildren . He was also a member of the Trilateral Commission , a non-partisan organization that aims to increase cooperation within the developed world . In this capacity , Prentice was one of 20 Canadian members . Early political career . Prentice joined the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in 1976 , and was active in Tory circles ever since . In the 1986 provincial election , Prentice ran for the Progressive Conservatives in Calgary Mountain View , being defeated by NDP candidate Bob Hawkesworth . During the early 1990s , Prentice served as the governing federal PC partys chief financial officer and treasurer ( 1990–93 ) . Prentice first ran for Parliament as the nominated Progressive Conservative candidate in a spring 2002 by-election in the riding of Calgary Southwest that followed the retirement of Preston Manning as the ridings Member of Parliament ( MP ) . When newly elected Canadian Alliance leader Stephen Harper replaced nominated CA candidate Ezra Levant in the by-election , Prentice withdrew from the race , following common practice to allow a party leader to win a seat uncontested so they may lead their party within Parliament . He ran in the 2003 Progressive Conservative leadership election to support the United Alternative proposal to merge the PC party with the Canadian Alliance . He was seen by many as an alternative to the status quo candidate and front runner Peter MacKay . A basic platform of Prentices campaign was that no one has ever defeated the Liberals with a divided conservative family . Prentice entered the 2003 convention day with some momentum , after delivering a passionate speech to the assembled delegates that encouraged Tories to be proud of their accomplishments , despite recent setbacks , and that recalled the sacrifices of Canadian soldiers who fought in the Battle of Passchendaele . He also unexpectedly received the support of fellow leadership challenger Craig Chandler , who withdrew early . Prentice ultimately emerged in second-place on the fourth ballot to the eventual winner MacKay . Consistent with his positions during the leadership race , Prentice was a supporter of the merger endorsed by both the CA and PC parties in December 2003 that formed the new Conservative Party of Canada . Prentice was the first declared candidate for the leadership of the new Conservative Party , announcing his run on December 7 , 2003 , the day after the new party was ratified by members of the PC Party . Prentice began his campaign in Calgary and toured parts of Ontario , specifically visiting Kingston , Ontario , the hometown of the first Canadian Conservative Leader Sir John A . Macdonald and also the city where one of his daughters attends Queens University . However , he withdrew from the race on January 12 , 2004 , citing difficulty in raising new funds less than a year after his unsuccessful first leadership bid . The leadership election was won by Stephen Harper , who later became Prime Minister of Canada after the 2006 Canadian federal election . Early parliamentary career . Prentice ran in the riding of Calgary Centre-North in the 2004 election for the new Conservative Party , and won the seat with 54% of the popular vote . After being sworn in as the MP for Calgary Centre North on July 16 , Conservative Party Leader Stephen Harper named Prentice to the Shadow Cabinet as the Official Opposition Critic for Indian and Northern Affairs . In that role Prentice opposed the Tli Cho land claim agreement , which he said would make Canadian law secondary to Tlicho local law . Prentice was also a strong supporter of the proposed and controversial Mackenzie Valley pipeline . He criticized the Liberal government for its treatment of aboriginal women , and its alleged costs of administering the Residential School Claims program for aboriginal victims of abuse . Prentice described himself as a Red Tory in the Conservative Party and surprised many observers when he voted in favour of Bill C-38 supporting same-sex marriage . Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development . Prentice had been assigned the Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development in the Conservative government , and was sworn into this role on February 6 , 2006 until August 13 , 2007 . One of his main challenges as Minister was to implement The Nunavut Project , a 2006 report authored by Thomas Berger , to show tangible , measurable results to increase Inuit representation in the Nunavut public services . Kelowna Accord and residential schools . In the fall of 2006 , Phil Fontaine , National chief of the Assembly of First Nations , expressed disappointment over the Conservative governments refusal to honour the Kelowna Accord , endorsed by 14 jurisdictions ( the federal government , 10 provinces , and three territories ) . Fontaine previously described the federal governments point person on Kelowna , Jim Prentice , as an honourable person sensitive to native concerns . Prior to January 2006 election , Fontaine and two vice-chiefs of the Assembly of First Nations had a meeting with Prentice . [ Prentice ] acknowledged all the hard work that went into Kelowna and ( said ) that the Conservative party would not put this aside , says Fontaine . We took him at his word . Prentice did not recall saying that : Ive always been very , very careful about what Ive said about Kelowna , According to Fontaine , in their first meeting after the 2006 election , ( Prentice ) wanted to apply a very focused approach to his responsibilities . In the federal budget of May 2006 , Fontaine and other native leaders got a glimpse of what focused meant : just $450 million ( over two years ) was committed to implementing Kelowna , not the $1.64 billion for the first two years that Paul Martin had agreed to . Prentice argued that there was actually $3.7 billion in spending on native peoples in the May 2006 budget , more than the previous four budgets in total . That figure includes $2.2 billion in compensation for victims of abuse in residential schools ( another deal that was worked out with the previous government ) and $300 million for off-reserve housing . On June 11 , 2008 Prime Minister Stephen Harper thanked Jim Prentice for his work on addressing the matter of the Indian residential schools and providing a government apology for the residential school system . Stephen Harpers thanks to Prentice came before he made the apology to former students of the schools . Minister of Industry . In a cabinet shuffle on August 14 , 2007 , Prentice became Minister of Industry , succeeding Maxime Bernier . Copyright legislation and controversy . Bringing Canada into WIPO treaty compliance had been stated as one of Prentices goals in future copyright legislation . It has been pointed out repeatedly , however , that at the time of Prentices statement of his rationale for introducing amendments to the Copyright Act , there was no international legal obligation to implement any provision of the World Intellectual Property Organization ( WIPO ) Copyright Treaty ( WCT ) or the WIPO Performances & Phonograms Treaty ( WPPT ) since neither had been ratified by Canada . Prentice has promised to put consumers first . claiming in an editorial that ( C-61 ) allows the recording of webcasts and TV and radio programs to be enjoyed at different times while ignoring the fact that if the files are protected by digital rights management ( DRM ) it is illegal to break the DRM to make the recording . Michael Geist , Canada Research Chair of Internet and E-commerce Law at the University of Ottawa , has suggested that the core desire of the draft legislation is to satisfy U.S . pressure by enacting something very close to the U.S . Digital Millennium Copyright Act . Prentice did not immediately provide a rationale for not discussing the issue with CBC Radio Canada despite the hundreds of questions that flooded in from concerned Canadians . He also refused to talk to a group of protesters who went to his office to express their concern , stating When Canadian Heritage Minister Josée Verner and I have reached a consensus and were satisfied , we will introduce a bill . Prentice has also implied that he will not follow the Governments policy to table the WCT & WPPT 21 days prior to introducing copyright amendments designed to implement parts of these treaties contrary to the Governments policy on treaty implementation . Industry Canada announced on June 11 , 2008 , that Prentice will deliver brief statements and answer media inquiries shortly after the tabling of a bill to amend the Copyright Act .. . [ on ] Thursday , June 12 , 2008 . After less than two hours , hundreds of Canadians and critics panned the new Bill C-61 as nothing more than pandering to US interests at the expense of Canadians . On a 10-minute interview with the CBCs Search Engine radio program he dismissed any question related to digital rights management as extremely technical and claimed that the market will take care of copy protected CDs . Prentice then hung up mid question and refused to continue the interview at a later time . Most notably , Jim Prentice hung up before answering Jesse Browns final question about who , under this bill , would have the power to investigate potential copyright violations . Wikipedia controversy . During the period of May 27 , 2008 to June 4 , 2008 , edits originating from an IP address belonging to Industry Canada were made to the Jim Prentice article on Wikipedia . The edits included the removal of references to new copyright legislation ( claiming that it did not exist ) and the addition of two passages about Prentices recent accomplishments as Minister of Industry . Specifically , information about the copyright controversy was deleted from Prentices biography by someone using an Industry Canada IP address . Jay Walsh , spokesman for the Wikimedia Foundation , said in an interview there are tens of thousands of living people with biographies on Wikipedia , so challenges about information are not uncommon . Walsh said neutrality of language and guarding against conflicts of interest are two of the central pillars of Wikipedia . He said , The edits which should be trusted would come from people who dont possess a conflict of interest , in this case , it would be worthwhile saying that if someone is making edits from a computer within the government of Canada … if it was someone within that ministry , that would theoretically constitute a conflict of interest . Auto industry . In a February 29 , 2008 speech to the Toronto Board of Trade Prentice rejected the concept of direct subsidies to the auto industry , insisting that setting up a strong economic foundation is a better route to strengthen the business . Former Liberal Leader Stéphane Dion said Finance Minister Jim Flaherty should be fired after the planned shutdown of the GM truck plant in Oshawa , Ont. , with Prentice and Flaherty expressing hope for a new GM plant . Net neutrality . While serving as a Federal Cabinet minister , Prentice received criticism that he was sidestepping the issue of Canadas net neutrality laws by not providing clear answers regarding the governments position on internet throttling practices by national Internet Service Providers ( ISPs ) . New Democratic Party MP Charlie Angus raised the issue to Prentice in the House of Commons and said the governments hands off approach was bad for Canadian innovation . Prentice said that the issue is being appropriately handled by the Federal government agency the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) , which invited the general public to an open debate on net neutrality . Text messaging fees . After initially appearing to take a stand on the issue , Prentice refused to intervene when Telus and Bell started charging 15 cents for incoming SMS text messages despite widespread opposition by consumer groups . This decision was made after Prentice dialogued with senior Bell and Telus executives and suggested that consumers seek alternatives , even in Canadas limited-competition cellular industry . Minister of the Environment . On October 30 , 2008 , Prentice was sworn in as Minister of the Environment in the Conservative Government . During his tenure , funding for the CFCAS ( Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences ) was not renewed , which some argued lead to a brain drain in the climate scientific community . Draft Prentice Movement . Shortly after the Conservative government faced a possible defeat by the opposition over the Conservatives economic update , a Conservatives for Prentice website emerged , gaining a place on the Blogging Tories blogroll . A posting from a person claiming to be David Higginbottom , Prentices campaign manager in the last election , said , It is unfortunate that at a time when Conservatives need to be working together to prevent what is a desperate power play by the opposition to seize control of our democratically elected government , that a site like this would be created . Resignation . On November 4 , 2010 Prentice announced he was resigning as Environment Minister effective immediately and that he would be resigning as Member of Parliament for Calgary Centre-North by the end of the year to take a job as vice-chairman of the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce . Prentice suggested that his departure was for family reasons ; he had committed to spending 10 years in politics , and at that point he had . He expressed a desire to step down so he could explore new opportunities in his life . His resignation raised some questions with the opposition ; NDP leader Jack Layton expressed concern over the apparent connection between Ministers and the large banks . Premier of Alberta . Though previously rumoured to have been interested in succeeding Stephen Harper as federal Conservative leader , Prentice entered the 2014 Alberta Progressive Conservative leadership election on May 15 , 2014 . At the time the Alberta PC party was lagging badly in polls behind the opposition Wildrose due to personal expense controversies with Allison Redford , who resigned as premier and party leader after facing a revolt from the caucus and riding associations , with Dave Hancock serving in these roles for the interim . On September 6 , 2014 Prentice won the leadership race with more than 76% of the vote on the first ballot . Prentice was formally sworn in as premier on September 15 , 2014 . He immediately named a 20-member Executive Council of Alberta , smaller than the cabinet had been under recent premiers . His recommendations for cabinet appointments included two people , former Edmonton mayor Stephen Mandel and former Calgary Board of Education trustee Gordon Dirks , who were not members of the Legislative Assembly . Prentice was elected to the legislature in a by-election in Calgary-Foothills , the seat formerly held by MLA Len Webber . The PCs won all four of the provincial by-elections held on October 27 , 2014 in what was seen at the time as a major electoral success for Prentice . On November 24 , 2014 , Wildrose Party MLAs Kerry Towle , ( Innisfail-Sylvan Lake ) , and Ian Donovan , ( Little Bow ) crossed the floor to join the ruling PC Partys caucus giving the turmoil within the Wildrose Party , uncertainty about the leadership of Danielle Smith and confidence in Prentice as reasons for their move . On December 17 , 2014 , in a highly unusual move within any parliament using the Westminster system , Leader of the Opposition Danielle Smith confirmed that she herself and eight other Wildrose members – Rob Anderson , Gary Bikman , Rod Fox , Jason Hale , Bruce McAllister , Blake Pedersen , Bruce Rowe and Jeff Wilson – would cross the floor to the Progressive Conservative caucus . At a press conference , Smith said that her conversations with Prentice revealed that they shared so much common ground that it made little sense for her to continue in opposition . If you’re going to be the official Opposition leader , she said , you have to really want to take down the government and really take down the premier . I dont want to take down this premier . I want this premier to succeed . The defections were termed by a journalist as an unprecedented move in Canadian political history , although they did not change the overall make-up of the government – the Conservatives still held a vast majority of the seats and the Wildrose Party was still the Official Opposition with a smaller caucus in the Legislature . Prentices March 2015 budget raised a plethora of taxes and fees to help pay the provinces way out of its hole , but he refuses to touch corporate taxes , because he is spooked by the prospect of investors skipping over Alberta for their next billion-dollar energy project , in favour of some more clement petro-state somewhere else . This array of taxes on you and your friends , but not on the C-Suite in Calgary’s office-tower jungle , has provoked populists on the left and right . In retrospect , Ron Kneebone of the University of Calgary’s School of Public Policy defended Prentices budget saying Weve got to look in the mirror . He got tossed for it . But he was absolutely right because he said , You guys keep electing us for spending all this money . On April 7 , 2015 , Prentice advised the Lieutenant Governor to call an early election for May 5 claiming that he needed to seek a new mandate in order to pass his budget , a full year before he was mandated to by the provincial fixed-election law of an election every four years ( by the constitution , the incumbent government could run for up to five years before the writ had to be dropped in 2017 ) . The Progressive Conservatives were already lagging in polls behind the resurgent Wildrose Party led by Brian Jean , as Prentices pre-election budget was deeply unpopular with both the left and right in the political spectrum while only business leaders thought it was tough but fair . Several gaffes by Prentice hurt him and his party in the campaign , including a comment before the election call in which Prentice appeared to be blaming Albertans , telling them that they had to look in the mirror to understand the root cause of Albertas serious budget shortfall ; Alberta Party leader Greg Clark dubbed this “Mr . Prentice’s Alice in Wonderland moment because it’s only in some alternate reality that the blame for decades of PC mismanagement can be placed squarely on Albertans . There was an embarrassing miscalculation in the proposed NDP budget released two days before the debate that Prentice planned to capitalize upon ; during the televised leaders debate Prentice said I know math is difficult to Alberta New Democratic Party leader Rachel Notley in criticizing the multibillion-dollar hole in [ her ] proposed budget , however Prentices remark came under fire for as being deeply patronizing as well as potentially sexist . While Prentice otherwise performed respectably ahead of Wildrose leader Brian Jean and interim Liberal leader David Swann , the NDP gained momentum as a result of the debate and overtook Wildrose for the lead in polls . The provincial election ended the Progressive Conservatives 44-year run in government , with the Alberta New Democratic Party winning a majority government , the first time the party had been elected to government in the provinces history . The Progressive Conservatives fell to third place in the legislature , with 10 seats , behind both the NDP and the Wildrose Party . While the PCs placed second in terms of the popular vote , their caucus was decimated due to being completely shut out in Edmonton and losing all but eight seats in Calgary . Thirteen members of Prentices cabinet were defeated , though Prentice himself was re-elected in Calgary-Foothills . However , with the overall result beyond doubt , he resigned as PC leader , disclaimed his seat ( thus voiding the election result in his riding ) and retired from politics . During the transition of power , Prentice advised Premier-designate Notley to continue settlement talks with the Lubicon Lake Band . The band had been seeking an agreement for 80 years , and Prentice had reopened negotiations in the fall of 2014 . Notley recalled He saw a path forward and he advised me how to travel that path , for which I , and many , many others , are very grateful , and the land claim deal was reached in late 2018 . After politics . Prentice served as a visiting global fellow at the Canada Institute at the Wilson Center in Washington , D.C . for a four-month term that begun in February 2016 . At the Wilson Center , he wrote the book Triple Crown : Winning Canada’s Energy Future with Jean-Sebastien Rioux that was published posthumously by HarperCollins on February 21 , 2017 . Prentice was appointed as a senior advisor to private equity firm Warburg Pincus LLC in June 2016 , specializing in the energy industry . Death . Prentice was among the four people killed in a small-plane crash in British Columbia on October 13 , 2016 . He was aboard a twin-engine Cessna Citation 500 that disappeared from radar and crashed in nearby Lake Country shortly after takeoff from Kelowna International Airport , en route to the Springbank Airport , just outside of Calgary . He had spent the day golfing in the Kelowna area and had been returning home to Calgary . In April 2018 , the Transportation Safety Board of Canada reported that while no conclusive reason for the crash could be determined , it was likely that the pilot had experienced spatial disorientation shortly after takeoff , having had little experience flying at night . A state funeral was held for Prentice on October 28 , 2016 . Numerous dignitaries were in attendance , including former Prime Minister Stephen Harper , interim federal Conservative leader Rona Ambrose , Alberta Premier Rachel Notley , British Columbia Premier Christy Clark , Calgary Mayor Naheed Nenshi , Green Party Leader Elizabeth May , former prime minister Joe Clark and former opposition leader Preston Manning . Prentices official portrait as Premier of Alberta was unveiled on February 4 , 2019 . Painted by David Goatley , it depicts Prentice standing on the third floor of the Alberta legislature , hands resting on the marble railing , eyes looking off in the distance . The expression and gaze shows Jims sense of vision . Hes thinking of the future and not the past . At the ceremony of the portrait unveiling , his widow Karen recalled that Prentice was one who couldnt resist meeting with school tours when they passed by his office . He would invite them in , show them around , and give each of them the opportunity to sit in the premiers chair . I honestly believe his hope was that the experience would inspire more than one of these children to become involved in politics one day , and perhaps even become premier . |
[
"leader of the Progressive Conservatives",
"the Premier"
] | easy | Which position did Jim Prentice hold from Oct 2014 to May 2015? | /wiki/Jim_Prentice#P39#2 | Jim Prentice Peter Eric James Prentice ( July 20 , 1956 – October 13 , 2016 ) was a Canadian politician who served as the 16th Premier of Alberta from 2014 to 2015 . In the 2004 federal election he was elected to the House of Commons of Canada as a candidate of the Conservative Party of Canada . He was re-elected in the 2006 federal election and appointed to the cabinet as Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development and Federal Interlocutor for Métis and Non-Status Indians . Prentice was appointed Minister of Industry on August 14 , 2007 , and after the 2008 election became Minister of Environment on October 30 , 2008 . On November 4 , 2010 , Prentice announced his resignation from cabinet and as MP for Calgary Centre-North . After retiring from federal politics he entered the private sector as vice-chairman of CIBC . Prentice entered provincial politics in his home province of Alberta , and ran for the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta to replace Dave Hancock , who was serving as interim Premier and party leader after Alison Redfords resignation . On September 6 , 2014 , Prentice won the leadership election , becoming both the leader of the Progressive Conservatives and as such the Premier , as his party held a majority in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta . As Premier of Alberta , Prentice formed a new cabinet consisting of some members from the previous government , but also new Ministers including two who did not hold seats in the Legislature—Stephen Mandel and Gordon Dirks . All three stood as candidates in by-elections scheduled for October 27 , 2014 , and all three were elected with Prentice becoming the MLA for Calgary-Foothills . After introducing his first budget in 2015 , Prentice declared an early provincial election on May 5 , 2015 . In the election , Prentices PCs suffered an unprecedented defeat , dropping to third place in the legislature with just 10 seats – ending 44 years of Tory rule in Alberta , the longest consecutive reign for any political party at the provincial level in Canada . Despite winning re-election in Calgary-Foothills , on election night Prentice resigned as both PC leader and MLA and retired from politics after results indicated that the Alberta NDP had won a majority government . On October 13 , 2016 , Prentice and three others were killed when the aircraft in which they were travelling crashed shortly after taking off from Kelowna , British Columbia . The flight was en route from Kelowna to Springbank Airport , just outside Calgary . Background . Prentice was born to a large , blue-collar family in South Porcupine , near Timmins , Ontario . The family then moved to Alberta in 1969 . He was the son of Wilma Lyle Marea ( Mawhiney ) and Eric Prentice , a professional hockey player who played five games in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) in the 1940s . His uncle Dean Prentice played in the NHL for more than 20 years . Prentice was educated at the University of Alberta ( where he became a member of the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity ) and Dalhousie University . He paid for his tuition by working as a coal miner in the summer months for seven years . As a lawyer , he served as a Law Commissioner of the Indian Claims Commission of Canada . In his personal life , Prentice served for seven years on the Board of Directors at the Calgary Winter Club , including stints as president and Chairman . He was an active member and volunteer leader in the Grace Presbyterian Church . Prentice and his wife Karen have three daughters and two grandchildren . He was also a member of the Trilateral Commission , a non-partisan organization that aims to increase cooperation within the developed world . In this capacity , Prentice was one of 20 Canadian members . Early political career . Prentice joined the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in 1976 , and was active in Tory circles ever since . In the 1986 provincial election , Prentice ran for the Progressive Conservatives in Calgary Mountain View , being defeated by NDP candidate Bob Hawkesworth . During the early 1990s , Prentice served as the governing federal PC partys chief financial officer and treasurer ( 1990–93 ) . Prentice first ran for Parliament as the nominated Progressive Conservative candidate in a spring 2002 by-election in the riding of Calgary Southwest that followed the retirement of Preston Manning as the ridings Member of Parliament ( MP ) . When newly elected Canadian Alliance leader Stephen Harper replaced nominated CA candidate Ezra Levant in the by-election , Prentice withdrew from the race , following common practice to allow a party leader to win a seat uncontested so they may lead their party within Parliament . He ran in the 2003 Progressive Conservative leadership election to support the United Alternative proposal to merge the PC party with the Canadian Alliance . He was seen by many as an alternative to the status quo candidate and front runner Peter MacKay . A basic platform of Prentices campaign was that no one has ever defeated the Liberals with a divided conservative family . Prentice entered the 2003 convention day with some momentum , after delivering a passionate speech to the assembled delegates that encouraged Tories to be proud of their accomplishments , despite recent setbacks , and that recalled the sacrifices of Canadian soldiers who fought in the Battle of Passchendaele . He also unexpectedly received the support of fellow leadership challenger Craig Chandler , who withdrew early . Prentice ultimately emerged in second-place on the fourth ballot to the eventual winner MacKay . Consistent with his positions during the leadership race , Prentice was a supporter of the merger endorsed by both the CA and PC parties in December 2003 that formed the new Conservative Party of Canada . Prentice was the first declared candidate for the leadership of the new Conservative Party , announcing his run on December 7 , 2003 , the day after the new party was ratified by members of the PC Party . Prentice began his campaign in Calgary and toured parts of Ontario , specifically visiting Kingston , Ontario , the hometown of the first Canadian Conservative Leader Sir John A . Macdonald and also the city where one of his daughters attends Queens University . However , he withdrew from the race on January 12 , 2004 , citing difficulty in raising new funds less than a year after his unsuccessful first leadership bid . The leadership election was won by Stephen Harper , who later became Prime Minister of Canada after the 2006 Canadian federal election . Early parliamentary career . Prentice ran in the riding of Calgary Centre-North in the 2004 election for the new Conservative Party , and won the seat with 54% of the popular vote . After being sworn in as the MP for Calgary Centre North on July 16 , Conservative Party Leader Stephen Harper named Prentice to the Shadow Cabinet as the Official Opposition Critic for Indian and Northern Affairs . In that role Prentice opposed the Tli Cho land claim agreement , which he said would make Canadian law secondary to Tlicho local law . Prentice was also a strong supporter of the proposed and controversial Mackenzie Valley pipeline . He criticized the Liberal government for its treatment of aboriginal women , and its alleged costs of administering the Residential School Claims program for aboriginal victims of abuse . Prentice described himself as a Red Tory in the Conservative Party and surprised many observers when he voted in favour of Bill C-38 supporting same-sex marriage . Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development . Prentice had been assigned the Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development in the Conservative government , and was sworn into this role on February 6 , 2006 until August 13 , 2007 . One of his main challenges as Minister was to implement The Nunavut Project , a 2006 report authored by Thomas Berger , to show tangible , measurable results to increase Inuit representation in the Nunavut public services . Kelowna Accord and residential schools . In the fall of 2006 , Phil Fontaine , National chief of the Assembly of First Nations , expressed disappointment over the Conservative governments refusal to honour the Kelowna Accord , endorsed by 14 jurisdictions ( the federal government , 10 provinces , and three territories ) . Fontaine previously described the federal governments point person on Kelowna , Jim Prentice , as an honourable person sensitive to native concerns . Prior to January 2006 election , Fontaine and two vice-chiefs of the Assembly of First Nations had a meeting with Prentice . [ Prentice ] acknowledged all the hard work that went into Kelowna and ( said ) that the Conservative party would not put this aside , says Fontaine . We took him at his word . Prentice did not recall saying that : Ive always been very , very careful about what Ive said about Kelowna , According to Fontaine , in their first meeting after the 2006 election , ( Prentice ) wanted to apply a very focused approach to his responsibilities . In the federal budget of May 2006 , Fontaine and other native leaders got a glimpse of what focused meant : just $450 million ( over two years ) was committed to implementing Kelowna , not the $1.64 billion for the first two years that Paul Martin had agreed to . Prentice argued that there was actually $3.7 billion in spending on native peoples in the May 2006 budget , more than the previous four budgets in total . That figure includes $2.2 billion in compensation for victims of abuse in residential schools ( another deal that was worked out with the previous government ) and $300 million for off-reserve housing . On June 11 , 2008 Prime Minister Stephen Harper thanked Jim Prentice for his work on addressing the matter of the Indian residential schools and providing a government apology for the residential school system . Stephen Harpers thanks to Prentice came before he made the apology to former students of the schools . Minister of Industry . In a cabinet shuffle on August 14 , 2007 , Prentice became Minister of Industry , succeeding Maxime Bernier . Copyright legislation and controversy . Bringing Canada into WIPO treaty compliance had been stated as one of Prentices goals in future copyright legislation . It has been pointed out repeatedly , however , that at the time of Prentices statement of his rationale for introducing amendments to the Copyright Act , there was no international legal obligation to implement any provision of the World Intellectual Property Organization ( WIPO ) Copyright Treaty ( WCT ) or the WIPO Performances & Phonograms Treaty ( WPPT ) since neither had been ratified by Canada . Prentice has promised to put consumers first . claiming in an editorial that ( C-61 ) allows the recording of webcasts and TV and radio programs to be enjoyed at different times while ignoring the fact that if the files are protected by digital rights management ( DRM ) it is illegal to break the DRM to make the recording . Michael Geist , Canada Research Chair of Internet and E-commerce Law at the University of Ottawa , has suggested that the core desire of the draft legislation is to satisfy U.S . pressure by enacting something very close to the U.S . Digital Millennium Copyright Act . Prentice did not immediately provide a rationale for not discussing the issue with CBC Radio Canada despite the hundreds of questions that flooded in from concerned Canadians . He also refused to talk to a group of protesters who went to his office to express their concern , stating When Canadian Heritage Minister Josée Verner and I have reached a consensus and were satisfied , we will introduce a bill . Prentice has also implied that he will not follow the Governments policy to table the WCT & WPPT 21 days prior to introducing copyright amendments designed to implement parts of these treaties contrary to the Governments policy on treaty implementation . Industry Canada announced on June 11 , 2008 , that Prentice will deliver brief statements and answer media inquiries shortly after the tabling of a bill to amend the Copyright Act .. . [ on ] Thursday , June 12 , 2008 . After less than two hours , hundreds of Canadians and critics panned the new Bill C-61 as nothing more than pandering to US interests at the expense of Canadians . On a 10-minute interview with the CBCs Search Engine radio program he dismissed any question related to digital rights management as extremely technical and claimed that the market will take care of copy protected CDs . Prentice then hung up mid question and refused to continue the interview at a later time . Most notably , Jim Prentice hung up before answering Jesse Browns final question about who , under this bill , would have the power to investigate potential copyright violations . Wikipedia controversy . During the period of May 27 , 2008 to June 4 , 2008 , edits originating from an IP address belonging to Industry Canada were made to the Jim Prentice article on Wikipedia . The edits included the removal of references to new copyright legislation ( claiming that it did not exist ) and the addition of two passages about Prentices recent accomplishments as Minister of Industry . Specifically , information about the copyright controversy was deleted from Prentices biography by someone using an Industry Canada IP address . Jay Walsh , spokesman for the Wikimedia Foundation , said in an interview there are tens of thousands of living people with biographies on Wikipedia , so challenges about information are not uncommon . Walsh said neutrality of language and guarding against conflicts of interest are two of the central pillars of Wikipedia . He said , The edits which should be trusted would come from people who dont possess a conflict of interest , in this case , it would be worthwhile saying that if someone is making edits from a computer within the government of Canada … if it was someone within that ministry , that would theoretically constitute a conflict of interest . Auto industry . In a February 29 , 2008 speech to the Toronto Board of Trade Prentice rejected the concept of direct subsidies to the auto industry , insisting that setting up a strong economic foundation is a better route to strengthen the business . Former Liberal Leader Stéphane Dion said Finance Minister Jim Flaherty should be fired after the planned shutdown of the GM truck plant in Oshawa , Ont. , with Prentice and Flaherty expressing hope for a new GM plant . Net neutrality . While serving as a Federal Cabinet minister , Prentice received criticism that he was sidestepping the issue of Canadas net neutrality laws by not providing clear answers regarding the governments position on internet throttling practices by national Internet Service Providers ( ISPs ) . New Democratic Party MP Charlie Angus raised the issue to Prentice in the House of Commons and said the governments hands off approach was bad for Canadian innovation . Prentice said that the issue is being appropriately handled by the Federal government agency the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) , which invited the general public to an open debate on net neutrality . Text messaging fees . After initially appearing to take a stand on the issue , Prentice refused to intervene when Telus and Bell started charging 15 cents for incoming SMS text messages despite widespread opposition by consumer groups . This decision was made after Prentice dialogued with senior Bell and Telus executives and suggested that consumers seek alternatives , even in Canadas limited-competition cellular industry . Minister of the Environment . On October 30 , 2008 , Prentice was sworn in as Minister of the Environment in the Conservative Government . During his tenure , funding for the CFCAS ( Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences ) was not renewed , which some argued lead to a brain drain in the climate scientific community . Draft Prentice Movement . Shortly after the Conservative government faced a possible defeat by the opposition over the Conservatives economic update , a Conservatives for Prentice website emerged , gaining a place on the Blogging Tories blogroll . A posting from a person claiming to be David Higginbottom , Prentices campaign manager in the last election , said , It is unfortunate that at a time when Conservatives need to be working together to prevent what is a desperate power play by the opposition to seize control of our democratically elected government , that a site like this would be created . Resignation . On November 4 , 2010 Prentice announced he was resigning as Environment Minister effective immediately and that he would be resigning as Member of Parliament for Calgary Centre-North by the end of the year to take a job as vice-chairman of the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce . Prentice suggested that his departure was for family reasons ; he had committed to spending 10 years in politics , and at that point he had . He expressed a desire to step down so he could explore new opportunities in his life . His resignation raised some questions with the opposition ; NDP leader Jack Layton expressed concern over the apparent connection between Ministers and the large banks . Premier of Alberta . Though previously rumoured to have been interested in succeeding Stephen Harper as federal Conservative leader , Prentice entered the 2014 Alberta Progressive Conservative leadership election on May 15 , 2014 . At the time the Alberta PC party was lagging badly in polls behind the opposition Wildrose due to personal expense controversies with Allison Redford , who resigned as premier and party leader after facing a revolt from the caucus and riding associations , with Dave Hancock serving in these roles for the interim . On September 6 , 2014 Prentice won the leadership race with more than 76% of the vote on the first ballot . Prentice was formally sworn in as premier on September 15 , 2014 . He immediately named a 20-member Executive Council of Alberta , smaller than the cabinet had been under recent premiers . His recommendations for cabinet appointments included two people , former Edmonton mayor Stephen Mandel and former Calgary Board of Education trustee Gordon Dirks , who were not members of the Legislative Assembly . Prentice was elected to the legislature in a by-election in Calgary-Foothills , the seat formerly held by MLA Len Webber . The PCs won all four of the provincial by-elections held on October 27 , 2014 in what was seen at the time as a major electoral success for Prentice . On November 24 , 2014 , Wildrose Party MLAs Kerry Towle , ( Innisfail-Sylvan Lake ) , and Ian Donovan , ( Little Bow ) crossed the floor to join the ruling PC Partys caucus giving the turmoil within the Wildrose Party , uncertainty about the leadership of Danielle Smith and confidence in Prentice as reasons for their move . On December 17 , 2014 , in a highly unusual move within any parliament using the Westminster system , Leader of the Opposition Danielle Smith confirmed that she herself and eight other Wildrose members – Rob Anderson , Gary Bikman , Rod Fox , Jason Hale , Bruce McAllister , Blake Pedersen , Bruce Rowe and Jeff Wilson – would cross the floor to the Progressive Conservative caucus . At a press conference , Smith said that her conversations with Prentice revealed that they shared so much common ground that it made little sense for her to continue in opposition . If you’re going to be the official Opposition leader , she said , you have to really want to take down the government and really take down the premier . I dont want to take down this premier . I want this premier to succeed . The defections were termed by a journalist as an unprecedented move in Canadian political history , although they did not change the overall make-up of the government – the Conservatives still held a vast majority of the seats and the Wildrose Party was still the Official Opposition with a smaller caucus in the Legislature . Prentices March 2015 budget raised a plethora of taxes and fees to help pay the provinces way out of its hole , but he refuses to touch corporate taxes , because he is spooked by the prospect of investors skipping over Alberta for their next billion-dollar energy project , in favour of some more clement petro-state somewhere else . This array of taxes on you and your friends , but not on the C-Suite in Calgary’s office-tower jungle , has provoked populists on the left and right . In retrospect , Ron Kneebone of the University of Calgary’s School of Public Policy defended Prentices budget saying Weve got to look in the mirror . He got tossed for it . But he was absolutely right because he said , You guys keep electing us for spending all this money . On April 7 , 2015 , Prentice advised the Lieutenant Governor to call an early election for May 5 claiming that he needed to seek a new mandate in order to pass his budget , a full year before he was mandated to by the provincial fixed-election law of an election every four years ( by the constitution , the incumbent government could run for up to five years before the writ had to be dropped in 2017 ) . The Progressive Conservatives were already lagging in polls behind the resurgent Wildrose Party led by Brian Jean , as Prentices pre-election budget was deeply unpopular with both the left and right in the political spectrum while only business leaders thought it was tough but fair . Several gaffes by Prentice hurt him and his party in the campaign , including a comment before the election call in which Prentice appeared to be blaming Albertans , telling them that they had to look in the mirror to understand the root cause of Albertas serious budget shortfall ; Alberta Party leader Greg Clark dubbed this “Mr . Prentice’s Alice in Wonderland moment because it’s only in some alternate reality that the blame for decades of PC mismanagement can be placed squarely on Albertans . There was an embarrassing miscalculation in the proposed NDP budget released two days before the debate that Prentice planned to capitalize upon ; during the televised leaders debate Prentice said I know math is difficult to Alberta New Democratic Party leader Rachel Notley in criticizing the multibillion-dollar hole in [ her ] proposed budget , however Prentices remark came under fire for as being deeply patronizing as well as potentially sexist . While Prentice otherwise performed respectably ahead of Wildrose leader Brian Jean and interim Liberal leader David Swann , the NDP gained momentum as a result of the debate and overtook Wildrose for the lead in polls . The provincial election ended the Progressive Conservatives 44-year run in government , with the Alberta New Democratic Party winning a majority government , the first time the party had been elected to government in the provinces history . The Progressive Conservatives fell to third place in the legislature , with 10 seats , behind both the NDP and the Wildrose Party . While the PCs placed second in terms of the popular vote , their caucus was decimated due to being completely shut out in Edmonton and losing all but eight seats in Calgary . Thirteen members of Prentices cabinet were defeated , though Prentice himself was re-elected in Calgary-Foothills . However , with the overall result beyond doubt , he resigned as PC leader , disclaimed his seat ( thus voiding the election result in his riding ) and retired from politics . During the transition of power , Prentice advised Premier-designate Notley to continue settlement talks with the Lubicon Lake Band . The band had been seeking an agreement for 80 years , and Prentice had reopened negotiations in the fall of 2014 . Notley recalled He saw a path forward and he advised me how to travel that path , for which I , and many , many others , are very grateful , and the land claim deal was reached in late 2018 . After politics . Prentice served as a visiting global fellow at the Canada Institute at the Wilson Center in Washington , D.C . for a four-month term that begun in February 2016 . At the Wilson Center , he wrote the book Triple Crown : Winning Canada’s Energy Future with Jean-Sebastien Rioux that was published posthumously by HarperCollins on February 21 , 2017 . Prentice was appointed as a senior advisor to private equity firm Warburg Pincus LLC in June 2016 , specializing in the energy industry . Death . Prentice was among the four people killed in a small-plane crash in British Columbia on October 13 , 2016 . He was aboard a twin-engine Cessna Citation 500 that disappeared from radar and crashed in nearby Lake Country shortly after takeoff from Kelowna International Airport , en route to the Springbank Airport , just outside of Calgary . He had spent the day golfing in the Kelowna area and had been returning home to Calgary . In April 2018 , the Transportation Safety Board of Canada reported that while no conclusive reason for the crash could be determined , it was likely that the pilot had experienced spatial disorientation shortly after takeoff , having had little experience flying at night . A state funeral was held for Prentice on October 28 , 2016 . Numerous dignitaries were in attendance , including former Prime Minister Stephen Harper , interim federal Conservative leader Rona Ambrose , Alberta Premier Rachel Notley , British Columbia Premier Christy Clark , Calgary Mayor Naheed Nenshi , Green Party Leader Elizabeth May , former prime minister Joe Clark and former opposition leader Preston Manning . Prentices official portrait as Premier of Alberta was unveiled on February 4 , 2019 . Painted by David Goatley , it depicts Prentice standing on the third floor of the Alberta legislature , hands resting on the marble railing , eyes looking off in the distance . The expression and gaze shows Jims sense of vision . Hes thinking of the future and not the past . At the ceremony of the portrait unveiling , his widow Karen recalled that Prentice was one who couldnt resist meeting with school tours when they passed by his office . He would invite them in , show them around , and give each of them the opportunity to sit in the premiers chair . I honestly believe his hope was that the experience would inspire more than one of these children to become involved in politics one day , and perhaps even become premier . |
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] | easy | Who was the occupant of League Park from 1891 to 1899? | /wiki/League_Park#P466#0 | League Park League Park was a baseball park located in Cleveland , Ohio , United States . It was situated at the northeast corner of E . 66th Street and Lexington Avenue in the Hough neighborhood . It was built in 1891 as a wood structure and rebuilt using concrete and steel in 1910 . The park was home to a number of professional sports teams , most notably the Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball . League Park was first home to the Cleveland Spiders of the National League from 1891 to 1899 and of the Cleveland Lake Shores of the Western League , the minor league predecessor to the Indians , in 1900 . From 1914 to 1915 , League Park also hosted the Cleveland Spiders of the minor league American Association . In the late 1940s , the park was also the home field of the Cleveland Buckeyes of the Negro American League . In addition to baseball , League Park was also used for American football , serving as the home field for several successive teams in the Ohio League and early National Football League ( NFL ) during the 1920s and 1930s , as well as for college football . Most notably , the Cleveland Rams of the NFL played at League Park in 1937 and for much of the early 1940s . Later in the 1940s , the Cleveland Browns used League Park as a practice field . The Western Reserve Red Cats college football team from Western Reserve University played a majority of homes games at League Park from 1929 to 1941 , and all home games after joining the Mid-American Conference from 1947 to 1949 . Western Reserve played many of its major college football games at League Park , including against the Ohio State Buckeyes , Pittsburgh Panthers , West Virginia Mountaineers , and Cincinnati Bearcats . Western Reserve and Case Tech often showcased their annual Thanksgiving Day rivalry game against one another , as well as playing other Big Four Conference games against John Carroll and Baldwin-Wallace . The final football game played at League Park was a 30–0 victory by Western Reserve University over rival Case Tech on Nov 24 , 1949 . Although Cleveland Stadium opened in 1932 and had a much larger seating capacity and better access by car , League Park continued to be used by the Indians through the 1946 season , mainly for weekday games . Weekend games , games expecting larger crowds , and night games were held at Cleveland Stadium . Most of the League Park structure was demolished in 1951 , although some remnants still remain , including the original ticket office built in 1909 . After extensive renovation , the site was rededicated on August 23 , 2014 , as the Baseball Heritage Museum and Fannie Lewis Community Park at League Park . History . League Park was built for the Cleveland Spiders , who were founded in 1887 and played first in the American Association before joining the National League in 1889 . Team owner Frank Robison chose the site for the new park , at the corner of Lexington Avenue and Dunham Street , later renamed East 66th Street , in Clevelands Hough neighborhood , because it was along the streetcar line he owned . The park opened May 1 , 1891 , with 9,000 wooden seats , in a game against the Cincinnati Reds . The first pitch was made by Cy Young , and the Spiders won 12–3 . During their tenure , the Spiders finished as high as 2nd place in the NL in 1892 , 1895 , and 1896 , and won the Temple Cup , an early version of the modern National League Championship Series , in 1895 . During the 1899 season , however , the Spiders had most of their best players stripped from the roster and sent to St . Louis by their owners , who had purchased the St . Louis Browns that year . Consequently , Cleveland finished 20–134 , and the Spiders season was so poor they drew only 6,088 fans for their entire home season - a pitiful average of 145 per game - and were forced to play 112 of their 154 games on the road as the other NL teams deemed it pointless to travel to Clevelands League Park , since their cut of the ticket revenue would not come close to covering their travel and hotel expenses . The team was contracted by the National League after 1899 , being replaced the next year by the Cleveland Lake Shores , then a minor league team in the American League . The American League declared itself a major league after the 1900 season and the Cleveland franchise , initially called the Blues , was a charter member for the 1901 season . The park was rebuilt for the 1910 season as a concrete-and-steel stadium , one of two to open that year in the American League , the other being Comiskey Park . The new park seated over 18,000 people , more than double the seating capacity of its predecessor . It opened April 21 , 1910 , with a 5–0 loss to the Detroit Tigers in front of 18,832 fans in a game started by pitcher Cy Young . During 1914 to 1915 , the Toledo Mud Hens of the minor league American Association were temporarily moved to League Park , to discourage the Federal League from trying to place a franchise in Cleveland . During their two-year stay , they were initially known as the Bearcats , then the Spiders , reviving the old National League clubs name . In 1921 , team owner Sunny Jim Dunn , who had purchased the team in 1916 , renamed the park Dunn Field . When Dunn died in 1922 , his wife inherited the ballpark and the team . When Dunns widow , by then known as Mrs . George Pross , sold the franchise in 1927 for $1 million to a group headed by Alva Bradley , the name reverted to the more prosaic League Park ( there were a number of professional teams parks generically called league park at the time ) . From July 1932 through the 1933 season , the Indians played at the new and far larger Cleveland Stadium . However , the players and fans complained about the huge outfield , which reduced the number of home runs . Moreover , as the Great Depression worsened , attendance at the stadium plummeted . After the 1933 season , the Indians exercised their escape clause in the lease at the stadium and returned to League Park for the 1934 season . The Indians played all home games at League Park for the 1934 and 1935 seasons , and played one home game at Cleveland Stadium in 1936 as part of the Great Lakes Exposition . In 1937 , the Indians began splitting their schedule between the two parks , playing Sunday and holiday games at the stadium during the summer and the remainder at League Park , adding selected important games to the stadium schedule in 1938 . Lights were never installed at League Park , and thus no major league night games were played there . However , at least one professional night game was played on July 27 , 1931 , between the Homestead Grays and the House of David , who borrowed the portable lighting system used by the Kansas City Monarchs . By 1940 , the Indians played most of their home schedule at Cleveland Stadium , abandoning League Park entirely after the 1946 season . The final Indians game at League Park was played on Saturday , September 21 , a 5–3 loss in 11 innings to the Detroit Tigers in front of 2,772 fans . League Park became the last stadium used in Major League Baseball never to install permanent lights . The Indians continued to own League Park until March 1950 when they sold it to the city of Cleveland for $150,000 . After the demise of the Cleveland Buckeyes of the Negro American League during the 1950 season , League Park was no longer used as a regular sports venue . Most of the structure was demolished in 1951 by the city to convert the facility for use by local amateur teams and recreation and to prevent any competition with Cleveland Stadium . The lower deck seating between first base and third base remained , as did the Indians clubhouse under the third base stands . The Cleveland Browns began using League Park as a practice field in 1952 , including the former clubhouse , until 1965 . All of the remaining seating areas were removed in 1961 except for the area above the former clubhouse , which was finally torn down in 2002 . Structure . When it originally opened in 1891 , it had 9,000 wooden seats . A single deck grandstand was behind homeplate , a covered pavilion was along the first base line , and bleachers were located at various other places in the park . The ballpark was configured to fit into the Cleveland street grid , which contorted the dimensions into a rather odd rectangular shape by modern standards . The fence in left field was , away in center , and down the right field foul line . Batters had to hit the ball over a fence to get a home run ( by comparison , the Green Monster at Fenway Park is high ) . It was essentially rebuilt prior to the 1910 season , with concrete and steel double-decker grandstands , expanding the seating capacity to 21,414 . The design work was completed by Osborn Architects & Engineers , a local architecture firm that would go on to design several iconic ballparks over the next three years , including Comiskey Park , the Polo Grounds , Tiger Stadium , and Fenway Park . The front edges of the upper and lower decks were vertically aligned , bringing the up-front rows in the upper deck closer to the action , but those in back could not see much of foul territory . The fence was reconfigured , bringing the left field fence in 10 feet closer ( ) and center field fence in 40 feet ( ) ; the right field fence remained at . Batters still had to surmount a fence to hit home runs . The fence in left field was only five feet tall , but batters had to hit the ball down the line to hit a home run , and it was fully to the scoreboard in the deepest part of center field . The diamond , situated in the northwest corner of the block , was slightly tilted counterclockwise , making right field not quite as easy a target as Baker Bowls right field ( which had a wall ) , for example . Modern League Park . Currently the site is a public park . A small section of the exterior brick facade ( along the first-base side ) still stands , as well as the old ticket office behind what was the right field corner . The last remnant of the grandstand , crumbling and presumably unsafe , was taken down in 2002 as part of a renovation process to the decaying playground . Local schools youth teams still compete on the ball field . On February 7 , 2011 , the Cleveland City Council approved a plan to restore the ticket house and remaining bleacher wall , as well as build a new diamond on the site of the old one ( and with the same slightly counterclockwise tilt from the compass points ) . On October 27 , 2012 , city leaders including Mayor Frank G . Jackson and Councilman TJ Dow took part in the groundbreaking of the League Park restoration . The project included a museum , a restoration of the ball field , and a community park featuring pavilions and walking trails . The community park was dedicated in September 2013 as the Fannie M . Lewis Community Park at League Park . Lewis was a city councilwoman who encouraged League Parks restoration . Restoration was completed in 2014 , and League Park reopened August 23 of that year . As part of the renovation , the Baseball Heritage Museum , housing artifacts from baseball history as well as many specifically from the history of League Park , was relocated from downtown Cleveland to the restored ticket house . Notable events . Historic events that took place at League Park include the following : - May 1 , 1891 : The ballpark opened . Cy Young delivered the first pitch and the Spiders defeated the Cincinnati Reds , 12–3 . - October 17-19 , 1892 : The ballpark hosted the first three games of the first split season in the history of the National League . The opposing Boston Beaneaters eventually won the series over the Spiders . - October 2,3,5 , 1895 : The ballpark hosted the first three games of that years Temple Cup Series , a World Series precursor , the Spiders facing the Baltimore Orioles . Cleveland eventually clinched the series in Baltimore . - October 8 , 1896 : The ballpark hosted the final game of that years Temple Cup , a sweep by Baltimore , as well as Clevelands final post-season appearance for the National League . - November 26 , 1896 : The ballpark hosted its first college football game , seeing Case defeat Western Reserve , 12–10 . - August 30 , 1899 : Cleveland played its final National League home game at League Park in a season in which the team won only 20 games while losing a record 134 . - 1900 : The new American League , nominally a minor league , returned professional baseball to Cleveland after the National League contracted following the 1899 season . - April 29 , 1901 : Clevelands first home game in the American League after the league had declared itself a major league . - October 2 , 1907 : The debut of female pitching sensation Alta Weiss - October 2 , 1908 : Addie Joss perfect game , against the Chicago White Sox . - July 24 , 1911 : The Addie Joss Benefit Game is played between Cleveland and a team of American League all-stars . - October 10 , 1920 : Game 5 of the 1920 World Series against the Brooklyn Dodgers , includes several World Series firsts : - In the bottom of the first inning , Cleveland right fielder Elmer Smith hit the first grand slam home run in the history of the series . - In the bottom of the fourth inning , Cleveland pitcher Jim Bagby hit the first home run by a pitcher in a World Series game . - In the top of the fifth inning , Cleveland second baseman Bill Wambsganss executed the only unassisted triple play in the series history . - October 12 , 1920 : The Cleveland Indians won their first World Series , winning Game 7 , 3–0 . - August 11 , 1929 : Babe Ruth hit his 500th career home run , the first player to achieve that milestone . - July 16 , 1941 : The final game of Joe DiMaggios 56-game hitting streak . The streak was snapped the following night at Cleveland Stadium . - 1945 : The Cleveland Buckeyes won the 1945 Negro World Series . - December 2 , 1945 : The Cleveland Rams played their last game at League Park by topping the Boston Yanks , 20–7 . Two weeks later , at Cleveland Stadium , they defeated the Washington Redskins , 15–14 , to win the NFL Championship . A month later the franchise moved to Los Angeles . - September 13 , 1946 : The Boston Red Sox clinched the American League pennant , the games only score coming on a first-inning home run by Ted Williams . - September 21 , 1946 : The final MLB baseball game at League Park , a 5–3 loss to the Detroit Tigers . The Indians rounded out their 1946 home season with three games at Cleveland Stadium . - October 23 , 1948 : Kent State Golden Flashes and Western Reserve Red Cats played to a 14–14 tie in Ohios first televised intercollegiate football game . - November 24 , 1949 : The final college football game played at League Park , a 30–0 victory by the Western Reserve Red Cats over rival Case Tech Rough Riders . External links . - League Park Information Site - Diagram re-creation , and photo of the remnants of the ballpark - Baseball Heritage Museum at League Park |
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] | easy | Who occupied League Park from 1901 to 1929? | /wiki/League_Park#P466#1 | League Park League Park was a baseball park located in Cleveland , Ohio , United States . It was situated at the northeast corner of E . 66th Street and Lexington Avenue in the Hough neighborhood . It was built in 1891 as a wood structure and rebuilt using concrete and steel in 1910 . The park was home to a number of professional sports teams , most notably the Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball . League Park was first home to the Cleveland Spiders of the National League from 1891 to 1899 and of the Cleveland Lake Shores of the Western League , the minor league predecessor to the Indians , in 1900 . From 1914 to 1915 , League Park also hosted the Cleveland Spiders of the minor league American Association . In the late 1940s , the park was also the home field of the Cleveland Buckeyes of the Negro American League . In addition to baseball , League Park was also used for American football , serving as the home field for several successive teams in the Ohio League and early National Football League ( NFL ) during the 1920s and 1930s , as well as for college football . Most notably , the Cleveland Rams of the NFL played at League Park in 1937 and for much of the early 1940s . Later in the 1940s , the Cleveland Browns used League Park as a practice field . The Western Reserve Red Cats college football team from Western Reserve University played a majority of homes games at League Park from 1929 to 1941 , and all home games after joining the Mid-American Conference from 1947 to 1949 . Western Reserve played many of its major college football games at League Park , including against the Ohio State Buckeyes , Pittsburgh Panthers , West Virginia Mountaineers , and Cincinnati Bearcats . Western Reserve and Case Tech often showcased their annual Thanksgiving Day rivalry game against one another , as well as playing other Big Four Conference games against John Carroll and Baldwin-Wallace . The final football game played at League Park was a 30–0 victory by Western Reserve University over rival Case Tech on Nov 24 , 1949 . Although Cleveland Stadium opened in 1932 and had a much larger seating capacity and better access by car , League Park continued to be used by the Indians through the 1946 season , mainly for weekday games . Weekend games , games expecting larger crowds , and night games were held at Cleveland Stadium . Most of the League Park structure was demolished in 1951 , although some remnants still remain , including the original ticket office built in 1909 . After extensive renovation , the site was rededicated on August 23 , 2014 , as the Baseball Heritage Museum and Fannie Lewis Community Park at League Park . History . League Park was built for the Cleveland Spiders , who were founded in 1887 and played first in the American Association before joining the National League in 1889 . Team owner Frank Robison chose the site for the new park , at the corner of Lexington Avenue and Dunham Street , later renamed East 66th Street , in Clevelands Hough neighborhood , because it was along the streetcar line he owned . The park opened May 1 , 1891 , with 9,000 wooden seats , in a game against the Cincinnati Reds . The first pitch was made by Cy Young , and the Spiders won 12–3 . During their tenure , the Spiders finished as high as 2nd place in the NL in 1892 , 1895 , and 1896 , and won the Temple Cup , an early version of the modern National League Championship Series , in 1895 . During the 1899 season , however , the Spiders had most of their best players stripped from the roster and sent to St . Louis by their owners , who had purchased the St . Louis Browns that year . Consequently , Cleveland finished 20–134 , and the Spiders season was so poor they drew only 6,088 fans for their entire home season - a pitiful average of 145 per game - and were forced to play 112 of their 154 games on the road as the other NL teams deemed it pointless to travel to Clevelands League Park , since their cut of the ticket revenue would not come close to covering their travel and hotel expenses . The team was contracted by the National League after 1899 , being replaced the next year by the Cleveland Lake Shores , then a minor league team in the American League . The American League declared itself a major league after the 1900 season and the Cleveland franchise , initially called the Blues , was a charter member for the 1901 season . The park was rebuilt for the 1910 season as a concrete-and-steel stadium , one of two to open that year in the American League , the other being Comiskey Park . The new park seated over 18,000 people , more than double the seating capacity of its predecessor . It opened April 21 , 1910 , with a 5–0 loss to the Detroit Tigers in front of 18,832 fans in a game started by pitcher Cy Young . During 1914 to 1915 , the Toledo Mud Hens of the minor league American Association were temporarily moved to League Park , to discourage the Federal League from trying to place a franchise in Cleveland . During their two-year stay , they were initially known as the Bearcats , then the Spiders , reviving the old National League clubs name . In 1921 , team owner Sunny Jim Dunn , who had purchased the team in 1916 , renamed the park Dunn Field . When Dunn died in 1922 , his wife inherited the ballpark and the team . When Dunns widow , by then known as Mrs . George Pross , sold the franchise in 1927 for $1 million to a group headed by Alva Bradley , the name reverted to the more prosaic League Park ( there were a number of professional teams parks generically called league park at the time ) . From July 1932 through the 1933 season , the Indians played at the new and far larger Cleveland Stadium . However , the players and fans complained about the huge outfield , which reduced the number of home runs . Moreover , as the Great Depression worsened , attendance at the stadium plummeted . After the 1933 season , the Indians exercised their escape clause in the lease at the stadium and returned to League Park for the 1934 season . The Indians played all home games at League Park for the 1934 and 1935 seasons , and played one home game at Cleveland Stadium in 1936 as part of the Great Lakes Exposition . In 1937 , the Indians began splitting their schedule between the two parks , playing Sunday and holiday games at the stadium during the summer and the remainder at League Park , adding selected important games to the stadium schedule in 1938 . Lights were never installed at League Park , and thus no major league night games were played there . However , at least one professional night game was played on July 27 , 1931 , between the Homestead Grays and the House of David , who borrowed the portable lighting system used by the Kansas City Monarchs . By 1940 , the Indians played most of their home schedule at Cleveland Stadium , abandoning League Park entirely after the 1946 season . The final Indians game at League Park was played on Saturday , September 21 , a 5–3 loss in 11 innings to the Detroit Tigers in front of 2,772 fans . League Park became the last stadium used in Major League Baseball never to install permanent lights . The Indians continued to own League Park until March 1950 when they sold it to the city of Cleveland for $150,000 . After the demise of the Cleveland Buckeyes of the Negro American League during the 1950 season , League Park was no longer used as a regular sports venue . Most of the structure was demolished in 1951 by the city to convert the facility for use by local amateur teams and recreation and to prevent any competition with Cleveland Stadium . The lower deck seating between first base and third base remained , as did the Indians clubhouse under the third base stands . The Cleveland Browns began using League Park as a practice field in 1952 , including the former clubhouse , until 1965 . All of the remaining seating areas were removed in 1961 except for the area above the former clubhouse , which was finally torn down in 2002 . Structure . When it originally opened in 1891 , it had 9,000 wooden seats . A single deck grandstand was behind homeplate , a covered pavilion was along the first base line , and bleachers were located at various other places in the park . The ballpark was configured to fit into the Cleveland street grid , which contorted the dimensions into a rather odd rectangular shape by modern standards . The fence in left field was , away in center , and down the right field foul line . Batters had to hit the ball over a fence to get a home run ( by comparison , the Green Monster at Fenway Park is high ) . It was essentially rebuilt prior to the 1910 season , with concrete and steel double-decker grandstands , expanding the seating capacity to 21,414 . The design work was completed by Osborn Architects & Engineers , a local architecture firm that would go on to design several iconic ballparks over the next three years , including Comiskey Park , the Polo Grounds , Tiger Stadium , and Fenway Park . The front edges of the upper and lower decks were vertically aligned , bringing the up-front rows in the upper deck closer to the action , but those in back could not see much of foul territory . The fence was reconfigured , bringing the left field fence in 10 feet closer ( ) and center field fence in 40 feet ( ) ; the right field fence remained at . Batters still had to surmount a fence to hit home runs . The fence in left field was only five feet tall , but batters had to hit the ball down the line to hit a home run , and it was fully to the scoreboard in the deepest part of center field . The diamond , situated in the northwest corner of the block , was slightly tilted counterclockwise , making right field not quite as easy a target as Baker Bowls right field ( which had a wall ) , for example . Modern League Park . Currently the site is a public park . A small section of the exterior brick facade ( along the first-base side ) still stands , as well as the old ticket office behind what was the right field corner . The last remnant of the grandstand , crumbling and presumably unsafe , was taken down in 2002 as part of a renovation process to the decaying playground . Local schools youth teams still compete on the ball field . On February 7 , 2011 , the Cleveland City Council approved a plan to restore the ticket house and remaining bleacher wall , as well as build a new diamond on the site of the old one ( and with the same slightly counterclockwise tilt from the compass points ) . On October 27 , 2012 , city leaders including Mayor Frank G . Jackson and Councilman TJ Dow took part in the groundbreaking of the League Park restoration . The project included a museum , a restoration of the ball field , and a community park featuring pavilions and walking trails . The community park was dedicated in September 2013 as the Fannie M . Lewis Community Park at League Park . Lewis was a city councilwoman who encouraged League Parks restoration . Restoration was completed in 2014 , and League Park reopened August 23 of that year . As part of the renovation , the Baseball Heritage Museum , housing artifacts from baseball history as well as many specifically from the history of League Park , was relocated from downtown Cleveland to the restored ticket house . Notable events . Historic events that took place at League Park include the following : - May 1 , 1891 : The ballpark opened . Cy Young delivered the first pitch and the Spiders defeated the Cincinnati Reds , 12–3 . - October 17-19 , 1892 : The ballpark hosted the first three games of the first split season in the history of the National League . The opposing Boston Beaneaters eventually won the series over the Spiders . - October 2,3,5 , 1895 : The ballpark hosted the first three games of that years Temple Cup Series , a World Series precursor , the Spiders facing the Baltimore Orioles . Cleveland eventually clinched the series in Baltimore . - October 8 , 1896 : The ballpark hosted the final game of that years Temple Cup , a sweep by Baltimore , as well as Clevelands final post-season appearance for the National League . - November 26 , 1896 : The ballpark hosted its first college football game , seeing Case defeat Western Reserve , 12–10 . - August 30 , 1899 : Cleveland played its final National League home game at League Park in a season in which the team won only 20 games while losing a record 134 . - 1900 : The new American League , nominally a minor league , returned professional baseball to Cleveland after the National League contracted following the 1899 season . - April 29 , 1901 : Clevelands first home game in the American League after the league had declared itself a major league . - October 2 , 1907 : The debut of female pitching sensation Alta Weiss - October 2 , 1908 : Addie Joss perfect game , against the Chicago White Sox . - July 24 , 1911 : The Addie Joss Benefit Game is played between Cleveland and a team of American League all-stars . - October 10 , 1920 : Game 5 of the 1920 World Series against the Brooklyn Dodgers , includes several World Series firsts : - In the bottom of the first inning , Cleveland right fielder Elmer Smith hit the first grand slam home run in the history of the series . - In the bottom of the fourth inning , Cleveland pitcher Jim Bagby hit the first home run by a pitcher in a World Series game . - In the top of the fifth inning , Cleveland second baseman Bill Wambsganss executed the only unassisted triple play in the series history . - October 12 , 1920 : The Cleveland Indians won their first World Series , winning Game 7 , 3–0 . - August 11 , 1929 : Babe Ruth hit his 500th career home run , the first player to achieve that milestone . - July 16 , 1941 : The final game of Joe DiMaggios 56-game hitting streak . The streak was snapped the following night at Cleveland Stadium . - 1945 : The Cleveland Buckeyes won the 1945 Negro World Series . - December 2 , 1945 : The Cleveland Rams played their last game at League Park by topping the Boston Yanks , 20–7 . Two weeks later , at Cleveland Stadium , they defeated the Washington Redskins , 15–14 , to win the NFL Championship . A month later the franchise moved to Los Angeles . - September 13 , 1946 : The Boston Red Sox clinched the American League pennant , the games only score coming on a first-inning home run by Ted Williams . - September 21 , 1946 : The final MLB baseball game at League Park , a 5–3 loss to the Detroit Tigers . The Indians rounded out their 1946 home season with three games at Cleveland Stadium . - October 23 , 1948 : Kent State Golden Flashes and Western Reserve Red Cats played to a 14–14 tie in Ohios first televised intercollegiate football game . - November 24 , 1949 : The final college football game played at League Park , a 30–0 victory by the Western Reserve Red Cats over rival Case Tech Rough Riders . External links . - League Park Information Site - Diagram re-creation , and photo of the remnants of the ballpark - Baseball Heritage Museum at League Park |
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"Case Tech"
] | easy | Who was the occupant of League Park from 1929 to 1937? | /wiki/League_Park#P466#2 | League Park League Park was a baseball park located in Cleveland , Ohio , United States . It was situated at the northeast corner of E . 66th Street and Lexington Avenue in the Hough neighborhood . It was built in 1891 as a wood structure and rebuilt using concrete and steel in 1910 . The park was home to a number of professional sports teams , most notably the Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball . League Park was first home to the Cleveland Spiders of the National League from 1891 to 1899 and of the Cleveland Lake Shores of the Western League , the minor league predecessor to the Indians , in 1900 . From 1914 to 1915 , League Park also hosted the Cleveland Spiders of the minor league American Association . In the late 1940s , the park was also the home field of the Cleveland Buckeyes of the Negro American League . In addition to baseball , League Park was also used for American football , serving as the home field for several successive teams in the Ohio League and early National Football League ( NFL ) during the 1920s and 1930s , as well as for college football . Most notably , the Cleveland Rams of the NFL played at League Park in 1937 and for much of the early 1940s . Later in the 1940s , the Cleveland Browns used League Park as a practice field . The Western Reserve Red Cats college football team from Western Reserve University played a majority of homes games at League Park from 1929 to 1941 , and all home games after joining the Mid-American Conference from 1947 to 1949 . Western Reserve played many of its major college football games at League Park , including against the Ohio State Buckeyes , Pittsburgh Panthers , West Virginia Mountaineers , and Cincinnati Bearcats . Western Reserve and Case Tech often showcased their annual Thanksgiving Day rivalry game against one another , as well as playing other Big Four Conference games against John Carroll and Baldwin-Wallace . The final football game played at League Park was a 30–0 victory by Western Reserve University over rival Case Tech on Nov 24 , 1949 . Although Cleveland Stadium opened in 1932 and had a much larger seating capacity and better access by car , League Park continued to be used by the Indians through the 1946 season , mainly for weekday games . Weekend games , games expecting larger crowds , and night games were held at Cleveland Stadium . Most of the League Park structure was demolished in 1951 , although some remnants still remain , including the original ticket office built in 1909 . After extensive renovation , the site was rededicated on August 23 , 2014 , as the Baseball Heritage Museum and Fannie Lewis Community Park at League Park . History . League Park was built for the Cleveland Spiders , who were founded in 1887 and played first in the American Association before joining the National League in 1889 . Team owner Frank Robison chose the site for the new park , at the corner of Lexington Avenue and Dunham Street , later renamed East 66th Street , in Clevelands Hough neighborhood , because it was along the streetcar line he owned . The park opened May 1 , 1891 , with 9,000 wooden seats , in a game against the Cincinnati Reds . The first pitch was made by Cy Young , and the Spiders won 12–3 . During their tenure , the Spiders finished as high as 2nd place in the NL in 1892 , 1895 , and 1896 , and won the Temple Cup , an early version of the modern National League Championship Series , in 1895 . During the 1899 season , however , the Spiders had most of their best players stripped from the roster and sent to St . Louis by their owners , who had purchased the St . Louis Browns that year . Consequently , Cleveland finished 20–134 , and the Spiders season was so poor they drew only 6,088 fans for their entire home season - a pitiful average of 145 per game - and were forced to play 112 of their 154 games on the road as the other NL teams deemed it pointless to travel to Clevelands League Park , since their cut of the ticket revenue would not come close to covering their travel and hotel expenses . The team was contracted by the National League after 1899 , being replaced the next year by the Cleveland Lake Shores , then a minor league team in the American League . The American League declared itself a major league after the 1900 season and the Cleveland franchise , initially called the Blues , was a charter member for the 1901 season . The park was rebuilt for the 1910 season as a concrete-and-steel stadium , one of two to open that year in the American League , the other being Comiskey Park . The new park seated over 18,000 people , more than double the seating capacity of its predecessor . It opened April 21 , 1910 , with a 5–0 loss to the Detroit Tigers in front of 18,832 fans in a game started by pitcher Cy Young . During 1914 to 1915 , the Toledo Mud Hens of the minor league American Association were temporarily moved to League Park , to discourage the Federal League from trying to place a franchise in Cleveland . During their two-year stay , they were initially known as the Bearcats , then the Spiders , reviving the old National League clubs name . In 1921 , team owner Sunny Jim Dunn , who had purchased the team in 1916 , renamed the park Dunn Field . When Dunn died in 1922 , his wife inherited the ballpark and the team . When Dunns widow , by then known as Mrs . George Pross , sold the franchise in 1927 for $1 million to a group headed by Alva Bradley , the name reverted to the more prosaic League Park ( there were a number of professional teams parks generically called league park at the time ) . From July 1932 through the 1933 season , the Indians played at the new and far larger Cleveland Stadium . However , the players and fans complained about the huge outfield , which reduced the number of home runs . Moreover , as the Great Depression worsened , attendance at the stadium plummeted . After the 1933 season , the Indians exercised their escape clause in the lease at the stadium and returned to League Park for the 1934 season . The Indians played all home games at League Park for the 1934 and 1935 seasons , and played one home game at Cleveland Stadium in 1936 as part of the Great Lakes Exposition . In 1937 , the Indians began splitting their schedule between the two parks , playing Sunday and holiday games at the stadium during the summer and the remainder at League Park , adding selected important games to the stadium schedule in 1938 . Lights were never installed at League Park , and thus no major league night games were played there . However , at least one professional night game was played on July 27 , 1931 , between the Homestead Grays and the House of David , who borrowed the portable lighting system used by the Kansas City Monarchs . By 1940 , the Indians played most of their home schedule at Cleveland Stadium , abandoning League Park entirely after the 1946 season . The final Indians game at League Park was played on Saturday , September 21 , a 5–3 loss in 11 innings to the Detroit Tigers in front of 2,772 fans . League Park became the last stadium used in Major League Baseball never to install permanent lights . The Indians continued to own League Park until March 1950 when they sold it to the city of Cleveland for $150,000 . After the demise of the Cleveland Buckeyes of the Negro American League during the 1950 season , League Park was no longer used as a regular sports venue . Most of the structure was demolished in 1951 by the city to convert the facility for use by local amateur teams and recreation and to prevent any competition with Cleveland Stadium . The lower deck seating between first base and third base remained , as did the Indians clubhouse under the third base stands . The Cleveland Browns began using League Park as a practice field in 1952 , including the former clubhouse , until 1965 . All of the remaining seating areas were removed in 1961 except for the area above the former clubhouse , which was finally torn down in 2002 . Structure . When it originally opened in 1891 , it had 9,000 wooden seats . A single deck grandstand was behind homeplate , a covered pavilion was along the first base line , and bleachers were located at various other places in the park . The ballpark was configured to fit into the Cleveland street grid , which contorted the dimensions into a rather odd rectangular shape by modern standards . The fence in left field was , away in center , and down the right field foul line . Batters had to hit the ball over a fence to get a home run ( by comparison , the Green Monster at Fenway Park is high ) . It was essentially rebuilt prior to the 1910 season , with concrete and steel double-decker grandstands , expanding the seating capacity to 21,414 . The design work was completed by Osborn Architects & Engineers , a local architecture firm that would go on to design several iconic ballparks over the next three years , including Comiskey Park , the Polo Grounds , Tiger Stadium , and Fenway Park . The front edges of the upper and lower decks were vertically aligned , bringing the up-front rows in the upper deck closer to the action , but those in back could not see much of foul territory . The fence was reconfigured , bringing the left field fence in 10 feet closer ( ) and center field fence in 40 feet ( ) ; the right field fence remained at . Batters still had to surmount a fence to hit home runs . The fence in left field was only five feet tall , but batters had to hit the ball down the line to hit a home run , and it was fully to the scoreboard in the deepest part of center field . The diamond , situated in the northwest corner of the block , was slightly tilted counterclockwise , making right field not quite as easy a target as Baker Bowls right field ( which had a wall ) , for example . Modern League Park . Currently the site is a public park . A small section of the exterior brick facade ( along the first-base side ) still stands , as well as the old ticket office behind what was the right field corner . The last remnant of the grandstand , crumbling and presumably unsafe , was taken down in 2002 as part of a renovation process to the decaying playground . Local schools youth teams still compete on the ball field . On February 7 , 2011 , the Cleveland City Council approved a plan to restore the ticket house and remaining bleacher wall , as well as build a new diamond on the site of the old one ( and with the same slightly counterclockwise tilt from the compass points ) . On October 27 , 2012 , city leaders including Mayor Frank G . Jackson and Councilman TJ Dow took part in the groundbreaking of the League Park restoration . The project included a museum , a restoration of the ball field , and a community park featuring pavilions and walking trails . The community park was dedicated in September 2013 as the Fannie M . Lewis Community Park at League Park . Lewis was a city councilwoman who encouraged League Parks restoration . Restoration was completed in 2014 , and League Park reopened August 23 of that year . As part of the renovation , the Baseball Heritage Museum , housing artifacts from baseball history as well as many specifically from the history of League Park , was relocated from downtown Cleveland to the restored ticket house . Notable events . Historic events that took place at League Park include the following : - May 1 , 1891 : The ballpark opened . Cy Young delivered the first pitch and the Spiders defeated the Cincinnati Reds , 12–3 . - October 17-19 , 1892 : The ballpark hosted the first three games of the first split season in the history of the National League . The opposing Boston Beaneaters eventually won the series over the Spiders . - October 2,3,5 , 1895 : The ballpark hosted the first three games of that years Temple Cup Series , a World Series precursor , the Spiders facing the Baltimore Orioles . Cleveland eventually clinched the series in Baltimore . - October 8 , 1896 : The ballpark hosted the final game of that years Temple Cup , a sweep by Baltimore , as well as Clevelands final post-season appearance for the National League . - November 26 , 1896 : The ballpark hosted its first college football game , seeing Case defeat Western Reserve , 12–10 . - August 30 , 1899 : Cleveland played its final National League home game at League Park in a season in which the team won only 20 games while losing a record 134 . - 1900 : The new American League , nominally a minor league , returned professional baseball to Cleveland after the National League contracted following the 1899 season . - April 29 , 1901 : Clevelands first home game in the American League after the league had declared itself a major league . - October 2 , 1907 : The debut of female pitching sensation Alta Weiss - October 2 , 1908 : Addie Joss perfect game , against the Chicago White Sox . - July 24 , 1911 : The Addie Joss Benefit Game is played between Cleveland and a team of American League all-stars . - October 10 , 1920 : Game 5 of the 1920 World Series against the Brooklyn Dodgers , includes several World Series firsts : - In the bottom of the first inning , Cleveland right fielder Elmer Smith hit the first grand slam home run in the history of the series . - In the bottom of the fourth inning , Cleveland pitcher Jim Bagby hit the first home run by a pitcher in a World Series game . - In the top of the fifth inning , Cleveland second baseman Bill Wambsganss executed the only unassisted triple play in the series history . - October 12 , 1920 : The Cleveland Indians won their first World Series , winning Game 7 , 3–0 . - August 11 , 1929 : Babe Ruth hit his 500th career home run , the first player to achieve that milestone . - July 16 , 1941 : The final game of Joe DiMaggios 56-game hitting streak . The streak was snapped the following night at Cleveland Stadium . - 1945 : The Cleveland Buckeyes won the 1945 Negro World Series . - December 2 , 1945 : The Cleveland Rams played their last game at League Park by topping the Boston Yanks , 20–7 . Two weeks later , at Cleveland Stadium , they defeated the Washington Redskins , 15–14 , to win the NFL Championship . A month later the franchise moved to Los Angeles . - September 13 , 1946 : The Boston Red Sox clinched the American League pennant , the games only score coming on a first-inning home run by Ted Williams . - September 21 , 1946 : The final MLB baseball game at League Park , a 5–3 loss to the Detroit Tigers . The Indians rounded out their 1946 home season with three games at Cleveland Stadium . - October 23 , 1948 : Kent State Golden Flashes and Western Reserve Red Cats played to a 14–14 tie in Ohios first televised intercollegiate football game . - November 24 , 1949 : The final college football game played at League Park , a 30–0 victory by the Western Reserve Red Cats over rival Case Tech Rough Riders . External links . - League Park Information Site - Diagram re-creation , and photo of the remnants of the ballpark - Baseball Heritage Museum at League Park |
[
""
] | easy | Who occupied League Park from 1937 to 1949? | /wiki/League_Park#P466#3 | League Park League Park was a baseball park located in Cleveland , Ohio , United States . It was situated at the northeast corner of E . 66th Street and Lexington Avenue in the Hough neighborhood . It was built in 1891 as a wood structure and rebuilt using concrete and steel in 1910 . The park was home to a number of professional sports teams , most notably the Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball . League Park was first home to the Cleveland Spiders of the National League from 1891 to 1899 and of the Cleveland Lake Shores of the Western League , the minor league predecessor to the Indians , in 1900 . From 1914 to 1915 , League Park also hosted the Cleveland Spiders of the minor league American Association . In the late 1940s , the park was also the home field of the Cleveland Buckeyes of the Negro American League . In addition to baseball , League Park was also used for American football , serving as the home field for several successive teams in the Ohio League and early National Football League ( NFL ) during the 1920s and 1930s , as well as for college football . Most notably , the Cleveland Rams of the NFL played at League Park in 1937 and for much of the early 1940s . Later in the 1940s , the Cleveland Browns used League Park as a practice field . The Western Reserve Red Cats college football team from Western Reserve University played a majority of homes games at League Park from 1929 to 1941 , and all home games after joining the Mid-American Conference from 1947 to 1949 . Western Reserve played many of its major college football games at League Park , including against the Ohio State Buckeyes , Pittsburgh Panthers , West Virginia Mountaineers , and Cincinnati Bearcats . Western Reserve and Case Tech often showcased their annual Thanksgiving Day rivalry game against one another , as well as playing other Big Four Conference games against John Carroll and Baldwin-Wallace . The final football game played at League Park was a 30–0 victory by Western Reserve University over rival Case Tech on Nov 24 , 1949 . Although Cleveland Stadium opened in 1932 and had a much larger seating capacity and better access by car , League Park continued to be used by the Indians through the 1946 season , mainly for weekday games . Weekend games , games expecting larger crowds , and night games were held at Cleveland Stadium . Most of the League Park structure was demolished in 1951 , although some remnants still remain , including the original ticket office built in 1909 . After extensive renovation , the site was rededicated on August 23 , 2014 , as the Baseball Heritage Museum and Fannie Lewis Community Park at League Park . History . League Park was built for the Cleveland Spiders , who were founded in 1887 and played first in the American Association before joining the National League in 1889 . Team owner Frank Robison chose the site for the new park , at the corner of Lexington Avenue and Dunham Street , later renamed East 66th Street , in Clevelands Hough neighborhood , because it was along the streetcar line he owned . The park opened May 1 , 1891 , with 9,000 wooden seats , in a game against the Cincinnati Reds . The first pitch was made by Cy Young , and the Spiders won 12–3 . During their tenure , the Spiders finished as high as 2nd place in the NL in 1892 , 1895 , and 1896 , and won the Temple Cup , an early version of the modern National League Championship Series , in 1895 . During the 1899 season , however , the Spiders had most of their best players stripped from the roster and sent to St . Louis by their owners , who had purchased the St . Louis Browns that year . Consequently , Cleveland finished 20–134 , and the Spiders season was so poor they drew only 6,088 fans for their entire home season - a pitiful average of 145 per game - and were forced to play 112 of their 154 games on the road as the other NL teams deemed it pointless to travel to Clevelands League Park , since their cut of the ticket revenue would not come close to covering their travel and hotel expenses . The team was contracted by the National League after 1899 , being replaced the next year by the Cleveland Lake Shores , then a minor league team in the American League . The American League declared itself a major league after the 1900 season and the Cleveland franchise , initially called the Blues , was a charter member for the 1901 season . The park was rebuilt for the 1910 season as a concrete-and-steel stadium , one of two to open that year in the American League , the other being Comiskey Park . The new park seated over 18,000 people , more than double the seating capacity of its predecessor . It opened April 21 , 1910 , with a 5–0 loss to the Detroit Tigers in front of 18,832 fans in a game started by pitcher Cy Young . During 1914 to 1915 , the Toledo Mud Hens of the minor league American Association were temporarily moved to League Park , to discourage the Federal League from trying to place a franchise in Cleveland . During their two-year stay , they were initially known as the Bearcats , then the Spiders , reviving the old National League clubs name . In 1921 , team owner Sunny Jim Dunn , who had purchased the team in 1916 , renamed the park Dunn Field . When Dunn died in 1922 , his wife inherited the ballpark and the team . When Dunns widow , by then known as Mrs . George Pross , sold the franchise in 1927 for $1 million to a group headed by Alva Bradley , the name reverted to the more prosaic League Park ( there were a number of professional teams parks generically called league park at the time ) . From July 1932 through the 1933 season , the Indians played at the new and far larger Cleveland Stadium . However , the players and fans complained about the huge outfield , which reduced the number of home runs . Moreover , as the Great Depression worsened , attendance at the stadium plummeted . After the 1933 season , the Indians exercised their escape clause in the lease at the stadium and returned to League Park for the 1934 season . The Indians played all home games at League Park for the 1934 and 1935 seasons , and played one home game at Cleveland Stadium in 1936 as part of the Great Lakes Exposition . In 1937 , the Indians began splitting their schedule between the two parks , playing Sunday and holiday games at the stadium during the summer and the remainder at League Park , adding selected important games to the stadium schedule in 1938 . Lights were never installed at League Park , and thus no major league night games were played there . However , at least one professional night game was played on July 27 , 1931 , between the Homestead Grays and the House of David , who borrowed the portable lighting system used by the Kansas City Monarchs . By 1940 , the Indians played most of their home schedule at Cleveland Stadium , abandoning League Park entirely after the 1946 season . The final Indians game at League Park was played on Saturday , September 21 , a 5–3 loss in 11 innings to the Detroit Tigers in front of 2,772 fans . League Park became the last stadium used in Major League Baseball never to install permanent lights . The Indians continued to own League Park until March 1950 when they sold it to the city of Cleveland for $150,000 . After the demise of the Cleveland Buckeyes of the Negro American League during the 1950 season , League Park was no longer used as a regular sports venue . Most of the structure was demolished in 1951 by the city to convert the facility for use by local amateur teams and recreation and to prevent any competition with Cleveland Stadium . The lower deck seating between first base and third base remained , as did the Indians clubhouse under the third base stands . The Cleveland Browns began using League Park as a practice field in 1952 , including the former clubhouse , until 1965 . All of the remaining seating areas were removed in 1961 except for the area above the former clubhouse , which was finally torn down in 2002 . Structure . When it originally opened in 1891 , it had 9,000 wooden seats . A single deck grandstand was behind homeplate , a covered pavilion was along the first base line , and bleachers were located at various other places in the park . The ballpark was configured to fit into the Cleveland street grid , which contorted the dimensions into a rather odd rectangular shape by modern standards . The fence in left field was , away in center , and down the right field foul line . Batters had to hit the ball over a fence to get a home run ( by comparison , the Green Monster at Fenway Park is high ) . It was essentially rebuilt prior to the 1910 season , with concrete and steel double-decker grandstands , expanding the seating capacity to 21,414 . The design work was completed by Osborn Architects & Engineers , a local architecture firm that would go on to design several iconic ballparks over the next three years , including Comiskey Park , the Polo Grounds , Tiger Stadium , and Fenway Park . The front edges of the upper and lower decks were vertically aligned , bringing the up-front rows in the upper deck closer to the action , but those in back could not see much of foul territory . The fence was reconfigured , bringing the left field fence in 10 feet closer ( ) and center field fence in 40 feet ( ) ; the right field fence remained at . Batters still had to surmount a fence to hit home runs . The fence in left field was only five feet tall , but batters had to hit the ball down the line to hit a home run , and it was fully to the scoreboard in the deepest part of center field . The diamond , situated in the northwest corner of the block , was slightly tilted counterclockwise , making right field not quite as easy a target as Baker Bowls right field ( which had a wall ) , for example . Modern League Park . Currently the site is a public park . A small section of the exterior brick facade ( along the first-base side ) still stands , as well as the old ticket office behind what was the right field corner . The last remnant of the grandstand , crumbling and presumably unsafe , was taken down in 2002 as part of a renovation process to the decaying playground . Local schools youth teams still compete on the ball field . On February 7 , 2011 , the Cleveland City Council approved a plan to restore the ticket house and remaining bleacher wall , as well as build a new diamond on the site of the old one ( and with the same slightly counterclockwise tilt from the compass points ) . On October 27 , 2012 , city leaders including Mayor Frank G . Jackson and Councilman TJ Dow took part in the groundbreaking of the League Park restoration . The project included a museum , a restoration of the ball field , and a community park featuring pavilions and walking trails . The community park was dedicated in September 2013 as the Fannie M . Lewis Community Park at League Park . Lewis was a city councilwoman who encouraged League Parks restoration . Restoration was completed in 2014 , and League Park reopened August 23 of that year . As part of the renovation , the Baseball Heritage Museum , housing artifacts from baseball history as well as many specifically from the history of League Park , was relocated from downtown Cleveland to the restored ticket house . Notable events . Historic events that took place at League Park include the following : - May 1 , 1891 : The ballpark opened . Cy Young delivered the first pitch and the Spiders defeated the Cincinnati Reds , 12–3 . - October 17-19 , 1892 : The ballpark hosted the first three games of the first split season in the history of the National League . The opposing Boston Beaneaters eventually won the series over the Spiders . - October 2,3,5 , 1895 : The ballpark hosted the first three games of that years Temple Cup Series , a World Series precursor , the Spiders facing the Baltimore Orioles . Cleveland eventually clinched the series in Baltimore . - October 8 , 1896 : The ballpark hosted the final game of that years Temple Cup , a sweep by Baltimore , as well as Clevelands final post-season appearance for the National League . - November 26 , 1896 : The ballpark hosted its first college football game , seeing Case defeat Western Reserve , 12–10 . - August 30 , 1899 : Cleveland played its final National League home game at League Park in a season in which the team won only 20 games while losing a record 134 . - 1900 : The new American League , nominally a minor league , returned professional baseball to Cleveland after the National League contracted following the 1899 season . - April 29 , 1901 : Clevelands first home game in the American League after the league had declared itself a major league . - October 2 , 1907 : The debut of female pitching sensation Alta Weiss - October 2 , 1908 : Addie Joss perfect game , against the Chicago White Sox . - July 24 , 1911 : The Addie Joss Benefit Game is played between Cleveland and a team of American League all-stars . - October 10 , 1920 : Game 5 of the 1920 World Series against the Brooklyn Dodgers , includes several World Series firsts : - In the bottom of the first inning , Cleveland right fielder Elmer Smith hit the first grand slam home run in the history of the series . - In the bottom of the fourth inning , Cleveland pitcher Jim Bagby hit the first home run by a pitcher in a World Series game . - In the top of the fifth inning , Cleveland second baseman Bill Wambsganss executed the only unassisted triple play in the series history . - October 12 , 1920 : The Cleveland Indians won their first World Series , winning Game 7 , 3–0 . - August 11 , 1929 : Babe Ruth hit his 500th career home run , the first player to achieve that milestone . - July 16 , 1941 : The final game of Joe DiMaggios 56-game hitting streak . The streak was snapped the following night at Cleveland Stadium . - 1945 : The Cleveland Buckeyes won the 1945 Negro World Series . - December 2 , 1945 : The Cleveland Rams played their last game at League Park by topping the Boston Yanks , 20–7 . Two weeks later , at Cleveland Stadium , they defeated the Washington Redskins , 15–14 , to win the NFL Championship . A month later the franchise moved to Los Angeles . - September 13 , 1946 : The Boston Red Sox clinched the American League pennant , the games only score coming on a first-inning home run by Ted Williams . - September 21 , 1946 : The final MLB baseball game at League Park , a 5–3 loss to the Detroit Tigers . The Indians rounded out their 1946 home season with three games at Cleveland Stadium . - October 23 , 1948 : Kent State Golden Flashes and Western Reserve Red Cats played to a 14–14 tie in Ohios first televised intercollegiate football game . - November 24 , 1949 : The final college football game played at League Park , a 30–0 victory by the Western Reserve Red Cats over rival Case Tech Rough Riders . External links . - League Park Information Site - Diagram re-creation , and photo of the remnants of the ballpark - Baseball Heritage Museum at League Park |
[
"Baseball Heritage Museum"
