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An Introduction to the New Testament
This book is gratefully dedicated to Joy and Jenny CONTENTS PREFACE ABBREVIATIONS CHAPTER ONE: THINKING ABOUT THE STUDY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT CHAPTER TWO: THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS CHAPTER THREE: MATTHEW CHAPTER FOUR: MARK CHAPTER FIVE: LUKE CHAPTER SIX: JOHN CHAPTER SEVEN: ACTS CHAPTER EIGHT: NEW TESTAMENT LETTERS CHAPTER NINE: PAUL: APOSTLE AND THEOLOGIAN CHAPTER TEN: ROMANS CHAPTER ELEVEN: 1 AND 2 CORINTHIANS CHAPTER TWELVE: GALATIANS CHAPTER THIRTEEN: EPHESIANS CHAPTER FOURTEEN: PHILIPPIANS CHAPTER FIFTEEN: COLOSSIANS CHAPTER SIXTEEN: 1 AND 2 THESSALONIANS CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: THE PASTORAL EPISTLES CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: PHILEMON CHAPTER NINETEEN: HEBREWS CHAPTER TWENTY: JAMES CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE: 1 PETER CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO: 2 PETER CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE: 1, 2, 3 JOHN CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR: JUDE CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE: REVELATION CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX: THE NEW TESTAMENT CANON SCRIPTURE INDEX NAME INDEX SUBJECT INDEX ABOUT THE PUBLISHER PREFACE
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An Introduction to the New Testament
SUBJECT INDEX ABOUT THE PUBLISHER PREFACE The primary focus of this book is “special introduction”—that is, it treats historical questions dealing with authorship, date, sources, purpose, destination, and the like. Many recent books devote more space than we do to literary form, rhetorical criticism, and historical parallels. We do not minimize the importance of such topics, and we have introduced them where they directly bear on the subject at hand. However, in our experience, they are better given extended treatment in courses on exegesis, especially the exegesis of particular books. Moreover, we fear that too much focus on these topics at the expense of traditional questions of introduction tends to divorce the New Testament books from their historical settings and students from some important debates in the first centuries of the Christian church. This also means that we have often referred to primary sources. In debates over such questions as what Papias means by “John the elder,” we have tended to cite the passage and work through it, so that students may see for themselves what the turning points in the debate are (or should be!). Although the emphasis of this book is on “special introduction,” we have included a brief outline or résumé of each New Testament document, sometimes providing a rationale for the choices we have made. In each case we have provided a brief account of current studies on the book and have indicated something of the theological contribution that each New Testament document makes to the canon. Our ultimate concern is that new generations of theological students will gain a better grasp of the Word of God.
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An Introduction to the New Testament
We have tried to write with the first-and second-year student of seminaries and theological colleges in mind. Doubtless in most instances the material will be supplemented by lectures. Some teachers will want to use the material in some order other than that presented here (e.g., by assigning chapters on Matthew, Mark, and Luke before assigning the chapter on the Synoptic Gospels). Bibliographies are primarily in English, but a small number of works in German, French, and other modern languages appear. These bibliographies are meant to be brief enough not to be daunting, and comprehensive enough not to be reductionistic. Lecturers may provide guidance as to what in these lists is especially useful in particular contexts. Not least important, we have restricted the length of this New Testament introduction so that it can be used as a textbook. One or two well-known introductions are so long that only relatively short parts of them are assigned to students. This means that it is possible to graduate from a seminary without ever having read a single New Testament introduction right through. Although the brevity of this volume precludes detailed discussion of many topics we would have liked to pursue, we hope the constraints we have chosen will enhance its value for classroom use. Confessionally, the two authors are evangelicals. Doubtless that heritage biases our readings somewhat, but (we hope) no more than other New Testament scholars are influenced by their heritage. If we have tried to eschew obscurantism, we have nevertheless sometimes raised possibilities and questions that are too quickly turned aside in some introductions. We have tried to engage a representative sampling of the vast amount of current literature, sometimes following traditional paths and at other times suggesting a fresh way of looking at an issue. Where the evidence seems entirely inconclusive to us, we have left questions open.
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An Introduction to the New Testament
Some readers will want to know how this book relates to the earlier one (1992) with the same title but written by three of us—Carson, Moo, and Leon Morris. In many ways this is an update of that earlier volume. Nevertheless, several important changes have been introduced: (1) Because advancing years have meant that Leon Morris was unable to contribute to this volume, we decided, with his concurrence, that it would be simpler if the two of us divided his chapters between us. As a result, each of us has written about half of this volume. We have updated and revised our own work and have largely revised or rewritten the chapters we inherited from Leon Morris. (2) The chapter on Paul has been expanded to include a brief analysis of the current debates on the “new perspective.” (3) A preliminary chapter has been added to provide a brief history to explain how Christians have moved from the reading of the first hand-written documents that make up the New Testament to contemporary study of the New Testament. That kind of survey is rather daunting, but our aim has been to help the student locate current trends within a stream of historical discussion and debate. (4) The section on “pseudonymity” in the chapter on the Pastoral Epistles has been removed from that chapter and significantly expanded. It has been added to an expanded section on Paul’s letters to constitute a new chapter, “New Testament Letters.” (5) We have included in each chapter a more substantial summary of the content of the biblical books and brief interaction, where relevant, with some of the more recent literary and social-science approaches to New Testament interpretation. These changes have added length to this volume, but we hope that the work has retained enough compactness that it will still be