] | easy | Who occupied League Park from 2014 to 2015? | /wiki/League_Park#P466#4 | League Park League Park was a baseball park located in Cleveland , Ohio , United States . It was situated at the northeast corner of E . 66th Street and Lexington Avenue in the Hough neighborhood . It was built in 1891 as a wood structure and rebuilt using concrete and steel in 1910 . The park was home to a number of professional sports teams , most notably the Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball . League Park was first home to the Cleveland Spiders of the National League from 1891 to 1899 and of the Cleveland Lake Shores of the Western League , the minor league predecessor to the Indians , in 1900 . From 1914 to 1915 , League Park also hosted the Cleveland Spiders of the minor league American Association . In the late 1940s , the park was also the home field of the Cleveland Buckeyes of the Negro American League . In addition to baseball , League Park was also used for American football , serving as the home field for several successive teams in the Ohio League and early National Football League ( NFL ) during the 1920s and 1930s , as well as for college football . Most notably , the Cleveland Rams of the NFL played at League Park in 1937 and for much of the early 1940s . Later in the 1940s , the Cleveland Browns used League Park as a practice field . The Western Reserve Red Cats college football team from Western Reserve University played a majority of homes games at League Park from 1929 to 1941 , and all home games after joining the Mid-American Conference from 1947 to 1949 . Western Reserve played many of its major college football games at League Park , including against the Ohio State Buckeyes , Pittsburgh Panthers , West Virginia Mountaineers , and Cincinnati Bearcats . Western Reserve and Case Tech often showcased their annual Thanksgiving Day rivalry game against one another , as well as playing other Big Four Conference games against John Carroll and Baldwin-Wallace . The final football game played at League Park was a 30–0 victory by Western Reserve University over rival Case Tech on Nov 24 , 1949 . Although Cleveland Stadium opened in 1932 and had a much larger seating capacity and better access by car , League Park continued to be used by the Indians through the 1946 season , mainly for weekday games . Weekend games , games expecting larger crowds , and night games were held at Cleveland Stadium . Most of the League Park structure was demolished in 1951 , although some remnants still remain , including the original ticket office built in 1909 . After extensive renovation , the site was rededicated on August 23 , 2014 , as the Baseball Heritage Museum and Fannie Lewis Community Park at League Park . History . League Park was built for the Cleveland Spiders , who were founded in 1887 and played first in the American Association before joining the National League in 1889 . Team owner Frank Robison chose the site for the new park , at the corner of Lexington Avenue and Dunham Street , later renamed East 66th Street , in Clevelands Hough neighborhood , because it was along the streetcar line he owned . The park opened May 1 , 1891 , with 9,000 wooden seats , in a game against the Cincinnati Reds . The first pitch was made by Cy Young , and the Spiders won 12–3 . During their tenure , the Spiders finished as high as 2nd place in the NL in 1892 , 1895 , and 1896 , and won the Temple Cup , an early version of the modern National League Championship Series , in 1895 . During the 1899 season , however , the Spiders had most of their best players stripped from the roster and sent to St . Louis by their owners , who had purchased the St . Louis Browns that year . Consequently , Cleveland finished 20–134 , and the Spiders season was so poor they drew only 6,088 fans for their entire home season - a pitiful average of 145 per game - and were forced to play 112 of their 154 games on the road as the other NL teams deemed it pointless to travel to Clevelands League Park , since their cut of the ticket revenue would not come close to covering their travel and hotel expenses . The team was contracted by the National League after 1899 , being replaced the next year by the Cleveland Lake Shores , then a minor league team in the American League . The American League declared itself a major league after the 1900 season and the Cleveland franchise , initially called the Blues , was a charter member for the 1901 season . The park was rebuilt for the 1910 season as a concrete-and-steel stadium , one of two to open that year in the American League , the other being Comiskey Park . The new park seated over 18,000 people , more than double the seating capacity of its predecessor . It opened April 21 , 1910 , with a 5–0 loss to the Detroit Tigers in front of 18,832 fans in a game started by pitcher Cy Young . During 1914 to 1915 , the Toledo Mud Hens of the minor league American Association were temporarily moved to League Park , to discourage the Federal League from trying to place a franchise in Cleveland . During their two-year stay , they were initially known as the Bearcats , then the Spiders , reviving the old National League clubs name . In 1921 , team owner Sunny Jim Dunn , who had purchased the team in 1916 , renamed the park Dunn Field . When Dunn died in 1922 , his wife inherited the ballpark and the team . When Dunns widow , by then known as Mrs . George Pross , sold the franchise in 1927 for $1 million to a group headed by Alva Bradley , the name reverted to the more prosaic League Park ( there were a number of professional teams parks generically called league park at the time ) . From July 1932 through the 1933 season , the Indians played at the new and far larger Cleveland Stadium . However , the players and fans complained about the huge outfield , which reduced the number of home runs . Moreover , as the Great Depression worsened , attendance at the stadium plummeted . After the 1933 season , the Indians exercised their escape clause in the lease at the stadium and returned to League Park for the 1934 season . The Indians played all home games at League Park for the 1934 and 1935 seasons , and played one home game at Cleveland Stadium in 1936 as part of the Great Lakes Exposition . In 1937 , the Indians began splitting their schedule between the two parks , playing Sunday and holiday games at the stadium during the summer and the remainder at League Park , adding selected important games to the stadium schedule in 1938 . Lights were never installed at League Park , and thus no major league night games were played there . However , at least one professional night game was played on July 27 , 1931 , between the Homestead Grays and the House of David , who borrowed the portable lighting system used by the Kansas City Monarchs . By 1940 , the Indians played most of their home schedule at Cleveland Stadium , abandoning League Park entirely after the 1946 season . The final Indians game at League Park was played on Saturday , September 21 , a 5–3 loss in 11 innings to the Detroit Tigers in front of 2,772 fans . League Park became the last stadium used in Major League Baseball never to install permanent lights . The Indians continued to own League Park until March 1950 when they sold it to the city of Cleveland for $150,000 . After the demise of the Cleveland Buckeyes of the Negro American League during the 1950 season , League Park was no longer used as a regular sports venue . Most of the structure was demolished in 1951 by the city to convert the facility for use by local amateur teams and recreation and to prevent any competition with Cleveland Stadium . The lower deck seating between first base and third base remained , as did the Indians clubhouse under the third base stands . The Cleveland Browns began using League Park as a practice field in 1952 , including the former clubhouse , until 1965 . All of the remaining seating areas were removed in 1961 except for the area above the former clubhouse , which was finally torn down in 2002 . Structure . When it originally opened in 1891 , it had 9,000 wooden seats . A single deck grandstand was behind homeplate , a covered pavilion was along the first base line , and bleachers were located at various other places in the park . The ballpark was configured to fit into the Cleveland street grid , which contorted the dimensions into a rather odd rectangular shape by modern standards . The fence in left field was , away in center , and down the right field foul line . Batters had to hit the ball over a fence to get a home run ( by comparison , the Green Monster at Fenway Park is high ) . It was essentially rebuilt prior to the 1910 season , with concrete and steel double-decker grandstands , expanding the seating capacity to 21,414 . The design work was completed by Osborn Architects & Engineers , a local architecture firm that would go on to design several iconic ballparks over the next three years , including Comiskey Park , the Polo Grounds , Tiger Stadium , and Fenway Park . The front edges of the upper and lower decks were vertically aligned , bringing the up-front rows in the upper deck closer to the action , but those in back could not see much of foul territory . The fence was reconfigured , bringing the left field fence in 10 feet closer ( ) and center field fence in 40 feet ( ) ; the right field fence remained at . Batters still had to surmount a fence to hit home runs . The fence in left field was only five feet tall , but batters had to hit the ball down the line to hit a home run , and it was fully to the scoreboard in the deepest part of center field . The diamond , situated in the northwest corner of the block , was slightly tilted counterclockwise , making right field not quite as easy a target as Baker Bowls right field ( which had a wall ) , for example . Modern League Park . Currently the site is a public park . A small section of the exterior brick facade ( along the first-base side ) still stands , as well as the old ticket office behind what was the right field corner . The last remnant of the grandstand , crumbling and presumably unsafe , was taken down in 2002 as part of a renovation process to the decaying playground . Local schools youth teams still compete on the ball field . On February 7 , 2011 , the Cleveland City Council approved a plan to restore the ticket house and remaining bleacher wall , as well as build a new diamond on the site of the old one ( and with the same slightly counterclockwise tilt from the compass points ) . On October 27 , 2012 , city leaders including Mayor Frank G . Jackson and Councilman TJ Dow took part in the groundbreaking of the League Park restoration . The project included a museum , a restoration of the ball field , and a community park featuring pavilions and walking trails . The community park was dedicated in September 2013 as the Fannie M . Lewis Community Park at League Park . Lewis was a city councilwoman who encouraged League Parks restoration . Restoration was completed in 2014 , and League Park reopened August 23 of that year . As part of the renovation , the Baseball Heritage Museum , housing artifacts from baseball history as well as many specifically from the history of League Park , was relocated from downtown Cleveland to the restored ticket house . Notable events . Historic events that took place at League Park include the following : - May 1 , 1891 : The ballpark opened . Cy Young delivered the first pitch and the Spiders defeated the Cincinnati Reds , 12–3 . - October 17-19 , 1892 : The ballpark hosted the first three games of the first split season in the history of the National League . The opposing Boston Beaneaters eventually won the series over the Spiders . - October 2,3,5 , 1895 : The ballpark hosted the first three games of that years Temple Cup Series , a World Series precursor , the Spiders facing the Baltimore Orioles . Cleveland eventually clinched the series in Baltimore . - October 8 , 1896 : The ballpark hosted the final game of that years Temple Cup , a sweep by Baltimore , as well as Clevelands final post-season appearance for the National League . - November 26 , 1896 : The ballpark hosted its first college football game , seeing Case defeat Western Reserve , 12–10 . - August 30 , 1899 : Cleveland played its final National League home game at League Park in a season in which the team won only 20 games while losing a record 134 . - 1900 : The new American League , nominally a minor league , returned professional baseball to Cleveland after the National League contracted following the 1899 season . - April 29 , 1901 : Clevelands first home game in the American League after the league had declared itself a major league . - October 2 , 1907 : The debut of female pitching sensation Alta Weiss - October 2 , 1908 : Addie Joss perfect game , against the Chicago White Sox . - July 24 , 1911 : The Addie Joss Benefit Game is played between Cleveland and a team of American League all-stars . - October 10 , 1920 : Game 5 of the 1920 World Series against the Brooklyn Dodgers , includes several World Series firsts : - In the bottom of the first inning , Cleveland right fielder Elmer Smith hit the first grand slam home run in the history of the series . - In the bottom of the fourth inning , Cleveland pitcher Jim Bagby hit the first home run by a pitcher in a World Series game . - In the top of the fifth inning , Cleveland second baseman Bill Wambsganss executed the only unassisted triple play in the series history . - October 12 , 1920 : The Cleveland Indians won their first World Series , winning Game 7 , 3–0 . - August 11 , 1929 : Babe Ruth hit his 500th career home run , the first player to achieve that milestone . - July 16 , 1941 : The final game of Joe DiMaggios 56-game hitting streak . The streak was snapped the following night at Cleveland Stadium . - 1945 : The Cleveland Buckeyes won the 1945 Negro World Series . - December 2 , 1945 : The Cleveland Rams played their last game at League Park by topping the Boston Yanks , 20–7 . Two weeks later , at Cleveland Stadium , they defeated the Washington Redskins , 15–14 , to win the NFL Championship . A month later the franchise moved to Los Angeles . - September 13 , 1946 : The Boston Red Sox clinched the American League pennant , the games only score coming on a first-inning home run by Ted Williams . - September 21 , 1946 : The final MLB baseball game at League Park , a 5–3 loss to the Detroit Tigers . The Indians rounded out their 1946 home season with three games at Cleveland Stadium . - October 23 , 1948 : Kent State Golden Flashes and Western Reserve Red Cats played to a 14–14 tie in Ohios first televised intercollegiate football game . - November 24 , 1949 : The final college football game played at League Park , a 30–0 victory by the Western Reserve Red Cats over rival Case Tech Rough Riders . External links . - League Park Information Site - Diagram re-creation , and photo of the remnants of the ballpark - Baseball Heritage Museum at League Park |
[
"FCSB"
] | easy | Which team was coached by Mirel Rădoi from 2015 to 2016? | /wiki/Mirel_Rădoi#P6087#0 | Mirel Rădoi Mirel Matei Rădoi ( born 22 March 1981 ) is a Romanian former footballer and the current head coach of the Romania national team . He played as a defensive midfielder or a central defender . Capped 67 times by the national team , he represented Romania at the UEFA Euro 2008 . Rădoi began his playing career at Extensiv Craiova in 1999 . The following year he signed for Steaua București where he amassed over 58 games in all competitions and won two domestic trophies over the course of two-and-a-half seasons . After playing for FCSB , he spent his later years with teams from the Arabian Peninsula starting with Al-Hilal in 2009 . Following his retirement as a player in 2015 , Rădoi immediately returned to FCSB as a head coach . The team failed to qualify for the group stages of European competitions , and he was sacked in December . Appointed manager of the Romania under-21 national team in 2018 , he led them to the semi-finals of the 2019 UEFA European Championship . Following the success of the under-21 side , Rădoi was named manager of the Romania senior team in November 2019 . Playing career . Extensiv Craiova . Rădoi started to play football at the age of eight , first as a goalkeeper and then as a defender . He started his youth career at Turnu Severin and there he was spotted by Sorin Cârțu , the coach of Extensiv Craiova , who was so impressed by him that he purchased Rădoi in 1999 , financing the transfer with his own money . Rădoi made his professional debut in 1999 , in a defeat against Dinamo București on 4 March 2000 . he left the club . Steaua București . Just one year later , in the summer of 2000 , Rădoi joined Steaua București for a fee of €110,000 . Describing his first day at Steaua , he said , It was like a positive shock for me . Suddenly I was in the same place with players like Iulian Miu , Marius Baciu and Miodrag Belodedici , players I saw on TV . It was like a dream . His coach at Steaua was Victor Pițurcă , the former Romania national team coach , who promoted him to the Steaua first team . He then became one of Steauas most important players . In his first match for the club , a 4-3 victory over FCM Bacău at the Ghencea football stadium , Rădoi scored the equalizer in the ninth minute after Cătălin Cursaru had opened the scoring for Bacău less than a minute before . Steaua would go on to win the championship of the Romanian league that year , as well as the Supercupa României against rivals Dinamo . FCSB . In 2005 , Rădoi won a second championship title ; and in 2006 , yet another : his third . On 24 February 2005 , he won an important match in the UEFA Cup against holder Valencia . In 2006 Rădoi captained the team in the UEFA Cup semi-final against Middlesbrough which FCSB lost 4–3 on aggregate . In the summer of 2006 , a rumour circulated that Rădoi would sign for Premier League club Portsmouth as soon as the transfer window opened in England , with the transfer fee estimated at around £11 million . The transfer did not materialize , however , and many speculated that the £11 million offer was no more than a ploy to jack up the players potential transfer value before a move elsewhere . In the end , FCSBs owner Gigi Becali stated that he would not be selling Rădoi after all . Due to injury , he only played his first official game in the 2006–07 season on 12 November , a 6–0 victory against Național București . Later career . In January 2009 , Rădoi signed a three-year contract with Saudi Arabian club Al-Hilal which earned him €1.4 million annually . The transfer fee FCSB received was in the region of €6 million . Rădoi made his debut for Al-Hilal in the local derby against Al-Nassr , which Al-Hilal won 2–0 with Rădoi scoring the second goal . In his sixth game with the club , he won the Princes Cup , defeating Al-Shabab in the final . Nicknamed The Warrior by his fans in Saudi Arabia , he was voted Saudi Professional League Player of the Year in 2010 . They even made a complete book about his career and has been published online with official website MRadoi.com . Rădoi spent three years at the club , becoming a legend , and the teams captain , before he was reunited with ex-Al-Hilal and Steaua manager Cosmin Olăroiu at Al Ain . In June 2011 , Rădoi was transferred to Al Ain for a fee of €4.2 million . He signed a two-year deal worth €2.5 million annually . International . [ Image:RO B ROMAUT Mirel Radoi 1.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Rădoi playing for Romania in 2009. ] ] Rădoi has been capped 67 times for the Romania , scoring two goals . In 2005 , Romanian team manager Victor Pițurcă suspended him for leaving training camp without permission before matches against the Netherlands and Armenia . Coach Pițurcă recalled him in February 2006 for a friendly tournament in Cyprus after Rădoi apologised for his behaviour . Although he was included in Romanias squad for UEFA Euro 2008 , he suffered an eye injury and broken nose during the second group game against Italy after clashing heads with team-mate Răzvan Raț , who emerged unscathed . Rădoi played no further part in the tournament . After a confrontation with Răzvan Lucescu in 2010 , Radoi declared that he would retire from the national team . Coaching career . In charge of National U21 selection , Radoi became head coach of the A selection after resignation of Cosmin Contra in Novembre 2019 . Career statistics . Club . Correct as of 8 August 2020 Honours . Player . Steaua București - Liga I : 2000–01 - Supercupa României : 2001 FCSB - Liga I : 2004–05 , 2005–06 - Supercupa României : 2006 Al-Hilal - Saudi Professional League : 2009–10 , 2010–11 - Crown Prince Cup : 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 Al-Ahli - UAE Pro-League : 2011–12 , 2012–13 - UAE Super Cup : 2012 - UAE Presidents Cup : 2013–14 Individual - Gazeta Sporturilor Romanian Footballer of the Year : Runner-up 2005 - Saudi Professional League Player of the Year : 2010 External links . - The Leader Mirel Radoi |
[
""
] | easy | Mirel Rădoi was the coach of which team from 2016 to 2017? | /wiki/Mirel_Rădoi#P6087#1 | Mirel Rădoi Mirel Matei Rădoi ( born 22 March 1981 ) is a Romanian former footballer and the current head coach of the Romania national team . He played as a defensive midfielder or a central defender . Capped 67 times by the national team , he represented Romania at the UEFA Euro 2008 . Rădoi began his playing career at Extensiv Craiova in 1999 . The following year he signed for Steaua București where he amassed over 58 games in all competitions and won two domestic trophies over the course of two-and-a-half seasons . After playing for FCSB , he spent his later years with teams from the Arabian Peninsula starting with Al-Hilal in 2009 . Following his retirement as a player in 2015 , Rădoi immediately returned to FCSB as a head coach . The team failed to qualify for the group stages of European competitions , and he was sacked in December . Appointed manager of the Romania under-21 national team in 2018 , he led them to the semi-finals of the 2019 UEFA European Championship . Following the success of the under-21 side , Rădoi was named manager of the Romania senior team in November 2019 . Playing career . Extensiv Craiova . Rădoi started to play football at the age of eight , first as a goalkeeper and then as a defender . He started his youth career at Turnu Severin and there he was spotted by Sorin Cârțu , the coach of Extensiv Craiova , who was so impressed by him that he purchased Rădoi in 1999 , financing the transfer with his own money . Rădoi made his professional debut in 1999 , in a defeat against Dinamo București on 4 March 2000 . he left the club . Steaua București . Just one year later , in the summer of 2000 , Rădoi joined Steaua București for a fee of €110,000 . Describing his first day at Steaua , he said , It was like a positive shock for me . Suddenly I was in the same place with players like Iulian Miu , Marius Baciu and Miodrag Belodedici , players I saw on TV . It was like a dream . His coach at Steaua was Victor Pițurcă , the former Romania national team coach , who promoted him to the Steaua first team . He then became one of Steauas most important players . In his first match for the club , a 4-3 victory over FCM Bacău at the Ghencea football stadium , Rădoi scored the equalizer in the ninth minute after Cătălin Cursaru had opened the scoring for Bacău less than a minute before . Steaua would go on to win the championship of the Romanian league that year , as well as the Supercupa României against rivals Dinamo . FCSB . In 2005 , Rădoi won a second championship title ; and in 2006 , yet another : his third . On 24 February 2005 , he won an important match in the UEFA Cup against holder Valencia . In 2006 Rădoi captained the team in the UEFA Cup semi-final against Middlesbrough which FCSB lost 4–3 on aggregate . In the summer of 2006 , a rumour circulated that Rădoi would sign for Premier League club Portsmouth as soon as the transfer window opened in England , with the transfer fee estimated at around £11 million . The transfer did not materialize , however , and many speculated that the £11 million offer was no more than a ploy to jack up the players potential transfer value before a move elsewhere . In the end , FCSBs owner Gigi Becali stated that he would not be selling Rădoi after all . Due to injury , he only played his first official game in the 2006–07 season on 12 November , a 6–0 victory against Național București . Later career . In January 2009 , Rădoi signed a three-year contract with Saudi Arabian club Al-Hilal which earned him €1.4 million annually . The transfer fee FCSB received was in the region of €6 million . Rădoi made his debut for Al-Hilal in the local derby against Al-Nassr , which Al-Hilal won 2–0 with Rădoi scoring the second goal . In his sixth game with the club , he won the Princes Cup , defeating Al-Shabab in the final . Nicknamed The Warrior by his fans in Saudi Arabia , he was voted Saudi Professional League Player of the Year in 2010 . They even made a complete book about his career and has been published online with official website MRadoi.com . Rădoi spent three years at the club , becoming a legend , and the teams captain , before he was reunited with ex-Al-Hilal and Steaua manager Cosmin Olăroiu at Al Ain . In June 2011 , Rădoi was transferred to Al Ain for a fee of €4.2 million . He signed a two-year deal worth €2.5 million annually . International . [ Image:RO B ROMAUT Mirel Radoi 1.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Rădoi playing for Romania in 2009. ] ] Rădoi has been capped 67 times for the Romania , scoring two goals . In 2005 , Romanian team manager Victor Pițurcă suspended him for leaving training camp without permission before matches against the Netherlands and Armenia . Coach Pițurcă recalled him in February 2006 for a friendly tournament in Cyprus after Rădoi apologised for his behaviour . Although he was included in Romanias squad for UEFA Euro 2008 , he suffered an eye injury and broken nose during the second group game against Italy after clashing heads with team-mate Răzvan Raț , who emerged unscathed . Rădoi played no further part in the tournament . After a confrontation with Răzvan Lucescu in 2010 , Radoi declared that he would retire from the national team . Coaching career . In charge of National U21 selection , Radoi became head coach of the A selection after resignation of Cosmin Contra in Novembre 2019 . Career statistics . Club . Correct as of 8 August 2020 Honours . Player . Steaua București - Liga I : 2000–01 - Supercupa României : 2001 FCSB - Liga I : 2004–05 , 2005–06 - Supercupa României : 2006 Al-Hilal - Saudi Professional League : 2009–10 , 2010–11 - Crown Prince Cup : 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 Al-Ahli - UAE Pro-League : 2011–12 , 2012–13 - UAE Super Cup : 2012 - UAE Presidents Cup : 2013–14 Individual - Gazeta Sporturilor Romanian Footballer of the Year : Runner-up 2005 - Saudi Professional League Player of the Year : 2010 External links . - The Leader Mirel Radoi |
[
"Romania under-21 national team"
] | easy | Which team was coached by Mirel Rădoi from 2018 to 2019? | /wiki/Mirel_Rădoi#P6087#2 | Mirel Rădoi Mirel Matei Rădoi ( born 22 March 1981 ) is a Romanian former footballer and the current head coach of the Romania national team . He played as a defensive midfielder or a central defender . Capped 67 times by the national team , he represented Romania at the UEFA Euro 2008 . Rădoi began his playing career at Extensiv Craiova in 1999 . The following year he signed for Steaua București where he amassed over 58 games in all competitions and won two domestic trophies over the course of two-and-a-half seasons . After playing for FCSB , he spent his later years with teams from the Arabian Peninsula starting with Al-Hilal in 2009 . Following his retirement as a player in 2015 , Rădoi immediately returned to FCSB as a head coach . The team failed to qualify for the group stages of European competitions , and he was sacked in December . Appointed manager of the Romania under-21 national team in 2018 , he led them to the semi-finals of the 2019 UEFA European Championship . Following the success of the under-21 side , Rădoi was named manager of the Romania senior team in November 2019 . Playing career . Extensiv Craiova . Rădoi started to play football at the age of eight , first as a goalkeeper and then as a defender . He started his youth career at Turnu Severin and there he was spotted by Sorin Cârțu , the coach of Extensiv Craiova , who was so impressed by him that he purchased Rădoi in 1999 , financing the transfer with his own money . Rădoi made his professional debut in 1999 , in a defeat against Dinamo București on 4 March 2000 . he left the club . Steaua București . Just one year later , in the summer of 2000 , Rădoi joined Steaua București for a fee of €110,000 . Describing his first day at Steaua , he said , It was like a positive shock for me . Suddenly I was in the same place with players like Iulian Miu , Marius Baciu and Miodrag Belodedici , players I saw on TV . It was like a dream . His coach at Steaua was Victor Pițurcă , the former Romania national team coach , who promoted him to the Steaua first team . He then became one of Steauas most important players . In his first match for the club , a 4-3 victory over FCM Bacău at the Ghencea football stadium , Rădoi scored the equalizer in the ninth minute after Cătălin Cursaru had opened the scoring for Bacău less than a minute before . Steaua would go on to win the championship of the Romanian league that year , as well as the Supercupa României against rivals Dinamo . FCSB . In 2005 , Rădoi won a second championship title ; and in 2006 , yet another : his third . On 24 February 2005 , he won an important match in the UEFA Cup against holder Valencia . In 2006 Rădoi captained the team in the UEFA Cup semi-final against Middlesbrough which FCSB lost 4–3 on aggregate . In the summer of 2006 , a rumour circulated that Rădoi would sign for Premier League club Portsmouth as soon as the transfer window opened in England , with the transfer fee estimated at around £11 million . The transfer did not materialize , however , and many speculated that the £11 million offer was no more than a ploy to jack up the players potential transfer value before a move elsewhere . In the end , FCSBs owner Gigi Becali stated that he would not be selling Rădoi after all . Due to injury , he only played his first official game in the 2006–07 season on 12 November , a 6–0 victory against Național București . Later career . In January 2009 , Rădoi signed a three-year contract with Saudi Arabian club Al-Hilal which earned him €1.4 million annually . The transfer fee FCSB received was in the region of €6 million . Rădoi made his debut for Al-Hilal in the local derby against Al-Nassr , which Al-Hilal won 2–0 with Rădoi scoring the second goal . In his sixth game with the club , he won the Princes Cup , defeating Al-Shabab in the final . Nicknamed The Warrior by his fans in Saudi Arabia , he was voted Saudi Professional League Player of the Year in 2010 . They even made a complete book about his career and has been published online with official website MRadoi.com . Rădoi spent three years at the club , becoming a legend , and the teams captain , before he was reunited with ex-Al-Hilal and Steaua manager Cosmin Olăroiu at Al Ain . In June 2011 , Rădoi was transferred to Al Ain for a fee of €4.2 million . He signed a two-year deal worth €2.5 million annually . International . [ Image:RO B ROMAUT Mirel Radoi 1.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Rădoi playing for Romania in 2009. ] ] Rădoi has been capped 67 times for the Romania , scoring two goals . In 2005 , Romanian team manager Victor Pițurcă suspended him for leaving training camp without permission before matches against the Netherlands and Armenia . Coach Pițurcă recalled him in February 2006 for a friendly tournament in Cyprus after Rădoi apologised for his behaviour . Although he was included in Romanias squad for UEFA Euro 2008 , he suffered an eye injury and broken nose during the second group game against Italy after clashing heads with team-mate Răzvan Raț , who emerged unscathed . Rădoi played no further part in the tournament . After a confrontation with Răzvan Lucescu in 2010 , Radoi declared that he would retire from the national team . Coaching career . In charge of National U21 selection , Radoi became head coach of the A selection after resignation of Cosmin Contra in Novembre 2019 . Career statistics . Club . Correct as of 8 August 2020 Honours . Player . Steaua București - Liga I : 2000–01 - Supercupa României : 2001 FCSB - Liga I : 2004–05 , 2005–06 - Supercupa României : 2006 Al-Hilal - Saudi Professional League : 2009–10 , 2010–11 - Crown Prince Cup : 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 Al-Ahli - UAE Pro-League : 2011–12 , 2012–13 - UAE Super Cup : 2012 - UAE Presidents Cup : 2013–14 Individual - Gazeta Sporturilor Romanian Footballer of the Year : Runner-up 2005 - Saudi Professional League Player of the Year : 2010 External links . - The Leader Mirel Radoi |
[
"George Watsons College"
] | easy | Which school did Joseph Wedderburn go to from 1897 to 1898? | /wiki/Joseph_Wedderburn#P69#0 | Joseph Wedderburn Joseph Henry Maclagan Wedderburn FRSE FRS ( 2 February 1882 – 9 October 1948 ) was a Scottish mathematician , who taught at Princeton University for most of his career . A significant algebraist , he proved that a finite division algebra is a field , and part of the Artin–Wedderburn theorem on simple algebras . He also worked on group theory and matrix algebra . His younger brother was the lawyer Ernest Wedderburn . Life . Joseph Wedderburn was the tenth of fourteen children of Alexander Wedderburn of Pearsie , a physician , and Anne Ogilvie . He was educated at Forfar Academy then in 1895 his parents sent Joseph and his younger brother Ernest to live in Edinburgh with their paternal uncle , J R Maclagan Wedderburn , allowing them to attend George Watsons College . This house was at 3 Glencairn Crescent in the West End of the city . In 1898 Joseph entered the University of Edinburgh . In 1903 , he published his first three papers , worked as an assistant in the Physical Laboratory of the University , obtained an MA degree with First Class Honours in mathematics , and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , upon the proposal of George Chrystal , James Gordon MacGregor , Cargill Gilston Knott and William Peddie . Aged only 21 he remains one of the youngest Fellows ever . He then studied briefly at the University of Leipzig and the University of Berlin , where he met the algebraists Frobenius and Schur . A Carnegie Scholarship allowed him to spend the 1904–1905 academic year at the University of Chicago where he worked with Oswald Veblen , E . H . Moore , and most importantly , Leonard Dickson , who was to become the most important American algebraist of his day . Returning to Scotland in 1905 , Wedderburn worked for four years at the University of Edinburgh as an assistant to George Chrystal , who supervised his D.Sc , awarded in 1908 for a thesis titled On Hypercomplex Numbers . He gained a PhD in algebra from the University of Edinburgh in 1908 . From 1906 to 1908 , Wedderburn edited the Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society . In 1909 , he returned to the United States to become a Preceptor in Mathematics at Princeton University ; his colleagues included Luther P . Eisenhart , Oswald Veblen , Gilbert Ames Bliss , and George Birkhoff . Upon the outbreak of the First World War , Wedderburn enlisted in the British Army as a private . He was the first person at Princeton to volunteer for that war , and had the longest war service of anyone on the staff . He served with the Seaforth Highlanders in France , as Lieutenant ( 1914 ) , then as Captain of the 10th Battalion ( 1915–18 ) . While a Captain in the Fourth Field Survey Battalion of the Royal Engineers in France , he devised sound-ranging equipment to locate enemy artillery . He returned to Princeton after the war , becoming Associate Professor in 1921 and editing the Annals of Mathematics until 1928 . While at Princeton , he supervised only three PhDs , one of them being Nathan Jacobson . In his later years , Wedderburn became an increasingly solitary figure and may even have suffered from depression . His isolation after his 1945 early retirement was such that his death from a heart attack was not noticed for several days . His Nachlass was destroyed , as per his instructions . Wedderburn received the MacDougall-Brisbane Gold Medal and Prize from the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1921 , and was elected to the Royal Society of London in 1933 . Work . In all , Wedderburn published about 40 books and papers , making important advances in the theory of rings , algebras and matrix theory . In 1905 , Wedderburn published a paper that included three claimed proofs of a theorem stating that a noncommutative finite division ring could not exist . The proofs all made clever use of the interplay between the additive group of a finite division algebra A , and the multiplicative group A* = A- { 0 } . Parshall ( 1983 ) notes that the first of these three proofs had a gap not noticed at the time . Meanwhile , Wedderburns Chicago colleague Dickson also found a proof of this result but , believing Wedderburns first proof to be correct , Dickson acknowledged Wedderburns priority . But Dickson also noted that Wedderburn constructed his second and third proofs only after having seen Dicksons proof . Parshall concludes that Dickson should be credited with the first correct proof . A corollary to this theorem yields the complete structure of all finite projective geometry . In their paper on Non-Desarguesian and non-Pascalian geometries in the 1907 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society , Wedderburn and Veblen showed that in these geometries , Pascals theorem is a consequence of Desargues theorem . They also constructed finite projective geometries which are neither Desarguesian nor Pascalian ( the terminology is Hilberts ) . Wedderburns best-known paper was his sole-authored On hypercomplex numbers , published in the 1907 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society , and for which he was awarded the D.Sc . the following year . This paper gives a complete classification of simple and semisimple algebras . He then showed that every semisimple algebra finite-dimensional can be constructed as a direct sum of simple algebras and that every simple algebra is isomorphic to a matrix algebra for some division ring . The Artin–Wedderburn theorem generalises this result , with the ascending chain condition . His best known book is his Lectures on Matrices ( 1934 ) , which Jacobson praised as follows : About Wedderburns teaching : |
[
"University of Edinburgh"
] | easy | Which school did Joseph Wedderburn go to from 1898 to 1903? | /wiki/Joseph_Wedderburn#P69#1 | Joseph Wedderburn Joseph Henry Maclagan Wedderburn FRSE FRS ( 2 February 1882 – 9 October 1948 ) was a Scottish mathematician , who taught at Princeton University for most of his career . A significant algebraist , he proved that a finite division algebra is a field , and part of the Artin–Wedderburn theorem on simple algebras . He also worked on group theory and matrix algebra . His younger brother was the lawyer Ernest Wedderburn . Life . Joseph Wedderburn was the tenth of fourteen children of Alexander Wedderburn of Pearsie , a physician , and Anne Ogilvie . He was educated at Forfar Academy then in 1895 his parents sent Joseph and his younger brother Ernest to live in Edinburgh with their paternal uncle , J R Maclagan Wedderburn , allowing them to attend George Watsons College . This house was at 3 Glencairn Crescent in the West End of the city . In 1898 Joseph entered the University of Edinburgh . In 1903 , he published his first three papers , worked as an assistant in the Physical Laboratory of the University , obtained an MA degree with First Class Honours in mathematics , and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , upon the proposal of George Chrystal , James Gordon MacGregor , Cargill Gilston Knott and William Peddie . Aged only 21 he remains one of the youngest Fellows ever . He then studied briefly at the University of Leipzig and the University of Berlin , where he met the algebraists Frobenius and Schur . A Carnegie Scholarship allowed him to spend the 1904–1905 academic year at the University of Chicago where he worked with Oswald Veblen , E . H . Moore , and most importantly , Leonard Dickson , who was to become the most important American algebraist of his day . Returning to Scotland in 1905 , Wedderburn worked for four years at the University of Edinburgh as an assistant to George Chrystal , who supervised his D.Sc , awarded in 1908 for a thesis titled On Hypercomplex Numbers . He gained a PhD in algebra from the University of Edinburgh in 1908 . From 1906 to 1908 , Wedderburn edited the Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society . In 1909 , he returned to the United States to become a Preceptor in Mathematics at Princeton University ; his colleagues included Luther P . Eisenhart , Oswald Veblen , Gilbert Ames Bliss , and George Birkhoff . Upon the outbreak of the First World War , Wedderburn enlisted in the British Army as a private . He was the first person at Princeton to volunteer for that war , and had the longest war service of anyone on the staff . He served with the Seaforth Highlanders in France , as Lieutenant ( 1914 ) , then as Captain of the 10th Battalion ( 1915–18 ) . While a Captain in the Fourth Field Survey Battalion of the Royal Engineers in France , he devised sound-ranging equipment to locate enemy artillery . He returned to Princeton after the war , becoming Associate Professor in 1921 and editing the Annals of Mathematics until 1928 . While at Princeton , he supervised only three PhDs , one of them being Nathan Jacobson . In his later years , Wedderburn became an increasingly solitary figure and may even have suffered from depression . His isolation after his 1945 early retirement was such that his death from a heart attack was not noticed for several days . His Nachlass was destroyed , as per his instructions . Wedderburn received the MacDougall-Brisbane Gold Medal and Prize from the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1921 , and was elected to the Royal Society of London in 1933 . Work . In all , Wedderburn published about 40 books and papers , making important advances in the theory of rings , algebras and matrix theory . In 1905 , Wedderburn published a paper that included three claimed proofs of a theorem stating that a noncommutative finite division ring could not exist . The proofs all made clever use of the interplay between the additive group of a finite division algebra A , and the multiplicative group A* = A- { 0 } . Parshall ( 1983 ) notes that the first of these three proofs had a gap not noticed at the time . Meanwhile , Wedderburns Chicago colleague Dickson also found a proof of this result but , believing Wedderburns first proof to be correct , Dickson acknowledged Wedderburns priority . But Dickson also noted that Wedderburn constructed his second and third proofs only after having seen Dicksons proof . Parshall concludes that Dickson should be credited with the first correct proof . A corollary to this theorem yields the complete structure of all finite projective geometry . In their paper on Non-Desarguesian and non-Pascalian geometries in the 1907 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society , Wedderburn and Veblen showed that in these geometries , Pascals theorem is a consequence of Desargues theorem . They also constructed finite projective geometries which are neither Desarguesian nor Pascalian ( the terminology is Hilberts ) . Wedderburns best-known paper was his sole-authored On hypercomplex numbers , published in the 1907 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society , and for which he was awarded the D.Sc . the following year . This paper gives a complete classification of simple and semisimple algebras . He then showed that every semisimple algebra finite-dimensional can be constructed as a direct sum of simple algebras and that every simple algebra is isomorphic to a matrix algebra for some division ring . The Artin–Wedderburn theorem generalises this result , with the ascending chain condition . His best known book is his Lectures on Matrices ( 1934 ) , which Jacobson praised as follows : About Wedderburns teaching : |
[
"University of Leipzig"
] | easy | Where was Joseph Wedderburn educated from 1903 to 1904? | /wiki/Joseph_Wedderburn#P69#2 | Joseph Wedderburn Joseph Henry Maclagan Wedderburn FRSE FRS ( 2 February 1882 – 9 October 1948 ) was a Scottish mathematician , who taught at Princeton University for most of his career . A significant algebraist , he proved that a finite division algebra is a field , and part of the Artin–Wedderburn theorem on simple algebras . He also worked on group theory and matrix algebra . His younger brother was the lawyer Ernest Wedderburn . Life . Joseph Wedderburn was the tenth of fourteen children of Alexander Wedderburn of Pearsie , a physician , and Anne Ogilvie . He was educated at Forfar Academy then in 1895 his parents sent Joseph and his younger brother Ernest to live in Edinburgh with their paternal uncle , J R Maclagan Wedderburn , allowing them to attend George Watsons College . This house was at 3 Glencairn Crescent in the West End of the city . In 1898 Joseph entered the University of Edinburgh . In 1903 , he published his first three papers , worked as an assistant in the Physical Laboratory of the University , obtained an MA degree with First Class Honours in mathematics , and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , upon the proposal of George Chrystal , James Gordon MacGregor , Cargill Gilston Knott and William Peddie . Aged only 21 he remains one of the youngest Fellows ever . He then studied briefly at the University of Leipzig and the University of Berlin , where he met the algebraists Frobenius and Schur . A Carnegie Scholarship allowed him to spend the 1904–1905 academic year at the University of Chicago where he worked with Oswald Veblen , E . H . Moore , and most importantly , Leonard Dickson , who was to become the most important American algebraist of his day . Returning to Scotland in 1905 , Wedderburn worked for four years at the University of Edinburgh as an assistant to George Chrystal , who supervised his D.Sc , awarded in 1908 for a thesis titled On Hypercomplex Numbers . He gained a PhD in algebra from the University of Edinburgh in 1908 . From 1906 to 1908 , Wedderburn edited the Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society . In 1909 , he returned to the United States to become a Preceptor in Mathematics at Princeton University ; his colleagues included Luther P . Eisenhart , Oswald Veblen , Gilbert Ames Bliss , and George Birkhoff . Upon the outbreak of the First World War , Wedderburn enlisted in the British Army as a private . He was the first person at Princeton to volunteer for that war , and had the longest war service of anyone on the staff . He served with the Seaforth Highlanders in France , as Lieutenant ( 1914 ) , then as Captain of the 10th Battalion ( 1915–18 ) . While a Captain in the Fourth Field Survey Battalion of the Royal Engineers in France , he devised sound-ranging equipment to locate enemy artillery . He returned to Princeton after the war , becoming Associate Professor in 1921 and editing the Annals of Mathematics until 1928 . While at Princeton , he supervised only three PhDs , one of them being Nathan Jacobson . In his later years , Wedderburn became an increasingly solitary figure and may even have suffered from depression . His isolation after his 1945 early retirement was such that his death from a heart attack was not noticed for several days . His Nachlass was destroyed , as per his instructions . Wedderburn received the MacDougall-Brisbane Gold Medal and Prize from the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1921 , and was elected to the Royal Society of London in 1933 . Work . In all , Wedderburn published about 40 books and papers , making important advances in the theory of rings , algebras and matrix theory . In 1905 , Wedderburn published a paper that included three claimed proofs of a theorem stating that a noncommutative finite division ring could not exist . The proofs all made clever use of the interplay between the additive group of a finite division algebra A , and the multiplicative group A* = A- { 0 } . Parshall ( 1983 ) notes that the first of these three proofs had a gap not noticed at the time . Meanwhile , Wedderburns Chicago colleague Dickson also found a proof of this result but , believing Wedderburns first proof to be correct , Dickson acknowledged Wedderburns priority . But Dickson also noted that Wedderburn constructed his second and third proofs only after having seen Dicksons proof . Parshall concludes that Dickson should be credited with the first correct proof . A corollary to this theorem yields the complete structure of all finite projective geometry . In their paper on Non-Desarguesian and non-Pascalian geometries in the 1907 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society , Wedderburn and Veblen showed that in these geometries , Pascals theorem is a consequence of Desargues theorem . They also constructed finite projective geometries which are neither Desarguesian nor Pascalian ( the terminology is Hilberts ) . Wedderburns best-known paper was his sole-authored On hypercomplex numbers , published in the 1907 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society , and for which he was awarded the D.Sc . the following year . This paper gives a complete classification of simple and semisimple algebras . He then showed that every semisimple algebra finite-dimensional can be constructed as a direct sum of simple algebras and that every simple algebra is isomorphic to a matrix algebra for some division ring . The Artin–Wedderburn theorem generalises this result , with the ascending chain condition . His best known book is his Lectures on Matrices ( 1934 ) , which Jacobson praised as follows : About Wedderburns teaching : |
[
"University of Chicago"
] | easy | Where was Joseph Wedderburn educated from 1904 to 1905? | /wiki/Joseph_Wedderburn#P69#3 | Joseph Wedderburn Joseph Henry Maclagan Wedderburn FRSE FRS ( 2 February 1882 – 9 October 1948 ) was a Scottish mathematician , who taught at Princeton University for most of his career . A significant algebraist , he proved that a finite division algebra is a field , and part of the Artin–Wedderburn theorem on simple algebras . He also worked on group theory and matrix algebra . His younger brother was the lawyer Ernest Wedderburn . Life . Joseph Wedderburn was the tenth of fourteen children of Alexander Wedderburn of Pearsie , a physician , and Anne Ogilvie . He was educated at Forfar Academy then in 1895 his parents sent Joseph and his younger brother Ernest to live in Edinburgh with their paternal uncle , J R Maclagan Wedderburn , allowing them to attend George Watsons College . This house was at 3 Glencairn Crescent in the West End of the city . In 1898 Joseph entered the University of Edinburgh . In 1903 , he published his first three papers , worked as an assistant in the Physical Laboratory of the University , obtained an MA degree with First Class Honours in mathematics , and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , upon the proposal of George Chrystal , James Gordon MacGregor , Cargill Gilston Knott and William Peddie . Aged only 21 he remains one of the youngest Fellows ever . He then studied briefly at the University of Leipzig and the University of Berlin , where he met the algebraists Frobenius and Schur . A Carnegie Scholarship allowed him to spend the 1904–1905 academic year at the University of Chicago where he worked with Oswald Veblen , E . H . Moore , and most importantly , Leonard Dickson , who was to become the most important American algebraist of his day . Returning to Scotland in 1905 , Wedderburn worked for four years at the University of Edinburgh as an assistant to George Chrystal , who supervised his D.Sc , awarded in 1908 for a thesis titled On Hypercomplex Numbers . He gained a PhD in algebra from the University of Edinburgh in 1908 . From 1906 to 1908 , Wedderburn edited the Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society . In 1909 , he returned to the United States to become a Preceptor in Mathematics at Princeton University ; his colleagues included Luther P . Eisenhart , Oswald Veblen , Gilbert Ames Bliss , and George Birkhoff . Upon the outbreak of the First World War , Wedderburn enlisted in the British Army as a private . He was the first person at Princeton to volunteer for that war , and had the longest war service of anyone on the staff . He served with the Seaforth Highlanders in France , as Lieutenant ( 1914 ) , then as Captain of the 10th Battalion ( 1915–18 ) . While a Captain in the Fourth Field Survey Battalion of the Royal Engineers in France , he devised sound-ranging equipment to locate enemy artillery . He returned to Princeton after the war , becoming Associate Professor in 1921 and editing the Annals of Mathematics until 1928 . While at Princeton , he supervised only three PhDs , one of them being Nathan Jacobson . In his later years , Wedderburn became an increasingly solitary figure and may even have suffered from depression . His isolation after his 1945 early retirement was such that his death from a heart attack was not noticed for several days . His Nachlass was destroyed , as per his instructions . Wedderburn received the MacDougall-Brisbane Gold Medal and Prize from the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1921 , and was elected to the Royal Society of London in 1933 . Work . In all , Wedderburn published about 40 books and papers , making important advances in the theory of rings , algebras and matrix theory . In 1905 , Wedderburn published a paper that included three claimed proofs of a theorem stating that a noncommutative finite division ring could not exist . The proofs all made clever use of the interplay between the additive group of a finite division algebra A , and the multiplicative group A* = A- { 0 } . Parshall ( 1983 ) notes that the first of these three proofs had a gap not noticed at the time . Meanwhile , Wedderburns Chicago colleague Dickson also found a proof of this result but , believing Wedderburns first proof to be correct , Dickson acknowledged Wedderburns priority . But Dickson also noted that Wedderburn constructed his second and third proofs only after having seen Dicksons proof . Parshall concludes that Dickson should be credited with the first correct proof . A corollary to this theorem yields the complete structure of all finite projective geometry . In their paper on Non-Desarguesian and non-Pascalian geometries in the 1907 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society , Wedderburn and Veblen showed that in these geometries , Pascals theorem is a consequence of Desargues theorem . They also constructed finite projective geometries which are neither Desarguesian nor Pascalian ( the terminology is Hilberts ) . Wedderburns best-known paper was his sole-authored On hypercomplex numbers , published in the 1907 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society , and for which he was awarded the D.Sc . the following year . This paper gives a complete classification of simple and semisimple algebras . He then showed that every semisimple algebra finite-dimensional can be constructed as a direct sum of simple algebras and that every simple algebra is isomorphic to a matrix algebra for some division ring . The Artin–Wedderburn theorem generalises this result , with the ascending chain condition . His best known book is his Lectures on Matrices ( 1934 ) , which Jacobson praised as follows : About Wedderburns teaching : |
[
"National Historic Landmark"
] | easy | Which site was the heritage designation of Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve from Oct 1960 to Oct 1966? | /wiki/Salt_River_Bay_National_Historical_Park_and_Ecological_Preserve#P1435#0 | Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve Salt River Bay National Historic Park and Ecological Preserve is a unit of the National Park Service on the island of St . Croix in the U.S . Virgin Islands . It preserves upland watersheds , mangrove forests , and estuarine and marine environments that support threatened and endangered species . It also contains the Columbus Landing Site , a National Historic Landmark that is the only known site where members of a Columbus expedition set foot on what is now United States territory . The site is marked by Fort Salé , a remaining earthworks fortification from the French period of occupation , about 1617 . The park also preserves prehistoric and colonial-era archeological sites including the only existing example of a ball court in the US Virgin Islands . Description . Salt River Bay is located on the north side of the island of St . Croix , on its central coast . The bay is a large inlet with two major sections , the left fed by the Salt River . The park property encompasses substantially all of the land abutting the bay . This areas blend of sea and land holds some of the largest remaining mangrove forests in the Virgin Islands , as well as coral reefs and a submarine canyon . Salt River Bays natural history , its vitally important ecosystem of mangroves , estuary , coral reefs , and submarine canyon , has witnessed thousands of years of human endeavor . Every major period of human habitation in the Virgin Islands is represented : several South American Indian cultures , the 1493 encounter with Columbus , Spanish extermination of the Caribs , attempts at colonization by a succession of European nations , and enslaved West Africans and their descendants . More than a dozen major archeological investigations since 1880 , together with historical research , reveal a remarkable story . Park history . On February 24 , 1992 Congress created the park , under cooperative management of the National Park Service and Government of the Virgin Islands of the United States . These agencies jointly manage this park . As an historic area of the National Park Service , the park was administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places on the same day . The Columbus landing site had already been designated a National Historic Landmark on October 9 , 1960 . The Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve is honored with the 53rd quarter in the America the Beautiful Quarters in 2020 . Columbus landing site and early history . The bay was the location of a Taino village and batey since the 1300s , until conquered by the Caribs in 1425 . The Columbus landing site is located on a point at the western side of the bay . It is here that Columbus sent a longboat to shore on November 14 , 1493 , to explore the area and acquire fresh water and provisions . A nearby village was occupied by Taíno people who had recently been enslaved by invading Carib forces , and Columbus men took some of the women and children with them when they set out to return to the ship . While en route , they encountered a canoe apparently occupied by Caribs , and a brief skirmish took place , in which one of the canoes occupants was slain and the others captured . This was the first recorded fight by the Spanish with the New World native population , and they named the site ( Cape of the Arrow ) . The island had been abandoned by the Caribs by 1590 ( possibly due either to diseases introduced by contact , Spanish massacres , or other causes ) , and became Spanish territory . It was taken by the English in 1641 , and then the Dutch in 1642 . The Dutch built triangular earthworks called Fort Flamand ( Flemish Fort ) near the site , which was taken over by the French in 1650 , and renamed Fort Salé ( Salt Fort or du Sal Fort after the governor ) . It remains the only known structure to survive from this early colonial period . Gudmund Hatt first discovered the site in 1923 . Excavations revealed petroglyphs , human sacrifice remains , zemis , and stone belts . Some of the artifacts are now in the National Museum of Denmark . Bioluminescent bay . Salt River is home to one of two bioluminescent bays or bio bays on the island of St . Croix ( a second bio bay can be found at Altona Lagoon ) . Every year thousands of people flock to see the glowing water of the Bio Bay thats created by a micro-organism , the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense . The bay is also home to other bioluminescent marine life including Ctenophora or comb-jellies and Odontosyllis phosphorea or Fireworms . Bio Bays are extremely rare with only seven year-round lagoons known to exist in the Caribbean , says Dr . Michael Latz of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography at the University of California San Diego , an expert on bioluminescent organisms , Any place that has a bioluminescent bay should cherish it like a natural wonder , like a treasure . A combination of factors creates the necessary conditions for bioluminescence : red mangrove trees surround the water ( the organisms have been related to Mangrove forest although Mangrove is not necessarily associated with this species ) . A study at the Bio Bay located at Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve is being conducted by faculty and students from the University of South Carolina , the University of North Carolina Wilmington and the University of the Virgin Islands . Their research is focused on analyzing quality and nutrient composition of the water , the distribution of the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense , and the abundance of cysts , dormant dinoflagellates embedded in the sea floor . The National Park Service and its partner institutions completed a study of the bioluminescence phenomenon in the Mangrove Lagoon in Spring 2014 . Scuba diving . Salt River Canyon is a prehistoric river and waterfall having cut two deep walls facing each other across a quarter mile of blue water . The feature is one of the best known of St . Croixs dive features , along with the Frederiksted Pier . The most popular scuba diving locations are a few hundred yards outside the Salt River Bay . Although most of the boat moorings are 25-45 deep , the actual canyon reaches nearly 500 in depth . Recreational scuba limits are 130 and well into the shadows of the canyon walls . This location is known for its sheer depth , clarity , and wildlife . February and March play host to nursing humpback whales . Year-round are both the nurse shark and reef shark . Occasionally one of the pods of dolphins may come swimming by as well . Sport Diver Magazine has also rated this area as one of the top 5 for water clarity in the Caribbean . |
[
"National Register of Historic Places"
] | easy | Which site was the heritage designation of Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve from Oct 1966 to 1980? | /wiki/Salt_River_Bay_National_Historical_Park_and_Ecological_Preserve#P1435#1 | Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve Salt River Bay National Historic Park and Ecological Preserve is a unit of the National Park Service on the island of St . Croix in the U.S . Virgin Islands . It preserves upland watersheds , mangrove forests , and estuarine and marine environments that support threatened and endangered species . It also contains the Columbus Landing Site , a National Historic Landmark that is the only known site where members of a Columbus expedition set foot on what is now United States territory . The site is marked by Fort Salé , a remaining earthworks fortification from the French period of occupation , about 1617 . The park also preserves prehistoric and colonial-era archeological sites including the only existing example of a ball court in the US Virgin Islands . Description . Salt River Bay is located on the north side of the island of St . Croix , on its central coast . The bay is a large inlet with two major sections , the left fed by the Salt River . The park property encompasses substantially all of the land abutting the bay . This areas blend of sea and land holds some of the largest remaining mangrove forests in the Virgin Islands , as well as coral reefs and a submarine canyon . Salt River Bays natural history , its vitally important ecosystem of mangroves , estuary , coral reefs , and submarine canyon , has witnessed thousands of years of human endeavor . Every major period of human habitation in the Virgin Islands is represented : several South American Indian cultures , the 1493 encounter with Columbus , Spanish extermination of the Caribs , attempts at colonization by a succession of European nations , and enslaved West Africans and their descendants . More than a dozen major archeological investigations since 1880 , together with historical research , reveal a remarkable story . Park history . On February 24 , 1992 Congress created the park , under cooperative management of the National Park Service and Government of the Virgin Islands of the United States . These agencies jointly manage this park . As an historic area of the National Park Service , the park was administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places on the same day . The Columbus landing site had already been designated a National Historic Landmark on October 9 , 1960 . The Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve is honored with the 53rd quarter in the America the Beautiful Quarters in 2020 . Columbus landing site and early history . The bay was the location of a Taino village and batey since the 1300s , until conquered by the Caribs in 1425 . The Columbus landing site is located on a point at the western side of the bay . It is here that Columbus sent a longboat to shore on November 14 , 1493 , to explore the area and acquire fresh water and provisions . A nearby village was occupied by Taíno people who had recently been enslaved by invading Carib forces , and Columbus men took some of the women and children with them when they set out to return to the ship . While en route , they encountered a canoe apparently occupied by Caribs , and a brief skirmish took place , in which one of the canoes occupants was slain and the others captured . This was the first recorded fight by the Spanish with the New World native population , and they named the site ( Cape of the Arrow ) . The island had been abandoned by the Caribs by 1590 ( possibly due either to diseases introduced by contact , Spanish massacres , or other causes ) , and became Spanish territory . It was taken by the English in 1641 , and then the Dutch in 1642 . The Dutch built triangular earthworks called Fort Flamand ( Flemish Fort ) near the site , which was taken over by the French in 1650 , and renamed Fort Salé ( Salt Fort or du Sal Fort after the governor ) . It remains the only known structure to survive from this early colonial period . Gudmund Hatt first discovered the site in 1923 . Excavations revealed petroglyphs , human sacrifice remains , zemis , and stone belts . Some of the artifacts are now in the National Museum of Denmark . Bioluminescent bay . Salt River is home to one of two bioluminescent bays or bio bays on the island of St . Croix ( a second bio bay can be found at Altona Lagoon ) . Every year thousands of people flock to see the glowing water of the Bio Bay thats created by a micro-organism , the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense . The bay is also home to other bioluminescent marine life including Ctenophora or comb-jellies and Odontosyllis phosphorea or Fireworms . Bio Bays are extremely rare with only seven year-round lagoons known to exist in the Caribbean , says Dr . Michael Latz of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography at the University of California San Diego , an expert on bioluminescent organisms , Any place that has a bioluminescent bay should cherish it like a natural wonder , like a treasure . A combination of factors creates the necessary conditions for bioluminescence : red mangrove trees surround the water ( the organisms have been related to Mangrove forest although Mangrove is not necessarily associated with this species ) . A study at the Bio Bay located at Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve is being conducted by faculty and students from the University of South Carolina , the University of North Carolina Wilmington and the University of the Virgin Islands . Their research is focused on analyzing quality and nutrient composition of the water , the distribution of the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense , and the abundance of cysts , dormant dinoflagellates embedded in the sea floor . The National Park Service and its partner institutions completed a study of the bioluminescence phenomenon in the Mangrove Lagoon in Spring 2014 . Scuba diving . Salt River Canyon is a prehistoric river and waterfall having cut two deep walls facing each other across a quarter mile of blue water . The feature is one of the best known of St . Croixs dive features , along with the Frederiksted Pier . The most popular scuba diving locations are a few hundred yards outside the Salt River Bay . Although most of the boat moorings are 25-45 deep , the actual canyon reaches nearly 500 in depth . Recreational scuba limits are 130 and well into the shadows of the canyon walls . This location is known for its sheer depth , clarity , and wildlife . February and March play host to nursing humpback whales . Year-round are both the nurse shark and reef shark . Occasionally one of the pods of dolphins may come swimming by as well . Sport Diver Magazine has also rated this area as one of the top 5 for water clarity in the Caribbean . |
[
"island of St . Croix"
] | easy | Which site was the heritage designation of Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve from 1980 to 1981? | /wiki/Salt_River_Bay_National_Historical_Park_and_Ecological_Preserve#P1435#2 | Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve Salt River Bay National Historic Park and Ecological Preserve is a unit of the National Park Service on the island of St . Croix in the U.S . Virgin Islands . It preserves upland watersheds , mangrove forests , and estuarine and marine environments that support threatened and endangered species . It also contains the Columbus Landing Site , a National Historic Landmark that is the only known site where members of a Columbus expedition set foot on what is now United States territory . The site is marked by Fort Salé , a remaining earthworks fortification from the French period of occupation , about 1617 . The park also preserves prehistoric and colonial-era archeological sites including the only existing example of a ball court in the US Virgin Islands . Description . Salt River Bay is located on the north side of the island of St . Croix , on its central coast . The bay is a large inlet with two major sections , the left fed by the Salt River . The park property encompasses substantially all of the land abutting the bay . This areas blend of sea and land holds some of the largest remaining mangrove forests in the Virgin Islands , as well as coral reefs and a submarine canyon . Salt River Bays natural history , its vitally important ecosystem of mangroves , estuary , coral reefs , and submarine canyon , has witnessed thousands of years of human endeavor . Every major period of human habitation in the Virgin Islands is represented : several South American Indian cultures , the 1493 encounter with Columbus , Spanish extermination of the Caribs , attempts at colonization by a succession of European nations , and enslaved West Africans and their descendants . More than a dozen major archeological investigations since 1880 , together with historical research , reveal a remarkable story . Park history . On February 24 , 1992 Congress created the park , under cooperative management of the National Park Service and Government of the Virgin Islands of the United States . These agencies jointly manage this park . As an historic area of the National Park Service , the park was administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places on the same day . The Columbus landing site had already been designated a National Historic Landmark on October 9 , 1960 . The Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve is honored with the 53rd quarter in the America the Beautiful Quarters in 2020 . Columbus landing site and early history . The bay was the location of a Taino village and batey since the 1300s , until conquered by the Caribs in 1425 . The Columbus landing site is located on a point at the western side of the bay . It is here that Columbus sent a longboat to shore on November 14 , 1493 , to explore the area and acquire fresh water and provisions . A nearby village was occupied by Taíno people who had recently been enslaved by invading Carib forces , and Columbus men took some of the women and children with them when they set out to return to the ship . While en route , they encountered a canoe apparently occupied by Caribs , and a brief skirmish took place , in which one of the canoes occupants was slain and the others captured . This was the first recorded fight by the Spanish with the New World native population , and they named the site ( Cape of the Arrow ) . The island had been abandoned by the Caribs by 1590 ( possibly due either to diseases introduced by contact , Spanish massacres , or other causes ) , and became Spanish territory . It was taken by the English in 1641 , and then the Dutch in 1642 . The Dutch built triangular earthworks called Fort Flamand ( Flemish Fort ) near the site , which was taken over by the French in 1650 , and renamed Fort Salé ( Salt Fort or du Sal Fort after the governor ) . It remains the only known structure to survive from this early colonial period . Gudmund Hatt first discovered the site in 1923 . Excavations revealed petroglyphs , human sacrifice remains , zemis , and stone belts . Some of the artifacts are now in the National Museum of Denmark . Bioluminescent bay . Salt River is home to one of two bioluminescent bays or bio bays on the island of St . Croix ( a second bio bay can be found at Altona Lagoon ) . Every year thousands of people flock to see the glowing water of the Bio Bay thats created by a micro-organism , the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense . The bay is also home to other bioluminescent marine life including Ctenophora or comb-jellies and Odontosyllis phosphorea or Fireworms . Bio Bays are extremely rare with only seven year-round lagoons known to exist in the Caribbean , says Dr . Michael Latz of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography at the University of California San Diego , an expert on bioluminescent organisms , Any place that has a bioluminescent bay should cherish it like a natural wonder , like a treasure . A combination of factors creates the necessary conditions for bioluminescence : red mangrove trees surround the water ( the organisms have been related to Mangrove forest although Mangrove is not necessarily associated with this species ) . A study at the Bio Bay located at Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve is being conducted by faculty and students from the University of South Carolina , the University of North Carolina Wilmington and the University of the Virgin Islands . Their research is focused on analyzing quality and nutrient composition of the water , the distribution of the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense , and the abundance of cysts , dormant dinoflagellates embedded in the sea floor . The National Park Service and its partner institutions completed a study of the bioluminescence phenomenon in the Mangrove Lagoon in Spring 2014 . Scuba diving . Salt River Canyon is a prehistoric river and waterfall having cut two deep walls facing each other across a quarter mile of blue water . The feature is one of the best known of St . Croixs dive features , along with the Frederiksted Pier . The most popular scuba diving locations are a few hundred yards outside the Salt River Bay . Although most of the boat moorings are 25-45 deep , the actual canyon reaches nearly 500 in depth . Recreational scuba limits are 130 and well into the shadows of the canyon walls . This location is known for its sheer depth , clarity , and wildlife . February and March play host to nursing humpback whales . Year-round are both the nurse shark and reef shark . Occasionally one of the pods of dolphins may come swimming by as well . Sport Diver Magazine has also rated this area as one of the top 5 for water clarity in the Caribbean . |
[
"government of Afghanistan",
"government of Afghanistan"
] | easy | Ariana Afghan Airlines was owned by whom from 1955 to 1957? | /wiki/Ariana_Afghan_Airlines#P127#0 | Ariana Afghan Airlines Ariana Afghan Airlines Co . Ltd . ( ; ) , also known simply as Ariana , is the largest airline of Afghanistan and serves as the countrys national carrier . Founded in 1955 , Ariana is the oldest airline of Afghanistan . The company has its main base at Kabul International Airport , from where it operates domestically , and also provides international connections that link Afghanistan with India , Russia , Saudi Arabia , Turkey and the United Arab Emirates . The carrier is headquartered in Shāre Naw , Kabul , and it is wholly owned by the Afghan government . Ariana Afghan Airlines has been on the list of air carriers banned in the European Union . History . Early years . The airline was set up on 27 January 1955 . It was established as Aryana Airlines with the assistance of Indamer Co . Ltd. , which initially held a 49% interest , and the government of Afghanistan owned the balance . At the beginning , services were operated to Bahrain , India , Iran , and Lebanon , with a fleet of three Douglas DC-3s . In 1957 , Pan American World Airways became the minor shareholder of the airline when it took over the 49% interest from Indamer . Domestic scheduled services started the same year . By , a fleet of three DC-3s was being used for linking Kabul with Amritsar , Delhi , Jeddah , and Karachi , as well as with some points within Afghanistan , while a single DC-4 operated the Kabul–Kandahar–Tehran–Damascus–Beirut–Ankara–Prague–Frankfurt service , so-called Marco Polo route . In the early 1960s , from US aid to Afghanistan was used to capitalise the company . By , the airline had 650 employees . At this time , the fleet comprised one Boeing 727-100C , one CV-440 , one DC-3 and two Douglas DC-6s that worked on routes serving the Middle East , India , Pakistan , the USSR , and Istanbul , Frankfurt and London . Domestic services were then operated by Bakhtar Alwatana , which was established by the government in 1967 for this purpose . The carriers first widebody aircraft , a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 , entered the fleet in early . By , the aircraft fleet consisted of the DC-10 and two Boeing 727-100Cs . In the mid-1980s , during the Soviet–Afghan War , the carrier was forced to sell the DC-10 to British Caledonian , as the Soviets wanted the carrier to fly the Tupolev Tu-154 as a replacement . In , Ariana was taken over by Bakhtar Afghan Airlines , which became the countrys new national airline . In 1986 , Bakhtar ordered two Tupolev Tu-154Ms ; the airline took possession of these aircraft in . In , Bakhtar was merged back into Ariana , thus creating an airline which could serve both short and long haul routes . Taliban era . After the end of the Soviet war in 1989 and collapse of Najibullahs government , the Taliban took over Kabul in 1996 . Afghanistan faced substantial economic sanctions from the international sector during the Taliban regime . The sanctions , along with the Taliban governments control of the company and the grounding of many of the carriers international flights , had a devastating effect on the economic health of the company through the 1990s . The fleet was reduced to only a handful of Russian and Ukrainian built An-26s , Yakovlev Yak-40s and three Boeing 727s , which were used on the longest domestic routes . In October 1996 , Pakistan provided a temporary maintenance and operational base at Karachi . With no overseas assets , by 1999 Arianas international operations consisted of flights to Dubai only ; also , limited cargo flights continued into Chinas western provinces . However , sanctions imposed by UN Security Council Resolution 1267 forced the airline to suspend overseas operations . In , Ariana was grounded completely . According to the Los Angeles Times : According to people interviewed by the Los Angeles Times , Viktor Bouts companies helped in running the airline . Post-Taliban era . Following the overthrow of the Taliban government during Operation Enduring Freedom , Ariana began to rebuild its operations in . About a month later , the UN sanctions were finally lifted , permitting the airline to resume international routes again . In 2002 , the government of India gave the carrier a gift of three ex-Air India Airbus A300s . Arianas first international passenger flight since 1999 landed at Indira Gandhi International Airport in , followed by routes to Pakistan and Germany in June and October the same year , respectively . In 2005 , India signed an agreement on aviation cooperation with Afghanistan , with Air India training 50 officials for Ariana . EU ban . Due to safety regulations , Ariana was mostly banned from flying into European Union airspace in , with the European Commission allowing the carrier to fly only a single France-registered Airbus A310 into the member states ; the ban was extended to the entire fleet in October of that year . The ban was confirmed in subsequent updates of the list released in late 2009 and . In , all Afghanistan-registered aircraft were banned from operating in the European Union . Ariana was still included in subsequent updates of the list , released in , , , , , , , , June 2016 , and December 2016 . Destinations . , Ariana Afghan Airlines serves three domestic and seven international destinations in Russia , Turkey , Saudi Arabia , Kuwait , the United Arab Emirates and India ; most of the routes radiate from Kabul . Fleet . Current fleet . the Ariana Afghan Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft : Historical fleet . Ariana operated the following equipment all through its history : - Airbus A300B4 - Airbus A310-200 - Airbus A320-200 - Airbus A321-100 - Antonov An-12BP - Antonov An-12T - Antonov An-24 - Antonov An-24B - Antonov An-24RV - Antonov An-26 - Antonov An-26B - Boeing 707-120B - Boeing 707-320C - Boeing 720B - Boeing 727-100C - Boeing 727-200 - Boeing 727-200F - Boeing 737-300 - Boeing 737-800 - Boeing 747-200B - Boeing 757-200 - Convair CV-440 - Douglas C-47 - Douglas C-47A - Douglas C-54B - Douglas C-54G - Douglas DC-4 - Douglas DC-6A - McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 - Tupolev Tu-134 - Tupolev Tu-154B - Tupolev Tu-154M - Yakovlev Yak-40 Accidents and incidents . According to Aviation Safety Network , Ariana Afghan Airlines has written off 19 aircraft involved in 13 events , seven of them being deadly . Casualties totaled 154 deaths . The following list includes occurrences that led to at least one fatality , resulted in a write-off of the aircraft involved , or both . |
[
"government of Afghanistan"
] | easy | Who owned Ariana Afghan Airlines in 1957? | /wiki/Ariana_Afghan_Airlines#P127#1 | Ariana Afghan Airlines Ariana Afghan Airlines Co . Ltd . ( ; ) , also known simply as Ariana , is the largest airline of Afghanistan and serves as the countrys national carrier . Founded in 1955 , Ariana is the oldest airline of Afghanistan . The company has its main base at Kabul International Airport , from where it operates domestically , and also provides international connections that link Afghanistan with India , Russia , Saudi Arabia , Turkey and the United Arab Emirates . The carrier is headquartered in Shāre Naw , Kabul , and it is wholly owned by the Afghan government . Ariana Afghan Airlines has been on the list of air carriers banned in the European Union . History . Early years . The airline was set up on 27 January 1955 . It was established as Aryana Airlines with the assistance of Indamer Co . Ltd. , which initially held a 49% interest , and the government of Afghanistan owned the balance . At the beginning , services were operated to Bahrain , India , Iran , and Lebanon , with a fleet of three Douglas DC-3s . In 1957 , Pan American World Airways became the minor shareholder of the airline when it took over the 49% interest from Indamer . Domestic scheduled services started the same year . By , a fleet of three DC-3s was being used for linking Kabul with Amritsar , Delhi , Jeddah , and Karachi , as well as with some points within Afghanistan , while a single DC-4 operated the Kabul–Kandahar–Tehran–Damascus–Beirut–Ankara–Prague–Frankfurt service , so-called Marco Polo route . In the early 1960s , from US aid to Afghanistan was used to capitalise the company . By , the airline had 650 employees . At this time , the fleet comprised one Boeing 727-100C , one CV-440 , one DC-3 and two Douglas DC-6s that worked on routes serving the Middle East , India , Pakistan , the USSR , and Istanbul , Frankfurt and London . Domestic services were then operated by Bakhtar Alwatana , which was established by the government in 1967 for this purpose . The carriers first widebody aircraft , a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 , entered the fleet in early . By , the aircraft fleet consisted of the DC-10 and two Boeing 727-100Cs . In the mid-1980s , during the Soviet–Afghan War , the carrier was forced to sell the DC-10 to British Caledonian , as the Soviets wanted the carrier to fly the Tupolev Tu-154 as a replacement . In , Ariana was taken over by Bakhtar Afghan Airlines , which became the countrys new national airline . In 1986 , Bakhtar ordered two Tupolev Tu-154Ms ; the airline took possession of these aircraft in . In , Bakhtar was merged back into Ariana , thus creating an airline which could serve both short and long haul routes . Taliban era . After the end of the Soviet war in 1989 and collapse of Najibullahs government , the Taliban took over Kabul in 1996 . Afghanistan faced substantial economic sanctions from the international sector during the Taliban regime . The sanctions , along with the Taliban governments control of the company and the grounding of many of the carriers international flights , had a devastating effect on the economic health of the company through the 1990s . The fleet was reduced to only a handful of Russian and Ukrainian built An-26s , Yakovlev Yak-40s and three Boeing 727s , which were used on the longest domestic routes . In October 1996 , Pakistan provided a temporary maintenance and operational base at Karachi . With no overseas assets , by 1999 Arianas international operations consisted of flights to Dubai only ; also , limited cargo flights continued into Chinas western provinces . However , sanctions imposed by UN Security Council Resolution 1267 forced the airline to suspend overseas operations . In , Ariana was grounded completely . According to the Los Angeles Times : According to people interviewed by the Los Angeles Times , Viktor Bouts companies helped in running the airline . Post-Taliban era . Following the overthrow of the Taliban government during Operation Enduring Freedom , Ariana began to rebuild its operations in . About a month later , the UN sanctions were finally lifted , permitting the airline to resume international routes again . In 2002 , the government of India gave the carrier a gift of three ex-Air India Airbus A300s . Arianas first international passenger flight since 1999 landed at Indira Gandhi International Airport in , followed by routes to Pakistan and Germany in June and October the same year , respectively . In 2005 , India signed an agreement on aviation cooperation with Afghanistan , with Air India training 50 officials for Ariana . EU ban . Due to safety regulations , Ariana was mostly banned from flying into European Union airspace in , with the European Commission allowing the carrier to fly only a single France-registered Airbus A310 into the member states ; the ban was extended to the entire fleet in October of that year . The ban was confirmed in subsequent updates of the list released in late 2009 and . In , all Afghanistan-registered aircraft were banned from operating in the European Union . Ariana was still included in subsequent updates of the list , released in , , , , , , , , June 2016 , and December 2016 . Destinations . , Ariana Afghan Airlines serves three domestic and seven international destinations in Russia , Turkey , Saudi Arabia , Kuwait , the United Arab Emirates and India ; most of the routes radiate from Kabul . Fleet . Current fleet . the Ariana Afghan Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft : Historical fleet . Ariana operated the following equipment all through its history : - Airbus A300B4 - Airbus A310-200 - Airbus A320-200 - Airbus A321-100 - Antonov An-12BP - Antonov An-12T - Antonov An-24 - Antonov An-24B - Antonov An-24RV - Antonov An-26 - Antonov An-26B - Boeing 707-120B - Boeing 707-320C - Boeing 720B - Boeing 727-100C - Boeing 727-200 - Boeing 727-200F - Boeing 737-300 - Boeing 737-800 - Boeing 747-200B - Boeing 757-200 - Convair CV-440 - Douglas C-47 - Douglas C-47A - Douglas C-54B - Douglas C-54G - Douglas DC-4 - Douglas DC-6A - McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 - Tupolev Tu-134 - Tupolev Tu-154B - Tupolev Tu-154M - Yakovlev Yak-40 Accidents and incidents . According to Aviation Safety Network , Ariana Afghan Airlines has written off 19 aircraft involved in 13 events , seven of them being deadly . Casualties totaled 154 deaths . The following list includes occurrences that led to at least one fatality , resulted in a write-off of the aircraft involved , or both . |
[
"Pan American World Airways"
] | easy | Who was the owner of Ariana Afghan Airlines from 1957 to 1958? | /wiki/Ariana_Afghan_Airlines#P127#2 | Ariana Afghan Airlines Ariana Afghan Airlines Co . Ltd . ( ; ) , also known simply as Ariana , is the largest airline of Afghanistan and serves as the countrys national carrier . Founded in 1955 , Ariana is the oldest airline of Afghanistan . The company has its main base at Kabul International Airport , from where it operates domestically , and also provides international connections that link Afghanistan with India , Russia , Saudi Arabia , Turkey and the United Arab Emirates . The carrier is headquartered in Shāre Naw , Kabul , and it is wholly owned by the Afghan government . Ariana Afghan Airlines has been on the list of air carriers banned in the European Union . History . Early years . The airline was set up on 27 January 1955 . It was established as Aryana Airlines with the assistance of Indamer Co . Ltd. , which initially held a 49% interest , and the government of Afghanistan owned the balance . At the beginning , services were operated to Bahrain , India , Iran , and Lebanon , with a fleet of three Douglas DC-3s . In 1957 , Pan American World Airways became the minor shareholder of the airline when it took over the 49% interest from Indamer . Domestic scheduled services started the same year . By , a fleet of three DC-3s was being used for linking Kabul with Amritsar , Delhi , Jeddah , and Karachi , as well as with some points within Afghanistan , while a single DC-4 operated the Kabul–Kandahar–Tehran–Damascus–Beirut–Ankara–Prague–Frankfurt service , so-called Marco Polo route . In the early 1960s , from US aid to Afghanistan was used to capitalise the company . By , the airline had 650 employees . At this time , the fleet comprised one Boeing 727-100C , one CV-440 , one DC-3 and two Douglas DC-6s that worked on routes serving the Middle East , India , Pakistan , the USSR , and Istanbul , Frankfurt and London . Domestic services were then operated by Bakhtar Alwatana , which was established by the government in 1967 for this purpose . The carriers first widebody aircraft , a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 , entered the fleet in early . By , the aircraft fleet consisted of the DC-10 and two Boeing 727-100Cs . In the mid-1980s , during the Soviet–Afghan War , the carrier was forced to sell the DC-10 to British Caledonian , as the Soviets wanted the carrier to fly the Tupolev Tu-154 as a replacement . In , Ariana was taken over by Bakhtar Afghan Airlines , which became the countrys new national airline . In 1986 , Bakhtar ordered two Tupolev Tu-154Ms ; the airline took possession of these aircraft in . In , Bakhtar was merged back into Ariana , thus creating an airline which could serve both short and long haul routes . Taliban era . After the end of the Soviet war in 1989 and collapse of Najibullahs government , the Taliban took over Kabul in 1996 . Afghanistan faced substantial economic sanctions from the international sector during the Taliban regime . The sanctions , along with the Taliban governments control of the company and the grounding of many of the carriers international flights , had a devastating effect on the economic health of the company through the 1990s . The fleet was reduced to only a handful of Russian and Ukrainian built An-26s , Yakovlev Yak-40s and three Boeing 727s , which were used on the longest domestic routes . In October 1996 , Pakistan provided a temporary maintenance and operational base at Karachi . With no overseas assets , by 1999 Arianas international operations consisted of flights to Dubai only ; also , limited cargo flights continued into Chinas western provinces . However , sanctions imposed by UN Security Council Resolution 1267 forced the airline to suspend overseas operations . In , Ariana was grounded completely . According to the Los Angeles Times : According to people interviewed by the Los Angeles Times , Viktor Bouts companies helped in running the airline . Post-Taliban era . Following the overthrow of the Taliban government during Operation Enduring Freedom , Ariana began to rebuild its operations in . About a month later , the UN sanctions were finally lifted , permitting the airline to resume international routes again . In 2002 , the government of India gave the carrier a gift of three ex-Air India Airbus A300s . Arianas first international passenger flight since 1999 landed at Indira Gandhi International Airport in , followed by routes to Pakistan and Germany in June and October the same year , respectively . In 2005 , India signed an agreement on aviation cooperation with Afghanistan , with Air India training 50 officials for Ariana . EU ban . Due to safety regulations , Ariana was mostly banned from flying into European Union airspace in , with the European Commission allowing the carrier to fly only a single France-registered Airbus A310 into the member states ; the ban was extended to the entire fleet in October of that year . The ban was confirmed in subsequent updates of the list released in late 2009 and . In , all Afghanistan-registered aircraft were banned from operating in the European Union . Ariana was still included in subsequent updates of the list , released in , , , , , , , , June 2016 , and December 2016 . Destinations . , Ariana Afghan Airlines serves three domestic and seven international destinations in Russia , Turkey , Saudi Arabia , Kuwait , the United Arab Emirates and India ; most of the routes radiate from Kabul . Fleet . Current fleet . the Ariana Afghan Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft : Historical fleet . Ariana operated the following equipment all through its history : - Airbus A300B4 - Airbus A310-200 - Airbus A320-200 - Airbus A321-100 - Antonov An-12BP - Antonov An-12T - Antonov An-24 - Antonov An-24B - Antonov An-24RV - Antonov An-26 - Antonov An-26B - Boeing 707-120B - Boeing 707-320C - Boeing 720B - Boeing 727-100C - Boeing 727-200 - Boeing 727-200F - Boeing 737-300 - Boeing 737-800 - Boeing 747-200B - Boeing 757-200 - Convair CV-440 - Douglas C-47 - Douglas C-47A - Douglas C-54B - Douglas C-54G - Douglas DC-4 - Douglas DC-6A - McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 - Tupolev Tu-134 - Tupolev Tu-154B - Tupolev Tu-154M - Yakovlev Yak-40 Accidents and incidents . According to Aviation Safety Network , Ariana Afghan Airlines has written off 19 aircraft involved in 13 events , seven of them being deadly . Casualties totaled 154 deaths . The following list includes occurrences that led to at least one fatality , resulted in a write-off of the aircraft involved , or both . |
[
"Kapitänleutnant Richard Zapp"
] | easy | Who was the commander of German submarine U-66 (1940) from 1941 to Jun 1942? | /wiki/German_submarine_U-66_(1940)#P4791#0 | German submarine U-66 ( 1940 ) German submarine U-66 was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germanys Kriegsmarine during World War II . The submarine was laid down on 20 March 1940 at the AG Weser yard at Bremen , launched on 10 October and commissioned on 2 January 1941 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Richard Zapp as part of the 2nd U-boat Flotilla . Design . German Type IXC submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXBs . U-66 had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged . The U-boat had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke , nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced , two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged . She had two shafts and two propellers . The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to . The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged , the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced , she could travel at . U-66 was fitted with six torpedo tubes ( four fitted at the bow and two at the stern ) , 22 torpedoes , one SK C/32 naval gun , 180 rounds , and a SK C/30 as well as a C/30 anti-aircraft gun . The boat had a complement of forty-eight . Service history . After her transfer from a training organization to front line service in May 1941 , until her sinking in May 1944 , U-66 conducted nine combat patrols , sinking 33 merchant ships , for a total of , and damaged two British motor torpedo boats . She was a member of four wolfpacks . U-66 was the seventh most successful U-boat in World War II . On 6 May 1944 , during her ninth patrol , she was sunk west of the Cape Verde Islands by depth charges , ramming and gunfire from Grumman TBF Avenger and Grumman F4F Wildcat aircraft of the US escort carrier and by the destroyer escort . Patrols . First . On 13 May 1940 , three days after the start of the invasion of France , U-66 departed her homeport of Kiel under the command of Richard Zapp , a future Knights Cross recipient , on her first patrol . After about 10 days she rounded the northern coast of Britain and made her way into the mid-Atlantic ocean . After another 20 days , U-66 headed for her new base at Lorient , on the French Atlantic coast ( one of the first to do so ) and where the U-boat was based for the rest of her career . Second . After refitting and refueling , U-66 set off to the Cape Verde islands . Following an uneventful six-day voyage , she came upon convoy SL-78 , a convoy designated to give supplies to Allied African countries . The convoy had been attacked just recently by and , one of which ( U-123 ) was in her flotilla . U-66 sank George J . Goulandris and Kalypso Vergotti , two Greek merchantmen of 4,345 and , respectively , west of the Canary Islands . She extended her tonnage sunk with the torpedoing of Saint Anselm on the next day , which was a British steam merchant ship of 5,614 tons . More than two weeks later , she sank Holmside , a 3,433-ton straggler from the convoy OG-67 northeast of the Cape Verde Islands . The remainder of the patrol was unsuccessful ; she returned to Lorient in about a month . Third . On 28 August , U-66 left Lorient for north-eastern South America . The patrol was mostly uneventful , but the boat found the Panamanian steam tanker I.C . White ( ) , off the eastern coast of Brazil on 24 September . After a two-day chase , U-66 hit the tanker with one torpedo . U-66 continued the remainder of the patrol without any further incident and returned to Lorient on 9 November . Fourth . U-66s fourth sortie was part of Operation Drumbeat , a German attempt to hinder American convoys off the east coast of the United States . U-66 , leaving on 25 December 1941 and in compliance with orders , positioned herself off Cape Hatteras on 15 January 1942 and started to hunt for a target . She found the 6,635-ton American steam tanker Allan Jackson three days later and sank her with two torpedoes north-east of Diamond Shoals , North Carolina . The next day she sank a Canadian passenger liner , , with two stern-launched torpedoes , killing 246 passengers and crew . Another five died in a lifeboat before 71 survivors were rescued five days later by . Three days later with two stern-launched torpedoes she hit Olympic , a Panamanian steam tanker which broke in two after one minute . Two days after that , Empire Gem and Venore ( an British motor tanker and an American steam merchant ship , the latter following the former ) , were both sunk by U-66 . Empire Gem was hit amidships and aft by two torpedoes , while Venore , 20 miles behind , had only one torpedo hit that set her boilers on fire . U-66 then continued eastward back to Lorient , where she arrived on 10 February . Fifth . On 21 March , U-66 left for what proved to be her most successful patrol , resulting in 43,956 gross metric tons sunk and 12,502 gross metric tons damaged in the Caribbean Sea . 24 days after departure she sank Korthion , a Greek steam merchantman just south of Barbados with one torpedo hit amidships . Two days later , the boat sank Amsterdam , a Dutch steam tanker , which split in two after being hit by two torpedoes , one amidships , and one in the engine room . Most of the survivors were picked up near Port of Spain , ( Trinidad ) by Ivan , a Yugoslavian steam merchant vessel . The next day U-66 attacked Heinrich von Riedemann , an 11,020-ton Panamanian motor tanker . The first torpedo severely damaged the steering control of her port engine and ruptured a tank of oil , making much of it leak out . 20 minutes after the first hit , just after the starboard engine was stopped , the ship was abandoned when the crew took to the lifeboats . An hour later U-66 hit her with a second torpedo , setting her afire . It extinguished itself within 25 minutes . 50 minutes later the submarine hit her with a third torpedo , which set the ship afire again . She remained that way for about 70 minutes before she finally sank . Nine days later U-66 sank the US Alcoa Partner with a torpedo and a shot from her deck gun . Sixth . After her fifth patrol , Richard Zapp left U-66 to take command of the 3rd U-boat Flotilla . This meant that Kapitänleutnant Friedrich Markworth was in charge . The submarine started her sixth patrol with the sinking of Triglav , a Yugoslavian steamer , after depositing a sick crew-member in Spain . After a couple of weeks , U-66 ran across the 4,942-ton Brazilian merchant ship Tamandaré , sinking her with a torpedo hit in her stern . The survivors were picked up by the . Two days after the attack on Tamandaré , U-66 sank Weirbank , a British merchantman on 28 July 1942 , with the second of two torpedoes launched at her . Four days after her previous sinking , two mines from U-66 severely damaged two British motor torpedo boats that had left on a patrol from Port Castries , St . Lucia . Those two mines had been laid , along with four others , on 20 July . U-66 subsequently sank the 766 ton Polish Rozewie on 6 August and the American Topa Topa on the 29th . The next day she sank both the Panamanian Sir Huon and the American West Lashaway in separate attacks . A raft with survivors from West Lashaway was sighted by three aircraft on 18 September ; , one of the escorts of a small convoy went to investigate . Deciding that the raft could be a disguised U-boat , Vimy opened fire , luckily with no result . The rafts sail was hastily cut down , upon which the British destroyer rescued 17 people . U-66 also sank the Winamac on 31 August and the Swedish Peiping on 9 September . She returned to Lorient on 29 September . Seventh ( aborted ) . On 9 November 1942 , U-66 left Lorient on what should have been her 7th war patrol . Soon after departure , leaks were encountered , and she decided to return . On 10 November , the day before she returned , a British Wellington bomber , equipped with a Leigh Light , spotted her and dropped four depth charges . The U-boat escaped without serious damage . Seventh . U-66 left Lorient on 6 January 1943 for what was officially her seventh patrol . On 20 January , the ship landed an espionage agent on the coast of Mauritania , but the agent and two crewmen were immediately captured . Her first sinking came with the attack on the 113-ton French Joseph Elise on 1 February . On the 27th , U-66 attacked the 4,312-ton British coal merchant ship St . Margaret in mid-Atlantic near Bermuda , sinking her with one torpedo and , after several misses , a shell . Several survivors were captured and taken to the prison camp Marlag und Milag Nord . U-66 then returned to port , arriving on 24 March 1943 . Eighth . U-66s eighth patrol started after a quick refit on 7 April 1943 when she left Lorient . At 148 days , it was to be her longest . She first sank the 10,173-ton American Esso Gettysburg , which was carrying crude oil , on 10 June after unsuccessfully attempting to attack several other American tankers . On 2 July , she successfully sank the 10,195-ton Bloody Marsh ( this ship was on her maiden voyage ) , with a torpedo . The last ship encountered on the patrol was the 10,172-ton Cherry Valley , also American , which she sank on 22 July . U-66 then returned to Lorient . Ninth . On 16 January 1944 , U-66 left Lorient for what would be her last patrol and the last command of Oberleutnant zur See Gerhard Seehausen ( posthumously promoted to Kapitänleutnant ) . A month and ten days after departure , U-66 sighted Silvermaple , a 5,313-ton British motor merchant in the convoy ST-12 . She was sunk after one torpedo hit . Four days later , the boat came upon the French 5,202-ton St . Louis , which she sank with two torpedoes off Accra , Ghana . The ship broke into three parts , which sank in less than 50 seconds . Four days after the sinking of St . Louis , on 5 March 1944 U-66 sank the 4,964-ton British John Holt with two torpedoes , and took the captain , Master Cecil Gordon Hime , and a passenger , Mr Elliott - an agent of the Holt Shipping Company , prisoner . These men were later lost with the U-boat . Nearly three weeks after the sinking of John Holt , the U-boat came across the 4,257-ton British Matadian , which she torpedoed and sank . After the attack , U-66 was forced to bottom out in the mud as British patrol craft engaged her . U-66 was supposed to be resupplied by , but this boat , a Milchkuh supply submarine , was sunk on 26 April . Sinking . On 1 May 1944 , U-66 came under attack by American ships from an antisubmarine hunter-killer group formed around . Three Fido homing torpedoes were dropped near the boat , and numerous aircraft from Block Island , along with smaller craft , were designated to hunt for her . On the morning of 6 May , the destroyer escort found the submarine . After an exchange of gunfire and torpedoes , Buckley , under the command of Lieutenant Commander Brent Abel , rammed the submarine . With the two vessels stuck fast , a party of Germans , under the command of U-66s first officer , Klaus Herbig , attempted to climb onto the American escorts forecastle to create a diversion while Seehausen and the remainder of the U-boats crew worked to free the boat . As American sailors saw the boarding party climbing on deck , hand-to-hand fighting broke out in which a number of Germans were killed or wounded before the U-boat was able to make good its escape . Five armed Germans remained on deck of the destroyer but they were quickly over-powered and taken prisoner . Buckleys 3-inch gun was unleashed on the U-boat as the Americans chased after her , but U-66 then turned and rammed Buckley near her engine room , damaging the ships starboard screw . Soon afterward , U-66 was scuttled on Seehausens orders to prevent her secret equipment from being captured . Buckley then began rescue operations , which lasted three hours . U-66 was lost at position with 24 dead and 36 survivors , all of whom were captured by Buckley . Seehausen was not among the survivors , who were later transferred to Block Island . For his act of ramming U-66 , Brent Abel received the Navy Cross . Wolfpacks . U-66 took part in four wolfpacks , namely . - West ( 24 May – 5 June 1941 ) - Rochen ( 27 January – 1 March 1943 ) - Tümmler ( 1–17 March 1943 ) - Aufnahme ( 5–10 May 1943 ) |
[
"Kapitänleutnant Friedrich Markworth"
] | easy | Who commanded German submarine U-66 (1940) from Jun 1942 to Sep 1943? | /wiki/German_submarine_U-66_(1940)#P4791#1 | German submarine U-66 ( 1940 ) German submarine U-66 was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germanys Kriegsmarine during World War II . The submarine was laid down on 20 March 1940 at the AG Weser yard at Bremen , launched on 10 October and commissioned on 2 January 1941 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Richard Zapp as part of the 2nd U-boat Flotilla . Design . German Type IXC submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXBs . U-66 had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged . The U-boat had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke , nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced , two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged . She had two shafts and two propellers . The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to . The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged , the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced , she could travel at . U-66 was fitted with six torpedo tubes ( four fitted at the bow and two at the stern ) , 22 torpedoes , one SK C/32 naval gun , 180 rounds , and a SK C/30 as well as a C/30 anti-aircraft gun . The boat had a complement of forty-eight . Service history . After her transfer from a training organization to front line service in May 1941 , until her sinking in May 1944 , U-66 conducted nine combat patrols , sinking 33 merchant ships , for a total of , and damaged two British motor torpedo boats . She was a member of four wolfpacks . U-66 was the seventh most successful U-boat in World War II . On 6 May 1944 , during her ninth patrol , she was sunk west of the Cape Verde Islands by depth charges , ramming and gunfire from Grumman TBF Avenger and Grumman F4F Wildcat aircraft of the US escort carrier and by the destroyer escort . Patrols . First . On 13 May 1940 , three days after the start of the invasion of France , U-66 departed her homeport of Kiel under the command of Richard Zapp , a future Knights Cross recipient , on her first patrol . After about 10 days she rounded the northern coast of Britain and made her way into the mid-Atlantic ocean . After another 20 days , U-66 headed for her new base at Lorient , on the French Atlantic coast ( one of the first to do so ) and where the U-boat was based for the rest of her career . Second . After refitting and refueling , U-66 set off to the Cape Verde islands . Following an uneventful six-day voyage , she came upon convoy SL-78 , a convoy designated to give supplies to Allied African countries . The convoy had been attacked just recently by and , one of which ( U-123 ) was in her flotilla . U-66 sank George J . Goulandris and Kalypso Vergotti , two Greek merchantmen of 4,345 and , respectively , west of the Canary Islands . She extended her tonnage sunk with the torpedoing of Saint Anselm on the next day , which was a British steam merchant ship of 5,614 tons . More than two weeks later , she sank Holmside , a 3,433-ton straggler from the convoy OG-67 northeast of the Cape Verde Islands . The remainder of the patrol was unsuccessful ; she returned to Lorient in about a month . Third . On 28 August , U-66 left Lorient for north-eastern South America . The patrol was mostly uneventful , but the boat found the Panamanian steam tanker I.C . White ( ) , off the eastern coast of Brazil on 24 September . After a two-day chase , U-66 hit the tanker with one torpedo . U-66 continued the remainder of the patrol without any further incident and returned to Lorient on 9 November . Fourth . U-66s fourth sortie was part of Operation Drumbeat , a German attempt to hinder American convoys off the east coast of the United States . U-66 , leaving on 25 December 1941 and in compliance with orders , positioned herself off Cape Hatteras on 15 January 1942 and started to hunt for a target . She found the 6,635-ton American steam tanker Allan Jackson three days later and sank her with two torpedoes north-east of Diamond Shoals , North Carolina . The next day she sank a Canadian passenger liner , , with two stern-launched torpedoes , killing 246 passengers and crew . Another five died in a lifeboat before 71 survivors were rescued five days later by . Three days later with two stern-launched torpedoes she hit Olympic , a Panamanian steam tanker which broke in two after one minute . Two days after that , Empire Gem and Venore ( an British motor tanker and an American steam merchant ship , the latter following the former ) , were both sunk by U-66 . Empire Gem was hit amidships and aft by two torpedoes , while Venore , 20 miles behind , had only one torpedo hit that set her boilers on fire . U-66 then continued eastward back to Lorient , where she arrived on 10 February . Fifth . On 21 March , U-66 left for what proved to be her most successful patrol , resulting in 43,956 gross metric tons sunk and 12,502 gross metric tons damaged in the Caribbean Sea . 24 days after departure she sank Korthion , a Greek steam merchantman just south of Barbados with one torpedo hit amidships . Two days later , the boat sank Amsterdam , a Dutch steam tanker , which split in two after being hit by two torpedoes , one amidships , and one in the engine room . Most of the survivors were picked up near Port of Spain , ( Trinidad ) by Ivan , a Yugoslavian steam merchant vessel . The next day U-66 attacked Heinrich von Riedemann , an 11,020-ton Panamanian motor tanker . The first torpedo severely damaged the steering control of her port engine and ruptured a tank of oil , making much of it leak out . 20 minutes after the first hit , just after the starboard engine was stopped , the ship was abandoned when the crew took to the lifeboats . An hour later U-66 hit her with a second torpedo , setting her afire . It extinguished itself within 25 minutes . 50 minutes later the submarine hit her with a third torpedo , which set the ship afire again . She remained that way for about 70 minutes before she finally sank . Nine days later U-66 sank the US Alcoa Partner with a torpedo and a shot from her deck gun . Sixth . After her fifth patrol , Richard Zapp left U-66 to take command of the 3rd U-boat Flotilla . This meant that Kapitänleutnant Friedrich Markworth was in charge . The submarine started her sixth patrol with the sinking of Triglav , a Yugoslavian steamer , after depositing a sick crew-member in Spain . After a couple of weeks , U-66 ran across the 4,942-ton Brazilian merchant ship Tamandaré , sinking her with a torpedo hit in her stern . The survivors were picked up by the . Two days after the attack on Tamandaré , U-66 sank Weirbank , a British merchantman on 28 July 1942 , with the second of two torpedoes launched at her . Four days after her previous sinking , two mines from U-66 severely damaged two British motor torpedo boats that had left on a patrol from Port Castries , St . Lucia . Those two mines had been laid , along with four others , on 20 July . U-66 subsequently sank the 766 ton Polish Rozewie on 6 August and the American Topa Topa on the 29th . The next day she sank both the Panamanian Sir Huon and the American West Lashaway in separate attacks . A raft with survivors from West Lashaway was sighted by three aircraft on 18 September ; , one of the escorts of a small convoy went to investigate . Deciding that the raft could be a disguised U-boat , Vimy opened fire , luckily with no result . The rafts sail was hastily cut down , upon which the British destroyer rescued 17 people . U-66 also sank the Winamac on 31 August and the Swedish Peiping on 9 September . She returned to Lorient on 29 September . Seventh ( aborted ) . On 9 November 1942 , U-66 left Lorient on what should have been her 7th war patrol . Soon after departure , leaks were encountered , and she decided to return . On 10 November , the day before she returned , a British Wellington bomber , equipped with a Leigh Light , spotted her and dropped four depth charges . The U-boat escaped without serious damage . Seventh . U-66 left Lorient on 6 January 1943 for what was officially her seventh patrol . On 20 January , the ship landed an espionage agent on the coast of Mauritania , but the agent and two crewmen were immediately captured . Her first sinking came with the attack on the 113-ton French Joseph Elise on 1 February . On the 27th , U-66 attacked the 4,312-ton British coal merchant ship St . Margaret in mid-Atlantic near Bermuda , sinking her with one torpedo and , after several misses , a shell . Several survivors were captured and taken to the prison camp Marlag und Milag Nord . U-66 then returned to port , arriving on 24 March 1943 . Eighth . U-66s eighth patrol started after a quick refit on 7 April 1943 when she left Lorient . At 148 days , it was to be her longest . She first sank the 10,173-ton American Esso Gettysburg , which was carrying crude oil , on 10 June after unsuccessfully attempting to attack several other American tankers . On 2 July , she successfully sank the 10,195-ton Bloody Marsh ( this ship was on her maiden voyage ) , with a torpedo . The last ship encountered on the patrol was the 10,172-ton Cherry Valley , also American , which she sank on 22 July . U-66 then returned to Lorient . Ninth . On 16 January 1944 , U-66 left Lorient for what would be her last patrol and the last command of Oberleutnant zur See Gerhard Seehausen ( posthumously promoted to Kapitänleutnant ) . A month and ten days after departure , U-66 sighted Silvermaple , a 5,313-ton British motor merchant in the convoy ST-12 . She was sunk after one torpedo hit . Four days later , the boat came upon the French 5,202-ton St . Louis , which she sank with two torpedoes off Accra , Ghana . The ship broke into three parts , which sank in less than 50 seconds . Four days after the sinking of St . Louis , on 5 March 1944 U-66 sank the 4,964-ton British John Holt with two torpedoes , and took the captain , Master Cecil Gordon Hime , and a passenger , Mr Elliott - an agent of the Holt Shipping Company , prisoner . These men were later lost with the U-boat . Nearly three weeks after the sinking of John Holt , the U-boat came across the 4,257-ton British Matadian , which she torpedoed and sank . After the attack , U-66 was forced to bottom out in the mud as British patrol craft engaged her . U-66 was supposed to be resupplied by , but this boat , a Milchkuh supply submarine , was sunk on 26 April . Sinking . On 1 May 1944 , U-66 came under attack by American ships from an antisubmarine hunter-killer group formed around . Three Fido homing torpedoes were dropped near the boat , and numerous aircraft from Block Island , along with smaller craft , were designated to hunt for her . On the morning of 6 May , the destroyer escort found the submarine . After an exchange of gunfire and torpedoes , Buckley , under the command of Lieutenant Commander Brent Abel , rammed the submarine . With the two vessels stuck fast , a party of Germans , under the command of U-66s first officer , Klaus Herbig , attempted to climb onto the American escorts forecastle to create a diversion while Seehausen and the remainder of the U-boats crew worked to free the boat . As American sailors saw the boarding party climbing on deck , hand-to-hand fighting broke out in which a number of Germans were killed or wounded before the U-boat was able to make good its escape . Five armed Germans remained on deck of the destroyer but they were quickly over-powered and taken prisoner . Buckleys 3-inch gun was unleashed on the U-boat as the Americans chased after her , but U-66 then turned and rammed Buckley near her engine room , damaging the ships starboard screw . Soon afterward , U-66 was scuttled on Seehausens orders to prevent her secret equipment from being captured . Buckley then began rescue operations , which lasted three hours . U-66 was lost at position with 24 dead and 36 survivors , all of whom were captured by Buckley . Seehausen was not among the survivors , who were later transferred to Block Island . For his act of ramming U-66 , Brent Abel received the Navy Cross . Wolfpacks . U-66 took part in four wolfpacks , namely . - West ( 24 May – 5 June 1941 ) - Rochen ( 27 January – 1 March 1943 ) - Tümmler ( 1–17 March 1943 ) - Aufnahme ( 5–10 May 1943 ) |
[
"Yahoo"
] | easy | Who owned Tumblr from 2016 to 2017? | /wiki/Tumblr#P127#0 | Tumblr Tumblr ( stylized as tumblr and pronounced tumbler ) is an American microblogging and social networking website founded by David Karp in 2007 and currently owned by Automattic . The service allows users to post multimedia and other content to a short-form blog . Users can follow other users blogs . Bloggers can also make their blogs private . For bloggers many of the websites features are accessed from a dashboard interface . As of August 12 , 2019 , Tumblr hosts over 475 million blogs . As of January 2016 , the website had over 500 million monthly visitors , which dropped to less than 400 million by August 2019 . History . Development of Tumblr began in 2006 during a two-week gap between contracts at David Karps software consulting company , Davidville ( housed at Karps former internship with producer-incubator Fred Seiberts Frederator Studios , which was located a block from Tumblrs current headquarters ) . Karp had been interested in tumblelogs ( short-form blogs , hence the name Tumblr ) for some time and was waiting for one of the established blogging platforms to introduce their own tumblelogging platform . As no one had done so after a year of waiting , Karp and developer Marco Arment began working on their own tumblelogging platform . Tumblr was launched in February 2007 , and within two weeks the service had gained 75,000 users . Arment left the company in September 2010 to focus on Instapaper . In early June 2012 , Tumblr featured its first major brand advertising campaign in conjunction with Adidas , who launched an official soccer Tumblr blog and bought placements on the user dashboard . This launch came only two months after Tumblr announced it would be moving towards paid advertising on its site . On May 20 , 2013 , it was announced that Yahoo and Tumblr had reached an agreement for Yahoo ! Inc . to acquire Tumblr for $1.1 billion in cash . Many of Tumblrs users were unhappy with the news , causing some to start a petition , achieving nearly 170,000 signatures . David Karp remained CEO and the deal was finalized on June 20 , 2013 . Advertising sales goals were not met and in 2016 Yahoo wrote down $712 million of Tumblrs value . Verizon Communications acquired Yahoo in June 2017 , and placed Yahoo and Tumblr under its Oath subsidiary . Karp announced in November 2017 that he would be leaving Tumblr by the end of the year . Jeff DOnofrio , Tumblrs President and COO , took over leading the company . The site , along with the rest of the Oath division ( renamed Verizon Media Group in 2019 ) , continued to struggle under Verizon . In March 2019 , SimilarWeb estimated Tumblr had lost 30% of its user traffic since December 2018 , when the site had introduced a stricter content policy with heavier restrictions on adult content ( which had been a notable draw to the service ) . In May 2019 , it was reported that Verizon was considering selling the site due to its continued struggles since the purchase ( as it had done with another Yahoo property , Flickr , via its sale to SmugMug ) . Following this news , Pornhubs vice president publicly expressed interest in purchasing Tumblr , with a promise to reinstate the previous adult content policies . On August 12 , 2019 , Verizon Media announced that it would sell Tumblr to Automattic—operator of blog service WordPress.com and corporate backer of the open source blog software of the same name—for an undisclosed amount . Axios reported that the sale price was less than $3 million , a significant decrease over Yahoos original purchase price . Automattic CEO Matt Mullenweg stated that the site will operate as a complementary service to WordPress.com , and that there were no plans to reverse the content policy decisions made during Verizon ownership . Features . Blog management . - Dashboard : The dashboard is the primary tool for the typical Tumblr user . It is a live feed of recent posts from blogs that they follow . Through the dashboard , users are able to comment , reblog , and like posts from other blogs that appear on their dashboard . The dashboard allows the user to upload text posts , images , videos , quotes , or links to their blog with a click of a button displayed at the top of the dashboard . Users are also able to connect their blogs to their Twitter and Facebook accounts ; so whenever they make a post , it will also be sent as a tweet and a status update . - Queue : Users are able to set up a schedule to delay posts that they make . They can spread their posts over several hours or even days . - Tags : Users can help their audience find posts about certain topics by adding tags . If someone were to upload a picture to their blog and wanted their viewers to find pictures , they would add the tag #picture , and their viewers could use that word to search for posts with the tag #picture . - HTML editing : Tumblr allows users to edit their blogs theme HTML coding to control the appearance of their blog . Users are also able to use a custom domain name for their blog . Mobile . With Tumblrs 2009 acquisition of Tumblerette , an iOS application created by Jeff Rock and Garrett Ross , the service launched its official iPhone app . The site became available to BlackBerry smartphones on April 17 , 2010 , via a Mobelux application in BlackBerry World . In June 2012 , Tumblr released a new version of its iOS app , Tumblr 3.0 , allowing support for Spotify integration , hi-res images and offline access . An app for Android is also available . A Windows Phone app was released on April 23 , 2013 . An app for Google Glass was released on May 16 , 2013 . Inbox and messaging . Tumblr blogs may optionally allow users to submit questions , either as themselves or anonymously , to the blog for a response . Tumblr also offered a fan mail function , allowing users to send messages to blogs that they follow . On November 10 , 2015 , Tumblr introduced an integrated instant messaging function , allowing users to chat with other Tumblr users . The feature was rolled out in a viral manner ; it was initially made available to a group of 1500 users , and other users could receive access to the messaging system if they were sent a message by any user that had received access to the system itself . The messaging platform replaces the fan mail system , which was deprecated . The ability to send posts to others via the Dashboard was added the following month . In November 2019 , Tumblr introduced group chats—ephemeral chat rooms surfaced via searches , designed to allow users to share content in real-time with users who share their interests . Posts disappear after 24 hours and cannot be edited . Original content . In May 2012 , Tumblr launched Storyboard , a blog managed by an in-house editorial team which features stories and videos about noteworthy blogs and users on Tumblr . In April 2013 , Storyboard was shut down . In March 2018 , Tumblr began to syndicate original video content from Verizon-owned video network go90 , as part of an ongoing integration of Oath properties , and reported plans to wind down go90 in favor of using Oath properties to distribute its content instead . This made the respective content available internationally , since go90 is a U.S.-only service . Usage . Tumblr has been noted for the socially progressive views of its users . In 2011 , the service was most popular with the teen and college-aged user segments with half of Tumblrs visitor base being under the age of 25 . In April 2013 , the website received more than 13 billion global page views . User activity , measured by the number of blog posts each day , peaked at over 100 million in early 2014 and declined in each of the next three years , to approximately 30 million by October 2018 . As of May 2019 , Tumblr hosts over 465 million blogs and more than 172 billion posts in total with over 21 million posts created on the site each day . Adult content . Tumblr was noted by technology journalists as having a sizable amount of pornographic content . An analysis conducted by news and technology site TechCrunch on May 20 , 2013 , showed that over 22% of all traffic in and out of Tumblr was classified as pornography . In addition , a reported 16.45% of blogs on Tumblr exclusively contained pornographic material . Following July 2013 and its acquisition by Yahoo , Tumblr progressively restricted adult content on the site . In July 2013 , Tumblr began to filter content in adult-tagged blogs from appearing in search results and tagged displays unless the user was logged in . In February 2018 , Safe Mode ( which filters sensitive content and blogs ) became enabled by default for all users on an opt-out basis . On December 3 , 2018 , Tumblr announced that effective December 17 , all images and videos depicting sex acts , and real-life images and videos depicting human genitalia or female-presenting nipples , would be banned from the service . Exceptions are provided for illustrations or art that depict nudity , nudity related to political or newsworthy speech , and depictions of female-presenting nipples in relation to medical events such as childbirth , breastfeeding , mastectomy and gender reassignment surgery . The rules do not apply to text content . All posts in violation of the policy are hidden from public view , and repeat offenders may be reprimanded . Shortly prior to the announcement , Tumblrs Android app was patched to remove the ability to disable Safe Mode . The change faced wide criticism among Tumblrs community ; in particular , it has been argued that the service should have focused on other major issues ( such as controlling hate speech or the number of porn-related spambots on the service ) , and that the services adult community provided a platform for sex education , independent adult performers ( especially those representing LGBT communities who feel that they are underrepresented by a heteronormative mainstream industry ) seeking an outlet for their work , and those seeking a safe haven from over-policed platforms to share creative work with adult themes . Tumblr stated that it was using various algorithms to detect potential violations , in combination with manual reviews . Users quickly discovered a wide array of false positives . A large number of users scheduled protest actions on December 17 . On the day the ban took effect , Tumblr issued a new post clarifying the new policy , showcasing examples of adult images still allowed on the service , and stating that it fully recognized its special obligation to serving its LGBT userbase , and that LGBTQ+ conversations , exploration of sexuality and gender , efforts to document the lives and challenges of those in the sex worker industry , and posts with pictures , videos , and GIFs of gender-confirmation surgery are all examples of content that is not only permitted on Tumblr but actively encouraged . Wired cited multiple potential factors in the ban , including that the presence of adult content made the service unappealing to potential advertisers , the Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act ( a U.S . federal law which makes websites liable for knowingly assisting or facilitating illegal sex trafficking ) , as well as heavy restrictions on adult content imposed by Apple for software offered on the iOS App Store ( which similarly prompted several Reddit clients to heavily frustrate the ability for users to access forums on the site that contain adult content ) . Corporate affairs . Tumblrs headquarters is at 770 Broadway in New York City . The company also maintains a support office in Richmond , Virginia . As of June 1 , 2017 , Tumblr had 411 employees . The companys logo is set in Bookman Old Style with some modifications . Funding . Tumblr had received about $125 million of funding from investors . The company has raised funding from Union Square Ventures , Spark Capital , Martín Varsavsky , John Borthwick ( Betaworks ) , Fred Seibert , Krum Capital , and Sequoia Capital ( among other investors ) . In its first round of funding in October 2007 , Tumblr raised $750,000 from Spark Capital and Union Square Ventures . In December 2008 the company raised $4.5 million in Series B funding and a further $5 million in April 2010 . In December 2010 Tumblr raised $30 million in Series D funding . The company had an $800 million valuation in August 2011 . In September 2011 the company raised $85 million in a round of funding led by Greylock Partners and Insight Venture Partners . Revenue sources . In an interview with Nicole Lapin of Bloomberg West on September 7 , 2012 , David Karp said the site was monetized by advertising . Their first advertising launch started in May 2012 after 16 experimental campaigns . Tumblr made $13 million in revenue in 2012 and hoped to make $100 million in 2013 . Tumblr reportedly spent $25 million to fund operations in 2012 . In 2013 , Tumblr began allowing companies to pay to promote their own posts to a larger audience . Tumblr Head of Sales , Lee Brown , has quoted the average ad purchase on Tumblr to be nearly six figures . Tumblr also allows premium theme templates to be sold for use by blogs . In July 2016 , advertisements were implemented by default across all blogs . Users may opt-out , and the service stated that a revenue sharing program would be implemented at a later date . Criticism . Copyright issues . Tumblr has received criticism for copyright violations by participating bloggers ; however , Tumblr accepts Digital Millennium Copyright Act ( DMCA ) take-down notices . Tumblrs visual appeal has made it ideal for photoblogs that often include copyrighted works from others that are re-published without payment . Tumblr users can post unoriginal content by Reblogging , a feature on Tumblr that allows users to re-post content taken from another blog onto their own blog with attribution . Security . Tumblr has been forced to manage spam and security problems . For example , a chain letter scam in May 2011 affected 130,000 users . On December 3 , 2012 , Tumblr was attacked by a cross-site scripting worm deployed by the Internet troll group Gay Nigger Association of America . The message urged users to harm themselves and criticized blogging in general . User interface changes . In 2015 , Tumblr faced criticism by users for changes to its reblog mechanisms . In July 2015 , the system was modified so that users cannot remove or edit individual comments by other users when reblogging a post ; existing comments can only be removed all at once . Tumblr staff argued that the change was intended to combat misattribution , though this move was met by criticism from ‘ask blogs’ and ‘RP blogs’ , which often shortened long chains of reblogs between users to improve readability . In September 2015 , Tumblr changed how threads of comments on reblogged posts are displayed ; rather than a nested view with indentations for each post , all reblogs are now shown in a flat view , and user avatars were also added . The change was intended to improve the legibility of reblogs , especially on mobile platforms , and complements the inability to edit existing comments . Although some users had requested such a change to combat posts made illegible by extremely large numbers of comments on a reblogged post , the majority of users ( even those who had requested such a change ) criticized the new format . The Verge was also critical of the changes , noting that it was cleaner , but made the site lose its nostalgic charm . Userbase behaviour . While Tumblrs userbase has generally been received as accommodating people from a wide range of ideologies and identities , a common point of criticism is that attitudes from users on the site stifle discussion and discourse . In addition , several incidents involving serious behaviour from the userbase have been publicised in recent years ; these include the ‘Independence Day raid’ in 2014 , in which users of Tumblr attempted to raid 4chan , only for the raid to backfire when 4chan retaliated , as well as an incident in 2015 , in which members of the Steven Universe fandom drove an artist to the point of attempting suicide over their artwork , in which they drew characters thin that are typically seen as being fat in the show . In 2018 , Kotaku reporter Gita Jackson described the site as a joyless black hole , citing how the websites design and functionality led to fandoms spinning out of control , as well as an environment which inhibited discussion and discourse . Promotion of self-harm and suicide . In February 2012 , Tumblr banned blogs that promote or advocate suicide , self-harm and eating disorders ( pro-ana ) . The suicide of a British teenager , Tallulah Wilson , raised the issue of suicide and self-harm promotion on Tumblr as Wilson was reported to have maintained a self-harm blog on the site . A user on the site is reported to have sent Wilson an image of a noose accompanied by the message : here is your new necklace , try it on . In response to the Wilson case , Maria Miller , the UKs minister for culture , media , and sport , said that social media sites like Tumblr need to remove toxic self-harm content . Searching terms like depression , anxiety , and suicide on Tumblr now brings up a PSA page directing the user to resources like the national suicide lifeline , and 7 Cups ; as well as an option to continue to the search results . There are concerns of some Tumblr posts glorifying suicide and depression among young people . Politics . In February 2018 , BuzzFeed published a report claiming that Tumblr was utilized as a distribution channel for Russian agents to influence American voting habits during the 2016 presidential election . Despite policies forbidding hate speech , Tumblr has been noted for hosting content from Nazis and white supremacists . In May 2020 , Tumblr announced that it will remove reblogs of terminated hate speech posts , specifically Nazi and white supremacist content . Censorship . Several countries have blocked access to Tumblr because of pornography , religious extremism or LGBT content . These countries include China , Indonesia , Kazakhstan and Iran . In February 2016 , the Indonesian government temporarily blocked access to Tumblr within the country because the site hosts pages that carried porn . The government shortly reversed its decision to block the site and said it had asked Tumblr to self-censor its pornographic content . Adult content ban . In November 2018 , Tumblrs iOS app was removed by Apple from its App Store after illegal child pornography images were found on the service . Tumblr stated that all images uploaded to the service are scanned against an industry database , but that a routine audit had revealed images that had not yet been added to the database . In the wake of the incident , a number of Tumblr blogs—particularly those dealing primarily in adult-tagged artwork such as erotica , as well as art study and anatomy resources—were also deleted , with affected users taking to other platforms ( such as Twitter ) to warn others and complain about the deletions , as well as encourage users to back up their blogs contents . Tumblr subsequently removed the ability to disable Safe Mode from its Android app , and announced a wider ban on explicit images of sex acts and nudity on the platform with certain limited exceptions . Tumblr decided to use an automatic content recognition system which resulted in many non-pornographic images being removed from the platform . The site was known for its popularity with adult content that attracted women and other under-served audiences . Notable users . Celebrities who have used Tumblr include Taylor Swift , Lady Gaga , Ariana Grande , Zooey Deschanel , John Mayer , B.o.B , Soulja Boy , Fergie , Anthony Bourdain , John Green , Zayn , Lana Del Rey , Grimes , Hayley Williams , Frank Ocean , Lorde , Sufjan Stevens , Jhené Aiko , Amandla Stenberg , Karlie Kloss , and Dianna Agron . On October 21 , 2011 , then-U.S . President Barack Obama created a Tumblr . |
[
"Verizon Communications"
] | easy | Tumblr was owned by whom from 2017 to 2019? | /wiki/Tumblr#P127#1 | Tumblr Tumblr ( stylized as tumblr and pronounced tumbler ) is an American microblogging and social networking website founded by David Karp in 2007 and currently owned by Automattic . The service allows users to post multimedia and other content to a short-form blog . Users can follow other users blogs . Bloggers can also make their blogs private . For bloggers many of the websites features are accessed from a dashboard interface . As of August 12 , 2019 , Tumblr hosts over 475 million blogs . As of January 2016 , the website had over 500 million monthly visitors , which dropped to less than 400 million by August 2019 . History . Development of Tumblr began in 2006 during a two-week gap between contracts at David Karps software consulting company , Davidville ( housed at Karps former internship with producer-incubator Fred Seiberts Frederator Studios , which was located a block from Tumblrs current headquarters ) . Karp had been interested in tumblelogs ( short-form blogs , hence the name Tumblr ) for some time and was waiting for one of the established blogging platforms to introduce their own tumblelogging platform . As no one had done so after a year of waiting , Karp and developer Marco Arment began working on their own tumblelogging platform . Tumblr was launched in February 2007 , and within two weeks the service had gained 75,000 users . Arment left the company in September 2010 to focus on Instapaper . In early June 2012 , Tumblr featured its first major brand advertising campaign in conjunction with Adidas , who launched an official soccer Tumblr blog and bought placements on the user dashboard . This launch came only two months after Tumblr announced it would be moving towards paid advertising on its site . On May 20 , 2013 , it was announced that Yahoo and Tumblr had reached an agreement for Yahoo ! Inc . to acquire Tumblr for $1.1 billion in cash . Many of Tumblrs users were unhappy with the news , causing some to start a petition , achieving nearly 170,000 signatures . David Karp remained CEO and the deal was finalized on June 20 , 2013 . Advertising sales goals were not met and in 2016 Yahoo wrote down $712 million of Tumblrs value . Verizon Communications acquired Yahoo in June 2017 , and placed Yahoo and Tumblr under its Oath subsidiary . Karp announced in November 2017 that he would be leaving Tumblr by the end of the year . Jeff DOnofrio , Tumblrs President and COO , took over leading the company . The site , along with the rest of the Oath division ( renamed Verizon Media Group in 2019 ) , continued to struggle under Verizon . In March 2019 , SimilarWeb estimated Tumblr had lost 30% of its user traffic since December 2018 , when the site had introduced a stricter content policy with heavier restrictions on adult content ( which had been a notable draw to the service ) . In May 2019 , it was reported that Verizon was considering selling the site due to its continued struggles since the purchase ( as it had done with another Yahoo property , Flickr , via its sale to SmugMug ) . Following this news , Pornhubs vice president publicly expressed interest in purchasing Tumblr , with a promise to reinstate the previous adult content policies . On August 12 , 2019 , Verizon Media announced that it would sell Tumblr to Automattic—operator of blog service WordPress.com and corporate backer of the open source blog software of the same name—for an undisclosed amount . Axios reported that the sale price was less than $3 million , a significant decrease over Yahoos original purchase price . Automattic CEO Matt Mullenweg stated that the site will operate as a complementary service to WordPress.com , and that there were no plans to reverse the content policy decisions made during Verizon ownership . Features . Blog management . - Dashboard : The dashboard is the primary tool for the typical Tumblr user . It is a live feed of recent posts from blogs that they follow . Through the dashboard , users are able to comment , reblog , and like posts from other blogs that appear on their dashboard . The dashboard allows the user to upload text posts , images , videos , quotes , or links to their blog with a click of a button displayed at the top of the dashboard . Users are also able to connect their blogs to their Twitter and Facebook accounts ; so whenever they make a post , it will also be sent as a tweet and a status update . - Queue : Users are able to set up a schedule to delay posts that they make . They can spread their posts over several hours or even days . - Tags : Users can help their audience find posts about certain topics by adding tags . If someone were to upload a picture to their blog and wanted their viewers to find pictures , they would add the tag #picture , and their viewers could use that word to search for posts with the tag #picture . - HTML editing : Tumblr allows users to edit their blogs theme HTML coding to control the appearance of their blog . Users are also able to use a custom domain name for their blog . Mobile . With Tumblrs 2009 acquisition of Tumblerette , an iOS application created by Jeff Rock and Garrett Ross , the service launched its official iPhone app . The site became available to BlackBerry smartphones on April 17 , 2010 , via a Mobelux application in BlackBerry World . In June 2012 , Tumblr released a new version of its iOS app , Tumblr 3.0 , allowing support for Spotify integration , hi-res images and offline access . An app for Android is also available . A Windows Phone app was released on April 23 , 2013 . An app for Google Glass was released on May 16 , 2013 . Inbox and messaging . Tumblr blogs may optionally allow users to submit questions , either as themselves or anonymously , to the blog for a response . Tumblr also offered a fan mail function , allowing users to send messages to blogs that they follow . On November 10 , 2015 , Tumblr introduced an integrated instant messaging function , allowing users to chat with other Tumblr users . The feature was rolled out in a viral manner ; it was initially made available to a group of 1500 users , and other users could receive access to the messaging system if they were sent a message by any user that had received access to the system itself . The messaging platform replaces the fan mail system , which was deprecated . The ability to send posts to others via the Dashboard was added the following month . In November 2019 , Tumblr introduced group chats—ephemeral chat rooms surfaced via searches , designed to allow users to share content in real-time with users who share their interests . Posts disappear after 24 hours and cannot be edited . Original content . In May 2012 , Tumblr launched Storyboard , a blog managed by an in-house editorial team which features stories and videos about noteworthy blogs and users on Tumblr . In April 2013 , Storyboard was shut down . In March 2018 , Tumblr began to syndicate original video content from Verizon-owned video network go90 , as part of an ongoing integration of Oath properties , and reported plans to wind down go90 in favor of using Oath properties to distribute its content instead . This made the respective content available internationally , since go90 is a U.S.-only service . Usage . Tumblr has been noted for the socially progressive views of its users . In 2011 , the service was most popular with the teen and college-aged user segments with half of Tumblrs visitor base being under the age of 25 . In April 2013 , the website received more than 13 billion global page views . User activity , measured by the number of blog posts each day , peaked at over 100 million in early 2014 and declined in each of the next three years , to approximately 30 million by October 2018 . As of May 2019 , Tumblr hosts over 465 million blogs and more than 172 billion posts in total with over 21 million posts created on the site each day . Adult content . Tumblr was noted by technology journalists as having a sizable amount of pornographic content . An analysis conducted by news and technology site TechCrunch on May 20 , 2013 , showed that over 22% of all traffic in and out of Tumblr was classified as pornography . In addition , a reported 16.45% of blogs on Tumblr exclusively contained pornographic material . Following July 2013 and its acquisition by Yahoo , Tumblr progressively restricted adult content on the site . In July 2013 , Tumblr began to filter content in adult-tagged blogs from appearing in search results and tagged displays unless the user was logged in . In February 2018 , Safe Mode ( which filters sensitive content and blogs ) became enabled by default for all users on an opt-out basis . On December 3 , 2018 , Tumblr announced that effective December 17 , all images and videos depicting sex acts , and real-life images and videos depicting human genitalia or female-presenting nipples , would be banned from the service . Exceptions are provided for illustrations or art that depict nudity , nudity related to political or newsworthy speech , and depictions of female-presenting nipples in relation to medical events such as childbirth , breastfeeding , mastectomy and gender reassignment surgery . The rules do not apply to text content . All posts in violation of the policy are hidden from public view , and repeat offenders may be reprimanded . Shortly prior to the announcement , Tumblrs Android app was patched to remove the ability to disable Safe Mode . The change faced wide criticism among Tumblrs community ; in particular , it has been argued that the service should have focused on other major issues ( such as controlling hate speech or the number of porn-related spambots on the service ) , and that the services adult community provided a platform for sex education , independent adult performers ( especially those representing LGBT communities who feel that they are underrepresented by a heteronormative mainstream industry ) seeking an outlet for their work , and those seeking a safe haven from over-policed platforms to share creative work with adult themes . Tumblr stated that it was using various algorithms to detect potential violations , in combination with manual reviews . Users quickly discovered a wide array of false positives . A large number of users scheduled protest actions on December 17 . On the day the ban took effect , Tumblr issued a new post clarifying the new policy , showcasing examples of adult images still allowed on the service , and stating that it fully recognized its special obligation to serving its LGBT userbase , and that LGBTQ+ conversations , exploration of sexuality and gender , efforts to document the lives and challenges of those in the sex worker industry , and posts with pictures , videos , and GIFs of gender-confirmation surgery are all examples of content that is not only permitted on Tumblr but actively encouraged . Wired cited multiple potential factors in the ban , including that the presence of adult content made the service unappealing to potential advertisers , the Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act ( a U.S . federal law which makes websites liable for knowingly assisting or facilitating illegal sex trafficking ) , as well as heavy restrictions on adult content imposed by Apple for software offered on the iOS App Store ( which similarly prompted several Reddit clients to heavily frustrate the ability for users to access forums on the site that contain adult content ) . Corporate affairs . Tumblrs headquarters is at 770 Broadway in New York City . The company also maintains a support office in Richmond , Virginia . As of June 1 , 2017 , Tumblr had 411 employees . The companys logo is set in Bookman Old Style with some modifications . Funding . Tumblr had received about $125 million of funding from investors . The company has raised funding from Union Square Ventures , Spark Capital , Martín Varsavsky , John Borthwick ( Betaworks ) , Fred Seibert , Krum Capital , and Sequoia Capital ( among other investors ) . In its first round of funding in October 2007 , Tumblr raised $750,000 from Spark Capital and Union Square Ventures . In December 2008 the company raised $4.5 million in Series B funding and a further $5 million in April 2010 . In December 2010 Tumblr raised $30 million in Series D funding . The company had an $800 million valuation in August 2011 . In September 2011 the company raised $85 million in a round of funding led by Greylock Partners and Insight Venture Partners . Revenue sources . In an interview with Nicole Lapin of Bloomberg West on September 7 , 2012 , David Karp said the site was monetized by advertising . Their first advertising launch started in May 2012 after 16 experimental campaigns . Tumblr made $13 million in revenue in 2012 and hoped to make $100 million in 2013 . Tumblr reportedly spent $25 million to fund operations in 2012 . In 2013 , Tumblr began allowing companies to pay to promote their own posts to a larger audience . Tumblr Head of Sales , Lee Brown , has quoted the average ad purchase on Tumblr to be nearly six figures . Tumblr also allows premium theme templates to be sold for use by blogs . In July 2016 , advertisements were implemented by default across all blogs . Users may opt-out , and the service stated that a revenue sharing program would be implemented at a later date . Criticism . Copyright issues . Tumblr has received criticism for copyright violations by participating bloggers ; however , Tumblr accepts Digital Millennium Copyright Act ( DMCA ) take-down notices . Tumblrs visual appeal has made it ideal for photoblogs that often include copyrighted works from others that are re-published without payment . Tumblr users can post unoriginal content by Reblogging , a feature on Tumblr that allows users to re-post content taken from another blog onto their own blog with attribution . Security . Tumblr has been forced to manage spam and security problems . For example , a chain letter scam in May 2011 affected 130,000 users . On December 3 , 2012 , Tumblr was attacked by a cross-site scripting worm deployed by the Internet troll group Gay Nigger Association of America . The message urged users to harm themselves and criticized blogging in general . User interface changes . In 2015 , Tumblr faced criticism by users for changes to its reblog mechanisms . In July 2015 , the system was modified so that users cannot remove or edit individual comments by other users when reblogging a post ; existing comments can only be removed all at once . Tumblr staff argued that the change was intended to combat misattribution , though this move was met by criticism from ‘ask blogs’ and ‘RP blogs’ , which often shortened long chains of reblogs between users to improve readability . In September 2015 , Tumblr changed how threads of comments on reblogged posts are displayed ; rather than a nested view with indentations for each post , all reblogs are now shown in a flat view , and user avatars were also added . The change was intended to improve the legibility of reblogs , especially on mobile platforms , and complements the inability to edit existing comments . Although some users had requested such a change to combat posts made illegible by extremely large numbers of comments on a reblogged post , the majority of users ( even those who had requested such a change ) criticized the new format . The Verge was also critical of the changes , noting that it was cleaner , but made the site lose its nostalgic charm . Userbase behaviour . While Tumblrs userbase has generally been received as accommodating people from a wide range of ideologies and identities , a common point of criticism is that attitudes from users on the site stifle discussion and discourse . In addition , several incidents involving serious behaviour from the userbase have been publicised in recent years ; these include the ‘Independence Day raid’ in 2014 , in which users of Tumblr attempted to raid 4chan , only for the raid to backfire when 4chan retaliated , as well as an incident in 2015 , in which members of the Steven Universe fandom drove an artist to the point of attempting suicide over their artwork , in which they drew characters thin that are typically seen as being fat in the show . In 2018 , Kotaku reporter Gita Jackson described the site as a joyless black hole , citing how the websites design and functionality led to fandoms spinning out of control , as well as an environment which inhibited discussion and discourse . Promotion of self-harm and suicide . In February 2012 , Tumblr banned blogs that promote or advocate suicide , self-harm and eating disorders ( pro-ana ) . The suicide of a British teenager , Tallulah Wilson , raised the issue of suicide and self-harm promotion on Tumblr as Wilson was reported to have maintained a self-harm blog on the site . A user on the site is reported to have sent Wilson an image of a noose accompanied by the message : here is your new necklace , try it on . In response to the Wilson case , Maria Miller , the UKs minister for culture , media , and sport , said that social media sites like Tumblr need to remove toxic self-harm content . Searching terms like depression , anxiety , and suicide on Tumblr now brings up a PSA page directing the user to resources like the national suicide lifeline , and 7 Cups ; as well as an option to continue to the search results . There are concerns of some Tumblr posts glorifying suicide and depression among young people . Politics . In February 2018 , BuzzFeed published a report claiming that Tumblr was utilized as a distribution channel for Russian agents to influence American voting habits during the 2016 presidential election . Despite policies forbidding hate speech , Tumblr has been noted for hosting content from Nazis and white supremacists . In May 2020 , Tumblr announced that it will remove reblogs of terminated hate speech posts , specifically Nazi and white supremacist content . Censorship . Several countries have blocked access to Tumblr because of pornography , religious extremism or LGBT content . These countries include China , Indonesia , Kazakhstan and Iran . In February 2016 , the Indonesian government temporarily blocked access to Tumblr within the country because the site hosts pages that carried porn . The government shortly reversed its decision to block the site and said it had asked Tumblr to self-censor its pornographic content . Adult content ban . In November 2018 , Tumblrs iOS app was removed by Apple from its App Store after illegal child pornography images were found on the service . Tumblr stated that all images uploaded to the service are scanned against an industry database , but that a routine audit had revealed images that had not yet been added to the database . In the wake of the incident , a number of Tumblr blogs—particularly those dealing primarily in adult-tagged artwork such as erotica , as well as art study and anatomy resources—were also deleted , with affected users taking to other platforms ( such as Twitter ) to warn others and complain about the deletions , as well as encourage users to back up their blogs contents . Tumblr subsequently removed the ability to disable Safe Mode from its Android app , and announced a wider ban on explicit images of sex acts and nudity on the platform with certain limited exceptions . Tumblr decided to use an automatic content recognition system which resulted in many non-pornographic images being removed from the platform . The site was known for its popularity with adult content that attracted women and other under-served audiences . Notable users . Celebrities who have used Tumblr include Taylor Swift , Lady Gaga , Ariana Grande , Zooey Deschanel , John Mayer , B.o.B , Soulja Boy , Fergie , Anthony Bourdain , John Green , Zayn , Lana Del Rey , Grimes , Hayley Williams , Frank Ocean , Lorde , Sufjan Stevens , Jhené Aiko , Amandla Stenberg , Karlie Kloss , and Dianna Agron . On October 21 , 2011 , then-U.S . President Barack Obama created a Tumblr . |
[
"Automattic"
] | easy | Who owned Tumblr from 2019 to 2020? | /wiki/Tumblr#P127#2 | Tumblr Tumblr ( stylized as tumblr and pronounced tumbler ) is an American microblogging and social networking website founded by David Karp in 2007 and currently owned by Automattic . The service allows users to post multimedia and other content to a short-form blog . Users can follow other users blogs . Bloggers can also make their blogs private . For bloggers many of the websites features are accessed from a dashboard interface . As of August 12 , 2019 , Tumblr hosts over 475 million blogs . As of January 2016 , the website had over 500 million monthly visitors , which dropped to less than 400 million by August 2019 . History . Development of Tumblr began in 2006 during a two-week gap between contracts at David Karps software consulting company , Davidville ( housed at Karps former internship with producer-incubator Fred Seiberts Frederator Studios , which was located a block from Tumblrs current headquarters ) . Karp had been interested in tumblelogs ( short-form blogs , hence the name Tumblr ) for some time and was waiting for one of the established blogging platforms to introduce their own tumblelogging platform . As no one had done so after a year of waiting , Karp and developer Marco Arment began working on their own tumblelogging platform . Tumblr was launched in February 2007 , and within two weeks the service had gained 75,000 users . Arment left the company in September 2010 to focus on Instapaper . In early June 2012 , Tumblr featured its first major brand advertising campaign in conjunction with Adidas , who launched an official soccer Tumblr blog and bought placements on the user dashboard . This launch came only two months after Tumblr announced it would be moving towards paid advertising on its site . On May 20 , 2013 , it was announced that Yahoo and Tumblr had reached an agreement for Yahoo ! Inc . to acquire Tumblr for $1.1 billion in cash . Many of Tumblrs users were unhappy with the news , causing some to start a petition , achieving nearly 170,000 signatures . David Karp remained CEO and the deal was finalized on June 20 , 2013 . Advertising sales goals were not met and in 2016 Yahoo wrote down $712 million of Tumblrs value . Verizon Communications acquired Yahoo in June 2017 , and placed Yahoo and Tumblr under its Oath subsidiary . Karp announced in November 2017 that he would be leaving Tumblr by the end of the year . Jeff DOnofrio , Tumblrs President and COO , took over leading the company . The site , along with the rest of the Oath division ( renamed Verizon Media Group in 2019 ) , continued to struggle under Verizon . In March 2019 , SimilarWeb estimated Tumblr had lost 30% of its user traffic since December 2018 , when the site had introduced a stricter content policy with heavier restrictions on adult content ( which had been a notable draw to the service ) . In May 2019 , it was reported that Verizon was considering selling the site due to its continued struggles since the purchase ( as it had done with another Yahoo property , Flickr , via its sale to SmugMug ) . Following this news , Pornhubs vice president publicly expressed interest in purchasing Tumblr , with a promise to reinstate the previous adult content policies . On August 12 , 2019 , Verizon Media announced that it would sell Tumblr to Automattic—operator of blog service WordPress.com and corporate backer of the open source blog software of the same name—for an undisclosed amount . Axios reported that the sale price was less than $3 million , a significant decrease over Yahoos original purchase price . Automattic CEO Matt Mullenweg stated that the site will operate as a complementary service to WordPress.com , and that there were no plans to reverse the content policy decisions made during Verizon ownership . Features . Blog management . - Dashboard : The dashboard is the primary tool for the typical Tumblr user . It is a live feed of recent posts from blogs that they follow . Through the dashboard , users are able to comment , reblog , and like posts from other blogs that appear on their dashboard . The dashboard allows the user to upload text posts , images , videos , quotes , or links to their blog with a click of a button displayed at the top of the dashboard . Users are also able to connect their blogs to their Twitter and Facebook accounts ; so whenever they make a post , it will also be sent as a tweet and a status update . - Queue : Users are able to set up a schedule to delay posts that they make . They can spread their posts over several hours or even days . - Tags : Users can help their audience find posts about certain topics by adding tags . If someone were to upload a picture to their blog and wanted their viewers to find pictures , they would add the tag #picture , and their viewers could use that word to search for posts with the tag #picture . - HTML editing : Tumblr allows users to edit their blogs theme HTML coding to control the appearance of their blog . Users are also able to use a custom domain name for their blog . Mobile . With Tumblrs 2009 acquisition of Tumblerette , an iOS application created by Jeff Rock and Garrett Ross , the service launched its official iPhone app . The site became available to BlackBerry smartphones on April 17 , 2010 , via a Mobelux application in BlackBerry World . In June 2012 , Tumblr released a new version of its iOS app , Tumblr 3.0 , allowing support for Spotify integration , hi-res images and offline access . An app for Android is also available . A Windows Phone app was released on April 23 , 2013 . An app for Google Glass was released on May 16 , 2013 . Inbox and messaging . Tumblr blogs may optionally allow users to submit questions , either as themselves or anonymously , to the blog for a response . Tumblr also offered a fan mail function , allowing users to send messages to blogs that they follow . On November 10 , 2015 , Tumblr introduced an integrated instant messaging function , allowing users to chat with other Tumblr users . The feature was rolled out in a viral manner ; it was initially made available to a group of 1500 users , and other users could receive access to the messaging system if they were sent a message by any user that had received access to the system itself . The messaging platform replaces the fan mail system , which was deprecated . The ability to send posts to others via the Dashboard was added the following month . In November 2019 , Tumblr introduced group chats—ephemeral chat rooms surfaced via searches , designed to allow users to share content in real-time with users who share their interests . Posts disappear after 24 hours and cannot be edited . Original content . In May 2012 , Tumblr launched Storyboard , a blog managed by an in-house editorial team which features stories and videos about noteworthy blogs and users on Tumblr . In April 2013 , Storyboard was shut down . In March 2018 , Tumblr began to syndicate original video content from Verizon-owned video network go90 , as part of an ongoing integration of Oath properties , and reported plans to wind down go90 in favor of using Oath properties to distribute its content instead . This made the respective content available internationally , since go90 is a U.S.-only service . Usage . Tumblr has been noted for the socially progressive views of its users . In 2011 , the service was most popular with the teen and college-aged user segments with half of Tumblrs visitor base being under the age of 25 . In April 2013 , the website received more than 13 billion global page views . User activity , measured by the number of blog posts each day , peaked at over 100 million in early 2014 and declined in each of the next three years , to approximately 30 million by October 2018 . As of May 2019 , Tumblr hosts over 465 million blogs and more than 172 billion posts in total with over 21 million posts created on the site each day . Adult content . Tumblr was noted by technology journalists as having a sizable amount of pornographic content . An analysis conducted by news and technology site TechCrunch on May 20 , 2013 , showed that over 22% of all traffic in and out of Tumblr was classified as pornography . In addition , a reported 16.45% of blogs on Tumblr exclusively contained pornographic material . Following July 2013 and its acquisition by Yahoo , Tumblr progressively restricted adult content on the site . In July 2013 , Tumblr began to filter content in adult-tagged blogs from appearing in search results and tagged displays unless the user was logged in . In February 2018 , Safe Mode ( which filters sensitive content and blogs ) became enabled by default for all users on an opt-out basis . On December 3 , 2018 , Tumblr announced that effective December 17 , all images and videos depicting sex acts , and real-life images and videos depicting human genitalia or female-presenting nipples , would be banned from the service . Exceptions are provided for illustrations or art that depict nudity , nudity related to political or newsworthy speech , and depictions of female-presenting nipples in relation to medical events such as childbirth , breastfeeding , mastectomy and gender reassignment surgery . The rules do not apply to text content . All posts in violation of the policy are hidden from public view , and repeat offenders may be reprimanded . Shortly prior to the announcement , Tumblrs Android app was patched to remove the ability to disable Safe Mode . The change faced wide criticism among Tumblrs community ; in particular , it has been argued that the service should have focused on other major issues ( such as controlling hate speech or the number of porn-related spambots on the service ) , and that the services adult community provided a platform for sex education , independent adult performers ( especially those representing LGBT communities who feel that they are underrepresented by a heteronormative mainstream industry ) seeking an outlet for their work , and those seeking a safe haven from over-policed platforms to share creative work with adult themes . Tumblr stated that it was using various algorithms to detect potential violations , in combination with manual reviews . Users quickly discovered a wide array of false positives . A large number of users scheduled protest actions on December 17 . On the day the ban took effect , Tumblr issued a new post clarifying the new policy , showcasing examples of adult images still allowed on the service , and stating that it fully recognized its special obligation to serving its LGBT userbase , and that LGBTQ+ conversations , exploration of sexuality and gender , efforts to document the lives and challenges of those in the sex worker industry , and posts with pictures , videos , and GIFs of gender-confirmation surgery are all examples of content that is not only permitted on Tumblr but actively encouraged . Wired cited multiple potential factors in the ban , including that the presence of adult content made the service unappealing to potential advertisers , the Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act ( a U.S . federal law which makes websites liable for knowingly assisting or facilitating illegal sex trafficking ) , as well as heavy restrictions on adult content imposed by Apple for software offered on the iOS App Store ( which similarly prompted several Reddit clients to heavily frustrate the ability for users to access forums on the site that contain adult content ) . Corporate affairs . Tumblrs headquarters is at 770 Broadway in New York City . The company also maintains a support office in Richmond , Virginia . As of June 1 , 2017 , Tumblr had 411 employees . The companys logo is set in Bookman Old Style with some modifications . Funding . Tumblr had received about $125 million of funding from investors . The company has raised funding from Union Square Ventures , Spark Capital , Martín Varsavsky , John Borthwick ( Betaworks ) , Fred Seibert , Krum Capital , and Sequoia Capital ( among other investors ) . In its first round of funding in October 2007 , Tumblr raised $750,000 from Spark Capital and Union Square Ventures . In December 2008 the company raised $4.5 million in Series B funding and a further $5 million in April 2010 . In December 2010 Tumblr raised $30 million in Series D funding . The company had an $800 million valuation in August 2011 . In September 2011 the company raised $85 million in a round of funding led by Greylock Partners and Insight Venture Partners . Revenue sources . In an interview with Nicole Lapin of Bloomberg West on September 7 , 2012 , David Karp said the site was monetized by advertising . Their first advertising launch started in May 2012 after 16 experimental campaigns . Tumblr made $13 million in revenue in 2012 and hoped to make $100 million in 2013 . Tumblr reportedly spent $25 million to fund operations in 2012 . In 2013 , Tumblr began allowing companies to pay to promote their own posts to a larger audience . Tumblr Head of Sales , Lee Brown , has quoted the average ad purchase on Tumblr to be nearly six figures . Tumblr also allows premium theme templates to be sold for use by blogs . In July 2016 , advertisements were implemented by default across all blogs . Users may opt-out , and the service stated that a revenue sharing program would be implemented at a later date . Criticism . Copyright issues . Tumblr has received criticism for copyright violations by participating bloggers ; however , Tumblr accepts Digital Millennium Copyright Act ( DMCA ) take-down notices . Tumblrs visual appeal has made it ideal for photoblogs that often include copyrighted works from others that are re-published without payment . Tumblr users can post unoriginal content by Reblogging , a feature on Tumblr that allows users to re-post content taken from another blog onto their own blog with attribution . Security . Tumblr has been forced to manage spam and security problems . For example , a chain letter scam in May 2011 affected 130,000 users . On December 3 , 2012 , Tumblr was attacked by a cross-site scripting worm deployed by the Internet troll group Gay Nigger Association of America . The message urged users to harm themselves and criticized blogging in general . User interface changes . In 2015 , Tumblr faced criticism by users for changes to its reblog mechanisms . In July 2015 , the system was modified so that users cannot remove or edit individual comments by other users when reblogging a post ; existing comments can only be removed all at once . Tumblr staff argued that the change was intended to combat misattribution , though this move was met by criticism from ‘ask blogs’ and ‘RP blogs’ , which often shortened long chains of reblogs between users to improve readability . In September 2015 , Tumblr changed how threads of comments on reblogged posts are displayed ; rather than a nested view with indentations for each post , all reblogs are now shown in a flat view , and user avatars were also added . The change was intended to improve the legibility of reblogs , especially on mobile platforms , and complements the inability to edit existing comments . Although some users had requested such a change to combat posts made illegible by extremely large numbers of comments on a reblogged post , the majority of users ( even those who had requested such a change ) criticized the new format . The Verge was also critical of the changes , noting that it was cleaner , but made the site lose its nostalgic charm . Userbase behaviour . While Tumblrs userbase has generally been received as accommodating people from a wide range of ideologies and identities , a common point of criticism is that attitudes from users on the site stifle discussion and discourse . In addition , several incidents involving serious behaviour from the userbase have been publicised in recent years ; these include the ‘Independence Day raid’ in 2014 , in which users of Tumblr attempted to raid 4chan , only for the raid to backfire when 4chan retaliated , as well as an incident in 2015 , in which members of the Steven Universe fandom drove an artist to the point of attempting suicide over their artwork , in which they drew characters thin that are typically seen as being fat in the show . In 2018 , Kotaku reporter Gita Jackson described the site as a joyless black hole , citing how the websites design and functionality led to fandoms spinning out of control , as well as an environment which inhibited discussion and discourse . Promotion of self-harm and suicide . In February 2012 , Tumblr banned blogs that promote or advocate suicide , self-harm and eating disorders ( pro-ana ) . The suicide of a British teenager , Tallulah Wilson , raised the issue of suicide and self-harm promotion on Tumblr as Wilson was reported to have maintained a self-harm blog on the site . A user on the site is reported to have sent Wilson an image of a noose accompanied by the message : here is your new necklace , try it on . In response to the Wilson case , Maria Miller , the UKs minister for culture , media , and sport , said that social media sites like Tumblr need to remove toxic self-harm content . Searching terms like depression , anxiety , and suicide on Tumblr now brings up a PSA page directing the user to resources like the national suicide lifeline , and 7 Cups ; as well as an option to continue to the search results . There are concerns of some Tumblr posts glorifying suicide and depression among young people . Politics . In February 2018 , BuzzFeed published a report claiming that Tumblr was utilized as a distribution channel for Russian agents to influence American voting habits during the 2016 presidential election . Despite policies forbidding hate speech , Tumblr has been noted for hosting content from Nazis and white supremacists . In May 2020 , Tumblr announced that it will remove reblogs of terminated hate speech posts , specifically Nazi and white supremacist content . Censorship . Several countries have blocked access to Tumblr because of pornography , religious extremism or LGBT content . These countries include China , Indonesia , Kazakhstan and Iran . In February 2016 , the Indonesian government temporarily blocked access to Tumblr within the country because the site hosts pages that carried porn . The government shortly reversed its decision to block the site and said it had asked Tumblr to self-censor its pornographic content . Adult content ban . In November 2018 , Tumblrs iOS app was removed by Apple from its App Store after illegal child pornography images were found on the service . Tumblr stated that all images uploaded to the service are scanned against an industry database , but that a routine audit had revealed images that had not yet been added to the database . In the wake of the incident , a number of Tumblr blogs—particularly those dealing primarily in adult-tagged artwork such as erotica , as well as art study and anatomy resources—were also deleted , with affected users taking to other platforms ( such as Twitter ) to warn others and complain about the deletions , as well as encourage users to back up their blogs contents . Tumblr subsequently removed the ability to disable Safe Mode from its Android app , and announced a wider ban on explicit images of sex acts and nudity on the platform with certain limited exceptions . Tumblr decided to use an automatic content recognition system which resulted in many non-pornographic images being removed from the platform . The site was known for its popularity with adult content that attracted women and other under-served audiences . Notable users . Celebrities who have used Tumblr include Taylor Swift , Lady Gaga , Ariana Grande , Zooey Deschanel , John Mayer , B.o.B , Soulja Boy , Fergie , Anthony Bourdain , John Green , Zayn , Lana Del Rey , Grimes , Hayley Williams , Frank Ocean , Lorde , Sufjan Stevens , Jhené Aiko , Amandla Stenberg , Karlie Kloss , and Dianna Agron . On October 21 , 2011 , then-U.S . President Barack Obama created a Tumblr . |
[
"Financial Secretary to the Treasury under the Earl of Derby"
] | easy | What was the position of Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh from Apr 1859 to Jul 1865? | /wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh#P39#0 | Stafford Northcote , 1st Earl of Iddesleigh Stafford Henry Northcote , 1st Earl of Iddesleigh ( 27 October 1818 – 12 January 1887 ) , known as Sir Stafford Northcote , Bt from 1851 to 1885 , was a British Conservative politician . He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer between 1874 and 1880 and as Foreign Secretary between 1885 and 1886 , and was one of only two people to hold the office of First Lord of the Treasury without ever being Prime Minister ( the other being William Henry Smith , his successor-but-two , who , like Iddesleigh , also served in post in one of the Salisbury ministries ) . Background and education . Northcote ( pronounced Northcut ) was born at Portland Place , London , on 27 October 1818 . He was the eldest son of Henry Stafford Northcote ( 1792–1850 ) , eldest son of Sir Stafford Henry Northcote , 7th Baronet . His mother was Agnes Mary ( died 1840 ) , daughter of Thomas Cockburn . His paternal ancestors had long been settled in Devon , tracing their descent from Galfridas de Nordcote who settled there in 1103 . The family home was situated at Pynes House northwest of Exeter . Northcote was educated at Eton and Balliol College , Oxford and was called to the bar , Inner Temple , in 1847 . Early political career . In 1843 Northcote became private secretary to William Ewart Gladstone at the Board of Trade . He was afterwards legal secretary to the board ; and after acting as one of the secretaries to the Great Exhibition of 1851 , co-operated with Sir Charles Trevelyan in framing the Northcote–Trevelyan Report which revolutionized the conditions of appointment to the Civil Service . He succeeded his grandfather , Sir Stafford Henry Northcote ( 1762–1851 ) , as 8th baronet in 1851 . He entered Parliament in 1855 as Conservative Member of Parliament for Dudley with the support of the influential local landowner Lord Ward . However , tensions between Northcote and Lord Ward soon arose , in particular over a vote over conflict with China , where the two men supported opposite sides in the vote . Northcote subsequently decided not to contest Dudley again and stood unsuccessfully for North Devon in 1857 . He returned to parliament in the following year , when he was elected for Stamford in 1858 , a seat which he exchanged in 1866 for North Devon . He was briefly Financial Secretary to the Treasury under the Earl of Derby from January to July 1859 . Later political career . Steadily supporting his party , he became President of the Board of Trade in 1866 , Secretary of State for India in 1867 , and Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1874 . In 1870 , during the interval between these last two appointments , he was the Governor of the Hudsons Bay Company , North Americas oldest company ( established by English royal charter in 1670 ) , when they sold the Northwest Territories to Canada . Northcote was one of the commissioners for the settlement of the Alabama Claims with the United States , culminating with the Treaty of Washington in 1871 . On Disraelis elevation to the House of Lords as Earl of Beaconsfield in 1876 , Northcote became Leader of the Conservative party in the Commons . As a finance minister he was largely dominated by the lines of policy laid down by Gladstone ; but he distinguished himself by his dealings with the debt , especially his introduction of the new sinking fund in 1876 , by which he fixed the annual charge for the debt in such a way as to provide for a regular series of payments off the capital . His temper as leader was , however , too gentle to satisfy the more ardent spirits among his own followers , and party cabals ( in which Lord Randolph Churchill , who had made a dead set at the old gang , took a leading part ) led to Northcotes elevation to the Lords in 1885 , when Lord Salisbury became prime minister . Taking the titles of Earl of Iddesleigh and Viscount St Cyres , he was included in the cabinet as First Lord of the Treasury . In Lord Salisburys 1886 ministry he became Foreign Secretary , but the arrangement was not a comfortable one , and his resignation had just been decided upon when on 12 January 1887 he died very suddenly at the First Lord of the Treasurys official residence , 10 Downing Street . Other public positions . Northcote was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1875 and Lord Rector of Edinburgh University in 1883 , in which capacity he addressed the students on the subject of Desultory Reading . From 1886 to 1887 he was also Lord Lieutenant of Devon . He was not a prolific or notable writer , but amongst his works were Twenty Years of Financial Policy ( 1862 ) , a valuable study of Gladstonian finance , and Lectures and Essays ( 1887 ) . His Life by Andrew Lang appeared in 1890 . Northcote was appointed a CB in 1851 and a GCB in 1880 and was sworn of the Privy Council in 1866 . Family and personal life . Northcote married Cecilia Frances Farrer ( died 1910 ) , daughter of Thomas Farrer and sister of Thomas Farrer , 1st Baron Farrer , in 1843 . They had seven sons and three daughters . His second son , Henry , 1st Baron Northcote , was Governor-General of Australia . Another son , Amyas , later became known as a writer of ghost stories . In the aftermath of the British Expedition to Abyssinia , Northcote built up a small but prestigious collection of Ethiopian artefacts that is now in the British Museum . The 1881 Census shows him living next door to Lord Randolph Churchill MP and family , at 30 St James Place , Westminster . Further reading . - Lang , Andrew . Life , Letters , and Diaries of Sir Stafford Northcote , First Earl of Iddesleigh ( 1891 ) online |
[
"President of the Board of Trade"
] | easy | Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh took which position from Jul 1865 to Jul 1866? | /wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh#P39#1 | Stafford Northcote , 1st Earl of Iddesleigh Stafford Henry Northcote , 1st Earl of Iddesleigh ( 27 October 1818 – 12 January 1887 ) , known as Sir Stafford Northcote , Bt from 1851 to 1885 , was a British Conservative politician . He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer between 1874 and 1880 and as Foreign Secretary between 1885 and 1886 , and was one of only two people to hold the office of First Lord of the Treasury without ever being Prime Minister ( the other being William Henry Smith , his successor-but-two , who , like Iddesleigh , also served in post in one of the Salisbury ministries ) . Background and education . Northcote ( pronounced Northcut ) was born at Portland Place , London , on 27 October 1818 . He was the eldest son of Henry Stafford Northcote ( 1792–1850 ) , eldest son of Sir Stafford Henry Northcote , 7th Baronet . His mother was Agnes Mary ( died 1840 ) , daughter of Thomas Cockburn . His paternal ancestors had long been settled in Devon , tracing their descent from Galfridas de Nordcote who settled there in 1103 . The family home was situated at Pynes House northwest of Exeter . Northcote was educated at Eton and Balliol College , Oxford and was called to the bar , Inner Temple , in 1847 . Early political career . In 1843 Northcote became private secretary to William Ewart Gladstone at the Board of Trade . He was afterwards legal secretary to the board ; and after acting as one of the secretaries to the Great Exhibition of 1851 , co-operated with Sir Charles Trevelyan in framing the Northcote–Trevelyan Report which revolutionized the conditions of appointment to the Civil Service . He succeeded his grandfather , Sir Stafford Henry Northcote ( 1762–1851 ) , as 8th baronet in 1851 . He entered Parliament in 1855 as Conservative Member of Parliament for Dudley with the support of the influential local landowner Lord Ward . However , tensions between Northcote and Lord Ward soon arose , in particular over a vote over conflict with China , where the two men supported opposite sides in the vote . Northcote subsequently decided not to contest Dudley again and stood unsuccessfully for North Devon in 1857 . He returned to parliament in the following year , when he was elected for Stamford in 1858 , a seat which he exchanged in 1866 for North Devon . He was briefly Financial Secretary to the Treasury under the Earl of Derby from January to July 1859 . Later political career . Steadily supporting his party , he became President of the Board of Trade in 1866 , Secretary of State for India in 1867 , and Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1874 . In 1870 , during the interval between these last two appointments , he was the Governor of the Hudsons Bay Company , North Americas oldest company ( established by English royal charter in 1670 ) , when they sold the Northwest Territories to Canada . Northcote was one of the commissioners for the settlement of the Alabama Claims with the United States , culminating with the Treaty of Washington in 1871 . On Disraelis elevation to the House of Lords as Earl of Beaconsfield in 1876 , Northcote became Leader of the Conservative party in the Commons . As a finance minister he was largely dominated by the lines of policy laid down by Gladstone ; but he distinguished himself by his dealings with the debt , especially his introduction of the new sinking fund in 1876 , by which he fixed the annual charge for the debt in such a way as to provide for a regular series of payments off the capital . His temper as leader was , however , too gentle to satisfy the more ardent spirits among his own followers , and party cabals ( in which Lord Randolph Churchill , who had made a dead set at the old gang , took a leading part ) led to Northcotes elevation to the Lords in 1885 , when Lord Salisbury became prime minister . Taking the titles of Earl of Iddesleigh and Viscount St Cyres , he was included in the cabinet as First Lord of the Treasury . In Lord Salisburys 1886 ministry he became Foreign Secretary , but the arrangement was not a comfortable one , and his resignation had just been decided upon when on 12 January 1887 he died very suddenly at the First Lord of the Treasurys official residence , 10 Downing Street . Other public positions . Northcote was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1875 and Lord Rector of Edinburgh University in 1883 , in which capacity he addressed the students on the subject of Desultory Reading . From 1886 to 1887 he was also Lord Lieutenant of Devon . He was not a prolific or notable writer , but amongst his works were Twenty Years of Financial Policy ( 1862 ) , a valuable study of Gladstonian finance , and Lectures and Essays ( 1887 ) . His Life by Andrew Lang appeared in 1890 . Northcote was appointed a CB in 1851 and a GCB in 1880 and was sworn of the Privy Council in 1866 . Family and personal life . Northcote married Cecilia Frances Farrer ( died 1910 ) , daughter of Thomas Farrer and sister of Thomas Farrer , 1st Baron Farrer , in 1843 . They had seven sons and three daughters . His second son , Henry , 1st Baron Northcote , was Governor-General of Australia . Another son , Amyas , later became known as a writer of ghost stories . In the aftermath of the British Expedition to Abyssinia , Northcote built up a small but prestigious collection of Ethiopian artefacts that is now in the British Museum . The 1881 Census shows him living next door to Lord Randolph Churchill MP and family , at 30 St James Place , Westminster . Further reading . - Lang , Andrew . Life , Letters , and Diaries of Sir Stafford Northcote , First Earl of Iddesleigh ( 1891 ) online |
[
"President of the Board of Trade",
"Secretary of State for India"
] | easy | Which position did Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh hold from Jul 1866 to Mar 1867? | /wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh#P39#2 | Stafford Northcote , 1st Earl of Iddesleigh Stafford Henry Northcote , 1st Earl of Iddesleigh ( 27 October 1818 – 12 January 1887 ) , known as Sir Stafford Northcote , Bt from 1851 to 1885 , was a British Conservative politician . He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer between 1874 and 1880 and as Foreign Secretary between 1885 and 1886 , and was one of only two people to hold the office of First Lord of the Treasury without ever being Prime Minister ( the other being William Henry Smith , his successor-but-two , who , like Iddesleigh , also served in post in one of the Salisbury ministries ) . Background and education . Northcote ( pronounced Northcut ) was born at Portland Place , London , on 27 October 1818 . He was the eldest son of Henry Stafford Northcote ( 1792–1850 ) , eldest son of Sir Stafford Henry Northcote , 7th Baronet . His mother was Agnes Mary ( died 1840 ) , daughter of Thomas Cockburn . His paternal ancestors had long been settled in Devon , tracing their descent from Galfridas de Nordcote who settled there in 1103 . The family home was situated at Pynes House northwest of Exeter . Northcote was educated at Eton and Balliol College , Oxford and was called to the bar , Inner Temple , in 1847 . Early political career . In 1843 Northcote became private secretary to William Ewart Gladstone at the Board of Trade . He was afterwards legal secretary to the board ; and after acting as one of the secretaries to the Great Exhibition of 1851 , co-operated with Sir Charles Trevelyan in framing the Northcote–Trevelyan Report which revolutionized the conditions of appointment to the Civil Service . He succeeded his grandfather , Sir Stafford Henry Northcote ( 1762–1851 ) , as 8th baronet in 1851 . He entered Parliament in 1855 as Conservative Member of Parliament for Dudley with the support of the influential local landowner Lord Ward . However , tensions between Northcote and Lord Ward soon arose , in particular over a vote over conflict with China , where the two men supported opposite sides in the vote . Northcote subsequently decided not to contest Dudley again and stood unsuccessfully for North Devon in 1857 . He returned to parliament in the following year , when he was elected for Stamford in 1858 , a seat which he exchanged in 1866 for North Devon . He was briefly Financial Secretary to the Treasury under the Earl of Derby from January to July 1859 . Later political career . Steadily supporting his party , he became President of the Board of Trade in 1866 , Secretary of State for India in 1867 , and Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1874 . In 1870 , during the interval between these last two appointments , he was the Governor of the Hudsons Bay Company , North Americas oldest company ( established by English royal charter in 1670 ) , when they sold the Northwest Territories to Canada . Northcote was one of the commissioners for the settlement of the Alabama Claims with the United States , culminating with the Treaty of Washington in 1871 . On Disraelis elevation to the House of Lords as Earl of Beaconsfield in 1876 , Northcote became Leader of the Conservative party in the Commons . As a finance minister he was largely dominated by the lines of policy laid down by Gladstone ; but he distinguished himself by his dealings with the debt , especially his introduction of the new sinking fund in 1876 , by which he fixed the annual charge for the debt in such a way as to provide for a regular series of payments off the capital . His temper as leader was , however , too gentle to satisfy the more ardent spirits among his own followers , and party cabals ( in which Lord Randolph Churchill , who had made a dead set at the old gang , took a leading part ) led to Northcotes elevation to the Lords in 1885 , when Lord Salisbury became prime minister . Taking the titles of Earl of Iddesleigh and Viscount St Cyres , he was included in the cabinet as First Lord of the Treasury . In Lord Salisburys 1886 ministry he became Foreign Secretary , but the arrangement was not a comfortable one , and his resignation had just been decided upon when on 12 January 1887 he died very suddenly at the First Lord of the Treasurys official residence , 10 Downing Street . Other public positions . Northcote was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1875 and Lord Rector of Edinburgh University in 1883 , in which capacity he addressed the students on the subject of Desultory Reading . From 1886 to 1887 he was also Lord Lieutenant of Devon . He was not a prolific or notable writer , but amongst his works were Twenty Years of Financial Policy ( 1862 ) , a valuable study of Gladstonian finance , and Lectures and Essays ( 1887 ) . His Life by Andrew Lang appeared in 1890 . Northcote was appointed a CB in 1851 and a GCB in 1880 and was sworn of the Privy Council in 1866 . Family and personal life . Northcote married Cecilia Frances Farrer ( died 1910 ) , daughter of Thomas Farrer and sister of Thomas Farrer , 1st Baron Farrer , in 1843 . They had seven sons and three daughters . His second son , Henry , 1st Baron Northcote , was Governor-General of Australia . Another son , Amyas , later became known as a writer of ghost stories . In the aftermath of the British Expedition to Abyssinia , Northcote built up a small but prestigious collection of Ethiopian artefacts that is now in the British Museum . The 1881 Census shows him living next door to Lord Randolph Churchill MP and family , at 30 St James Place , Westminster . Further reading . - Lang , Andrew . Life , Letters , and Diaries of Sir Stafford Northcote , First Earl of Iddesleigh ( 1891 ) online |
[
""
] | easy | Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh took which position from Mar 1867 to Nov 1868? | /wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh#P39#3 | Stafford Northcote , 1st Earl of Iddesleigh Stafford Henry Northcote , 1st Earl of Iddesleigh ( 27 October 1818 – 12 January 1887 ) , known as Sir Stafford Northcote , Bt from 1851 to 1885 , was a British Conservative politician . He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer between 1874 and 1880 and as Foreign Secretary between 1885 and 1886 , and was one of only two people to hold the office of First Lord of the Treasury without ever being Prime Minister ( the other being William Henry Smith , his successor-but-two , who , like Iddesleigh , also served in post in one of the Salisbury ministries ) . Background and education . Northcote ( pronounced Northcut ) was born at Portland Place , London , on 27 October 1818 . He was the eldest son of Henry Stafford Northcote ( 1792–1850 ) , eldest son of Sir Stafford Henry Northcote , 7th Baronet . His mother was Agnes Mary ( died 1840 ) , daughter of Thomas Cockburn . His paternal ancestors had long been settled in Devon , tracing their descent from Galfridas de Nordcote who settled there in 1103 . The family home was situated at Pynes House northwest of Exeter . Northcote was educated at Eton and Balliol College , Oxford and was called to the bar , Inner Temple , in 1847 . Early political career . In 1843 Northcote became private secretary to William Ewart Gladstone at the Board of Trade . He was afterwards legal secretary to the board ; and after acting as one of the secretaries to the Great Exhibition of 1851 , co-operated with Sir Charles Trevelyan in framing the Northcote–Trevelyan Report which revolutionized the conditions of appointment to the Civil Service . He succeeded his grandfather , Sir Stafford Henry Northcote ( 1762–1851 ) , as 8th baronet in 1851 . He entered Parliament in 1855 as Conservative Member of Parliament for Dudley with the support of the influential local landowner Lord Ward . However , tensions between Northcote and Lord Ward soon arose , in particular over a vote over conflict with China , where the two men supported opposite sides in the vote . Northcote subsequently decided not to contest Dudley again and stood unsuccessfully for North Devon in 1857 . He returned to parliament in the following year , when he was elected for Stamford in 1858 , a seat which he exchanged in 1866 for North Devon . He was briefly Financial Secretary to the Treasury under the Earl of Derby from January to July 1859 . Later political career . Steadily supporting his party , he became President of the Board of Trade in 1866 , Secretary of State for India in 1867 , and Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1874 . In 1870 , during the interval between these last two appointments , he was the Governor of the Hudsons Bay Company , North Americas oldest company ( established by English royal charter in 1670 ) , when they sold the Northwest Territories to Canada . Northcote was one of the commissioners for the settlement of the Alabama Claims with the United States , culminating with the Treaty of Washington in 1871 . On Disraelis elevation to the House of Lords as Earl of Beaconsfield in 1876 , Northcote became Leader of the Conservative party in the Commons . As a finance minister he was largely dominated by the lines of policy laid down by Gladstone ; but he distinguished himself by his dealings with the debt , especially his introduction of the new sinking fund in 1876 , by which he fixed the annual charge for the debt in such a way as to provide for a regular series of payments off the capital . His temper as leader was , however , too gentle to satisfy the more ardent spirits among his own followers , and party cabals ( in which Lord Randolph Churchill , who had made a dead set at the old gang , took a leading part ) led to Northcotes elevation to the Lords in 1885 , when Lord Salisbury became prime minister . Taking the titles of Earl of Iddesleigh and Viscount St Cyres , he was included in the cabinet as First Lord of the Treasury . In Lord Salisburys 1886 ministry he became Foreign Secretary , but the arrangement was not a comfortable one , and his resignation had just been decided upon when on 12 January 1887 he died very suddenly at the First Lord of the Treasurys official residence , 10 Downing Street . Other public positions . Northcote was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1875 and Lord Rector of Edinburgh University in 1883 , in which capacity he addressed the students on the subject of Desultory Reading . From 1886 to 1887 he was also Lord Lieutenant of Devon . He was not a prolific or notable writer , but amongst his works were Twenty Years of Financial Policy ( 1862 ) , a valuable study of Gladstonian finance , and Lectures and Essays ( 1887 ) . His Life by Andrew Lang appeared in 1890 . Northcote was appointed a CB in 1851 and a GCB in 1880 and was sworn of the Privy Council in 1866 . Family and personal life . Northcote married Cecilia Frances Farrer ( died 1910 ) , daughter of Thomas Farrer and sister of Thomas Farrer , 1st Baron Farrer , in 1843 . They had seven sons and three daughters . His second son , Henry , 1st Baron Northcote , was Governor-General of Australia . Another son , Amyas , later became known as a writer of ghost stories . In the aftermath of the British Expedition to Abyssinia , Northcote built up a small but prestigious collection of Ethiopian artefacts that is now in the British Museum . The 1881 Census shows him living next door to Lord Randolph Churchill MP and family , at 30 St James Place , Westminster . Further reading . - Lang , Andrew . Life , Letters , and Diaries of Sir Stafford Northcote , First Earl of Iddesleigh ( 1891 ) online |
[
"Chancellor of the Exchequer",
"commissioners for the settlement of the Alabama Claims with the United States"
] | easy | What was the position of Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh from Nov 1868 to 1874? | /wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh#P39#4 | Stafford Northcote , 1st Earl of Iddesleigh Stafford Henry Northcote , 1st Earl of Iddesleigh ( 27 October 1818 – 12 January 1887 ) , known as Sir Stafford Northcote , Bt from 1851 to 1885 , was a British Conservative politician . He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer between 1874 and 1880 and as Foreign Secretary between 1885 and 1886 , and was one of only two people to hold the office of First Lord of the Treasury without ever being Prime Minister ( the other being William Henry Smith , his successor-but-two , who , like Iddesleigh , also served in post in one of the Salisbury ministries ) . Background and education . Northcote ( pronounced Northcut ) was born at Portland Place , London , on 27 October 1818 . He was the eldest son of Henry Stafford Northcote ( 1792–1850 ) , eldest son of Sir Stafford Henry Northcote , 7th Baronet . His mother was Agnes Mary ( died 1840 ) , daughter of Thomas Cockburn . His paternal ancestors had long been settled in Devon , tracing their descent from Galfridas de Nordcote who settled there in 1103 . The family home was situated at Pynes House northwest of Exeter . Northcote was educated at Eton and Balliol College , Oxford and was called to the bar , Inner Temple , in 1847 . Early political career . In 1843 Northcote became private secretary to William Ewart Gladstone at the Board of Trade . He was afterwards legal secretary to the board ; and after acting as one of the secretaries to the Great Exhibition of 1851 , co-operated with Sir Charles Trevelyan in framing the Northcote–Trevelyan Report which revolutionized the conditions of appointment to the Civil Service . He succeeded his grandfather , Sir Stafford Henry Northcote ( 1762–1851 ) , as 8th baronet in 1851 . He entered Parliament in 1855 as Conservative Member of Parliament for Dudley with the support of the influential local landowner Lord Ward . However , tensions between Northcote and Lord Ward soon arose , in particular over a vote over conflict with China , where the two men supported opposite sides in the vote . Northcote subsequently decided not to contest Dudley again and stood unsuccessfully for North Devon in 1857 . He returned to parliament in the following year , when he was elected for Stamford in 1858 , a seat which he exchanged in 1866 for North Devon . He was briefly Financial Secretary to the Treasury under the Earl of Derby from January to July 1859 . Later political career . Steadily supporting his party , he became President of the Board of Trade in 1866 , Secretary of State for India in 1867 , and Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1874 . In 1870 , during the interval between these last two appointments , he was the Governor of the Hudsons Bay Company , North Americas oldest company ( established by English royal charter in 1670 ) , when they sold the Northwest Territories to Canada . Northcote was one of the commissioners for the settlement of the Alabama Claims with the United States , culminating with the Treaty of Washington in 1871 . On Disraelis elevation to the House of Lords as Earl of Beaconsfield in 1876 , Northcote became Leader of the Conservative party in the Commons . As a finance minister he was largely dominated by the lines of policy laid down by Gladstone ; but he distinguished himself by his dealings with the debt , especially his introduction of the new sinking fund in 1876 , by which he fixed the annual charge for the debt in such a way as to provide for a regular series of payments off the capital . His temper as leader was , however , too gentle to satisfy the more ardent spirits among his own followers , and party cabals ( in which Lord Randolph Churchill , who had made a dead set at the old gang , took a leading part ) led to Northcotes elevation to the Lords in 1885 , when Lord Salisbury became prime minister . Taking the titles of Earl of Iddesleigh and Viscount St Cyres , he was included in the cabinet as First Lord of the Treasury . In Lord Salisburys 1886 ministry he became Foreign Secretary , but the arrangement was not a comfortable one , and his resignation had just been decided upon when on 12 January 1887 he died very suddenly at the First Lord of the Treasurys official residence , 10 Downing Street . Other public positions . Northcote was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1875 and Lord Rector of Edinburgh University in 1883 , in which capacity he addressed the students on the subject of Desultory Reading . From 1886 to 1887 he was also Lord Lieutenant of Devon . He was not a prolific or notable writer , but amongst his works were Twenty Years of Financial Policy ( 1862 ) , a valuable study of Gladstonian finance , and Lectures and Essays ( 1887 ) . His Life by Andrew Lang appeared in 1890 . Northcote was appointed a CB in 1851 and a GCB in 1880 and was sworn of the Privy Council in 1866 . Family and personal life . Northcote married Cecilia Frances Farrer ( died 1910 ) , daughter of Thomas Farrer and sister of Thomas Farrer , 1st Baron Farrer , in 1843 . They had seven sons and three daughters . His second son , Henry , 1st Baron Northcote , was Governor-General of Australia . Another son , Amyas , later became known as a writer of ghost stories . In the aftermath of the British Expedition to Abyssinia , Northcote built up a small but prestigious collection of Ethiopian artefacts that is now in the British Museum . The 1881 Census shows him living next door to Lord Randolph Churchill MP and family , at 30 St James Place , Westminster . Further reading . - Lang , Andrew . Life , Letters , and Diaries of Sir Stafford Northcote , First Earl of Iddesleigh ( 1891 ) online |
[
"Chancellor of the Exchequer"
] | easy | What was the position of Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh in 1874? | /wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh#P39#5 | Stafford Northcote , 1st Earl of Iddesleigh Stafford Henry Northcote , 1st Earl of Iddesleigh ( 27 October 1818 – 12 January 1887 ) , known as Sir Stafford Northcote , Bt from 1851 to 1885 , was a British Conservative politician . He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer between 1874 and 1880 and as Foreign Secretary between 1885 and 1886 , and was one of only two people to hold the office of First Lord of the Treasury without ever being Prime Minister ( the other being William Henry Smith , his successor-but-two , who , like Iddesleigh , also served in post in one of the Salisbury ministries ) . Background and education . Northcote ( pronounced Northcut ) was born at Portland Place , London , on 27 October 1818 . He was the eldest son of Henry Stafford Northcote ( 1792–1850 ) , eldest son of Sir Stafford Henry Northcote , 7th Baronet . His mother was Agnes Mary ( died 1840 ) , daughter of Thomas Cockburn . His paternal ancestors had long been settled in Devon , tracing their descent from Galfridas de Nordcote who settled there in 1103 . The family home was situated at Pynes House northwest of Exeter . Northcote was educated at Eton and Balliol College , Oxford and was called to the bar , Inner Temple , in 1847 . Early political career . In 1843 Northcote became private secretary to William Ewart Gladstone at the Board of Trade . He was afterwards legal secretary to the board ; and after acting as one of the secretaries to the Great Exhibition of 1851 , co-operated with Sir Charles Trevelyan in framing the Northcote–Trevelyan Report which revolutionized the conditions of appointment to the Civil Service . He succeeded his grandfather , Sir Stafford Henry Northcote ( 1762–1851 ) , as 8th baronet in 1851 . He entered Parliament in 1855 as Conservative Member of Parliament for Dudley with the support of the influential local landowner Lord Ward . However , tensions between Northcote and Lord Ward soon arose , in particular over a vote over conflict with China , where the two men supported opposite sides in the vote . Northcote subsequently decided not to contest Dudley again and stood unsuccessfully for North Devon in 1857 . He returned to parliament in the following year , when he was elected for Stamford in 1858 , a seat which he exchanged in 1866 for North Devon . He was briefly Financial Secretary to the Treasury under the Earl of Derby from January to July 1859 . Later political career . Steadily supporting his party , he became President of the Board of Trade in 1866 , Secretary of State for India in 1867 , and Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1874 . In 1870 , during the interval between these last two appointments , he was the Governor of the Hudsons Bay Company , North Americas oldest company ( established by English royal charter in 1670 ) , when they sold the Northwest Territories to Canada . Northcote was one of the commissioners for the settlement of the Alabama Claims with the United States , culminating with the Treaty of Washington in 1871 . On Disraelis elevation to the House of Lords as Earl of Beaconsfield in 1876 , Northcote became Leader of the Conservative party in the Commons . As a finance minister he was largely dominated by the lines of policy laid down by Gladstone ; but he distinguished himself by his dealings with the debt , especially his introduction of the new sinking fund in 1876 , by which he fixed the annual charge for the debt in such a way as to provide for a regular series of payments off the capital . His temper as leader was , however , too gentle to satisfy the more ardent spirits among his own followers , and party cabals ( in which Lord Randolph Churchill , who had made a dead set at the old gang , took a leading part ) led to Northcotes elevation to the Lords in 1885 , when Lord Salisbury became prime minister . Taking the titles of Earl of Iddesleigh and Viscount St Cyres , he was included in the cabinet as First Lord of the Treasury . In Lord Salisburys 1886 ministry he became Foreign Secretary , but the arrangement was not a comfortable one , and his resignation had just been decided upon when on 12 January 1887 he died very suddenly at the First Lord of the Treasurys official residence , 10 Downing Street . Other public positions . Northcote was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1875 and Lord Rector of Edinburgh University in 1883 , in which capacity he addressed the students on the subject of Desultory Reading . From 1886 to 1887 he was also Lord Lieutenant of Devon . He was not a prolific or notable writer , but amongst his works were Twenty Years of Financial Policy ( 1862 ) , a valuable study of Gladstonian finance , and Lectures and Essays ( 1887 ) . His Life by Andrew Lang appeared in 1890 . Northcote was appointed a CB in 1851 and a GCB in 1880 and was sworn of the Privy Council in 1866 . Family and personal life . Northcote married Cecilia Frances Farrer ( died 1910 ) , daughter of Thomas Farrer and sister of Thomas Farrer , 1st Baron Farrer , in 1843 . They had seven sons and three daughters . His second son , Henry , 1st Baron Northcote , was Governor-General of Australia . Another son , Amyas , later became known as a writer of ghost stories . In the aftermath of the British Expedition to Abyssinia , Northcote built up a small but prestigious collection of Ethiopian artefacts that is now in the British Museum . The 1881 Census shows him living next door to Lord Randolph Churchill MP and family , at 30 St James Place , Westminster . Further reading . - Lang , Andrew . Life , Letters , and Diaries of Sir Stafford Northcote , First Earl of Iddesleigh ( 1891 ) online |
[
"Chancellor of the Exchequer",
"Leader of the Conservative party",
"Fellow of the Royal Society"
] | easy | What position did Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh take from Feb 1874 to Mar 1880? | /wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh#P39#6 | Stafford Northcote , 1st Earl of Iddesleigh Stafford Henry Northcote , 1st Earl of Iddesleigh ( 27 October 1818 – 12 January 1887 ) , known as Sir Stafford Northcote , Bt from 1851 to 1885 , was a British Conservative politician . He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer between 1874 and 1880 and as Foreign Secretary between 1885 and 1886 , and was one of only two people to hold the office of First Lord of the Treasury without ever being Prime Minister ( the other being William Henry Smith , his successor-but-two , who , like Iddesleigh , also served in post in one of the Salisbury ministries ) . Background and education . Northcote ( pronounced Northcut ) was born at Portland Place , London , on 27 October 1818 . He was the eldest son of Henry Stafford Northcote ( 1792–1850 ) , eldest son of Sir Stafford Henry Northcote , 7th Baronet . His mother was Agnes Mary ( died 1840 ) , daughter of Thomas Cockburn . His paternal ancestors had long been settled in Devon , tracing their descent from Galfridas de Nordcote who settled there in 1103 . The family home was situated at Pynes House northwest of Exeter . Northcote was educated at Eton and Balliol College , Oxford and was called to the bar , Inner Temple , in 1847 . Early political career . In 1843 Northcote became private secretary to William Ewart Gladstone at the Board of Trade . He was afterwards legal secretary to the board ; and after acting as one of the secretaries to the Great Exhibition of 1851 , co-operated with Sir Charles Trevelyan in framing the Northcote–Trevelyan Report which revolutionized the conditions of appointment to the Civil Service . He succeeded his grandfather , Sir Stafford Henry Northcote ( 1762–1851 ) , as 8th baronet in 1851 . He entered Parliament in 1855 as Conservative Member of Parliament for Dudley with the support of the influential local landowner Lord Ward . However , tensions between Northcote and Lord Ward soon arose , in particular over a vote over conflict with China , where the two men supported opposite sides in the vote . Northcote subsequently decided not to contest Dudley again and stood unsuccessfully for North Devon in 1857 . He returned to parliament in the following year , when he was elected for Stamford in 1858 , a seat which he exchanged in 1866 for North Devon . He was briefly Financial Secretary to the Treasury under the Earl of Derby from January to July 1859 . Later political career . Steadily supporting his party , he became President of the Board of Trade in 1866 , Secretary of State for India in 1867 , and Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1874 . In 1870 , during the interval between these last two appointments , he was the Governor of the Hudsons Bay Company , North Americas oldest company ( established by English royal charter in 1670 ) , when they sold the Northwest Territories to Canada . Northcote was one of the commissioners for the settlement of the Alabama Claims with the United States , culminating with the Treaty of Washington in 1871 . On Disraelis elevation to the House of Lords as Earl of Beaconsfield in 1876 , Northcote became Leader of the Conservative party in the Commons . As a finance minister he was largely dominated by the lines of policy laid down by Gladstone ; but he distinguished himself by his dealings with the debt , especially his introduction of the new sinking fund in 1876 , by which he fixed the annual charge for the debt in such a way as to provide for a regular series of payments off the capital . His temper as leader was , however , too gentle to satisfy the more ardent spirits among his own followers , and party cabals ( in which Lord Randolph Churchill , who had made a dead set at the old gang , took a leading part ) led to Northcotes elevation to the Lords in 1885 , when Lord Salisbury became prime minister . Taking the titles of Earl of Iddesleigh and Viscount St Cyres , he was included in the cabinet as First Lord of the Treasury . In Lord Salisburys 1886 ministry he became Foreign Secretary , but the arrangement was not a comfortable one , and his resignation had just been decided upon when on 12 January 1887 he died very suddenly at the First Lord of the Treasurys official residence , 10 Downing Street . Other public positions . Northcote was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1875 and Lord Rector of Edinburgh University in 1883 , in which capacity he addressed the students on the subject of Desultory Reading . From 1886 to 1887 he was also Lord Lieutenant of Devon . He was not a prolific or notable writer , but amongst his works were Twenty Years of Financial Policy ( 1862 ) , a valuable study of Gladstonian finance , and Lectures and Essays ( 1887 ) . His Life by Andrew Lang appeared in 1890 . Northcote was appointed a CB in 1851 and a GCB in 1880 and was sworn of the Privy Council in 1866 . Family and personal life . Northcote married Cecilia Frances Farrer ( died 1910 ) , daughter of Thomas Farrer and sister of Thomas Farrer , 1st Baron Farrer , in 1843 . They had seven sons and three daughters . His second son , Henry , 1st Baron Northcote , was Governor-General of Australia . Another son , Amyas , later became known as a writer of ghost stories . In the aftermath of the British Expedition to Abyssinia , Northcote built up a small but prestigious collection of Ethiopian artefacts that is now in the British Museum . The 1881 Census shows him living next door to Lord Randolph Churchill MP and family , at 30 St James Place , Westminster . Further reading . - Lang , Andrew . Life , Letters , and Diaries of Sir Stafford Northcote , First Earl of Iddesleigh ( 1891 ) online |
[
""
] | easy | Who was in charge of Gáivuotna – Kåfjord – Kaivuono from 2003 to 2015? | /wiki/Gáivuotna_–_Kåfjord_–_Kaivuono#P6#0 | Gáivuotna – Kåfjord – Kaivuono Kåfjord ( ; ) is a municipality in Troms og Finnmark county , Norway . The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Olderdalen . Other villages include Løkvollen , Manndalen , Birtavarre , Trollvik , Samuelsberg , Nordmannvik , and Djupvik . The municipality is the 116th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway . Kåfjord is the 277th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,071 . The municipalitys population density is and its population has decreased by 6.2% over the last decade . General information . The municipality of Kåfjord was established in 1929 when the large Lyngen Municipality was divided into three : Lyngen in the northwest , Kåfjord in the northeast , and Storfjord Municipality in the south . The initial population of Kåfjord was 2,482 . Then on 1 January 1992 , the Nordnes area along the Lyngen fjord in Lyngen Municipality ( population : 38 ) was transferred to Kåfjord Municipality . On 1 January 2020 , the municipality became part of the newly formed Troms og Finnmark county . Previously , it had been part of the old Troms county . Name . Kåfjord is a Norwegianized form of the Sámi name Gáivuotna . The meaning of the first element is unknown and the last element is vuotna which means fjord . The name of the municipality was Kåfjord until 2 May 1994 , when it was changed to Gáivuotna–Kåfjord . It was the fifth municipality in Norway to get a Sami name . In 2005 , the name was again changed such that either the Sami Gáivuotna or the Norwegian Kåfjord name can be used . In 2016 the name was changed again . This time the Kven language name was added to the list of official names . All three names are equal and parallel names for the municipality . The official names of the municipality are Gáivuotna – Kåfjord – Kaivuono , or more formally Gáivuona suohkan – Kåfjord kommune – Kaivuonon komuuni . Coat of arms . The coat of arms is from 1988 . It shows a silver or white spinning wheel on a red background . This was chosen to reflect the crafts and traditions of the local community . Churches . The Church of Norway has one parish ( sokn ) within the municipality . It is part of the Nord-Troms prosti ( deanery ) in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland . History . In 1945 , the villages of Kåfjord were burned to the ground during the retreat of German forces from Finland and Finnmark . This was as far west as the Wehrmacht used their scorched earth tactics . Government . All municipalities in Norway , including Kåfjord , are responsible for primary education ( through 10th grade ) , outpatient health services , senior citizen services , unemployment and other social services , zoning , economic development , and municipal roads . The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives , which in turn elect a mayor . The municipality falls under the Nord-Troms District Court and the Hålogaland Court of Appeal . Municipal council . The municipal council of Kåfjord is made up of 17 representatives that are elected to four year terms . The party breakdown of the council is as follows : Mayors . The mayors of Kåfjord ( incomplete list ) : - 2019–present : Bernt Eirik Isaksen Lyngstad ( Ap ) - 2015-2019 : Svein O . Leiros ( Sp ) Geography . The municipality is situated on the eastern side of the Lyngen fjord , and around its eastern arm , the Kåfjord . The municipal centre is Olderdalen . Other villages include Birtavarre , Kåfjorddalen , Djupvik , Nordmannvik , and Manndalen , where the international indigenous peoples festival Riddu Riđđu is hosted each year . On the border with Finland , is the mountain Ráisduattarháldi which has a height of . Economy . Fishing and small-scale farming have been the most important sources of income . Now many people work in education and other public services . The population has declined for many years , but the decline is now less rapid than earlier . A new optimism has arisen among young people , largely due to the increasing cultural activities . Population . The majority of the population is of Sami origin . Due to assimilation pressure from the Norwegian State , the language was largely lost in the 20th century . Efforts are being made to reintroduce the Northern Sami language which is largely concentrated in the municipalitys largest village , Manndalen/Olmmáivággi . Notable residents . - ( 1844 in Kåfjord i Lyngen – 1941 ) a Laestadian preacher , received the Kings Medal of Merit ( ) in 1938 for his work for the salvation of the soul . - Rolf Ketil Bjørn ( 1938 in Kåfjord – 2008 ) a Norwegian businessperson and politician - Jan Lindvall ( born 1950 in Kåfjord ) a Norwegian retired cross-country skier who competed at the 1984 Winter Olympics External links . - Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway |
[
"Svein O . Leiros"
] | easy | Who was the chair of Gáivuotna – Kåfjord – Kaivuono from 2015 to 2019? | /wiki/Gáivuotna_–_Kåfjord_–_Kaivuono#P6#1 | Gáivuotna – Kåfjord – Kaivuono Kåfjord ( ; ) is a municipality in Troms og Finnmark county , Norway . The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Olderdalen . Other villages include Løkvollen , Manndalen , Birtavarre , Trollvik , Samuelsberg , Nordmannvik , and Djupvik . The municipality is the 116th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway . Kåfjord is the 277th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,071 . The municipalitys population density is and its population has decreased by 6.2% over the last decade . General information . The municipality of Kåfjord was established in 1929 when the large Lyngen Municipality was divided into three : Lyngen in the northwest , Kåfjord in the northeast , and Storfjord Municipality in the south . The initial population of Kåfjord was 2,482 . Then on 1 January 1992 , the Nordnes area along the Lyngen fjord in Lyngen Municipality ( population : 38 ) was transferred to Kåfjord Municipality . On 1 January 2020 , the municipality became part of the newly formed Troms og Finnmark county . Previously , it had been part of the old Troms county . Name . Kåfjord is a Norwegianized form of the Sámi name Gáivuotna . The meaning of the first element is unknown and the last element is vuotna which means fjord . The name of the municipality was Kåfjord until 2 May 1994 , when it was changed to Gáivuotna–Kåfjord . It was the fifth municipality in Norway to get a Sami name . In 2005 , the name was again changed such that either the Sami Gáivuotna or the Norwegian Kåfjord name can be used . In 2016 the name was changed again . This time the Kven language name was added to the list of official names . All three names are equal and parallel names for the municipality . The official names of the municipality are Gáivuotna – Kåfjord – Kaivuono , or more formally Gáivuona suohkan – Kåfjord kommune – Kaivuonon komuuni . Coat of arms . The coat of arms is from 1988 . It shows a silver or white spinning wheel on a red background . This was chosen to reflect the crafts and traditions of the local community . Churches . The Church of Norway has one parish ( sokn ) within the municipality . It is part of the Nord-Troms prosti ( deanery ) in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland . History . In 1945 , the villages of Kåfjord were burned to the ground during the retreat of German forces from Finland and Finnmark . This was as far west as the Wehrmacht used their scorched earth tactics . Government . All municipalities in Norway , including Kåfjord , are responsible for primary education ( through 10th grade ) , outpatient health services , senior citizen services , unemployment and other social services , zoning , economic development , and municipal roads . The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives , which in turn elect a mayor . The municipality falls under the Nord-Troms District Court and the Hålogaland Court of Appeal . Municipal council . The municipal council of Kåfjord is made up of 17 representatives that are elected to four year terms . The party breakdown of the council is as follows : Mayors . The mayors of Kåfjord ( incomplete list ) : - 2019–present : Bernt Eirik Isaksen Lyngstad ( Ap ) - 2015-2019 : Svein O . Leiros ( Sp ) Geography . The municipality is situated on the eastern side of the Lyngen fjord , and around its eastern arm , the Kåfjord . The municipal centre is Olderdalen . Other villages include Birtavarre , Kåfjorddalen , Djupvik , Nordmannvik , and Manndalen , where the international indigenous peoples festival Riddu Riđđu is hosted each year . On the border with Finland , is the mountain Ráisduattarháldi which has a height of . Economy . Fishing and small-scale farming have been the most important sources of income . Now many people work in education and other public services . The population has declined for many years , but the decline is now less rapid than earlier . A new optimism has arisen among young people , largely due to the increasing cultural activities . Population . The majority of the population is of Sami origin . Due to assimilation pressure from the Norwegian State , the language was largely lost in the 20th century . Efforts are being made to reintroduce the Northern Sami language which is largely concentrated in the municipalitys largest village , Manndalen/Olmmáivággi . Notable residents . - ( 1844 in Kåfjord i Lyngen – 1941 ) a Laestadian preacher , received the Kings Medal of Merit ( ) in 1938 for his work for the salvation of the soul . - Rolf Ketil Bjørn ( 1938 in Kåfjord – 2008 ) a Norwegian businessperson and politician - Jan Lindvall ( born 1950 in Kåfjord ) a Norwegian retired cross-country skier who competed at the 1984 Winter Olympics External links . - Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway |
[
"Bernt Eirik Isaksen Lyngstad"
] | easy | Who was the chair of Gáivuotna – Kåfjord – Kaivuono from 2019 to 2020? | /wiki/Gáivuotna_–_Kåfjord_–_Kaivuono#P6#2 | Gáivuotna – Kåfjord – Kaivuono Kåfjord ( ; ) is a municipality in Troms og Finnmark county , Norway . The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Olderdalen . Other villages include Løkvollen , Manndalen , Birtavarre , Trollvik , Samuelsberg , Nordmannvik , and Djupvik . The municipality is the 116th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway . Kåfjord is the 277th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,071 . The municipalitys population density is and its population has decreased by 6.2% over the last decade . General information . The municipality of Kåfjord was established in 1929 when the large Lyngen Municipality was divided into three : Lyngen in the northwest , Kåfjord in the northeast , and Storfjord Municipality in the south . The initial population of Kåfjord was 2,482 . Then on 1 January 1992 , the Nordnes area along the Lyngen fjord in Lyngen Municipality ( population : 38 ) was transferred to Kåfjord Municipality . On 1 January 2020 , the municipality became part of the newly formed Troms og Finnmark county . Previously , it had been part of the old Troms county . Name . Kåfjord is a Norwegianized form of the Sámi name Gáivuotna . The meaning of the first element is unknown and the last element is vuotna which means fjord . The name of the municipality was Kåfjord until 2 May 1994 , when it was changed to Gáivuotna–Kåfjord . It was the fifth municipality in Norway to get a Sami name . In 2005 , the name was again changed such that either the Sami Gáivuotna or the Norwegian Kåfjord name can be used . In 2016 the name was changed again . This time the Kven language name was added to the list of official names . All three names are equal and parallel names for the municipality . The official names of the municipality are Gáivuotna – Kåfjord – Kaivuono , or more formally Gáivuona suohkan – Kåfjord kommune – Kaivuonon komuuni . Coat of arms . The coat of arms is from 1988 . It shows a silver or white spinning wheel on a red background . This was chosen to reflect the crafts and traditions of the local community . Churches . The Church of Norway has one parish ( sokn ) within the municipality . It is part of the Nord-Troms prosti ( deanery ) in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland . History . In 1945 , the villages of Kåfjord were burned to the ground during the retreat of German forces from Finland and Finnmark . This was as far west as the Wehrmacht used their scorched earth tactics . Government . All municipalities in Norway , including Kåfjord , are responsible for primary education ( through 10th grade ) , outpatient health services , senior citizen services , unemployment and other social services , zoning , economic development , and municipal roads . The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives , which in turn elect a mayor . The municipality falls under the Nord-Troms District Court and the Hålogaland Court of Appeal . Municipal council . The municipal council of Kåfjord is made up of 17 representatives that are elected to four year terms . The party breakdown of the council is as follows : Mayors . The mayors of Kåfjord ( incomplete list ) : - 2019–present : Bernt Eirik Isaksen Lyngstad ( Ap ) - 2015-2019 : Svein O . Leiros ( Sp ) Geography . The municipality is situated on the eastern side of the Lyngen fjord , and around its eastern arm , the Kåfjord . The municipal centre is Olderdalen . Other villages include Birtavarre , Kåfjorddalen , Djupvik , Nordmannvik , and Manndalen , where the international indigenous peoples festival Riddu Riđđu is hosted each year . On the border with Finland , is the mountain Ráisduattarháldi which has a height of . Economy . Fishing and small-scale farming have been the most important sources of income . Now many people work in education and other public services . The population has declined for many years , but the decline is now less rapid than earlier . A new optimism has arisen among young people , largely due to the increasing cultural activities . Population . The majority of the population is of Sami origin . Due to assimilation pressure from the Norwegian State , the language was largely lost in the 20th century . Efforts are being made to reintroduce the Northern Sami language which is largely concentrated in the municipalitys largest village , Manndalen/Olmmáivággi . Notable residents . - ( 1844 in Kåfjord i Lyngen – 1941 ) a Laestadian preacher , received the Kings Medal of Merit ( ) in 1938 for his work for the salvation of the soul . - Rolf Ketil Bjørn ( 1938 in Kåfjord – 2008 ) a Norwegian businessperson and politician - Jan Lindvall ( born 1950 in Kåfjord ) a Norwegian retired cross-country skier who competed at the 1984 Winter Olympics External links . - Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway |
[
"Grandmaster"
] | easy | Which title was conferred to Koneru Humpy in 2002? | /wiki/Koneru_Humpy#P2962#0 | Koneru Humpy Koneru Humpy ( born 31 March 1987 ) is an Indian chess player who is also reigning womens world rapid champion . In 2002 , she became the youngest woman ever to achieve the title of Grandmaster at the age of 15 years , 1 month , 27 days , beating Judit Polgárs previous record by three months ( this record was subsequently broken by Hou Yifan in 2008 ) . In October 2007 , Koneru became the second female player , after Polgár , to exceed the 2600 Elo rating mark , being rated 2606 . Career . Koneru won three gold medals at the World Youth Chess Championship : in 1997 ( under-10 girls division ) , 1998 ( under-12 girls ) and 2000 ( under-14 girls ) . In 1999 , at the Asian Youth Chess Championship , held in Ahmedabad , she won the under-12 section , competing with the boys . In 2001 Koneru won the World Junior Girls Championship . In the following years edition , she tied for first place with Zhao Xue , but placed second on tiebreak . She became the eight ever female Grandmaster in 2002 . Koneru competed with the boys in the 2004 World Junior Championship , which was won by Pentala Harikrishna and tied for fifth place , finishing tenth on countback with a score of 8.5/13 points . Koneru won the British Womens Championship in 2000 and in 2002 . In 2003 , she won the 10th Asian Womens Individual Championship and the Indian Womens Championship . In 2005 , she won the North Urals Cup , a round-robin tournament held in Krasnoturyinsk , Russia featuring ten of the strongest female players in the world at the time . She participated in the Womens World Chess Championship for the first time in 2004 and since then , she has competed in every edition of the event held with the knockout format . Koneru reached the semifinals in 2004 , 2008 and 2010 . In 2009 , she tied for 1st–4th with Alexander Areshchenko , Magesh Panchanathan and Evgenij Miroshnichenko in the Mumbai Mayor Cup . In 2009 , Koneru accused the All India Chess Federation of preventing her from participating in the 37th Chess Olympiad in Turin . Her father Koneru Ashok , who was coaching her , was not allowed to travel with her for tournaments . Koneru took part in the FIDE Womens Grand Prix 2009–2011 and finished in overall second position , in turn qualifying as challenger for Womens World Chess Championship 2011 . Hou Yifan won the match , winning three games and drawing five . Koneru finished runner-up in the FIDE Womens Grand Prix series also in the 2011–12 , 2013–14 and 2015–16 editions . She won the individual bronze at the Womens World Team Chess Championship 2015 held in Chengdu , China . Team India finished fourth in the competition – a point behind China , which won the bronze medal . In 2019 , she became womens World Rapid champion after coming back from a two-year maternity sabbatical . In 2020 , Koneru won the BBC Indian Sportswoman of the year award , following a public vote . Personal life . She was originally named Hampi by her parents ( Koneru Ashok and Latha Ashok ) who derived the name from the word champion . Her father later changed the spelling to Humpy , to more closely resemble a Russian-sounding name . In August 2014 she married Dasari Anvesh . Currently she is working with ONGC Ltd . She gave birth to a baby daughter who is named Ahana in 2017 . Awards and achievements . - 1999 : Asias youngest Woman International Master ( WIM ) - 2001 : Indias youngest Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) - 2003 : Arjuna Award - 2007 : Padma Shri - 2019 : Skolkovo Womens Grand Prix 2019–20 - 2019 : Monaco Womens Grand Prix 2019–20 - 2019 : Womens World Rapid Chess Championship - 2020 : Cairns Cup |
[
"Woman Grandmaster ( WGM )"
] | easy | Which title was conferred to Koneru Humpy in 2001? | /wiki/Koneru_Humpy#P2962#1 | Koneru Humpy Koneru Humpy ( born 31 March 1987 ) is an Indian chess player who is also reigning womens world rapid champion . In 2002 , she became the youngest woman ever to achieve the title of Grandmaster at the age of 15 years , 1 month , 27 days , beating Judit Polgárs previous record by three months ( this record was subsequently broken by Hou Yifan in 2008 ) . In October 2007 , Koneru became the second female player , after Polgár , to exceed the 2600 Elo rating mark , being rated 2606 . Career . Koneru won three gold medals at the World Youth Chess Championship : in 1997 ( under-10 girls division ) , 1998 ( under-12 girls ) and 2000 ( under-14 girls ) . In 1999 , at the Asian Youth Chess Championship , held in Ahmedabad , she won the under-12 section , competing with the boys . In 2001 Koneru won the World Junior Girls Championship . In the following years edition , she tied for first place with Zhao Xue , but placed second on tiebreak . She became the eight ever female Grandmaster in 2002 . Koneru competed with the boys in the 2004 World Junior Championship , which was won by Pentala Harikrishna and tied for fifth place , finishing tenth on countback with a score of 8.5/13 points . Koneru won the British Womens Championship in 2000 and in 2002 . In 2003 , she won the 10th Asian Womens Individual Championship and the Indian Womens Championship . In 2005 , she won the North Urals Cup , a round-robin tournament held in Krasnoturyinsk , Russia featuring ten of the strongest female players in the world at the time . She participated in the Womens World Chess Championship for the first time in 2004 and since then , she has competed in every edition of the event held with the knockout format . Koneru reached the semifinals in 2004 , 2008 and 2010 . In 2009 , she tied for 1st–4th with Alexander Areshchenko , Magesh Panchanathan and Evgenij Miroshnichenko in the Mumbai Mayor Cup . In 2009 , Koneru accused the All India Chess Federation of preventing her from participating in the 37th Chess Olympiad in Turin . Her father Koneru Ashok , who was coaching her , was not allowed to travel with her for tournaments . Koneru took part in the FIDE Womens Grand Prix 2009–2011 and finished in overall second position , in turn qualifying as challenger for Womens World Chess Championship 2011 . Hou Yifan won the match , winning three games and drawing five . Koneru finished runner-up in the FIDE Womens Grand Prix series also in the 2011–12 , 2013–14 and 2015–16 editions . She won the individual bronze at the Womens World Team Chess Championship 2015 held in Chengdu , China . Team India finished fourth in the competition – a point behind China , which won the bronze medal . In 2019 , she became womens World Rapid champion after coming back from a two-year maternity sabbatical . In 2020 , Koneru won the BBC Indian Sportswoman of the year award , following a public vote . Personal life . She was originally named Hampi by her parents ( Koneru Ashok and Latha Ashok ) who derived the name from the word champion . Her father later changed the spelling to Humpy , to more closely resemble a Russian-sounding name . In August 2014 she married Dasari Anvesh . Currently she is working with ONGC Ltd . She gave birth to a baby daughter who is named Ahana in 2017 . Awards and achievements . - 1999 : Asias youngest Woman International Master ( WIM ) - 2001 : Indias youngest Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) - 2003 : Arjuna Award - 2007 : Padma Shri - 2019 : Skolkovo Womens Grand Prix 2019–20 - 2019 : Monaco Womens Grand Prix 2019–20 - 2019 : Womens World Rapid Chess Championship - 2020 : Cairns Cup |
[
"1998"
] | easy | Which title was conferred to Koneru Humpy in 1998? | /wiki/Koneru_Humpy#P2962#2 | Koneru Humpy Koneru Humpy ( born 31 March 1987 ) is an Indian chess player who is also reigning womens world rapid champion . In 2002 , she became the youngest woman ever to achieve the title of Grandmaster at the age of 15 years , 1 month , 27 days , beating Judit Polgárs previous record by three months ( this record was subsequently broken by Hou Yifan in 2008 ) . In October 2007 , Koneru became the second female player , after Polgár , to exceed the 2600 Elo rating mark , being rated 2606 . Career . Koneru won three gold medals at the World Youth Chess Championship : in 1997 ( under-10 girls division ) , 1998 ( under-12 girls ) and 2000 ( under-14 girls ) . In 1999 , at the Asian Youth Chess Championship , held in Ahmedabad , she won the under-12 section , competing with the boys . In 2001 Koneru won the World Junior Girls Championship . In the following years edition , she tied for first place with Zhao Xue , but placed second on tiebreak . She became the eight ever female Grandmaster in 2002 . Koneru competed with the boys in the 2004 World Junior Championship , which was won by Pentala Harikrishna and tied for fifth place , finishing tenth on countback with a score of 8.5/13 points . Koneru won the British Womens Championship in 2000 and in 2002 . In 2003 , she won the 10th Asian Womens Individual Championship and the Indian Womens Championship . In 2005 , she won the North Urals Cup , a round-robin tournament held in Krasnoturyinsk , Russia featuring ten of the strongest female players in the world at the time . She participated in the Womens World Chess Championship for the first time in 2004 and since then , she has competed in every edition of the event held with the knockout format . Koneru reached the semifinals in 2004 , 2008 and 2010 . In 2009 , she tied for 1st–4th with Alexander Areshchenko , Magesh Panchanathan and Evgenij Miroshnichenko in the Mumbai Mayor Cup . In 2009 , Koneru accused the All India Chess Federation of preventing her from participating in the 37th Chess Olympiad in Turin . Her father Koneru Ashok , who was coaching her , was not allowed to travel with her for tournaments . Koneru took part in the FIDE Womens Grand Prix 2009–2011 and finished in overall second position , in turn qualifying as challenger for Womens World Chess Championship 2011 . Hou Yifan won the match , winning three games and drawing five . Koneru finished runner-up in the FIDE Womens Grand Prix series also in the 2011–12 , 2013–14 and 2015–16 editions . She won the individual bronze at the Womens World Team Chess Championship 2015 held in Chengdu , China . Team India finished fourth in the competition – a point behind China , which won the bronze medal . In 2019 , she became womens World Rapid champion after coming back from a two-year maternity sabbatical . In 2020 , Koneru won the BBC Indian Sportswoman of the year award , following a public vote . Personal life . She was originally named Hampi by her parents ( Koneru Ashok and Latha Ashok ) who derived the name from the word champion . Her father later changed the spelling to Humpy , to more closely resemble a Russian-sounding name . In August 2014 she married Dasari Anvesh . Currently she is working with ONGC Ltd . She gave birth to a baby daughter who is named Ahana in 2017 . Awards and achievements . - 1999 : Asias youngest Woman International Master ( WIM ) - 2001 : Indias youngest Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) - 2003 : Arjuna Award - 2007 : Padma Shri - 2019 : Skolkovo Womens Grand Prix 2019–20 - 2019 : Monaco Womens Grand Prix 2019–20 - 2019 : Womens World Rapid Chess Championship - 2020 : Cairns Cup |
[
"Dorchester Town"
] | easy | Brennan Dickenson played for which team from 2011 to 2012? | /wiki/Brennan_Dickenson#P54#0 | Brennan Dickenson Brennan Peter Dickenson ( born 26 February 1993 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for League Two club Carlisle United . Dickensons career began at Southampton before moving on to Conference South side Dorchester Town . He earned a move to Championship side Brighton & Hove Albion in 2012 . He failed to break into the Brighton first team , instead heading out on loan to Chesterfield , AFC Wimbledon and Northampton Town . He was released in 2014 , joining League One side Gillingham . He joined Colchester United after two seasons with the Kent club . Career . Brighton & Hove Albion . Born in Ferndown , former Southampton trainee Dickenson signed for Championship club Brighton & Hove Albion in January 2012 for an undisclosed fee from Dorchester Town . He had scored five goals in 22 Conference South games during the first half of the 2011–12 season . He joined League Two side Chesterfield on a one-month loan deal on 8 November 2012 . He scored on his professional debut on 10 November after replacing Mark Randall 61-minutes into a 3–2 defeat by Bristol Rovers . He made five starts and six substitute appearances during his time with the Spireites . AFC Wimbledon signed Dickenson on loan for one-month in February 2013 . He made his debut on 23 February in Wimbledons 1–0 win at Dagenham & Redbridge , before scoring in consecutive games , first against Cheltenham Town in a 2–1 defeat , and then a week later in a 3–2 home win over York City . In all , Dickenson made seven appearances for the Dons , before agreeing a one-year contract extension with Brighton at the end of the season . Still without a first-team appearance for Brighton , Dickenson was allowed to leave on loan for League Two once again , this time for Northampton Town until the end of the 2013–14 season on 8 February 2014 . He made his debut the same day as Northampton fell to a 2–0 home defeat by Plymouth Argyle . He scored one goal for the club , in a 2–0 win against Hartlepool United on 22 February , and made 13 league appearances.<ref played by Brennan Dickenson in 2013/2014></ref> In May 2014 , Dickenson had a contract clause invoked extending his contract by one season . Gillingham . Gillingham paid an undisclosed fee to bring Dickenson to the League One club on a two-year contract on 30 June 2014 , just weeks after extending his Brighton contract . He made his debut on 9 August 2014 as a 77th-minute substitute for Jake Hessenthaler in Gillinghams 4–2 defeat to Milton Keynes Dons . He scored in his second game in his first start for the club with a first-half goal against Yeovil Town in the League Cup . He was withdrawn at half-time after picking up a slight injury . He made 42 appearances during the season , scoring three goals.<ref played by Brennan Dickenson in 2014/2015></ref> Bradley Garmston ousted Dickenson from the left-back position which he had become accustomed to playing for Gillingham by November 2015 , with manager Justin Edinburgh saying that choosing between them is probably the most difficult decision . Dickenson had made 18 appearances from August through early November , but found his opportunities limited until March 2016 , when a return to first-team action eventually yielded 36 appearances in total . Dickenson was released by Gillingham in May 2016 . Colchester United . After being released by Gillingham , Dickenson joined League Two side Colchester United on a two-year contract . He made his debut for Colchester on 9 August 2016 in their 4–0 EFL Cup defeat to his former club Brighton , before scoring his first goal on his league debut four days later in Colchesters 2–0 win at home to Cambridge United . His performance was recognised by the English Football League when he was named in the Team of the Week for all three divisions . He scored a brace in his next match on 16 August as he helped his side to a 3–2 win over Grimsby Town at the Colchester Community Stadium . As a result of his performance , he was named in the EFL Team of the Week for the second week in succession . He was also nominated for the League Two Player of the Month award after three goals and an assist in his four league appearances in August . After a goal in each of Colchesters wins against Stevenage and Cheltenham Town either side of New Year , Dickenson was named in the EFL Team of New Year on 3 January 2017 . Having firmly established himself as a regular starter as a left wing-back in the Colchester first-team , Dickenson said that the spell Im having at the moment is probably the best in my career . Ive had a few good seasons but this is probably the best . Dickenson then sustained cruciate ligament damage in April 2017 which would rule him out of action for up to nine months . In his first season with the club , after scoring 12 goals in 39 appearances , he was named Player of the Year alongside the Players Player of the Year award . Dickenson revealed in July 2017 that his injury sustained in April would likely keep him out of first-team action until February 2018 . He made his first appearance of the 2017–18 season on 13 February 2018 , replacing Kane Vincent-Young during Colchesters 2–1 win against Coventry City . At the end of the season , Dickenson took up the option on his contract to remain with Colchester for a further year until at least summer 2019 . Dickenson scored his first goals since April 2017 when he scored a brace against Crewe Alexandra in a 6–0 win on 21 August 2018 . Milton Keynes Dons . Dickenson turned down a new contract offer from Colchester , and on 30 May 2019 joined newly-promoted League One club Milton Keynes Dons on a free transfer effective from 1 July 2019 . He scored his first goal for MK Dons when he scored in an EFL Trophy tie against Wycombe Wanderers on 12 November 2019 . Exeter City . On 17 January 2020 , following the mutual termination of his contract with MK Dons , Dickenson joined League Two club Exeter City on a short-term deal until the end of the season in response to Jack Sparkes sustaining a season-ending knee injury against Newport County on Boxing Day 2019 and other left sided players also being injured . He made his league debut in a 1–0 away win against Grimsby Town at Blundell Park . He scored his first goal for the club in a 5–1 win over Oldham Athletic , scoring directly from a 35-yard free kick . Dickenson was released by Exeter at the end of his contract in July 2020 . Carlisle United . Dickenson joined Carlisle United on a free transfer on 13 August 2020 . Style of play . Chesterfield manager Paul Cook described Dickenson as a very energetic , left-sided midfielder or left-sided striker who will bring a lot of balance to the team and a lot of energy going forward . He played at left-back for Gillingham , keeping regular left-back Bradley Garmston out of the first-team . Honours . - Colchester United Player of the Year : 2016–17 - Colchester United Players Player of the Year : 2016–17 |
[
"Brighton & Hove Albion"
] | easy | Brennan Dickenson played for which team from 2012 to 2014? | /wiki/Brennan_Dickenson#P54#1 | Brennan Dickenson Brennan Peter Dickenson ( born 26 February 1993 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for League Two club Carlisle United . Dickensons career began at Southampton before moving on to Conference South side Dorchester Town . He earned a move to Championship side Brighton & Hove Albion in 2012 . He failed to break into the Brighton first team , instead heading out on loan to Chesterfield , AFC Wimbledon and Northampton Town . He was released in 2014 , joining League One side Gillingham . He joined Colchester United after two seasons with the Kent club . Career . Brighton & Hove Albion . Born in Ferndown , former Southampton trainee Dickenson signed for Championship club Brighton & Hove Albion in January 2012 for an undisclosed fee from Dorchester Town . He had scored five goals in 22 Conference South games during the first half of the 2011–12 season . He joined League Two side Chesterfield on a one-month loan deal on 8 November 2012 . He scored on his professional debut on 10 November after replacing Mark Randall 61-minutes into a 3–2 defeat by Bristol Rovers . He made five starts and six substitute appearances during his time with the Spireites . AFC Wimbledon signed Dickenson on loan for one-month in February 2013 . He made his debut on 23 February in Wimbledons 1–0 win at Dagenham & Redbridge , before scoring in consecutive games , first against Cheltenham Town in a 2–1 defeat , and then a week later in a 3–2 home win over York City . In all , Dickenson made seven appearances for the Dons , before agreeing a one-year contract extension with Brighton at the end of the season . Still without a first-team appearance for Brighton , Dickenson was allowed to leave on loan for League Two once again , this time for Northampton Town until the end of the 2013–14 season on 8 February 2014 . He made his debut the same day as Northampton fell to a 2–0 home defeat by Plymouth Argyle . He scored one goal for the club , in a 2–0 win against Hartlepool United on 22 February , and made 13 league appearances.<ref played by Brennan Dickenson in 2013/2014></ref> In May 2014 , Dickenson had a contract clause invoked extending his contract by one season . Gillingham . Gillingham paid an undisclosed fee to bring Dickenson to the League One club on a two-year contract on 30 June 2014 , just weeks after extending his Brighton contract . He made his debut on 9 August 2014 as a 77th-minute substitute for Jake Hessenthaler in Gillinghams 4–2 defeat to Milton Keynes Dons . He scored in his second game in his first start for the club with a first-half goal against Yeovil Town in the League Cup . He was withdrawn at half-time after picking up a slight injury . He made 42 appearances during the season , scoring three goals.<ref played by Brennan Dickenson in 2014/2015></ref> Bradley Garmston ousted Dickenson from the left-back position which he had become accustomed to playing for Gillingham by November 2015 , with manager Justin Edinburgh saying that choosing between them is probably the most difficult decision . Dickenson had made 18 appearances from August through early November , but found his opportunities limited until March 2016 , when a return to first-team action eventually yielded 36 appearances in total . Dickenson was released by Gillingham in May 2016 . Colchester United . After being released by Gillingham , Dickenson joined League Two side Colchester United on a two-year contract . He made his debut for Colchester on 9 August 2016 in their 4–0 EFL Cup defeat to his former club Brighton , before scoring his first goal on his league debut four days later in Colchesters 2–0 win at home to Cambridge United . His performance was recognised by the English Football League when he was named in the Team of the Week for all three divisions . He scored a brace in his next match on 16 August as he helped his side to a 3–2 win over Grimsby Town at the Colchester Community Stadium . As a result of his performance , he was named in the EFL Team of the Week for the second week in succession . He was also nominated for the League Two Player of the Month award after three goals and an assist in his four league appearances in August . After a goal in each of Colchesters wins against Stevenage and Cheltenham Town either side of New Year , Dickenson was named in the EFL Team of New Year on 3 January 2017 . Having firmly established himself as a regular starter as a left wing-back in the Colchester first-team , Dickenson said that the spell Im having at the moment is probably the best in my career . Ive had a few good seasons but this is probably the best . Dickenson then sustained cruciate ligament damage in April 2017 which would rule him out of action for up to nine months . In his first season with the club , after scoring 12 goals in 39 appearances , he was named Player of the Year alongside the Players Player of the Year award . Dickenson revealed in July 2017 that his injury sustained in April would likely keep him out of first-team action until February 2018 . He made his first appearance of the 2017–18 season on 13 February 2018 , replacing Kane Vincent-Young during Colchesters 2–1 win against Coventry City . At the end of the season , Dickenson took up the option on his contract to remain with Colchester for a further year until at least summer 2019 . Dickenson scored his first goals since April 2017 when he scored a brace against Crewe Alexandra in a 6–0 win on 21 August 2018 . Milton Keynes Dons . Dickenson turned down a new contract offer from Colchester , and on 30 May 2019 joined newly-promoted League One club Milton Keynes Dons on a free transfer effective from 1 July 2019 . He scored his first goal for MK Dons when he scored in an EFL Trophy tie against Wycombe Wanderers on 12 November 2019 . Exeter City . On 17 January 2020 , following the mutual termination of his contract with MK Dons , Dickenson joined League Two club Exeter City on a short-term deal until the end of the season in response to Jack Sparkes sustaining a season-ending knee injury against Newport County on Boxing Day 2019 and other left sided players also being injured . He made his league debut in a 1–0 away win against Grimsby Town at Blundell Park . He scored his first goal for the club in a 5–1 win over Oldham Athletic , scoring directly from a 35-yard free kick . Dickenson was released by Exeter at the end of his contract in July 2020 . Carlisle United . Dickenson joined Carlisle United on a free transfer on 13 August 2020 . Style of play . Chesterfield manager Paul Cook described Dickenson as a very energetic , left-sided midfielder or left-sided striker who will bring a lot of balance to the team and a lot of energy going forward . He played at left-back for Gillingham , keeping regular left-back Bradley Garmston out of the first-team . Honours . - Colchester United Player of the Year : 2016–17 - Colchester United Players Player of the Year : 2016–17 |
[
"Gillingham"
] | easy | Brennan Dickenson played for which team from 2014 to 2015? | /wiki/Brennan_Dickenson#P54#2 | Brennan Dickenson Brennan Peter Dickenson ( born 26 February 1993 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for League Two club Carlisle United . Dickensons career began at Southampton before moving on to Conference South side Dorchester Town . He earned a move to Championship side Brighton & Hove Albion in 2012 . He failed to break into the Brighton first team , instead heading out on loan to Chesterfield , AFC Wimbledon and Northampton Town . He was released in 2014 , joining League One side Gillingham . He joined Colchester United after two seasons with the Kent club . Career . Brighton & Hove Albion . Born in Ferndown , former Southampton trainee Dickenson signed for Championship club Brighton & Hove Albion in January 2012 for an undisclosed fee from Dorchester Town . He had scored five goals in 22 Conference South games during the first half of the 2011–12 season . He joined League Two side Chesterfield on a one-month loan deal on 8 November 2012 . He scored on his professional debut on 10 November after replacing Mark Randall 61-minutes into a 3–2 defeat by Bristol Rovers . He made five starts and six substitute appearances during his time with the Spireites . AFC Wimbledon signed Dickenson on loan for one-month in February 2013 . He made his debut on 23 February in Wimbledons 1–0 win at Dagenham & Redbridge , before scoring in consecutive games , first against Cheltenham Town in a 2–1 defeat , and then a week later in a 3–2 home win over York City . In all , Dickenson made seven appearances for the Dons , before agreeing a one-year contract extension with Brighton at the end of the season . Still without a first-team appearance for Brighton , Dickenson was allowed to leave on loan for League Two once again , this time for Northampton Town until the end of the 2013–14 season on 8 February 2014 . He made his debut the same day as Northampton fell to a 2–0 home defeat by Plymouth Argyle . He scored one goal for the club , in a 2–0 win against Hartlepool United on 22 February , and made 13 league appearances.<ref played by Brennan Dickenson in 2013/2014></ref> In May 2014 , Dickenson had a contract clause invoked extending his contract by one season . Gillingham . Gillingham paid an undisclosed fee to bring Dickenson to the League One club on a two-year contract on 30 June 2014 , just weeks after extending his Brighton contract . He made his debut on 9 August 2014 as a 77th-minute substitute for Jake Hessenthaler in Gillinghams 4–2 defeat to Milton Keynes Dons . He scored in his second game in his first start for the club with a first-half goal against Yeovil Town in the League Cup . He was withdrawn at half-time after picking up a slight injury . He made 42 appearances during the season , scoring three goals.<ref played by Brennan Dickenson in 2014/2015></ref> Bradley Garmston ousted Dickenson from the left-back position which he had become accustomed to playing for Gillingham by November 2015 , with manager Justin Edinburgh saying that choosing between them is probably the most difficult decision . Dickenson had made 18 appearances from August through early November , but found his opportunities limited until March 2016 , when a return to first-team action eventually yielded 36 appearances in total . Dickenson was released by Gillingham in May 2016 . Colchester United . After being released by Gillingham , Dickenson joined League Two side Colchester United on a two-year contract . He made his debut for Colchester on 9 August 2016 in their 4–0 EFL Cup defeat to his former club Brighton , before scoring his first goal on his league debut four days later in Colchesters 2–0 win at home to Cambridge United . His performance was recognised by the English Football League when he was named in the Team of the Week for all three divisions . He scored a brace in his next match on 16 August as he helped his side to a 3–2 win over Grimsby Town at the Colchester Community Stadium . As a result of his performance , he was named in the EFL Team of the Week for the second week in succession . He was also nominated for the League Two Player of the Month award after three goals and an assist in his four league appearances in August . After a goal in each of Colchesters wins against Stevenage and Cheltenham Town either side of New Year , Dickenson was named in the EFL Team of New Year on 3 January 2017 . Having firmly established himself as a regular starter as a left wing-back in the Colchester first-team , Dickenson said that the spell Im having at the moment is probably the best in my career . Ive had a few good seasons but this is probably the best . Dickenson then sustained cruciate ligament damage in April 2017 which would rule him out of action for up to nine months . In his first season with the club , after scoring 12 goals in 39 appearances , he was named Player of the Year alongside the Players Player of the Year award . Dickenson revealed in July 2017 that his injury sustained in April would likely keep him out of first-team action until February 2018 . He made his first appearance of the 2017–18 season on 13 February 2018 , replacing Kane Vincent-Young during Colchesters 2–1 win against Coventry City . At the end of the season , Dickenson took up the option on his contract to remain with Colchester for a further year until at least summer 2019 . Dickenson scored his first goals since April 2017 when he scored a brace against Crewe Alexandra in a 6–0 win on 21 August 2018 . Milton Keynes Dons . Dickenson turned down a new contract offer from Colchester , and on 30 May 2019 joined newly-promoted League One club Milton Keynes Dons on a free transfer effective from 1 July 2019 . He scored his first goal for MK Dons when he scored in an EFL Trophy tie against Wycombe Wanderers on 12 November 2019 . Exeter City . On 17 January 2020 , following the mutual termination of his contract with MK Dons , Dickenson joined League Two club Exeter City on a short-term deal until the end of the season in response to Jack Sparkes sustaining a season-ending knee injury against Newport County on Boxing Day 2019 and other left sided players also being injured . He made his league debut in a 1–0 away win against Grimsby Town at Blundell Park . He scored his first goal for the club in a 5–1 win over Oldham Athletic , scoring directly from a 35-yard free kick . Dickenson was released by Exeter at the end of his contract in July 2020 . Carlisle United . Dickenson joined Carlisle United on a free transfer on 13 August 2020 . Style of play . Chesterfield manager Paul Cook described Dickenson as a very energetic , left-sided midfielder or left-sided striker who will bring a lot of balance to the team and a lot of energy going forward . He played at left-back for Gillingham , keeping regular left-back Bradley Garmston out of the first-team . Honours . - Colchester United Player of the Year : 2016–17 - Colchester United Players Player of the Year : 2016–17 |
[
"Hull City"
] | easy | Which team did the player Will Atkinson belong to from 2006 to 2009? | /wiki/Will_Atkinson#P54#0 | Will Atkinson William Henry Atkinson ( born 14 October 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder ; he is without a club after leaving Port Vale in June 2020 . Having begun his professional career with Hull City in 2006 , Atkinson spent time on loan with Port Vale , Mansfield Town , Rochdale ( twice ) , Rotherham United and Plymouth Argyle . He was promoted out of League Two with Rochdale in 2009–10 . He signed with Bradford City in July 2012 , and played in the 2013 League Cup final defeat and the 2013 League Two play-off final victory . He signed with Southend United in July 2013 , and helped the club to win the 2015 League Two play-off final . He signed with Mansfield Town in May 2017 . He signed a short-term deal with Port Vale in October 2019 . Career . Hull City . Born in Driffield , East Riding of Yorkshire , Atkinson started his career as a trainee with Hull City . In December 2006 , at the age of eighteen , he penned a two-and-a-half-year professional deal with the club . In October 2007 , he joined caretaker-manager Dean Glovers Port Vale in League One for a six-week loan period . He made his senior debut on 13 October , in a 1–0 defeat by Brighton & Hove Albion at Vale Park . Fourteen days later he won his first start , in a 2–1 win over Swindon Town . He made a total of four appearances for the Valiants before returning to Hull after Lee Sinnott replaced Glover as manager . Upon his return he made one substitute appearance for Hull , in an FA Cup defeat to Plymouth Argyle on 5 January . Later in the month he joined League Two Mansfield Town on a one-month loan . Mansfield manager Bill Dearden later extended the deal into a further month , and handed Atkinson a total of ten starts and two substitute appearances . He had a quiet 2008–09 , not joining any clubs on loan and not making an appearance for the Hull City first team , as the Tigers enjoyed their maiden season in the Premier League . He made his League Cup bow on 25 August 2009 , and was replaced by Kevin Kilbane 73 minutes into a 3–1 win over Southend United . In November he joined Rochdale on a month long loan . The loan was extended after the team went unbeaten in his six games at the club . This run included a 3–0 win over Macclesfield Town on 5 December , in which Atkinson scored his first senior goal . Though he returned before the end of the season , his efforts in his fifteen appearances helped Rochdale to win automatic promotion into League One . Upon his return to Hull he won his first start for the club in the Premier League clash with Wigan Athletic at the DW Stadium on 3 May . He marked this landmark appearance with a headed goal , though by this point Hulls relegation was confirmed . Six days later he played in the clubs last game of the season , helping them to earn a respectable point at home to Liverpool . He was selected for four Championship games at the start of 2010–11 , before he signed for Rotherham United on loan deadline day ( 25 November ) . He played just three games , but did find the net in a 5–0 demolition of former club Port Vale . In January 2011 , Atkinson decided to rejoin Rochdale on loan for the end of the season , after turning down the opportunity for extending his United loan . He went on to make 21 appearances for Dale , finding the net twice . In August 2011 , he joined Plymouth Argyle on loan for the entirety of the 2011–12 season . He scored the opening goal on his debut against Rotherham United and at the beginning of September at Burton Albion . Atkinson netted two more goals in November , against Torquay United and Northampton Town respectively . Atkinson was recalled by Hull City in January 2012 , having made 25 appearances in all competitions for Argyle . Bradford City . In January 2012 , he signed on loan with Bradford City until the end of the season . He scored his first goal for the Bantams on 28 February , in a 4–0 win over Barnet at Underhill . In July 2012 he signed a one-year contract with Bradford City . On 11 August , he made his first appearance since signing permanently , in a 1–0 win over Notts County at Meadow Lane . He scored his first goal of the season on 3 November , opening the scoring in a 1–1 draw away to Northampton Town in the first round of the FA Cup . He scored his second goal of the season in the replay on 13 November which finished 3–3 , and also scored his penalty in the resulting shoot-out which Bradford won 4–2 . On 12 February 2013 , he scored his first league goal of the season in a 3–0 win away to Wycombe Wanderers . Having played in all seven matches of Bradfords run to the 2013 final of the League Cup , including victories over Premier League sides Wigan Athletic , Arsenal and Aston Villa , he played at Wembley in the 5–0 defeat to Swansea City . He was a 78th-minute substitute in the play-off final victory over Northampton Town . Southend United . In July 2013 , Atkinson signed a two-year contract with Southend United , reuniting him with his former Hull City boss , Phil Brown . He was an ever-present in the league for the Shrimpers in the 2013–14 season , and helped the club to secure a play-off spot , where they were beaten by Burton Albion at the semi-final stage . He was a first team regular in the 2014–15 campaign as United again secured a play-off place , and played the first 80 minutes of the play-off final as Southend beat Wycombe Wanderers to win promotion into League One . He signed a new two-year contract in June 2015 , and went on to make 39 appearances in the 2015–16 campaign as Southend posted a 15th-place finish . Atkinson scored four goals in 41 games in the 2016–17 season as United finished in seventh place , one place and one point outside the play-offs . He scored two of these goals in a 3–0 win over former club Bradford City at Roots Hall on 19 November , which earned himself a place on the EFL team of the week . He chose to leave the club in the summer after feeling that he wasnt made to feel valued or wanted by Southend . Mansfield Town . On 30 May 2017 , Atkinson joined EFL League Two club Mansfield Town as manager Steve Evanss 11th summer signing . He was transfer-listed by Mansfield at the end of the 2017–18 season . However he remained at Field Mill and was praised by manager David Flitcroft for his contribution as a squad player during the 2018–19 season , before being released in May 2019 . Port Vale . On 4 October 2019 , Atkinson signed a short-term deal with Port Vale , 12 years after he briefly played for the club on loan . He was signed by manager John Askey following injuries to Tom Conlon and Manny Oyeleke , leaving him to compete with Luke Joyce , Jake Taylor , Scott Burgess and Ryan Lloyd for a place in central midfield . He was up to match fitness after having spent a full pre-season training with Doncaster Rovers . He made his second debut for the club the following day , playing at right-back in a 3–1 home win over Morecambe , and in doing so set a club record for the longest time between appearances as his previous game for the club came 11 years and 11 months earlier . He scored his first goal for the club on 22 October , when his injury-time strike secured a 2–1 victory over former club Bradford City at Valley Parade . In January 2020 , he signed an extended deal to keep him at the club until the end of the 2019–20 season . However he was not retained at the end of the campaign . Style of play . Atkinson is a central midfielder , but is versatile and can play at wide right , wing-back and right-back . Port Vale manager John Askey described him as a good passer of the ball and an intelligent player . Personal life . Atkinsons father , Kevin , director of Hull company Thermoplant Offshore Services , used to run his junior team in Brandesburton . He has two sisters : Rachel and Frances . Honours . Rochdale - League Two third-place promotion : 2009–10 Bradford City - League Cup runner-up : 2012–13 - League Two play-offs : 2013 Southend United - League Two play-offs : 2015 |
[
"Rochdale"
] | easy | Which team did Will Atkinson play for from 2009 to 2010? | /wiki/Will_Atkinson#P54#1 | Will Atkinson William Henry Atkinson ( born 14 October 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder ; he is without a club after leaving Port Vale in June 2020 . Having begun his professional career with Hull City in 2006 , Atkinson spent time on loan with Port Vale , Mansfield Town , Rochdale ( twice ) , Rotherham United and Plymouth Argyle . He was promoted out of League Two with Rochdale in 2009–10 . He signed with Bradford City in July 2012 , and played in the 2013 League Cup final defeat and the 2013 League Two play-off final victory . He signed with Southend United in July 2013 , and helped the club to win the 2015 League Two play-off final . He signed with Mansfield Town in May 2017 . He signed a short-term deal with Port Vale in October 2019 . Career . Hull City . Born in Driffield , East Riding of Yorkshire , Atkinson started his career as a trainee with Hull City . In December 2006 , at the age of eighteen , he penned a two-and-a-half-year professional deal with the club . In October 2007 , he joined caretaker-manager Dean Glovers Port Vale in League One for a six-week loan period . He made his senior debut on 13 October , in a 1–0 defeat by Brighton & Hove Albion at Vale Park . Fourteen days later he won his first start , in a 2–1 win over Swindon Town . He made a total of four appearances for the Valiants before returning to Hull after Lee Sinnott replaced Glover as manager . Upon his return he made one substitute appearance for Hull , in an FA Cup defeat to Plymouth Argyle on 5 January . Later in the month he joined League Two Mansfield Town on a one-month loan . Mansfield manager Bill Dearden later extended the deal into a further month , and handed Atkinson a total of ten starts and two substitute appearances . He had a quiet 2008–09 , not joining any clubs on loan and not making an appearance for the Hull City first team , as the Tigers enjoyed their maiden season in the Premier League . He made his League Cup bow on 25 August 2009 , and was replaced by Kevin Kilbane 73 minutes into a 3–1 win over Southend United . In November he joined Rochdale on a month long loan . The loan was extended after the team went unbeaten in his six games at the club . This run included a 3–0 win over Macclesfield Town on 5 December , in which Atkinson scored his first senior goal . Though he returned before the end of the season , his efforts in his fifteen appearances helped Rochdale to win automatic promotion into League One . Upon his return to Hull he won his first start for the club in the Premier League clash with Wigan Athletic at the DW Stadium on 3 May . He marked this landmark appearance with a headed goal , though by this point Hulls relegation was confirmed . Six days later he played in the clubs last game of the season , helping them to earn a respectable point at home to Liverpool . He was selected for four Championship games at the start of 2010–11 , before he signed for Rotherham United on loan deadline day ( 25 November ) . He played just three games , but did find the net in a 5–0 demolition of former club Port Vale . In January 2011 , Atkinson decided to rejoin Rochdale on loan for the end of the season , after turning down the opportunity for extending his United loan . He went on to make 21 appearances for Dale , finding the net twice . In August 2011 , he joined Plymouth Argyle on loan for the entirety of the 2011–12 season . He scored the opening goal on his debut against Rotherham United and at the beginning of September at Burton Albion . Atkinson netted two more goals in November , against Torquay United and Northampton Town respectively . Atkinson was recalled by Hull City in January 2012 , having made 25 appearances in all competitions for Argyle . Bradford City . In January 2012 , he signed on loan with Bradford City until the end of the season . He scored his first goal for the Bantams on 28 February , in a 4–0 win over Barnet at Underhill . In July 2012 he signed a one-year contract with Bradford City . On 11 August , he made his first appearance since signing permanently , in a 1–0 win over Notts County at Meadow Lane . He scored his first goal of the season on 3 November , opening the scoring in a 1–1 draw away to Northampton Town in the first round of the FA Cup . He scored his second goal of the season in the replay on 13 November which finished 3–3 , and also scored his penalty in the resulting shoot-out which Bradford won 4–2 . On 12 February 2013 , he scored his first league goal of the season in a 3–0 win away to Wycombe Wanderers . Having played in all seven matches of Bradfords run to the 2013 final of the League Cup , including victories over Premier League sides Wigan Athletic , Arsenal and Aston Villa , he played at Wembley in the 5–0 defeat to Swansea City . He was a 78th-minute substitute in the play-off final victory over Northampton Town . Southend United . In July 2013 , Atkinson signed a two-year contract with Southend United , reuniting him with his former Hull City boss , Phil Brown . He was an ever-present in the league for the Shrimpers in the 2013–14 season , and helped the club to secure a play-off spot , where they were beaten by Burton Albion at the semi-final stage . He was a first team regular in the 2014–15 campaign as United again secured a play-off place , and played the first 80 minutes of the play-off final as Southend beat Wycombe Wanderers to win promotion into League One . He signed a new two-year contract in June 2015 , and went on to make 39 appearances in the 2015–16 campaign as Southend posted a 15th-place finish . Atkinson scored four goals in 41 games in the 2016–17 season as United finished in seventh place , one place and one point outside the play-offs . He scored two of these goals in a 3–0 win over former club Bradford City at Roots Hall on 19 November , which earned himself a place on the EFL team of the week . He chose to leave the club in the summer after feeling that he wasnt made to feel valued or wanted by Southend . Mansfield Town . On 30 May 2017 , Atkinson joined EFL League Two club Mansfield Town as manager Steve Evanss 11th summer signing . He was transfer-listed by Mansfield at the end of the 2017–18 season . However he remained at Field Mill and was praised by manager David Flitcroft for his contribution as a squad player during the 2018–19 season , before being released in May 2019 . Port Vale . On 4 October 2019 , Atkinson signed a short-term deal with Port Vale , 12 years after he briefly played for the club on loan . He was signed by manager John Askey following injuries to Tom Conlon and Manny Oyeleke , leaving him to compete with Luke Joyce , Jake Taylor , Scott Burgess and Ryan Lloyd for a place in central midfield . He was up to match fitness after having spent a full pre-season training with Doncaster Rovers . He made his second debut for the club the following day , playing at right-back in a 3–1 home win over Morecambe , and in doing so set a club record for the longest time between appearances as his previous game for the club came 11 years and 11 months earlier . He scored his first goal for the club on 22 October , when his injury-time strike secured a 2–1 victory over former club Bradford City at Valley Parade . In January 2020 , he signed an extended deal to keep him at the club until the end of the 2019–20 season . However he was not retained at the end of the campaign . Style of play . Atkinson is a central midfielder , but is versatile and can play at wide right , wing-back and right-back . Port Vale manager John Askey described him as a good passer of the ball and an intelligent player . Personal life . Atkinsons father , Kevin , director of Hull company Thermoplant Offshore Services , used to run his junior team in Brandesburton . He has two sisters : Rachel and Frances . Honours . Rochdale - League Two third-place promotion : 2009–10 Bradford City - League Cup runner-up : 2012–13 - League Two play-offs : 2013 Southend United - League Two play-offs : 2015 |
[
"Rotherham United"
] | easy | Will Atkinson played for which team from 2010 to 2011? | /wiki/Will_Atkinson#P54#2 | Will Atkinson William Henry Atkinson ( born 14 October 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder ; he is without a club after leaving Port Vale in June 2020 . Having begun his professional career with Hull City in 2006 , Atkinson spent time on loan with Port Vale , Mansfield Town , Rochdale ( twice ) , Rotherham United and Plymouth Argyle . He was promoted out of League Two with Rochdale in 2009–10 . He signed with Bradford City in July 2012 , and played in the 2013 League Cup final defeat and the 2013 League Two play-off final victory . He signed with Southend United in July 2013 , and helped the club to win the 2015 League Two play-off final . He signed with Mansfield Town in May 2017 . He signed a short-term deal with Port Vale in October 2019 . Career . Hull City . Born in Driffield , East Riding of Yorkshire , Atkinson started his career as a trainee with Hull City . In December 2006 , at the age of eighteen , he penned a two-and-a-half-year professional deal with the club . In October 2007 , he joined caretaker-manager Dean Glovers Port Vale in League One for a six-week loan period . He made his senior debut on 13 October , in a 1–0 defeat by Brighton & Hove Albion at Vale Park . Fourteen days later he won his first start , in a 2–1 win over Swindon Town . He made a total of four appearances for the Valiants before returning to Hull after Lee Sinnott replaced Glover as manager . Upon his return he made one substitute appearance for Hull , in an FA Cup defeat to Plymouth Argyle on 5 January . Later in the month he joined League Two Mansfield Town on a one-month loan . Mansfield manager Bill Dearden later extended the deal into a further month , and handed Atkinson a total of ten starts and two substitute appearances . He had a quiet 2008–09 , not joining any clubs on loan and not making an appearance for the Hull City first team , as the Tigers enjoyed their maiden season in the Premier League . He made his League Cup bow on 25 August 2009 , and was replaced by Kevin Kilbane 73 minutes into a 3–1 win over Southend United . In November he joined Rochdale on a month long loan . The loan was extended after the team went unbeaten in his six games at the club . This run included a 3–0 win over Macclesfield Town on 5 December , in which Atkinson scored his first senior goal . Though he returned before the end of the season , his efforts in his fifteen appearances helped Rochdale to win automatic promotion into League One . Upon his return to Hull he won his first start for the club in the Premier League clash with Wigan Athletic at the DW Stadium on 3 May . He marked this landmark appearance with a headed goal , though by this point Hulls relegation was confirmed . Six days later he played in the clubs last game of the season , helping them to earn a respectable point at home to Liverpool . He was selected for four Championship games at the start of 2010–11 , before he signed for Rotherham United on loan deadline day ( 25 November ) . He played just three games , but did find the net in a 5–0 demolition of former club Port Vale . In January 2011 , Atkinson decided to rejoin Rochdale on loan for the end of the season , after turning down the opportunity for extending his United loan . He went on to make 21 appearances for Dale , finding the net twice . In August 2011 , he joined Plymouth Argyle on loan for the entirety of the 2011–12 season . He scored the opening goal on his debut against Rotherham United and at the beginning of September at Burton Albion . Atkinson netted two more goals in November , against Torquay United and Northampton Town respectively . Atkinson was recalled by Hull City in January 2012 , having made 25 appearances in all competitions for Argyle . Bradford City . In January 2012 , he signed on loan with Bradford City until the end of the season . He scored his first goal for the Bantams on 28 February , in a 4–0 win over Barnet at Underhill . In July 2012 he signed a one-year contract with Bradford City . On 11 August , he made his first appearance since signing permanently , in a 1–0 win over Notts County at Meadow Lane . He scored his first goal of the season on 3 November , opening the scoring in a 1–1 draw away to Northampton Town in the first round of the FA Cup . He scored his second goal of the season in the replay on 13 November which finished 3–3 , and also scored his penalty in the resulting shoot-out which Bradford won 4–2 . On 12 February 2013 , he scored his first league goal of the season in a 3–0 win away to Wycombe Wanderers . Having played in all seven matches of Bradfords run to the 2013 final of the League Cup , including victories over Premier League sides Wigan Athletic , Arsenal and Aston Villa , he played at Wembley in the 5–0 defeat to Swansea City . He was a 78th-minute substitute in the play-off final victory over Northampton Town . Southend United . In July 2013 , Atkinson signed a two-year contract with Southend United , reuniting him with his former Hull City boss , Phil Brown . He was an ever-present in the league for the Shrimpers in the 2013–14 season , and helped the club to secure a play-off spot , where they were beaten by Burton Albion at the semi-final stage . He was a first team regular in the 2014–15 campaign as United again secured a play-off place , and played the first 80 minutes of the play-off final as Southend beat Wycombe Wanderers to win promotion into League One . He signed a new two-year contract in June 2015 , and went on to make 39 appearances in the 2015–16 campaign as Southend posted a 15th-place finish . Atkinson scored four goals in 41 games in the 2016–17 season as United finished in seventh place , one place and one point outside the play-offs . He scored two of these goals in a 3–0 win over former club Bradford City at Roots Hall on 19 November , which earned himself a place on the EFL team of the week . He chose to leave the club in the summer after feeling that he wasnt made to feel valued or wanted by Southend . Mansfield Town . On 30 May 2017 , Atkinson joined EFL League Two club Mansfield Town as manager Steve Evanss 11th summer signing . He was transfer-listed by Mansfield at the end of the 2017–18 season . However he remained at Field Mill and was praised by manager David Flitcroft for his contribution as a squad player during the 2018–19 season , before being released in May 2019 . Port Vale . On 4 October 2019 , Atkinson signed a short-term deal with Port Vale , 12 years after he briefly played for the club on loan . He was signed by manager John Askey following injuries to Tom Conlon and Manny Oyeleke , leaving him to compete with Luke Joyce , Jake Taylor , Scott Burgess and Ryan Lloyd for a place in central midfield . He was up to match fitness after having spent a full pre-season training with Doncaster Rovers . He made his second debut for the club the following day , playing at right-back in a 3–1 home win over Morecambe , and in doing so set a club record for the longest time between appearances as his previous game for the club came 11 years and 11 months earlier . He scored his first goal for the club on 22 October , when his injury-time strike secured a 2–1 victory over former club Bradford City at Valley Parade . In January 2020 , he signed an extended deal to keep him at the club until the end of the 2019–20 season . However he was not retained at the end of the campaign . Style of play . Atkinson is a central midfielder , but is versatile and can play at wide right , wing-back and right-back . Port Vale manager John Askey described him as a good passer of the ball and an intelligent player . Personal life . Atkinsons father , Kevin , director of Hull company Thermoplant Offshore Services , used to run his junior team in Brandesburton . He has two sisters : Rachel and Frances . Honours . Rochdale - League Two third-place promotion : 2009–10 Bradford City - League Cup runner-up : 2012–13 - League Two play-offs : 2013 Southend United - League Two play-offs : 2015 |
[
"Plymouth Argyle"
] | easy | Which team did the player Will Atkinson belong to from 2011 to 2012? | /wiki/Will_Atkinson#P54#3 | Will Atkinson William Henry Atkinson ( born 14 October 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder ; he is without a club after leaving Port Vale in June 2020 . Having begun his professional career with Hull City in 2006 , Atkinson spent time on loan with Port Vale , Mansfield Town , Rochdale ( twice ) , Rotherham United and Plymouth Argyle . He was promoted out of League Two with Rochdale in 2009–10 . He signed with Bradford City in July 2012 , and played in the 2013 League Cup final defeat and the 2013 League Two play-off final victory . He signed with Southend United in July 2013 , and helped the club to win the 2015 League Two play-off final . He signed with Mansfield Town in May 2017 . He signed a short-term deal with Port Vale in October 2019 . Career . Hull City . Born in Driffield , East Riding of Yorkshire , Atkinson started his career as a trainee with Hull City . In December 2006 , at the age of eighteen , he penned a two-and-a-half-year professional deal with the club . In October 2007 , he joined caretaker-manager Dean Glovers Port Vale in League One for a six-week loan period . He made his senior debut on 13 October , in a 1–0 defeat by Brighton & Hove Albion at Vale Park . Fourteen days later he won his first start , in a 2–1 win over Swindon Town . He made a total of four appearances for the Valiants before returning to Hull after Lee Sinnott replaced Glover as manager . Upon his return he made one substitute appearance for Hull , in an FA Cup defeat to Plymouth Argyle on 5 January . Later in the month he joined League Two Mansfield Town on a one-month loan . Mansfield manager Bill Dearden later extended the deal into a further month , and handed Atkinson a total of ten starts and two substitute appearances . He had a quiet 2008–09 , not joining any clubs on loan and not making an appearance for the Hull City first team , as the Tigers enjoyed their maiden season in the Premier League . He made his League Cup bow on 25 August 2009 , and was replaced by Kevin Kilbane 73 minutes into a 3–1 win over Southend United . In November he joined Rochdale on a month long loan . The loan was extended after the team went unbeaten in his six games at the club . This run included a 3–0 win over Macclesfield Town on 5 December , in which Atkinson scored his first senior goal . Though he returned before the end of the season , his efforts in his fifteen appearances helped Rochdale to win automatic promotion into League One . Upon his return to Hull he won his first start for the club in the Premier League clash with Wigan Athletic at the DW Stadium on 3 May . He marked this landmark appearance with a headed goal , though by this point Hulls relegation was confirmed . Six days later he played in the clubs last game of the season , helping them to earn a respectable point at home to Liverpool . He was selected for four Championship games at the start of 2010–11 , before he signed for Rotherham United on loan deadline day ( 25 November ) . He played just three games , but did find the net in a 5–0 demolition of former club Port Vale . In January 2011 , Atkinson decided to rejoin Rochdale on loan for the end of the season , after turning down the opportunity for extending his United loan . He went on to make 21 appearances for Dale , finding the net twice . In August 2011 , he joined Plymouth Argyle on loan for the entirety of the 2011–12 season . He scored the opening goal on his debut against Rotherham United and at the beginning of September at Burton Albion . Atkinson netted two more goals in November , against Torquay United and Northampton Town respectively . Atkinson was recalled by Hull City in January 2012 , having made 25 appearances in all competitions for Argyle . Bradford City . In January 2012 , he signed on loan with Bradford City until the end of the season . He scored his first goal for the Bantams on 28 February , in a 4–0 win over Barnet at Underhill . In July 2012 he signed a one-year contract with Bradford City . On 11 August , he made his first appearance since signing permanently , in a 1–0 win over Notts County at Meadow Lane . He scored his first goal of the season on 3 November , opening the scoring in a 1–1 draw away to Northampton Town in the first round of the FA Cup . He scored his second goal of the season in the replay on 13 November which finished 3–3 , and also scored his penalty in the resulting shoot-out which Bradford won 4–2 . On 12 February 2013 , he scored his first league goal of the season in a 3–0 win away to Wycombe Wanderers . Having played in all seven matches of Bradfords run to the 2013 final of the League Cup , including victories over Premier League sides Wigan Athletic , Arsenal and Aston Villa , he played at Wembley in the 5–0 defeat to Swansea City . He was a 78th-minute substitute in the play-off final victory over Northampton Town . Southend United . In July 2013 , Atkinson signed a two-year contract with Southend United , reuniting him with his former Hull City boss , Phil Brown . He was an ever-present in the league for the Shrimpers in the 2013–14 season , and helped the club to secure a play-off spot , where they were beaten by Burton Albion at the semi-final stage . He was a first team regular in the 2014–15 campaign as United again secured a play-off place , and played the first 80 minutes of the play-off final as Southend beat Wycombe Wanderers to win promotion into League One . He signed a new two-year contract in June 2015 , and went on to make 39 appearances in the 2015–16 campaign as Southend posted a 15th-place finish . Atkinson scored four goals in 41 games in the 2016–17 season as United finished in seventh place , one place and one point outside the play-offs . He scored two of these goals in a 3–0 win over former club Bradford City at Roots Hall on 19 November , which earned himself a place on the EFL team of the week . He chose to leave the club in the summer after feeling that he wasnt made to feel valued or wanted by Southend . Mansfield Town . On 30 May 2017 , Atkinson joined EFL League Two club Mansfield Town as manager Steve Evanss 11th summer signing . He was transfer-listed by Mansfield at the end of the 2017–18 season . However he remained at Field Mill and was praised by manager David Flitcroft for his contribution as a squad player during the 2018–19 season , before being released in May 2019 . Port Vale . On 4 October 2019 , Atkinson signed a short-term deal with Port Vale , 12 years after he briefly played for the club on loan . He was signed by manager John Askey following injuries to Tom Conlon and Manny Oyeleke , leaving him to compete with Luke Joyce , Jake Taylor , Scott Burgess and Ryan Lloyd for a place in central midfield . He was up to match fitness after having spent a full pre-season training with Doncaster Rovers . He made his second debut for the club the following day , playing at right-back in a 3–1 home win over Morecambe , and in doing so set a club record for the longest time between appearances as his previous game for the club came 11 years and 11 months earlier . He scored his first goal for the club on 22 October , when his injury-time strike secured a 2–1 victory over former club Bradford City at Valley Parade . In January 2020 , he signed an extended deal to keep him at the club until the end of the 2019–20 season . However he was not retained at the end of the campaign . Style of play . Atkinson is a central midfielder , but is versatile and can play at wide right , wing-back and right-back . Port Vale manager John Askey described him as a good passer of the ball and an intelligent player . Personal life . Atkinsons father , Kevin , director of Hull company Thermoplant Offshore Services , used to run his junior team in Brandesburton . He has two sisters : Rachel and Frances . Honours . Rochdale - League Two third-place promotion : 2009–10 Bradford City - League Cup runner-up : 2012–13 - League Two play-offs : 2013 Southend United - League Two play-offs : 2015 |
[
"Bradford City"
] | easy | Which team did the player Will Atkinson belong to from 2012 to 2013? | /wiki/Will_Atkinson#P54#4 | Will Atkinson William Henry Atkinson ( born 14 October 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder ; he is without a club after leaving Port Vale in June 2020 . Having begun his professional career with Hull City in 2006 , Atkinson spent time on loan with Port Vale , Mansfield Town , Rochdale ( twice ) , Rotherham United and Plymouth Argyle . He was promoted out of League Two with Rochdale in 2009–10 . He signed with Bradford City in July 2012 , and played in the 2013 League Cup final defeat and the 2013 League Two play-off final victory . He signed with Southend United in July 2013 , and helped the club to win the 2015 League Two play-off final . He signed with Mansfield Town in May 2017 . He signed a short-term deal with Port Vale in October 2019 . Career . Hull City . Born in Driffield , East Riding of Yorkshire , Atkinson started his career as a trainee with Hull City . In December 2006 , at the age of eighteen , he penned a two-and-a-half-year professional deal with the club . In October 2007 , he joined caretaker-manager Dean Glovers Port Vale in League One for a six-week loan period . He made his senior debut on 13 October , in a 1–0 defeat by Brighton & Hove Albion at Vale Park . Fourteen days later he won his first start , in a 2–1 win over Swindon Town . He made a total of four appearances for the Valiants before returning to Hull after Lee Sinnott replaced Glover as manager . Upon his return he made one substitute appearance for Hull , in an FA Cup defeat to Plymouth Argyle on 5 January . Later in the month he joined League Two Mansfield Town on a one-month loan . Mansfield manager Bill Dearden later extended the deal into a further month , and handed Atkinson a total of ten starts and two substitute appearances . He had a quiet 2008–09 , not joining any clubs on loan and not making an appearance for the Hull City first team , as the Tigers enjoyed their maiden season in the Premier League . He made his League Cup bow on 25 August 2009 , and was replaced by Kevin Kilbane 73 minutes into a 3–1 win over Southend United . In November he joined Rochdale on a month long loan . The loan was extended after the team went unbeaten in his six games at the club . This run included a 3–0 win over Macclesfield Town on 5 December , in which Atkinson scored his first senior goal . Though he returned before the end of the season , his efforts in his fifteen appearances helped Rochdale to win automatic promotion into League One . Upon his return to Hull he won his first start for the club in the Premier League clash with Wigan Athletic at the DW Stadium on 3 May . He marked this landmark appearance with a headed goal , though by this point Hulls relegation was confirmed . Six days later he played in the clubs last game of the season , helping them to earn a respectable point at home to Liverpool . He was selected for four Championship games at the start of 2010–11 , before he signed for Rotherham United on loan deadline day ( 25 November ) . He played just three games , but did find the net in a 5–0 demolition of former club Port Vale . In January 2011 , Atkinson decided to rejoin Rochdale on loan for the end of the season , after turning down the opportunity for extending his United loan . He went on to make 21 appearances for Dale , finding the net twice . In August 2011 , he joined Plymouth Argyle on loan for the entirety of the 2011–12 season . He scored the opening goal on his debut against Rotherham United and at the beginning of September at Burton Albion . Atkinson netted two more goals in November , against Torquay United and Northampton Town respectively . Atkinson was recalled by Hull City in January 2012 , having made 25 appearances in all competitions for Argyle . Bradford City . In January 2012 , he signed on loan with Bradford City until the end of the season . He scored his first goal for the Bantams on 28 February , in a 4–0 win over Barnet at Underhill . In July 2012 he signed a one-year contract with Bradford City . On 11 August , he made his first appearance since signing permanently , in a 1–0 win over Notts County at Meadow Lane . He scored his first goal of the season on 3 November , opening the scoring in a 1–1 draw away to Northampton Town in the first round of the FA Cup . He scored his second goal of the season in the replay on 13 November which finished 3–3 , and also scored his penalty in the resulting shoot-out which Bradford won 4–2 . On 12 February 2013 , he scored his first league goal of the season in a 3–0 win away to Wycombe Wanderers . Having played in all seven matches of Bradfords run to the 2013 final of the League Cup , including victories over Premier League sides Wigan Athletic , Arsenal and Aston Villa , he played at Wembley in the 5–0 defeat to Swansea City . He was a 78th-minute substitute in the play-off final victory over Northampton Town . Southend United . In July 2013 , Atkinson signed a two-year contract with Southend United , reuniting him with his former Hull City boss , Phil Brown . He was an ever-present in the league for the Shrimpers in the 2013–14 season , and helped the club to secure a play-off spot , where they were beaten by Burton Albion at the semi-final stage . He was a first team regular in the 2014–15 campaign as United again secured a play-off place , and played the first 80 minutes of the play-off final as Southend beat Wycombe Wanderers to win promotion into League One . He signed a new two-year contract in June 2015 , and went on to make 39 appearances in the 2015–16 campaign as Southend posted a 15th-place finish . Atkinson scored four goals in 41 games in the 2016–17 season as United finished in seventh place , one place and one point outside the play-offs . He scored two of these goals in a 3–0 win over former club Bradford City at Roots Hall on 19 November , which earned himself a place on the EFL team of the week . He chose to leave the club in the summer after feeling that he wasnt made to feel valued or wanted by Southend . Mansfield Town . On 30 May 2017 , Atkinson joined EFL League Two club Mansfield Town as manager Steve Evanss 11th summer signing . He was transfer-listed by Mansfield at the end of the 2017–18 season . However he remained at Field Mill and was praised by manager David Flitcroft for his contribution as a squad player during the 2018–19 season , before being released in May 2019 . Port Vale . On 4 October 2019 , Atkinson signed a short-term deal with Port Vale , 12 years after he briefly played for the club on loan . He was signed by manager John Askey following injuries to Tom Conlon and Manny Oyeleke , leaving him to compete with Luke Joyce , Jake Taylor , Scott Burgess and Ryan Lloyd for a place in central midfield . He was up to match fitness after having spent a full pre-season training with Doncaster Rovers . He made his second debut for the club the following day , playing at right-back in a 3–1 home win over Morecambe , and in doing so set a club record for the longest time between appearances as his previous game for the club came 11 years and 11 months earlier . He scored his first goal for the club on 22 October , when his injury-time strike secured a 2–1 victory over former club Bradford City at Valley Parade . In January 2020 , he signed an extended deal to keep him at the club until the end of the 2019–20 season . However he was not retained at the end of the campaign . Style of play . Atkinson is a central midfielder , but is versatile and can play at wide right , wing-back and right-back . Port Vale manager John Askey described him as a good passer of the ball and an intelligent player . Personal life . Atkinsons father , Kevin , director of Hull company Thermoplant Offshore Services , used to run his junior team in Brandesburton . He has two sisters : Rachel and Frances . Honours . Rochdale - League Two third-place promotion : 2009–10 Bradford City - League Cup runner-up : 2012–13 - League Two play-offs : 2013 Southend United - League Two play-offs : 2015 |
[
"Southend United"
] | easy | Which team did the player Will Atkinson belong to from 2013 to 2014? | /wiki/Will_Atkinson#P54#5 | Will Atkinson William Henry Atkinson ( born 14 October 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder ; he is without a club after leaving Port Vale in June 2020 . Having begun his professional career with Hull City in 2006 , Atkinson spent time on loan with Port Vale , Mansfield Town , Rochdale ( twice ) , Rotherham United and Plymouth Argyle . He was promoted out of League Two with Rochdale in 2009–10 . He signed with Bradford City in July 2012 , and played in the 2013 League Cup final defeat and the 2013 League Two play-off final victory . He signed with Southend United in July 2013 , and helped the club to win the 2015 League Two play-off final . He signed with Mansfield Town in May 2017 . He signed a short-term deal with Port Vale in October 2019 . Career . Hull City . Born in Driffield , East Riding of Yorkshire , Atkinson started his career as a trainee with Hull City . In December 2006 , at the age of eighteen , he penned a two-and-a-half-year professional deal with the club . In October 2007 , he joined caretaker-manager Dean Glovers Port Vale in League One for a six-week loan period . He made his senior debut on 13 October , in a 1–0 defeat by Brighton & Hove Albion at Vale Park . Fourteen days later he won his first start , in a 2–1 win over Swindon Town . He made a total of four appearances for the Valiants before returning to Hull after Lee Sinnott replaced Glover as manager . Upon his return he made one substitute appearance for Hull , in an FA Cup defeat to Plymouth Argyle on 5 January . Later in the month he joined League Two Mansfield Town on a one-month loan . Mansfield manager Bill Dearden later extended the deal into a further month , and handed Atkinson a total of ten starts and two substitute appearances . He had a quiet 2008–09 , not joining any clubs on loan and not making an appearance for the Hull City first team , as the Tigers enjoyed their maiden season in the Premier League . He made his League Cup bow on 25 August 2009 , and was replaced by Kevin Kilbane 73 minutes into a 3–1 win over Southend United . In November he joined Rochdale on a month long loan . The loan was extended after the team went unbeaten in his six games at the club . This run included a 3–0 win over Macclesfield Town on 5 December , in which Atkinson scored his first senior goal . Though he returned before the end of the season , his efforts in his fifteen appearances helped Rochdale to win automatic promotion into League One . Upon his return to Hull he won his first start for the club in the Premier League clash with Wigan Athletic at the DW Stadium on 3 May . He marked this landmark appearance with a headed goal , though by this point Hulls relegation was confirmed . Six days later he played in the clubs last game of the season , helping them to earn a respectable point at home to Liverpool . He was selected for four Championship games at the start of 2010–11 , before he signed for Rotherham United on loan deadline day ( 25 November ) . He played just three games , but did find the net in a 5–0 demolition of former club Port Vale . In January 2011 , Atkinson decided to rejoin Rochdale on loan for the end of the season , after turning down the opportunity for extending his United loan . He went on to make 21 appearances for Dale , finding the net twice . In August 2011 , he joined Plymouth Argyle on loan for the entirety of the 2011–12 season . He scored the opening goal on his debut against Rotherham United and at the beginning of September at Burton Albion . Atkinson netted two more goals in November , against Torquay United and Northampton Town respectively . Atkinson was recalled by Hull City in January 2012 , having made 25 appearances in all competitions for Argyle . Bradford City . In January 2012 , he signed on loan with Bradford City until the end of the season . He scored his first goal for the Bantams on 28 February , in a 4–0 win over Barnet at Underhill . In July 2012 he signed a one-year contract with Bradford City . On 11 August , he made his first appearance since signing permanently , in a 1–0 win over Notts County at Meadow Lane . He scored his first goal of the season on 3 November , opening the scoring in a 1–1 draw away to Northampton Town in the first round of the FA Cup . He scored his second goal of the season in the replay on 13 November which finished 3–3 , and also scored his penalty in the resulting shoot-out which Bradford won 4–2 . On 12 February 2013 , he scored his first league goal of the season in a 3–0 win away to Wycombe Wanderers . Having played in all seven matches of Bradfords run to the 2013 final of the League Cup , including victories over Premier League sides Wigan Athletic , Arsenal and Aston Villa , he played at Wembley in the 5–0 defeat to Swansea City . He was a 78th-minute substitute in the play-off final victory over Northampton Town . Southend United . In July 2013 , Atkinson signed a two-year contract with Southend United , reuniting him with his former Hull City boss , Phil Brown . He was an ever-present in the league for the Shrimpers in the 2013–14 season , and helped the club to secure a play-off spot , where they were beaten by Burton Albion at the semi-final stage . He was a first team regular in the 2014–15 campaign as United again secured a play-off place , and played the first 80 minutes of the play-off final as Southend beat Wycombe Wanderers to win promotion into League One . He signed a new two-year contract in June 2015 , and went on to make 39 appearances in the 2015–16 campaign as Southend posted a 15th-place finish . Atkinson scored four goals in 41 games in the 2016–17 season as United finished in seventh place , one place and one point outside the play-offs . He scored two of these goals in a 3–0 win over former club Bradford City at Roots Hall on 19 November , which earned himself a place on the EFL team of the week . He chose to leave the club in the summer after feeling that he wasnt made to feel valued or wanted by Southend . Mansfield Town . On 30 May 2017 , Atkinson joined EFL League Two club Mansfield Town as manager Steve Evanss 11th summer signing . He was transfer-listed by Mansfield at the end of the 2017–18 season . However he remained at Field Mill and was praised by manager David Flitcroft for his contribution as a squad player during the 2018–19 season , before being released in May 2019 . Port Vale . On 4 October 2019 , Atkinson signed a short-term deal with Port Vale , 12 years after he briefly played for the club on loan . He was signed by manager John Askey following injuries to Tom Conlon and Manny Oyeleke , leaving him to compete with Luke Joyce , Jake Taylor , Scott Burgess and Ryan Lloyd for a place in central midfield . He was up to match fitness after having spent a full pre-season training with Doncaster Rovers . He made his second debut for the club the following day , playing at right-back in a 3–1 home win over Morecambe , and in doing so set a club record for the longest time between appearances as his previous game for the club came 11 years and 11 months earlier . He scored his first goal for the club on 22 October , when his injury-time strike secured a 2–1 victory over former club Bradford City at Valley Parade . In January 2020 , he signed an extended deal to keep him at the club until the end of the 2019–20 season . However he was not retained at the end of the campaign . Style of play . Atkinson is a central midfielder , but is versatile and can play at wide right , wing-back and right-back . Port Vale manager John Askey described him as a good passer of the ball and an intelligent player . Personal life . Atkinsons father , Kevin , director of Hull company Thermoplant Offshore Services , used to run his junior team in Brandesburton . He has two sisters : Rachel and Frances . Honours . Rochdale - League Two third-place promotion : 2009–10 Bradford City - League Cup runner-up : 2012–13 - League Two play-offs : 2013 Southend United - League Two play-offs : 2015 |
[
"CONCACAF"
] | easy | What organization did National Football Federation of Guatemala join in 1961? | /wiki/National_Football_Federation_of_Guatemala#P463#0 | National Football Federation of Guatemala The National Football Federation of Guatemala ( ) , known as Fedefut Guate or FENAFUTG , is the governing body of football in Guatemala . It organizes the football league , Liga Nacional de Guatemala , Primera División de Ascenso , Segunda División de Ascenso , Copa de Guatemala and the Guatemala national football team . Its offices are located in Guatemala City . FENAFUTG were suspended by FIFA on 28 October 2016 , however , the suspension was lifted on May 31 , 2018 after the organizations normalization committee became fully operational . History . The Guatemala national football team represents Guatemala in international matches and it falls under the direct command of Federacion Nacional de Futbol de Guatemala . Association Football was established in 1919 and Guatemala became a FIFA member in 1946 , and got their CONCACAF affiliation in 1961 . Rules of the Guatemalan Football Federation . The National Football Federation of Guatemala has been in charge of overseeing many regulations which are divided into general and competition . The most important general rules are : Status of the National Federation of Association Football in Guatemala , General Rules of Competition , Regulation of the Professional First Division , Regulation Commission Disciplinary Commission , Player Regulations , and rules of the Referees Committee . The most important competition regulations are the Laws of the Game of FIFA . Associations affiliated with FedefutGuate . Departmental Associations : Each Departmental Association has the right to integrate the General Assembly one ( 1 ) Delegate . In accordance with Rule 109 of the Law for the Development of Physical Culture and Sports , the Executive Committees of the Sports Associations departmental designate one of its members , one delegate and one alternate to the General Assembly of the Federation . These representatives shall hold office for one calendar year , which is the reason why the appointment should be made in the last regular session made by the respective Executive Committee . National League : The procedure to appoint or elect the delegates and alternates as holders of each league will be as follows : National Football League : will be entitled to appoint ten ( 10 ) delegates and their alternate delegates , one ( 1 ) for every Club affiliated to it . These delegates are appointed by the Boards of Directors of each club . In accordance with paragraph 3 of Article 21 of this Statute , the delegates from each club must certify by letter to their representation in the General Assembly of Football . First Division League : Will be entitled to elect five ( 5 ) delegates and their alternate delegates . The election of these delegates are chosen by the General Assembly of the League . Fans will not form by region , as determined by the Assembly . If it chose to make the election by region , the Executive Committee of the League affiliated clubs divided into five ( 5 ) geographical regions with equal number of members , except mathematical impossibility . Each region will elect its own delegate and a deputy . Second Division League : Will be entitled to elect three ( 3 ) delegates and their alternate delegates . These delegates are elected by the General Assembly of the Second Division League . The election will be done individually for each delegate . Third Division League : Will be entitled to elect two ( 2 ) delegates and their alternate delegates . These delegates are elected by the General Assembly of the Third Division league . The election will be done individually for each delegate . National Womens Football League : Have the right to appoint ( 1 ) delegate and delegate its respective alternate . These delegates are appointed by the Executive Committee of the National Womens Football League . The Executive Committee of the League shall be obliged to make available to the Executive Committee of the Federation for the respective letter of attorney for purposes of accreditation . Futsal National League : Have the right to appoint ( 1 ) delegate and delegate its respective alternate . These delegates are appointed by the Executive Committee of the National Football League Board . The Executive Committee of the League shall be obliged to make available to the Executive Committee of the Federation for the respective letter of attorney for purposes of accreditation . Other Leagues Affiliated : Any other League affiliate of the National Football Federation is entitled to designate ( 1 ) delegate and delegate its respective alternate . These delegates are appointed by the Executive Committee of the League . The Executive Committee of the League shall be obliged to make available to the Executive Committee of the Federation for the respective letter of attorney for purposes of accreditation . Committees . The Federation will organize , regulate and maintain the technical bodies : a . Statutes & Regulatory Committee b . Coaches Committee and Technical Directors c . Referees Committee d . National Teams Committee e . Professional & Amateur Leagues f . If needed , The others will work under the Federation itself . The Executive Committee shall be regulated with regard to functioning , powers and duties of these committee . Statutes and Regulatory Committee . 1 . The Statutes and Regulatory Committee will be responsible for studying and revisions of requests for amendment to this Statute . 2 . They should study and draw up draft regulations to implement this Statute , and to review , analyze and study the rules and regulations of the affiliated institutions , and must render its opinion to the Executive Committee of the Federation for the corresponding effects . Coaches and Technical Directors Committee . Without prejudice to the powers that national law assigns to the National Association of Coaches , Coaches and Technical Directors Committee will be responsible to educate and train football coaches . This committee will be responsible for the assessment of football coaches and certify to the Executive Committee of the Federation the results of the evaluations for this entity approved practice , if applicable . It should promote the achievement of scholarships abroad to affect the technical capacities of the Guatemalan Football players . Referees Committee . 1 . The Arbitration Committee shall consist of the number of members necessary for the proper performance of its functions to be exercised in accordance with the provisions of FIFA and in coordination with the National Association of Referees , which has established office in the National Law , will have among their functions the organization and functioning of the National School of Arbitrators of the Federation . 2 . They will be responsible for submitting to the Executive Committee of the Federations list of candidates for inclusion in FIFA , according to the regulations thereof . The Federation will make the official registration . 3 . The Arbitration Panel of the Federation shall consist of arbitrators who meet the requirements to run football matches . 4 . The Arbitration Panel members may choose from among its members a Board of Directors to represent them before the Federation and the Arbitration Committee to expose and resolve any conflicts that arise related to their functions . 5 . Departmental and municipal associations should appoint their own subcommittees arbitration or integrate sub-branches and subsidiaries of referees assigned to the Arbitration Panel of the Federation . The National Teams Committee . 1 . The National Teams Committee will prepare the proposed organization , operation , discipline and budget for submission to the respective acceptance . 2 . They should also operate under the Regulation that the Executive Committee of the Federation issues . 3 . The Executive Committee of the Federation may grant the Commission authority to hire National Teams regarding sponsorship and management of their funds in order to make it financially independent . 4 . The Executive Committee of the Federation may decide not to appoint a Committee of National Teams , in which case these attributes correspond directly to the Executive Committee itself . Article 111 . Committee . The committees appointed by the Executive Committee of the Federation may be renewed in whole or in part at any time . External links . - Official website - Guatemala at FIFA site - Guatemala at CONCACAF site |
[
""
] | easy | What organization did National Football Federation of Guatemala join in 1990? | /wiki/National_Football_Federation_of_Guatemala#P463#1 | National Football Federation of Guatemala The National Football Federation of Guatemala ( ) , known as Fedefut Guate or FENAFUTG , is the governing body of football in Guatemala . It organizes the football league , Liga Nacional de Guatemala , Primera División de Ascenso , Segunda División de Ascenso , Copa de Guatemala and the Guatemala national football team . Its offices are located in Guatemala City . FENAFUTG were suspended by FIFA on 28 October 2016 , however , the suspension was lifted on May 31 , 2018 after the organizations normalization committee became fully operational . History . The Guatemala national football team represents Guatemala in international matches and it falls under the direct command of Federacion Nacional de Futbol de Guatemala . Association Football was established in 1919 and Guatemala became a FIFA member in 1946 , and got their CONCACAF affiliation in 1961 . Rules of the Guatemalan Football Federation . The National Football Federation of Guatemala has been in charge of overseeing many regulations which are divided into general and competition . The most important general rules are : Status of the National Federation of Association Football in Guatemala , General Rules of Competition , Regulation of the Professional First Division , Regulation Commission Disciplinary Commission , Player Regulations , and rules of the Referees Committee . The most important competition regulations are the Laws of the Game of FIFA . Associations affiliated with FedefutGuate . Departmental Associations : Each Departmental Association has the right to integrate the General Assembly one ( 1 ) Delegate . In accordance with Rule 109 of the Law for the Development of Physical Culture and Sports , the Executive Committees of the Sports Associations departmental designate one of its members , one delegate and one alternate to the General Assembly of the Federation . These representatives shall hold office for one calendar year , which is the reason why the appointment should be made in the last regular session made by the respective Executive Committee . National League : The procedure to appoint or elect the delegates and alternates as holders of each league will be as follows : National Football League : will be entitled to appoint ten ( 10 ) delegates and their alternate delegates , one ( 1 ) for every Club affiliated to it . These delegates are appointed by the Boards of Directors of each club . In accordance with paragraph 3 of Article 21 of this Statute , the delegates from each club must certify by letter to their representation in the General Assembly of Football . First Division League : Will be entitled to elect five ( 5 ) delegates and their alternate delegates . The election of these delegates are chosen by the General Assembly of the League . Fans will not form by region , as determined by the Assembly . If it chose to make the election by region , the Executive Committee of the League affiliated clubs divided into five ( 5 ) geographical regions with equal number of members , except mathematical impossibility . Each region will elect its own delegate and a deputy . Second Division League : Will be entitled to elect three ( 3 ) delegates and their alternate delegates . These delegates are elected by the General Assembly of the Second Division League . The election will be done individually for each delegate . Third Division League : Will be entitled to elect two ( 2 ) delegates and their alternate delegates . These delegates are elected by the General Assembly of the Third Division league . The election will be done individually for each delegate . National Womens Football League : Have the right to appoint ( 1 ) delegate and delegate its respective alternate . These delegates are appointed by the Executive Committee of the National Womens Football League . The Executive Committee of the League shall be obliged to make available to the Executive Committee of the Federation for the respective letter of attorney for purposes of accreditation . Futsal National League : Have the right to appoint ( 1 ) delegate and delegate its respective alternate . These delegates are appointed by the Executive Committee of the National Football League Board . The Executive Committee of the League shall be obliged to make available to the Executive Committee of the Federation for the respective letter of attorney for purposes of accreditation . Other Leagues Affiliated : Any other League affiliate of the National Football Federation is entitled to designate ( 1 ) delegate and delegate its respective alternate . These delegates are appointed by the Executive Committee of the League . The Executive Committee of the League shall be obliged to make available to the Executive Committee of the Federation for the respective letter of attorney for purposes of accreditation . Committees . The Federation will organize , regulate and maintain the technical bodies : a . Statutes & Regulatory Committee b . Coaches Committee and Technical Directors c . Referees Committee d . National Teams Committee e . Professional & Amateur Leagues f . If needed , The others will work under the Federation itself . The Executive Committee shall be regulated with regard to functioning , powers and duties of these committee . Statutes and Regulatory Committee . 1 . The Statutes and Regulatory Committee will be responsible for studying and revisions of requests for amendment to this Statute . 2 . They should study and draw up draft regulations to implement this Statute , and to review , analyze and study the rules and regulations of the affiliated institutions , and must render its opinion to the Executive Committee of the Federation for the corresponding effects . Coaches and Technical Directors Committee . Without prejudice to the powers that national law assigns to the National Association of Coaches , Coaches and Technical Directors Committee will be responsible to educate and train football coaches . This committee will be responsible for the assessment of football coaches and certify to the Executive Committee of the Federation the results of the evaluations for this entity approved practice , if applicable . It should promote the achievement of scholarships abroad to affect the technical capacities of the Guatemalan Football players . Referees Committee . 1 . The Arbitration Committee shall consist of the number of members necessary for the proper performance of its functions to be exercised in accordance with the provisions of FIFA and in coordination with the National Association of Referees , which has established office in the National Law , will have among their functions the organization and functioning of the National School of Arbitrators of the Federation . 2 . They will be responsible for submitting to the Executive Committee of the Federations list of candidates for inclusion in FIFA , according to the regulations thereof . The Federation will make the official registration . 3 . The Arbitration Panel of the Federation shall consist of arbitrators who meet the requirements to run football matches . 4 . The Arbitration Panel members may choose from among its members a Board of Directors to represent them before the Federation and the Arbitration Committee to expose and resolve any conflicts that arise related to their functions . 5 . Departmental and municipal associations should appoint their own subcommittees arbitration or integrate sub-branches and subsidiaries of referees assigned to the Arbitration Panel of the Federation . The National Teams Committee . 1 . The National Teams Committee will prepare the proposed organization , operation , discipline and budget for submission to the respective acceptance . 2 . They should also operate under the Regulation that the Executive Committee of the Federation issues . 3 . The Executive Committee of the Federation may grant the Commission authority to hire National Teams regarding sponsorship and management of their funds in order to make it financially independent . 4 . The Executive Committee of the Federation may decide not to appoint a Committee of National Teams , in which case these attributes correspond directly to the Executive Committee itself . Article 111 . Committee . The committees appointed by the Executive Committee of the Federation may be renewed in whole or in part at any time . External links . - Official website - Guatemala at FIFA site - Guatemala at CONCACAF site |
[
"FIFA"
] | easy | National Football Federation of Guatemala became a member of what organization or association in 1946? | /wiki/National_Football_Federation_of_Guatemala#P463#2 | National Football Federation of Guatemala The National Football Federation of Guatemala ( ) , known as Fedefut Guate or FENAFUTG , is the governing body of football in Guatemala . It organizes the football league , Liga Nacional de Guatemala , Primera División de Ascenso , Segunda División de Ascenso , Copa de Guatemala and the Guatemala national football team . Its offices are located in Guatemala City . FENAFUTG were suspended by FIFA on 28 October 2016 , however , the suspension was lifted on May 31 , 2018 after the organizations normalization committee became fully operational . History . The Guatemala national football team represents Guatemala in international matches and it falls under the direct command of Federacion Nacional de Futbol de Guatemala . Association Football was established in 1919 and Guatemala became a FIFA member in 1946 , and got their CONCACAF affiliation in 1961 . Rules of the Guatemalan Football Federation . The National Football Federation of Guatemala has been in charge of overseeing many regulations which are divided into general and competition . The most important general rules are : Status of the National Federation of Association Football in Guatemala , General Rules of Competition , Regulation of the Professional First Division , Regulation Commission Disciplinary Commission , Player Regulations , and rules of the Referees Committee . The most important competition regulations are the Laws of the Game of FIFA . Associations affiliated with FedefutGuate . Departmental Associations : Each Departmental Association has the right to integrate the General Assembly one ( 1 ) Delegate . In accordance with Rule 109 of the Law for the Development of Physical Culture and Sports , the Executive Committees of the Sports Associations departmental designate one of its members , one delegate and one alternate to the General Assembly of the Federation . These representatives shall hold office for one calendar year , which is the reason why the appointment should be made in the last regular session made by the respective Executive Committee . National League : The procedure to appoint or elect the delegates and alternates as holders of each league will be as follows : National Football League : will be entitled to appoint ten ( 10 ) delegates and their alternate delegates , one ( 1 ) for every Club affiliated to it . These delegates are appointed by the Boards of Directors of each club . In accordance with paragraph 3 of Article 21 of this Statute , the delegates from each club must certify by letter to their representation in the General Assembly of Football . First Division League : Will be entitled to elect five ( 5 ) delegates and their alternate delegates . The election of these delegates are chosen by the General Assembly of the League . Fans will not form by region , as determined by the Assembly . If it chose to make the election by region , the Executive Committee of the League affiliated clubs divided into five ( 5 ) geographical regions with equal number of members , except mathematical impossibility . Each region will elect its own delegate and a deputy . Second Division League : Will be entitled to elect three ( 3 ) delegates and their alternate delegates . These delegates are elected by the General Assembly of the Second Division League . The election will be done individually for each delegate . Third Division League : Will be entitled to elect two ( 2 ) delegates and their alternate delegates . These delegates are elected by the General Assembly of the Third Division league . The election will be done individually for each delegate . National Womens Football League : Have the right to appoint ( 1 ) delegate and delegate its respective alternate . These delegates are appointed by the Executive Committee of the National Womens Football League . The Executive Committee of the League shall be obliged to make available to the Executive Committee of the Federation for the respective letter of attorney for purposes of accreditation . Futsal National League : Have the right to appoint ( 1 ) delegate and delegate its respective alternate . These delegates are appointed by the Executive Committee of the National Football League Board . The Executive Committee of the League shall be obliged to make available to the Executive Committee of the Federation for the respective letter of attorney for purposes of accreditation . Other Leagues Affiliated : Any other League affiliate of the National Football Federation is entitled to designate ( 1 ) delegate and delegate its respective alternate . These delegates are appointed by the Executive Committee of the League . The Executive Committee of the League shall be obliged to make available to the Executive Committee of the Federation for the respective letter of attorney for purposes of accreditation . Committees . The Federation will organize , regulate and maintain the technical bodies : a . Statutes & Regulatory Committee b . Coaches Committee and Technical Directors c . Referees Committee d . National Teams Committee e . Professional & Amateur Leagues f . If needed , The others will work under the Federation itself . The Executive Committee shall be regulated with regard to functioning , powers and duties of these committee . Statutes and Regulatory Committee . 1 . The Statutes and Regulatory Committee will be responsible for studying and revisions of requests for amendment to this Statute . 2 . They should study and draw up draft regulations to implement this Statute , and to review , analyze and study the rules and regulations of the affiliated institutions , and must render its opinion to the Executive Committee of the Federation for the corresponding effects . Coaches and Technical Directors Committee . Without prejudice to the powers that national law assigns to the National Association of Coaches , Coaches and Technical Directors Committee will be responsible to educate and train football coaches . This committee will be responsible for the assessment of football coaches and certify to the Executive Committee of the Federation the results of the evaluations for this entity approved practice , if applicable . It should promote the achievement of scholarships abroad to affect the technical capacities of the Guatemalan Football players . Referees Committee . 1 . The Arbitration Committee shall consist of the number of members necessary for the proper performance of its functions to be exercised in accordance with the provisions of FIFA and in coordination with the National Association of Referees , which has established office in the National Law , will have among their functions the organization and functioning of the National School of Arbitrators of the Federation . 2 . They will be responsible for submitting to the Executive Committee of the Federations list of candidates for inclusion in FIFA , according to the regulations thereof . The Federation will make the official registration . 3 . The Arbitration Panel of the Federation shall consist of arbitrators who meet the requirements to run football matches . 4 . The Arbitration Panel members may choose from among its members a Board of Directors to represent them before the Federation and the Arbitration Committee to expose and resolve any conflicts that arise related to their functions . 5 . Departmental and municipal associations should appoint their own subcommittees arbitration or integrate sub-branches and subsidiaries of referees assigned to the Arbitration Panel of the Federation . The National Teams Committee . 1 . The National Teams Committee will prepare the proposed organization , operation , discipline and budget for submission to the respective acceptance . 2 . They should also operate under the Regulation that the Executive Committee of the Federation issues . 3 . The Executive Committee of the Federation may grant the Commission authority to hire National Teams regarding sponsorship and management of their funds in order to make it financially independent . 4 . The Executive Committee of the Federation may decide not to appoint a Committee of National Teams , in which case these attributes correspond directly to the Executive Committee itself . Article 111 . Committee . The committees appointed by the Executive Committee of the Federation may be renewed in whole or in part at any time . External links . - Official website - Guatemala at FIFA site - Guatemala at CONCACAF site |
[
"St . Ursula Academy"
] | easy | Where was Marcy Kaptur educated from 1963 to 1964? | /wiki/Marcy_Kaptur#P69#0 | Marcy Kaptur Marcia Carolyn Kaptur ( ; born June 17 , 1946 ) is an American politician serving as the U.S . Representative for . She is a member of the Democratic Party . The district stretches from Kapturs hometown of Toledo to Cleveland . It includes all of Ottawa and Erie counties , and parts of Lucas , Lorain , and Cuyahoga counties . In her 20th term in the House of Representatives , Kaptur is the dean of Ohios congressional delegation and the longest-serving woman in the House . She is also the longest-serving woman in all of Congress , and the second longest-serving woman of all time , behind Barbara Mikulski of Maryland , who served 40 years in the House and Senate ( assuming Kaptur completes her current term and is reelected to another , on the first day of her next term she will take the record ) . She is fifth in House seniority and serves on the House Appropriations Committee . Early life and education . Kaptur was born on June 17 , 1946 , in Toledo , Ohio , the daughter of Anastasia Delores ( Rogowski ) and Stephen Jacob Kaptur . Her parents were both of Polish descent . Her mother was an automobile union organizer and her family operated a small grocery . Kaptur started volunteering with the Ohio Democratic Party when she was 13 . Kaptur graduated from St . Ursula Academy in 1964 and became the first person in her family to attend college . She received her undergraduate degree from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1968 and a Master of Urban Planning from the University of Michigan in 1974 . She did doctoral studies in urban planning development finance at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1981 . Early career . Kaptur served on the Toledo-Lucas County Plan Commissions from 1969 to 1975 . She was director of planning for the National Center for Urban Ethnic Affairs ( 1975–1977 ) founded by Geno Baroni . She later served as a domestic policy advisor during President Jimmy Carters administration . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . While at MIT , Kaptur was recruited to run for Congress in 1982 against freshman Republican Ed Weber , who had upset 26-year incumbent Lud Ashley two years earlier . Despite being outspent by almost 3-1 , she defeated Weber 58–39% . In 1984 , Kaptur faced a strong challenge from Republican Frank Venner , longtime anchorman and weatherman at WTVG , but defeated him 55–44% , even as Ronald Reagan carried the district . The district reverted to form , and from 1986 to 2002 , she won every election with at least 74% of the vote . In 2004 , she faced her strongest challenger in 20 years in Lucas County auditor Larry Kaczala , but dispatched him fairly easily , 68–32% . - 2006 Kaptur won her 13th term with 74% of the vote . - 2008 Kaptur won her 14th term with 74% of the vote . - 2010 Shortly after achieving fame during the 2008 election , conservative figure Samuel Joe the Plumber Wurzelbacher announced that he was considering challenging Kaptur in the 2010 election , but chose not to run . Kaptur was instead challenged by Republican Rich Iott , a Tea Party movement favorite . She was reelected to a 15th term with 59% of the vote , her closest victory since 1984 . - 2012 For her first three decades in Congress , Kaptur represented a compact district centered around Toledo . Redistricting after the 2010 census extended the 9th district to western Cleveland . The new map put the home of incumbent 10th district congressman Dennis Kucinich into the 9th , so they ran against each other in the Democratic primary . Graham Veysey , a small-business owner from Cleveland , also ran in the primary . Kaptur won the primary with 56% of the vote to Kucinichs 40% . In the general election , she won a 16th term against Wurzelbacher and Libertarian Sean Stipe . The reconfigured 9th was no less Democratic than its predecessor , and Kaptur had effectively clinched reelection by defeating Kucinich in the primary . - 2014 Kapturs 2014 opponent was Richard May , a longtime Republican activist from west Cleveland , who beat Lakewood resident Robert C . Horrocks , Jr . in the May 6 primary . Kaptur won 68-32% . - 2016 Kapturs 2016 opponent was Donald Larson , who defeated Steven Kraus and Joel Lieske in the Republican primary on March 15 . Kaptur won 68–31% . - 2020 Kapturs 2016 opponent was Rob Weber , who defeated Charles W . Barrett , Tim Connors , and Timothy P . Corrigan in the Republican primary on March 17 . Kaptur won 63–37% . Tenure . Kaptur is a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus . She was once named Most Valuable Member of the House by The Nation . In 1996 , Ross Perot asked Kaptur to be his vice-presidential running mate . She declined . Patent reform . Kaptur was a dedicated opponent of the America Invents Act that passed into law and changed the U.S . Patent System . She opposed changing from a first to invent system to a first to file system , claiming it hurt small businesses and saying , Our patent system is the finest in the world.. . the proposed solutions are special fixes that benefit these few giants at the expense of everyone else . Kaptur co-sponsored the Restoring Americas Leadership in Innovation Act , which claims to strengthen inventors property rights . The bill would remove the administrative review process that allows the public to challenge patent filings validity ; the process exists to prevent misuse of the patent system . World War II Memorial . Responding to Roger Durbin , a World War II veteran and constituent , Kaptur first suggested the creation of a National World War II Memorial in Washington , D.C . On December 10 , 1987 , Kaptur introduced the World War II Memorial Act in the House . The bill authorized the American Battle Monuments Commission to establish a World War II memorial . It was not voted on before the end of the session and so failed to be enacted . Kaptur introduced similar legislation in 1989 and 1991 but these bills also failed to become law . Kaptur introduced legislation for the fourth time on January 27 , 1993 . This time the legislation was voted on and passed in the House on May 10 , 1993 . After a companion bill was passed in the United States Senate , President Bill Clinton signed the bill into law on May 25 , 1993 . Durbin died before the memorial was built , but Kaptur and Durbins granddaughter spoke at the memorial dedication ceremony on May 29 , 2004 . Kaptur later said that she felt a great sense of fulfillment that the memorial was built . This generation was the most unselfish America has ever seen , she said . They never asked anybody for anything in return . Abortion . Kaptur holds a 95% approval rating from NARAL . She supports Roe v . Wade , calling it the law of the land ( Washington Journal , 9/17/2015 ) . She has voted for some proposals to restrict access to abortion and opposed others . In January 2007 , she was the only member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus to vote against federally funded embryonic stem-cell research . Kaptur voted for the Stupak-Pitts Amendment , an amendment to Americas Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009 . She was one of only 16 Democrats to vote for the No Taxpayer Funding for Abortion Act on May 4 , 2011 . Kaptur also voted to ban partial-birth abortions in 2000 and 2003 . She voted against the Child Custody Protection Act in 1999 and the Child Interstate Abortion Notification Act in 2005 . Kaptur voted against allowing privately funded abortions at overseas military hospitals twice in 1995 , as well as in 1997 , 1998 and 1999 . In 2005 , Kaptur voted to lift the ban on abortions at overseas military hospitals . Free trade . Kaptur is a staunch opponent of free trade agreements . She helped lead opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement , permanent normal trade relations for the Peoples Republic of China , and fast track authority for the president . 2008 economic crisis . Kaptur expressed strong opposition to the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 , which provided a bailout for U.S . banks . Addressing Wall Street banks , she said , You have perpetrated the greatest financial crimes ever on this American Republic . She added that the U.S . doesnt need to bail you out . It needs to secure real assets and property . Federal regional reserve banks should have a new job to help renegotiate . American people should get equity in any companies . Major job creation to rebuild our infrastructure . Regulate . We need a modern Glass–Steagall Act . Refinancing must return a major share of profits to a new Social Security and Medicare lockbox . Kapturs opposition to the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 was highlighted in Michael Moores 2009 documentary . On April 12 , 2011 , Kaptur introduced H.R . 1489 to restore the Glass-Steagall Act , To repeal certain provisions of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and revive the separation between commercial banking and the securities business , in the manner provided in the Banking Act of 1933 , the so-called Glass-Steagall Act , and for other purposes . There were 30 co-sponsors . The environment . Kaptur backed the American Clean Energy and Security Act in the U.S . House after she was able to insert an amendment that would authorize the Secretary of Energy to create power marketing authorities in regions where none exist . One such area would be the Great Lakes region . Kaptur said the St . Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation could administer up to $3.5 billion in borrowing authority to stimulate economic development through creation of green energy such as solar power and wind power . She said the $3.5 billion in borrowing authority would promote regional equity and serve as a powerful engine for job creation in a region that has suffered from high energy costs , especially expensive electricity . Agriculture . Kaptur helped protect the rights of chicken farmers to speak up about mistreatment and unfair practices . She helped remove anti-Grain Inspection , Packers and Stockyards Administration ( anti-GIPSA ) language . 2016 presidential election . Kaptur endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders in the Democratic primary , and introduced him at a rally in Toledo . On October 3 , 2016 , she endorsed the nominee , Hillary Clinton , who had won Ohio and her district in the primary , at a rally at Toledos Martin Luther King Jr . Plaza . Foreign policy . Kaptur has consistently supported military spending bills . Kaptur called on Russian president Vladimir Putin to release imprisoned Ukrainian filmmaker Oleg Sentsov . Committee assignments . - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on Defense - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies Caucus memberships . - Congressional Arts Caucus - Congressional Ukrainian Caucus ( co-chair ) - Congressional Caucus on Poland - Congressional Caucus on Central and Eastern Europe - Congressional Caucus on Hungary - Congressional United Kingdom Caucus - House Baltic Caucus - Climate Solutions Caucus - Blue Collar Caucus Electoral history . ! Year ! Democratic ! Votes ! Republican ! Votes ! Third Party ! Party ! Votes ! Third Party ! Party ! Votes - In 1982 , Libertarian Brian Muir received 1,217 votes less than 1% of the total vote . In 1988 , 72 write-in ballots were cast . In 1992 , 50 write-in ballots were cast . In 2014 , write-in candidates Cory Hoffman and George A . Skalsky received 112 votes and 29 votes , respectively . In 2016 , write-in candidate George A . Skalsky received 5 votes . |
[
""
] | easy | Where was Marcy Kaptur educated in 1964? | /wiki/Marcy_Kaptur#P69#1 | Marcy Kaptur Marcia Carolyn Kaptur ( ; born June 17 , 1946 ) is an American politician serving as the U.S . Representative for . She is a member of the Democratic Party . The district stretches from Kapturs hometown of Toledo to Cleveland . It includes all of Ottawa and Erie counties , and parts of Lucas , Lorain , and Cuyahoga counties . In her 20th term in the House of Representatives , Kaptur is the dean of Ohios congressional delegation and the longest-serving woman in the House . She is also the longest-serving woman in all of Congress , and the second longest-serving woman of all time , behind Barbara Mikulski of Maryland , who served 40 years in the House and Senate ( assuming Kaptur completes her current term and is reelected to another , on the first day of her next term she will take the record ) . She is fifth in House seniority and serves on the House Appropriations Committee . Early life and education . Kaptur was born on June 17 , 1946 , in Toledo , Ohio , the daughter of Anastasia Delores ( Rogowski ) and Stephen Jacob Kaptur . Her parents were both of Polish descent . Her mother was an automobile union organizer and her family operated a small grocery . Kaptur started volunteering with the Ohio Democratic Party when she was 13 . Kaptur graduated from St . Ursula Academy in 1964 and became the first person in her family to attend college . She received her undergraduate degree from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1968 and a Master of Urban Planning from the University of Michigan in 1974 . She did doctoral studies in urban planning development finance at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1981 . Early career . Kaptur served on the Toledo-Lucas County Plan Commissions from 1969 to 1975 . She was director of planning for the National Center for Urban Ethnic Affairs ( 1975–1977 ) founded by Geno Baroni . She later served as a domestic policy advisor during President Jimmy Carters administration . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . While at MIT , Kaptur was recruited to run for Congress in 1982 against freshman Republican Ed Weber , who had upset 26-year incumbent Lud Ashley two years earlier . Despite being outspent by almost 3-1 , she defeated Weber 58–39% . In 1984 , Kaptur faced a strong challenge from Republican Frank Venner , longtime anchorman and weatherman at WTVG , but defeated him 55–44% , even as Ronald Reagan carried the district . The district reverted to form , and from 1986 to 2002 , she won every election with at least 74% of the vote . In 2004 , she faced her strongest challenger in 20 years in Lucas County auditor Larry Kaczala , but dispatched him fairly easily , 68–32% . - 2006 Kaptur won her 13th term with 74% of the vote . - 2008 Kaptur won her 14th term with 74% of the vote . - 2010 Shortly after achieving fame during the 2008 election , conservative figure Samuel Joe the Plumber Wurzelbacher announced that he was considering challenging Kaptur in the 2010 election , but chose not to run . Kaptur was instead challenged by Republican Rich Iott , a Tea Party movement favorite . She was reelected to a 15th term with 59% of the vote , her closest victory since 1984 . - 2012 For her first three decades in Congress , Kaptur represented a compact district centered around Toledo . Redistricting after the 2010 census extended the 9th district to western Cleveland . The new map put the home of incumbent 10th district congressman Dennis Kucinich into the 9th , so they ran against each other in the Democratic primary . Graham Veysey , a small-business owner from Cleveland , also ran in the primary . Kaptur won the primary with 56% of the vote to Kucinichs 40% . In the general election , she won a 16th term against Wurzelbacher and Libertarian Sean Stipe . The reconfigured 9th was no less Democratic than its predecessor , and Kaptur had effectively clinched reelection by defeating Kucinich in the primary . - 2014 Kapturs 2014 opponent was Richard May , a longtime Republican activist from west Cleveland , who beat Lakewood resident Robert C . Horrocks , Jr . in the May 6 primary . Kaptur won 68-32% . - 2016 Kapturs 2016 opponent was Donald Larson , who defeated Steven Kraus and Joel Lieske in the Republican primary on March 15 . Kaptur won 68–31% . - 2020 Kapturs 2016 opponent was Rob Weber , who defeated Charles W . Barrett , Tim Connors , and Timothy P . Corrigan in the Republican primary on March 17 . Kaptur won 63–37% . Tenure . Kaptur is a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus . She was once named Most Valuable Member of the House by The Nation . In 1996 , Ross Perot asked Kaptur to be his vice-presidential running mate . She declined . Patent reform . Kaptur was a dedicated opponent of the America Invents Act that passed into law and changed the U.S . Patent System . She opposed changing from a first to invent system to a first to file system , claiming it hurt small businesses and saying , Our patent system is the finest in the world.. . the proposed solutions are special fixes that benefit these few giants at the expense of everyone else . Kaptur co-sponsored the Restoring Americas Leadership in Innovation Act , which claims to strengthen inventors property rights . The bill would remove the administrative review process that allows the public to challenge patent filings validity ; the process exists to prevent misuse of the patent system . World War II Memorial . Responding to Roger Durbin , a World War II veteran and constituent , Kaptur first suggested the creation of a National World War II Memorial in Washington , D.C . On December 10 , 1987 , Kaptur introduced the World War II Memorial Act in the House . The bill authorized the American Battle Monuments Commission to establish a World War II memorial . It was not voted on before the end of the session and so failed to be enacted . Kaptur introduced similar legislation in 1989 and 1991 but these bills also failed to become law . Kaptur introduced legislation for the fourth time on January 27 , 1993 . This time the legislation was voted on and passed in the House on May 10 , 1993 . After a companion bill was passed in the United States Senate , President Bill Clinton signed the bill into law on May 25 , 1993 . Durbin died before the memorial was built , but Kaptur and Durbins granddaughter spoke at the memorial dedication ceremony on May 29 , 2004 . Kaptur later said that she felt a great sense of fulfillment that the memorial was built . This generation was the most unselfish America has ever seen , she said . They never asked anybody for anything in return . Abortion . Kaptur holds a 95% approval rating from NARAL . She supports Roe v . Wade , calling it the law of the land ( Washington Journal , 9/17/2015 ) . She has voted for some proposals to restrict access to abortion and opposed others . In January 2007 , she was the only member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus to vote against federally funded embryonic stem-cell research . Kaptur voted for the Stupak-Pitts Amendment , an amendment to Americas Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009 . She was one of only 16 Democrats to vote for the No Taxpayer Funding for Abortion Act on May 4 , 2011 . Kaptur also voted to ban partial-birth abortions in 2000 and 2003 . She voted against the Child Custody Protection Act in 1999 and the Child Interstate Abortion Notification Act in 2005 . Kaptur voted against allowing privately funded abortions at overseas military hospitals twice in 1995 , as well as in 1997 , 1998 and 1999 . In 2005 , Kaptur voted to lift the ban on abortions at overseas military hospitals . Free trade . Kaptur is a staunch opponent of free trade agreements . She helped lead opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement , permanent normal trade relations for the Peoples Republic of China , and fast track authority for the president . 2008 economic crisis . Kaptur expressed strong opposition to the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 , which provided a bailout for U.S . banks . Addressing Wall Street banks , she said , You have perpetrated the greatest financial crimes ever on this American Republic . She added that the U.S . doesnt need to bail you out . It needs to secure real assets and property . Federal regional reserve banks should have a new job to help renegotiate . American people should get equity in any companies . Major job creation to rebuild our infrastructure . Regulate . We need a modern Glass–Steagall Act . Refinancing must return a major share of profits to a new Social Security and Medicare lockbox . Kapturs opposition to the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 was highlighted in Michael Moores 2009 documentary . On April 12 , 2011 , Kaptur introduced H.R . 1489 to restore the Glass-Steagall Act , To repeal certain provisions of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and revive the separation between commercial banking and the securities business , in the manner provided in the Banking Act of 1933 , the so-called Glass-Steagall Act , and for other purposes . There were 30 co-sponsors . The environment . Kaptur backed the American Clean Energy and Security Act in the U.S . House after she was able to insert an amendment that would authorize the Secretary of Energy to create power marketing authorities in regions where none exist . One such area would be the Great Lakes region . Kaptur said the St . Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation could administer up to $3.5 billion in borrowing authority to stimulate economic development through creation of green energy such as solar power and wind power . She said the $3.5 billion in borrowing authority would promote regional equity and serve as a powerful engine for job creation in a region that has suffered from high energy costs , especially expensive electricity . Agriculture . Kaptur helped protect the rights of chicken farmers to speak up about mistreatment and unfair practices . She helped remove anti-Grain Inspection , Packers and Stockyards Administration ( anti-GIPSA ) language . 2016 presidential election . Kaptur endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders in the Democratic primary , and introduced him at a rally in Toledo . On October 3 , 2016 , she endorsed the nominee , Hillary Clinton , who had won Ohio and her district in the primary , at a rally at Toledos Martin Luther King Jr . Plaza . Foreign policy . Kaptur has consistently supported military spending bills . Kaptur called on Russian president Vladimir Putin to release imprisoned Ukrainian filmmaker Oleg Sentsov . Committee assignments . - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on Defense - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies Caucus memberships . - Congressional Arts Caucus - Congressional Ukrainian Caucus ( co-chair ) - Congressional Caucus on Poland - Congressional Caucus on Central and Eastern Europe - Congressional Caucus on Hungary - Congressional United Kingdom Caucus - House Baltic Caucus - Climate Solutions Caucus - Blue Collar Caucus Electoral history . ! Year ! Democratic ! Votes ! Republican ! Votes ! Third Party ! Party ! Votes ! Third Party ! Party ! Votes - In 1982 , Libertarian Brian Muir received 1,217 votes less than 1% of the total vote . In 1988 , 72 write-in ballots were cast . In 1992 , 50 write-in ballots were cast . In 2014 , write-in candidates Cory Hoffman and George A . Skalsky received 112 votes and 29 votes , respectively . In 2016 , write-in candidate George A . Skalsky received 5 votes . |
[
"University of Wisconsin–Madison",
"University of Michigan"
] | easy | Marcy Kaptur went to which school from 1968 to 1974? | /wiki/Marcy_Kaptur#P69#2 | Marcy Kaptur Marcia Carolyn Kaptur ( ; born June 17 , 1946 ) is an American politician serving as the U.S . Representative for . She is a member of the Democratic Party . The district stretches from Kapturs hometown of Toledo to Cleveland . It includes all of Ottawa and Erie counties , and parts of Lucas , Lorain , and Cuyahoga counties . In her 20th term in the House of Representatives , Kaptur is the dean of Ohios congressional delegation and the longest-serving woman in the House . She is also the longest-serving woman in all of Congress , and the second longest-serving woman of all time , behind Barbara Mikulski of Maryland , who served 40 years in the House and Senate ( assuming Kaptur completes her current term and is reelected to another , on the first day of her next term she will take the record ) . She is fifth in House seniority and serves on the House Appropriations Committee . Early life and education . Kaptur was born on June 17 , 1946 , in Toledo , Ohio , the daughter of Anastasia Delores ( Rogowski ) and Stephen Jacob Kaptur . Her parents were both of Polish descent . Her mother was an automobile union organizer and her family operated a small grocery . Kaptur started volunteering with the Ohio Democratic Party when she was 13 . Kaptur graduated from St . Ursula Academy in 1964 and became the first person in her family to attend college . She received her undergraduate degree from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1968 and a Master of Urban Planning from the University of Michigan in 1974 . She did doctoral studies in urban planning development finance at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1981 . Early career . Kaptur served on the Toledo-Lucas County Plan Commissions from 1969 to 1975 . She was director of planning for the National Center for Urban Ethnic Affairs ( 1975–1977 ) founded by Geno Baroni . She later served as a domestic policy advisor during President Jimmy Carters administration . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . While at MIT , Kaptur was recruited to run for Congress in 1982 against freshman Republican Ed Weber , who had upset 26-year incumbent Lud Ashley two years earlier . Despite being outspent by almost 3-1 , she defeated Weber 58–39% . In 1984 , Kaptur faced a strong challenge from Republican Frank Venner , longtime anchorman and weatherman at WTVG , but defeated him 55–44% , even as Ronald Reagan carried the district . The district reverted to form , and from 1986 to 2002 , she won every election with at least 74% of the vote . In 2004 , she faced her strongest challenger in 20 years in Lucas County auditor Larry Kaczala , but dispatched him fairly easily , 68–32% . - 2006 Kaptur won her 13th term with 74% of the vote . - 2008 Kaptur won her 14th term with 74% of the vote . - 2010 Shortly after achieving fame during the 2008 election , conservative figure Samuel Joe the Plumber Wurzelbacher announced that he was considering challenging Kaptur in the 2010 election , but chose not to run . Kaptur was instead challenged by Republican Rich Iott , a Tea Party movement favorite . She was reelected to a 15th term with 59% of the vote , her closest victory since 1984 . - 2012 For her first three decades in Congress , Kaptur represented a compact district centered around Toledo . Redistricting after the 2010 census extended the 9th district to western Cleveland . The new map put the home of incumbent 10th district congressman Dennis Kucinich into the 9th , so they ran against each other in the Democratic primary . Graham Veysey , a small-business owner from Cleveland , also ran in the primary . Kaptur won the primary with 56% of the vote to Kucinichs 40% . In the general election , she won a 16th term against Wurzelbacher and Libertarian Sean Stipe . The reconfigured 9th was no less Democratic than its predecessor , and Kaptur had effectively clinched reelection by defeating Kucinich in the primary . - 2014 Kapturs 2014 opponent was Richard May , a longtime Republican activist from west Cleveland , who beat Lakewood resident Robert C . Horrocks , Jr . in the May 6 primary . Kaptur won 68-32% . - 2016 Kapturs 2016 opponent was Donald Larson , who defeated Steven Kraus and Joel Lieske in the Republican primary on March 15 . Kaptur won 68–31% . - 2020 Kapturs 2016 opponent was Rob Weber , who defeated Charles W . Barrett , Tim Connors , and Timothy P . Corrigan in the Republican primary on March 17 . Kaptur won 63–37% . Tenure . Kaptur is a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus . She was once named Most Valuable Member of the House by The Nation . In 1996 , Ross Perot asked Kaptur to be his vice-presidential running mate . She declined . Patent reform . Kaptur was a dedicated opponent of the America Invents Act that passed into law and changed the U.S . Patent System . She opposed changing from a first to invent system to a first to file system , claiming it hurt small businesses and saying , Our patent system is the finest in the world.. . the proposed solutions are special fixes that benefit these few giants at the expense of everyone else . Kaptur co-sponsored the Restoring Americas Leadership in Innovation Act , which claims to strengthen inventors property rights . The bill would remove the administrative review process that allows the public to challenge patent filings validity ; the process exists to prevent misuse of the patent system . World War II Memorial . Responding to Roger Durbin , a World War II veteran and constituent , Kaptur first suggested the creation of a National World War II Memorial in Washington , D.C . On December 10 , 1987 , Kaptur introduced the World War II Memorial Act in the House . The bill authorized the American Battle Monuments Commission to establish a World War II memorial . It was not voted on before the end of the session and so failed to be enacted . Kaptur introduced similar legislation in 1989 and 1991 but these bills also failed to become law . Kaptur introduced legislation for the fourth time on January 27 , 1993 . This time the legislation was voted on and passed in the House on May 10 , 1993 . After a companion bill was passed in the United States Senate , President Bill Clinton signed the bill into law on May 25 , 1993 . Durbin died before the memorial was built , but Kaptur and Durbins granddaughter spoke at the memorial dedication ceremony on May 29 , 2004 . Kaptur later said that she felt a great sense of fulfillment that the memorial was built . This generation was the most unselfish America has ever seen , she said . They never asked anybody for anything in return . Abortion . Kaptur holds a 95% approval rating from NARAL . She supports Roe v . Wade , calling it the law of the land ( Washington Journal , 9/17/2015 ) . She has voted for some proposals to restrict access to abortion and opposed others . In January 2007 , she was the only member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus to vote against federally funded embryonic stem-cell research . Kaptur voted for the Stupak-Pitts Amendment , an amendment to Americas Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009 . She was one of only 16 Democrats to vote for the No Taxpayer Funding for Abortion Act on May 4 , 2011 . Kaptur also voted to ban partial-birth abortions in 2000 and 2003 . She voted against the Child Custody Protection Act in 1999 and the Child Interstate Abortion Notification Act in 2005 . Kaptur voted against allowing privately funded abortions at overseas military hospitals twice in 1995 , as well as in 1997 , 1998 and 1999 . In 2005 , Kaptur voted to lift the ban on abortions at overseas military hospitals . Free trade . Kaptur is a staunch opponent of free trade agreements . She helped lead opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement , permanent normal trade relations for the Peoples Republic of China , and fast track authority for the president . 2008 economic crisis . Kaptur expressed strong opposition to the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 , which provided a bailout for U.S . banks . Addressing Wall Street banks , she said , You have perpetrated the greatest financial crimes ever on this American Republic . She added that the U.S . doesnt need to bail you out . It needs to secure real assets and property . Federal regional reserve banks should have a new job to help renegotiate . American people should get equity in any companies . Major job creation to rebuild our infrastructure . Regulate . We need a modern Glass–Steagall Act . Refinancing must return a major share of profits to a new Social Security and Medicare lockbox . Kapturs opposition to the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 was highlighted in Michael Moores 2009 documentary . On April 12 , 2011 , Kaptur introduced H.R . 1489 to restore the Glass-Steagall Act , To repeal certain provisions of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and revive the separation between commercial banking and the securities business , in the manner provided in the Banking Act of 1933 , the so-called Glass-Steagall Act , and for other purposes . There were 30 co-sponsors . The environment . Kaptur backed the American Clean Energy and Security Act in the U.S . House after she was able to insert an amendment that would authorize the Secretary of Energy to create power marketing authorities in regions where none exist . One such area would be the Great Lakes region . Kaptur said the St . Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation could administer up to $3.5 billion in borrowing authority to stimulate economic development through creation of green energy such as solar power and wind power . She said the $3.5 billion in borrowing authority would promote regional equity and serve as a powerful engine for job creation in a region that has suffered from high energy costs , especially expensive electricity . Agriculture . Kaptur helped protect the rights of chicken farmers to speak up about mistreatment and unfair practices . She helped remove anti-Grain Inspection , Packers and Stockyards Administration ( anti-GIPSA ) language . 2016 presidential election . Kaptur endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders in the Democratic primary , and introduced him at a rally in Toledo . On October 3 , 2016 , she endorsed the nominee , Hillary Clinton , who had won Ohio and her district in the primary , at a rally at Toledos Martin Luther King Jr . Plaza . Foreign policy . Kaptur has consistently supported military spending bills . Kaptur called on Russian president Vladimir Putin to release imprisoned Ukrainian filmmaker Oleg Sentsov . Committee assignments . - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on Defense - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies Caucus memberships . - Congressional Arts Caucus - Congressional Ukrainian Caucus ( co-chair ) - Congressional Caucus on Poland - Congressional Caucus on Central and Eastern Europe - Congressional Caucus on Hungary - Congressional United Kingdom Caucus - House Baltic Caucus - Climate Solutions Caucus - Blue Collar Caucus Electoral history . ! Year ! Democratic ! Votes ! Republican ! Votes ! Third Party ! Party ! Votes ! Third Party ! Party ! Votes - In 1982 , Libertarian Brian Muir received 1,217 votes less than 1% of the total vote . In 1988 , 72 write-in ballots were cast . In 1992 , 50 write-in ballots were cast . In 2014 , write-in candidates Cory Hoffman and George A . Skalsky received 112 votes and 29 votes , respectively . In 2016 , write-in candidate George A . Skalsky received 5 votes . |
[
"University of Michigan"
] | easy | Marcy Kaptur went to which school from 1974 to 1981? | /wiki/Marcy_Kaptur#P69#3 | Marcy Kaptur Marcia Carolyn Kaptur ( ; born June 17 , 1946 ) is an American politician serving as the U.S . Representative for . She is a member of the Democratic Party . The district stretches from Kapturs hometown of Toledo to Cleveland . It includes all of Ottawa and Erie counties , and parts of Lucas , Lorain , and Cuyahoga counties . In her 20th term in the House of Representatives , Kaptur is the dean of Ohios congressional delegation and the longest-serving woman in the House . She is also the longest-serving woman in all of Congress , and the second longest-serving woman of all time , behind Barbara Mikulski of Maryland , who served 40 years in the House and Senate ( assuming Kaptur completes her current term and is reelected to another , on the first day of her next term she will take the record ) . She is fifth in House seniority and serves on the House Appropriations Committee . Early life and education . Kaptur was born on June 17 , 1946 , in Toledo , Ohio , the daughter of Anastasia Delores ( Rogowski ) and Stephen Jacob Kaptur . Her parents were both of Polish descent . Her mother was an automobile union organizer and her family operated a small grocery . Kaptur started volunteering with the Ohio Democratic Party when she was 13 . Kaptur graduated from St . Ursula Academy in 1964 and became the first person in her family to attend college . She received her undergraduate degree from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1968 and a Master of Urban Planning from the University of Michigan in 1974 . She did doctoral studies in urban planning development finance at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1981 . Early career . Kaptur served on the Toledo-Lucas County Plan Commissions from 1969 to 1975 . She was director of planning for the National Center for Urban Ethnic Affairs ( 1975–1977 ) founded by Geno Baroni . She later served as a domestic policy advisor during President Jimmy Carters administration . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . While at MIT , Kaptur was recruited to run for Congress in 1982 against freshman Republican Ed Weber , who had upset 26-year incumbent Lud Ashley two years earlier . Despite being outspent by almost 3-1 , she defeated Weber 58–39% . In 1984 , Kaptur faced a strong challenge from Republican Frank Venner , longtime anchorman and weatherman at WTVG , but defeated him 55–44% , even as Ronald Reagan carried the district . The district reverted to form , and from 1986 to 2002 , she won every election with at least 74% of the vote . In 2004 , she faced her strongest challenger in 20 years in Lucas County auditor Larry Kaczala , but dispatched him fairly easily , 68–32% . - 2006 Kaptur won her 13th term with 74% of the vote . - 2008 Kaptur won her 14th term with 74% of the vote . - 2010 Shortly after achieving fame during the 2008 election , conservative figure Samuel Joe the Plumber Wurzelbacher announced that he was considering challenging Kaptur in the 2010 election , but chose not to run . Kaptur was instead challenged by Republican Rich Iott , a Tea Party movement favorite . She was reelected to a 15th term with 59% of the vote , her closest victory since 1984 . - 2012 For her first three decades in Congress , Kaptur represented a compact district centered around Toledo . Redistricting after the 2010 census extended the 9th district to western Cleveland . The new map put the home of incumbent 10th district congressman Dennis Kucinich into the 9th , so they ran against each other in the Democratic primary . Graham Veysey , a small-business owner from Cleveland , also ran in the primary . Kaptur won the primary with 56% of the vote to Kucinichs 40% . In the general election , she won a 16th term against Wurzelbacher and Libertarian Sean Stipe . The reconfigured 9th was no less Democratic than its predecessor , and Kaptur had effectively clinched reelection by defeating Kucinich in the primary . - 2014 Kapturs 2014 opponent was Richard May , a longtime Republican activist from west Cleveland , who beat Lakewood resident Robert C . Horrocks , Jr . in the May 6 primary . Kaptur won 68-32% . - 2016 Kapturs 2016 opponent was Donald Larson , who defeated Steven Kraus and Joel Lieske in the Republican primary on March 15 . Kaptur won 68–31% . - 2020 Kapturs 2016 opponent was Rob Weber , who defeated Charles W . Barrett , Tim Connors , and Timothy P . Corrigan in the Republican primary on March 17 . Kaptur won 63–37% . Tenure . Kaptur is a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus . She was once named Most Valuable Member of the House by The Nation . In 1996 , Ross Perot asked Kaptur to be his vice-presidential running mate . She declined . Patent reform . Kaptur was a dedicated opponent of the America Invents Act that passed into law and changed the U.S . Patent System . She opposed changing from a first to invent system to a first to file system , claiming it hurt small businesses and saying , Our patent system is the finest in the world.. . the proposed solutions are special fixes that benefit these few giants at the expense of everyone else . Kaptur co-sponsored the Restoring Americas Leadership in Innovation Act , which claims to strengthen inventors property rights . The bill would remove the administrative review process that allows the public to challenge patent filings validity ; the process exists to prevent misuse of the patent system . World War II Memorial . Responding to Roger Durbin , a World War II veteran and constituent , Kaptur first suggested the creation of a National World War II Memorial in Washington , D.C . On December 10 , 1987 , Kaptur introduced the World War II Memorial Act in the House . The bill authorized the American Battle Monuments Commission to establish a World War II memorial . It was not voted on before the end of the session and so failed to be enacted . Kaptur introduced similar legislation in 1989 and 1991 but these bills also failed to become law . Kaptur introduced legislation for the fourth time on January 27 , 1993 . This time the legislation was voted on and passed in the House on May 10 , 1993 . After a companion bill was passed in the United States Senate , President Bill Clinton signed the bill into law on May 25 , 1993 . Durbin died before the memorial was built , but Kaptur and Durbins granddaughter spoke at the memorial dedication ceremony on May 29 , 2004 . Kaptur later said that she felt a great sense of fulfillment that the memorial was built . This generation was the most unselfish America has ever seen , she said . They never asked anybody for anything in return . Abortion . Kaptur holds a 95% approval rating from NARAL . She supports Roe v . Wade , calling it the law of the land ( Washington Journal , 9/17/2015 ) . She has voted for some proposals to restrict access to abortion and opposed others . In January 2007 , she was the only member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus to vote against federally funded embryonic stem-cell research . Kaptur voted for the Stupak-Pitts Amendment , an amendment to Americas Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009 . She was one of only 16 Democrats to vote for the No Taxpayer Funding for Abortion Act on May 4 , 2011 . Kaptur also voted to ban partial-birth abortions in 2000 and 2003 . She voted against the Child Custody Protection Act in 1999 and the Child Interstate Abortion Notification Act in 2005 . Kaptur voted against allowing privately funded abortions at overseas military hospitals twice in 1995 , as well as in 1997 , 1998 and 1999 . In 2005 , Kaptur voted to lift the ban on abortions at overseas military hospitals . Free trade . Kaptur is a staunch opponent of free trade agreements . She helped lead opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement , permanent normal trade relations for the Peoples Republic of China , and fast track authority for the president . 2008 economic crisis . Kaptur expressed strong opposition to the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 , which provided a bailout for U.S . banks . Addressing Wall Street banks , she said , You have perpetrated the greatest financial crimes ever on this American Republic . She added that the U.S . doesnt need to bail you out . It needs to secure real assets and property . Federal regional reserve banks should have a new job to help renegotiate . American people should get equity in any companies . Major job creation to rebuild our infrastructure . Regulate . We need a modern Glass–Steagall Act . Refinancing must return a major share of profits to a new Social Security and Medicare lockbox . Kapturs opposition to the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 was highlighted in Michael Moores 2009 documentary . On April 12 , 2011 , Kaptur introduced H.R . 1489 to restore the Glass-Steagall Act , To repeal certain provisions of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and revive the separation between commercial banking and the securities business , in the manner provided in the Banking Act of 1933 , the so-called Glass-Steagall Act , and for other purposes . There were 30 co-sponsors . The environment . Kaptur backed the American Clean Energy and Security Act in the U.S . House after she was able to insert an amendment that would authorize the Secretary of Energy to create power marketing authorities in regions where none exist . One such area would be the Great Lakes region . Kaptur said the St . Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation could administer up to $3.5 billion in borrowing authority to stimulate economic development through creation of green energy such as solar power and wind power . She said the $3.5 billion in borrowing authority would promote regional equity and serve as a powerful engine for job creation in a region that has suffered from high energy costs , especially expensive electricity . Agriculture . Kaptur helped protect the rights of chicken farmers to speak up about mistreatment and unfair practices . She helped remove anti-Grain Inspection , Packers and Stockyards Administration ( anti-GIPSA ) language . 2016 presidential election . Kaptur endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders in the Democratic primary , and introduced him at a rally in Toledo . On October 3 , 2016 , she endorsed the nominee , Hillary Clinton , who had won Ohio and her district in the primary , at a rally at Toledos Martin Luther King Jr . Plaza . Foreign policy . Kaptur has consistently supported military spending bills . Kaptur called on Russian president Vladimir Putin to release imprisoned Ukrainian filmmaker Oleg Sentsov . Committee assignments . - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on Defense - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies Caucus memberships . - Congressional Arts Caucus - Congressional Ukrainian Caucus ( co-chair ) - Congressional Caucus on Poland - Congressional Caucus on Central and Eastern Europe - Congressional Caucus on Hungary - Congressional United Kingdom Caucus - House Baltic Caucus - Climate Solutions Caucus - Blue Collar Caucus Electoral history . ! Year ! Democratic ! Votes ! Republican ! Votes ! Third Party ! Party ! Votes ! Third Party ! Party ! Votes - In 1982 , Libertarian Brian Muir received 1,217 votes less than 1% of the total vote . In 1988 , 72 write-in ballots were cast . In 1992 , 50 write-in ballots were cast . In 2014 , write-in candidates Cory Hoffman and George A . Skalsky received 112 votes and 29 votes , respectively . In 2016 , write-in candidate George A . Skalsky received 5 votes . |
[
"Massachusetts Institute of Technology"
] | easy | Where was Marcy Kaptur educated from 1981 to 1982? | /wiki/Marcy_Kaptur#P69#4 | Marcy Kaptur Marcia Carolyn Kaptur ( ; born June 17 , 1946 ) is an American politician serving as the U.S . Representative for . She is a member of the Democratic Party . The district stretches from Kapturs hometown of Toledo to Cleveland . It includes all of Ottawa and Erie counties , and parts of Lucas , Lorain , and Cuyahoga counties . In her 20th term in the House of Representatives , Kaptur is the dean of Ohios congressional delegation and the longest-serving woman in the House . She is also the longest-serving woman in all of Congress , and the second longest-serving woman of all time , behind Barbara Mikulski of Maryland , who served 40 years in the House and Senate ( assuming Kaptur completes her current term and is reelected to another , on the first day of her next term she will take the record ) . She is fifth in House seniority and serves on the House Appropriations Committee . Early life and education . Kaptur was born on June 17 , 1946 , in Toledo , Ohio , the daughter of Anastasia Delores ( Rogowski ) and Stephen Jacob Kaptur . Her parents were both of Polish descent . Her mother was an automobile union organizer and her family operated a small grocery . Kaptur started volunteering with the Ohio Democratic Party when she was 13 . Kaptur graduated from St . Ursula Academy in 1964 and became the first person in her family to attend college . She received her undergraduate degree from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1968 and a Master of Urban Planning from the University of Michigan in 1974 . She did doctoral studies in urban planning development finance at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1981 . Early career . Kaptur served on the Toledo-Lucas County Plan Commissions from 1969 to 1975 . She was director of planning for the National Center for Urban Ethnic Affairs ( 1975–1977 ) founded by Geno Baroni . She later served as a domestic policy advisor during President Jimmy Carters administration . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . While at MIT , Kaptur was recruited to run for Congress in 1982 against freshman Republican Ed Weber , who had upset 26-year incumbent Lud Ashley two years earlier . Despite being outspent by almost 3-1 , she defeated Weber 58–39% . In 1984 , Kaptur faced a strong challenge from Republican Frank Venner , longtime anchorman and weatherman at WTVG , but defeated him 55–44% , even as Ronald Reagan carried the district . The district reverted to form , and from 1986 to 2002 , she won every election with at least 74% of the vote . In 2004 , she faced her strongest challenger in 20 years in Lucas County auditor Larry Kaczala , but dispatched him fairly easily , 68–32% . - 2006 Kaptur won her 13th term with 74% of the vote . - 2008 Kaptur won her 14th term with 74% of the vote . - 2010 Shortly after achieving fame during the 2008 election , conservative figure Samuel Joe the Plumber Wurzelbacher announced that he was considering challenging Kaptur in the 2010 election , but chose not to run . Kaptur was instead challenged by Republican Rich Iott , a Tea Party movement favorite . She was reelected to a 15th term with 59% of the vote , her closest victory since 1984 . - 2012 For her first three decades in Congress , Kaptur represented a compact district centered around Toledo . Redistricting after the 2010 census extended the 9th district to western Cleveland . The new map put the home of incumbent 10th district congressman Dennis Kucinich into the 9th , so they ran against each other in the Democratic primary . Graham Veysey , a small-business owner from Cleveland , also ran in the primary . Kaptur won the primary with 56% of the vote to Kucinichs 40% . In the general election , she won a 16th term against Wurzelbacher and Libertarian Sean Stipe . The reconfigured 9th was no less Democratic than its predecessor , and Kaptur had effectively clinched reelection by defeating Kucinich in the primary . - 2014 Kapturs 2014 opponent was Richard May , a longtime Republican activist from west Cleveland , who beat Lakewood resident Robert C . Horrocks , Jr . in the May 6 primary . Kaptur won 68-32% . - 2016 Kapturs 2016 opponent was Donald Larson , who defeated Steven Kraus and Joel Lieske in the Republican primary on March 15 . Kaptur won 68–31% . - 2020 Kapturs 2016 opponent was Rob Weber , who defeated Charles W . Barrett , Tim Connors , and Timothy P . Corrigan in the Republican primary on March 17 . Kaptur won 63–37% . Tenure . Kaptur is a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus . She was once named Most Valuable Member of the House by The Nation . In 1996 , Ross Perot asked Kaptur to be his vice-presidential running mate . She declined . Patent reform . Kaptur was a dedicated opponent of the America Invents Act that passed into law and changed the U.S . Patent System . She opposed changing from a first to invent system to a first to file system , claiming it hurt small businesses and saying , Our patent system is the finest in the world.. . the proposed solutions are special fixes that benefit these few giants at the expense of everyone else . Kaptur co-sponsored the Restoring Americas Leadership in Innovation Act , which claims to strengthen inventors property rights . The bill would remove the administrative review process that allows the public to challenge patent filings validity ; the process exists to prevent misuse of the patent system . World War II Memorial . Responding to Roger Durbin , a World War II veteran and constituent , Kaptur first suggested the creation of a National World War II Memorial in Washington , D.C . On December 10 , 1987 , Kaptur introduced the World War II Memorial Act in the House . The bill authorized the American Battle Monuments Commission to establish a World War II memorial . It was not voted on before the end of the session and so failed to be enacted . Kaptur introduced similar legislation in 1989 and 1991 but these bills also failed to become law . Kaptur introduced legislation for the fourth time on January 27 , 1993 . This time the legislation was voted on and passed in the House on May 10 , 1993 . After a companion bill was passed in the United States Senate , President Bill Clinton signed the bill into law on May 25 , 1993 . Durbin died before the memorial was built , but Kaptur and Durbins granddaughter spoke at the memorial dedication ceremony on May 29 , 2004 . Kaptur later said that she felt a great sense of fulfillment that the memorial was built . This generation was the most unselfish America has ever seen , she said . They never asked anybody for anything in return . Abortion . Kaptur holds a 95% approval rating from NARAL . She supports Roe v . Wade , calling it the law of the land ( Washington Journal , 9/17/2015 ) . She has voted for some proposals to restrict access to abortion and opposed others . In January 2007 , she was the only member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus to vote against federally funded embryonic stem-cell research . Kaptur voted for the Stupak-Pitts Amendment , an amendment to Americas Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009 . She was one of only 16 Democrats to vote for the No Taxpayer Funding for Abortion Act on May 4 , 2011 . Kaptur also voted to ban partial-birth abortions in 2000 and 2003 . She voted against the Child Custody Protection Act in 1999 and the Child Interstate Abortion Notification Act in 2005 . Kaptur voted against allowing privately funded abortions at overseas military hospitals twice in 1995 , as well as in 1997 , 1998 and 1999 . In 2005 , Kaptur voted to lift the ban on abortions at overseas military hospitals . Free trade . Kaptur is a staunch opponent of free trade agreements . She helped lead opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement , permanent normal trade relations for the Peoples Republic of China , and fast track authority for the president . 2008 economic crisis . Kaptur expressed strong opposition to the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 , which provided a bailout for U.S . banks . Addressing Wall Street banks , she said , You have perpetrated the greatest financial crimes ever on this American Republic . She added that the U.S . doesnt need to bail you out . It needs to secure real assets and property . Federal regional reserve banks should have a new job to help renegotiate . American people should get equity in any companies . Major job creation to rebuild our infrastructure . Regulate . We need a modern Glass–Steagall Act . Refinancing must return a major share of profits to a new Social Security and Medicare lockbox . Kapturs opposition to the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 was highlighted in Michael Moores 2009 documentary . On April 12 , 2011 , Kaptur introduced H.R . 1489 to restore the Glass-Steagall Act , To repeal certain provisions of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and revive the separation between commercial banking and the securities business , in the manner provided in the Banking Act of 1933 , the so-called Glass-Steagall Act , and for other purposes . There were 30 co-sponsors . The environment . Kaptur backed the American Clean Energy and Security Act in the U.S . House after she was able to insert an amendment that would authorize the Secretary of Energy to create power marketing authorities in regions where none exist . One such area would be the Great Lakes region . Kaptur said the St . Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation could administer up to $3.5 billion in borrowing authority to stimulate economic development through creation of green energy such as solar power and wind power . She said the $3.5 billion in borrowing authority would promote regional equity and serve as a powerful engine for job creation in a region that has suffered from high energy costs , especially expensive electricity . Agriculture . Kaptur helped protect the rights of chicken farmers to speak up about mistreatment and unfair practices . She helped remove anti-Grain Inspection , Packers and Stockyards Administration ( anti-GIPSA ) language . 2016 presidential election . Kaptur endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders in the Democratic primary , and introduced him at a rally in Toledo . On October 3 , 2016 , she endorsed the nominee , Hillary Clinton , who had won Ohio and her district in the primary , at a rally at Toledos Martin Luther King Jr . Plaza . Foreign policy . Kaptur has consistently supported military spending bills . Kaptur called on Russian president Vladimir Putin to release imprisoned Ukrainian filmmaker Oleg Sentsov . Committee assignments . - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on Defense - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies Caucus memberships . - Congressional Arts Caucus - Congressional Ukrainian Caucus ( co-chair ) - Congressional Caucus on Poland - Congressional Caucus on Central and Eastern Europe - Congressional Caucus on Hungary - Congressional United Kingdom Caucus - House Baltic Caucus - Climate Solutions Caucus - Blue Collar Caucus Electoral history . ! Year ! Democratic ! Votes ! Republican ! Votes ! Third Party ! Party ! Votes ! Third Party ! Party ! Votes - In 1982 , Libertarian Brian Muir received 1,217 votes less than 1% of the total vote . In 1988 , 72 write-in ballots were cast . In 1992 , 50 write-in ballots were cast . In 2014 , write-in candidates Cory Hoffman and George A . Skalsky received 112 votes and 29 votes , respectively . In 2016 , write-in candidate George A . Skalsky received 5 votes . |
[
"mayor of Albany New York"
] | easy | What position did Roger Sherman take from Feb 1784 to Jun 1791? | /wiki/Roger_Sherman#P39#0 | Roger Sherman Roger Sherman ( April 19 , 1721 – July 23 , 1793 ) was an early American statesman and lawyer , as well as a Founding Father of the United States . He is the only person to have signed all four great state papers of the United States : the Continental Association , the Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation , and the Constitution . Born in Newton , Massachusetts , Sherman established a legal career in Litchfield County , Connecticut despite a lack of formal education . After a period in the Connecticut House of Representatives , he served as a Justice of the Superior Court of Connecticut from 1766 to 1789 . He represented Connecticut at the Continental Congress and signed the Continental Association , which provided for a boycott against Britain following the imposition of the Intolerable Acts . He was also a member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence . He later signed both the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution . In 1784 , he was elected as the first mayor of Albany New York . Sherman served as a delegate to the 1787 Philadelphia Convention , which produced the United States Constitution . After Benjamin Franklin , he was the oldest delegate present at the convention . He favored granting the federal government power to raise revenue and regulate commerce , but initially opposed efforts to supplant the Articles of Confederation with a new constitution . He ultimately came to support the establishment of a new constitution , and proposed the Connecticut Compromise , which won the approval of both the larger states and the smaller states . After the ratification of the Constitution , Sherman represented Connecticut in the United States House of Representatives from 1789 to 1791 . He served in the United States Senate from 1791 to his death in 1793 . Early life . Sherman was born into a family of farmers in Newton , Massachusetts , near Boston . His father was William and mother Mehetabel Sherman . The Shermans left Newton and settled in what became the town of Stoughton , south of Boston , when Roger was two . Shermans education did not extend beyond his fathers library and grammar school , and his early career was spent as a shoemaker . However , he had an aptitude for learning , access to a good library owned by his father , and a Harvard-educated parish minister , Rev . Samuel Dunbar , who took him under his wing . In 1743 , his fathers death made Sherman move with his mother and siblings to New Milford , Connecticut , where in partnership with his brother William , he opened the towns first store . He very quickly introduced himself in civil and religious affairs , rapidly becoming one of the towns leading citizens and eventually town clerk of New Milford . Due to his mathematical skill he became county surveyor of New Haven County in 1745 , and began providing astronomical calculations for almanacs in 1759 . Marriages and family . Roger Sherman was married two times and had a total of fifteen children with thirteen reaching adulthood . Sherman married Elizabeth Hartwell ( born August 31 , 1726 in Stoughton , Massachusetts ) on November 17 , 1749 . Elizabeth died on October 19 , 1760 . Sherman married Rebecca ( also spelled Rebekah ) Prescott ( born on May 20 , 1742 , in Danvers , Massachusetts ) on May 12 , 1763 and had eight children : Rebecca , Elizabeth , Roger , Mehetabel ( 1st ) , Mehetabel ( 2nd ) , Oliver , Martha and Sarah . Legal , political career . Sherman is especially notable in United States history for being the only person to sign all four great state papers of the United States , the Articles of Association , the United States Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation , and the United States Constitution . Robert Morris , who did not sign the Articles of Association , signed the other three . John Dickinson also signed three , the Continental Association , the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution . He was involved with the Declaration of Independence but abstained , hoping for a reconciliation with Britain . Despite the fact that Sherman had no formal legal training , he was urged to read for the bar exam by a local lawyer and was admitted to the Bar of Litchfield , Connecticut in 1754 , during which he wrote A Caveat Against Injustice and was chosen to represent New Milford in the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1755 to 1758 and from 1760 to 1761 . Sherman was appointed justice of the peace in 1762 and judge of the court of common pleas in 1765 . During 1766 , Sherman was first elected to the Governors Council of the Connecticut General Assembly , where he served until 1785 . Sherman served as Justice of the Superior Court of Connecticut from 1766 to 1789 , when he left to become a member of the United States Congress . Sherman was also appointed treasurer of Yale College , and awarded an honorary Master of Arts degree . He was a professor of religion for many years , and engaged in lengthy correspondences with some of the theologians of the time . During February 1776 , Sherman , George Wythe , and John Adams were members of a committee responsible for establishing guidelines for U.S . embassy officials in Canada with the committee instructions that included , You are to declare that we hold sacred the rights of conscience , and may promise to the whole people , solemnly in our name , the free and undisturbed exercise of their religion . And .. . that all civil rights and the rights to hold office were to be extended to persons of any Christian denomination . In 1784 he was elected Mayor of New Haven , which office he held until his death . In 1790 both Sherman and Richard Law were appointed to revise the confused and archaic Connecticut statutes , which they accomplished . Throughout his life , Sherman was a major benefactor of Yale College , acting as the universitys treasurer for many years and promoting construction of a college chapel . Roger Sherman died in 1793 . Constitutional Convention . Roger Sherman was one of the most influential members of the Constitutional Convention . He is not well known for his actions at the Convention because he was a terse , ineloquent speaker who never kept a personal record of his experience , unlike other prominent figures at the convention such as James Madison , and at 66 years of age , Sherman was the second eldest member at the convention following Benjamin Franklin ( who was 81 years old at the time ) . Yet as one of the most active members of the Convention , Sherman made motions or seconds in reference to the Virginia Plan 160 times . His opponent Madison made motions or seconds 177 times . Roger Sherman came into the Convention without the intention of creating a new constitution . Sherman , an original signer of the Articles of Confederation , saw the convention as a means to modify the already existing government . Part of his stance was concerned with the public appeal . He defended amending the articles declaring that it was in the best interest of the people and the most probable way the people would accept changes to a constitution . Sherman saw no reason for a bicameral legislature , as proposed by the Virginia Plan . The problem with the old government was not that it had acted foolishly or threatened anybodys liberties , but that it had simply been unable to enforce its decrees . Sherman further advanced the idea that the national government simply needed a way to raise revenue and regulate commerce . Sherman was a big defender of a unicameral legislature . He defended the unicameral legislature of the Articles of Confederation by stating that the large states had not suffered at the hands of small states on account of the rule of equal voting . Ultimately , when Sherman saw his initial goals of the convention as unattainable he organized compromises and deals in order to enact some of his desirable legislation . Sherman was from a particularly isolationist state – Connecticut operated almost without much need from other states , using its own ports to trade with the West Indies instead of utilizing ports in Boston – and feared that ...the mass of people lacked sufficient wisdom to govern themselves and thus wished no branch of the federal government to be elected directly by the people . Sherman , Elbridge Gerry ( himself later recognized as the namesake of American political gerrymandering ) and others were of the shared opinion that the elected composition of the national government should be reserved for the vote of state officials and not for election by the will of the people . Sherman was wary of allowing ordinary citizen participation in national government and stated that the people should have as little to do as may be about the Government . They want information and are constantly liable to be misled . The two proposed options for the formation of the legislative branch emerged in the deliberations . One was to form a bicameral legislature in which both chambers had representation proportional to the population of the states , which was supported by the Virginia plan . The second was to modify the unicameral legislature that had equal representation from all of the states , which was supported by the New Jersey plan . Roger Sherman was a devout supporter of a unicameral legislature , but when he saw that goal as unattainable he motioned to compromise . In terms of modes of election Sherman moved to allow each state legislature to elect its own senators . Additionally , in the house Sherman originally proposed that the suffrage of the House of Representatives should be figured according to the numbers of free inhabitants in each state . In this plan , designed to be acceptable to both large and small states , the people would be represented proportionally in one branch of the legislature , called the House of Representatives ( the lower legislative house ) . The states would be represented in another house called the Senate ( the upper house ) . In the lower house , each state had a representative for every one delegate . In the upper house , each state was guaranteed two senators , regardless of its size . Sherman is also memorable for his stance against paper money with his authoring of and his later opposition to James Madison over the Bill of Rights amendments to the U.S . Constitution in his belief that these amendments would diminish the role and power of the states over the people . Mr . Wilson & Mr . Sherman moved to insert after the words coin money the words nor emit bills of credit , nor make any thing but gold & silver coin a tender in payment of debts making these prohibitions absolute , instead of making the measures allowable ( as in the XIII art ) with the consent of the Legislature of the U.S . .. . Mr . Sherman thought this a favorable crisis for crushing paper money . If the consent of the Legislature could authorize emissions of it , the friends of paper money would make every exertion to get into the Legislature in order to license it . In terms of the executive Sherman had very little interest in giving the executive much authority . Sherman suggested that no constitutional provision needed be made for the executive because it was nothing more than an institution for carrying the will of the Legislature into effect . Originally opposed to slavery due to his personal beliefs and puritan views , Sherman used the issue of slavery as a tool for negotiation and alliance . Sherman was of the opinion that slavery was already gradually being abolished and the trend was moving southward . Sherman saw that the issue of slavery could be one that threatened the success of the constitutional convention . Therefore , Sherman decided to help pass legislation to benefit slave states in order to obtain unlikely allies from South Carolina . The two forces joined together because they both , due to the economies of their home states , benefitted from there being no export tax . Sherman opposed appointment of fellow signer Gouverneur Morris as minister to France because he considered that high-living Patriot to be of an irreligious nature . Quotation . In a letter to Oliver Wolcott ( May 21 , 1777 ) he wrote , I think it dangerous to admit citizens not connected to the army to be tried by a Court Martial . Death and burial site . Sherman died in his sleep on July 23 , 1793 , after a two-month illness diagnosed as typhoid fever . The Gazette of the United States ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) , August 17 , 1793 , p . 508 , reported an alternate diagnosis , He was taken ill about the middle of May last , and from that time declined till his death . His physician supposed his disorder to be seated in his liver . He was buried in New Haven Green . In 1821 , when that cemetery was relocated , his remains were moved to the Grove Street Cemetery . Legacy . The town of Sherman , Connecticut was named for Roger Sherman . |
[
"Mayor of New Haven"
] | easy | What was the position of Roger Sherman from Jun 1791 to Jul 1793? | /wiki/Roger_Sherman#P39#1 | Roger Sherman Roger Sherman ( April 19 , 1721 – July 23 , 1793 ) was an early American statesman and lawyer , as well as a Founding Father of the United States . He is the only person to have signed all four great state papers of the United States : the Continental Association , the Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation , and the Constitution . Born in Newton , Massachusetts , Sherman established a legal career in Litchfield County , Connecticut despite a lack of formal education . After a period in the Connecticut House of Representatives , he served as a Justice of the Superior Court of Connecticut from 1766 to 1789 . He represented Connecticut at the Continental Congress and signed the Continental Association , which provided for a boycott against Britain following the imposition of the Intolerable Acts . He was also a member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence . He later signed both the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution . In 1784 , he was elected as the first mayor of Albany New York . Sherman served as a delegate to the 1787 Philadelphia Convention , which produced the United States Constitution . After Benjamin Franklin , he was the oldest delegate present at the convention . He favored granting the federal government power to raise revenue and regulate commerce , but initially opposed efforts to supplant the Articles of Confederation with a new constitution . He ultimately came to support the establishment of a new constitution , and proposed the Connecticut Compromise , which won the approval of both the larger states and the smaller states . After the ratification of the Constitution , Sherman represented Connecticut in the United States House of Representatives from 1789 to 1791 . He served in the United States Senate from 1791 to his death in 1793 . Early life . Sherman was born into a family of farmers in Newton , Massachusetts , near Boston . His father was William and mother Mehetabel Sherman . The Shermans left Newton and settled in what became the town of Stoughton , south of Boston , when Roger was two . Shermans education did not extend beyond his fathers library and grammar school , and his early career was spent as a shoemaker . However , he had an aptitude for learning , access to a good library owned by his father , and a Harvard-educated parish minister , Rev . Samuel Dunbar , who took him under his wing . In 1743 , his fathers death made Sherman move with his mother and siblings to New Milford , Connecticut , where in partnership with his brother William , he opened the towns first store . He very quickly introduced himself in civil and religious affairs , rapidly becoming one of the towns leading citizens and eventually town clerk of New Milford . Due to his mathematical skill he became county surveyor of New Haven County in 1745 , and began providing astronomical calculations for almanacs in 1759 . Marriages and family . Roger Sherman was married two times and had a total of fifteen children with thirteen reaching adulthood . Sherman married Elizabeth Hartwell ( born August 31 , 1726 in Stoughton , Massachusetts ) on November 17 , 1749 . Elizabeth died on October 19 , 1760 . Sherman married Rebecca ( also spelled Rebekah ) Prescott ( born on May 20 , 1742 , in Danvers , Massachusetts ) on May 12 , 1763 and had eight children : Rebecca , Elizabeth , Roger , Mehetabel ( 1st ) , Mehetabel ( 2nd ) , Oliver , Martha and Sarah . Legal , political career . Sherman is especially notable in United States history for being the only person to sign all four great state papers of the United States , the Articles of Association , the United States Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation , and the United States Constitution . Robert Morris , who did not sign the Articles of Association , signed the other three . John Dickinson also signed three , the Continental Association , the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution . He was involved with the Declaration of Independence but abstained , hoping for a reconciliation with Britain . Despite the fact that Sherman had no formal legal training , he was urged to read for the bar exam by a local lawyer and was admitted to the Bar of Litchfield , Connecticut in 1754 , during which he wrote A Caveat Against Injustice and was chosen to represent New Milford in the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1755 to 1758 and from 1760 to 1761 . Sherman was appointed justice of the peace in 1762 and judge of the court of common pleas in 1765 . During 1766 , Sherman was first elected to the Governors Council of the Connecticut General Assembly , where he served until 1785 . Sherman served as Justice of the Superior Court of Connecticut from 1766 to 1789 , when he left to become a member of the United States Congress . Sherman was also appointed treasurer of Yale College , and awarded an honorary Master of Arts degree . He was a professor of religion for many years , and engaged in lengthy correspondences with some of the theologians of the time . During February 1776 , Sherman , George Wythe , and John Adams were members of a committee responsible for establishing guidelines for U.S . embassy officials in Canada with the committee instructions that included , You are to declare that we hold sacred the rights of conscience , and may promise to the whole people , solemnly in our name , the free and undisturbed exercise of their religion . And .. . that all civil rights and the rights to hold office were to be extended to persons of any Christian denomination . In 1784 he was elected Mayor of New Haven , which office he held until his death . In 1790 both Sherman and Richard Law were appointed to revise the confused and archaic Connecticut statutes , which they accomplished . Throughout his life , Sherman was a major benefactor of Yale College , acting as the universitys treasurer for many years and promoting construction of a college chapel . Roger Sherman died in 1793 . Constitutional Convention . Roger Sherman was one of the most influential members of the Constitutional Convention . He is not well known for his actions at the Convention because he was a terse , ineloquent speaker who never kept a personal record of his experience , unlike other prominent figures at the convention such as James Madison , and at 66 years of age , Sherman was the second eldest member at the convention following Benjamin Franklin ( who was 81 years old at the time ) . Yet as one of the most active members of the Convention , Sherman made motions or seconds in reference to the Virginia Plan 160 times . His opponent Madison made motions or seconds 177 times . Roger Sherman came into the Convention without the intention of creating a new constitution . Sherman , an original signer of the Articles of Confederation , saw the convention as a means to modify the already existing government . Part of his stance was concerned with the public appeal . He defended amending the articles declaring that it was in the best interest of the people and the most probable way the people would accept changes to a constitution . Sherman saw no reason for a bicameral legislature , as proposed by the Virginia Plan . The problem with the old government was not that it had acted foolishly or threatened anybodys liberties , but that it had simply been unable to enforce its decrees . Sherman further advanced the idea that the national government simply needed a way to raise revenue and regulate commerce . Sherman was a big defender of a unicameral legislature . He defended the unicameral legislature of the Articles of Confederation by stating that the large states had not suffered at the hands of small states on account of the rule of equal voting . Ultimately , when Sherman saw his initial goals of the convention as unattainable he organized compromises and deals in order to enact some of his desirable legislation . Sherman was from a particularly isolationist state – Connecticut operated almost without much need from other states , using its own ports to trade with the West Indies instead of utilizing ports in Boston – and feared that ...the mass of people lacked sufficient wisdom to govern themselves and thus wished no branch of the federal government to be elected directly by the people . Sherman , Elbridge Gerry ( himself later recognized as the namesake of American political gerrymandering ) and others were of the shared opinion that the elected composition of the national government should be reserved for the vote of state officials and not for election by the will of the people . Sherman was wary of allowing ordinary citizen participation in national government and stated that the people should have as little to do as may be about the Government . They want information and are constantly liable to be misled . The two proposed options for the formation of the legislative branch emerged in the deliberations . One was to form a bicameral legislature in which both chambers had representation proportional to the population of the states , which was supported by the Virginia plan . The second was to modify the unicameral legislature that had equal representation from all of the states , which was supported by the New Jersey plan . Roger Sherman was a devout supporter of a unicameral legislature , but when he saw that goal as unattainable he motioned to compromise . In terms of modes of election Sherman moved to allow each state legislature to elect its own senators . Additionally , in the house Sherman originally proposed that the suffrage of the House of Representatives should be figured according to the numbers of free inhabitants in each state . In this plan , designed to be acceptable to both large and small states , the people would be represented proportionally in one branch of the legislature , called the House of Representatives ( the lower legislative house ) . The states would be represented in another house called the Senate ( the upper house ) . In the lower house , each state had a representative for every one delegate . In the upper house , each state was guaranteed two senators , regardless of its size . Sherman is also memorable for his stance against paper money with his authoring of and his later opposition to James Madison over the Bill of Rights amendments to the U.S . Constitution in his belief that these amendments would diminish the role and power of the states over the people . Mr . Wilson & Mr . Sherman moved to insert after the words coin money the words nor emit bills of credit , nor make any thing but gold & silver coin a tender in payment of debts making these prohibitions absolute , instead of making the measures allowable ( as in the XIII art ) with the consent of the Legislature of the U.S . .. . Mr . Sherman thought this a favorable crisis for crushing paper money . If the consent of the Legislature could authorize emissions of it , the friends of paper money would make every exertion to get into the Legislature in order to license it . In terms of the executive Sherman had very little interest in giving the executive much authority . Sherman suggested that no constitutional provision needed be made for the executive because it was nothing more than an institution for carrying the will of the Legislature into effect . Originally opposed to slavery due to his personal beliefs and puritan views , Sherman used the issue of slavery as a tool for negotiation and alliance . Sherman was of the opinion that slavery was already gradually being abolished and the trend was moving southward . Sherman saw that the issue of slavery could be one that threatened the success of the constitutional convention . Therefore , Sherman decided to help pass legislation to benefit slave states in order to obtain unlikely allies from South Carolina . The two forces joined together because they both , due to the economies of their home states , benefitted from there being no export tax . Sherman opposed appointment of fellow signer Gouverneur Morris as minister to France because he considered that high-living Patriot to be of an irreligious nature . Quotation . In a letter to Oliver Wolcott ( May 21 , 1777 ) he wrote , I think it dangerous to admit citizens not connected to the army to be tried by a Court Martial . Death and burial site . Sherman died in his sleep on July 23 , 1793 , after a two-month illness diagnosed as typhoid fever . The Gazette of the United States ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) , August 17 , 1793 , p . 508 , reported an alternate diagnosis , He was taken ill about the middle of May last , and from that time declined till his death . His physician supposed his disorder to be seated in his liver . He was buried in New Haven Green . In 1821 , when that cemetery was relocated , his remains were moved to the Grove Street Cemetery . Legacy . The town of Sherman , Connecticut was named for Roger Sherman . |
[
"universitys treasurer"
] | easy | Roger Sherman took which position in Jul 1793? | /wiki/Roger_Sherman#P39#2 | Roger Sherman Roger Sherman ( April 19 , 1721 – July 23 , 1793 ) was an early American statesman and lawyer , as well as a Founding Father of the United States . He is the only person to have signed all four great state papers of the United States : the Continental Association , the Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation , and the Constitution . Born in Newton , Massachusetts , Sherman established a legal career in Litchfield County , Connecticut despite a lack of formal education . After a period in the Connecticut House of Representatives , he served as a Justice of the Superior Court of Connecticut from 1766 to 1789 . He represented Connecticut at the Continental Congress and signed the Continental Association , which provided for a boycott against Britain following the imposition of the Intolerable Acts . He was also a member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence . He later signed both the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution . In 1784 , he was elected as the first mayor of Albany New York . Sherman served as a delegate to the 1787 Philadelphia Convention , which produced the United States Constitution . After Benjamin Franklin , he was the oldest delegate present at the convention . He favored granting the federal government power to raise revenue and regulate commerce , but initially opposed efforts to supplant the Articles of Confederation with a new constitution . He ultimately came to support the establishment of a new constitution , and proposed the Connecticut Compromise , which won the approval of both the larger states and the smaller states . After the ratification of the Constitution , Sherman represented Connecticut in the United States House of Representatives from 1789 to 1791 . He served in the United States Senate from 1791 to his death in 1793 . Early life . Sherman was born into a family of farmers in Newton , Massachusetts , near Boston . His father was William and mother Mehetabel Sherman . The Shermans left Newton and settled in what became the town of Stoughton , south of Boston , when Roger was two . Shermans education did not extend beyond his fathers library and grammar school , and his early career was spent as a shoemaker . However , he had an aptitude for learning , access to a good library owned by his father , and a Harvard-educated parish minister , Rev . Samuel Dunbar , who took him under his wing . In 1743 , his fathers death made Sherman move with his mother and siblings to New Milford , Connecticut , where in partnership with his brother William , he opened the towns first store . He very quickly introduced himself in civil and religious affairs , rapidly becoming one of the towns leading citizens and eventually town clerk of New Milford . Due to his mathematical skill he became county surveyor of New Haven County in 1745 , and began providing astronomical calculations for almanacs in 1759 . Marriages and family . Roger Sherman was married two times and had a total of fifteen children with thirteen reaching adulthood . Sherman married Elizabeth Hartwell ( born August 31 , 1726 in Stoughton , Massachusetts ) on November 17 , 1749 . Elizabeth died on October 19 , 1760 . Sherman married Rebecca ( also spelled Rebekah ) Prescott ( born on May 20 , 1742 , in Danvers , Massachusetts ) on May 12 , 1763 and had eight children : Rebecca , Elizabeth , Roger , Mehetabel ( 1st ) , Mehetabel ( 2nd ) , Oliver , Martha and Sarah . Legal , political career . Sherman is especially notable in United States history for being the only person to sign all four great state papers of the United States , the Articles of Association , the United States Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation , and the United States Constitution . Robert Morris , who did not sign the Articles of Association , signed the other three . John Dickinson also signed three , the Continental Association , the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution . He was involved with the Declaration of Independence but abstained , hoping for a reconciliation with Britain . Despite the fact that Sherman had no formal legal training , he was urged to read for the bar exam by a local lawyer and was admitted to the Bar of Litchfield , Connecticut in 1754 , during which he wrote A Caveat Against Injustice and was chosen to represent New Milford in the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1755 to 1758 and from 1760 to 1761 . Sherman was appointed justice of the peace in 1762 and judge of the court of common pleas in 1765 . During 1766 , Sherman was first elected to the Governors Council of the Connecticut General Assembly , where he served until 1785 . Sherman served as Justice of the Superior Court of Connecticut from 1766 to 1789 , when he left to become a member of the United States Congress . Sherman was also appointed treasurer of Yale College , and awarded an honorary Master of Arts degree . He was a professor of religion for many years , and engaged in lengthy correspondences with some of the theologians of the time . During February 1776 , Sherman , George Wythe , and John Adams were members of a committee responsible for establishing guidelines for U.S . embassy officials in Canada with the committee instructions that included , You are to declare that we hold sacred the rights of conscience , and may promise to the whole people , solemnly in our name , the free and undisturbed exercise of their religion . And .. . that all civil rights and the rights to hold office were to be extended to persons of any Christian denomination . In 1784 he was elected Mayor of New Haven , which office he held until his death . In 1790 both Sherman and Richard Law were appointed to revise the confused and archaic Connecticut statutes , which they accomplished . Throughout his life , Sherman was a major benefactor of Yale College , acting as the universitys treasurer for many years and promoting construction of a college chapel . Roger Sherman died in 1793 . Constitutional Convention . Roger Sherman was one of the most influential members of the Constitutional Convention . He is not well known for his actions at the Convention because he was a terse , ineloquent speaker who never kept a personal record of his experience , unlike other prominent figures at the convention such as James Madison , and at 66 years of age , Sherman was the second eldest member at the convention following Benjamin Franklin ( who was 81 years old at the time ) . Yet as one of the most active members of the Convention , Sherman made motions or seconds in reference to the Virginia Plan 160 times . His opponent Madison made motions or seconds 177 times . Roger Sherman came into the Convention without the intention of creating a new constitution . Sherman , an original signer of the Articles of Confederation , saw the convention as a means to modify the already existing government . Part of his stance was concerned with the public appeal . He defended amending the articles declaring that it was in the best interest of the people and the most probable way the people would accept changes to a constitution . Sherman saw no reason for a bicameral legislature , as proposed by the Virginia Plan . The problem with the old government was not that it had acted foolishly or threatened anybodys liberties , but that it had simply been unable to enforce its decrees . Sherman further advanced the idea that the national government simply needed a way to raise revenue and regulate commerce . Sherman was a big defender of a unicameral legislature . He defended the unicameral legislature of the Articles of Confederation by stating that the large states had not suffered at the hands of small states on account of the rule of equal voting . Ultimately , when Sherman saw his initial goals of the convention as unattainable he organized compromises and deals in order to enact some of his desirable legislation . Sherman was from a particularly isolationist state – Connecticut operated almost without much need from other states , using its own ports to trade with the West Indies instead of utilizing ports in Boston – and feared that ...the mass of people lacked sufficient wisdom to govern themselves and thus wished no branch of the federal government to be elected directly by the people . Sherman , Elbridge Gerry ( himself later recognized as the namesake of American political gerrymandering ) and others were of the shared opinion that the elected composition of the national government should be reserved for the vote of state officials and not for election by the will of the people . Sherman was wary of allowing ordinary citizen participation in national government and stated that the people should have as little to do as may be about the Government . They want information and are constantly liable to be misled . The two proposed options for the formation of the legislative branch emerged in the deliberations . One was to form a bicameral legislature in which both chambers had representation proportional to the population of the states , which was supported by the Virginia plan . The second was to modify the unicameral legislature that had equal representation from all of the states , which was supported by the New Jersey plan . Roger Sherman was a devout supporter of a unicameral legislature , but when he saw that goal as unattainable he motioned to compromise . In terms of modes of election Sherman moved to allow each state legislature to elect its own senators . Additionally , in the house Sherman originally proposed that the suffrage of the House of Representatives should be figured according to the numbers of free inhabitants in each state . In this plan , designed to be acceptable to both large and small states , the people would be represented proportionally in one branch of the legislature , called the House of Representatives ( the lower legislative house ) . The states would be represented in another house called the Senate ( the upper house ) . In the lower house , each state had a representative for every one delegate . In the upper house , each state was guaranteed two senators , regardless of its size . Sherman is also memorable for his stance against paper money with his authoring of and his later opposition to James Madison over the Bill of Rights amendments to the U.S . Constitution in his belief that these amendments would diminish the role and power of the states over the people . Mr . Wilson & Mr . Sherman moved to insert after the words coin money the words nor emit bills of credit , nor make any thing but gold & silver coin a tender in payment of debts making these prohibitions absolute , instead of making the measures allowable ( as in the XIII art ) with the consent of the Legislature of the U.S . .. . Mr . Sherman thought this a favorable crisis for crushing paper money . If the consent of the Legislature could authorize emissions of it , the friends of paper money would make every exertion to get into the Legislature in order to license it . In terms of the executive Sherman had very little interest in giving the executive much authority . Sherman suggested that no constitutional provision needed be made for the executive because it was nothing more than an institution for carrying the will of the Legislature into effect . Originally opposed to slavery due to his personal beliefs and puritan views , Sherman used the issue of slavery as a tool for negotiation and alliance . Sherman was of the opinion that slavery was already gradually being abolished and the trend was moving southward . Sherman saw that the issue of slavery could be one that threatened the success of the constitutional convention . Therefore , Sherman decided to help pass legislation to benefit slave states in order to obtain unlikely allies from South Carolina . The two forces joined together because they both , due to the economies of their home states , benefitted from there being no export tax . Sherman opposed appointment of fellow signer Gouverneur Morris as minister to France because he considered that high-living Patriot to be of an irreligious nature . Quotation . In a letter to Oliver Wolcott ( May 21 , 1777 ) he wrote , I think it dangerous to admit citizens not connected to the army to be tried by a Court Martial . Death and burial site . Sherman died in his sleep on July 23 , 1793 , after a two-month illness diagnosed as typhoid fever . The Gazette of the United States ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) , August 17 , 1793 , p . 508 , reported an alternate diagnosis , He was taken ill about the middle of May last , and from that time declined till his death . His physician supposed his disorder to be seated in his liver . He was buried in New Haven Green . In 1821 , when that cemetery was relocated , his remains were moved to the Grove Street Cemetery . Legacy . The town of Sherman , Connecticut was named for Roger Sherman . |
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"Middlesbrough"
] | easy | Which team was coached by Gareth Southgate from Jun 2006 to Oct 2009? | /wiki/Gareth_Southgate#P6087#0 | Gareth Southgate Gareth Southgate ( born 3 September 1970 ) is an English professional football manager and former player who played as a defender or as a midfielder . He is the manager of the England national team . Southgate won the League Cup with both Aston Villa and Middlesbrough ( in 1995–96 and 2003–04 , respectively ) and captained Crystal Palace to win the First Division championship in 1993–94 . He also played in the 2000 FA Cup Final for Villa and the 2006 UEFA Cup Final for Middlesbrough . Internationally , Southgate made 57 appearances for the England national team between 1995 and 2004 , featuring in the 1998 FIFA World Cup and both the 1996 and 2000 European Championships . His playing career ended in May 2006 at the age of 35 , and after more than 500 league appearances . Southgate served as manager of Middlesbrough from June 2006 until October 2009 . He also managed the England under-21 team from 2013 to 2016 , before becoming the England national team manager in 2016 . In his first tournament as England manager , the 2018 FIFA World Cup , Southgate became only the third manager ( after Alf Ramsey and Bobby Robson ) to reach a World Cup semi-final with the England team , which won him the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Coach Award . Club career . Crystal Palace . Born in Watford , Hertfordshire , Southgate began his career at Crystal Palace , playing initially at right-back and then in central midfield . He became captain and led the club to the 1993–94 First Division title . After the South London clubs relegation from the Premier League , he moved to Aston Villa for a fee of £2.5 million , having made 152 appearances over four seasons . His nickname at Palace was Nord , given to him because his precise way of speaking reminded one of the coaches of Denis Nordens vocal delivery . Aston Villa . At Aston Villa , he was converted into a centre-back and was part of a formidable defence . In his first season , he lifted the League Cup and Aston Villa qualified for the UEFA Cup . Southgate played in every Premier League game during the 1998–99 season . He continued to play for Villa in the 1999–2000 season as Villa reached the FA Cup Final , but handed in a transfer request just before Euro 2000 , claiming that if I am to achieve in my career , it is time to move on . Middlesbrough . On 11 July 2001 , Southgate signed for Middlesbrough for a £6.5 million fee . He joined on a four-year deal and was the first signing by Steve McClaren , whom he knew as an England coach . In July 2002 , after Paul Ince left for Wolverhampton Wanderers , Southgate was appointed the new Middlesbrough captain . On 29 February 2004 , he became the first Boro skipper in their 128-year history to lift a trophy , as they defeated Bolton Wanderers in the 2004 Football League Cup Final at the Millennium Stadium . Southgate rejected media rumours that he was set to move to Manchester United following Rio Ferdinands ban for missing a drug test in January 2004 . He later committed his final playing years to Middlesbrough , signing until 2007 . His final appearance as a professional player was in the 2006 UEFA Cup Final against Sevilla , which Boro lost 4–0 at the Philips Stadion in Eindhoven . International career . Southgate made his debut for England as a substitute against Portugal in December 1995 under the management of Terry Venables . Southgate played every minute of their matches as hosts England reached the semi-final of UEFA Euro 1996 , in which they faced Germany . The match was determined in a penalty shoot-out ; Southgates penalty was saved , and England were eliminated . Southgate managed to make light of his blunder later that year by appearing in an advert for Pizza Hut , also featuring Stuart Pearce and Chris Waddle , who had missed crucial penalties at the 1990 FIFA World Cup . Southgate also played in the 1998 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2000 . His 50th cap came in a 1–1 draw with Portugal at Villa Park in September 2002 . On 11 June 2003 , he played the full 90 minutes in a 2–1 Euro 2004 qualifying win over Slovakia at his club ground of the Riverside Stadium , competing against Middlesbroughs striker Szilárd Németh . Southgate was capped 57 times for England and scored twice . His first goal came on 14 October 1998 against Luxembourg in a Euro 2000 qualifier , his second on 22 May 2003 against South Africa in a friendly . He is Aston Villas most capped England player , having played 42 of his 57 internationals whilst with Villa . Managerial career . Middlesbrough . 2006–07 : Controversial appointment . Middlesbrough manager Steve McClaren left the club in June 2006 in order to replace Sven-Göran Eriksson as the manager of the England national team . Despite Martin ONeill initially the favourite for the new vacancy , Southgate was chosen by chairman Steve Gibson to succeed McClaren , committing to a five-year contract . His appointment immediately drew controversy as he did not have the required coaching qualifications ( the UEFA Pro Licence ) to manage a top-flight club . He was allowed to stay on as manager , however , by the Premier League in November 2006 ; Middlesbrough successfully argued that , because Southgate had recently been an international player , he had no opportunity to undertake the coaching courses . Southgate subsequently went on to complete his coaching qualifications . Upon his appointment , Southgate was tasked with rebuilding a side that had sold several players at the end of the previous league campaign , including key players such as Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink and Doriva . His first signing as a manager came on 12 July , when Herold Goulon signed from Lyon for an undisclosed fee . He brought in four defensive additions to the squad , with Julio Arca arriving from local rivals Sunderland , Robert Huth from Chelsea and Jason Euell from Charlton Athletic on permanent deals , whereas Jonathan Woodgate joined on a season-long loan from Real Madrid . After playing eleven games in their pre-season campaign , Southgates managerial reign kicked off on 19 August 2006 , the first day of the Premier League season , where his side lost 3–2 away at Reading . Despite a disappointing start , they redeemed themselves when hosting reigning champions Chelsea at the Riverside Stadium , the game ending in a 2–1 victory . Overall , Middlesbroughs form in Southgates first season in charge was indifferent . Although his side secured some promising victories , they lost away from home to all three newly promoted sides . Furthermore , it took until January for the team to register their first away win of the season , a 3–1 victory at an out-of-form Charlton Athletic , their first away success since April of the previous year . Their highest-scoring victory of the season was a 5–1 win over Bolton Wanderers . Southgates side finished the Premier League season sat in twelfth position . That season also saw the club eliminated from the League Cup at the earliest possibility , after suffering a 1–0 defeat to Notts County in the first round . However , their FA Cup run was much more promising , though they had replay in every round they participated in . They were eventually eliminated by Manchester United in the sixth round of the competition , suffering a 3–2 aggregate loss . Due to every possible match going to replay , Middlesbrough actually played more competition matches than the previous seasons champions Liverpool . 2007–08 : Disappointing second season . Middlesbrough were very active during both transfer windows , with Jonathan Woodgate being the first signing during the summer , arriving from Real Madrid for a £7 million transfer fee ; Woodgate had previously played for the club during the previous league campaign on loan . The club went on to break their personal transfer record , for the first time since 2002 , when Afonso Alves arrived from Heerenveen for €20 million . In December 2007 , Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger suggested Southgate as one of several English managers who were all good enough to manage the national team . Southgate however faced some criticism earlier on that season , after his side suffered a spell in the relegation zone ; Middlesbrough however managed to pull clear of the bottom three . Southgate would go on to guide his side to a thirteenth place finish in the Premier League ; their final game of the league campaign saw them secure a 8–1 victory against Manchester City at home , the clubs highest victory during the Premier Leagues lifetime , and Southgates highest-ever victory in management . 2008–09 : Relegation and dismissal . The pre-season build-up ahead of the 2008–09 season was disappointing for the club . Due to heavy spending during the previous season , the clubs net spending was almost nil . Furthermore , club legend Mark Schwarzer left the club after eleven years , joining Premier League rivals Fulham on the expiration of his contract . Furthermore , key players such as George Boateng and Lee Cattermole also left the club , once again leaving Southgate with a rebuilding challenge to change Middlesbroughs fortunes . Despite the negative events during pre-season , Middlesbrough secured two victories out of a possible three , resulting in Southgate being named the Premier League Manager of the Month for August . This made Southgate the second person , after Stuart Pearce , to achieve both the Player and Manager of the Month awards , whereas he became the first Middlesbrough manager to win the award since Terry Venables in January 2001 . In November 2008 , Southgate took Middlesbrough up to eighth place in the league , following an away win against an in-form Aston Villa , another former playing club of Southgates ; however , Middlesbrough would thereafter go fourteen games without a win , finally defeating Liverpool at home 2–0 on 28 February 2009 to cancel their winless drought . After an away defeat against Stoke City , some of the travelling supporters were calling for his dismissal , having only achieved a single win in eighteen games and relegation survival looking highly unlikely . On 24 March , chairman Steve Gibson spoke out on the managers future , stating that sacking Southgate would not help the situation . Due to results elsewhere , Middlesbroughs status as a Premier League club went down to the final day : they needed relegation rivals Newcastle United and Hull City to lose , with them needing a five-goal swing to the latter in goal difference . Middlesbrough faced West Ham United away from home ; the game ended in a 2–1 defeat , confirming Middlesbroughs relegation to the Championship after eleven consecutive seasons in the top-flight , as a nineteenth-place finish was confirmed . Following their relegation , Southgate expressed his determination to achieve instant promotion back up to the Premier League , praising the supporters and showing his sorrow for them in the process . Middlesbrough enjoyed a successful start to life in the Championship , portraying decent form within the domestic league , and were in contention for an immediate return to the Premier League . However , on 20 October 2009 , shortly after a 2–0 victory over Derby County , Southgate was dismissed as manager , despite the side sat in fourth place and promotion-bound . His dismissal was controversial as he had taken Middlesbrough to within one point of the top position , though chairman Gibson stated that he had made the decision weeks previously in the best interests of the club . He was replaced by Gordon Strachan , who failed to expand Southgates work as promotion contenders . Middlesbrough would have to wait until 2016 to achieve promotion to the Premier League , under the management of Aitor Karanka . England . 2013–16 : Tenure with the under-21s . After four years out of football , Southgate returned to management after he signed a three-year contract to succeed Stuart Pearce as the manager of the England under-21 team on 22 August 2013 . Senior team manager Roy Hodgson had taken charge for the teams 6–0 victory over Scotland in the interim period prior to Southgates appointment . His first game in charge saw The Young Lions defeat Moldova 1–0 in a UEFA European Championship qualification match , thanks to a goal from striker Saido Berahino . Southgate would go on to lead his team to qualify for the finals of the 2015 European Championship in 2015 ; their good fortune could not continue however , as they finished bottom of their narrow-pointed group , therefore being knocked out of the competition . Their only victory during the competition came when Jesse Lingard scored the singular goal in their 1–0 success over Sweden , who would go on to qualify for the competitions knockout phase . In June 2016 , Southgate said that he did not want to fill the England senior team position left vacant by Hodgson . 2016–17 : Promotion to senior team role . Southgate was put in temporary charge of the senior England team on 27 September 2016 , when Sam Allardyce resigned after one game due to the 2016 English football scandal . England were in the early stages of qualifying for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . After winning his first game in charge 2–0 against Malta , under Southgates leadership , England went on to draw 0–0 with Slovenia , beat Scotland 3–0 , and in his last game in temporary charge , drew 2–2 with Spain , despite leading 2–0 and conceding goals in the 89th and 96th minutes . Southgates spell as caretaker manager ended on 15 November , with him appointed on a permanent basis when he penned a four-year contract two weeks later . 2017–18 : Success at the FIFA World Cup . The England team qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup on 5 October 2017 , with a 1–0 home win over Slovenia . The Football Association confirmed in December that Southgate would remain as England manager even if the team did not progress beyond the group stage of the tournament , describing their expectations as realistic and the tournament as a really important staging post for our development . After wins against Tunisia and Panama saw England qualify behind Belgium in their World Cup group , Southgates England side beat Colombia 4–3 on penalties in the round of 16 after a 1–1 draw on 3 July 2018 to claim his nations first ever World Cup penalty shoot-out victory and a place in the quarter-finals . On 7 July 2018 , Southgates England side beat Sweden 2–0 in the quarter-finals , with Southgate becoming the first England manager to reach the semi-finals of the World Cup since Sir Bobby Robson in 1990 . This success bought Southgate significant admiration from England fans . For the semi-final with Croatia , fans dressed up in Waistcoats in tribute to Southgates iconic waistcoat , which he wore during Englands matches : retailer Marks & Spencer reported a 35% increase in sales of waistcoats , and the hashtag WaistcoatWednesday trended on Twitter . A week after the end of the tournament , Southgate tube station in Enfield , London , was renamed to Gareth Southgate for two days in recognition of Southgates achievement . Southgate was also lauded for personal qualities shown in the World Cup , including consoling Mateus Uribe , a Colombian player , whose missed penalty had seen England win . On 11 July 2018 , Southgates England side suffered a 2–1 defeat to Croatia during extra time in the semi-finals . Kieran Trippier opened the scoring for England with a free kick , before a goal from Ivan Perišić sent the tie into extra time . Mario Mandžukić scored the winner for Croatia in the second half of extra time . With England trailing , the match also saw England play the final ten minutes of extra time with ten men as Trippier suffered an injury after Southgate had already made his permitted substitutions . Following a 2–0 defeat to Belgium in the third place play-off , England ended the World Cup in fourth place . Harry Kane , a striker and the England team captain , also won the Golden Boot as the tournaments top goal-scorer . 2018–19 : UEFA Nations League . In 2019 , Southgate managed England to third place in the inaugural UEFA Nations League . They did so after finishing top of a group containing Spain and Croatia . Their 3–2 victory away against the Spanish was their first victory in Spain for 31 years . They lost 3–1 to the Netherlands in the semi-final but then beat Switzerland 6–5 in a penalty shootout after the match finished goalless . It was Englands first third-place finish in a major international tournament since UEFA Euro 1968 . Other roles . In 2003 , Southgate and his close friend Andy Woodman co-wrote Woody & Nord : A Football Friendship . This book describes an enduring friendship forged in the Crystal Palace youth team that has survived Southgate and Woodmans wildly differing fortunes in the professional game . The book won the Sports Book of the Year award for 2004 from the National Sporting Club ( now the British Sports Book Awards ) . Southgate was also a co-commentator for ITV at the 2006 World Cup , covering group games alongside Clive Tyldesley . Due to commitments of managing Middlesbrough , he attended for only the first two weeks of the four-week tournament . He resumed a role as pundit and co-commentator after he finished his tenure at Middlesbrough in 2010 , working on FA Cup and UEFA Champions League matches for ITV as well as acting as a pundit on England games . In January 2011 , Southgate was appointed as the FAs head of elite development , to work with Sir Trevor Brooking . He left the post in July 2012 , and ruled himself out of consideration for the role of technical director , for which he had been a leading candidate . Personal life . Southgate attended Pound Hill Junior School and Hazelwick School in Crawley , West Sussex . He married Alison Bird in July 1997 at the St Nicholas Church in Worth ; the couple have two children . Southgate was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2019 New Year Honours for services to football . In April 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic , Southgate agreed to take a 30% cut in his salary . Career statistics . Club . Source : International . Source : Honours . Player . Crystal Palace - First Division : 1993–94 Aston Villa - Football League Cup : 1995–96 Middlesbrough - Football League Cup : 2003–04 - UEFA Cup runner-up : 2005–06 Individual - Premier League Player of the Month : January 2000 Manager . England - FIFA World Cup fourth place : 2018 - UEFA Nations League third place : 2019 England U21 - Toulon Tournament : 2016 Individual - Premier League Manager of the Month : August 2008 - BBC Sports Personality of the Year Coach Award : 2018 - FWA Tribute Award : 2019 Orders . - Officer of the Order of the British Empire : 2019 External links . - Gareth Southgate profile at the Football Association website - Profile on englandfootballonline |
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] | easy | Which team was coached by Gareth Southgate from Sep 2016 to Sep 2017? | /wiki/Gareth_Southgate#P6087#1 | Gareth Southgate Gareth Southgate ( born 3 September 1970 ) is an English professional football manager and former player who played as a defender or as a midfielder . He is the manager of the England national team . Southgate won the League Cup with both Aston Villa and Middlesbrough ( in 1995–96 and 2003–04 , respectively ) and captained Crystal Palace to win the First Division championship in 1993–94 . He also played in the 2000 FA Cup Final for Villa and the 2006 UEFA Cup Final for Middlesbrough . Internationally , Southgate made 57 appearances for the England national team between 1995 and 2004 , featuring in the 1998 FIFA World Cup and both the 1996 and 2000 European Championships . His playing career ended in May 2006 at the age of 35 , and after more than 500 league appearances . Southgate served as manager of Middlesbrough from June 2006 until October 2009 . He also managed the England under-21 team from 2013 to 2016 , before becoming the England national team manager in 2016 . In his first tournament as England manager , the 2018 FIFA World Cup , Southgate became only the third manager ( after Alf Ramsey and Bobby Robson ) to reach a World Cup semi-final with the England team , which won him the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Coach Award . Club career . Crystal Palace . Born in Watford , Hertfordshire , Southgate began his career at Crystal Palace , playing initially at right-back and then in central midfield . He became captain and led the club to the 1993–94 First Division title . After the South London clubs relegation from the Premier League , he moved to Aston Villa for a fee of £2.5 million , having made 152 appearances over four seasons . His nickname at Palace was Nord , given to him because his precise way of speaking reminded one of the coaches of Denis Nordens vocal delivery . Aston Villa . At Aston Villa , he was converted into a centre-back and was part of a formidable defence . In his first season , he lifted the League Cup and Aston Villa qualified for the UEFA Cup . Southgate played in every Premier League game during the 1998–99 season . He continued to play for Villa in the 1999–2000 season as Villa reached the FA Cup Final , but handed in a transfer request just before Euro 2000 , claiming that if I am to achieve in my career , it is time to move on . Middlesbrough . On 11 July 2001 , Southgate signed for Middlesbrough for a £6.5 million fee . He joined on a four-year deal and was the first signing by Steve McClaren , whom he knew as an England coach . In July 2002 , after Paul Ince left for Wolverhampton Wanderers , Southgate was appointed the new Middlesbrough captain . On 29 February 2004 , he became the first Boro skipper in their 128-year history to lift a trophy , as they defeated Bolton Wanderers in the 2004 Football League Cup Final at the Millennium Stadium . Southgate rejected media rumours that he was set to move to Manchester United following Rio Ferdinands ban for missing a drug test in January 2004 . He later committed his final playing years to Middlesbrough , signing until 2007 . His final appearance as a professional player was in the 2006 UEFA Cup Final against Sevilla , which Boro lost 4–0 at the Philips Stadion in Eindhoven . International career . Southgate made his debut for England as a substitute against Portugal in December 1995 under the management of Terry Venables . Southgate played every minute of their matches as hosts England reached the semi-final of UEFA Euro 1996 , in which they faced Germany . The match was determined in a penalty shoot-out ; Southgates penalty was saved , and England were eliminated . Southgate managed to make light of his blunder later that year by appearing in an advert for Pizza Hut , also featuring Stuart Pearce and Chris Waddle , who had missed crucial penalties at the 1990 FIFA World Cup . Southgate also played in the 1998 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2000 . His 50th cap came in a 1–1 draw with Portugal at Villa Park in September 2002 . On 11 June 2003 , he played the full 90 minutes in a 2–1 Euro 2004 qualifying win over Slovakia at his club ground of the Riverside Stadium , competing against Middlesbroughs striker Szilárd Németh . Southgate was capped 57 times for England and scored twice . His first goal came on 14 October 1998 against Luxembourg in a Euro 2000 qualifier , his second on 22 May 2003 against South Africa in a friendly . He is Aston Villas most capped England player , having played 42 of his 57 internationals whilst with Villa . Managerial career . Middlesbrough . 2006–07 : Controversial appointment . Middlesbrough manager Steve McClaren left the club in June 2006 in order to replace Sven-Göran Eriksson as the manager of the England national team . Despite Martin ONeill initially the favourite for the new vacancy , Southgate was chosen by chairman Steve Gibson to succeed McClaren , committing to a five-year contract . His appointment immediately drew controversy as he did not have the required coaching qualifications ( the UEFA Pro Licence ) to manage a top-flight club . He was allowed to stay on as manager , however , by the Premier League in November 2006 ; Middlesbrough successfully argued that , because Southgate had recently been an international player , he had no opportunity to undertake the coaching courses . Southgate subsequently went on to complete his coaching qualifications . Upon his appointment , Southgate was tasked with rebuilding a side that had sold several players at the end of the previous league campaign , including key players such as Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink and Doriva . His first signing as a manager came on 12 July , when Herold Goulon signed from Lyon for an undisclosed fee . He brought in four defensive additions to the squad , with Julio Arca arriving from local rivals Sunderland , Robert Huth from Chelsea and Jason Euell from Charlton Athletic on permanent deals , whereas Jonathan Woodgate joined on a season-long loan from Real Madrid . After playing eleven games in their pre-season campaign , Southgates managerial reign kicked off on 19 August 2006 , the first day of the Premier League season , where his side lost 3–2 away at Reading . Despite a disappointing start , they redeemed themselves when hosting reigning champions Chelsea at the Riverside Stadium , the game ending in a 2–1 victory . Overall , Middlesbroughs form in Southgates first season in charge was indifferent . Although his side secured some promising victories , they lost away from home to all three newly promoted sides . Furthermore , it took until January for the team to register their first away win of the season , a 3–1 victory at an out-of-form Charlton Athletic , their first away success since April of the previous year . Their highest-scoring victory of the season was a 5–1 win over Bolton Wanderers . Southgates side finished the Premier League season sat in twelfth position . That season also saw the club eliminated from the League Cup at the earliest possibility , after suffering a 1–0 defeat to Notts County in the first round . However , their FA Cup run was much more promising , though they had replay in every round they participated in . They were eventually eliminated by Manchester United in the sixth round of the competition , suffering a 3–2 aggregate loss . Due to every possible match going to replay , Middlesbrough actually played more competition matches than the previous seasons champions Liverpool . 2007–08 : Disappointing second season . Middlesbrough were very active during both transfer windows , with Jonathan Woodgate being the first signing during the summer , arriving from Real Madrid for a £7 million transfer fee ; Woodgate had previously played for the club during the previous league campaign on loan . The club went on to break their personal transfer record , for the first time since 2002 , when Afonso Alves arrived from Heerenveen for €20 million . In December 2007 , Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger suggested Southgate as one of several English managers who were all good enough to manage the national team . Southgate however faced some criticism earlier on that season , after his side suffered a spell in the relegation zone ; Middlesbrough however managed to pull clear of the bottom three . Southgate would go on to guide his side to a thirteenth place finish in the Premier League ; their final game of the league campaign saw them secure a 8–1 victory against Manchester City at home , the clubs highest victory during the Premier Leagues lifetime , and Southgates highest-ever victory in management . 2008–09 : Relegation and dismissal . The pre-season build-up ahead of the 2008–09 season was disappointing for the club . Due to heavy spending during the previous season , the clubs net spending was almost nil . Furthermore , club legend Mark Schwarzer left the club after eleven years , joining Premier League rivals Fulham on the expiration of his contract . Furthermore , key players such as George Boateng and Lee Cattermole also left the club , once again leaving Southgate with a rebuilding challenge to change Middlesbroughs fortunes . Despite the negative events during pre-season , Middlesbrough secured two victories out of a possible three , resulting in Southgate being named the Premier League Manager of the Month for August . This made Southgate the second person , after Stuart Pearce , to achieve both the Player and Manager of the Month awards , whereas he became the first Middlesbrough manager to win the award since Terry Venables in January 2001 . In November 2008 , Southgate took Middlesbrough up to eighth place in the league , following an away win against an in-form Aston Villa , another former playing club of Southgates ; however , Middlesbrough would thereafter go fourteen games without a win , finally defeating Liverpool at home 2–0 on 28 February 2009 to cancel their winless drought . After an away defeat against Stoke City , some of the travelling supporters were calling for his dismissal , having only achieved a single win in eighteen games and relegation survival looking highly unlikely . On 24 March , chairman Steve Gibson spoke out on the managers future , stating that sacking Southgate would not help the situation . Due to results elsewhere , Middlesbroughs status as a Premier League club went down to the final day : they needed relegation rivals Newcastle United and Hull City to lose , with them needing a five-goal swing to the latter in goal difference . Middlesbrough faced West Ham United away from home ; the game ended in a 2–1 defeat , confirming Middlesbroughs relegation to the Championship after eleven consecutive seasons in the top-flight , as a nineteenth-place finish was confirmed . Following their relegation , Southgate expressed his determination to achieve instant promotion back up to the Premier League , praising the supporters and showing his sorrow for them in the process . Middlesbrough enjoyed a successful start to life in the Championship , portraying decent form within the domestic league , and were in contention for an immediate return to the Premier League . However , on 20 October 2009 , shortly after a 2–0 victory over Derby County , Southgate was dismissed as manager , despite the side sat in fourth place and promotion-bound . His dismissal was controversial as he had taken Middlesbrough to within one point of the top position , though chairman Gibson stated that he had made the decision weeks previously in the best interests of the club . He was replaced by Gordon Strachan , who failed to expand Southgates work as promotion contenders . Middlesbrough would have to wait until 2016 to achieve promotion to the Premier League , under the management of Aitor Karanka . England . 2013–16 : Tenure with the under-21s . After four years out of football , Southgate returned to management after he signed a three-year contract to succeed Stuart Pearce as the manager of the England under-21 team on 22 August 2013 . Senior team manager Roy Hodgson had taken charge for the teams 6–0 victory over Scotland in the interim period prior to Southgates appointment . His first game in charge saw The Young Lions defeat Moldova 1–0 in a UEFA European Championship qualification match , thanks to a goal from striker Saido Berahino . Southgate would go on to lead his team to qualify for the finals of the 2015 European Championship in 2015 ; their good fortune could not continue however , as they finished bottom of their narrow-pointed group , therefore being knocked out of the competition . Their only victory during the competition came when Jesse Lingard scored the singular goal in their 1–0 success over Sweden , who would go on to qualify for the competitions knockout phase . In June 2016 , Southgate said that he did not want to fill the England senior team position left vacant by Hodgson . 2016–17 : Promotion to senior team role . Southgate was put in temporary charge of the senior England team on 27 September 2016 , when Sam Allardyce resigned after one game due to the 2016 English football scandal . England were in the early stages of qualifying for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . After winning his first game in charge 2–0 against Malta , under Southgates leadership , England went on to draw 0–0 with Slovenia , beat Scotland 3–0 , and in his last game in temporary charge , drew 2–2 with Spain , despite leading 2–0 and conceding goals in the 89th and 96th minutes . Southgates spell as caretaker manager ended on 15 November , with him appointed on a permanent basis when he penned a four-year contract two weeks later . 2017–18 : Success at the FIFA World Cup . The England team qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup on 5 October 2017 , with a 1–0 home win over Slovenia . The Football Association confirmed in December that Southgate would remain as England manager even if the team did not progress beyond the group stage of the tournament , describing their expectations as realistic and the tournament as a really important staging post for our development . After wins against Tunisia and Panama saw England qualify behind Belgium in their World Cup group , Southgates England side beat Colombia 4–3 on penalties in the round of 16 after a 1–1 draw on 3 July 2018 to claim his nations first ever World Cup penalty shoot-out victory and a place in the quarter-finals . On 7 July 2018 , Southgates England side beat Sweden 2–0 in the quarter-finals , with Southgate becoming the first England manager to reach the semi-finals of the World Cup since Sir Bobby Robson in 1990 . This success bought Southgate significant admiration from England fans . For the semi-final with Croatia , fans dressed up in Waistcoats in tribute to Southgates iconic waistcoat , which he wore during Englands matches : retailer Marks & Spencer reported a 35% increase in sales of waistcoats , and the hashtag WaistcoatWednesday trended on Twitter . A week after the end of the tournament , Southgate tube station in Enfield , London , was renamed to Gareth Southgate for two days in recognition of Southgates achievement . Southgate was also lauded for personal qualities shown in the World Cup , including consoling Mateus Uribe , a Colombian player , whose missed penalty had seen England win . On 11 July 2018 , Southgates England side suffered a 2–1 defeat to Croatia during extra time in the semi-finals . Kieran Trippier opened the scoring for England with a free kick , before a goal from Ivan Perišić sent the tie into extra time . Mario Mandžukić scored the winner for Croatia in the second half of extra time . With England trailing , the match also saw England play the final ten minutes of extra time with ten men as Trippier suffered an injury after Southgate had already made his permitted substitutions . Following a 2–0 defeat to Belgium in the third place play-off , England ended the World Cup in fourth place . Harry Kane , a striker and the England team captain , also won the Golden Boot as the tournaments top goal-scorer . 2018–19 : UEFA Nations League . In 2019 , Southgate managed England to third place in the inaugural UEFA Nations League . They did so after finishing top of a group containing Spain and Croatia . Their 3–2 victory away against the Spanish was their first victory in Spain for 31 years . They lost 3–1 to the Netherlands in the semi-final but then beat Switzerland 6–5 in a penalty shootout after the match finished goalless . It was Englands first third-place finish in a major international tournament since UEFA Euro 1968 . Other roles . In 2003 , Southgate and his close friend Andy Woodman co-wrote Woody & Nord : A Football Friendship . This book describes an enduring friendship forged in the Crystal Palace youth team that has survived Southgate and Woodmans wildly differing fortunes in the professional game . The book won the Sports Book of the Year award for 2004 from the National Sporting Club ( now the British Sports Book Awards ) . Southgate was also a co-commentator for ITV at the 2006 World Cup , covering group games alongside Clive Tyldesley . Due to commitments of managing Middlesbrough , he attended for only the first two weeks of the four-week tournament . He resumed a role as pundit and co-commentator after he finished his tenure at Middlesbrough in 2010 , working on FA Cup and UEFA Champions League matches for ITV as well as acting as a pundit on England games . In January 2011 , Southgate was appointed as the FAs head of elite development , to work with Sir Trevor Brooking . He left the post in July 2012 , and ruled himself out of consideration for the role of technical director , for which he had been a leading candidate . Personal life . Southgate attended Pound Hill Junior School and Hazelwick School in Crawley , West Sussex . He married Alison Bird in July 1997 at the St Nicholas Church in Worth ; the couple have two children . Southgate was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2019 New Year Honours for services to football . In April 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic , Southgate agreed to take a 30% cut in his salary . Career statistics . Club . Source : International . Source : Honours . Player . Crystal Palace - First Division : 1993–94 Aston Villa - Football League Cup : 1995–96 Middlesbrough - Football League Cup : 2003–04 - UEFA Cup runner-up : 2005–06 Individual - Premier League Player of the Month : January 2000 Manager . England - FIFA World Cup fourth place : 2018 - UEFA Nations League third place : 2019 England U21 - Toulon Tournament : 2016 Individual - Premier League Manager of the Month : August 2008 - BBC Sports Personality of the Year Coach Award : 2018 - FWA Tribute Award : 2019 Orders . - Officer of the Order of the British Empire : 2019 External links . - Gareth Southgate profile at the Football Association website - Profile on englandfootballonline |
[
"FC Portos"
] | easy | Josué Pesqueira played for which team from 2009 to 2010? | /wiki/Josué_Pesqueira#P54#0 | Josué Pesqueira Josué Filipe Soares Pesqueira ( born 17 September 1990 ) , known simply as Josué , is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Israeli club Hapoel Beer Sheva F.C . as an attacking midfielder . He spent most of his career attached to Porto , though was often loaned out , and also represented Paços de Ferreira and Braga in the Primeira Liga . Abroad , he played four four clubs in Turkeys Süper Lig , among them Bursaspor and Galatasaray . Josué made his full debut for Portugal in 2013 . Club career . Early years and Paços . Born in Valongo , Porto District , Josué joined FC Portos youth system at the age of nine . He spent his first two seasons as a senior on loan , both in Portugal and abroad , representing successively S.C . Covilhã , F.C . Penafiel ( both in the Segunda Liga ) and VVV-Venlo ( Netherlands ) . In summer 2011 , Josué was released by Porto with only two official appearances to his credit , both in the Taça da Liga , and signed with F.C . Paços de Ferreira . He made his Primeira Liga debut on 17 September , playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 away loss against C.D . Nacional . In his second year he contributed 23 league appearances – 18 starts – as the club finished a best-ever third and qualified to the UEFA Champions League , and was chosen as Best Young Player in the competition in the process . Return to Porto . Josué agreed on a return to former side Porto on 29 May 2013 , penning a four-year contract and moving alongside manager Paulo Fonseca . On 10 August he won his first club honour , coming on as a substitute in a 3–0 win over Vitória de Guimarães in the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira , and scored his first goal for his new team a week later starting and netting through a penalty kick in a 3–1 victory at Vitória de Setúbal . Deemed surplus to requirements at Porto as practically all Portuguese players , Josué then spent 18 months on loan at Bursaspor . He made his Süper Lig debut on 30 August 2014 , coming on as a late substitute in a 0–2 home loss to Galatasaray SK , and helped the team to the final of the Turkish Cup , notably contributing with a brace to a 3–2 away defeat of Samsunspor in the group phase on 24 December 2014 . On 26 January 2016 , he returned to his homeland and was loaned to S.C . Braga for the rest of the campaign , netting against his parent club in the decisive match of the Taça de Portugal that was won in a penalty shootout for their first such title in half a century . On 23 August 2016 , Josué returned to Turkey , joining Galatasaray on a season-long loan . He scored his first goal for the Istanbul-based team on 25 December , closing a 5–1 home win against Alanyaspor six minutes after replacing Eren Derdiyok . Later career . Josué left Porto in August 2017 , signing a two-year contract at Osmanlıspor again in Turkeys top flight . He was released in December , and resumed his career the following July with a deal of the same length at Akhisarspor . His side finished runners-up in the Turkish Cup to former club Galatasaray , with him scoring in both legs of a 5–2 aggregate victory over Kasımpaşa S.K . in the quarter-finals . Nonetheless , Akhisarspor were relegated , and he severed his ties to the organisation in June 2019 . In September 2019 , Josué signed for Hapoel Beer Sheva F.C . of the Israeli Premier League for two years , joining compatriot Miguel Vítor . Later joined by David Simão , they won the State Cup in his first season , with him scoring in the semi-finals against Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv F.C . on 10 June and the 2–0 final win over Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C . on 13 July . Josué and Vítor halved their salaries in May 2020 to stay in Israel for another year . Ten months later , he extended his stay for one more season . International career . Josué won 26 caps for Portugal all youth categories comprised , including 17 for the under-21 team . He made his debut with the full side on 11 October 2013 , playing 21 minutes in a 1–1 home draw with Israel for the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers . In the second leg of the play-offs against Sweden on 19 November , Josué ( who was not used in the game ) extended his middle finger towards the opposing fans , while celebrating his countrys qualification to the World Cup after the final whistle . Honours . Club . Porto - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2013 Braga - Taça de Portugal : 2015–16 Hapoel Beer Sheva - Israel State Cup : 2019–20 Individual . - Primeira Liga Breakthrough Player of the Year : 2012–13 - SJPF Young Player of the Month : February 2013 External links . - National team data |
[
"VVV-Venlo"
] | easy | Which team did the player Josué Pesqueira belong to from 2010 to 2011? | /wiki/Josué_Pesqueira#P54#1 | Josué Pesqueira Josué Filipe Soares Pesqueira ( born 17 September 1990 ) , known simply as Josué , is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Israeli club Hapoel Beer Sheva F.C . as an attacking midfielder . He spent most of his career attached to Porto , though was often loaned out , and also represented Paços de Ferreira and Braga in the Primeira Liga . Abroad , he played four four clubs in Turkeys Süper Lig , among them Bursaspor and Galatasaray . Josué made his full debut for Portugal in 2013 . Club career . Early years and Paços . Born in Valongo , Porto District , Josué joined FC Portos youth system at the age of nine . He spent his first two seasons as a senior on loan , both in Portugal and abroad , representing successively S.C . Covilhã , F.C . Penafiel ( both in the Segunda Liga ) and VVV-Venlo ( Netherlands ) . In summer 2011 , Josué was released by Porto with only two official appearances to his credit , both in the Taça da Liga , and signed with F.C . Paços de Ferreira . He made his Primeira Liga debut on 17 September , playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 away loss against C.D . Nacional . In his second year he contributed 23 league appearances – 18 starts – as the club finished a best-ever third and qualified to the UEFA Champions League , and was chosen as Best Young Player in the competition in the process . Return to Porto . Josué agreed on a return to former side Porto on 29 May 2013 , penning a four-year contract and moving alongside manager Paulo Fonseca . On 10 August he won his first club honour , coming on as a substitute in a 3–0 win over Vitória de Guimarães in the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira , and scored his first goal for his new team a week later starting and netting through a penalty kick in a 3–1 victory at Vitória de Setúbal . Deemed surplus to requirements at Porto as practically all Portuguese players , Josué then spent 18 months on loan at Bursaspor . He made his Süper Lig debut on 30 August 2014 , coming on as a late substitute in a 0–2 home loss to Galatasaray SK , and helped the team to the final of the Turkish Cup , notably contributing with a brace to a 3–2 away defeat of Samsunspor in the group phase on 24 December 2014 . On 26 January 2016 , he returned to his homeland and was loaned to S.C . Braga for the rest of the campaign , netting against his parent club in the decisive match of the Taça de Portugal that was won in a penalty shootout for their first such title in half a century . On 23 August 2016 , Josué returned to Turkey , joining Galatasaray on a season-long loan . He scored his first goal for the Istanbul-based team on 25 December , closing a 5–1 home win against Alanyaspor six minutes after replacing Eren Derdiyok . Later career . Josué left Porto in August 2017 , signing a two-year contract at Osmanlıspor again in Turkeys top flight . He was released in December , and resumed his career the following July with a deal of the same length at Akhisarspor . His side finished runners-up in the Turkish Cup to former club Galatasaray , with him scoring in both legs of a 5–2 aggregate victory over Kasımpaşa S.K . in the quarter-finals . Nonetheless , Akhisarspor were relegated , and he severed his ties to the organisation in June 2019 . In September 2019 , Josué signed for Hapoel Beer Sheva F.C . of the Israeli Premier League for two years , joining compatriot Miguel Vítor . Later joined by David Simão , they won the State Cup in his first season , with him scoring in the semi-finals against Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv F.C . on 10 June and the 2–0 final win over Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C . on 13 July . Josué and Vítor halved their salaries in May 2020 to stay in Israel for another year . Ten months later , he extended his stay for one more season . International career . Josué won 26 caps for Portugal all youth categories comprised , including 17 for the under-21 team . He made his debut with the full side on 11 October 2013 , playing 21 minutes in a 1–1 home draw with Israel for the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers . In the second leg of the play-offs against Sweden on 19 November , Josué ( who was not used in the game ) extended his middle finger towards the opposing fans , while celebrating his countrys qualification to the World Cup after the final whistle . Honours . Club . Porto - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2013 Braga - Taça de Portugal : 2015–16 Hapoel Beer Sheva - Israel State Cup : 2019–20 Individual . - Primeira Liga Breakthrough Player of the Year : 2012–13 - SJPF Young Player of the Month : February 2013 External links . - National team data |
[
"F.C . Paços de Ferreira"
] | easy | Which team did the player Josué Pesqueira belong to from 2011 to 2013? | /wiki/Josué_Pesqueira#P54#2 | Josué Pesqueira Josué Filipe Soares Pesqueira ( born 17 September 1990 ) , known simply as Josué , is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Israeli club Hapoel Beer Sheva F.C . as an attacking midfielder . He spent most of his career attached to Porto , though was often loaned out , and also represented Paços de Ferreira and Braga in the Primeira Liga . Abroad , he played four four clubs in Turkeys Süper Lig , among them Bursaspor and Galatasaray . Josué made his full debut for Portugal in 2013 . Club career . Early years and Paços . Born in Valongo , Porto District , Josué joined FC Portos youth system at the age of nine . He spent his first two seasons as a senior on loan , both in Portugal and abroad , representing successively S.C . Covilhã , F.C . Penafiel ( both in the Segunda Liga ) and VVV-Venlo ( Netherlands ) . In summer 2011 , Josué was released by Porto with only two official appearances to his credit , both in the Taça da Liga , and signed with F.C . Paços de Ferreira . He made his Primeira Liga debut on 17 September , playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 away loss against C.D . Nacional . In his second year he contributed 23 league appearances – 18 starts – as the club finished a best-ever third and qualified to the UEFA Champions League , and was chosen as Best Young Player in the competition in the process . Return to Porto . Josué agreed on a return to former side Porto on 29 May 2013 , penning a four-year contract and moving alongside manager Paulo Fonseca . On 10 August he won his first club honour , coming on as a substitute in a 3–0 win over Vitória de Guimarães in the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira , and scored his first goal for his new team a week later starting and netting through a penalty kick in a 3–1 victory at Vitória de Setúbal . Deemed surplus to requirements at Porto as practically all Portuguese players , Josué then spent 18 months on loan at Bursaspor . He made his Süper Lig debut on 30 August 2014 , coming on as a late substitute in a 0–2 home loss to Galatasaray SK , and helped the team to the final of the Turkish Cup , notably contributing with a brace to a 3–2 away defeat of Samsunspor in the group phase on 24 December 2014 . On 26 January 2016 , he returned to his homeland and was loaned to S.C . Braga for the rest of the campaign , netting against his parent club in the decisive match of the Taça de Portugal that was won in a penalty shootout for their first such title in half a century . On 23 August 2016 , Josué returned to Turkey , joining Galatasaray on a season-long loan . He scored his first goal for the Istanbul-based team on 25 December , closing a 5–1 home win against Alanyaspor six minutes after replacing Eren Derdiyok . Later career . Josué left Porto in August 2017 , signing a two-year contract at Osmanlıspor again in Turkeys top flight . He was released in December , and resumed his career the following July with a deal of the same length at Akhisarspor . His side finished runners-up in the Turkish Cup to former club Galatasaray , with him scoring in both legs of a 5–2 aggregate victory over Kasımpaşa S.K . in the quarter-finals . Nonetheless , Akhisarspor were relegated , and he severed his ties to the organisation in June 2019 . In September 2019 , Josué signed for Hapoel Beer Sheva F.C . of the Israeli Premier League for two years , joining compatriot Miguel Vítor . Later joined by David Simão , they won the State Cup in his first season , with him scoring in the semi-finals against Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv F.C . on 10 June and the 2–0 final win over Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C . on 13 July . Josué and Vítor halved their salaries in May 2020 to stay in Israel for another year . Ten months later , he extended his stay for one more season . International career . Josué won 26 caps for Portugal all youth categories comprised , including 17 for the under-21 team . He made his debut with the full side on 11 October 2013 , playing 21 minutes in a 1–1 home draw with Israel for the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers . In the second leg of the play-offs against Sweden on 19 November , Josué ( who was not used in the game ) extended his middle finger towards the opposing fans , while celebrating his countrys qualification to the World Cup after the final whistle . Honours . Club . Porto - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2013 Braga - Taça de Portugal : 2015–16 Hapoel Beer Sheva - Israel State Cup : 2019–20 Individual . - Primeira Liga Breakthrough Player of the Year : 2012–13 - SJPF Young Player of the Month : February 2013 External links . - National team data |
[
"Porto"
] | easy | Josué Pesqueira played for which team from 2013 to 2014? | /wiki/Josué_Pesqueira#P54#3 | Josué Pesqueira Josué Filipe Soares Pesqueira ( born 17 September 1990 ) , known simply as Josué , is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Israeli club Hapoel Beer Sheva F.C . as an attacking midfielder . He spent most of his career attached to Porto , though was often loaned out , and also represented Paços de Ferreira and Braga in the Primeira Liga . Abroad , he played four four clubs in Turkeys Süper Lig , among them Bursaspor and Galatasaray . Josué made his full debut for Portugal in 2013 . Club career . Early years and Paços . Born in Valongo , Porto District , Josué joined FC Portos youth system at the age of nine . He spent his first two seasons as a senior on loan , both in Portugal and abroad , representing successively S.C . Covilhã , F.C . Penafiel ( both in the Segunda Liga ) and VVV-Venlo ( Netherlands ) . In summer 2011 , Josué was released by Porto with only two official appearances to his credit , both in the Taça da Liga , and signed with F.C . Paços de Ferreira . He made his Primeira Liga debut on 17 September , playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 away loss against C.D . Nacional . In his second year he contributed 23 league appearances – 18 starts – as the club finished a best-ever third and qualified to the UEFA Champions League , and was chosen as Best Young Player in the competition in the process . Return to Porto . Josué agreed on a return to former side Porto on 29 May 2013 , penning a four-year contract and moving alongside manager Paulo Fonseca . On 10 August he won his first club honour , coming on as a substitute in a 3–0 win over Vitória de Guimarães in the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira , and scored his first goal for his new team a week later starting and netting through a penalty kick in a 3–1 victory at Vitória de Setúbal . Deemed surplus to requirements at Porto as practically all Portuguese players , Josué then spent 18 months on loan at Bursaspor . He made his Süper Lig debut on 30 August 2014 , coming on as a late substitute in a 0–2 home loss to Galatasaray SK , and helped the team to the final of the Turkish Cup , notably contributing with a brace to a 3–2 away defeat of Samsunspor in the group phase on 24 December 2014 . On 26 January 2016 , he returned to his homeland and was loaned to S.C . Braga for the rest of the campaign , netting against his parent club in the decisive match of the Taça de Portugal that was won in a penalty shootout for their first such title in half a century . On 23 August 2016 , Josué returned to Turkey , joining Galatasaray on a season-long loan . He scored his first goal for the Istanbul-based team on 25 December , closing a 5–1 home win against Alanyaspor six minutes after replacing Eren Derdiyok . Later career . Josué left Porto in August 2017 , signing a two-year contract at Osmanlıspor again in Turkeys top flight . He was released in December , and resumed his career the following July with a deal of the same length at Akhisarspor . His side finished runners-up in the Turkish Cup to former club Galatasaray , with him scoring in both legs of a 5–2 aggregate victory over Kasımpaşa S.K . in the quarter-finals . Nonetheless , Akhisarspor were relegated , and he severed his ties to the organisation in June 2019 . In September 2019 , Josué signed for Hapoel Beer Sheva F.C . of the Israeli Premier League for two years , joining compatriot Miguel Vítor . Later joined by David Simão , they won the State Cup in his first season , with him scoring in the semi-finals against Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv F.C . on 10 June and the 2–0 final win over Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C . on 13 July . Josué and Vítor halved their salaries in May 2020 to stay in Israel for another year . Ten months later , he extended his stay for one more season . International career . Josué won 26 caps for Portugal all youth categories comprised , including 17 for the under-21 team . He made his debut with the full side on 11 October 2013 , playing 21 minutes in a 1–1 home draw with Israel for the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers . In the second leg of the play-offs against Sweden on 19 November , Josué ( who was not used in the game ) extended his middle finger towards the opposing fans , while celebrating his countrys qualification to the World Cup after the final whistle . Honours . Club . Porto - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2013 Braga - Taça de Portugal : 2015–16 Hapoel Beer Sheva - Israel State Cup : 2019–20 Individual . - Primeira Liga Breakthrough Player of the Year : 2012–13 - SJPF Young Player of the Month : February 2013 External links . - National team data |
[
"Bursaspor"
] | easy | Josué Pesqueira played for which team from 2014 to 2016? | /wiki/Josué_Pesqueira#P54#4 | Josué Pesqueira Josué Filipe Soares Pesqueira ( born 17 September 1990 ) , known simply as Josué , is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Israeli club Hapoel Beer Sheva F.C . as an attacking midfielder . He spent most of his career attached to Porto , though was often loaned out , and also represented Paços de Ferreira and Braga in the Primeira Liga . Abroad , he played four four clubs in Turkeys Süper Lig , among them Bursaspor and Galatasaray . Josué made his full debut for Portugal in 2013 . Club career . Early years and Paços . Born in Valongo , Porto District , Josué joined FC Portos youth system at the age of nine . He spent his first two seasons as a senior on loan , both in Portugal and abroad , representing successively S.C . Covilhã , F.C . Penafiel ( both in the Segunda Liga ) and VVV-Venlo ( Netherlands ) . In summer 2011 , Josué was released by Porto with only two official appearances to his credit , both in the Taça da Liga , and signed with F.C . Paços de Ferreira . He made his Primeira Liga debut on 17 September , playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 away loss against C.D . Nacional . In his second year he contributed 23 league appearances – 18 starts – as the club finished a best-ever third and qualified to the UEFA Champions League , and was chosen as Best Young Player in the competition in the process . Return to Porto . Josué agreed on a return to former side Porto on 29 May 2013 , penning a four-year contract and moving alongside manager Paulo Fonseca . On 10 August he won his first club honour , coming on as a substitute in a 3–0 win over Vitória de Guimarães in the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira , and scored his first goal for his new team a week later starting and netting through a penalty kick in a 3–1 victory at Vitória de Setúbal . Deemed surplus to requirements at Porto as practically all Portuguese players , Josué then spent 18 months on loan at Bursaspor . He made his Süper Lig debut on 30 August 2014 , coming on as a late substitute in a 0–2 home loss to Galatasaray SK , and helped the team to the final of the Turkish Cup , notably contributing with a brace to a 3–2 away defeat of Samsunspor in the group phase on 24 December 2014 . On 26 January 2016 , he returned to his homeland and was loaned to S.C . Braga for the rest of the campaign , netting against his parent club in the decisive match of the Taça de Portugal that was won in a penalty shootout for their first such title in half a century . On 23 August 2016 , Josué returned to Turkey , joining Galatasaray on a season-long loan . He scored his first goal for the Istanbul-based team on 25 December , closing a 5–1 home win against Alanyaspor six minutes after replacing Eren Derdiyok . Later career . Josué left Porto in August 2017 , signing a two-year contract at Osmanlıspor again in Turkeys top flight . He was released in December , and resumed his career the following July with a deal of the same length at Akhisarspor . His side finished runners-up in the Turkish Cup to former club Galatasaray , with him scoring in both legs of a 5–2 aggregate victory over Kasımpaşa S.K . in the quarter-finals . Nonetheless , Akhisarspor were relegated , and he severed his ties to the organisation in June 2019 . In September 2019 , Josué signed for Hapoel Beer Sheva F.C . of the Israeli Premier League for two years , joining compatriot Miguel Vítor . Later joined by David Simão , they won the State Cup in his first season , with him scoring in the semi-finals against Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv F.C . on 10 June and the 2–0 final win over Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C . on 13 July . Josué and Vítor halved their salaries in May 2020 to stay in Israel for another year . Ten months later , he extended his stay for one more season . International career . Josué won 26 caps for Portugal all youth categories comprised , including 17 for the under-21 team . He made his debut with the full side on 11 October 2013 , playing 21 minutes in a 1–1 home draw with Israel for the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers . In the second leg of the play-offs against Sweden on 19 November , Josué ( who was not used in the game ) extended his middle finger towards the opposing fans , while celebrating his countrys qualification to the World Cup after the final whistle . Honours . Club . Porto - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2013 Braga - Taça de Portugal : 2015–16 Hapoel Beer Sheva - Israel State Cup : 2019–20 Individual . - Primeira Liga Breakthrough Player of the Year : 2012–13 - SJPF Young Player of the Month : February 2013 External links . - National team data |
[
"Galatasaray"
] | easy | Which team did Josué Pesqueira play for from 2016 to 2017? | /wiki/Josué_Pesqueira#P54#5 | Josué Pesqueira Josué Filipe Soares Pesqueira ( born 17 September 1990 ) , known simply as Josué , is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Israeli club Hapoel Beer Sheva F.C . as an attacking midfielder . He spent most of his career attached to Porto , though was often loaned out , and also represented Paços de Ferreira and Braga in the Primeira Liga . Abroad , he played four four clubs in Turkeys Süper Lig , among them Bursaspor and Galatasaray . Josué made his full debut for Portugal in 2013 . Club career . Early years and Paços . Born in Valongo , Porto District , Josué joined FC Portos youth system at the age of nine . He spent his first two seasons as a senior on loan , both in Portugal and abroad , representing successively S.C . Covilhã , F.C . Penafiel ( both in the Segunda Liga ) and VVV-Venlo ( Netherlands ) . In summer 2011 , Josué was released by Porto with only two official appearances to his credit , both in the Taça da Liga , and signed with F.C . Paços de Ferreira . He made his Primeira Liga debut on 17 September , playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 away loss against C.D . Nacional . In his second year he contributed 23 league appearances – 18 starts – as the club finished a best-ever third and qualified to the UEFA Champions League , and was chosen as Best Young Player in the competition in the process . Return to Porto . Josué agreed on a return to former side Porto on 29 May 2013 , penning a four-year contract and moving alongside manager Paulo Fonseca . On 10 August he won his first club honour , coming on as a substitute in a 3–0 win over Vitória de Guimarães in the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira , and scored his first goal for his new team a week later starting and netting through a penalty kick in a 3–1 victory at Vitória de Setúbal . Deemed surplus to requirements at Porto as practically all Portuguese players , Josué then spent 18 months on loan at Bursaspor . He made his Süper Lig debut on 30 August 2014 , coming on as a late substitute in a 0–2 home loss to Galatasaray SK , and helped the team to the final of the Turkish Cup , notably contributing with a brace to a 3–2 away defeat of Samsunspor in the group phase on 24 December 2014 . On 26 January 2016 , he returned to his homeland and was loaned to S.C . Braga for the rest of the campaign , netting against his parent club in the decisive match of the Taça de Portugal that was won in a penalty shootout for their first such title in half a century . On 23 August 2016 , Josué returned to Turkey , joining Galatasaray on a season-long loan . He scored his first goal for the Istanbul-based team on 25 December , closing a 5–1 home win against Alanyaspor six minutes after replacing Eren Derdiyok . Later career . Josué left Porto in August 2017 , signing a two-year contract at Osmanlıspor again in Turkeys top flight . He was released in December , and resumed his career the following July with a deal of the same length at Akhisarspor . His side finished runners-up in the Turkish Cup to former club Galatasaray , with him scoring in both legs of a 5–2 aggregate victory over Kasımpaşa S.K . in the quarter-finals . Nonetheless , Akhisarspor were relegated , and he severed his ties to the organisation in June 2019 . In September 2019 , Josué signed for Hapoel Beer Sheva F.C . of the Israeli Premier League for two years , joining compatriot Miguel Vítor . Later joined by David Simão , they won the State Cup in his first season , with him scoring in the semi-finals against Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv F.C . on 10 June and the 2–0 final win over Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C . on 13 July . Josué and Vítor halved their salaries in May 2020 to stay in Israel for another year . Ten months later , he extended his stay for one more season . International career . Josué won 26 caps for Portugal all youth categories comprised , including 17 for the under-21 team . He made his debut with the full side on 11 October 2013 , playing 21 minutes in a 1–1 home draw with Israel for the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers . In the second leg of the play-offs against Sweden on 19 November , Josué ( who was not used in the game ) extended his middle finger towards the opposing fans , while celebrating his countrys qualification to the World Cup after the final whistle . Honours . Club . Porto - Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2013 Braga - Taça de Portugal : 2015–16 Hapoel Beer Sheva - Israel State Cup : 2019–20 Individual . - Primeira Liga Breakthrough Player of the Year : 2012–13 - SJPF Young Player of the Month : February 2013 External links . - National team data |
[
"member of the Landtag of Brandenburg"
] | easy | What was the position of Matthias Platzeck from 1990 to 2002? | /wiki/Matthias_Platzeck#P39#0 | Matthias Platzeck Matthias Platzeck ( born 29 December 1953 ) is a German politician . He was Minister President of Brandenburg from 2002 to 2013 and party chairman of the SPD from November 2005 to April 2006 . On 29 July 2013 Platzeck announced his resignation from his office in August for health reasons . Early life and education . Platzeck was born in Potsdam , the son of a physician and a medical-technical assistant . After attending Polytechnic Secondary School in Potsdam from 1960 to 1966 , he went through Extended Secondary School in Kleinmachnow . Following his Abitur in 1972 and military service he studied biomedical cybernetics at the Technische Universität Ilmenau from 1974 onward . After his diploma in 1979 , Platzeck worked at the institute for hygiene in Karl-Marx-Stadt ( today Chemnitz ) in 1979–1980 and the general hospital in Bad Freienwalde from 1980 to 1982 . From 1982 to 1990 he was head of the department for environmental hygiene at the agency for hygiene in Potsdam . Political career . Platzeck co-founded ARGUS , a Potsdam environmental organization , with and at the initiative of Carola Stabe in April 1988 . In April 1989 , he joined the Liberal Democratic Party of Germany but left it shortly thereafter . He represented ARGUS at the founding of the Grüne Liga association of local environmental organizations in East Germany in November 1989 . During the political Wende of 1989–1990 that led to German Reunification he was their speaker at the East German Round Table talks . From February to April 1990 he represented the oppositional radical Green Party as Minister without Portfolio in the last non-elected but legitimate government of the GDR . Platzeck was elected member of the Volkskammer in 1990 for the Green Party and was parliamentary secretary of the joined faction of Greens and Bündnis 90 ( Alliance 90 ) . In October 1990 Platzeck became a member of the Landtag of Brandenburg for Bündnis 90 ( Alliance 90 ) . He was Minister for the Environment in a coalition government with the SPD and FDP from 1990 to 1994 , when the coalition broke up . Rejecting the merger of his party with the West German Green Party he did not join the new party Bündnis 90/Die Grünen in 1993 . Instead , he became a member of the SPD on 6 June 1995 . After the break of the Brandenburg coalition in 1994 Platzeck left his faction and remained Minister for the Environment under Minister-president Manfred Stolpe . He became popular nationwide for organizing public support for the affected population during a flood of the Oder river in 1997 . In 1998 he was elected mayor of Brandenburgs capital Potsdam and rejected the offer of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder to join the federal cabinet . In 2000 Platzeck was elected chairman of the SPD in Brandenburg and in 2002 he succeeded Manfred Stolpe as Minister-president . He was re-elected to the Landtag ( state parliament ) in 2004 . With the SPD as strongest political force he could continue his coalition with the CDU . He served as President of the Bundesrat in 2004/05 . When Franz Müntefering resigned as party chairman of the SPD because of internal conflicts , Platzeck was elected party chairman on 15 November 2005 with an overwhelming majority of 99.8 percent . In January , February and April 2006 Platzeck suffered three severe hearing losses . Due to his ill health he resigned from his post as chairman on 10 April 2006 , only five months after becoming chairman . Life after politics . Both in 2015 and 2016 , Platzeck and Bodo Ramelow were appointed as unpaid arbitrators for negotiations between Deutsche Bahn and the German Train Drivers Union ( GDL ) . In 2016 , he also served as unpaid arbitrator for negotiations between German airline Lufthansa and its flight attendants union . From 2018 until 2019 , Platzeck co-chaired the German governments so-called coal commission , which is tasked to develop a masterplan before the end of the year on how to phase-out coal and create a new economic perspective for the countrys coal-mining regions . In 2019 , Platzeck was appointed by the Federal Ministry of the Interior , Building and Community to chair the committee that oversaw the preparations for the 30th anniversary of German reunification . In addition , Platzeck holds a variety of paid and unpaid positions , including the following : - LEIPA Georg Leinfelder GmbH , chairman of the supervisory board ( since 2015 ) - German-Russian Forum , Chairman - Foundation for the Reconstruction of the Garrison Church , member of the board of trustees - Internationales Bildungs- und Begegnungswerk ( IBB ) , member of the board of trustees - Jewish Film Festival Berlin & Brandenburg ( JFBB ) , member of the advisory board - Friedrich Ebert Foundation ( FES ) , member of the board - Schloss Neuhardenberg Foundation , member of the board of trustees Political positions and controversy . Platzeck caused controversy in August 2010 when he called the reunification of Germany on 3 October 1990 an Anschluss , the word used by Adolf Hitler to defend the Nazi annexation of Austria in 1938 . In response , Chancellor Angela Merkel rejected Platzecks choice of words and argued that reunification was precisely what east Germans had wanted , not a process forced upon them . On 18 November 2014 , Platzeck called for the international legitimization of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation , drawing criticism . His comparison of the deployment of the Bundeswehr to Lithuania as part of the NATO Enhanced Forward Presence with Operation Barbarossa was also criticized . Personal life . From 1978 to 1984 , Platzeck was married to Ute Bankwitz with whom he has three daughters . In 2007 , he married Jeanette Jesorka . The ceremony took place one year later in Temmen-Ringenwalde , with guests including Frank-Walter Steinmeier , Günther Jauch and Andreas Dresen . Book . Matthias Platzeck : Zukunft braucht Herkunft . Deutsche Fragen , ostdeutsche Antworten . Hoffmann und Campe , Hamburg 2009 , References . - Matthias Platzeck löst mit seiner historischen These zur Integration der Linken Irritationen aus , Märkische Allgemeine , 1 . November 2009 - Thorsten Metzner : In zwei Wochen soll klar sein , ob Dreher geht . In : Der Tagesspiegel , 25 . November 1998 External links . - Official biography ( German ) - Short official biography - Homepage |
[
"Minister President of Brandenburg"
] | easy | What was the position of Matthias Platzeck from 2002 to Nov 2005? | /wiki/Matthias_Platzeck#P39#1 | Matthias Platzeck Matthias Platzeck ( born 29 December 1953 ) is a German politician . He was Minister President of Brandenburg from 2002 to 2013 and party chairman of the SPD from November 2005 to April 2006 . On 29 July 2013 Platzeck announced his resignation from his office in August for health reasons . Early life and education . Platzeck was born in Potsdam , the son of a physician and a medical-technical assistant . After attending Polytechnic Secondary School in Potsdam from 1960 to 1966 , he went through Extended Secondary School in Kleinmachnow . Following his Abitur in 1972 and military service he studied biomedical cybernetics at the Technische Universität Ilmenau from 1974 onward . After his diploma in 1979 , Platzeck worked at the institute for hygiene in Karl-Marx-Stadt ( today Chemnitz ) in 1979–1980 and the general hospital in Bad Freienwalde from 1980 to 1982 . From 1982 to 1990 he was head of the department for environmental hygiene at the agency for hygiene in Potsdam . Political career . Platzeck co-founded ARGUS , a Potsdam environmental organization , with and at the initiative of Carola Stabe in April 1988 . In April 1989 , he joined the Liberal Democratic Party of Germany but left it shortly thereafter . He represented ARGUS at the founding of the Grüne Liga association of local environmental organizations in East Germany in November 1989 . During the political Wende of 1989–1990 that led to German Reunification he was their speaker at the East German Round Table talks . From February to April 1990 he represented the oppositional radical Green Party as Minister without Portfolio in the last non-elected but legitimate government of the GDR . Platzeck was elected member of the Volkskammer in 1990 for the Green Party and was parliamentary secretary of the joined faction of Greens and Bündnis 90 ( Alliance 90 ) . In October 1990 Platzeck became a member of the Landtag of Brandenburg for Bündnis 90 ( Alliance 90 ) . He was Minister for the Environment in a coalition government with the SPD and FDP from 1990 to 1994 , when the coalition broke up . Rejecting the merger of his party with the West German Green Party he did not join the new party Bündnis 90/Die Grünen in 1993 . Instead , he became a member of the SPD on 6 June 1995 . After the break of the Brandenburg coalition in 1994 Platzeck left his faction and remained Minister for the Environment under Minister-president Manfred Stolpe . He became popular nationwide for organizing public support for the affected population during a flood of the Oder river in 1997 . In 1998 he was elected mayor of Brandenburgs capital Potsdam and rejected the offer of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder to join the federal cabinet . In 2000 Platzeck was elected chairman of the SPD in Brandenburg and in 2002 he succeeded Manfred Stolpe as Minister-president . He was re-elected to the Landtag ( state parliament ) in 2004 . With the SPD as strongest political force he could continue his coalition with the CDU . He served as President of the Bundesrat in 2004/05 . When Franz Müntefering resigned as party chairman of the SPD because of internal conflicts , Platzeck was elected party chairman on 15 November 2005 with an overwhelming majority of 99.8 percent . In January , February and April 2006 Platzeck suffered three severe hearing losses . Due to his ill health he resigned from his post as chairman on 10 April 2006 , only five months after becoming chairman . Life after politics . Both in 2015 and 2016 , Platzeck and Bodo Ramelow were appointed as unpaid arbitrators for negotiations between Deutsche Bahn and the German Train Drivers Union ( GDL ) . In 2016 , he also served as unpaid arbitrator for negotiations between German airline Lufthansa and its flight attendants union . From 2018 until 2019 , Platzeck co-chaired the German governments so-called coal commission , which is tasked to develop a masterplan before the end of the year on how to phase-out coal and create a new economic perspective for the countrys coal-mining regions . In 2019 , Platzeck was appointed by the Federal Ministry of the Interior , Building and Community to chair the committee that oversaw the preparations for the 30th anniversary of German reunification . In addition , Platzeck holds a variety of paid and unpaid positions , including the following : - LEIPA Georg Leinfelder GmbH , chairman of the supervisory board ( since 2015 ) - German-Russian Forum , Chairman - Foundation for the Reconstruction of the Garrison Church , member of the board of trustees - Internationales Bildungs- und Begegnungswerk ( IBB ) , member of the board of trustees - Jewish Film Festival Berlin & Brandenburg ( JFBB ) , member of the advisory board - Friedrich Ebert Foundation ( FES ) , member of the board - Schloss Neuhardenberg Foundation , member of the board of trustees Political positions and controversy . Platzeck caused controversy in August 2010 when he called the reunification of Germany on 3 October 1990 an Anschluss , the word used by Adolf Hitler to defend the Nazi annexation of Austria in 1938 . In response , Chancellor Angela Merkel rejected Platzecks choice of words and argued that reunification was precisely what east Germans had wanted , not a process forced upon them . On 18 November 2014 , Platzeck called for the international legitimization of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation , drawing criticism . His comparison of the deployment of the Bundeswehr to Lithuania as part of the NATO Enhanced Forward Presence with Operation Barbarossa was also criticized . Personal life . From 1978 to 1984 , Platzeck was married to Ute Bankwitz with whom he has three daughters . In 2007 , he married Jeanette Jesorka . The ceremony took place one year later in Temmen-Ringenwalde , with guests including Frank-Walter Steinmeier , Günther Jauch and Andreas Dresen . Book . Matthias Platzeck : Zukunft braucht Herkunft . Deutsche Fragen , ostdeutsche Antworten . Hoffmann und Campe , Hamburg 2009 , References . - Matthias Platzeck löst mit seiner historischen These zur Integration der Linken Irritationen aus , Märkische Allgemeine , 1 . November 2009 - Thorsten Metzner : In zwei Wochen soll klar sein , ob Dreher geht . In : Der Tagesspiegel , 25 . November 1998 External links . - Official biography ( German ) - Short official biography - Homepage |
[
"Minister President of Brandenburg",
"chairman of the SPD"
] | easy | What was the position of Matthias Platzeck from Nov 2005 to Apr 2006? | /wiki/Matthias_Platzeck#P39#2 | Matthias Platzeck Matthias Platzeck ( born 29 December 1953 ) is a German politician . He was Minister President of Brandenburg from 2002 to 2013 and party chairman of the SPD from November 2005 to April 2006 . On 29 July 2013 Platzeck announced his resignation from his office in August for health reasons . Early life and education . Platzeck was born in Potsdam , the son of a physician and a medical-technical assistant . After attending Polytechnic Secondary School in Potsdam from 1960 to 1966 , he went through Extended Secondary School in Kleinmachnow . Following his Abitur in 1972 and military service he studied biomedical cybernetics at the Technische Universität Ilmenau from 1974 onward . After his diploma in 1979 , Platzeck worked at the institute for hygiene in Karl-Marx-Stadt ( today Chemnitz ) in 1979–1980 and the general hospital in Bad Freienwalde from 1980 to 1982 . From 1982 to 1990 he was head of the department for environmental hygiene at the agency for hygiene in Potsdam . Political career . Platzeck co-founded ARGUS , a Potsdam environmental organization , with and at the initiative of Carola Stabe in April 1988 . In April 1989 , he joined the Liberal Democratic Party of Germany but left it shortly thereafter . He represented ARGUS at the founding of the Grüne Liga association of local environmental organizations in East Germany in November 1989 . During the political Wende of 1989–1990 that led to German Reunification he was their speaker at the East German Round Table talks . From February to April 1990 he represented the oppositional radical Green Party as Minister without Portfolio in the last non-elected but legitimate government of the GDR . Platzeck was elected member of the Volkskammer in 1990 for the Green Party and was parliamentary secretary of the joined faction of Greens and Bündnis 90 ( Alliance 90 ) . In October 1990 Platzeck became a member of the Landtag of Brandenburg for Bündnis 90 ( Alliance 90 ) . He was Minister for the Environment in a coalition government with the SPD and FDP from 1990 to 1994 , when the coalition broke up . Rejecting the merger of his party with the West German Green Party he did not join the new party Bündnis 90/Die Grünen in 1993 . Instead , he became a member of the SPD on 6 June 1995 . After the break of the Brandenburg coalition in 1994 Platzeck left his faction and remained Minister for the Environment under Minister-president Manfred Stolpe . He became popular nationwide for organizing public support for the affected population during a flood of the Oder river in 1997 . In 1998 he was elected mayor of Brandenburgs capital Potsdam and rejected the offer of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder to join the federal cabinet . In 2000 Platzeck was elected chairman of the SPD in Brandenburg and in 2002 he succeeded Manfred Stolpe as Minister-president . He was re-elected to the Landtag ( state parliament ) in 2004 . With the SPD as strongest political force he could continue his coalition with the CDU . He served as President of the Bundesrat in 2004/05 . When Franz Müntefering resigned as party chairman of the SPD because of internal conflicts , Platzeck was elected party chairman on 15 November 2005 with an overwhelming majority of 99.8 percent . In January , February and April 2006 Platzeck suffered three severe hearing losses . Due to his ill health he resigned from his post as chairman on 10 April 2006 , only five months after becoming chairman . Life after politics . Both in 2015 and 2016 , Platzeck and Bodo Ramelow were appointed as unpaid arbitrators for negotiations between Deutsche Bahn and the German Train Drivers Union ( GDL ) . In 2016 , he also served as unpaid arbitrator for negotiations between German airline Lufthansa and its flight attendants union . From 2018 until 2019 , Platzeck co-chaired the German governments so-called coal commission , which is tasked to develop a masterplan before the end of the year on how to phase-out coal and create a new economic perspective for the countrys coal-mining regions . In 2019 , Platzeck was appointed by the Federal Ministry of the Interior , Building and Community to chair the committee that oversaw the preparations for the 30th anniversary of German reunification . In addition , Platzeck holds a variety of paid and unpaid positions , including the following : - LEIPA Georg Leinfelder GmbH , chairman of the supervisory board ( since 2015 ) - German-Russian Forum , Chairman - Foundation for the Reconstruction of the Garrison Church , member of the board of trustees - Internationales Bildungs- und Begegnungswerk ( IBB ) , member of the board of trustees - Jewish Film Festival Berlin & Brandenburg ( JFBB ) , member of the advisory board - Friedrich Ebert Foundation ( FES ) , member of the board - Schloss Neuhardenberg Foundation , member of the board of trustees Political positions and controversy . Platzeck caused controversy in August 2010 when he called the reunification of Germany on 3 October 1990 an Anschluss , the word used by Adolf Hitler to defend the Nazi annexation of Austria in 1938 . In response , Chancellor Angela Merkel rejected Platzecks choice of words and argued that reunification was precisely what east Germans had wanted , not a process forced upon them . On 18 November 2014 , Platzeck called for the international legitimization of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation , drawing criticism . His comparison of the deployment of the Bundeswehr to Lithuania as part of the NATO Enhanced Forward Presence with Operation Barbarossa was also criticized . Personal life . From 1978 to 1984 , Platzeck was married to Ute Bankwitz with whom he has three daughters . In 2007 , he married Jeanette Jesorka . The ceremony took place one year later in Temmen-Ringenwalde , with guests including Frank-Walter Steinmeier , Günther Jauch and Andreas Dresen . Book . Matthias Platzeck : Zukunft braucht Herkunft . Deutsche Fragen , ostdeutsche Antworten . Hoffmann und Campe , Hamburg 2009 , References . - Matthias Platzeck löst mit seiner historischen These zur Integration der Linken Irritationen aus , Märkische Allgemeine , 1 . November 2009 - Thorsten Metzner : In zwei Wochen soll klar sein , ob Dreher geht . In : Der Tagesspiegel , 25 . November 1998 External links . - Official biography ( German ) - Short official biography - Homepage |
[
""
] | easy | Cliff Stearns went to which school from 1958 to 1959? | /wiki/Cliff_Stearns#P69#0 | Cliff Stearns Clifford Bundy Stearns Sr . ( born April 16 , 1941 ) is an American businessman and politician who was the U.S . Representative for from 1989 to 2013 . He is a member of the Republican Party . On August 14 , 2012 , Stearns lost to veterinarian Ted Yoho in a four-way Republican primary by about 1 percent of the vote . In 2012 , Stearns donated a collection of his papers to The George Washington University . The collection largely consists of his committee work , but also includes personal and political correspondence , briefing books , and travel agendas . The collection is currently under the care of GWs Special Collections Research Center , located in the Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library . Since leaving Congress , he has worked for APCO Worldwide , a public relations firm headquartered in Washington D.C . Stearns is also a member of APCO Worldwide International Advisory Council . He sits on the boards of the Graduate School of Political Management at The George Washington University , Minority Media & Telecom Council , and the United States Association of Former Members of Congress . Early life , education , and business career . Stearns was born in Washington , D.C. , the son of Emily E . ( Newlin ) and Clifford Robert Stearns . He was educated at Woodrow Wilson High School , and later earned a degree in electrical engineering from George Washington University . He is also a member of the Universitys Gamma Beta chapter of Theta Tau , a professional/social engineering fraternity , and participated in the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps there and was honored as the Air Force ROTC Distinguished Military Graduate . Following graduation , he served four years in the United States Air Force as an aerospace engineer in satellite reconnaissance during the Vietnam War . Stearns owned a small chain of motels and restaurants in northern Florida . Before moving to Florida , he worked with a variety of businesses in Florida , such as CBS , Data Control Systems Inc , and Kutola Advertising . He was also a member of the Engineering Honor Society Sigma Tau , which later merged into the Tau Beta Pi Association which recognizes superior scholarship and/or leadership achievement in the fields of engineering . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 1988–2004 In 1988 , incumbent Democratic U.S . Congressman Buddy MacKay of Floridas 6th congressional district decided to run for the U.S . Senate . Stearns and Jim Cherry qualified for a run-off election , since no one reached the 50% threshold in the six-candidate primary election . Cherry received 32% to Stearnss 26% . In the run-off , Stearns defeated Cherry 54%–46% . In the general election , Stearns defeated State Representative Jon Mills 53%–47% . Until 2012 , he never won re-election with less than 59% of the vote . - 2006 Stearns was re-elected with 60% of the vote . - 2008 Stearns was re-elected with 61% of the vote . - 2010 Stearns was re-elected with 71% of the vote . - 2012 Redistricting after the 2010 census shifted Stearns home in Ocala to the 11th District ( the old 5th District ) , but shifted the bulk of his territory to the Gainesville-based 3rd District . Rather than challenge freshman Republican Rich Nugent in the 11th , Stearns opted to run in the 3rd , which contained two-thirds of his former territory . In the Republican primary for the 3rd—the real contest in this heavily Republican district—Stearns lost to Ted Yoho by only some 800 votes , about 1% of the vote , in the Republican primary . Tenure . Stearns is a signer of the Taxpayer Protection Pledge . Stearns is a member of the Electronic Cigarette Association and supports the use of these products . On September 29 , 2008 , Stearns voted against the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 . Solyndra investigation . As Chairman of the House Energy and Commerce Committee’s Oversight and Investigations Subcommittee , Stearns led the investigation into the Solyndra loan guarantee , which has resulted in Solyndra declaring bankruptcy and the taxpayers losing $535 million . Among the revelations in the investigation are multiple warnings from government officials against giving Solyndra the loan because the companys health was shaky . Even so , the White House pressed for a speedy review . The company , which faced a highly competitive environment , went bankrupt and was raided by the FBI for possible fraud . Although the White House instituted an internal review of the loan guarantee program , Stearns believes that the review should have occurred before the Obama administration handed out the money . Stearns received emails showing that the White House had a major influence on the loan guarantee as well as on the Solyndra loan restructuring that subordinated the taxpayers to two commercial firms in violation of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 . Fatal meningitis outbreak of 2012 . Stearns led the congressional effort involving the meningitis outbreak . As of November 14 , 2012 , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) has confirmed 32 deaths and that 438 people have been sickened across 19 states . An investigation determined that the New England Compounding Center ( NECC ) was the source of the contaminated product . As Chairman of the House Energy and Commerce Committee’s Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations , Stearns held a hearing on this outbreak . During the hearing , Stearns stated the outbreak was preventable had the U.S . Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) acted . The FDA knew of severe quality control violations at NEC as early as 2002 , and in 2006 the FDA threatened NECC if it did not comply with regulations . During the hearing , FDA Commissioner Dr . Margaret Hamburg testified that the FDA lacked the authority to close down NECC . Stearns noted that the FDA had authority to close NECC , but simply failed to protect the American people . Dr . Scott Gottlieb , deputy commissioner of the FDA from 2005–07 and Mr . Sheldon Bradshaw , FDAs chief counsel during that same period , disagreed strongly with Hamburg . In a Wall Street Journal op-ed on November 13 , 2012 , they stated unequivocally that FDA did have enough authority and could have acted but chose not to because of FDA’s desire to regulate the full scope of the practice of pharmacy . They further stated that NECC’s illegal actions , which FDA was aware of , that put the NECC firmly in violation of FDA rules-if the agency had chosen to enforce existing provisions . Abortion . As Chairman of the Energy & Commerce Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations , Stearns conducted the first-ever oversight on taxpayer funding of Planned Parenthood , the largest abortion provider in the United States . National Public Radio reported , Planned Parenthood is the nations largest single provider of abortions , yet it gets millions of dollars in federal funding with which to provide other services. . The investigation was started in response to an investigative report released in July 2011 by the pro-life organization Americans United for Life ( AUL ) . According to AUL , Audits of Planned Parenthood affiliates in California , New Jersey , New York , and Washington State demonstrate a pattern of overbilling and abuse involving Medicaid funds , and in at least Washington even charging drugs used in an abortion as family planning . Furthermore , State audit reports and admissions by former Planned Parenthood employees detail a pattern of misuse of federal funds by some Planned Parenthood affiliates . The investigation was sweeping , requesting internal audits dating back 12 years and state audits for the past 20 years for the national organization and all 83 of its affiliates . Representative Henry Waxman questioned the political motivations for the timing of the investigation , saying , Your fervent ideological opposition to Planned Parenthood does not justify launching this intrusive investigation . On January 31 , 2012 , The Susan G . Komen for the Cure organization stopped funding Planned Parenthood , stating that the congressional investigation by Stearns triggered a newly created internal rule about not funding organizations under any federal , state or local investigation . ( Planned Parenthood is regularly audited to ensure compliance with the Hyde Amendment : these audits have never turned up any evidence of wrongdoing. ) While the move was applauded by conservative religious and pro-life groups , it was denounced by several newspaper editorials , womens health advocacy groups , and politicians . Four days later , Komens Board of Directors reversed the decision and announced that it would amend the policy to make clear that disqualifying investigations must be criminal and conclusive in nature and not political . Several top-level staff members resigned from Komen during the controversy . Economic issues . Stearns held several economic roundtables throughout the district , meeting with business owners , bankers , and realtors to get their views on improving the creating of jobs . Last year , he sponsored four homeowner workshops in Ocala , Gainesville , Jacksonville , and Orange Park . He brought in realtors , bankers , and mortgage experts to help people who are having trouble making their payments – they also provided essential information for first-time homebuyers . In meeting with community bankers from Florida , he learned that 70% of Florida’s community banks are under some kind of regulatory order that reduce capital for businesses to grow and loans to revitalize the housing industry . He took a leadership role for the Florida delegation in sending a letter to Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) Chairman Sheila Bair , claiming that banking examiners may be pursuing an unreasonably tough analysis of Florida banks’ asset quality and are regularly requiring downgrades of performing loans . Fiscal issues . Stearns was one of only 39 House members to receive an A rating from the National Taxpayers Union ( NTU ) . In addition , in 2010 Citizens Against Government Waste once again named Stearns a Taxpayer Hero . Stearns also is a strong opponent of automatic congressional pay raises . He also offered legislation to prevent a pay increase in a year following a federal budget deficit . In fiscal years 2008–2010 , Stearns sponsored 46 earmarks totaling $85,810,100 . Stearns voted for Cut , Cap & Balance & the Boehner Debt Ceiling Bill ; however , he voted against the final Debt Ceiling compromise bill ( The Budget Control Act of 2011 ) . Veterans issues . Throughout his tenure , Stearns served on the Veterans Affairs Committee . He advocates for increased funding for the VA and pushed to establish a VA cemetery in the Jacksonville area . He supports the VAs CARES plan to develop a new Regional Health Care Facility in Marion County and the expansion of the VA Hospital in Gainesville with a new 230-bed patient tower . The groundbreaking for this addition occurred in 2008 . His Veterans Millennium Health care & Benefits Act and language from his VA Health Care Personnel Act to increase pay for VA health professionals were signed into law . Technology and privacy . Stearns has been working on extending privacy protection for about 10 years . In 2003 , the International Association of Privacy Professionals gave Stearns its Privacy Leadership Award for his efforts on leadership , including holding the most extensive hearings on privacy issues as Chairman of the Commerce , Trade & Consumer Protection Subcommittee . On April 13 , 2011 , Stearns offered bi-partisan legislation to protect consumer privacy on line—H.R . 1528 , the Consumer Privacy Protection Act . The goal is to encourage greater levels of electronic commerce by providing to Internet users the assurance that their experience online will be more secure . Stearns also is a leader in opposing net neutrality . Stearns voted for the Patriot Act . Stearns is the Chairman of the Energy and Commerce Committees Oversigh and Investigations Subcommittee . From 2001 until 2007 , Stearns was Chairman of the Commerce , Trade , and Consumer Protection Subcommittee and he still serves on the Subcommittee . He helped to create the Do-Not-Call List to protect consumers from unwanted telephone solicitations and legislation to combat spyware , which is software that allows a third party to monitor the computer use of individuals without their knowledge . Energy issues . Stearns was a member of the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Caucus , a bi-partisan forum for discussing and disseminating information about renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies . Stearns’ paper on developing clean-coal technology and applying coal-to-liquid technology was published in December 2008 in the Stanford Law & Policy Review . During consideration of cap-and-trade legislation in the Energy and Commerce Committee in May 2009 , Stearns offered an amendment to afford existing nuclear power plants the same benefits provided to new nuclear power plants in the bill . The amendment simply recognized that nuclear is carbon free and did not provide any new subsidy to the industry . In 2008 , Stearns joined in offering a package of bills to increase domestic energy production . This included more domestic oil and gas production , greater use of clean-coal technology , reducing the barriers to new nuclear power plants , and encouraging renewable energy sources . Health care . During consideration of the health care legislation , Stearns offered the following amendments : - Provide tax deduction for health care ; - Require the President , Supreme Court Justices , and Members of Congress to buy their coverage of the Exchange : - Eliminate the tax on medical devices ; - Repeal the cuts to Medicare Advantage . 9/11 first responders . During the debate over compensation for 9/11 first responders and others , Stearns advocated a standard re-authorization and appropriation process . Congressman Stearns submitted an amendment that was adopted without opposition to H.R.#847 , the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2010 , that would screen thousands of non-first responders and First Responders who submit claims for chronic medical conditions against a Department of Homeland Security terrorist watch list ( original committee markup referenced ) . Other . Bars fund for IRS to implement the Spanish language for tax refunds . Increase funding for nuclear energy activities at the Department of Energy . Prohibit funds to be used by the Internal Revenue Service to implement a Spanish-language version of the Wheres my Refund ? service . Cut $25.5 million from AmeriCorps and increase funding for TRIO educational programs and the geriatric program . Prohibit use of funds for the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission for litigation expenses incurred in connection with cases against employers on the grounds that such employers require employees to speak English . Committee assignments . - Committee on Energy and Commerce - Subcommittee on Commerce , Manufacturing and Trade - Subcommittee on Communications and Technology - Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations ( Chairman ) - Committee on Veterans Affairs - Subcommittee on Health - Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Caucus memberships . - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ( COPD ) Caucus ( Co-Chairman ) - Congressional Cystic Fibrosis Caucus ( Co-Chairman ) - Congressional Horse Caucus ( Co-Chairman ) - Congressional Air Force Caucus ( Co-Chairman ) - Transatlantic Legislators Dialogue ( Vice-Chairman ) - Biomedical Research Caucus - Bipartisan Congressional Pro Life Caucus - Bipartisan Privacy Caucus - Canada-US Interparliamentary Union - Community College Caucus - Congressional Caucus on Adoption - Congressional Caucus on Hellenic Issues - Congressional Caucus on India and Indian-Americans - Congressional Caucus on Poland - Congressional Caucus on Taiwan - Congressional Caucus on US-Turkey Relations and Turkish Americans - Congressional Cyber Security Caucus - Congressional Friends of Liechtenstein Caucus - Congressional Invisible Wounds Caucus - Congressional Internet Caucus - Congressional Israel Allies Caucus - Congressional Media Fairness Caucus - Congressional Prayer Caucus - Congressional Ship Building Caucus - Congressional Singapore Caucus - Congressional Sovereignty Caucus - Congressional Sportsmens Caucus - Congressional Travel and Tourism Caucus - Congressional Wireless Caucus - House Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Caucus - Immigration Reform Caucus - New Media Caucus - Republican Study Committee ( RSC ) - Tea Party Caucus Personal life . Stearns lives in Ocala , Florida with his wife , Joan ( née Moore ) . They have three grown sons . One of his great-great-grandfathers was 19th century Ohio congressman Hezekiah S . Bundy . He is a Presbyterian . While a Member of Congress , Stearns received the Air Force Association W . Stuart Symington Award , the highest honor presented to a civilian in the field of national security for his work in behalf of the United States Air Force . External links . - Congressman Cliff Stearns official U.S . House website - Cliff Stearns for U.S . Congress - Profile at SourceWatch - Preliminary Guide to the Clifford Stearns Congressional Papers , 1988–2013 , Special Collections Research Center , Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library , The George Washington University |
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] | easy | Which school did Cliff Stearns go to from 1965 to 1966? | /wiki/Cliff_Stearns#P69#1 | Cliff Stearns Clifford Bundy Stearns Sr . ( born April 16 , 1941 ) is an American businessman and politician who was the U.S . Representative for from 1989 to 2013 . He is a member of the Republican Party . On August 14 , 2012 , Stearns lost to veterinarian Ted Yoho in a four-way Republican primary by about 1 percent of the vote . In 2012 , Stearns donated a collection of his papers to The George Washington University . The collection largely consists of his committee work , but also includes personal and political correspondence , briefing books , and travel agendas . The collection is currently under the care of GWs Special Collections Research Center , located in the Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library . Since leaving Congress , he has worked for APCO Worldwide , a public relations firm headquartered in Washington D.C . Stearns is also a member of APCO Worldwide International Advisory Council . He sits on the boards of the Graduate School of Political Management at The George Washington University , Minority Media & Telecom Council , and the United States Association of Former Members of Congress . Early life , education , and business career . Stearns was born in Washington , D.C. , the son of Emily E . ( Newlin ) and Clifford Robert Stearns . He was educated at Woodrow Wilson High School , and later earned a degree in electrical engineering from George Washington University . He is also a member of the Universitys Gamma Beta chapter of Theta Tau , a professional/social engineering fraternity , and participated in the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps there and was honored as the Air Force ROTC Distinguished Military Graduate . Following graduation , he served four years in the United States Air Force as an aerospace engineer in satellite reconnaissance during the Vietnam War . Stearns owned a small chain of motels and restaurants in northern Florida . Before moving to Florida , he worked with a variety of businesses in Florida , such as CBS , Data Control Systems Inc , and Kutola Advertising . He was also a member of the Engineering Honor Society Sigma Tau , which later merged into the Tau Beta Pi Association which recognizes superior scholarship and/or leadership achievement in the fields of engineering . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 1988–2004 In 1988 , incumbent Democratic U.S . Congressman Buddy MacKay of Floridas 6th congressional district decided to run for the U.S . Senate . Stearns and Jim Cherry qualified for a run-off election , since no one reached the 50% threshold in the six-candidate primary election . Cherry received 32% to Stearnss 26% . In the run-off , Stearns defeated Cherry 54%–46% . In the general election , Stearns defeated State Representative Jon Mills 53%–47% . Until 2012 , he never won re-election with less than 59% of the vote . - 2006 Stearns was re-elected with 60% of the vote . - 2008 Stearns was re-elected with 61% of the vote . - 2010 Stearns was re-elected with 71% of the vote . - 2012 Redistricting after the 2010 census shifted Stearns home in Ocala to the 11th District ( the old 5th District ) , but shifted the bulk of his territory to the Gainesville-based 3rd District . Rather than challenge freshman Republican Rich Nugent in the 11th , Stearns opted to run in the 3rd , which contained two-thirds of his former territory . In the Republican primary for the 3rd—the real contest in this heavily Republican district—Stearns lost to Ted Yoho by only some 800 votes , about 1% of the vote , in the Republican primary . Tenure . Stearns is a signer of the Taxpayer Protection Pledge . Stearns is a member of the Electronic Cigarette Association and supports the use of these products . On September 29 , 2008 , Stearns voted against the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 . Solyndra investigation . As Chairman of the House Energy and Commerce Committee’s Oversight and Investigations Subcommittee , Stearns led the investigation into the Solyndra loan guarantee , which has resulted in Solyndra declaring bankruptcy and the taxpayers losing $535 million . Among the revelations in the investigation are multiple warnings from government officials against giving Solyndra the loan because the companys health was shaky . Even so , the White House pressed for a speedy review . The company , which faced a highly competitive environment , went bankrupt and was raided by the FBI for possible fraud . Although the White House instituted an internal review of the loan guarantee program , Stearns believes that the review should have occurred before the Obama administration handed out the money . Stearns received emails showing that the White House had a major influence on the loan guarantee as well as on the Solyndra loan restructuring that subordinated the taxpayers to two commercial firms in violation of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 . Fatal meningitis outbreak of 2012 . Stearns led the congressional effort involving the meningitis outbreak . As of November 14 , 2012 , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) has confirmed 32 deaths and that 438 people have been sickened across 19 states . An investigation determined that the New England Compounding Center ( NECC ) was the source of the contaminated product . As Chairman of the House Energy and Commerce Committee’s Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations , Stearns held a hearing on this outbreak . During the hearing , Stearns stated the outbreak was preventable had the U.S . Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) acted . The FDA knew of severe quality control violations at NEC as early as 2002 , and in 2006 the FDA threatened NECC if it did not comply with regulations . During the hearing , FDA Commissioner Dr . Margaret Hamburg testified that the FDA lacked the authority to close down NECC . Stearns noted that the FDA had authority to close NECC , but simply failed to protect the American people . Dr . Scott Gottlieb , deputy commissioner of the FDA from 2005–07 and Mr . Sheldon Bradshaw , FDAs chief counsel during that same period , disagreed strongly with Hamburg . In a Wall Street Journal op-ed on November 13 , 2012 , they stated unequivocally that FDA did have enough authority and could have acted but chose not to because of FDA’s desire to regulate the full scope of the practice of pharmacy . They further stated that NECC’s illegal actions , which FDA was aware of , that put the NECC firmly in violation of FDA rules-if the agency had chosen to enforce existing provisions . Abortion . As Chairman of the Energy & Commerce Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations , Stearns conducted the first-ever oversight on taxpayer funding of Planned Parenthood , the largest abortion provider in the United States . National Public Radio reported , Planned Parenthood is the nations largest single provider of abortions , yet it gets millions of dollars in federal funding with which to provide other services. . The investigation was started in response to an investigative report released in July 2011 by the pro-life organization Americans United for Life ( AUL ) . According to AUL , Audits of Planned Parenthood affiliates in California , New Jersey , New York , and Washington State demonstrate a pattern of overbilling and abuse involving Medicaid funds , and in at least Washington even charging drugs used in an abortion as family planning . Furthermore , State audit reports and admissions by former Planned Parenthood employees detail a pattern of misuse of federal funds by some Planned Parenthood affiliates . The investigation was sweeping , requesting internal audits dating back 12 years and state audits for the past 20 years for the national organization and all 83 of its affiliates . Representative Henry Waxman questioned the political motivations for the timing of the investigation , saying , Your fervent ideological opposition to Planned Parenthood does not justify launching this intrusive investigation . On January 31 , 2012 , The Susan G . Komen for the Cure organization stopped funding Planned Parenthood , stating that the congressional investigation by Stearns triggered a newly created internal rule about not funding organizations under any federal , state or local investigation . ( Planned Parenthood is regularly audited to ensure compliance with the Hyde Amendment : these audits have never turned up any evidence of wrongdoing. ) While the move was applauded by conservative religious and pro-life groups , it was denounced by several newspaper editorials , womens health advocacy groups , and politicians . Four days later , Komens Board of Directors reversed the decision and announced that it would amend the policy to make clear that disqualifying investigations must be criminal and conclusive in nature and not political . Several top-level staff members resigned from Komen during the controversy . Economic issues . Stearns held several economic roundtables throughout the district , meeting with business owners , bankers , and realtors to get their views on improving the creating of jobs . Last year , he sponsored four homeowner workshops in Ocala , Gainesville , Jacksonville , and Orange Park . He brought in realtors , bankers , and mortgage experts to help people who are having trouble making their payments – they also provided essential information for first-time homebuyers . In meeting with community bankers from Florida , he learned that 70% of Florida’s community banks are under some kind of regulatory order that reduce capital for businesses to grow and loans to revitalize the housing industry . He took a leadership role for the Florida delegation in sending a letter to Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) Chairman Sheila Bair , claiming that banking examiners may be pursuing an unreasonably tough analysis of Florida banks’ asset quality and are regularly requiring downgrades of performing loans . Fiscal issues . Stearns was one of only 39 House members to receive an A rating from the National Taxpayers Union ( NTU ) . In addition , in 2010 Citizens Against Government Waste once again named Stearns a Taxpayer Hero . Stearns also is a strong opponent of automatic congressional pay raises . He also offered legislation to prevent a pay increase in a year following a federal budget deficit . In fiscal years 2008–2010 , Stearns sponsored 46 earmarks totaling $85,810,100 . Stearns voted for Cut , Cap & Balance & the Boehner Debt Ceiling Bill ; however , he voted against the final Debt Ceiling compromise bill ( The Budget Control Act of 2011 ) . Veterans issues . Throughout his tenure , Stearns served on the Veterans Affairs Committee . He advocates for increased funding for the VA and pushed to establish a VA cemetery in the Jacksonville area . He supports the VAs CARES plan to develop a new Regional Health Care Facility in Marion County and the expansion of the VA Hospital in Gainesville with a new 230-bed patient tower . The groundbreaking for this addition occurred in 2008 . His Veterans Millennium Health care & Benefits Act and language from his VA Health Care Personnel Act to increase pay for VA health professionals were signed into law . Technology and privacy . Stearns has been working on extending privacy protection for about 10 years . In 2003 , the International Association of Privacy Professionals gave Stearns its Privacy Leadership Award for his efforts on leadership , including holding the most extensive hearings on privacy issues as Chairman of the Commerce , Trade & Consumer Protection Subcommittee . On April 13 , 2011 , Stearns offered bi-partisan legislation to protect consumer privacy on line—H.R . 1528 , the Consumer Privacy Protection Act . The goal is to encourage greater levels of electronic commerce by providing to Internet users the assurance that their experience online will be more secure . Stearns also is a leader in opposing net neutrality . Stearns voted for the Patriot Act . Stearns is the Chairman of the Energy and Commerce Committees Oversigh and Investigations Subcommittee . From 2001 until 2007 , Stearns was Chairman of the Commerce , Trade , and Consumer Protection Subcommittee and he still serves on the Subcommittee . He helped to create the Do-Not-Call List to protect consumers from unwanted telephone solicitations and legislation to combat spyware , which is software that allows a third party to monitor the computer use of individuals without their knowledge . Energy issues . Stearns was a member of the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Caucus , a bi-partisan forum for discussing and disseminating information about renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies . Stearns’ paper on developing clean-coal technology and applying coal-to-liquid technology was published in December 2008 in the Stanford Law & Policy Review . During consideration of cap-and-trade legislation in the Energy and Commerce Committee in May 2009 , Stearns offered an amendment to afford existing nuclear power plants the same benefits provided to new nuclear power plants in the bill . The amendment simply recognized that nuclear is carbon free and did not provide any new subsidy to the industry . In 2008 , Stearns joined in offering a package of bills to increase domestic energy production . This included more domestic oil and gas production , greater use of clean-coal technology , reducing the barriers to new nuclear power plants , and encouraging renewable energy sources . Health care . During consideration of the health care legislation , Stearns offered the following amendments : - Provide tax deduction for health care ; - Require the President , Supreme Court Justices , and Members of Congress to buy their coverage of the Exchange : - Eliminate the tax on medical devices ; - Repeal the cuts to Medicare Advantage . 9/11 first responders . During the debate over compensation for 9/11 first responders and others , Stearns advocated a standard re-authorization and appropriation process . Congressman Stearns submitted an amendment that was adopted without opposition to H.R.#847 , the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2010 , that would screen thousands of non-first responders and First Responders who submit claims for chronic medical conditions against a Department of Homeland Security terrorist watch list ( original committee markup referenced ) . Other . Bars fund for IRS to implement the Spanish language for tax refunds . Increase funding for nuclear energy activities at the Department of Energy . Prohibit funds to be used by the Internal Revenue Service to implement a Spanish-language version of the Wheres my Refund ? service . Cut $25.5 million from AmeriCorps and increase funding for TRIO educational programs and the geriatric program . Prohibit use of funds for the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission for litigation expenses incurred in connection with cases against employers on the grounds that such employers require employees to speak English . Committee assignments . - Committee on Energy and Commerce - Subcommittee on Commerce , Manufacturing and Trade - Subcommittee on Communications and Technology - Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations ( Chairman ) - Committee on Veterans Affairs - Subcommittee on Health - Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Caucus memberships . - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ( COPD ) Caucus ( Co-Chairman ) - Congressional Cystic Fibrosis Caucus ( Co-Chairman ) - Congressional Horse Caucus ( Co-Chairman ) - Congressional Air Force Caucus ( Co-Chairman ) - Transatlantic Legislators Dialogue ( Vice-Chairman ) - Biomedical Research Caucus - Bipartisan Congressional Pro Life Caucus - Bipartisan Privacy Caucus - Canada-US Interparliamentary Union - Community College Caucus - Congressional Caucus on Adoption - Congressional Caucus on Hellenic Issues - Congressional Caucus on India and Indian-Americans - Congressional Caucus on Poland - Congressional Caucus on Taiwan - Congressional Caucus on US-Turkey Relations and Turkish Americans - Congressional Cyber Security Caucus - Congressional Friends of Liechtenstein Caucus - Congressional Invisible Wounds Caucus - Congressional Internet Caucus - Congressional Israel Allies Caucus - Congressional Media Fairness Caucus - Congressional Prayer Caucus - Congressional Ship Building Caucus - Congressional Singapore Caucus - Congressional Sovereignty Caucus - Congressional Sportsmens Caucus - Congressional Travel and Tourism Caucus - Congressional Wireless Caucus - House Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Caucus - Immigration Reform Caucus - New Media Caucus - Republican Study Committee ( RSC ) - Tea Party Caucus Personal life . Stearns lives in Ocala , Florida with his wife , Joan ( née Moore ) . They have three grown sons . One of his great-great-grandfathers was 19th century Ohio congressman Hezekiah S . Bundy . He is a Presbyterian . While a Member of Congress , Stearns received the Air Force Association W . Stuart Symington Award , the highest honor presented to a civilian in the field of national security for his work in behalf of the United States Air Force . External links . - Congressman Cliff Stearns official U.S . House website - Cliff Stearns for U.S . Congress - Profile at SourceWatch - Preliminary Guide to the Clifford Stearns Congressional Papers , 1988–2013 , Special Collections Research Center , Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library , The George Washington University |
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"George Washington Parke Custis"
] | easy | Who was the owner of Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial from 1803 to 1857? | /wiki/Arlington_House,_The_Robert_E._Lee_Memorial#P127#0 | Arlington House , The Robert E . Lee Memorial Arlington House , The Robert E . Lee Memorial , formerly named the Custis-Lee Mansion , is a Greek revival style mansion located in Arlington , Virginia , United States that was once the home of Confederate Army General Robert E . Lee . It overlooks the Potomac River and the National Mall in Washington , D.C . During the American Civil War , the grounds of the mansion were selected as the site of Arlington National Cemetery , in part to ensure that Lee would never again be able to return to his home . The United States has since designated the mansion as a National Memorial . Although the United States Department of the Army controls Arlington National Cemetery , the National Park Service , a component of the United States Department of the Interior , administers Arlington House . Construction and early history . The mansion was built on the orders of George Washington Parke Custis , the step-grandson and adopted son of George Washington and only grandson of Martha Custis Washington . Custis became a prominent resident of an area that was then known as Alexandria County , at the time a part of the District of Columbia . Arlington House was built at a high point on a 1,100-acre ( 445 ha ) estate that Custiss father , John Parke Custis , had purchased in 1778 and named Mount Washington ( Jacky Custis died in 1781 at Yorktown after the British surrender ) . The younger Custis decided to build his home on the property in 1802 following the death of Martha Washington and three years after the death of George Washington . After acquiring the property , Custis renamed it Arlington after the Custis familys homestead on the Eastern Shore of Virginia . Almost immediately , Custis began constructing Arlington House on his land . Hiring George Hadfield as architect , he constructed a mansion exhibiting the first example of Greek Revival architecture in America . Custis intended the mansion to serve as a living memorial to George Washington and a place for his collection of George Washington artifacts . Its design included elements similar to those of George Washingtons house , Mount Vernon . Construction began in 1803 , eleven years after LEnfants Plan for the future Federal City ( later called Washington City , then Washington D.C. ) had designated an area directly across the Potomac River to be the site of the Presidents House ( later called the Executive Mansion , now the White House ) and the Congress House ( now the United States Capitol ) . Custis located the building on a prominent hill overlooking the Georgetown-Alexandria Turnpike ( at the approximate location of the present Eisenhower Drive in Arlington National Cemetery ) , the Potomac River and the growing Washington City on the opposite side of the river . The mansion was built using materials on site , though the building was interrupted by the War of 1812 ( and material shortages after the British burned the American capital city ) . The Custis mansions exterior was completed in 1818 . The north and south wings were completed in 1804 . The large center section and the portico , presenting an imposing front 140 ft ( 43 m ) long , were finished 13 years later . The house has two kitchens , a summer and a winter . The most prominent features of the house are the 8 massive columns of the portico , each 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) in diameter . Guests at the house included such notable people as Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette , who visited in 1824 ( see : Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States ) . At Arlington , Custis experimented with new methods of animal husbandry and other agriculture . The property also included Arlington Spring , a picnic ground on the banks of the Potomac that Custis originally built for private use but later opened to the public , eventually operating it as a commercial enterprise . Custis married Mary Lee Fitzhugh . Their only child to survive to adulthood was Mary Anna Randolph Custis . Robert E . Lee , whose mother was a cousin of Mrs . Custis , frequently visited Arlington and knew Mary Anna as they grew up . Two years after graduating from West Point , Lieutenant Lee married Mary Anna Custis at Arlington on June 30 , 1831 . For 30 years Arlington House was home to the Lees . They spent much of their married life traveling between United States Army duty stations and Arlington , where six of their seven children were born . They shared this home with Marys parents . After their deaths , Marys parents were buried not far from the house on land that is now part of Arlington National Cemetery . The Custises extensively developed the Arlington estate . Much of the steep slope to the east of the house became a cultivated English landscape park , while a large flower garden with an arbor was constructed and planted south of the house . To the west of Arlington House , tall grass and low native plants led down a slope into a natural area of close-growing trees the Custises called the Grove . About to the west of the flower garden , the Grove contained tall elm and oak trees which formed a canopy . An informal flower garden was planted beneath the trees and maintained by the Custis daughters . It is not clear when the Grove began to be developed , but it was under way by at least 1853 . Upon George Washington Parke Custiss death in 1857 , he left the Arlington estate to Mary Custis Lee for her lifetime and thence to the Lees eldest son , George Washington Custis Lee . The estate needed much repair and reorganization , and Robert E . Lee , as executor of Custiss will , took a three-year leave of absence from the Army to begin the necessary agricultural and financial improvements . Civil War . In April 1861 , Virginia seceded from the United States . Robert E . Lee resigned his commission in the United States Army on April 20 , 1861 , and joined the Confederate States Army . With Arlington House on high ground overlooking the capital , the government of the United States knew it must occupy the mansion or be left in an untenable military position . Although unwilling to leave Arlington House , Mary Lee believed her estate would soon be occupied by federal soldiers and left to stay with relatives on May 14 , having been warned by her young cousin William Orton Williams , then serving as aide to General Winfield Scott . Union Army troops seized and occupied Arlington without opposition on May 24 . In June 1862 , the 37th United States Congress enacted legislation that imposed a property tax on all land in insurrectionary areas of the United States . The 1863 amendments to the statute required these taxes to be paid in person . But Mary Lee , afflicted with severe rheumatoid arthritis and behind Confederate lines , could not pay the tax in person . The Arlington estate was seized for nonpayment of taxes . It was auctioned off on January 11 , 1864 , and the U.S . government won the property for $26,800 ( $ today ) . During the war , Union Army troops cut down many of the trees on the Arlington estate , especially those to the north and east of Arlington House in and near Fort Whipple ( north of the house ) and Arlington Springs ( near the Potomac River ) . However , a number of large trees remained , particularly those in a forested area ( now known as Arlington Woods ) west of the house . By early 1864 , the military cemeteries of Washington , D.C. , and Alexandria , Virginia , were rapidly filling with war dead . Quartermaster General of the United States Army Montgomery C . Meigs proposed using of the Arlington estate as a cemetery . United States Secretary of War Edwin M . Stanton approved the establishment of a military cemetery on June 15 , 1864 , creating Arlington National Cemetery . Meigs believed that since Lee had committed treason in deciding to fight against the Union , denying Lee use of the mansion after the war was a rough form of justice . Meigs decided that a large number of burials should occur close to Arlington House to render it unlivable . Officers were to be buried next to the main flower garden south of the house , and the first burial occurred here on May 17 . Meigs ordered that additional burials commence immediately on the grounds of Arlington House in mid-June . When Union officers bivouacked in the mansion complained and had the burials temporarily stopped , Meigs countermanded their orders and had another 44 dead officers buried along the southern and eastern sides of the main flower garden within a month . In September 1866 , the remains of 2,111 Union and Confederate soldiers who died at the First Battle of Bull Run , Second Battle of Bull Run , and along the Rappahannock River were buried on the former site of the Grove , southeast of the mansion , beneath the Civil War Unknowns Monument . Post-Civil War . Robert E . Lee made no attempt to visit or restore his title to Arlington before his death in 1870 . Mary Lee died in 1873 , having visited the house only one more time , a few months before her death . Too upset at its condition , she refused to enter and left after just a few moments . In April 1874 , Robert E . Lees eldest son , George Washington Custis Lee , filed suit against the United States government in a Virginia circuit court to regain his property . Custis Lee was a major general in the Civil War and was captured by Union forces at the Battle of Sailors Creek on April 6 , 1865 ( see David Dunnels White ) . A jury found in favor of Custis Lee , leading to extensive appeals by both parties . In 1882 , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in favor of Lee in United States v . Lee , 106 U . S . 196 . The court , by a 5–4 majority , found that the estate had been illegally confiscated in 1864 and ordered it returned . But Lee was less interested in obtaining the estate than he was in a cash compensation for its value . After several months of difficult negotiations , Lee and the federal government settled on a sale price of $150,000 ( $ in dollars ) . Congress enacted legislation funding the purchase on March 3 , 1883 ; Lee signed over the title on March 31 ; and the title transfer was recorded on May 14 , 1883 . In 1920 , the Virginia General Assembly changed the name of Alexandria County to Arlington County to end ongoing confusion between Alexandria County and the independent city of Alexandria . The name Arlington was chosen to reflect the presence of the Arlington estate . On March 4 , 1925 , the 68th United States Congress enacted Public Resolution 74 , which authorized the restoration of the Lee Mansion in the Arlington National Cemetery , Virginia . The War Department then began to restore Arlington House , and the Department of the Army continues to manage over half of the original plantations , as Arlington National Cemetery . However , for several years after Congress enacted the authorizing legislation , the War Department , which was responsible for managing the house and grounds , largely ignored the legislation . Contradicting the authorizing legislation , the Department , largely at the insistence of Charles Moore , the director of the United States Commission of Fine Arts , furnished and interpreted the Mansion to “the first half of the republic.” This decision was based , in part , on the popularity of the Colonial Revival movement which was still popular in 1925 . The Mansion was restored to the period of George Washington Parke Custis , and no furniture manufactured after 1830 was accepted . This approach negated Lees role and presence at Arlington . In 1955 , the 84th United States Congress enacted Public Law 84-107 , a joint resolution that designated the manor as the Custis-Lee Mansion as a permanent memorial to Robert E . Lee . The resolution directed the United States Secretary of the Interior to erect on the premises a memorial plaque and to correct governmental records to bring them into compliance with the designation , thus ensuring that the correct interpretation of its history would be applied . Gradually the house was furnished and interpreted to the period of Robert E . Lee as specified in the original legislation . The National Park Service received jurisdiction over the building and some of adjacent gardens ( distinguished from the cemetery ) beginning June 10 , 1933 . In 1972 , the 92nd United States Congress enacted Public Law 92-333 , an Act that amended Public Law 84-107 to designate the manor as Arlington House , The Robert E . Lee Memorial . Gray family . One of the lesser known histories about Arlington House concerns the Gray family , who helped to preserve the legacy of George Washington Parke Custis as well as the Lee family . Selina Norris Gray , the daughter of Leonard and Sally Norris , was a second-generation Arlington slave . In 1831 , Selina married Thornton Gray , a fellow Arlington slave , and eventually had eight children who grew up at Arlington . With the onset of the Civil War , the Lee family had to evacuate their home before the Union troops came and occupied the property . Even though Selina was a personal maid to Mrs . Lee , she and her family were left behind ; however , before leaving , Mrs . Lee left the house keys to Selina and the responsibility to protect the treasures of the home . Several of these treasures included cherished family heirlooms that had once belonged to Mrs . Lees great-grandmother , Martha Custis Washington , and President George Washington . Within months of Union Army General Irvin McDowell occupying the home in 1861 , Selina realized that several precious heirlooms were missing due to soldiers looting the property . When she discovered that some of the Washington relics had also disappeared , she promptly provided a list of the missing objects to General McDowell and convinced him that the significance of the collection required his involvement . He first secured the attic and basement areas to prevent further theft , then had the remaining Lee heirlooms shipped to the Patent Office in Washington , D.C for safekeeping . While Selina is credited with saving the heirlooms and treasures of Arlington House , her children later on are credited with helping to restore the home as well as provide accurate details about the layout of the home , personal stories of the Lee family , and help preservationists in the early twentieth century . During major restorative efforts to Arlington House from 1929 to 1930 , the Gray family made another important contribution to the history of Arlington County and the nation . Four of Selina and Thorntons daughters provided crucial details about the house and its furnishings , and their input proved vital to the authenticity of the project . In 2014 , the National Park Service acquired a rare photograph of Selina . Recent history . Arlington National Cemetery expansion . In 1995 , officials of the United States Department of the Interior and the United States Department of the Army signed an agreement to transfer from Arlington House , The Robert E . Lee Memorial , to the Army a part of Arlington Woods , which was located in Section 29 of the NPS at Arlington National Cemetery between Arlington House and Fort Myer . The property transfer , which involved of NPS land , was intended to enable the Cemetery to increase its space for burials . Environmentalists expressed concerns that the agreement would result in the partial destruction of the remnant of an historically important stand of native trees . Nevertheless , Congress enacted legislation in September 1996 authorizing the transfer . On June 5 , 2013 , after reviewing 100 public comments that it had received on a draft environmental assessment ( EA ) for the Cemetery expansion project , the United States Army Corps of Engineers released a final EA and a signed Finding of No Significant Impact ( FONSI ) for the project . The final EA stated that , of the 905 trees to be removed , 771 trees were healthy native trees that had diameters between 6 and 41 inches . The project would remove approximately 211 trees from a less than area containing a portion of a 145-year-old forest that stood within the property boundaries of a historic district that a National Register of Historic Places nomination form for Arlington House had described in 1966 . About 491 trees would be removed from an area of trees that was approximately 105 years old . At a public hearing on July 11 , 2013 , the National Capital Planning Commission approved the site and building plans for the project . Studies , damages and restorations . From 2003 to 2007 , the National Park Service conducted an archeological excavation of two outbuildings that once held Arlington Houses slave quarters . In 2009 , the Park Service published reports that described the history of the slave quarters and the findings of the excavations , as well as proposals for the restoration of the quarters . From 2007 through 2013 , Arlington House underwent its first renovation since 1925 . During that period , the National Park Services placed the Houses furnishings on display at the Friendship Hill National Historic Site near Point Marion , Pennsylvania . The Park Service held a rededication ceremony after it had completed the renovation and returned the furnishings to the House . Arlington House suffered significant damage in the 2011 Virginia earthquake , requiring the closure of the back halls and upper floor pending an architectural assessment . On July 17 , 2014 , philanthropist David Rubenstein donated $12.5 million to the National Park Foundation ( the arm of the National Park Service which raises funds through private contributions ) to rehabilitate Arlington House , its outbuildings , and grounds . The 30-month project is intended to restore the mansion , buildings , and grounds to the way they looked in 1860 . The project will repair the earthquake-damaged foundation , and add new interior lighting and a modern climate-control system . National Park Service officials said they are likely to close Arlington House and the slave quarters for several months in 2016 , during which most of the work will be done . Replicas . In 1919 , a replica was built for the short-lived Lanier University in Atlanta , designed by architect A . Ten Eyck Brown . It is still standing at 1140 University Drive NE , and houses the Ben H . Zimmerman Religious School and the Canterbury School . Arlington Hall , a two-thirds scale replica of Arlington House , was built in 1939 in Robert E . Lee Park in Dallas , Texas . The façade of the Old Administration Building in Arlington National Cemetery resembles that of Arlington House . The building is west of Arlington House . |
[
"Mary Custis Lee"
] | easy | Who was the owner of Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial from 1857 to 1864? | /wiki/Arlington_House,_The_Robert_E._Lee_Memorial#P127#1 | Arlington House , The Robert E . Lee Memorial Arlington House , The Robert E . Lee Memorial , formerly named the Custis-Lee Mansion , is a Greek revival style mansion located in Arlington , Virginia , United States that was once the home of Confederate Army General Robert E . Lee . It overlooks the Potomac River and the National Mall in Washington , D.C . During the American Civil War , the grounds of the mansion were selected as the site of Arlington National Cemetery , in part to ensure that Lee would never again be able to return to his home . The United States has since designated the mansion as a National Memorial . Although the United States Department of the Army controls Arlington National Cemetery , the National Park Service , a component of the United States Department of the Interior , administers Arlington House . Construction and early history . The mansion was built on the orders of George Washington Parke Custis , the step-grandson and adopted son of George Washington and only grandson of Martha Custis Washington . Custis became a prominent resident of an area that was then known as Alexandria County , at the time a part of the District of Columbia . Arlington House was built at a high point on a 1,100-acre ( 445 ha ) estate that Custiss father , John Parke Custis , had purchased in 1778 and named Mount Washington ( Jacky Custis died in 1781 at Yorktown after the British surrender ) . The younger Custis decided to build his home on the property in 1802 following the death of Martha Washington and three years after the death of George Washington . After acquiring the property , Custis renamed it Arlington after the Custis familys homestead on the Eastern Shore of Virginia . Almost immediately , Custis began constructing Arlington House on his land . Hiring George Hadfield as architect , he constructed a mansion exhibiting the first example of Greek Revival architecture in America . Custis intended the mansion to serve as a living memorial to George Washington and a place for his collection of George Washington artifacts . Its design included elements similar to those of George Washingtons house , Mount Vernon . Construction began in 1803 , eleven years after LEnfants Plan for the future Federal City ( later called Washington City , then Washington D.C. ) had designated an area directly across the Potomac River to be the site of the Presidents House ( later called the Executive Mansion , now the White House ) and the Congress House ( now the United States Capitol ) . Custis located the building on a prominent hill overlooking the Georgetown-Alexandria Turnpike ( at the approximate location of the present Eisenhower Drive in Arlington National Cemetery ) , the Potomac River and the growing Washington City on the opposite side of the river . The mansion was built using materials on site , though the building was interrupted by the War of 1812 ( and material shortages after the British burned the American capital city ) . The Custis mansions exterior was completed in 1818 . The north and south wings were completed in 1804 . The large center section and the portico , presenting an imposing front 140 ft ( 43 m ) long , were finished 13 years later . The house has two kitchens , a summer and a winter . The most prominent features of the house are the 8 massive columns of the portico , each 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) in diameter . Guests at the house included such notable people as Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette , who visited in 1824 ( see : Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States ) . At Arlington , Custis experimented with new methods of animal husbandry and other agriculture . The property also included Arlington Spring , a picnic ground on the banks of the Potomac that Custis originally built for private use but later opened to the public , eventually operating it as a commercial enterprise . Custis married Mary Lee Fitzhugh . Their only child to survive to adulthood was Mary Anna Randolph Custis . Robert E . Lee , whose mother was a cousin of Mrs . Custis , frequently visited Arlington and knew Mary Anna as they grew up . Two years after graduating from West Point , Lieutenant Lee married Mary Anna Custis at Arlington on June 30 , 1831 . For 30 years Arlington House was home to the Lees . They spent much of their married life traveling between United States Army duty stations and Arlington , where six of their seven children were born . They shared this home with Marys parents . After their deaths , Marys parents were buried not far from the house on land that is now part of Arlington National Cemetery . The Custises extensively developed the Arlington estate . Much of the steep slope to the east of the house became a cultivated English landscape park , while a large flower garden with an arbor was constructed and planted south of the house . To the west of Arlington House , tall grass and low native plants led down a slope into a natural area of close-growing trees the Custises called the Grove . About to the west of the flower garden , the Grove contained tall elm and oak trees which formed a canopy . An informal flower garden was planted beneath the trees and maintained by the Custis daughters . It is not clear when the Grove began to be developed , but it was under way by at least 1853 . Upon George Washington Parke Custiss death in 1857 , he left the Arlington estate to Mary Custis Lee for her lifetime and thence to the Lees eldest son , George Washington Custis Lee . The estate needed much repair and reorganization , and Robert E . Lee , as executor of Custiss will , took a three-year leave of absence from the Army to begin the necessary agricultural and financial improvements . Civil War . In April 1861 , Virginia seceded from the United States . Robert E . Lee resigned his commission in the United States Army on April 20 , 1861 , and joined the Confederate States Army . With Arlington House on high ground overlooking the capital , the government of the United States knew it must occupy the mansion or be left in an untenable military position . Although unwilling to leave Arlington House , Mary Lee believed her estate would soon be occupied by federal soldiers and left to stay with relatives on May 14 , having been warned by her young cousin William Orton Williams , then serving as aide to General Winfield Scott . Union Army troops seized and occupied Arlington without opposition on May 24 . In June 1862 , the 37th United States Congress enacted legislation that imposed a property tax on all land in insurrectionary areas of the United States . The 1863 amendments to the statute required these taxes to be paid in person . But Mary Lee , afflicted with severe rheumatoid arthritis and behind Confederate lines , could not pay the tax in person . The Arlington estate was seized for nonpayment of taxes . It was auctioned off on January 11 , 1864 , and the U.S . government won the property for $26,800 ( $ today ) . During the war , Union Army troops cut down many of the trees on the Arlington estate , especially those to the north and east of Arlington House in and near Fort Whipple ( north of the house ) and Arlington Springs ( near the Potomac River ) . However , a number of large trees remained , particularly those in a forested area ( now known as Arlington Woods ) west of the house . By early 1864 , the military cemeteries of Washington , D.C. , and Alexandria , Virginia , were rapidly filling with war dead . Quartermaster General of the United States Army Montgomery C . Meigs proposed using of the Arlington estate as a cemetery . United States Secretary of War Edwin M . Stanton approved the establishment of a military cemetery on June 15 , 1864 , creating Arlington National Cemetery . Meigs believed that since Lee had committed treason in deciding to fight against the Union , denying Lee use of the mansion after the war was a rough form of justice . Meigs decided that a large number of burials should occur close to Arlington House to render it unlivable . Officers were to be buried next to the main flower garden south of the house , and the first burial occurred here on May 17 . Meigs ordered that additional burials commence immediately on the grounds of Arlington House in mid-June . When Union officers bivouacked in the mansion complained and had the burials temporarily stopped , Meigs countermanded their orders and had another 44 dead officers buried along the southern and eastern sides of the main flower garden within a month . In September 1866 , the remains of 2,111 Union and Confederate soldiers who died at the First Battle of Bull Run , Second Battle of Bull Run , and along the Rappahannock River were buried on the former site of the Grove , southeast of the mansion , beneath the Civil War Unknowns Monument . Post-Civil War . Robert E . Lee made no attempt to visit or restore his title to Arlington before his death in 1870 . Mary Lee died in 1873 , having visited the house only one more time , a few months before her death . Too upset at its condition , she refused to enter and left after just a few moments . In April 1874 , Robert E . Lees eldest son , George Washington Custis Lee , filed suit against the United States government in a Virginia circuit court to regain his property . Custis Lee was a major general in the Civil War and was captured by Union forces at the Battle of Sailors Creek on April 6 , 1865 ( see David Dunnels White ) . A jury found in favor of Custis Lee , leading to extensive appeals by both parties . In 1882 , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in favor of Lee in United States v . Lee , 106 U . S . 196 . The court , by a 5–4 majority , found that the estate had been illegally confiscated in 1864 and ordered it returned . But Lee was less interested in obtaining the estate than he was in a cash compensation for its value . After several months of difficult negotiations , Lee and the federal government settled on a sale price of $150,000 ( $ in dollars ) . Congress enacted legislation funding the purchase on March 3 , 1883 ; Lee signed over the title on March 31 ; and the title transfer was recorded on May 14 , 1883 . In 1920 , the Virginia General Assembly changed the name of Alexandria County to Arlington County to end ongoing confusion between Alexandria County and the independent city of Alexandria . The name Arlington was chosen to reflect the presence of the Arlington estate . On March 4 , 1925 , the 68th United States Congress enacted Public Resolution 74 , which authorized the restoration of the Lee Mansion in the Arlington National Cemetery , Virginia . The War Department then began to restore Arlington House , and the Department of the Army continues to manage over half of the original plantations , as Arlington National Cemetery . However , for several years after Congress enacted the authorizing legislation , the War Department , which was responsible for managing the house and grounds , largely ignored the legislation . Contradicting the authorizing legislation , the Department , largely at the insistence of Charles Moore , the director of the United States Commission of Fine Arts , furnished and interpreted the Mansion to “the first half of the republic.” This decision was based , in part , on the popularity of the Colonial Revival movement which was still popular in 1925 . The Mansion was restored to the period of George Washington Parke Custis , and no furniture manufactured after 1830 was accepted . This approach negated Lees role and presence at Arlington . In 1955 , the 84th United States Congress enacted Public Law 84-107 , a joint resolution that designated the manor as the Custis-Lee Mansion as a permanent memorial to Robert E . Lee . The resolution directed the United States Secretary of the Interior to erect on the premises a memorial plaque and to correct governmental records to bring them into compliance with the designation , thus ensuring that the correct interpretation of its history would be applied . Gradually the house was furnished and interpreted to the period of Robert E . Lee as specified in the original legislation . The National Park Service received jurisdiction over the building and some of adjacent gardens ( distinguished from the cemetery ) beginning June 10 , 1933 . In 1972 , the 92nd United States Congress enacted Public Law 92-333 , an Act that amended Public Law 84-107 to designate the manor as Arlington House , The Robert E . Lee Memorial . Gray family . One of the lesser known histories about Arlington House concerns the Gray family , who helped to preserve the legacy of George Washington Parke Custis as well as the Lee family . Selina Norris Gray , the daughter of Leonard and Sally Norris , was a second-generation Arlington slave . In 1831 , Selina married Thornton Gray , a fellow Arlington slave , and eventually had eight children who grew up at Arlington . With the onset of the Civil War , the Lee family had to evacuate their home before the Union troops came and occupied the property . Even though Selina was a personal maid to Mrs . Lee , she and her family were left behind ; however , before leaving , Mrs . Lee left the house keys to Selina and the responsibility to protect the treasures of the home . Several of these treasures included cherished family heirlooms that had once belonged to Mrs . Lees great-grandmother , Martha Custis Washington , and President George Washington . Within months of Union Army General Irvin McDowell occupying the home in 1861 , Selina realized that several precious heirlooms were missing due to soldiers looting the property . When she discovered that some of the Washington relics had also disappeared , she promptly provided a list of the missing objects to General McDowell and convinced him that the significance of the collection required his involvement . He first secured the attic and basement areas to prevent further theft , then had the remaining Lee heirlooms shipped to the Patent Office in Washington , D.C for safekeeping . While Selina is credited with saving the heirlooms and treasures of Arlington House , her children later on are credited with helping to restore the home as well as provide accurate details about the layout of the home , personal stories of the Lee family , and help preservationists in the early twentieth century . During major restorative efforts to Arlington House from 1929 to 1930 , the Gray family made another important contribution to the history of Arlington County and the nation . Four of Selina and Thorntons daughters provided crucial details about the house and its furnishings , and their input proved vital to the authenticity of the project . In 2014 , the National Park Service acquired a rare photograph of Selina . Recent history . Arlington National Cemetery expansion . In 1995 , officials of the United States Department of the Interior and the United States Department of the Army signed an agreement to transfer from Arlington House , The Robert E . Lee Memorial , to the Army a part of Arlington Woods , which was located in Section 29 of the NPS at Arlington National Cemetery between Arlington House and Fort Myer . The property transfer , which involved of NPS land , was intended to enable the Cemetery to increase its space for burials . Environmentalists expressed concerns that the agreement would result in the partial destruction of the remnant of an historically important stand of native trees . Nevertheless , Congress enacted legislation in September 1996 authorizing the transfer . On June 5 , 2013 , after reviewing 100 public comments that it had received on a draft environmental assessment ( EA ) for the Cemetery expansion project , the United States Army Corps of Engineers released a final EA and a signed Finding of No Significant Impact ( FONSI ) for the project . The final EA stated that , of the 905 trees to be removed , 771 trees were healthy native trees that had diameters between 6 and 41 inches . The project would remove approximately 211 trees from a less than area containing a portion of a 145-year-old forest that stood within the property boundaries of a historic district that a National Register of Historic Places nomination form for Arlington House had described in 1966 . About 491 trees would be removed from an area of trees that was approximately 105 years old . At a public hearing on July 11 , 2013 , the National Capital Planning Commission approved the site and building plans for the project . Studies , damages and restorations . From 2003 to 2007 , the National Park Service conducted an archeological excavation of two outbuildings that once held Arlington Houses slave quarters . In 2009 , the Park Service published reports that described the history of the slave quarters and the findings of the excavations , as well as proposals for the restoration of the quarters . From 2007 through 2013 , Arlington House underwent its first renovation since 1925 . During that period , the National Park Services placed the Houses furnishings on display at the Friendship Hill National Historic Site near Point Marion , Pennsylvania . The Park Service held a rededication ceremony after it had completed the renovation and returned the furnishings to the House . Arlington House suffered significant damage in the 2011 Virginia earthquake , requiring the closure of the back halls and upper floor pending an architectural assessment . On July 17 , 2014 , philanthropist David Rubenstein donated $12.5 million to the National Park Foundation ( the arm of the National Park Service which raises funds through private contributions ) to rehabilitate Arlington House , its outbuildings , and grounds . The 30-month project is intended to restore the mansion , buildings , and grounds to the way they looked in 1860 . The project will repair the earthquake-damaged foundation , and add new interior lighting and a modern climate-control system . National Park Service officials said they are likely to close Arlington House and the slave quarters for several months in 2016 , during which most of the work will be done . Replicas . In 1919 , a replica was built for the short-lived Lanier University in Atlanta , designed by architect A . Ten Eyck Brown . It is still standing at 1140 University Drive NE , and houses the Ben H . Zimmerman Religious School and the Canterbury School . Arlington Hall , a two-thirds scale replica of Arlington House , was built in 1939 in Robert E . Lee Park in Dallas , Texas . The façade of the Old Administration Building in Arlington National Cemetery resembles that of Arlington House . The building is west of Arlington House . |
[
""
] | easy | Who owned Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial from 1864 to 1882? | /wiki/Arlington_House,_The_Robert_E._Lee_Memorial#P127#2 | Arlington House , The Robert E . Lee Memorial Arlington House , The Robert E . Lee Memorial , formerly named the Custis-Lee Mansion , is a Greek revival style mansion located in Arlington , Virginia , United States that was once the home of Confederate Army General Robert E . Lee . It overlooks the Potomac River and the National Mall in Washington , D.C . During the American Civil War , the grounds of the mansion were selected as the site of Arlington National Cemetery , in part to ensure that Lee would never again be able to return to his home . The United States has since designated the mansion as a National Memorial . Although the United States Department of the Army controls Arlington National Cemetery , the National Park Service , a component of the United States Department of the Interior , administers Arlington House . Construction and early history . The mansion was built on the orders of George Washington Parke Custis , the step-grandson and adopted son of George Washington and only grandson of Martha Custis Washington . Custis became a prominent resident of an area that was then known as Alexandria County , at the time a part of the District of Columbia . Arlington House was built at a high point on a 1,100-acre ( 445 ha ) estate that Custiss father , John Parke Custis , had purchased in 1778 and named Mount Washington ( Jacky Custis died in 1781 at Yorktown after the British surrender ) . The younger Custis decided to build his home on the property in 1802 following the death of Martha Washington and three years after the death of George Washington . After acquiring the property , Custis renamed it Arlington after the Custis familys homestead on the Eastern Shore of Virginia . Almost immediately , Custis began constructing Arlington House on his land . Hiring George Hadfield as architect , he constructed a mansion exhibiting the first example of Greek Revival architecture in America . Custis intended the mansion to serve as a living memorial to George Washington and a place for his collection of George Washington artifacts . Its design included elements similar to those of George Washingtons house , Mount Vernon . Construction began in 1803 , eleven years after LEnfants Plan for the future Federal City ( later called Washington City , then Washington D.C. ) had designated an area directly across the Potomac River to be the site of the Presidents House ( later called the Executive Mansion , now the White House ) and the Congress House ( now the United States Capitol ) . Custis located the building on a prominent hill overlooking the Georgetown-Alexandria Turnpike ( at the approximate location of the present Eisenhower Drive in Arlington National Cemetery ) , the Potomac River and the growing Washington City on the opposite side of the river . The mansion was built using materials on site , though the building was interrupted by the War of 1812 ( and material shortages after the British burned the American capital city ) . The Custis mansions exterior was completed in 1818 . The north and south wings were completed in 1804 . The large center section and the portico , presenting an imposing front 140 ft ( 43 m ) long , were finished 13 years later . The house has two kitchens , a summer and a winter . The most prominent features of the house are the 8 massive columns of the portico , each 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) in diameter . Guests at the house included such notable people as Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette , who visited in 1824 ( see : Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States ) . At Arlington , Custis experimented with new methods of animal husbandry and other agriculture . The property also included Arlington Spring , a picnic ground on the banks of the Potomac that Custis originally built for private use but later opened to the public , eventually operating it as a commercial enterprise . Custis married Mary Lee Fitzhugh . Their only child to survive to adulthood was Mary Anna Randolph Custis . Robert E . Lee , whose mother was a cousin of Mrs . Custis , frequently visited Arlington and knew Mary Anna as they grew up . Two years after graduating from West Point , Lieutenant Lee married Mary Anna Custis at Arlington on June 30 , 1831 . For 30 years Arlington House was home to the Lees . They spent much of their married life traveling between United States Army duty stations and Arlington , where six of their seven children were born . They shared this home with Marys parents . After their deaths , Marys parents were buried not far from the house on land that is now part of Arlington National Cemetery . The Custises extensively developed the Arlington estate . Much of the steep slope to the east of the house became a cultivated English landscape park , while a large flower garden with an arbor was constructed and planted south of the house . To the west of Arlington House , tall grass and low native plants led down a slope into a natural area of close-growing trees the Custises called the Grove . About to the west of the flower garden , the Grove contained tall elm and oak trees which formed a canopy . An informal flower garden was planted beneath the trees and maintained by the Custis daughters . It is not clear when the Grove began to be developed , but it was under way by at least 1853 . Upon George Washington Parke Custiss death in 1857 , he left the Arlington estate to Mary Custis Lee for her lifetime and thence to the Lees eldest son , George Washington Custis Lee . The estate needed much repair and reorganization , and Robert E . Lee , as executor of Custiss will , took a three-year leave of absence from the Army to begin the necessary agricultural and financial improvements . Civil War . In April 1861 , Virginia seceded from the United States . Robert E . Lee resigned his commission in the United States Army on April 20 , 1861 , and joined the Confederate States Army . With Arlington House on high ground overlooking the capital , the government of the United States knew it must occupy the mansion or be left in an untenable military position . Although unwilling to leave Arlington House , Mary Lee believed her estate would soon be occupied by federal soldiers and left to stay with relatives on May 14 , having been warned by her young cousin William Orton Williams , then serving as aide to General Winfield Scott . Union Army troops seized and occupied Arlington without opposition on May 24 . In June 1862 , the 37th United States Congress enacted legislation that imposed a property tax on all land in insurrectionary areas of the United States . The 1863 amendments to the statute required these taxes to be paid in person . But Mary Lee , afflicted with severe rheumatoid arthritis and behind Confederate lines , could not pay the tax in person . The Arlington estate was seized for nonpayment of taxes . It was auctioned off on January 11 , 1864 , and the U.S . government won the property for $26,800 ( $ today ) . During the war , Union Army troops cut down many of the trees on the Arlington estate , especially those to the north and east of Arlington House in and near Fort Whipple ( north of the house ) and Arlington Springs ( near the Potomac River ) . However , a number of large trees remained , particularly those in a forested area ( now known as Arlington Woods ) west of the house . By early 1864 , the military cemeteries of Washington , D.C. , and Alexandria , Virginia , were rapidly filling with war dead . Quartermaster General of the United States Army Montgomery C . Meigs proposed using of the Arlington estate as a cemetery . United States Secretary of War Edwin M . Stanton approved the establishment of a military cemetery on June 15 , 1864 , creating Arlington National Cemetery . Meigs believed that since Lee had committed treason in deciding to fight against the Union , denying Lee use of the mansion after the war was a rough form of justice . Meigs decided that a large number of burials should occur close to Arlington House to render it unlivable . Officers were to be buried next to the main flower garden south of the house , and the first burial occurred here on May 17 . Meigs ordered that additional burials commence immediately on the grounds of Arlington House in mid-June . When Union officers bivouacked in the mansion complained and had the burials temporarily stopped , Meigs countermanded their orders and had another 44 dead officers buried along the southern and eastern sides of the main flower garden within a month . In September 1866 , the remains of 2,111 Union and Confederate soldiers who died at the First Battle of Bull Run , Second Battle of Bull Run , and along the Rappahannock River were buried on the former site of the Grove , southeast of the mansion , beneath the Civil War Unknowns Monument . Post-Civil War . Robert E . Lee made no attempt to visit or restore his title to Arlington before his death in 1870 . Mary Lee died in 1873 , having visited the house only one more time , a few months before her death . Too upset at its condition , she refused to enter and left after just a few moments . In April 1874 , Robert E . Lees eldest son , George Washington Custis Lee , filed suit against the United States government in a Virginia circuit court to regain his property . Custis Lee was a major general in the Civil War and was captured by Union forces at the Battle of Sailors Creek on April 6 , 1865 ( see David Dunnels White ) . A jury found in favor of Custis Lee , leading to extensive appeals by both parties . In 1882 , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in favor of Lee in United States v . Lee , 106 U . S . 196 . The court , by a 5–4 majority , found that the estate had been illegally confiscated in 1864 and ordered it returned . But Lee was less interested in obtaining the estate than he was in a cash compensation for its value . After several months of difficult negotiations , Lee and the federal government settled on a sale price of $150,000 ( $ in dollars ) . Congress enacted legislation funding the purchase on March 3 , 1883 ; Lee signed over the title on March 31 ; and the title transfer was recorded on May 14 , 1883 . In 1920 , the Virginia General Assembly changed the name of Alexandria County to Arlington County to end ongoing confusion between Alexandria County and the independent city of Alexandria . The name Arlington was chosen to reflect the presence of the Arlington estate . On March 4 , 1925 , the 68th United States Congress enacted Public Resolution 74 , which authorized the restoration of the Lee Mansion in the Arlington National Cemetery , Virginia . The War Department then began to restore Arlington House , and the Department of the Army continues to manage over half of the original plantations , as Arlington National Cemetery . However , for several years after Congress enacted the authorizing legislation , the War Department , which was responsible for managing the house and grounds , largely ignored the legislation . Contradicting the authorizing legislation , the Department , largely at the insistence of Charles Moore , the director of the United States Commission of Fine Arts , furnished and interpreted the Mansion to “the first half of the republic.” This decision was based , in part , on the popularity of the Colonial Revival movement which was still popular in 1925 . The Mansion was restored to the period of George Washington Parke Custis , and no furniture manufactured after 1830 was accepted . This approach negated Lees role and presence at Arlington . In 1955 , the 84th United States Congress enacted Public Law 84-107 , a joint resolution that designated the manor as the Custis-Lee Mansion as a permanent memorial to Robert E . Lee . The resolution directed the United States Secretary of the Interior to erect on the premises a memorial plaque and to correct governmental records to bring them into compliance with the designation , thus ensuring that the correct interpretation of its history would be applied . Gradually the house was furnished and interpreted to the period of Robert E . Lee as specified in the original legislation . The National Park Service received jurisdiction over the building and some of adjacent gardens ( distinguished from the cemetery ) beginning June 10 , 1933 . In 1972 , the 92nd United States Congress enacted Public Law 92-333 , an Act that amended Public Law 84-107 to designate the manor as Arlington House , The Robert E . Lee Memorial . Gray family . One of the lesser known histories about Arlington House concerns the Gray family , who helped to preserve the legacy of George Washington Parke Custis as well as the Lee family . Selina Norris Gray , the daughter of Leonard and Sally Norris , was a second-generation Arlington slave . In 1831 , Selina married Thornton Gray , a fellow Arlington slave , and eventually had eight children who grew up at Arlington . With the onset of the Civil War , the Lee family had to evacuate their home before the Union troops came and occupied the property . Even though Selina was a personal maid to Mrs . Lee , she and her family were left behind ; however , before leaving , Mrs . Lee left the house keys to Selina and the responsibility to protect the treasures of the home . Several of these treasures included cherished family heirlooms that had once belonged to Mrs . Lees great-grandmother , Martha Custis Washington , and President George Washington . Within months of Union Army General Irvin McDowell occupying the home in 1861 , Selina realized that several precious heirlooms were missing due to soldiers looting the property . When she discovered that some of the Washington relics had also disappeared , she promptly provided a list of the missing objects to General McDowell and convinced him that the significance of the collection required his involvement . He first secured the attic and basement areas to prevent further theft , then had the remaining Lee heirlooms shipped to the Patent Office in Washington , D.C for safekeeping . While Selina is credited with saving the heirlooms and treasures of Arlington House , her children later on are credited with helping to restore the home as well as provide accurate details about the layout of the home , personal stories of the Lee family , and help preservationists in the early twentieth century . During major restorative efforts to Arlington House from 1929 to 1930 , the Gray family made another important contribution to the history of Arlington County and the nation . Four of Selina and Thorntons daughters provided crucial details about the house and its furnishings , and their input proved vital to the authenticity of the project . In 2014 , the National Park Service acquired a rare photograph of Selina . Recent history . Arlington National Cemetery expansion . In 1995 , officials of the United States Department of the Interior and the United States Department of the Army signed an agreement to transfer from Arlington House , The Robert E . Lee Memorial , to the Army a part of Arlington Woods , which was located in Section 29 of the NPS at Arlington National Cemetery between Arlington House and Fort Myer . The property transfer , which involved of NPS land , was intended to enable the Cemetery to increase its space for burials . Environmentalists expressed concerns that the agreement would result in the partial destruction of the remnant of an historically important stand of native trees . Nevertheless , Congress enacted legislation in September 1996 authorizing the transfer . On June 5 , 2013 , after reviewing 100 public comments that it had received on a draft environmental assessment ( EA ) for the Cemetery expansion project , the United States Army Corps of Engineers released a final EA and a signed Finding of No Significant Impact ( FONSI ) for the project . The final EA stated that , of the 905 trees to be removed , 771 trees were healthy native trees that had diameters between 6 and 41 inches . The project would remove approximately 211 trees from a less than area containing a portion of a 145-year-old forest that stood within the property boundaries of a historic district that a National Register of Historic Places nomination form for Arlington House had described in 1966 . About 491 trees would be removed from an area of trees that was approximately 105 years old . At a public hearing on July 11 , 2013 , the National Capital Planning Commission approved the site and building plans for the project . Studies , damages and restorations . From 2003 to 2007 , the National Park Service conducted an archeological excavation of two outbuildings that once held Arlington Houses slave quarters . In 2009 , the Park Service published reports that described the history of the slave quarters and the findings of the excavations , as well as proposals for the restoration of the quarters . From 2007 through 2013 , Arlington House underwent its first renovation since 1925 . During that period , the National Park Services placed the Houses furnishings on display at the Friendship Hill National Historic Site near Point Marion , Pennsylvania . The Park Service held a rededication ceremony after it had completed the renovation and returned the furnishings to the House . Arlington House suffered significant damage in the 2011 Virginia earthquake , requiring the closure of the back halls and upper floor pending an architectural assessment . On July 17 , 2014 , philanthropist David Rubenstein donated $12.5 million to the National Park Foundation ( the arm of the National Park Service which raises funds through private contributions ) to rehabilitate Arlington House , its outbuildings , and grounds . The 30-month project is intended to restore the mansion , buildings , and grounds to the way they looked in 1860 . The project will repair the earthquake-damaged foundation , and add new interior lighting and a modern climate-control system . National Park Service officials said they are likely to close Arlington House and the slave quarters for several months in 2016 , during which most of the work will be done . Replicas . In 1919 , a replica was built for the short-lived Lanier University in Atlanta , designed by architect A . Ten Eyck Brown . It is still standing at 1140 University Drive NE , and houses the Ben H . Zimmerman Religious School and the Canterbury School . Arlington Hall , a two-thirds scale replica of Arlington House , was built in 1939 in Robert E . Lee Park in Dallas , Texas . The façade of the Old Administration Building in Arlington National Cemetery resembles that of Arlington House . The building is west of Arlington House . |
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"George Washington Custis Lee"
] | easy | Who was the owner of Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial from 1882 to 1883? | /wiki/Arlington_House,_The_Robert_E._Lee_Memorial#P127#3 | Arlington House , The Robert E . Lee Memorial Arlington House , The Robert E . Lee Memorial , formerly named the Custis-Lee Mansion , is a Greek revival style mansion located in Arlington , Virginia , United States that was once the home of Confederate Army General Robert E . Lee . It overlooks the Potomac River and the National Mall in Washington , D.C . During the American Civil War , the grounds of the mansion were selected as the site of Arlington National Cemetery , in part to ensure that Lee would never again be able to return to his home . The United States has since designated the mansion as a National Memorial . Although the United States Department of the Army controls Arlington National Cemetery , the National Park Service , a component of the United States Department of the Interior , administers Arlington House . Construction and early history . The mansion was built on the orders of George Washington Parke Custis , the step-grandson and adopted son of George Washington and only grandson of Martha Custis Washington . Custis became a prominent resident of an area that was then known as Alexandria County , at the time a part of the District of Columbia . Arlington House was built at a high point on a 1,100-acre ( 445 ha ) estate that Custiss father , John Parke Custis , had purchased in 1778 and named Mount Washington ( Jacky Custis died in 1781 at Yorktown after the British surrender ) . The younger Custis decided to build his home on the property in 1802 following the death of Martha Washington and three years after the death of George Washington . After acquiring the property , Custis renamed it Arlington after the Custis familys homestead on the Eastern Shore of Virginia . Almost immediately , Custis began constructing Arlington House on his land . Hiring George Hadfield as architect , he constructed a mansion exhibiting the first example of Greek Revival architecture in America . Custis intended the mansion to serve as a living memorial to George Washington and a place for his collection of George Washington artifacts . Its design included elements similar to those of George Washingtons house , Mount Vernon . Construction began in 1803 , eleven years after LEnfants Plan for the future Federal City ( later called Washington City , then Washington D.C. ) had designated an area directly across the Potomac River to be the site of the Presidents House ( later called the Executive Mansion , now the White House ) and the Congress House ( now the United States Capitol ) . Custis located the building on a prominent hill overlooking the Georgetown-Alexandria Turnpike ( at the approximate location of the present Eisenhower Drive in Arlington National Cemetery ) , the Potomac River and the growing Washington City on the opposite side of the river . The mansion was built using materials on site , though the building was interrupted by the War of 1812 ( and material shortages after the British burned the American capital city ) . The Custis mansions exterior was completed in 1818 . The north and south wings were completed in 1804 . The large center section and the portico , presenting an imposing front 140 ft ( 43 m ) long , were finished 13 years later . The house has two kitchens , a summer and a winter . The most prominent features of the house are the 8 massive columns of the portico , each 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) in diameter . Guests at the house included such notable people as Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette , who visited in 1824 ( see : Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States ) . At Arlington , Custis experimented with new methods of animal husbandry and other agriculture . The property also included Arlington Spring , a picnic ground on the banks of the Potomac that Custis originally built for private use but later opened to the public , eventually operating it as a commercial enterprise . Custis married Mary Lee Fitzhugh . Their only child to survive to adulthood was Mary Anna Randolph Custis . Robert E . Lee , whose mother was a cousin of Mrs . Custis , frequently visited Arlington and knew Mary Anna as they grew up . Two years after graduating from West Point , Lieutenant Lee married Mary Anna Custis at Arlington on June 30 , 1831 . For 30 years Arlington House was home to the Lees . They spent much of their married life traveling between United States Army duty stations and Arlington , where six of their seven children were born . They shared this home with Marys parents . After their deaths , Marys parents were buried not far from the house on land that is now part of Arlington National Cemetery . The Custises extensively developed the Arlington estate . Much of the steep slope to the east of the house became a cultivated English landscape park , while a large flower garden with an arbor was constructed and planted south of the house . To the west of Arlington House , tall grass and low native plants led down a slope into a natural area of close-growing trees the Custises called the Grove . About to the west of the flower garden , the Grove contained tall elm and oak trees which formed a canopy . An informal flower garden was planted beneath the trees and maintained by the Custis daughters . It is not clear when the Grove began to be developed , but it was under way by at least 1853 . Upon George Washington Parke Custiss death in 1857 , he left the Arlington estate to Mary Custis Lee for her lifetime and thence to the Lees eldest son , George Washington Custis Lee . The estate needed much repair and reorganization , and Robert E . Lee , as executor of Custiss will , took a three-year leave of absence from the Army to begin the necessary agricultural and financial improvements . Civil War . In April 1861 , Virginia seceded from the United States . Robert E . Lee resigned his commission in the United States Army on April 20 , 1861 , and joined the Confederate States Army . With Arlington House on high ground overlooking the capital , the government of the United States knew it must occupy the mansion or be left in an untenable military position . Although unwilling to leave Arlington House , Mary Lee believed her estate would soon be occupied by federal soldiers and left to stay with relatives on May 14 , having been warned by her young cousin William Orton Williams , then serving as aide to General Winfield Scott . Union Army troops seized and occupied Arlington without opposition on May 24 . In June 1862 , the 37th United States Congress enacted legislation that imposed a property tax on all land in insurrectionary areas of the United States . The 1863 amendments to the statute required these taxes to be paid in person . But Mary Lee , afflicted with severe rheumatoid arthritis and behind Confederate lines , could not pay the tax in person . The Arlington estate was seized for nonpayment of taxes . It was auctioned off on January 11 , 1864 , and the U.S . government won the property for $26,800 ( $ today ) . During the war , Union Army troops cut down many of the trees on the Arlington estate , especially those to the north and east of Arlington House in and near Fort Whipple ( north of the house ) and Arlington Springs ( near the Potomac River ) . However , a number of large trees remained , particularly those in a forested area ( now known as Arlington Woods ) west of the house . By early 1864 , the military cemeteries of Washington , D.C. , and Alexandria , Virginia , were rapidly filling with war dead . Quartermaster General of the United States Army Montgomery C . Meigs proposed using of the Arlington estate as a cemetery . United States Secretary of War Edwin M . Stanton approved the establishment of a military cemetery on June 15 , 1864 , creating Arlington National Cemetery . Meigs believed that since Lee had committed treason in deciding to fight against the Union , denying Lee use of the mansion after the war was a rough form of justice . Meigs decided that a large number of burials should occur close to Arlington House to render it unlivable . Officers were to be buried next to the main flower garden south of the house , and the first burial occurred here on May 17 . Meigs ordered that additional burials commence immediately on the grounds of Arlington House in mid-June . When Union officers bivouacked in the mansion complained and had the burials temporarily stopped , Meigs countermanded their orders and had another 44 dead officers buried along the southern and eastern sides of the main flower garden within a month . In September 1866 , the remains of 2,111 Union and Confederate soldiers who died at the First Battle of Bull Run , Second Battle of Bull Run , and along the Rappahannock River were buried on the former site of the Grove , southeast of the mansion , beneath the Civil War Unknowns Monument . Post-Civil War . Robert E . Lee made no attempt to visit or restore his title to Arlington before his death in 1870 . Mary Lee died in 1873 , having visited the house only one more time , a few months before her death . Too upset at its condition , she refused to enter and left after just a few moments . In April 1874 , Robert E . Lees eldest son , George Washington Custis Lee , filed suit against the United States government in a Virginia circuit court to regain his property . Custis Lee was a major general in the Civil War and was captured by Union forces at the Battle of Sailors Creek on April 6 , 1865 ( see David Dunnels White ) . A jury found in favor of Custis Lee , leading to extensive appeals by both parties . In 1882 , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in favor of Lee in United States v . Lee , 106 U . S . 196 . The court , by a 5–4 majority , found that the estate had been illegally confiscated in 1864 and ordered it returned . But Lee was less interested in obtaining the estate than he was in a cash compensation for its value . After several months of difficult negotiations , Lee and the federal government settled on a sale price of $150,000 ( $ in dollars ) . Congress enacted legislation funding the purchase on March 3 , 1883 ; Lee signed over the title on March 31 ; and the title transfer was recorded on May 14 , 1883 . In 1920 , the Virginia General Assembly changed the name of Alexandria County to Arlington County to end ongoing confusion between Alexandria County and the independent city of Alexandria . The name Arlington was chosen to reflect the presence of the Arlington estate . On March 4 , 1925 , the 68th United States Congress enacted Public Resolution 74 , which authorized the restoration of the Lee Mansion in the Arlington National Cemetery , Virginia . The War Department then began to restore Arlington House , and the Department of the Army continues to manage over half of the original plantations , as Arlington National Cemetery . However , for several years after Congress enacted the authorizing legislation , the War Department , which was responsible for managing the house and grounds , largely ignored the legislation . Contradicting the authorizing legislation , the Department , largely at the insistence of Charles Moore , the director of the United States Commission of Fine Arts , furnished and interpreted the Mansion to “the first half of the republic.” This decision was based , in part , on the popularity of the Colonial Revival movement which was still popular in 1925 . The Mansion was restored to the period of George Washington Parke Custis , and no furniture manufactured after 1830 was accepted . This approach negated Lees role and presence at Arlington . In 1955 , the 84th United States Congress enacted Public Law 84-107 , a joint resolution that designated the manor as the Custis-Lee Mansion as a permanent memorial to Robert E . Lee . The resolution directed the United States Secretary of the Interior to erect on the premises a memorial plaque and to correct governmental records to bring them into compliance with the designation , thus ensuring that the correct interpretation of its history would be applied . Gradually the house was furnished and interpreted to the period of Robert E . Lee as specified in the original legislation . The National Park Service received jurisdiction over the building and some of adjacent gardens ( distinguished from the cemetery ) beginning June 10 , 1933 . In 1972 , the 92nd United States Congress enacted Public Law 92-333 , an Act that amended Public Law 84-107 to designate the manor as Arlington House , The Robert E . Lee Memorial . Gray family . One of the lesser known histories about Arlington House concerns the Gray family , who helped to preserve the legacy of George Washington Parke Custis as well as the Lee family . Selina Norris Gray , the daughter of Leonard and Sally Norris , was a second-generation Arlington slave . In 1831 , Selina married Thornton Gray , a fellow Arlington slave , and eventually had eight children who grew up at Arlington . With the onset of the Civil War , the Lee family had to evacuate their home before the Union troops came and occupied the property . Even though Selina was a personal maid to Mrs . Lee , she and her family were left behind ; however , before leaving , Mrs . Lee left the house keys to Selina and the responsibility to protect the treasures of the home . Several of these treasures included cherished family heirlooms that had once belonged to Mrs . Lees great-grandmother , Martha Custis Washington , and President George Washington . Within months of Union Army General Irvin McDowell occupying the home in 1861 , Selina realized that several precious heirlooms were missing due to soldiers looting the property . When she discovered that some of the Washington relics had also disappeared , she promptly provided a list of the missing objects to General McDowell and convinced him that the significance of the collection required his involvement . He first secured the attic and basement areas to prevent further theft , then had the remaining Lee heirlooms shipped to the Patent Office in Washington , D.C for safekeeping . While Selina is credited with saving the heirlooms and treasures of Arlington House , her children later on are credited with helping to restore the home as well as provide accurate details about the layout of the home , personal stories of the Lee family , and help preservationists in the early twentieth century . During major restorative efforts to Arlington House from 1929 to 1930 , the Gray family made another important contribution to the history of Arlington County and the nation . Four of Selina and Thorntons daughters provided crucial details about the house and its furnishings , and their input proved vital to the authenticity of the project . In 2014 , the National Park Service acquired a rare photograph of Selina . Recent history . Arlington National Cemetery expansion . In 1995 , officials of the United States Department of the Interior and the United States Department of the Army signed an agreement to transfer from Arlington House , The Robert E . Lee Memorial , to the Army a part of Arlington Woods , which was located in Section 29 of the NPS at Arlington National Cemetery between Arlington House and Fort Myer . The property transfer , which involved of NPS land , was intended to enable the Cemetery to increase its space for burials . Environmentalists expressed concerns that the agreement would result in the partial destruction of the remnant of an historically important stand of native trees . Nevertheless , Congress enacted legislation in September 1996 authorizing the transfer . On June 5 , 2013 , after reviewing 100 public comments that it had received on a draft environmental assessment ( EA ) for the Cemetery expansion project , the United States Army Corps of Engineers released a final EA and a signed Finding of No Significant Impact ( FONSI ) for the project . The final EA stated that , of the 905 trees to be removed , 771 trees were healthy native trees that had diameters between 6 and 41 inches . The project would remove approximately 211 trees from a less than area containing a portion of a 145-year-old forest that stood within the property boundaries of a historic district that a National Register of Historic Places nomination form for Arlington House had described in 1966 . About 491 trees would be removed from an area of trees that was approximately 105 years old . At a public hearing on July 11 , 2013 , the National Capital Planning Commission approved the site and building plans for the project . Studies , damages and restorations . From 2003 to 2007 , the National Park Service conducted an archeological excavation of two outbuildings that once held Arlington Houses slave quarters . In 2009 , the Park Service published reports that described the history of the slave quarters and the findings of the excavations , as well as proposals for the restoration of the quarters . From 2007 through 2013 , Arlington House underwent its first renovation since 1925 . During that period , the National Park Services placed the Houses furnishings on display at the Friendship Hill National Historic Site near Point Marion , Pennsylvania . The Park Service held a rededication ceremony after it had completed the renovation and returned the furnishings to the House . Arlington House suffered significant damage in the 2011 Virginia earthquake , requiring the closure of the back halls and upper floor pending an architectural assessment . On July 17 , 2014 , philanthropist David Rubenstein donated $12.5 million to the National Park Foundation ( the arm of the National Park Service which raises funds through private contributions ) to rehabilitate Arlington House , its outbuildings , and grounds . The 30-month project is intended to restore the mansion , buildings , and grounds to the way they looked in 1860 . The project will repair the earthquake-damaged foundation , and add new interior lighting and a modern climate-control system . National Park Service officials said they are likely to close Arlington House and the slave quarters for several months in 2016 , during which most of the work will be done . Replicas . In 1919 , a replica was built for the short-lived Lanier University in Atlanta , designed by architect A . Ten Eyck Brown . It is still standing at 1140 University Drive NE , and houses the Ben H . Zimmerman Religious School and the Canterbury School . Arlington Hall , a two-thirds scale replica of Arlington House , was built in 1939 in Robert E . Lee Park in Dallas , Texas . The façade of the Old Administration Building in Arlington National Cemetery resembles that of Arlington House . The building is west of Arlington House . |
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] | easy | Who owned Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial from 1883 to 1884? | /wiki/Arlington_House,_The_Robert_E._Lee_Memorial#P127#4 | Arlington House , The Robert E . Lee Memorial Arlington House , The Robert E . Lee Memorial , formerly named the Custis-Lee Mansion , is a Greek revival style mansion located in Arlington , Virginia , United States that was once the home of Confederate Army General Robert E . Lee . It overlooks the Potomac River and the National Mall in Washington , D.C . During the American Civil War , the grounds of the mansion were selected as the site of Arlington National Cemetery , in part to ensure that Lee would never again be able to return to his home . The United States has since designated the mansion as a National Memorial . Although the United States Department of the Army controls Arlington National Cemetery , the National Park Service , a component of the United States Department of the Interior , administers Arlington House . Construction and early history . The mansion was built on the orders of George Washington Parke Custis , the step-grandson and adopted son of George Washington and only grandson of Martha Custis Washington . Custis became a prominent resident of an area that was then known as Alexandria County , at the time a part of the District of Columbia . Arlington House was built at a high point on a 1,100-acre ( 445 ha ) estate that Custiss father , John Parke Custis , had purchased in 1778 and named Mount Washington ( Jacky Custis died in 1781 at Yorktown after the British surrender ) . The younger Custis decided to build his home on the property in 1802 following the death of Martha Washington and three years after the death of George Washington . After acquiring the property , Custis renamed it Arlington after the Custis familys homestead on the Eastern Shore of Virginia . Almost immediately , Custis began constructing Arlington House on his land . Hiring George Hadfield as architect , he constructed a mansion exhibiting the first example of Greek Revival architecture in America . Custis intended the mansion to serve as a living memorial to George Washington and a place for his collection of George Washington artifacts . Its design included elements similar to those of George Washingtons house , Mount Vernon . Construction began in 1803 , eleven years after LEnfants Plan for the future Federal City ( later called Washington City , then Washington D.C. ) had designated an area directly across the Potomac River to be the site of the Presidents House ( later called the Executive Mansion , now the White House ) and the Congress House ( now the United States Capitol ) . Custis located the building on a prominent hill overlooking the Georgetown-Alexandria Turnpike ( at the approximate location of the present Eisenhower Drive in Arlington National Cemetery ) , the Potomac River and the growing Washington City on the opposite side of the river . The mansion was built using materials on site , though the building was interrupted by the War of 1812 ( and material shortages after the British burned the American capital city ) . The Custis mansions exterior was completed in 1818 . The north and south wings were completed in 1804 . The large center section and the portico , presenting an imposing front 140 ft ( 43 m ) long , were finished 13 years later . The house has two kitchens , a summer and a winter . The most prominent features of the house are the 8 massive columns of the portico , each 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) in diameter . Guests at the house included such notable people as Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette , who visited in 1824 ( see : Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States ) . At Arlington , Custis experimented with new methods of animal husbandry and other agriculture . The property also included Arlington Spring , a picnic ground on the banks of the Potomac that Custis originally built for private use but later opened to the public , eventually operating it as a commercial enterprise . Custis married Mary Lee Fitzhugh . Their only child to survive to adulthood was Mary Anna Randolph Custis . Robert E . Lee , whose mother was a cousin of Mrs . Custis , frequently visited Arlington and knew Mary Anna as they grew up . Two years after graduating from West Point , Lieutenant Lee married Mary Anna Custis at Arlington on June 30 , 1831 . For 30 years Arlington House was home to the Lees . They spent much of their married life traveling between United States Army duty stations and Arlington , where six of their seven children were born . They shared this home with Marys parents . After their deaths , Marys parents were buried not far from the house on land that is now part of Arlington National Cemetery . The Custises extensively developed the Arlington estate . Much of the steep slope to the east of the house became a cultivated English landscape park , while a large flower garden with an arbor was constructed and planted south of the house . To the west of Arlington House , tall grass and low native plants led down a slope into a natural area of close-growing trees the Custises called the Grove . About to the west of the flower garden , the Grove contained tall elm and oak trees which formed a canopy . An informal flower garden was planted beneath the trees and maintained by the Custis daughters . It is not clear when the Grove began to be developed , but it was under way by at least 1853 . Upon George Washington Parke Custiss death in 1857 , he left the Arlington estate to Mary Custis Lee for her lifetime and thence to the Lees eldest son , George Washington Custis Lee . The estate needed much repair and reorganization , and Robert E . Lee , as executor of Custiss will , took a three-year leave of absence from the Army to begin the necessary agricultural and financial improvements . Civil War . In April 1861 , Virginia seceded from the United States . Robert E . Lee resigned his commission in the United States Army on April 20 , 1861 , and joined the Confederate States Army . With Arlington House on high ground overlooking the capital , the government of the United States knew it must occupy the mansion or be left in an untenable military position . Although unwilling to leave Arlington House , Mary Lee believed her estate would soon be occupied by federal soldiers and left to stay with relatives on May 14 , having been warned by her young cousin William Orton Williams , then serving as aide to General Winfield Scott . Union Army troops seized and occupied Arlington without opposition on May 24 . In June 1862 , the 37th United States Congress enacted legislation that imposed a property tax on all land in insurrectionary areas of the United States . The 1863 amendments to the statute required these taxes to be paid in person . But Mary Lee , afflicted with severe rheumatoid arthritis and behind Confederate lines , could not pay the tax in person . The Arlington estate was seized for nonpayment of taxes . It was auctioned off on January 11 , 1864 , and the U.S . government won the property for $26,800 ( $ today ) . During the war , Union Army troops cut down many of the trees on the Arlington estate , especially those to the north and east of Arlington House in and near Fort Whipple ( north of the house ) and Arlington Springs ( near the Potomac River ) . However , a number of large trees remained , particularly those in a forested area ( now known as Arlington Woods ) west of the house . By early 1864 , the military cemeteries of Washington , D.C. , and Alexandria , Virginia , were rapidly filling with war dead . Quartermaster General of the United States Army Montgomery C . Meigs proposed using of the Arlington estate as a cemetery . United States Secretary of War Edwin M . Stanton approved the establishment of a military cemetery on June 15 , 1864 , creating Arlington National Cemetery . Meigs believed that since Lee had committed treason in deciding to fight against the Union , denying Lee use of the mansion after the war was a rough form of justice . Meigs decided that a large number of burials should occur close to Arlington House to render it unlivable . Officers were to be buried next to the main flower garden south of the house , and the first burial occurred here on May 17 . Meigs ordered that additional burials commence immediately on the grounds of Arlington House in mid-June . When Union officers bivouacked in the mansion complained and had the burials temporarily stopped , Meigs countermanded their orders and had another 44 dead officers buried along the southern and eastern sides of the main flower garden within a month . In September 1866 , the remains of 2,111 Union and Confederate soldiers who died at the First Battle of Bull Run , Second Battle of Bull Run , and along the Rappahannock River were buried on the former site of the Grove , southeast of the mansion , beneath the Civil War Unknowns Monument . Post-Civil War . Robert E . Lee made no attempt to visit or restore his title to Arlington before his death in 1870 . Mary Lee died in 1873 , having visited the house only one more time , a few months before her death . Too upset at its condition , she refused to enter and left after just a few moments . In April 1874 , Robert E . Lees eldest son , George Washington Custis Lee , filed suit against the United States government in a Virginia circuit court to regain his property . Custis Lee was a major general in the Civil War and was captured by Union forces at the Battle of Sailors Creek on April 6 , 1865 ( see David Dunnels White ) . A jury found in favor of Custis Lee , leading to extensive appeals by both parties . In 1882 , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in favor of Lee in United States v . Lee , 106 U . S . 196 . The court , by a 5–4 majority , found that the estate had been illegally confiscated in 1864 and ordered it returned . But Lee was less interested in obtaining the estate than he was in a cash compensation for its value . After several months of difficult negotiations , Lee and the federal government settled on a sale price of $150,000 ( $ in dollars ) . Congress enacted legislation funding the purchase on March 3 , 1883 ; Lee signed over the title on March 31 ; and the title transfer was recorded on May 14 , 1883 . In 1920 , the Virginia General Assembly changed the name of Alexandria County to Arlington County to end ongoing confusion between Alexandria County and the independent city of Alexandria . The name Arlington was chosen to reflect the presence of the Arlington estate . On March 4 , 1925 , the 68th United States Congress enacted Public Resolution 74 , which authorized the restoration of the Lee Mansion in the Arlington National Cemetery , Virginia . The War Department then began to restore Arlington House , and the Department of the Army continues to manage over half of the original plantations , as Arlington National Cemetery . However , for several years after Congress enacted the authorizing legislation , the War Department , which was responsible for managing the house and grounds , largely ignored the legislation . Contradicting the authorizing legislation , the Department , largely at the insistence of Charles Moore , the director of the United States Commission of Fine Arts , furnished and interpreted the Mansion to “the first half of the republic.” This decision was based , in part , on the popularity of the Colonial Revival movement which was still popular in 1925 . The Mansion was restored to the period of George Washington Parke Custis , and no furniture manufactured after 1830 was accepted . This approach negated Lees role and presence at Arlington . In 1955 , the 84th United States Congress enacted Public Law 84-107 , a joint resolution that designated the manor as the Custis-Lee Mansion as a permanent memorial to Robert E . Lee . The resolution directed the United States Secretary of the Interior to erect on the premises a memorial plaque and to correct governmental records to bring them into compliance with the designation , thus ensuring that the correct interpretation of its history would be applied . Gradually the house was furnished and interpreted to the period of Robert E . Lee as specified in the original legislation . The National Park Service received jurisdiction over the building and some of adjacent gardens ( distinguished from the cemetery ) beginning June 10 , 1933 . In 1972 , the 92nd United States Congress enacted Public Law 92-333 , an Act that amended Public Law 84-107 to designate the manor as Arlington House , The Robert E . Lee Memorial . Gray family . One of the lesser known histories about Arlington House concerns the Gray family , who helped to preserve the legacy of George Washington Parke Custis as well as the Lee family . Selina Norris Gray , the daughter of Leonard and Sally Norris , was a second-generation Arlington slave . In 1831 , Selina married Thornton Gray , a fellow Arlington slave , and eventually had eight children who grew up at Arlington . With the onset of the Civil War , the Lee family had to evacuate their home before the Union troops came and occupied the property . Even though Selina was a personal maid to Mrs . Lee , she and her family were left behind ; however , before leaving , Mrs . Lee left the house keys to Selina and the responsibility to protect the treasures of the home . Several of these treasures included cherished family heirlooms that had once belonged to Mrs . Lees great-grandmother , Martha Custis Washington , and President George Washington . Within months of Union Army General Irvin McDowell occupying the home in 1861 , Selina realized that several precious heirlooms were missing due to soldiers looting the property . When she discovered that some of the Washington relics had also disappeared , she promptly provided a list of the missing objects to General McDowell and convinced him that the significance of the collection required his involvement . He first secured the attic and basement areas to prevent further theft , then had the remaining Lee heirlooms shipped to the Patent Office in Washington , D.C for safekeeping . While Selina is credited with saving the heirlooms and treasures of Arlington House , her children later on are credited with helping to restore the home as well as provide accurate details about the layout of the home , personal stories of the Lee family , and help preservationists in the early twentieth century . During major restorative efforts to Arlington House from 1929 to 1930 , the Gray family made another important contribution to the history of Arlington County and the nation . Four of Selina and Thorntons daughters provided crucial details about the house and its furnishings , and their input proved vital to the authenticity of the project . In 2014 , the National Park Service acquired a rare photograph of Selina . Recent history . Arlington National Cemetery expansion . In 1995 , officials of the United States Department of the Interior and the United States Department of the Army signed an agreement to transfer from Arlington House , The Robert E . Lee Memorial , to the Army a part of Arlington Woods , which was located in Section 29 of the NPS at Arlington National Cemetery between Arlington House and Fort Myer . The property transfer , which involved of NPS land , was intended to enable the Cemetery to increase its space for burials . Environmentalists expressed concerns that the agreement would result in the partial destruction of the remnant of an historically important stand of native trees . Nevertheless , Congress enacted legislation in September 1996 authorizing the transfer . On June 5 , 2013 , after reviewing 100 public comments that it had received on a draft environmental assessment ( EA ) for the Cemetery expansion project , the United States Army Corps of Engineers released a final EA and a signed Finding of No Significant Impact ( FONSI ) for the project . The final EA stated that , of the 905 trees to be removed , 771 trees were healthy native trees that had diameters between 6 and 41 inches . The project would remove approximately 211 trees from a less than area containing a portion of a 145-year-old forest that stood within the property boundaries of a historic district that a National Register of Historic Places nomination form for Arlington House had described in 1966 . About 491 trees would be removed from an area of trees that was approximately 105 years old . At a public hearing on July 11 , 2013 , the National Capital Planning Commission approved the site and building plans for the project . Studies , damages and restorations . From 2003 to 2007 , the National Park Service conducted an archeological excavation of two outbuildings that once held Arlington Houses slave quarters . In 2009 , the Park Service published reports that described the history of the slave quarters and the findings of the excavations , as well as proposals for the restoration of the quarters . From 2007 through 2013 , Arlington House underwent its first renovation since 1925 . During that period , the National Park Services placed the Houses furnishings on display at the Friendship Hill National Historic Site near Point Marion , Pennsylvania . The Park Service held a rededication ceremony after it had completed the renovation and returned the furnishings to the House . Arlington House suffered significant damage in the 2011 Virginia earthquake , requiring the closure of the back halls and upper floor pending an architectural assessment . On July 17 , 2014 , philanthropist David Rubenstein donated $12.5 million to the National Park Foundation ( the arm of the National Park Service which raises funds through private contributions ) to rehabilitate Arlington House , its outbuildings , and grounds . The 30-month project is intended to restore the mansion , buildings , and grounds to the way they looked in 1860 . The project will repair the earthquake-damaged foundation , and add new interior lighting and a modern climate-control system . National Park Service officials said they are likely to close Arlington House and the slave quarters for several months in 2016 , during which most of the work will be done . Replicas . In 1919 , a replica was built for the short-lived Lanier University in Atlanta , designed by architect A . Ten Eyck Brown . It is still standing at 1140 University Drive NE , and houses the Ben H . Zimmerman Religious School and the Canterbury School . Arlington Hall , a two-thirds scale replica of Arlington House , was built in 1939 in Robert E . Lee Park in Dallas , Texas . The façade of the Old Administration Building in Arlington National Cemetery resembles that of Arlington House . The building is west of Arlington House . |
[
"MSP for Dumfries"
] | easy | What was the position of Elaine Murray from May 1999 to Mar 2003? | /wiki/Elaine_Murray#P39#0 | Elaine Murray Elaine Kildare Murray ( born 22 December 1954 ) is a Scottish Labour politician who has been the Leader of Dumfries and Galloway Council since 2017 . Murray is a former Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) , having been MSP for Dumfries from 1999 to 2011 , and then for Dumfriesshire from 2011 to 2016 . At the 1999 , 2003 and 2007 elections , Murray increased her percentage share of the vote . She was Shadow Minister for the Environment in the Scottish Parliament . She lost her seat in 2016 . As of May 2017 , Murray is one of four councillors in Dumfries & Galloway who represent the Nith ward and was elected the Group Leader of Labour in the council . Background . Murray was born in 1954 in Hitchin , Hertfordshire , where her Scottish parents lived at the time . She was brought up in Edinburgh where she was a pupil at The Mary Erskine School and graduated with an undergraduate degree in chemistry from the University of Edinburgh and a PhD in physical chemistry from the University of Cambridge . After graduating from Cambridge , Murray first worked in scientific research , and from 1990–93 was an associate lecturer for the Open University . She worked for Alex Smith , Member of the European Parliament . In 1994 Murray was elected as a Councillor on Strathclyde Regional Council and in 1995 to South Ayrshire Council , where she was Convenor of Educational Services . Member of the Scottish Parliament . Murray was elected as Member of the Scottish Parliament for Dumfries Constituency following the first Scottish Parliamentary elections in May 1999 . She was re-elected in May 2003 and then again in May 2007 . Murray was appointed Deputy Minister for Tourism , Culture and Sport upon Jack McConnell becoming First Minister in 2001 , a post she held until 2003 . She has been a member of a number of Committees in the Scottish Parliament , including holding the post of Deputy Convenor of the Finance Committee between 2007 and 2008 . Under Wendy Alexanders leadership Dr Murray was Enterprise Spokesman and upon election of Iain Gray as Leader of the Labour Group in the Scottish Parliament , she was appointed Shadow Minister for the Environment . Murray was a member of the Rural Affairs and Environment Committee as well as Convenor of the Cross Party Groups on Science and Technology and Civil Nuclear Energy . She was also Vice-Convenor of the Life Sciences and Animal Welfare Cross Party Groups . In September 2011 , Murray announced her candidacy for the deputy leadership of the Scottish Labour Party . She withdrew in early November after failing to gain enough nominations . She claimed she could have got the sufficient number of nominations but said it was clear the Deputy Leadership role would go to a Westminster MP . In the 2016 Scottish Parliament election , Murray lost her seat to Oliver Mundell , a Conservative . External links . - Personal website |
[
"MSP for Dumfries"
] | easy | What position did Elaine Murray take from May 2003 to Apr 2007? | /wiki/Elaine_Murray#P39#1 | Elaine Murray Elaine Kildare Murray ( born 22 December 1954 ) is a Scottish Labour politician who has been the Leader of Dumfries and Galloway Council since 2017 . Murray is a former Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) , having been MSP for Dumfries from 1999 to 2011 , and then for Dumfriesshire from 2011 to 2016 . At the 1999 , 2003 and 2007 elections , Murray increased her percentage share of the vote . She was Shadow Minister for the Environment in the Scottish Parliament . She lost her seat in 2016 . As of May 2017 , Murray is one of four councillors in Dumfries & Galloway who represent the Nith ward and was elected the Group Leader of Labour in the council . Background . Murray was born in 1954 in Hitchin , Hertfordshire , where her Scottish parents lived at the time . She was brought up in Edinburgh where she was a pupil at The Mary Erskine School and graduated with an undergraduate degree in chemistry from the University of Edinburgh and a PhD in physical chemistry from the University of Cambridge . After graduating from Cambridge , Murray first worked in scientific research , and from 1990–93 was an associate lecturer for the Open University . She worked for Alex Smith , Member of the European Parliament . In 1994 Murray was elected as a Councillor on Strathclyde Regional Council and in 1995 to South Ayrshire Council , where she was Convenor of Educational Services . Member of the Scottish Parliament . Murray was elected as Member of the Scottish Parliament for Dumfries Constituency following the first Scottish Parliamentary elections in May 1999 . She was re-elected in May 2003 and then again in May 2007 . Murray was appointed Deputy Minister for Tourism , Culture and Sport upon Jack McConnell becoming First Minister in 2001 , a post she held until 2003 . She has been a member of a number of Committees in the Scottish Parliament , including holding the post of Deputy Convenor of the Finance Committee between 2007 and 2008 . Under Wendy Alexanders leadership Dr Murray was Enterprise Spokesman and upon election of Iain Gray as Leader of the Labour Group in the Scottish Parliament , she was appointed Shadow Minister for the Environment . Murray was a member of the Rural Affairs and Environment Committee as well as Convenor of the Cross Party Groups on Science and Technology and Civil Nuclear Energy . She was also Vice-Convenor of the Life Sciences and Animal Welfare Cross Party Groups . In September 2011 , Murray announced her candidacy for the deputy leadership of the Scottish Labour Party . She withdrew in early November after failing to gain enough nominations . She claimed she could have got the sufficient number of nominations but said it was clear the Deputy Leadership role would go to a Westminster MP . In the 2016 Scottish Parliament election , Murray lost her seat to Oliver Mundell , a Conservative . External links . - Personal website |
[
"MSP for Dumfries"
] | easy | What position did Elaine Murray take from May 2007 to Mar 2011? | /wiki/Elaine_Murray#P39#2 | Elaine Murray Elaine Kildare Murray ( born 22 December 1954 ) is a Scottish Labour politician who has been the Leader of Dumfries and Galloway Council since 2017 . Murray is a former Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) , having been MSP for Dumfries from 1999 to 2011 , and then for Dumfriesshire from 2011 to 2016 . At the 1999 , 2003 and 2007 elections , Murray increased her percentage share of the vote . She was Shadow Minister for the Environment in the Scottish Parliament . She lost her seat in 2016 . As of May 2017 , Murray is one of four councillors in Dumfries & Galloway who represent the Nith ward and was elected the Group Leader of Labour in the council . Background . Murray was born in 1954 in Hitchin , Hertfordshire , where her Scottish parents lived at the time . She was brought up in Edinburgh where she was a pupil at The Mary Erskine School and graduated with an undergraduate degree in chemistry from the University of Edinburgh and a PhD in physical chemistry from the University of Cambridge . After graduating from Cambridge , Murray first worked in scientific research , and from 1990–93 was an associate lecturer for the Open University . She worked for Alex Smith , Member of the European Parliament . In 1994 Murray was elected as a Councillor on Strathclyde Regional Council and in 1995 to South Ayrshire Council , where she was Convenor of Educational Services . Member of the Scottish Parliament . Murray was elected as Member of the Scottish Parliament for Dumfries Constituency following the first Scottish Parliamentary elections in May 1999 . She was re-elected in May 2003 and then again in May 2007 . Murray was appointed Deputy Minister for Tourism , Culture and Sport upon Jack McConnell becoming First Minister in 2001 , a post she held until 2003 . She has been a member of a number of Committees in the Scottish Parliament , including holding the post of Deputy Convenor of the Finance Committee between 2007 and 2008 . Under Wendy Alexanders leadership Dr Murray was Enterprise Spokesman and upon election of Iain Gray as Leader of the Labour Group in the Scottish Parliament , she was appointed Shadow Minister for the Environment . Murray was a member of the Rural Affairs and Environment Committee as well as Convenor of the Cross Party Groups on Science and Technology and Civil Nuclear Energy . She was also Vice-Convenor of the Life Sciences and Animal Welfare Cross Party Groups . In September 2011 , Murray announced her candidacy for the deputy leadership of the Scottish Labour Party . She withdrew in early November after failing to gain enough nominations . She claimed she could have got the sufficient number of nominations but said it was clear the Deputy Leadership role would go to a Westminster MP . In the 2016 Scottish Parliament election , Murray lost her seat to Oliver Mundell , a Conservative . External links . - Personal website |
[
"Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP )"
] | easy | Elaine Murray took which position from May 2011 to Mar 2016? | /wiki/Elaine_Murray#P39#3 | Elaine Murray Elaine Kildare Murray ( born 22 December 1954 ) is a Scottish Labour politician who has been the Leader of Dumfries and Galloway Council since 2017 . Murray is a former Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) , having been MSP for Dumfries from 1999 to 2011 , and then for Dumfriesshire from 2011 to 2016 . At the 1999 , 2003 and 2007 elections , Murray increased her percentage share of the vote . She was Shadow Minister for the Environment in the Scottish Parliament . She lost her seat in 2016 . As of May 2017 , Murray is one of four councillors in Dumfries & Galloway who represent the Nith ward and was elected the Group Leader of Labour in the council . Background . Murray was born in 1954 in Hitchin , Hertfordshire , where her Scottish parents lived at the time . She was brought up in Edinburgh where she was a pupil at The Mary Erskine School and graduated with an undergraduate degree in chemistry from the University of Edinburgh and a PhD in physical chemistry from the University of Cambridge . After graduating from Cambridge , Murray first worked in scientific research , and from 1990–93 was an associate lecturer for the Open University . She worked for Alex Smith , Member of the European Parliament . In 1994 Murray was elected as a Councillor on Strathclyde Regional Council and in 1995 to South Ayrshire Council , where she was Convenor of Educational Services . Member of the Scottish Parliament . Murray was elected as Member of the Scottish Parliament for Dumfries Constituency following the first Scottish Parliamentary elections in May 1999 . She was re-elected in May 2003 and then again in May 2007 . Murray was appointed Deputy Minister for Tourism , Culture and Sport upon Jack McConnell becoming First Minister in 2001 , a post she held until 2003 . She has been a member of a number of Committees in the Scottish Parliament , including holding the post of Deputy Convenor of the Finance Committee between 2007 and 2008 . Under Wendy Alexanders leadership Dr Murray was Enterprise Spokesman and upon election of Iain Gray as Leader of the Labour Group in the Scottish Parliament , she was appointed Shadow Minister for the Environment . Murray was a member of the Rural Affairs and Environment Committee as well as Convenor of the Cross Party Groups on Science and Technology and Civil Nuclear Energy . She was also Vice-Convenor of the Life Sciences and Animal Welfare Cross Party Groups . In September 2011 , Murray announced her candidacy for the deputy leadership of the Scottish Labour Party . She withdrew in early November after failing to gain enough nominations . She claimed she could have got the sufficient number of nominations but said it was clear the Deputy Leadership role would go to a Westminster MP . In the 2016 Scottish Parliament election , Murray lost her seat to Oliver Mundell , a Conservative . External links . - Personal website |
[
"Escuela Americana - the American School of El Salvador"
] | easy | Which school did Daniel Guttfreund go to from 1978 to 1979? | /wiki/Daniel_Guttfreund#P69#0 | Daniel Guttfreund Daniel G . Guttfreund , Ph.D. , ( born March 23 , 1962 ) is a Salvadoran psychologist . Biography . Born on March 23 , 1962 in San Salvador , El Salvador , Daniel Guttfreund is the son of Enrique and Gertrude Guttfreund , who escaped World War II , and became well known entrepreneurs in El Salvador . His father later became ambassador of El Salvador in Israel . Guttfreund is the youngest of five siblings . He grew up in El Salvador , attending Escuela Americana - the American School of El Salvador - from which he graduated in 1979 . He spent his younger years in Jerusalem , Israel , beginning his studies in sociology and social anthropology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem . After graduating , he moved to California , U.S.A , and continued his education at the California School of Professional Psychology in San Diego , where he met his wife , Dr . Lisa Guttfreund . Both obtained their doctorate in clinical psychology in 1988 and married that year in October . The Guttfreunds have lived in California , Jerusalem , and El Salvador . They have three daughters . Career . Due to the war in El Salvador , Guttfreund moved to Israel to start his studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem . In 1982 , he was included in the deans list of Hebrew University and later on in 1989 , he was selected by the students as one of the Exceptional Speakers during the fall semester . While studying for his B.A. , he was the head of Jewish Young Adult Movement to try to promote communication , he also worked at the Alyn Hospital for the physically challenged . Guttfreund moved to California to pursue his doctoral studies . In 1986 , he was selected to be part of Whos who of American Colleges and Universities and in 1988 he was recognized with honors for his doctorate thesis defense . While living in Israel , Guttfreund , worked at the Hebrew University Counseling Center and also was an adjunct professor at the Hebrew University . Also , while living in Israel , he developed a board game conceived as a fun and interactive method of communication for both families and mental health professionals . The game is called Yad al Ha Lev and was later sold to Orda Ltd . While in El Salvador , Guttfreund developed a second game , called Diverti , with its proceeds going to the Tin Marín childrens museum of El Salvador , which was created and founded by Guttfreund . Guttfreund has also brought speakers to El Salvador , such as Dr . Edward Hallowell and Dr . Eric Storch . Guttfreund was a founding member of the first childrens museum in El Salvador , the Tin Marín childrens museum , which has operated for 17 years , receiving roughly 180,000 visitors a year , making it the most visited educational institution in El Salvador . Guttfreund still serves on the board of directors , and he focuses mainly on directing an educational axis around prevention and social impact of the museum exhibits . The Tin Marín museum is the first ever in El Salvador to hold an exhibit focused on the topic of sexual abuse . Guttfreund facilitated a donation of USD $250,000 to make the Tin Marín museum fully solar powered . This will make it the first fully solar powered childrens museum , the first fully solar powered educational facility as well as the first fully solar powered building in the country . This project was done with help of USAID and salvadoran bank Banco Agrícola . He has worked closely with the Peace Corps and the United States Embassy in El Salvador as an official mental health provider and is the founding president and member of the Board of Directors of the Tin Marín childrens museum in El Salvador . Guttfreund served as president of the Association of Barra de Santiago , a protected beach of El Salvador . He was very active in Barra de Santiagos two main schools , two health centers and promoting environmental issues at the Barra de Santiago beach . He created a post-graduate clinical training seminar for graduating students at FUNPRES , a private nonprofit foundation for the improvement of education in El Salvador . He also served as a member of the board of directors of the American School , as chairman of the Education Committee . Guttfreund speaks Spanish , English , Hebrew and Portuguese . Published works . Over the course of his career , Dr . Guttfreund has collaborated with renowned professionals in diverse fields . The following is a short selection of published works with contributions by him . - Selles , R . R. , Nelson , R. , Zepeda , R. , Dane , B . F. , Wu , M . S. , Novoa , J . C. , Guttfreund , D. , & Storch , E . A . ( 2015 ) . Body Focused Repetitive Behaviors Among Salvadorean Youth : Incidence and Clinical Correlates . Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders , 5 , 49-54 . - Selles , R . R. , Zepeda , R. , Dane , B . F. , Novoa , J . C. , Guttfreund , D. , Nelson , R. , & Storch , E . A . ( 2015 ) . Parental perceptions of mental health care for children in El Salvador . Journal of Child and Family Studies , 24 , 3396-3401 . - Wu , M.S. , Selles , R. , Novoa , J.C. , Zepeda , R. , Guttfreund , D. , McBride , N. , & Storch , E.A . ( 2017 ) . Examination of the Phenomenology and Clinical Correlates of Emetophobia in a Sample of Salvadorean Youths . Child Psychiatry and Human Development , 48 , 509-516 . External links . - Character of the month in Medio Lleno - Board Game developed by Daniel Guttfreund |
[
"Hebrew University of Jerusalem"
] | easy | Which school did Daniel Guttfreund go to from 1979 to 1982? | /wiki/Daniel_Guttfreund#P69#1 | Daniel Guttfreund Daniel G . Guttfreund , Ph.D. , ( born March 23 , 1962 ) is a Salvadoran psychologist . Biography . Born on March 23 , 1962 in San Salvador , El Salvador , Daniel Guttfreund is the son of Enrique and Gertrude Guttfreund , who escaped World War II , and became well known entrepreneurs in El Salvador . His father later became ambassador of El Salvador in Israel . Guttfreund is the youngest of five siblings . He grew up in El Salvador , attending Escuela Americana - the American School of El Salvador - from which he graduated in 1979 . He spent his younger years in Jerusalem , Israel , beginning his studies in sociology and social anthropology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem . After graduating , he moved to California , U.S.A , and continued his education at the California School of Professional Psychology in San Diego , where he met his wife , Dr . Lisa Guttfreund . Both obtained their doctorate in clinical psychology in 1988 and married that year in October . The Guttfreunds have lived in California , Jerusalem , and El Salvador . They have three daughters . Career . Due to the war in El Salvador , Guttfreund moved to Israel to start his studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem . In 1982 , he was included in the deans list of Hebrew University and later on in 1989 , he was selected by the students as one of the Exceptional Speakers during the fall semester . While studying for his B.A. , he was the head of Jewish Young Adult Movement to try to promote communication , he also worked at the Alyn Hospital for the physically challenged . Guttfreund moved to California to pursue his doctoral studies . In 1986 , he was selected to be part of Whos who of American Colleges and Universities and in 1988 he was recognized with honors for his doctorate thesis defense . While living in Israel , Guttfreund , worked at the Hebrew University Counseling Center and also was an adjunct professor at the Hebrew University . Also , while living in Israel , he developed a board game conceived as a fun and interactive method of communication for both families and mental health professionals . The game is called Yad al Ha Lev and was later sold to Orda Ltd . While in El Salvador , Guttfreund developed a second game , called Diverti , with its proceeds going to the Tin Marín childrens museum of El Salvador , which was created and founded by Guttfreund . Guttfreund has also brought speakers to El Salvador , such as Dr . Edward Hallowell and Dr . Eric Storch . Guttfreund was a founding member of the first childrens museum in El Salvador , the Tin Marín childrens museum , which has operated for 17 years , receiving roughly 180,000 visitors a year , making it the most visited educational institution in El Salvador . Guttfreund still serves on the board of directors , and he focuses mainly on directing an educational axis around prevention and social impact of the museum exhibits . The Tin Marín museum is the first ever in El Salvador to hold an exhibit focused on the topic of sexual abuse . Guttfreund facilitated a donation of USD $250,000 to make the Tin Marín museum fully solar powered . This will make it the first fully solar powered childrens museum , the first fully solar powered educational facility as well as the first fully solar powered building in the country . This project was done with help of USAID and salvadoran bank Banco Agrícola . He has worked closely with the Peace Corps and the United States Embassy in El Salvador as an official mental health provider and is the founding president and member of the Board of Directors of the Tin Marín childrens museum in El Salvador . Guttfreund served as president of the Association of Barra de Santiago , a protected beach of El Salvador . He was very active in Barra de Santiagos two main schools , two health centers and promoting environmental issues at the Barra de Santiago beach . He created a post-graduate clinical training seminar for graduating students at FUNPRES , a private nonprofit foundation for the improvement of education in El Salvador . He also served as a member of the board of directors of the American School , as chairman of the Education Committee . Guttfreund speaks Spanish , English , Hebrew and Portuguese . Published works . Over the course of his career , Dr . Guttfreund has collaborated with renowned professionals in diverse fields . The following is a short selection of published works with contributions by him . - Selles , R . R. , Nelson , R. , Zepeda , R. , Dane , B . F. , Wu , M . S. , Novoa , J . C. , Guttfreund , D. , & Storch , E . A . ( 2015 ) . Body Focused Repetitive Behaviors Among Salvadorean Youth : Incidence and Clinical Correlates . Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders , 5 , 49-54 . - Selles , R . R. , Zepeda , R. , Dane , B . F. , Novoa , J . C. , Guttfreund , D. , Nelson , R. , & Storch , E . A . ( 2015 ) . Parental perceptions of mental health care for children in El Salvador . Journal of Child and Family Studies , 24 , 3396-3401 . - Wu , M.S. , Selles , R. , Novoa , J.C. , Zepeda , R. , Guttfreund , D. , McBride , N. , & Storch , E.A . ( 2017 ) . Examination of the Phenomenology and Clinical Correlates of Emetophobia in a Sample of Salvadorean Youths . Child Psychiatry and Human Development , 48 , 509-516 . External links . - Character of the month in Medio Lleno - Board Game developed by Daniel Guttfreund |
[
"California School of Professional Psychology in San Diego"
] | easy | Where was Daniel Guttfreund educated from 1983 to 1988? | /wiki/Daniel_Guttfreund#P69#2 | Daniel Guttfreund Daniel G . Guttfreund , Ph.D. , ( born March 23 , 1962 ) is a Salvadoran psychologist . Biography . Born on March 23 , 1962 in San Salvador , El Salvador , Daniel Guttfreund is the son of Enrique and Gertrude Guttfreund , who escaped World War II , and became well known entrepreneurs in El Salvador . His father later became ambassador of El Salvador in Israel . Guttfreund is the youngest of five siblings . He grew up in El Salvador , attending Escuela Americana - the American School of El Salvador - from which he graduated in 1979 . He spent his younger years in Jerusalem , Israel , beginning his studies in sociology and social anthropology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem . After graduating , he moved to California , U.S.A , and continued his education at the California School of Professional Psychology in San Diego , where he met his wife , Dr . Lisa Guttfreund . Both obtained their doctorate in clinical psychology in 1988 and married that year in October . The Guttfreunds have lived in California , Jerusalem , and El Salvador . They have three daughters . Career . Due to the war in El Salvador , Guttfreund moved to Israel to start his studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem . In 1982 , he was included in the deans list of Hebrew University and later on in 1989 , he was selected by the students as one of the Exceptional Speakers during the fall semester . While studying for his B.A. , he was the head of Jewish Young Adult Movement to try to promote communication , he also worked at the Alyn Hospital for the physically challenged . Guttfreund moved to California to pursue his doctoral studies . In 1986 , he was selected to be part of Whos who of American Colleges and Universities and in 1988 he was recognized with honors for his doctorate thesis defense . While living in Israel , Guttfreund , worked at the Hebrew University Counseling Center and also was an adjunct professor at the Hebrew University . Also , while living in Israel , he developed a board game conceived as a fun and interactive method of communication for both families and mental health professionals . The game is called Yad al Ha Lev and was later sold to Orda Ltd . While in El Salvador , Guttfreund developed a second game , called Diverti , with its proceeds going to the Tin Marín childrens museum of El Salvador , which was created and founded by Guttfreund . Guttfreund has also brought speakers to El Salvador , such as Dr . Edward Hallowell and Dr . Eric Storch . Guttfreund was a founding member of the first childrens museum in El Salvador , the Tin Marín childrens museum , which has operated for 17 years , receiving roughly 180,000 visitors a year , making it the most visited educational institution in El Salvador . Guttfreund still serves on the board of directors , and he focuses mainly on directing an educational axis around prevention and social impact of the museum exhibits . The Tin Marín museum is the first ever in El Salvador to hold an exhibit focused on the topic of sexual abuse . Guttfreund facilitated a donation of USD $250,000 to make the Tin Marín museum fully solar powered . This will make it the first fully solar powered childrens museum , the first fully solar powered educational facility as well as the first fully solar powered building in the country . This project was done with help of USAID and salvadoran bank Banco Agrícola . He has worked closely with the Peace Corps and the United States Embassy in El Salvador as an official mental health provider and is the founding president and member of the Board of Directors of the Tin Marín childrens museum in El Salvador . Guttfreund served as president of the Association of Barra de Santiago , a protected beach of El Salvador . He was very active in Barra de Santiagos two main schools , two health centers and promoting environmental issues at the Barra de Santiago beach . He created a post-graduate clinical training seminar for graduating students at FUNPRES , a private nonprofit foundation for the improvement of education in El Salvador . He also served as a member of the board of directors of the American School , as chairman of the Education Committee . Guttfreund speaks Spanish , English , Hebrew and Portuguese . Published works . Over the course of his career , Dr . Guttfreund has collaborated with renowned professionals in diverse fields . The following is a short selection of published works with contributions by him . - Selles , R . R. , Nelson , R. , Zepeda , R. , Dane , B . F. , Wu , M . S. , Novoa , J . C. , Guttfreund , D. , & Storch , E . A . ( 2015 ) . Body Focused Repetitive Behaviors Among Salvadorean Youth : Incidence and Clinical Correlates . Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders , 5 , 49-54 . - Selles , R . R. , Zepeda , R. , Dane , B . F. , Novoa , J . C. , Guttfreund , D. , Nelson , R. , & Storch , E . A . ( 2015 ) . Parental perceptions of mental health care for children in El Salvador . Journal of Child and Family Studies , 24 , 3396-3401 . - Wu , M.S. , Selles , R. , Novoa , J.C. , Zepeda , R. , Guttfreund , D. , McBride , N. , & Storch , E.A . ( 2017 ) . Examination of the Phenomenology and Clinical Correlates of Emetophobia in a Sample of Salvadorean Youths . Child Psychiatry and Human Development , 48 , 509-516 . External links . - Character of the month in Medio Lleno - Board Game developed by Daniel Guttfreund |
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] | easy | What was the position of José Joaquín de Olmedo from Sep 1810 to May 1814? | /wiki/José_Joaquín_de_Olmedo#P39#0 | José Joaquín de Olmedo José Joaquín de Olmedo y Maruri ( March 20 , 1780 – February 19 , 1847 ) was President of Ecuador from March 6 , 1845 to December 8 , 1845 . A patriot and poet , he was the son of the Spanish Captain Don Miguel de Olmedo y Troyano and the Guayaquilean Ana Francisca de Maruri y Salavarría . Biography . On October 9 , 1820 , Olmedo and others declared the city of Guayaquil independent from Spain . He was President of the Free Province of Guayaquil until it was united to Gran Colombia by Simón Bolívar against Olmedos will . He was also twice mayor of Guayaquil . He was Vice President of Ecuador from 1830 to 1831 , and became President of Ecuador from March 6 , 1845 , to December 8 , 1845 , surviving an attempted coup on June 18 of that year . He was also a noted poet who emphasized patriotic themes . His best-known work is La victoria de Junin , which pictures the Latin American fighters for independence from Spain as the legitimate heirs of the Incas . Olmedo devoted his life to Guayaquil , he created the Guayaquilean flag and shield , and in 1821 he composed the Song to the October Ninth , which would become the Guayaquil Anthem . He is quoted as saying He who does not hope to win has already lost . The José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport in Guayaquil is named after him . Independence of Guayaquil . José Joaquín de Olmedo was a participant in a group organized by don José de Antepara that supported secession from the Spanish Empire . The group was formed the night of October 1 , 1820 in the home of José de Villamil under the guise of a quinceañera for Isabela Morlás , who was the daughter of fellow secessionist Pedro Morlás . Gregorio Escobedo , Francisco de Paula Lavayen , Luis Fernando Vivero , and José Rivas also participated , as well as Venezuelans Febres Cordero , Miguel de Letamendi , and Luis Urdaneta , among others . The group , known as the Forge of Vulcan , concluded the meeting with an oath of loyalty to the cause by those present . During the days following the meeting , Antepara and Villamil managed to convince the military leaders in charge of Guayaquil’s defense to join the cause of independence . However , they decided to give leadership of the liberationist movement to Olmedo . On October 3 , Villamil visited Olmedo to offer him the position of leadership , but Olmedo declined because he thought that the movement should be led by someone with military instead of political experience . Nevertheless , Olmedo confirmed his commitment to the cause and offered to help with political and diplomatic matters once independence was reached . The cause of independence , eventually led by León de Febres Cordero , continued in the following days with exhaustive planning of the rebellion that aimed to keep losses and use of weapons to a minimum . Finally , on the night of October 8 the revolution began with the capture of several military outposts by the rebels and the apprehension of authorities loyal to the Spanish crown . The rebellion continued until the morning of October 9 . Works . During his life , he dedicated part of his time to the creation of novels , songs , poems , and other kinds of literary works . Among his most well known works are : Canto a Bolívar ; Al General Flores , vencedor en Miñarica ; and Alfabeto para un niño . He designed the flag and crest of Guayaquil and wrote the lyrics of its anthem . In 1808 he was inspired to compose the prologue to the tragedy El Duque de Viseo de Quintana and his poem El Árbol , which he finished in 1809 . El Árbol contains two parts : one that is philosophical and has great aesthetic sense , and one that is less carefully constructed which ends the poem . This makes it seem as if there were two distinct verses brought together . In January 1811 he was still in Mexico and read his poem Improntu . In the beginning of 1817 he traveled to Lima and wrote A un amigo , don Gaspar Rico.. . In 1821 he wrote Canción al 9 de octubre , considered to be the first anthem of the Ecuadorian territory . In 1823 in Lima he edited his 45-page translation from English of Essay on Man by Alexander Pope . In 1825 he composed Marcha and the poem La Libertad . In 1837 he wrote Canción del 10 de agosto , which served as a precursor to the current national anthem as demonstrated by Espinosa Pólit . In 1840 he wrote En la muerte de mi hermana . In 1843 he edited Ocios poéticos del General Flores y una oda en su obsequio in 52 pages . From then on his poems began to be published with great success . In 1848 a volume of Obras Poéticas , a collection revised and corrected by Olmedo , was released in Valparaiso months before his death . The second edition was issued in Paris in 1853 , with 214 pages . There are later publications as well . External links . - Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country Presidents History |
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"President of the Free Province of Guayaquil"
] | easy | What was the position of José Joaquín de Olmedo from Oct 1820 to Jul 1822? | /wiki/José_Joaquín_de_Olmedo#P39#1 | José Joaquín de Olmedo José Joaquín de Olmedo y Maruri ( March 20 , 1780 – February 19 , 1847 ) was President of Ecuador from March 6 , 1845 to December 8 , 1845 . A patriot and poet , he was the son of the Spanish Captain Don Miguel de Olmedo y Troyano and the Guayaquilean Ana Francisca de Maruri y Salavarría . Biography . On October 9 , 1820 , Olmedo and others declared the city of Guayaquil independent from Spain . He was President of the Free Province of Guayaquil until it was united to Gran Colombia by Simón Bolívar against Olmedos will . He was also twice mayor of Guayaquil . He was Vice President of Ecuador from 1830 to 1831 , and became President of Ecuador from March 6 , 1845 , to December 8 , 1845 , surviving an attempted coup on June 18 of that year . He was also a noted poet who emphasized patriotic themes . His best-known work is La victoria de Junin , which pictures the Latin American fighters for independence from Spain as the legitimate heirs of the Incas . Olmedo devoted his life to Guayaquil , he created the Guayaquilean flag and shield , and in 1821 he composed the Song to the October Ninth , which would become the Guayaquil Anthem . He is quoted as saying He who does not hope to win has already lost . The José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport in Guayaquil is named after him . Independence of Guayaquil . José Joaquín de Olmedo was a participant in a group organized by don José de Antepara that supported secession from the Spanish Empire . The group was formed the night of October 1 , 1820 in the home of José de Villamil under the guise of a quinceañera for Isabela Morlás , who was the daughter of fellow secessionist Pedro Morlás . Gregorio Escobedo , Francisco de Paula Lavayen , Luis Fernando Vivero , and José Rivas also participated , as well as Venezuelans Febres Cordero , Miguel de Letamendi , and Luis Urdaneta , among others . The group , known as the Forge of Vulcan , concluded the meeting with an oath of loyalty to the cause by those present . During the days following the meeting , Antepara and Villamil managed to convince the military leaders in charge of Guayaquil’s defense to join the cause of independence . However , they decided to give leadership of the liberationist movement to Olmedo . On October 3 , Villamil visited Olmedo to offer him the position of leadership , but Olmedo declined because he thought that the movement should be led by someone with military instead of political experience . Nevertheless , Olmedo confirmed his commitment to the cause and offered to help with political and diplomatic matters once independence was reached . The cause of independence , eventually led by León de Febres Cordero , continued in the following days with exhaustive planning of the rebellion that aimed to keep losses and use of weapons to a minimum . Finally , on the night of October 8 the revolution began with the capture of several military outposts by the rebels and the apprehension of authorities loyal to the Spanish crown . The rebellion continued until the morning of October 9 . Works . During his life , he dedicated part of his time to the creation of novels , songs , poems , and other kinds of literary works . Among his most well known works are : Canto a Bolívar ; Al General Flores , vencedor en Miñarica ; and Alfabeto para un niño . He designed the flag and crest of Guayaquil and wrote the lyrics of its anthem . In 1808 he was inspired to compose the prologue to the tragedy El Duque de Viseo de Quintana and his poem El Árbol , which he finished in 1809 . El Árbol contains two parts : one that is philosophical and has great aesthetic sense , and one that is less carefully constructed which ends the poem . This makes it seem as if there were two distinct verses brought together . In January 1811 he was still in Mexico and read his poem Improntu . In the beginning of 1817 he traveled to Lima and wrote A un amigo , don Gaspar Rico.. . In 1821 he wrote Canción al 9 de octubre , considered to be the first anthem of the Ecuadorian territory . In 1823 in Lima he edited his 45-page translation from English of Essay on Man by Alexander Pope . In 1825 he composed Marcha and the poem La Libertad . In 1837 he wrote Canción del 10 de agosto , which served as a precursor to the current national anthem as demonstrated by Espinosa Pólit . In 1840 he wrote En la muerte de mi hermana . In 1843 he edited Ocios poéticos del General Flores y una oda en su obsequio in 52 pages . From then on his poems began to be published with great success . In 1848 a volume of Obras Poéticas , a collection revised and corrected by Olmedo , was released in Valparaiso months before his death . The second edition was issued in Paris in 1853 , with 214 pages . There are later publications as well . External links . - Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country Presidents History |
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] | easy | José Joaquín de Olmedo took which position from Sep 1822 to Mar 1825? | /wiki/José_Joaquín_de_Olmedo#P39#2 | José Joaquín de Olmedo José Joaquín de Olmedo y Maruri ( March 20 , 1780 – February 19 , 1847 ) was President of Ecuador from March 6 , 1845 to December 8 , 1845 . A patriot and poet , he was the son of the Spanish Captain Don Miguel de Olmedo y Troyano and the Guayaquilean Ana Francisca de Maruri y Salavarría . Biography . On October 9 , 1820 , Olmedo and others declared the city of Guayaquil independent from Spain . He was President of the Free Province of Guayaquil until it was united to Gran Colombia by Simón Bolívar against Olmedos will . He was also twice mayor of Guayaquil . He was Vice President of Ecuador from 1830 to 1831 , and became President of Ecuador from March 6 , 1845 , to December 8 , 1845 , surviving an attempted coup on June 18 of that year . He was also a noted poet who emphasized patriotic themes . His best-known work is La victoria de Junin , which pictures the Latin American fighters for independence from Spain as the legitimate heirs of the Incas . Olmedo devoted his life to Guayaquil , he created the Guayaquilean flag and shield , and in 1821 he composed the Song to the October Ninth , which would become the Guayaquil Anthem . He is quoted as saying He who does not hope to win has already lost . The José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport in Guayaquil is named after him . Independence of Guayaquil . José Joaquín de Olmedo was a participant in a group organized by don José de Antepara that supported secession from the Spanish Empire . The group was formed the night of October 1 , 1820 in the home of José de Villamil under the guise of a quinceañera for Isabela Morlás , who was the daughter of fellow secessionist Pedro Morlás . Gregorio Escobedo , Francisco de Paula Lavayen , Luis Fernando Vivero , and José Rivas also participated , as well as Venezuelans Febres Cordero , Miguel de Letamendi , and Luis Urdaneta , among others . The group , known as the Forge of Vulcan , concluded the meeting with an oath of loyalty to the cause by those present . During the days following the meeting , Antepara and Villamil managed to convince the military leaders in charge of Guayaquil’s defense to join the cause of independence . However , they decided to give leadership of the liberationist movement to Olmedo . On October 3 , Villamil visited Olmedo to offer him the position of leadership , but Olmedo declined because he thought that the movement should be led by someone with military instead of political experience . Nevertheless , Olmedo confirmed his commitment to the cause and offered to help with political and diplomatic matters once independence was reached . The cause of independence , eventually led by León de Febres Cordero , continued in the following days with exhaustive planning of the rebellion that aimed to keep losses and use of weapons to a minimum . Finally , on the night of October 8 the revolution began with the capture of several military outposts by the rebels and the apprehension of authorities loyal to the Spanish crown . The rebellion continued until the morning of October 9 . Works . During his life , he dedicated part of his time to the creation of novels , songs , poems , and other kinds of literary works . Among his most well known works are : Canto a Bolívar ; Al General Flores , vencedor en Miñarica ; and Alfabeto para un niño . He designed the flag and crest of Guayaquil and wrote the lyrics of its anthem . In 1808 he was inspired to compose the prologue to the tragedy El Duque de Viseo de Quintana and his poem El Árbol , which he finished in 1809 . El Árbol contains two parts : one that is philosophical and has great aesthetic sense , and one that is less carefully constructed which ends the poem . This makes it seem as if there were two distinct verses brought together . In January 1811 he was still in Mexico and read his poem Improntu . In the beginning of 1817 he traveled to Lima and wrote A un amigo , don Gaspar Rico.. . In 1821 he wrote Canción al 9 de octubre , considered to be the first anthem of the Ecuadorian territory . In 1823 in Lima he edited his 45-page translation from English of Essay on Man by Alexander Pope . In 1825 he composed Marcha and the poem La Libertad . In 1837 he wrote Canción del 10 de agosto , which served as a precursor to the current national anthem as demonstrated by Espinosa Pólit . In 1840 he wrote En la muerte de mi hermana . In 1843 he edited Ocios poéticos del General Flores y una oda en su obsequio in 52 pages . From then on his poems began to be published with great success . In 1848 a volume of Obras Poéticas , a collection revised and corrected by Olmedo , was released in Valparaiso months before his death . The second edition was issued in Paris in 1853 , with 214 pages . There are later publications as well . External links . - Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country Presidents History |
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] | easy | José Joaquín de Olmedo took which position in Aug 1830? | /wiki/José_Joaquín_de_Olmedo#P39#3 | José Joaquín de Olmedo José Joaquín de Olmedo y Maruri ( March 20 , 1780 – February 19 , 1847 ) was President of Ecuador from March 6 , 1845 to December 8 , 1845 . A patriot and poet , he was the son of the Spanish Captain Don Miguel de Olmedo y Troyano and the Guayaquilean Ana Francisca de Maruri y Salavarría . Biography . On October 9 , 1820 , Olmedo and others declared the city of Guayaquil independent from Spain . He was President of the Free Province of Guayaquil until it was united to Gran Colombia by Simón Bolívar against Olmedos will . He was also twice mayor of Guayaquil . He was Vice President of Ecuador from 1830 to 1831 , and became President of Ecuador from March 6 , 1845 , to December 8 , 1845 , surviving an attempted coup on June 18 of that year . He was also a noted poet who emphasized patriotic themes . His best-known work is La victoria de Junin , which pictures the Latin American fighters for independence from Spain as the legitimate heirs of the Incas . Olmedo devoted his life to Guayaquil , he created the Guayaquilean flag and shield , and in 1821 he composed the Song to the October Ninth , which would become the Guayaquil Anthem . He is quoted as saying He who does not hope to win has already lost . The José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport in Guayaquil is named after him . Independence of Guayaquil . José Joaquín de Olmedo was a participant in a group organized by don José de Antepara that supported secession from the Spanish Empire . The group was formed the night of October 1 , 1820 in the home of José de Villamil under the guise of a quinceañera for Isabela Morlás , who was the daughter of fellow secessionist Pedro Morlás . Gregorio Escobedo , Francisco de Paula Lavayen , Luis Fernando Vivero , and José Rivas also participated , as well as Venezuelans Febres Cordero , Miguel de Letamendi , and Luis Urdaneta , among others . The group , known as the Forge of Vulcan , concluded the meeting with an oath of loyalty to the cause by those present . During the days following the meeting , Antepara and Villamil managed to convince the military leaders in charge of Guayaquil’s defense to join the cause of independence . However , they decided to give leadership of the liberationist movement to Olmedo . On October 3 , Villamil visited Olmedo to offer him the position of leadership , but Olmedo declined because he thought that the movement should be led by someone with military instead of political experience . Nevertheless , Olmedo confirmed his commitment to the cause and offered to help with political and diplomatic matters once independence was reached . The cause of independence , eventually led by León de Febres Cordero , continued in the following days with exhaustive planning of the rebellion that aimed to keep losses and use of weapons to a minimum . Finally , on the night of October 8 the revolution began with the capture of several military outposts by the rebels and the apprehension of authorities loyal to the Spanish crown . The rebellion continued until the morning of October 9 . Works . During his life , he dedicated part of his time to the creation of novels , songs , poems , and other kinds of literary works . Among his most well known works are : Canto a Bolívar ; Al General Flores , vencedor en Miñarica ; and Alfabeto para un niño . He designed the flag and crest of Guayaquil and wrote the lyrics of its anthem . In 1808 he was inspired to compose the prologue to the tragedy El Duque de Viseo de Quintana and his poem El Árbol , which he finished in 1809 . El Árbol contains two parts : one that is philosophical and has great aesthetic sense , and one that is less carefully constructed which ends the poem . This makes it seem as if there were two distinct verses brought together . In January 1811 he was still in Mexico and read his poem Improntu . In the beginning of 1817 he traveled to Lima and wrote A un amigo , don Gaspar Rico.. . In 1821 he wrote Canción al 9 de octubre , considered to be the first anthem of the Ecuadorian territory . In 1823 in Lima he edited his 45-page translation from English of Essay on Man by Alexander Pope . In 1825 he composed Marcha and the poem La Libertad . In 1837 he wrote Canción del 10 de agosto , which served as a precursor to the current national anthem as demonstrated by Espinosa Pólit . In 1840 he wrote En la muerte de mi hermana . In 1843 he edited Ocios poéticos del General Flores y una oda en su obsequio in 52 pages . From then on his poems began to be published with great success . In 1848 a volume of Obras Poéticas , a collection revised and corrected by Olmedo , was released in Valparaiso months before his death . The second edition was issued in Paris in 1853 , with 214 pages . There are later publications as well . External links . - Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country Presidents History |
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"Vice President of Ecuador from"
] | easy | José Joaquín de Olmedo took which position from Sep 1830 to Sep 1831? | /wiki/José_Joaquín_de_Olmedo#P39#4 | José Joaquín de Olmedo José Joaquín de Olmedo y Maruri ( March 20 , 1780 – February 19 , 1847 ) was President of Ecuador from March 6 , 1845 to December 8 , 1845 . A patriot and poet , he was the son of the Spanish Captain Don Miguel de Olmedo y Troyano and the Guayaquilean Ana Francisca de Maruri y Salavarría . Biography . On October 9 , 1820 , Olmedo and others declared the city of Guayaquil independent from Spain . He was President of the Free Province of Guayaquil until it was united to Gran Colombia by Simón Bolívar against Olmedos will . He was also twice mayor of Guayaquil . He was Vice President of Ecuador from 1830 to 1831 , and became President of Ecuador from March 6 , 1845 , to December 8 , 1845 , surviving an attempted coup on June 18 of that year . He was also a noted poet who emphasized patriotic themes . His best-known work is La victoria de Junin , which pictures the Latin American fighters for independence from Spain as the legitimate heirs of the Incas . Olmedo devoted his life to Guayaquil , he created the Guayaquilean flag and shield , and in 1821 he composed the Song to the October Ninth , which would become the Guayaquil Anthem . He is quoted as saying He who does not hope to win has already lost . The José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport in Guayaquil is named after him . Independence of Guayaquil . José Joaquín de Olmedo was a participant in a group organized by don José de Antepara that supported secession from the Spanish Empire . The group was formed the night of October 1 , 1820 in the home of José de Villamil under the guise of a quinceañera for Isabela Morlás , who was the daughter of fellow secessionist Pedro Morlás . Gregorio Escobedo , Francisco de Paula Lavayen , Luis Fernando Vivero , and José Rivas also participated , as well as Venezuelans Febres Cordero , Miguel de Letamendi , and Luis Urdaneta , among others . The group , known as the Forge of Vulcan , concluded the meeting with an oath of loyalty to the cause by those present . During the days following the meeting , Antepara and Villamil managed to convince the military leaders in charge of Guayaquil’s defense to join the cause of independence . However , they decided to give leadership of the liberationist movement to Olmedo . On October 3 , Villamil visited Olmedo to offer him the position of leadership , but Olmedo declined because he thought that the movement should be led by someone with military instead of political experience . Nevertheless , Olmedo confirmed his commitment to the cause and offered to help with political and diplomatic matters once independence was reached . The cause of independence , eventually led by León de Febres Cordero , continued in the following days with exhaustive planning of the rebellion that aimed to keep losses and use of weapons to a minimum . Finally , on the night of October 8 the revolution began with the capture of several military outposts by the rebels and the apprehension of authorities loyal to the Spanish crown . The rebellion continued until the morning of October 9 . Works . During his life , he dedicated part of his time to the creation of novels , songs , poems , and other kinds of literary works . Among his most well known works are : Canto a Bolívar ; Al General Flores , vencedor en Miñarica ; and Alfabeto para un niño . He designed the flag and crest of Guayaquil and wrote the lyrics of its anthem . In 1808 he was inspired to compose the prologue to the tragedy El Duque de Viseo de Quintana and his poem El Árbol , which he finished in 1809 . El Árbol contains two parts : one that is philosophical and has great aesthetic sense , and one that is less carefully constructed which ends the poem . This makes it seem as if there were two distinct verses brought together . In January 1811 he was still in Mexico and read his poem Improntu . In the beginning of 1817 he traveled to Lima and wrote A un amigo , don Gaspar Rico.. . In 1821 he wrote Canción al 9 de octubre , considered to be the first anthem of the Ecuadorian territory . In 1823 in Lima he edited his 45-page translation from English of Essay on Man by Alexander Pope . In 1825 he composed Marcha and the poem La Libertad . In 1837 he wrote Canción del 10 de agosto , which served as a precursor to the current national anthem as demonstrated by Espinosa Pólit . In 1840 he wrote En la muerte de mi hermana . In 1843 he edited Ocios poéticos del General Flores y una oda en su obsequio in 52 pages . From then on his poems began to be published with great success . In 1848 a volume of Obras Poéticas , a collection revised and corrected by Olmedo , was released in Valparaiso months before his death . The second edition was issued in Paris in 1853 , with 214 pages . There are later publications as well . External links . - Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country Presidents History |
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] | easy | Which position did José Joaquín de Olmedo hold in Jun 1835? | /wiki/José_Joaquín_de_Olmedo#P39#5 | José Joaquín de Olmedo José Joaquín de Olmedo y Maruri ( March 20 , 1780 – February 19 , 1847 ) was President of Ecuador from March 6 , 1845 to December 8 , 1845 . A patriot and poet , he was the son of the Spanish Captain Don Miguel de Olmedo y Troyano and the Guayaquilean Ana Francisca de Maruri y Salavarría . Biography . On October 9 , 1820 , Olmedo and others declared the city of Guayaquil independent from Spain . He was President of the Free Province of Guayaquil until it was united to Gran Colombia by Simón Bolívar against Olmedos will . He was also twice mayor of Guayaquil . He was Vice President of Ecuador from 1830 to 1831 , and became President of Ecuador from March 6 , 1845 , to December 8 , 1845 , surviving an attempted coup on June 18 of that year . He was also a noted poet who emphasized patriotic themes . His best-known work is La victoria de Junin , which pictures the Latin American fighters for independence from Spain as the legitimate heirs of the Incas . Olmedo devoted his life to Guayaquil , he created the Guayaquilean flag and shield , and in 1821 he composed the Song to the October Ninth , which would become the Guayaquil Anthem . He is quoted as saying He who does not hope to win has already lost . The José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport in Guayaquil is named after him . Independence of Guayaquil . José Joaquín de Olmedo was a participant in a group organized by don José de Antepara that supported secession from the Spanish Empire . The group was formed the night of October 1 , 1820 in the home of José de Villamil under the guise of a quinceañera for Isabela Morlás , who was the daughter of fellow secessionist Pedro Morlás . Gregorio Escobedo , Francisco de Paula Lavayen , Luis Fernando Vivero , and José Rivas also participated , as well as Venezuelans Febres Cordero , Miguel de Letamendi , and Luis Urdaneta , among others . The group , known as the Forge of Vulcan , concluded the meeting with an oath of loyalty to the cause by those present . During the days following the meeting , Antepara and Villamil managed to convince the military leaders in charge of Guayaquil’s defense to join the cause of independence . However , they decided to give leadership of the liberationist movement to Olmedo . On October 3 , Villamil visited Olmedo to offer him the position of leadership , but Olmedo declined because he thought that the movement should be led by someone with military instead of political experience . Nevertheless , Olmedo confirmed his commitment to the cause and offered to help with political and diplomatic matters once independence was reached . The cause of independence , eventually led by León de Febres Cordero , continued in the following days with exhaustive planning of the rebellion that aimed to keep losses and use of weapons to a minimum . Finally , on the night of October 8 the revolution began with the capture of several military outposts by the rebels and the apprehension of authorities loyal to the Spanish crown . The rebellion continued until the morning of October 9 . Works . During his life , he dedicated part of his time to the creation of novels , songs , poems , and other kinds of literary works . Among his most well known works are : Canto a Bolívar ; Al General Flores , vencedor en Miñarica ; and Alfabeto para un niño . He designed the flag and crest of Guayaquil and wrote the lyrics of its anthem . In 1808 he was inspired to compose the prologue to the tragedy El Duque de Viseo de Quintana and his poem El Árbol , which he finished in 1809 . El Árbol contains two parts : one that is philosophical and has great aesthetic sense , and one that is less carefully constructed which ends the poem . This makes it seem as if there were two distinct verses brought together . In January 1811 he was still in Mexico and read his poem Improntu . In the beginning of 1817 he traveled to Lima and wrote A un amigo , don Gaspar Rico.. . In 1821 he wrote Canción al 9 de octubre , considered to be the first anthem of the Ecuadorian territory . In 1823 in Lima he edited his 45-page translation from English of Essay on Man by Alexander Pope . In 1825 he composed Marcha and the poem La Libertad . In 1837 he wrote Canción del 10 de agosto , which served as a precursor to the current national anthem as demonstrated by Espinosa Pólit . In 1840 he wrote En la muerte de mi hermana . In 1843 he edited Ocios poéticos del General Flores y una oda en su obsequio in 52 pages . From then on his poems began to be published with great success . In 1848 a volume of Obras Poéticas , a collection revised and corrected by Olmedo , was released in Valparaiso months before his death . The second edition was issued in Paris in 1853 , with 214 pages . There are later publications as well . External links . - Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country Presidents History |
[
""
] | easy | What was the position of José Joaquín de Olmedo from 1839 to 1840? | /wiki/José_Joaquín_de_Olmedo#P39#6 | José Joaquín de Olmedo José Joaquín de Olmedo y Maruri ( March 20 , 1780 – February 19 , 1847 ) was President of Ecuador from March 6 , 1845 to December 8 , 1845 . A patriot and poet , he was the son of the Spanish Captain Don Miguel de Olmedo y Troyano and the Guayaquilean Ana Francisca de Maruri y Salavarría . Biography . On October 9 , 1820 , Olmedo and others declared the city of Guayaquil independent from Spain . He was President of the Free Province of Guayaquil until it was united to Gran Colombia by Simón Bolívar against Olmedos will . He was also twice mayor of Guayaquil . He was Vice President of Ecuador from 1830 to 1831 , and became President of Ecuador from March 6 , 1845 , to December 8 , 1845 , surviving an attempted coup on June 18 of that year . He was also a noted poet who emphasized patriotic themes . His best-known work is La victoria de Junin , which pictures the Latin American fighters for independence from Spain as the legitimate heirs of the Incas . Olmedo devoted his life to Guayaquil , he created the Guayaquilean flag and shield , and in 1821 he composed the Song to the October Ninth , which would become the Guayaquil Anthem . He is quoted as saying He who does not hope to win has already lost . The José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport in Guayaquil is named after him . Independence of Guayaquil . José Joaquín de Olmedo was a participant in a group organized by don José de Antepara that supported secession from the Spanish Empire . The group was formed the night of October 1 , 1820 in the home of José de Villamil under the guise of a quinceañera for Isabela Morlás , who was the daughter of fellow secessionist Pedro Morlás . Gregorio Escobedo , Francisco de Paula Lavayen , Luis Fernando Vivero , and José Rivas also participated , as well as Venezuelans Febres Cordero , Miguel de Letamendi , and Luis Urdaneta , among others . The group , known as the Forge of Vulcan , concluded the meeting with an oath of loyalty to the cause by those present . During the days following the meeting , Antepara and Villamil managed to convince the military leaders in charge of Guayaquil’s defense to join the cause of independence . However , they decided to give leadership of the liberationist movement to Olmedo . On October 3 , Villamil visited Olmedo to offer him the position of leadership , but Olmedo declined because he thought that the movement should be led by someone with military instead of political experience . Nevertheless , Olmedo confirmed his commitment to the cause and offered to help with political and diplomatic matters once independence was reached . The cause of independence , eventually led by León de Febres Cordero , continued in the following days with exhaustive planning of the rebellion that aimed to keep losses and use of weapons to a minimum . Finally , on the night of October 8 the revolution began with the capture of several military outposts by the rebels and the apprehension of authorities loyal to the Spanish crown . The rebellion continued until the morning of October 9 . Works . During his life , he dedicated part of his time to the creation of novels , songs , poems , and other kinds of literary works . Among his most well known works are : Canto a Bolívar ; Al General Flores , vencedor en Miñarica ; and Alfabeto para un niño . He designed the flag and crest of Guayaquil and wrote the lyrics of its anthem . In 1808 he was inspired to compose the prologue to the tragedy El Duque de Viseo de Quintana and his poem El Árbol , which he finished in 1809 . El Árbol contains two parts : one that is philosophical and has great aesthetic sense , and one that is less carefully constructed which ends the poem . This makes it seem as if there were two distinct verses brought together . In January 1811 he was still in Mexico and read his poem Improntu . In the beginning of 1817 he traveled to Lima and wrote A un amigo , don Gaspar Rico.. . In 1821 he wrote Canción al 9 de octubre , considered to be the first anthem of the Ecuadorian territory . In 1823 in Lima he edited his 45-page translation from English of Essay on Man by Alexander Pope . In 1825 he composed Marcha and the poem La Libertad . In 1837 he wrote Canción del 10 de agosto , which served as a precursor to the current national anthem as demonstrated by Espinosa Pólit . In 1840 he wrote En la muerte de mi hermana . In 1843 he edited Ocios poéticos del General Flores y una oda en su obsequio in 52 pages . From then on his poems began to be published with great success . In 1848 a volume of Obras Poéticas , a collection revised and corrected by Olmedo , was released in Valparaiso months before his death . The second edition was issued in Paris in 1853 , with 214 pages . There are later publications as well . External links . - Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country Presidents History |
[
"President of Ecuador"
] | easy | What position did José Joaquín de Olmedo take from Mar 1845 to Dec 1845? | /wiki/José_Joaquín_de_Olmedo#P39#7 | José Joaquín de Olmedo José Joaquín de Olmedo y Maruri ( March 20 , 1780 – February 19 , 1847 ) was President of Ecuador from March 6 , 1845 to December 8 , 1845 . A patriot and poet , he was the son of the Spanish Captain Don Miguel de Olmedo y Troyano and the Guayaquilean Ana Francisca de Maruri y Salavarría . Biography . On October 9 , 1820 , Olmedo and others declared the city of Guayaquil independent from Spain . He was President of the Free Province of Guayaquil until it was united to Gran Colombia by Simón Bolívar against Olmedos will . He was also twice mayor of Guayaquil . He was Vice President of Ecuador from 1830 to 1831 , and became President of Ecuador from March 6 , 1845 , to December 8 , 1845 , surviving an attempted coup on June 18 of that year . He was also a noted poet who emphasized patriotic themes . His best-known work is La victoria de Junin , which pictures the Latin American fighters for independence from Spain as the legitimate heirs of the Incas . Olmedo devoted his life to Guayaquil , he created the Guayaquilean flag and shield , and in 1821 he composed the Song to the October Ninth , which would become the Guayaquil Anthem . He is quoted as saying He who does not hope to win has already lost . The José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport in Guayaquil is named after him . Independence of Guayaquil . José Joaquín de Olmedo was a participant in a group organized by don José de Antepara that supported secession from the Spanish Empire . The group was formed the night of October 1 , 1820 in the home of José de Villamil under the guise of a quinceañera for Isabela Morlás , who was the daughter of fellow secessionist Pedro Morlás . Gregorio Escobedo , Francisco de Paula Lavayen , Luis Fernando Vivero , and José Rivas also participated , as well as Venezuelans Febres Cordero , Miguel de Letamendi , and Luis Urdaneta , among others . The group , known as the Forge of Vulcan , concluded the meeting with an oath of loyalty to the cause by those present . During the days following the meeting , Antepara and Villamil managed to convince the military leaders in charge of Guayaquil’s defense to join the cause of independence . However , they decided to give leadership of the liberationist movement to Olmedo . On October 3 , Villamil visited Olmedo to offer him the position of leadership , but Olmedo declined because he thought that the movement should be led by someone with military instead of political experience . Nevertheless , Olmedo confirmed his commitment to the cause and offered to help with political and diplomatic matters once independence was reached . The cause of independence , eventually led by León de Febres Cordero , continued in the following days with exhaustive planning of the rebellion that aimed to keep losses and use of weapons to a minimum . Finally , on the night of October 8 the revolution began with the capture of several military outposts by the rebels and the apprehension of authorities loyal to the Spanish crown . The rebellion continued until the morning of October 9 . Works . During his life , he dedicated part of his time to the creation of novels , songs , poems , and other kinds of literary works . Among his most well known works are : Canto a Bolívar ; Al General Flores , vencedor en Miñarica ; and Alfabeto para un niño . He designed the flag and crest of Guayaquil and wrote the lyrics of its anthem . In 1808 he was inspired to compose the prologue to the tragedy El Duque de Viseo de Quintana and his poem El Árbol , which he finished in 1809 . El Árbol contains two parts : one that is philosophical and has great aesthetic sense , and one that is less carefully constructed which ends the poem . This makes it seem as if there were two distinct verses brought together . In January 1811 he was still in Mexico and read his poem Improntu . In the beginning of 1817 he traveled to Lima and wrote A un amigo , don Gaspar Rico.. . In 1821 he wrote Canción al 9 de octubre , considered to be the first anthem of the Ecuadorian territory . In 1823 in Lima he edited his 45-page translation from English of Essay on Man by Alexander Pope . In 1825 he composed Marcha and the poem La Libertad . In 1837 he wrote Canción del 10 de agosto , which served as a precursor to the current national anthem as demonstrated by Espinosa Pólit . In 1840 he wrote En la muerte de mi hermana . In 1843 he edited Ocios poéticos del General Flores y una oda en su obsequio in 52 pages . From then on his poems began to be published with great success . In 1848 a volume of Obras Poéticas , a collection revised and corrected by Olmedo , was released in Valparaiso months before his death . The second edition was issued in Paris in 1853 , with 214 pages . There are later publications as well . External links . - Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country Presidents History |
[
"elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly"
] | easy | What position did Daniel Andrews take from Nov 2002 to Dec 2010? | /wiki/Daniel_Andrews#P39#0 | Daniel Andrews Daniel Michael Andrews ( born 6 July 1972 ) is an Australian Labor Party politician who has been Premier of Victoria since December 2014 and Leader of the Labor Party in Victoria since 2010 . Andrews initially worked as a research and political officer , before being elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly at the 2002 election for the seat of Mulgrave . He was later appointed to the Ministry by Premier Steve Bracks in 2006 , before being promoted by Premier John Brumby in 2007 . After the defeat of Brumby at the 2010 election by Ted Baillieu , Andrews was elected as the Leader of the Labor Party in Victoria , becoming Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly . In November 2014 , Andrews led Labor to victory at the 2014 election ; he was sworn-in as Premier of Victoria by Governor Alex Chernov on 4 December . He led Labor to a second victory at the 2018 election with an increased majority . Since 2020 , he has received increased media commentary for his role in leading Victorias response to the COVID-19 pandemic . Early life . Andrews was born in Williamstown , a southwestern suburb of Melbourne , to Bob ( 1950–2016 ) and Jan Andrews ( born 1944 ) . In 1983 , his family moved from Glenroy to Wangaratta in northeastern Victoria , where he was educated at the Marist Brothers Galen Catholic College . Andrews moved back to Melbourne in 1990 to attend Monash University , where he was a resident of Mannix College and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in politics and classics in 1996 . After graduating , Andrews became an electorate officer for federal Labor MP Alan Griffin . He worked at the partys head office from 1999 to 2002 , initially as an organiser , and then as assistant state secretary . Political career . Bracks Government ( 2002–2007 ) . Following his election to parliament in the Legislative Assembly seat of Mulgrave at the 2002 election , Andrews was appointed Parliamentary Secretary for Health in the Steve Bracks Labor government . Following the 2006 election , Andrews was appointed to the Cabinet , becoming Minister for Gaming , Minister for Consumer Affairs and Minister Assisting the Premier on Multicultural Affairs . Brumby Government ( 2007–2010 ) . In 2007 , Andrews became Minister for Health in the John Brumby Labor government . In 2008 , Andrews voted in favour of abortion law reform in Victoria . As Health Minister during the passing of the Abortion Law Reform Act 2008 , Andrews sought counsel from senior church clergy who advised him that the act was contrary to Church teaching . Andrews replied that he .. . did not intend to be a Catholic health minister . It was my intention to be a Victorian health minister . Opposition ( 2010–2014 ) . Brumby resigned as leader of the Victorian Labor Party following the Labor defeat at the 2010 election , after 11 years of Labor governments . On 3 December 2010 , Andrews was elected Victorian Labor Party leader , becoming Leader of the Opposition in Victoria , with former Deputy Premier Rob Hulls staying on as his deputy . Hulls resigned in early 2012 and was replaced as deputy by James Merlino . Labor took the lead in the polls in mid-2012 and held it for all but a few months until the election , though Andrews consistently trailed his Liberal counterparts , Ted Baillieu ( 2010–2013 ) and Denis Napthine ( 2013–2014 ) as preferred premier . Premier of Victoria ( 2014–present ) . 2014 election . Labor held 43 seats at dissolution but notionally held 40 after the redistribution of electoral boundaries . It thus needed a swing to win five seats to form government . At the election , Labor gained seven seats for a total of 47 , a majority of two . The election was the first time since 1955 that an incumbent government was removed from office after a single term . In his victory speech , Andrews declared , The people of Victoria have today given to us the greatest of gifts , entrusted to us the greatest of responsibilities and bestowed upon us the greatest of honours . We will not let them down ! He was sworn in as premier on 4 December . First term . On winning office , Andrews government cancelled the East West Link project and initiated the level crossing removal project and the Melbourne Metro Rail Project . On 24 May 2016 Andrews made an official apology in parliament for gay men in Victoria punished during the time homosexuality was a crime in the state . It was decriminalised in 1981 . In August 2018 Andrews announced plans to build a $50 billion suburban rail loop connecting all major rail lines via Melbourne Airport . Ending ambulance dispute . Shortly after his taking office in 2014 Daniel Andrews ended the state governments dispute with ambulance paramedics . The dispute that had started with the previous state government did not go as far as strikes , due to the death toll that would result in such action . So the visible manifestation of the dispute was the protest style colourful slogans on the side and back windows of the states ambulances , which were removed after Andrews promised to end the dispute . China . Upon his election , Andrews fast-tracked Victorias ties with the PRC . Firstly , he led a group of prominent Victorians to China on his first overseas trip , and promised to send his entire cabinet there during his first term . Eyeing the enormous opportunities with tourism , education and investment , his government signed a Memorandum of understanding ( MoU ) with the Chinese government under the Belt and Road Initiative in October 2018 , but kept its details secret until he released it five weeks later . The MoU involves cooperation on facilities connectivity , unimpeded trade , finance , people-to-people bond [ s ] , and the Digital Silkroad . Cooperation will be in the form of dialogue , joint research , pilot programs , knowledge sharing and capacity building . Andrews said that the MoU does not bind Victoria to be involved in any specific project or initiative and the government will consider both the Victorian and national interest before agreeing to be involved in any specific activity . On 21 April 2021 , The Commonwealth Government used its veto powers to cancel agreements made between Victoria and China under the Belt and Road Initiative . Port of Melbourne lease . In September 2016 , the Andrews Government privatised the Port of Melbourne for a term of 50 years in return for more than $9.7 billion . Misuse of electoral officers . In September 2015 , the Opposition announced that it would refer the Andrews government to the Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission ( IBAC ) , the police , or a parliamentary enquiry over allegations that the Labor Party had misused taxpayer-funded electoral officers for party political campaigning in the leadup to the 2014 state election . After an eight-month investigation , Victoria Police said no criminal offence had been committed . The Legislative Council referred the matter to the Victorian Ombudsman , after the Supreme Court confirmed it was within her jurisdiction , and the government lost several appeals against the referral . In March 2018 , the Ombudsman released a report stating that Victorian Labor had wrongly used $387,842 of staff budget entitlements during the election campaign , breaching guidelines for the use of electoral staff . The report identified 21 MPs ( 11 current MPs including six ministers ) who had used the scheme , which had been devised by former Treasurer John Lenders . Andrews stated he was sorry the incidents had occurred , and that Labor had repaid the money . The investigation was reopened in July 2018 . Euthanasia . On 20 September 2017 , the Voluntary Assisted Dying Bill 2017 was introduced into the Legislative Assembly of the Victorian Parliament by the Andrews Labor Government . The bill is modelled on the recommendations of an expert panel chaired by former Australian Medical Association president Professor Brian Owler . The proposed legislation was said by proponents to be the most conservative in the world and contain 68 safeguards including measures designed to protect vulnerable people from coercion and abuse , as well as a board to review each case . Labor and Coalition MPs were allowed a conscience vote on the Bill . The bill was debated in the lower house over three sitting days , passing the Assembly without amendment on 20 October 2017 after an emotional and tense debate which lasted more than 24 hours . The bill was passed by 47 votes to 37 . The Bill finally passed through parliament , with amendments made in the Victorian Legislative Council , on 29 November 2017 . In passing the bill , Victoria became the first state to legislate for voluntary assisted dying . The law received royal assent on 5 December 2017 , and came into effect on 19 June 2019 2018 election . At the November 2018 state election , Labor won a comprehensive victory , picking up an eight-seat swing for a total of 55 seats , tying Labors second-best seat count in Victoria . The party recorded substantial swings in Melbournes eastern suburbs . As the ABCs election analyst Antony Green put it , eastern Melbourne was swept up in a band of red . Labor also took a number of seats in areas considered Liberal heartland , including Baillieus former seat of Hawthorn . It is only the fifth time that a Labor government has been reelected in Victoria . Andrews thus joined John Cain Jr and Steve Bracks as the only Victorian Labor leaders to lead the party to a second term in government . Second term . In 2019 , an independent tribunal granted Andrews an 11.8% salary increase , giving him a total salary of $441,000 and making him the highest-paid state premier in the country . Andrews received praise for his leadership during the 2019–20 Victorian bushfires . Andrews is one of the few state politicians in Australia to have never spent a day on the backbench . He has spent his entire tenure in the Legislative Assembly as a junior minister ( 2002–2006 ) , minister ( 2006–2010 ) , opposition leader ( 2010–2014 ) and premier ( 2014–present ) . Since the retirement of Tasmanian premier Will Hodgman in January 2020 , Andrews has been the longest-serving incumbent state premier in Australia . COVID-19 pandemic . During his second term , Andrews led the States response to the COVID-19 pandemic . In late June 2020 , cases began to rise primarily originating from breaches in hotel quarantine . On 20 June , with the state recording 25 cases , Andrews mostly delayed the planned easing of restrictions and reinstated stricter home gathering rules . On 30 June , with the state recording 64 new infections , Andrews announced stage 3 restrictions for 10 postcodes within metropolitan Melbourne , suspended international flights and announced a judicial inquiry into the states hotel quarantine program . Andrews announced a further two postcodes would return to stage 3 restrictions and a hard lockdown of public housing towers in North Melbourne and Kensington on 4 July . The Ombudsman later criticised the timing and conduct of the lockdown as potentially violating the residents charter rights . On 7 July , Andrews announced the reimposition of stage 3 restrictions for metropolitan Melbourne and Mitchell Shire as the state recorded 191 new cases . Under these restriction , residents in the affected area could only leave the home for exercise , obtaining supplies , work if it couldnt be done from home and to provide care and compassion . In early August 2020 , following a spike in COVID-19 infections in Victoria with up to 750 new infections detected per day , Andrews declared a State of Disaster and announced Stage 4 lockdown rules for 31 metropolitan Melbourne municipalities and Stage 3 rules for regional parts of the state . The Stage 4 rules for Melbourne included compulsory face masks , all but essential businesses closed , residents only being allowed to leave their homes once a day to shop for essential items only , and once a day to exercise for a maximum of one hour . Both these activities were restricted to within five kilometres of home . All schooling was to be done remotely using electronic communication . A nightly curfew from 8pm to 5am was introduced . Exemptions existed for workers deemed essential . The restrictions were more successful than expected in reducing the rate of infections , such that by mid-September 2020 the 14 day case average was 44.4 rather than 63 predicted by the modelling done when they were introduced . Restrictions began to ease from that time . On 26 October 2020 , Victoria had recorded no new cases and no new deaths , its first day of no cases since early June . The achievement was called Donut Day . Public opinion . In April 2020 , 77% approved of Andrews handling of the coronavirus pandemic ; this was the third highest figure out of all of Australias premiers . Andrews approval ratings dropped due to the acceleration of Victorias second wave of infections and harsh restrictions aimed at suppressing the spread of infections . A September 2020 Roy Morgan Research poll showed that 70% approved of the way Andrews was handling his job as Premier of Victoria , and a September 2020 Newspoll showed that 62% agreed that Andrews handled Victorias COVID-19 response well . In November 2020 , a Roy Morgan Research showed that Andrews approval rating had increased by 12% , with 71% of Victorian electors approving of his handling of his job . Personal life . Andrews married Catherine Kesik in 1998 and they now live in Mulgrave with their three children . Andrews is a practising Roman Catholic . On the morning of 9 March 2021 , Andrews slipped and fell on wet stairs while on holiday on the Mornington Peninsula . He was taken to hospital where he was placed under intensive care . He suffered several broken ribs and a broken vertebra from the fall , but did not have any head injuries . Deputy Premier James Merlino is the Acting Premier until Andrews recovers . |
[
"Leader of the Labor Party in Victoria"
] | easy | Which position did Daniel Andrews hold from Dec 2010 to Dec 2014? | /wiki/Daniel_Andrews#P39#1 | Daniel Andrews Daniel Michael Andrews ( born 6 July 1972 ) is an Australian Labor Party politician who has been Premier of Victoria since December 2014 and Leader of the Labor Party in Victoria since 2010 . Andrews initially worked as a research and political officer , before being elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly at the 2002 election for the seat of Mulgrave . He was later appointed to the Ministry by Premier Steve Bracks in 2006 , before being promoted by Premier John Brumby in 2007 . After the defeat of Brumby at the 2010 election by Ted Baillieu , Andrews was elected as the Leader of the Labor Party in Victoria , becoming Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly . In November 2014 , Andrews led Labor to victory at the 2014 election ; he was sworn-in as Premier of Victoria by Governor Alex Chernov on 4 December . He led Labor to a second victory at the 2018 election with an increased majority . Since 2020 , he has received increased media commentary for his role in leading Victorias response to the COVID-19 pandemic . Early life . Andrews was born in Williamstown , a southwestern suburb of Melbourne , to Bob ( 1950–2016 ) and Jan Andrews ( born 1944 ) . In 1983 , his family moved from Glenroy to Wangaratta in northeastern Victoria , where he was educated at the Marist Brothers Galen Catholic College . Andrews moved back to Melbourne in 1990 to attend Monash University , where he was a resident of Mannix College and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in politics and classics in 1996 . After graduating , Andrews became an electorate officer for federal Labor MP Alan Griffin . He worked at the partys head office from 1999 to 2002 , initially as an organiser , and then as assistant state secretary . Political career . Bracks Government ( 2002–2007 ) . Following his election to parliament in the Legislative Assembly seat of Mulgrave at the 2002 election , Andrews was appointed Parliamentary Secretary for Health in the Steve Bracks Labor government . Following the 2006 election , Andrews was appointed to the Cabinet , becoming Minister for Gaming , Minister for Consumer Affairs and Minister Assisting the Premier on Multicultural Affairs . Brumby Government ( 2007–2010 ) . In 2007 , Andrews became Minister for Health in the John Brumby Labor government . In 2008 , Andrews voted in favour of abortion law reform in Victoria . As Health Minister during the passing of the Abortion Law Reform Act 2008 , Andrews sought counsel from senior church clergy who advised him that the act was contrary to Church teaching . Andrews replied that he .. . did not intend to be a Catholic health minister . It was my intention to be a Victorian health minister . Opposition ( 2010–2014 ) . Brumby resigned as leader of the Victorian Labor Party following the Labor defeat at the 2010 election , after 11 years of Labor governments . On 3 December 2010 , Andrews was elected Victorian Labor Party leader , becoming Leader of the Opposition in Victoria , with former Deputy Premier Rob Hulls staying on as his deputy . Hulls resigned in early 2012 and was replaced as deputy by James Merlino . Labor took the lead in the polls in mid-2012 and held it for all but a few months until the election , though Andrews consistently trailed his Liberal counterparts , Ted Baillieu ( 2010–2013 ) and Denis Napthine ( 2013–2014 ) as preferred premier . Premier of Victoria ( 2014–present ) . 2014 election . Labor held 43 seats at dissolution but notionally held 40 after the redistribution of electoral boundaries . It thus needed a swing to win five seats to form government . At the election , Labor gained seven seats for a total of 47 , a majority of two . The election was the first time since 1955 that an incumbent government was removed from office after a single term . In his victory speech , Andrews declared , The people of Victoria have today given to us the greatest of gifts , entrusted to us the greatest of responsibilities and bestowed upon us the greatest of honours . We will not let them down ! He was sworn in as premier on 4 December . First term . On winning office , Andrews government cancelled the East West Link project and initiated the level crossing removal project and the Melbourne Metro Rail Project . On 24 May 2016 Andrews made an official apology in parliament for gay men in Victoria punished during the time homosexuality was a crime in the state . It was decriminalised in 1981 . In August 2018 Andrews announced plans to build a $50 billion suburban rail loop connecting all major rail lines via Melbourne Airport . Ending ambulance dispute . Shortly after his taking office in 2014 Daniel Andrews ended the state governments dispute with ambulance paramedics . The dispute that had started with the previous state government did not go as far as strikes , due to the death toll that would result in such action . So the visible manifestation of the dispute was the protest style colourful slogans on the side and back windows of the states ambulances , which were removed after Andrews promised to end the dispute . China . Upon his election , Andrews fast-tracked Victorias ties with the PRC . Firstly , he led a group of prominent Victorians to China on his first overseas trip , and promised to send his entire cabinet there during his first term . Eyeing the enormous opportunities with tourism , education and investment , his government signed a Memorandum of understanding ( MoU ) with the Chinese government under the Belt and Road Initiative in October 2018 , but kept its details secret until he released it five weeks later . The MoU involves cooperation on facilities connectivity , unimpeded trade , finance , people-to-people bond [ s ] , and the Digital Silkroad . Cooperation will be in the form of dialogue , joint research , pilot programs , knowledge sharing and capacity building . Andrews said that the MoU does not bind Victoria to be involved in any specific project or initiative and the government will consider both the Victorian and national interest before agreeing to be involved in any specific activity . On 21 April 2021 , The Commonwealth Government used its veto powers to cancel agreements made between Victoria and China under the Belt and Road Initiative . Port of Melbourne lease . In September 2016 , the Andrews Government privatised the Port of Melbourne for a term of 50 years in return for more than $9.7 billion . Misuse of electoral officers . In September 2015 , the Opposition announced that it would refer the Andrews government to the Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission ( IBAC ) , the police , or a parliamentary enquiry over allegations that the Labor Party had misused taxpayer-funded electoral officers for party political campaigning in the leadup to the 2014 state election . After an eight-month investigation , Victoria Police said no criminal offence had been committed . The Legislative Council referred the matter to the Victorian Ombudsman , after the Supreme Court confirmed it was within her jurisdiction , and the government lost several appeals against the referral . In March 2018 , the Ombudsman released a report stating that Victorian Labor had wrongly used $387,842 of staff budget entitlements during the election campaign , breaching guidelines for the use of electoral staff . The report identified 21 MPs ( 11 current MPs including six ministers ) who had used the scheme , which had been devised by former Treasurer John Lenders . Andrews stated he was sorry the incidents had occurred , and that Labor had repaid the money . The investigation was reopened in July 2018 . Euthanasia . On 20 September 2017 , the Voluntary Assisted Dying Bill 2017 was introduced into the Legislative Assembly of the Victorian Parliament by the Andrews Labor Government . The bill is modelled on the recommendations of an expert panel chaired by former Australian Medical Association president Professor Brian Owler . The proposed legislation was said by proponents to be the most conservative in the world and contain 68 safeguards including measures designed to protect vulnerable people from coercion and abuse , as well as a board to review each case . Labor and Coalition MPs were allowed a conscience vote on the Bill . The bill was debated in the lower house over three sitting days , passing the Assembly without amendment on 20 October 2017 after an emotional and tense debate which lasted more than 24 hours . The bill was passed by 47 votes to 37 . The Bill finally passed through parliament , with amendments made in the Victorian Legislative Council , on 29 November 2017 . In passing the bill , Victoria became the first state to legislate for voluntary assisted dying . The law received royal assent on 5 December 2017 , and came into effect on 19 June 2019 2018 election . At the November 2018 state election , Labor won a comprehensive victory , picking up an eight-seat swing for a total of 55 seats , tying Labors second-best seat count in Victoria . The party recorded substantial swings in Melbournes eastern suburbs . As the ABCs election analyst Antony Green put it , eastern Melbourne was swept up in a band of red . Labor also took a number of seats in areas considered Liberal heartland , including Baillieus former seat of Hawthorn . It is only the fifth time that a Labor government has been reelected in Victoria . Andrews thus joined John Cain Jr and Steve Bracks as the only Victorian Labor leaders to lead the party to a second term in government . Second term . In 2019 , an independent tribunal granted Andrews an 11.8% salary increase , giving him a total salary of $441,000 and making him the highest-paid state premier in the country . Andrews received praise for his leadership during the 2019–20 Victorian bushfires . Andrews is one of the few state politicians in Australia to have never spent a day on the backbench . He has spent his entire tenure in the Legislative Assembly as a junior minister ( 2002–2006 ) , minister ( 2006–2010 ) , opposition leader ( 2010–2014 ) and premier ( 2014–present ) . Since the retirement of Tasmanian premier Will Hodgman in January 2020 , Andrews has been the longest-serving incumbent state premier in Australia . COVID-19 pandemic . During his second term , Andrews led the States response to the COVID-19 pandemic . In late June 2020 , cases began to rise primarily originating from breaches in hotel quarantine . On 20 June , with the state recording 25 cases , Andrews mostly delayed the planned easing of restrictions and reinstated stricter home gathering rules . On 30 June , with the state recording 64 new infections , Andrews announced stage 3 restrictions for 10 postcodes within metropolitan Melbourne , suspended international flights and announced a judicial inquiry into the states hotel quarantine program . Andrews announced a further two postcodes would return to stage 3 restrictions and a hard lockdown of public housing towers in North Melbourne and Kensington on 4 July . The Ombudsman later criticised the timing and conduct of the lockdown as potentially violating the residents charter rights . On 7 July , Andrews announced the reimposition of stage 3 restrictions for metropolitan Melbourne and Mitchell Shire as the state recorded 191 new cases . Under these restriction , residents in the affected area could only leave the home for exercise , obtaining supplies , work if it couldnt be done from home and to provide care and compassion . In early August 2020 , following a spike in COVID-19 infections in Victoria with up to 750 new infections detected per day , Andrews declared a State of Disaster and announced Stage 4 lockdown rules for 31 metropolitan Melbourne municipalities and Stage 3 rules for regional parts of the state . The Stage 4 rules for Melbourne included compulsory face masks , all but essential businesses closed , residents only being allowed to leave their homes once a day to shop for essential items only , and once a day to exercise for a maximum of one hour . Both these activities were restricted to within five kilometres of home . All schooling was to be done remotely using electronic communication . A nightly curfew from 8pm to 5am was introduced . Exemptions existed for workers deemed essential . The restrictions were more successful than expected in reducing the rate of infections , such that by mid-September 2020 the 14 day case average was 44.4 rather than 63 predicted by the modelling done when they were introduced . Restrictions began to ease from that time . On 26 October 2020 , Victoria had recorded no new cases and no new deaths , its first day of no cases since early June . The achievement was called Donut Day . Public opinion . In April 2020 , 77% approved of Andrews handling of the coronavirus pandemic ; this was the third highest figure out of all of Australias premiers . Andrews approval ratings dropped due to the acceleration of Victorias second wave of infections and harsh restrictions aimed at suppressing the spread of infections . A September 2020 Roy Morgan Research poll showed that 70% approved of the way Andrews was handling his job as Premier of Victoria , and a September 2020 Newspoll showed that 62% agreed that Andrews handled Victorias COVID-19 response well . In November 2020 , a Roy Morgan Research showed that Andrews approval rating had increased by 12% , with 71% of Victorian electors approving of his handling of his job . Personal life . Andrews married Catherine Kesik in 1998 and they now live in Mulgrave with their three children . Andrews is a practising Roman Catholic . On the morning of 9 March 2021 , Andrews slipped and fell on wet stairs while on holiday on the Mornington Peninsula . He was taken to hospital where he was placed under intensive care . He suffered several broken ribs and a broken vertebra from the fall , but did not have any head injuries . Deputy Premier James Merlino is the Acting Premier until Andrews recovers . |
[
"Premier of Victoria"
] | easy | What position did Daniel Andrews take from Dec 2014 to Dec 2015? | /wiki/Daniel_Andrews#P39#2 | Daniel Andrews Daniel Michael Andrews ( born 6 July 1972 ) is an Australian Labor Party politician who has been Premier of Victoria since December 2014 and Leader of the Labor Party in Victoria since 2010 . Andrews initially worked as a research and political officer , before being elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly at the 2002 election for the seat of Mulgrave . He was later appointed to the Ministry by Premier Steve Bracks in 2006 , before being promoted by Premier John Brumby in 2007 . After the defeat of Brumby at the 2010 election by Ted Baillieu , Andrews was elected as the Leader of the Labor Party in Victoria , becoming Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly . In November 2014 , Andrews led Labor to victory at the 2014 election ; he was sworn-in as Premier of Victoria by Governor Alex Chernov on 4 December . He led Labor to a second victory at the 2018 election with an increased majority . Since 2020 , he has received increased media commentary for his role in leading Victorias response to the COVID-19 pandemic . Early life . Andrews was born in Williamstown , a southwestern suburb of Melbourne , to Bob ( 1950–2016 ) and Jan Andrews ( born 1944 ) . In 1983 , his family moved from Glenroy to Wangaratta in northeastern Victoria , where he was educated at the Marist Brothers Galen Catholic College . Andrews moved back to Melbourne in 1990 to attend Monash University , where he was a resident of Mannix College and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in politics and classics in 1996 . After graduating , Andrews became an electorate officer for federal Labor MP Alan Griffin . He worked at the partys head office from 1999 to 2002 , initially as an organiser , and then as assistant state secretary . Political career . Bracks Government ( 2002–2007 ) . Following his election to parliament in the Legislative Assembly seat of Mulgrave at the 2002 election , Andrews was appointed Parliamentary Secretary for Health in the Steve Bracks Labor government . Following the 2006 election , Andrews was appointed to the Cabinet , becoming Minister for Gaming , Minister for Consumer Affairs and Minister Assisting the Premier on Multicultural Affairs . Brumby Government ( 2007–2010 ) . In 2007 , Andrews became Minister for Health in the John Brumby Labor government . In 2008 , Andrews voted in favour of abortion law reform in Victoria . As Health Minister during the passing of the Abortion Law Reform Act 2008 , Andrews sought counsel from senior church clergy who advised him that the act was contrary to Church teaching . Andrews replied that he .. . did not intend to be a Catholic health minister . It was my intention to be a Victorian health minister . Opposition ( 2010–2014 ) . Brumby resigned as leader of the Victorian Labor Party following the Labor defeat at the 2010 election , after 11 years of Labor governments . On 3 December 2010 , Andrews was elected Victorian Labor Party leader , becoming Leader of the Opposition in Victoria , with former Deputy Premier Rob Hulls staying on as his deputy . Hulls resigned in early 2012 and was replaced as deputy by James Merlino . Labor took the lead in the polls in mid-2012 and held it for all but a few months until the election , though Andrews consistently trailed his Liberal counterparts , Ted Baillieu ( 2010–2013 ) and Denis Napthine ( 2013–2014 ) as preferred premier . Premier of Victoria ( 2014–present ) . 2014 election . Labor held 43 seats at dissolution but notionally held 40 after the redistribution of electoral boundaries . It thus needed a swing to win five seats to form government . At the election , Labor gained seven seats for a total of 47 , a majority of two . The election was the first time since 1955 that an incumbent government was removed from office after a single term . In his victory speech , Andrews declared , The people of Victoria have today given to us the greatest of gifts , entrusted to us the greatest of responsibilities and bestowed upon us the greatest of honours . We will not let them down ! He was sworn in as premier on 4 December . First term . On winning office , Andrews government cancelled the East West Link project and initiated the level crossing removal project and the Melbourne Metro Rail Project . On 24 May 2016 Andrews made an official apology in parliament for gay men in Victoria punished during the time homosexuality was a crime in the state . It was decriminalised in 1981 . In August 2018 Andrews announced plans to build a $50 billion suburban rail loop connecting all major rail lines via Melbourne Airport . Ending ambulance dispute . Shortly after his taking office in 2014 Daniel Andrews ended the state governments dispute with ambulance paramedics . The dispute that had started with the previous state government did not go as far as strikes , due to the death toll that would result in such action . So the visible manifestation of the dispute was the protest style colourful slogans on the side and back windows of the states ambulances , which were removed after Andrews promised to end the dispute . China . Upon his election , Andrews fast-tracked Victorias ties with the PRC . Firstly , he led a group of prominent Victorians to China on his first overseas trip , and promised to send his entire cabinet there during his first term . Eyeing the enormous opportunities with tourism , education and investment , his government signed a Memorandum of understanding ( MoU ) with the Chinese government under the Belt and Road Initiative in October 2018 , but kept its details secret until he released it five weeks later . The MoU involves cooperation on facilities connectivity , unimpeded trade , finance , people-to-people bond [ s ] , and the Digital Silkroad . Cooperation will be in the form of dialogue , joint research , pilot programs , knowledge sharing and capacity building . Andrews said that the MoU does not bind Victoria to be involved in any specific project or initiative and the government will consider both the Victorian and national interest before agreeing to be involved in any specific activity . On 21 April 2021 , The Commonwealth Government used its veto powers to cancel agreements made between Victoria and China under the Belt and Road Initiative . Port of Melbourne lease . In September 2016 , the Andrews Government privatised the Port of Melbourne for a term of 50 years in return for more than $9.7 billion . Misuse of electoral officers . In September 2015 , the Opposition announced that it would refer the Andrews government to the Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission ( IBAC ) , the police , or a parliamentary enquiry over allegations that the Labor Party had misused taxpayer-funded electoral officers for party political campaigning in the leadup to the 2014 state election . After an eight-month investigation , Victoria Police said no criminal offence had been committed . The Legislative Council referred the matter to the Victorian Ombudsman , after the Supreme Court confirmed it was within her jurisdiction , and the government lost several appeals against the referral . In March 2018 , the Ombudsman released a report stating that Victorian Labor had wrongly used $387,842 of staff budget entitlements during the election campaign , breaching guidelines for the use of electoral staff . The report identified 21 MPs ( 11 current MPs including six ministers ) who had used the scheme , which had been devised by former Treasurer John Lenders . Andrews stated he was sorry the incidents had occurred , and that Labor had repaid the money . The investigation was reopened in July 2018 . Euthanasia . On 20 September 2017 , the Voluntary Assisted Dying Bill 2017 was introduced into the Legislative Assembly of the Victorian Parliament by the Andrews Labor Government . The bill is modelled on the recommendations of an expert panel chaired by former Australian Medical Association president Professor Brian Owler . The proposed legislation was said by proponents to be the most conservative in the world and contain 68 safeguards including measures designed to protect vulnerable people from coercion and abuse , as well as a board to review each case . Labor and Coalition MPs were allowed a conscience vote on the Bill . The bill was debated in the lower house over three sitting days , passing the Assembly without amendment on 20 October 2017 after an emotional and tense debate which lasted more than 24 hours . The bill was passed by 47 votes to 37 . The Bill finally passed through parliament , with amendments made in the Victorian Legislative Council , on 29 November 2017 . In passing the bill , Victoria became the first state to legislate for voluntary assisted dying . The law received royal assent on 5 December 2017 , and came into effect on 19 June 2019 2018 election . At the November 2018 state election , Labor won a comprehensive victory , picking up an eight-seat swing for a total of 55 seats , tying Labors second-best seat count in Victoria . The party recorded substantial swings in Melbournes eastern suburbs . As the ABCs election analyst Antony Green put it , eastern Melbourne was swept up in a band of red . Labor also took a number of seats in areas considered Liberal heartland , including Baillieus former seat of Hawthorn . It is only the fifth time that a Labor government has been reelected in Victoria . Andrews thus joined John Cain Jr and Steve Bracks as the only Victorian Labor leaders to lead the party to a second term in government . Second term . In 2019 , an independent tribunal granted Andrews an 11.8% salary increase , giving him a total salary of $441,000 and making him the highest-paid state premier in the country . Andrews received praise for his leadership during the 2019–20 Victorian bushfires . Andrews is one of the few state politicians in Australia to have never spent a day on the backbench . He has spent his entire tenure in the Legislative Assembly as a junior minister ( 2002–2006 ) , minister ( 2006–2010 ) , opposition leader ( 2010–2014 ) and premier ( 2014–present ) . Since the retirement of Tasmanian premier Will Hodgman in January 2020 , Andrews has been the longest-serving incumbent state premier in Australia . COVID-19 pandemic . During his second term , Andrews led the States response to the COVID-19 pandemic . In late June 2020 , cases began to rise primarily originating from breaches in hotel quarantine . On 20 June , with the state recording 25 cases , Andrews mostly delayed the planned easing of restrictions and reinstated stricter home gathering rules . On 30 June , with the state recording 64 new infections , Andrews announced stage 3 restrictions for 10 postcodes within metropolitan Melbourne , suspended international flights and announced a judicial inquiry into the states hotel quarantine program . Andrews announced a further two postcodes would return to stage 3 restrictions and a hard lockdown of public housing towers in North Melbourne and Kensington on 4 July . The Ombudsman later criticised the timing and conduct of the lockdown as potentially violating the residents charter rights . On 7 July , Andrews announced the reimposition of stage 3 restrictions for metropolitan Melbourne and Mitchell Shire as the state recorded 191 new cases . Under these restriction , residents in the affected area could only leave the home for exercise , obtaining supplies , work if it couldnt be done from home and to provide care and compassion . In early August 2020 , following a spike in COVID-19 infections in Victoria with up to 750 new infections detected per day , Andrews declared a State of Disaster and announced Stage 4 lockdown rules for 31 metropolitan Melbourne municipalities and Stage 3 rules for regional parts of the state . The Stage 4 rules for Melbourne included compulsory face masks , all but essential businesses closed , residents only being allowed to leave their homes once a day to shop for essential items only , and once a day to exercise for a maximum of one hour . Both these activities were restricted to within five kilometres of home . All schooling was to be done remotely using electronic communication . A nightly curfew from 8pm to 5am was introduced . Exemptions existed for workers deemed essential . The restrictions were more successful than expected in reducing the rate of infections , such that by mid-September 2020 the 14 day case average was 44.4 rather than 63 predicted by the modelling done when they were introduced . Restrictions began to ease from that time . On 26 October 2020 , Victoria had recorded no new cases and no new deaths , its first day of no cases since early June . The achievement was called Donut Day . Public opinion . In April 2020 , 77% approved of Andrews handling of the coronavirus pandemic ; this was the third highest figure out of all of Australias premiers . Andrews approval ratings dropped due to the acceleration of Victorias second wave of infections and harsh restrictions aimed at suppressing the spread of infections . A September 2020 Roy Morgan Research poll showed that 70% approved of the way Andrews was handling his job as Premier of Victoria , and a September 2020 Newspoll showed that 62% agreed that Andrews handled Victorias COVID-19 response well . In November 2020 , a Roy Morgan Research showed that Andrews approval rating had increased by 12% , with 71% of Victorian electors approving of his handling of his job . Personal life . Andrews married Catherine Kesik in 1998 and they now live in Mulgrave with their three children . Andrews is a practising Roman Catholic . On the morning of 9 March 2021 , Andrews slipped and fell on wet stairs while on holiday on the Mornington Peninsula . He was taken to hospital where he was placed under intensive care . He suffered several broken ribs and a broken vertebra from the fall , but did not have any head injuries . Deputy Premier James Merlino is the Acting Premier until Andrews recovers . |
[
"Ipswich Town"
] | easy | Ian Westlake played for which team from 2002 to 2006? | /wiki/Ian_Westlake#P54#0 | Ian Westlake Ian John Westlake ( born 10 November 1983 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder for Ipswich Town , Leeds United , Brighton & Hove Albion , Cheltenham Town , Oldham Athletic , Wycombe Wanderers , Montreal Impact and Needham Market . Playing career . Ipswich Town . Born in Clacton-on-Sea , Westlake progressed through the youth ranks at Ipswich Town , at the club’s reserves and academy . At one point , he helped the under-17 team to the league title . Westlake then signed his professional forms with the club during the summer of 2002 . Westlake reflected : I might never have played professional football had it not been for relegation . Administration meant the club were forced to sell players and that opened the door for people like myself , Darren Bent and Darren Ambrose . It gave us our chance and , as odd as it sounds , I personally feel I owe my career to relegation . Westlake made his debut for Ipswich Town , coming on as a substitute in a 1–0 home defeat to Gillingham on 26 October 2002 . Having spent months at the club’s reserves , it wasn’t until on 15 March 2003 when he made his return to the first team , coming on as a 72nd minute substitute , in a 1–0 win against Sheffield Wednesday . Westlake made a further three appearances for Ipswich Town during the 2002–03 season . At the start of the 2003–04 season , Westlake made his first appearance of the season , coming on as a second half substitute , in a 1–1 draw against Coventry City on 23 August 2003 . Seven days later on 30 August 2003 , he made his first start for Ipswich Town , as they lost 2–1 against West Ham United . Westlake then scored his first goal for the side during the 3–4 home defeat to Gillingham on 1 November 2003 . Three weeks later on 22 November 2003 , Westlake scored his second goal for the club , in a 3–0 win against Sheffield United . Initially , his playing time mostly comes from the substitute bench but soon make number of starts as the season progressed . It wasn’t until on 31 January 2004 when he scored his third goal of the season , in a 1–1 draw against Coventry City . Westlake scored two more goals in February , coming against Bradford City and Preston North End . His seventh goal of the season came on 30 April 2004 against Sheffield United , drawing 1–1 . Westlake played in both legs of the Division One Play–Offs against West Ham United , as Ipswich Town lost 2–1 on aggragate . At the end of the 2003–04 season , he made a further 43 appearances for the club and also scored 7 goals , For his performance , Westlake was awarded Ipswich Town Player of the Year . In August 2004 , Westlake was called up to the England Under-21 national team . Amid to the international call up , he continued to establish himself in the starting eleven , playing in the midfield position at the start of the 2004–05 season , though his performance failed to recapture the same levels as he did with the previous season . In his 50th appearances for Ipswich Town against Derby County , Westlake set up the club’s first goal of the game , in a 3–2 loss . In a follow–up match against Cardiff City , he scored his first goal of the season , in a 3–1 win and scored again four days later on 25 August 2004 , in a 2–0 win against Brentford in the second round of the League Cup . Westlake scored four more goals by the end of the year . His performance led Manager Joe Royle saw in a potential in him , saying he could one day captain the club . Westlake then signed a contract with Ipswich Town , keeping him until 2008 . Since the start of the 2004–05 season , Westlake started in every matches until he missed one match , due to suspension . After serving a one match suspension , Westlake returned to the starting line–up against Reading on 21 January 2005 , as the club drew 1–1 . He later scored two more goals for Ipswich Town against Nottingham Forest and Rotherham United , adding his tally to eight goals this season . Westlake set up the club’s first two goals in the match , winning 5–1 against Crewe Alexandra on 30 April 2005 . He , once again , played in both legs of the Championship Play–Offs against West Ham United , as Ipswich Town lost 4–2 on aggragate . Despite suffering injuries later in the 2004–05 season , Westlake went on to make fifty appearances and scoring eight times in all competitions . At the start of the 2005–06 season , Westlake started in the first seven matches of the season , playing in the midfield position and scored his first goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Sheffield Wednesday on 20 August 2005 . This last until Westlake suffered ankle injury that kept him out for six weeks , eventually sidelined for two months . He didn’t make his return to the first team until on 5 November 2005 , coming on as a 76th minute substitute , in a 3–1 win against Plymouth Argyle . After making two more appearances since returning from injury , Westlake suffered ankle injury once again and was out for a week . He didn’t make a return to the first team until on 10 December 2005 against Queens Park Rangers , coming on as a second half substitute , in a 2–2 draw . Westlake then scored his second goal of the season , in a 1–0 win against Luton Town on 31 December 2005 . Since returning from injury , he regained his first team place for Ipswich Town , playing in the midfield position . This last until Westlake suffered injuries on two occasions towards the end of the 2005–06 season . At the end of the 2005–06 season , he made twenty–eight appearances and scoring two times in all competitions . By the time Westlake departed Ipswich Town for Leeds United , he made a total of 125 appearances for the club , scoring 17 goals . Leeds United . On 4 August 2006 , Westlake transferred to Leeds United for a fee of £400,000 plus the transfer of former Brighton left-back Daniel Harding to Ipswich in a part-exchange deal . Westlake made his debut on 5 August 2006 , coming on as a substitute during the 1–0 home victory over Norwich City . Since making his debut for the club , he became involved in the first team . However , Westlake suffered a groin injury that kept him out for the rest of the season . In total , Westlake made 29 appearances for Leeds during the 2006–07 season , in which the Yorkshire club were relegated from the Championship . During the 2007–08 season , Westlake made 23 appearances for Leeds and scored his only league goal for the club when netting the last-minute winning goal in a 1–0 away win at Oldham Athletic on 2 October 2007 . He had earlier scored his first goal for Leeds in a 1–0 win at Macclesfield in the League Cup on 14 August 2007 . However , Westlake’s first team opportunities soon became limited , due to competitions and his own injury concern . Brighton & Hove Albion ( loan ) . On 3 March 2008 , it was revealed that Westlake had agreed an initial one-month loan deal at League One play-off rivals Brighton & Hove Albion . Westlake made his Brighton & Hove Albion debut , starting the whole game , in a 4–2 win against Gillingham on 4 March 2008 . He then started in the next five matches before suffering a calf injury during a match against Swindon Town on 22 March 2008 and was substituted in the 83rd minute as a result . While on the sidelined , it was announced on 3 April 2008 that Westlake , Leeds United and Brighton & Hove Albion agreed that the player would remain on loan at the Withdean for the remainder of the 2007–08 season . After missing two matches from a calf injury , he made his return to the first team , starting a match against Port Vale on 5 April 2008 and played 63 minutes before being substituted , in a 3–2 loss . Seven days later on 12 April 2008 , Westlake scored his first goal for the club , in a 2–1 win against Luton Town . His second goal for the club then came on 26 April 2008 , in a 2–0 win against Bristol Rovers . In total , he made 11 appearances for Brighton , scoring two goals . Following this , Westlake returned to his parent club . Cheltenham Town . On 24 October 2008 , Westlake joined League One side Cheltenham Town on an initial three-month loan deal . It came after when he previously went on a trial with the club . Westlake made his debut the following day during the 3–1 away defeat to MK Dons . During his loan spell at Cheltenham , Westlake played 14 games and scored 1 goal during the 2–1 away victory at Leyton Orient . On 24 January 2009 , Westlake had his contract terminated at Leeds United by mutual consent . Later that day , Westlake signed a contract with Cheltenham Town for the remainder of the 2008–09 season . Westlake also scored on the day of his permanent debut for Cheltenham during the 2–2 home draw with Brighton & Hove Albion . Oldham Athletic ( loan ) . With Cheltenham Town suffering from financial difficulties , Westlake joined League One side Oldham Athletic on loan for the remainder of the 2008–09 season on 19 March 2009 . Westlake made his debut for Oldham on 25 March 2009 , during a 2–0 home defeat to Tranmere Rovers . In total , Westlake made 5 appearances for the club . Wycombe Wanderers . On 15 July 2009 , Westlake signed a two-year contract with recently promoted League One side Wycombe Wanderers . After missing the opening game of the season due to a hamstring injury , he made his debut for the club , starting a match and played 62 minutes before being substituted , in a 1–0 loss against Leeds United on 15 August 2009 . Westlake then set up the club’s first goal of the game , as Wycombe Wanderers lost 3–2 against Gillingham on 10 October 2009 . However , he found himself out of the first team , due to being placed on the substitute bench . Westlake also faced his own injury concern after suffering from ankle injury . Despite this , he went on to make nine appearances in all competitions . However in the 2010–11 season , Westlake’s first team opportunities at the club and made no appearance for Wycombe Wanderers . He was released from his contract on 18 March 2011 and the following week joined Colchester United on trial . Montreal Impact . Westlake joined the Montreal Impact on trial starting 5 July 2011 . He formally signed with the North American Soccer League team on 15 July 2011 , his contract expiring after the 2011 season . Westlake made his Montreal Impact debut , starting the whole game , in a 2–2 draw against Atlanta Silverbacks on 17 July 2011 . He then scored two goals in two matches between 7 August 2011 and 11 August 2011 against Minnesota United and Tampa Bay Rowdies . Westlake quickly became a fixture in the Impacts starting line-up scoring two goals in 13 games . On 5 December 2011 , it was announced that Westlake re-signed to continue with the Impact in 2012 , the teams first year in Major League Soccer , however Westlake was waived by Montreal on 27 February 2012 , despite appearing for the club during their pre-season . Needham Market . After being released by Montreal Impact following the introduction of a six foreign players rule , Westlake returned to Suffolk before signing for Needham Market eighteen months later in June 2013 . Westlake made his Needham Market debut , starting the match and scoring his first goal from a free kick , in a 3–0 win against Romford . He then became a first team regular for the side , and continued to produce his goal scoring form . Following his performance against AFC Sudbury in the Fourth Qualifying Round of FA Cup , in which he scored , Westlake was praised by Manager Mark Morsley , saying : The likes of Kemal Izzet and Ian Westlake are massive for us and I am proud of them . However , he suffered a knee injury that kept him out for the rest of the 2013–14 season . In the 2014–15 season , Westlake returned from injury and continued a first team regular for the side , as well , as producing his goal scoring form . This last until he suffered a hamstring injury that kept him out briefly and resume his place in the first team . Westlake helped Needham Market win the Ryman Division One North title following a 5-0 victory over Chatham Town . At the end of the 2014–15 season , he announced his retirement from professional football . Personal life . Westlake is married to his wife , Claire , and together , they have two daughters . He continued to resided in Ipswich , even after announcing his retirement from professional football . Westlake previously resided in Canada but following his release by Montreal Impact , his family moved back to Ipswich . Since then , Westlake opened up a lettings company and project manage new builds across Ipswich . Westlake once represented England at water polo . Growing up , he was an Ipswich Town’s supporter . Honours . Individual - Ipswich Town Player of the Year : 2003–04 |
[
"Leeds United"
] | easy | Ian Westlake played for which team from 2006 to 2008? | /wiki/Ian_Westlake#P54#1 | Ian Westlake Ian John Westlake ( born 10 November 1983 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder for Ipswich Town , Leeds United , Brighton & Hove Albion , Cheltenham Town , Oldham Athletic , Wycombe Wanderers , Montreal Impact and Needham Market . Playing career . Ipswich Town . Born in Clacton-on-Sea , Westlake progressed through the youth ranks at Ipswich Town , at the club’s reserves and academy . At one point , he helped the under-17 team to the league title . Westlake then signed his professional forms with the club during the summer of 2002 . Westlake reflected : I might never have played professional football had it not been for relegation . Administration meant the club were forced to sell players and that opened the door for people like myself , Darren Bent and Darren Ambrose . It gave us our chance and , as odd as it sounds , I personally feel I owe my career to relegation . Westlake made his debut for Ipswich Town , coming on as a substitute in a 1–0 home defeat to Gillingham on 26 October 2002 . Having spent months at the club’s reserves , it wasn’t until on 15 March 2003 when he made his return to the first team , coming on as a 72nd minute substitute , in a 1–0 win against Sheffield Wednesday . Westlake made a further three appearances for Ipswich Town during the 2002–03 season . At the start of the 2003–04 season , Westlake made his first appearance of the season , coming on as a second half substitute , in a 1–1 draw against Coventry City on 23 August 2003 . Seven days later on 30 August 2003 , he made his first start for Ipswich Town , as they lost 2–1 against West Ham United . Westlake then scored his first goal for the side during the 3–4 home defeat to Gillingham on 1 November 2003 . Three weeks later on 22 November 2003 , Westlake scored his second goal for the club , in a 3–0 win against Sheffield United . Initially , his playing time mostly comes from the substitute bench but soon make number of starts as the season progressed . It wasn’t until on 31 January 2004 when he scored his third goal of the season , in a 1–1 draw against Coventry City . Westlake scored two more goals in February , coming against Bradford City and Preston North End . His seventh goal of the season came on 30 April 2004 against Sheffield United , drawing 1–1 . Westlake played in both legs of the Division One Play–Offs against West Ham United , as Ipswich Town lost 2–1 on aggragate . At the end of the 2003–04 season , he made a further 43 appearances for the club and also scored 7 goals , For his performance , Westlake was awarded Ipswich Town Player of the Year . In August 2004 , Westlake was called up to the England Under-21 national team . Amid to the international call up , he continued to establish himself in the starting eleven , playing in the midfield position at the start of the 2004–05 season , though his performance failed to recapture the same levels as he did with the previous season . In his 50th appearances for Ipswich Town against Derby County , Westlake set up the club’s first goal of the game , in a 3–2 loss . In a follow–up match against Cardiff City , he scored his first goal of the season , in a 3–1 win and scored again four days later on 25 August 2004 , in a 2–0 win against Brentford in the second round of the League Cup . Westlake scored four more goals by the end of the year . His performance led Manager Joe Royle saw in a potential in him , saying he could one day captain the club . Westlake then signed a contract with Ipswich Town , keeping him until 2008 . Since the start of the 2004–05 season , Westlake started in every matches until he missed one match , due to suspension . After serving a one match suspension , Westlake returned to the starting line–up against Reading on 21 January 2005 , as the club drew 1–1 . He later scored two more goals for Ipswich Town against Nottingham Forest and Rotherham United , adding his tally to eight goals this season . Westlake set up the club’s first two goals in the match , winning 5–1 against Crewe Alexandra on 30 April 2005 . He , once again , played in both legs of the Championship Play–Offs against West Ham United , as Ipswich Town lost 4–2 on aggragate . Despite suffering injuries later in the 2004–05 season , Westlake went on to make fifty appearances and scoring eight times in all competitions . At the start of the 2005–06 season , Westlake started in the first seven matches of the season , playing in the midfield position and scored his first goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Sheffield Wednesday on 20 August 2005 . This last until Westlake suffered ankle injury that kept him out for six weeks , eventually sidelined for two months . He didn’t make his return to the first team until on 5 November 2005 , coming on as a 76th minute substitute , in a 3–1 win against Plymouth Argyle . After making two more appearances since returning from injury , Westlake suffered ankle injury once again and was out for a week . He didn’t make a return to the first team until on 10 December 2005 against Queens Park Rangers , coming on as a second half substitute , in a 2–2 draw . Westlake then scored his second goal of the season , in a 1–0 win against Luton Town on 31 December 2005 . Since returning from injury , he regained his first team place for Ipswich Town , playing in the midfield position . This last until Westlake suffered injuries on two occasions towards the end of the 2005–06 season . At the end of the 2005–06 season , he made twenty–eight appearances and scoring two times in all competitions . By the time Westlake departed Ipswich Town for Leeds United , he made a total of 125 appearances for the club , scoring 17 goals . Leeds United . On 4 August 2006 , Westlake transferred to Leeds United for a fee of £400,000 plus the transfer of former Brighton left-back Daniel Harding to Ipswich in a part-exchange deal . Westlake made his debut on 5 August 2006 , coming on as a substitute during the 1–0 home victory over Norwich City . Since making his debut for the club , he became involved in the first team . However , Westlake suffered a groin injury that kept him out for the rest of the season . In total , Westlake made 29 appearances for Leeds during the 2006–07 season , in which the Yorkshire club were relegated from the Championship . During the 2007–08 season , Westlake made 23 appearances for Leeds and scored his only league goal for the club when netting the last-minute winning goal in a 1–0 away win at Oldham Athletic on 2 October 2007 . He had earlier scored his first goal for Leeds in a 1–0 win at Macclesfield in the League Cup on 14 August 2007 . However , Westlake’s first team opportunities soon became limited , due to competitions and his own injury concern . Brighton & Hove Albion ( loan ) . On 3 March 2008 , it was revealed that Westlake had agreed an initial one-month loan deal at League One play-off rivals Brighton & Hove Albion . Westlake made his Brighton & Hove Albion debut , starting the whole game , in a 4–2 win against Gillingham on 4 March 2008 . He then started in the next five matches before suffering a calf injury during a match against Swindon Town on 22 March 2008 and was substituted in the 83rd minute as a result . While on the sidelined , it was announced on 3 April 2008 that Westlake , Leeds United and Brighton & Hove Albion agreed that the player would remain on loan at the Withdean for the remainder of the 2007–08 season . After missing two matches from a calf injury , he made his return to the first team , starting a match against Port Vale on 5 April 2008 and played 63 minutes before being substituted , in a 3–2 loss . Seven days later on 12 April 2008 , Westlake scored his first goal for the club , in a 2–1 win against Luton Town . His second goal for the club then came on 26 April 2008 , in a 2–0 win against Bristol Rovers . In total , he made 11 appearances for Brighton , scoring two goals . Following this , Westlake returned to his parent club . Cheltenham Town . On 24 October 2008 , Westlake joined League One side Cheltenham Town on an initial three-month loan deal . It came after when he previously went on a trial with the club . Westlake made his debut the following day during the 3–1 away defeat to MK Dons . During his loan spell at Cheltenham , Westlake played 14 games and scored 1 goal during the 2–1 away victory at Leyton Orient . On 24 January 2009 , Westlake had his contract terminated at Leeds United by mutual consent . Later that day , Westlake signed a contract with Cheltenham Town for the remainder of the 2008–09 season . Westlake also scored on the day of his permanent debut for Cheltenham during the 2–2 home draw with Brighton & Hove Albion . Oldham Athletic ( loan ) . With Cheltenham Town suffering from financial difficulties , Westlake joined League One side Oldham Athletic on loan for the remainder of the 2008–09 season on 19 March 2009 . Westlake made his debut for Oldham on 25 March 2009 , during a 2–0 home defeat to Tranmere Rovers . In total , Westlake made 5 appearances for the club . Wycombe Wanderers . On 15 July 2009 , Westlake signed a two-year contract with recently promoted League One side Wycombe Wanderers . After missing the opening game of the season due to a hamstring injury , he made his debut for the club , starting a match and played 62 minutes before being substituted , in a 1–0 loss against Leeds United on 15 August 2009 . Westlake then set up the club’s first goal of the game , as Wycombe Wanderers lost 3–2 against Gillingham on 10 October 2009 . However , he found himself out of the first team , due to being placed on the substitute bench . Westlake also faced his own injury concern after suffering from ankle injury . Despite this , he went on to make nine appearances in all competitions . However in the 2010–11 season , Westlake’s first team opportunities at the club and made no appearance for Wycombe Wanderers . He was released from his contract on 18 March 2011 and the following week joined Colchester United on trial . Montreal Impact . Westlake joined the Montreal Impact on trial starting 5 July 2011 . He formally signed with the North American Soccer League team on 15 July 2011 , his contract expiring after the 2011 season . Westlake made his Montreal Impact debut , starting the whole game , in a 2–2 draw against Atlanta Silverbacks on 17 July 2011 . He then scored two goals in two matches between 7 August 2011 and 11 August 2011 against Minnesota United and Tampa Bay Rowdies . Westlake quickly became a fixture in the Impacts starting line-up scoring two goals in 13 games . On 5 December 2011 , it was announced that Westlake re-signed to continue with the Impact in 2012 , the teams first year in Major League Soccer , however Westlake was waived by Montreal on 27 February 2012 , despite appearing for the club during their pre-season . Needham Market . After being released by Montreal Impact following the introduction of a six foreign players rule , Westlake returned to Suffolk before signing for Needham Market eighteen months later in June 2013 . Westlake made his Needham Market debut , starting the match and scoring his first goal from a free kick , in a 3–0 win against Romford . He then became a first team regular for the side , and continued to produce his goal scoring form . Following his performance against AFC Sudbury in the Fourth Qualifying Round of FA Cup , in which he scored , Westlake was praised by Manager Mark Morsley , saying : The likes of Kemal Izzet and Ian Westlake are massive for us and I am proud of them . However , he suffered a knee injury that kept him out for the rest of the 2013–14 season . In the 2014–15 season , Westlake returned from injury and continued a first team regular for the side , as well , as producing his goal scoring form . This last until he suffered a hamstring injury that kept him out briefly and resume his place in the first team . Westlake helped Needham Market win the Ryman Division One North title following a 5-0 victory over Chatham Town . At the end of the 2014–15 season , he announced his retirement from professional football . Personal life . Westlake is married to his wife , Claire , and together , they have two daughters . He continued to resided in Ipswich , even after announcing his retirement from professional football . Westlake previously resided in Canada but following his release by Montreal Impact , his family moved back to Ipswich . Since then , Westlake opened up a lettings company and project manage new builds across Ipswich . Westlake once represented England at water polo . Growing up , he was an Ipswich Town’s supporter . Honours . Individual - Ipswich Town Player of the Year : 2003–04 |
[
"Brighton & Hove Albion",
"Cheltenham Town",
"Oldham Athletic"
] | easy | Ian Westlake played for which team from 2008 to 2009? | /wiki/Ian_Westlake#P54#2 | Ian Westlake Ian John Westlake ( born 10 November 1983 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder for Ipswich Town , Leeds United , Brighton & Hove Albion , Cheltenham Town , Oldham Athletic , Wycombe Wanderers , Montreal Impact and Needham Market . Playing career . Ipswich Town . Born in Clacton-on-Sea , Westlake progressed through the youth ranks at Ipswich Town , at the club’s reserves and academy . At one point , he helped the under-17 team to the league title . Westlake then signed his professional forms with the club during the summer of 2002 . Westlake reflected : I might never have played professional football had it not been for relegation . Administration meant the club were forced to sell players and that opened the door for people like myself , Darren Bent and Darren Ambrose . It gave us our chance and , as odd as it sounds , I personally feel I owe my career to relegation . Westlake made his debut for Ipswich Town , coming on as a substitute in a 1–0 home defeat to Gillingham on 26 October 2002 . Having spent months at the club’s reserves , it wasn’t until on 15 March 2003 when he made his return to the first team , coming on as a 72nd minute substitute , in a 1–0 win against Sheffield Wednesday . Westlake made a further three appearances for Ipswich Town during the 2002–03 season . At the start of the 2003–04 season , Westlake made his first appearance of the season , coming on as a second half substitute , in a 1–1 draw against Coventry City on 23 August 2003 . Seven days later on 30 August 2003 , he made his first start for Ipswich Town , as they lost 2–1 against West Ham United . Westlake then scored his first goal for the side during the 3–4 home defeat to Gillingham on 1 November 2003 . Three weeks later on 22 November 2003 , Westlake scored his second goal for the club , in a 3–0 win against Sheffield United . Initially , his playing time mostly comes from the substitute bench but soon make number of starts as the season progressed . It wasn’t until on 31 January 2004 when he scored his third goal of the season , in a 1–1 draw against Coventry City . Westlake scored two more goals in February , coming against Bradford City and Preston North End . His seventh goal of the season came on 30 April 2004 against Sheffield United , drawing 1–1 . Westlake played in both legs of the Division One Play–Offs against West Ham United , as Ipswich Town lost 2–1 on aggragate . At the end of the 2003–04 season , he made a further 43 appearances for the club and also scored 7 goals , For his performance , Westlake was awarded Ipswich Town Player of the Year . In August 2004 , Westlake was called up to the England Under-21 national team . Amid to the international call up , he continued to establish himself in the starting eleven , playing in the midfield position at the start of the 2004–05 season , though his performance failed to recapture the same levels as he did with the previous season . In his 50th appearances for Ipswich Town against Derby County , Westlake set up the club’s first goal of the game , in a 3–2 loss . In a follow–up match against Cardiff City , he scored his first goal of the season , in a 3–1 win and scored again four days later on 25 August 2004 , in a 2–0 win against Brentford in the second round of the League Cup . Westlake scored four more goals by the end of the year . His performance led Manager Joe Royle saw in a potential in him , saying he could one day captain the club . Westlake then signed a contract with Ipswich Town , keeping him until 2008 . Since the start of the 2004–05 season , Westlake started in every matches until he missed one match , due to suspension . After serving a one match suspension , Westlake returned to the starting line–up against Reading on 21 January 2005 , as the club drew 1–1 . He later scored two more goals for Ipswich Town against Nottingham Forest and Rotherham United , adding his tally to eight goals this season . Westlake set up the club’s first two goals in the match , winning 5–1 against Crewe Alexandra on 30 April 2005 . He , once again , played in both legs of the Championship Play–Offs against West Ham United , as Ipswich Town lost 4–2 on aggragate . Despite suffering injuries later in the 2004–05 season , Westlake went on to make fifty appearances and scoring eight times in all competitions . At the start of the 2005–06 season , Westlake started in the first seven matches of the season , playing in the midfield position and scored his first goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Sheffield Wednesday on 20 August 2005 . This last until Westlake suffered ankle injury that kept him out for six weeks , eventually sidelined for two months . He didn’t make his return to the first team until on 5 November 2005 , coming on as a 76th minute substitute , in a 3–1 win against Plymouth Argyle . After making two more appearances since returning from injury , Westlake suffered ankle injury once again and was out for a week . He didn’t make a return to the first team until on 10 December 2005 against Queens Park Rangers , coming on as a second half substitute , in a 2–2 draw . Westlake then scored his second goal of the season , in a 1–0 win against Luton Town on 31 December 2005 . Since returning from injury , he regained his first team place for Ipswich Town , playing in the midfield position . This last until Westlake suffered injuries on two occasions towards the end of the 2005–06 season . At the end of the 2005–06 season , he made twenty–eight appearances and scoring two times in all competitions . By the time Westlake departed Ipswich Town for Leeds United , he made a total of 125 appearances for the club , scoring 17 goals . Leeds United . On 4 August 2006 , Westlake transferred to Leeds United for a fee of £400,000 plus the transfer of former Brighton left-back Daniel Harding to Ipswich in a part-exchange deal . Westlake made his debut on 5 August 2006 , coming on as a substitute during the 1–0 home victory over Norwich City . Since making his debut for the club , he became involved in the first team . However , Westlake suffered a groin injury that kept him out for the rest of the season . In total , Westlake made 29 appearances for Leeds during the 2006–07 season , in which the Yorkshire club were relegated from the Championship . During the 2007–08 season , Westlake made 23 appearances for Leeds and scored his only league goal for the club when netting the last-minute winning goal in a 1–0 away win at Oldham Athletic on 2 October 2007 . He had earlier scored his first goal for Leeds in a 1–0 win at Macclesfield in the League Cup on 14 August 2007 . However , Westlake’s first team opportunities soon became limited , due to competitions and his own injury concern . Brighton & Hove Albion ( loan ) . On 3 March 2008 , it was revealed that Westlake had agreed an initial one-month loan deal at League One play-off rivals Brighton & Hove Albion . Westlake made his Brighton & Hove Albion debut , starting the whole game , in a 4–2 win against Gillingham on 4 March 2008 . He then started in the next five matches before suffering a calf injury during a match against Swindon Town on 22 March 2008 and was substituted in the 83rd minute as a result . While on the sidelined , it was announced on 3 April 2008 that Westlake , Leeds United and Brighton & Hove Albion agreed that the player would remain on loan at the Withdean for the remainder of the 2007–08 season . After missing two matches from a calf injury , he made his return to the first team , starting a match against Port Vale on 5 April 2008 and played 63 minutes before being substituted , in a 3–2 loss . Seven days later on 12 April 2008 , Westlake scored his first goal for the club , in a 2–1 win against Luton Town . His second goal for the club then came on 26 April 2008 , in a 2–0 win against Bristol Rovers . In total , he made 11 appearances for Brighton , scoring two goals . Following this , Westlake returned to his parent club . Cheltenham Town . On 24 October 2008 , Westlake joined League One side Cheltenham Town on an initial three-month loan deal . It came after when he previously went on a trial with the club . Westlake made his debut the following day during the 3–1 away defeat to MK Dons . During his loan spell at Cheltenham , Westlake played 14 games and scored 1 goal during the 2–1 away victory at Leyton Orient . On 24 January 2009 , Westlake had his contract terminated at Leeds United by mutual consent . Later that day , Westlake signed a contract with Cheltenham Town for the remainder of the 2008–09 season . Westlake also scored on the day of his permanent debut for Cheltenham during the 2–2 home draw with Brighton & Hove Albion . Oldham Athletic ( loan ) . With Cheltenham Town suffering from financial difficulties , Westlake joined League One side Oldham Athletic on loan for the remainder of the 2008–09 season on 19 March 2009 . Westlake made his debut for Oldham on 25 March 2009 , during a 2–0 home defeat to Tranmere Rovers . In total , Westlake made 5 appearances for the club . Wycombe Wanderers . On 15 July 2009 , Westlake signed a two-year contract with recently promoted League One side Wycombe Wanderers . After missing the opening game of the season due to a hamstring injury , he made his debut for the club , starting a match and played 62 minutes before being substituted , in a 1–0 loss against Leeds United on 15 August 2009 . Westlake then set up the club’s first goal of the game , as Wycombe Wanderers lost 3–2 against Gillingham on 10 October 2009 . However , he found himself out of the first team , due to being placed on the substitute bench . Westlake also faced his own injury concern after suffering from ankle injury . Despite this , he went on to make nine appearances in all competitions . However in the 2010–11 season , Westlake’s first team opportunities at the club and made no appearance for Wycombe Wanderers . He was released from his contract on 18 March 2011 and the following week joined Colchester United on trial . Montreal Impact . Westlake joined the Montreal Impact on trial starting 5 July 2011 . He formally signed with the North American Soccer League team on 15 July 2011 , his contract expiring after the 2011 season . Westlake made his Montreal Impact debut , starting the whole game , in a 2–2 draw against Atlanta Silverbacks on 17 July 2011 . He then scored two goals in two matches between 7 August 2011 and 11 August 2011 against Minnesota United and Tampa Bay Rowdies . Westlake quickly became a fixture in the Impacts starting line-up scoring two goals in 13 games . On 5 December 2011 , it was announced that Westlake re-signed to continue with the Impact in 2012 , the teams first year in Major League Soccer , however Westlake was waived by Montreal on 27 February 2012 , despite appearing for the club during their pre-season . Needham Market . After being released by Montreal Impact following the introduction of a six foreign players rule , Westlake returned to Suffolk before signing for Needham Market eighteen months later in June 2013 . Westlake made his Needham Market debut , starting the match and scoring his first goal from a free kick , in a 3–0 win against Romford . He then became a first team regular for the side , and continued to produce his goal scoring form . Following his performance against AFC Sudbury in the Fourth Qualifying Round of FA Cup , in which he scored , Westlake was praised by Manager Mark Morsley , saying : The likes of Kemal Izzet and Ian Westlake are massive for us and I am proud of them . However , he suffered a knee injury that kept him out for the rest of the 2013–14 season . In the 2014–15 season , Westlake returned from injury and continued a first team regular for the side , as well , as producing his goal scoring form . This last until he suffered a hamstring injury that kept him out briefly and resume his place in the first team . Westlake helped Needham Market win the Ryman Division One North title following a 5-0 victory over Chatham Town . At the end of the 2014–15 season , he announced his retirement from professional football . Personal life . Westlake is married to his wife , Claire , and together , they have two daughters . He continued to resided in Ipswich , even after announcing his retirement from professional football . Westlake previously resided in Canada but following his release by Montreal Impact , his family moved back to Ipswich . Since then , Westlake opened up a lettings company and project manage new builds across Ipswich . Westlake once represented England at water polo . Growing up , he was an Ipswich Town’s supporter . Honours . Individual - Ipswich Town Player of the Year : 2003–04 |
[
"Wycombe Wanderers"
] | easy | Which team did Ian Westlake play for from 2009 to 2011? | /wiki/Ian_Westlake#P54#3 | Ian Westlake Ian John Westlake ( born 10 November 1983 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder for Ipswich Town , Leeds United , Brighton & Hove Albion , Cheltenham Town , Oldham Athletic , Wycombe Wanderers , Montreal Impact and Needham Market . Playing career . Ipswich Town . Born in Clacton-on-Sea , Westlake progressed through the youth ranks at Ipswich Town , at the club’s reserves and academy . At one point , he helped the under-17 team to the league title . Westlake then signed his professional forms with the club during the summer of 2002 . Westlake reflected : I might never have played professional football had it not been for relegation . Administration meant the club were forced to sell players and that opened the door for people like myself , Darren Bent and Darren Ambrose . It gave us our chance and , as odd as it sounds , I personally feel I owe my career to relegation . Westlake made his debut for Ipswich Town , coming on as a substitute in a 1–0 home defeat to Gillingham on 26 October 2002 . Having spent months at the club’s reserves , it wasn’t until on 15 March 2003 when he made his return to the first team , coming on as a 72nd minute substitute , in a 1–0 win against Sheffield Wednesday . Westlake made a further three appearances for Ipswich Town during the 2002–03 season . At the start of the 2003–04 season , Westlake made his first appearance of the season , coming on as a second half substitute , in a 1–1 draw against Coventry City on 23 August 2003 . Seven days later on 30 August 2003 , he made his first start for Ipswich Town , as they lost 2–1 against West Ham United . Westlake then scored his first goal for the side during the 3–4 home defeat to Gillingham on 1 November 2003 . Three weeks later on 22 November 2003 , Westlake scored his second goal for the club , in a 3–0 win against Sheffield United . Initially , his playing time mostly comes from the substitute bench but soon make number of starts as the season progressed . It wasn’t until on 31 January 2004 when he scored his third goal of the season , in a 1–1 draw against Coventry City . Westlake scored two more goals in February , coming against Bradford City and Preston North End . His seventh goal of the season came on 30 April 2004 against Sheffield United , drawing 1–1 . Westlake played in both legs of the Division One Play–Offs against West Ham United , as Ipswich Town lost 2–1 on aggragate . At the end of the 2003–04 season , he made a further 43 appearances for the club and also scored 7 goals , For his performance , Westlake was awarded Ipswich Town Player of the Year . In August 2004 , Westlake was called up to the England Under-21 national team . Amid to the international call up , he continued to establish himself in the starting eleven , playing in the midfield position at the start of the 2004–05 season , though his performance failed to recapture the same levels as he did with the previous season . In his 50th appearances for Ipswich Town against Derby County , Westlake set up the club’s first goal of the game , in a 3–2 loss . In a follow–up match against Cardiff City , he scored his first goal of the season , in a 3–1 win and scored again four days later on 25 August 2004 , in a 2–0 win against Brentford in the second round of the League Cup . Westlake scored four more goals by the end of the year . His performance led Manager Joe Royle saw in a potential in him , saying he could one day captain the club . Westlake then signed a contract with Ipswich Town , keeping him until 2008 . Since the start of the 2004–05 season , Westlake started in every matches until he missed one match , due to suspension . After serving a one match suspension , Westlake returned to the starting line–up against Reading on 21 January 2005 , as the club drew 1–1 . He later scored two more goals for Ipswich Town against Nottingham Forest and Rotherham United , adding his tally to eight goals this season . Westlake set up the club’s first two goals in the match , winning 5–1 against Crewe Alexandra on 30 April 2005 . He , once again , played in both legs of the Championship Play–Offs against West Ham United , as Ipswich Town lost 4–2 on aggragate . Despite suffering injuries later in the 2004–05 season , Westlake went on to make fifty appearances and scoring eight times in all competitions . At the start of the 2005–06 season , Westlake started in the first seven matches of the season , playing in the midfield position and scored his first goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Sheffield Wednesday on 20 August 2005 . This last until Westlake suffered ankle injury that kept him out for six weeks , eventually sidelined for two months . He didn’t make his return to the first team until on 5 November 2005 , coming on as a 76th minute substitute , in a 3–1 win against Plymouth Argyle . After making two more appearances since returning from injury , Westlake suffered ankle injury once again and was out for a week . He didn’t make a return to the first team until on 10 December 2005 against Queens Park Rangers , coming on as a second half substitute , in a 2–2 draw . Westlake then scored his second goal of the season , in a 1–0 win against Luton Town on 31 December 2005 . Since returning from injury , he regained his first team place for Ipswich Town , playing in the midfield position . This last until Westlake suffered injuries on two occasions towards the end of the 2005–06 season . At the end of the 2005–06 season , he made twenty–eight appearances and scoring two times in all competitions . By the time Westlake departed Ipswich Town for Leeds United , he made a total of 125 appearances for the club , scoring 17 goals . Leeds United . On 4 August 2006 , Westlake transferred to Leeds United for a fee of £400,000 plus the transfer of former Brighton left-back Daniel Harding to Ipswich in a part-exchange deal . Westlake made his debut on 5 August 2006 , coming on as a substitute during the 1–0 home victory over Norwich City . Since making his debut for the club , he became involved in the first team . However , Westlake suffered a groin injury that kept him out for the rest of the season . In total , Westlake made 29 appearances for Leeds during the 2006–07 season , in which the Yorkshire club were relegated from the Championship . During the 2007–08 season , Westlake made 23 appearances for Leeds and scored his only league goal for the club when netting the last-minute winning goal in a 1–0 away win at Oldham Athletic on 2 October 2007 . He had earlier scored his first goal for Leeds in a 1–0 win at Macclesfield in the League Cup on 14 August 2007 . However , Westlake’s first team opportunities soon became limited , due to competitions and his own injury concern . Brighton & Hove Albion ( loan ) . On 3 March 2008 , it was revealed that Westlake had agreed an initial one-month loan deal at League One play-off rivals Brighton & Hove Albion . Westlake made his Brighton & Hove Albion debut , starting the whole game , in a 4–2 win against Gillingham on 4 March 2008 . He then started in the next five matches before suffering a calf injury during a match against Swindon Town on 22 March 2008 and was substituted in the 83rd minute as a result . While on the sidelined , it was announced on 3 April 2008 that Westlake , Leeds United and Brighton & Hove Albion agreed that the player would remain on loan at the Withdean for the remainder of the 2007–08 season . After missing two matches from a calf injury , he made his return to the first team , starting a match against Port Vale on 5 April 2008 and played 63 minutes before being substituted , in a 3–2 loss . Seven days later on 12 April 2008 , Westlake scored his first goal for the club , in a 2–1 win against Luton Town . His second goal for the club then came on 26 April 2008 , in a 2–0 win against Bristol Rovers . In total , he made 11 appearances for Brighton , scoring two goals . Following this , Westlake returned to his parent club . Cheltenham Town . On 24 October 2008 , Westlake joined League One side Cheltenham Town on an initial three-month loan deal . It came after when he previously went on a trial with the club . Westlake made his debut the following day during the 3–1 away defeat to MK Dons . During his loan spell at Cheltenham , Westlake played 14 games and scored 1 goal during the 2–1 away victory at Leyton Orient . On 24 January 2009 , Westlake had his contract terminated at Leeds United by mutual consent . Later that day , Westlake signed a contract with Cheltenham Town for the remainder of the 2008–09 season . Westlake also scored on the day of his permanent debut for Cheltenham during the 2–2 home draw with Brighton & Hove Albion . Oldham Athletic ( loan ) . With Cheltenham Town suffering from financial difficulties , Westlake joined League One side Oldham Athletic on loan for the remainder of the 2008–09 season on 19 March 2009 . Westlake made his debut for Oldham on 25 March 2009 , during a 2–0 home defeat to Tranmere Rovers . In total , Westlake made 5 appearances for the club . Wycombe Wanderers . On 15 July 2009 , Westlake signed a two-year contract with recently promoted League One side Wycombe Wanderers . After missing the opening game of the season due to a hamstring injury , he made his debut for the club , starting a match and played 62 minutes before being substituted , in a 1–0 loss against Leeds United on 15 August 2009 . Westlake then set up the club’s first goal of the game , as Wycombe Wanderers lost 3–2 against Gillingham on 10 October 2009 . However , he found himself out of the first team , due to being placed on the substitute bench . Westlake also faced his own injury concern after suffering from ankle injury . Despite this , he went on to make nine appearances in all competitions . However in the 2010–11 season , Westlake’s first team opportunities at the club and made no appearance for Wycombe Wanderers . He was released from his contract on 18 March 2011 and the following week joined Colchester United on trial . Montreal Impact . Westlake joined the Montreal Impact on trial starting 5 July 2011 . He formally signed with the North American Soccer League team on 15 July 2011 , his contract expiring after the 2011 season . Westlake made his Montreal Impact debut , starting the whole game , in a 2–2 draw against Atlanta Silverbacks on 17 July 2011 . He then scored two goals in two matches between 7 August 2011 and 11 August 2011 against Minnesota United and Tampa Bay Rowdies . Westlake quickly became a fixture in the Impacts starting line-up scoring two goals in 13 games . On 5 December 2011 , it was announced that Westlake re-signed to continue with the Impact in 2012 , the teams first year in Major League Soccer , however Westlake was waived by Montreal on 27 February 2012 , despite appearing for the club during their pre-season . Needham Market . After being released by Montreal Impact following the introduction of a six foreign players rule , Westlake returned to Suffolk before signing for Needham Market eighteen months later in June 2013 . Westlake made his Needham Market debut , starting the match and scoring his first goal from a free kick , in a 3–0 win against Romford . He then became a first team regular for the side , and continued to produce his goal scoring form . Following his performance against AFC Sudbury in the Fourth Qualifying Round of FA Cup , in which he scored , Westlake was praised by Manager Mark Morsley , saying : The likes of Kemal Izzet and Ian Westlake are massive for us and I am proud of them . However , he suffered a knee injury that kept him out for the rest of the 2013–14 season . In the 2014–15 season , Westlake returned from injury and continued a first team regular for the side , as well , as producing his goal scoring form . This last until he suffered a hamstring injury that kept him out briefly and resume his place in the first team . Westlake helped Needham Market win the Ryman Division One North title following a 5-0 victory over Chatham Town . At the end of the 2014–15 season , he announced his retirement from professional football . Personal life . Westlake is married to his wife , Claire , and together , they have two daughters . He continued to resided in Ipswich , even after announcing his retirement from professional football . Westlake previously resided in Canada but following his release by Montreal Impact , his family moved back to Ipswich . Since then , Westlake opened up a lettings company and project manage new builds across Ipswich . Westlake once represented England at water polo . Growing up , he was an Ipswich Town’s supporter . Honours . Individual - Ipswich Town Player of the Year : 2003–04 |
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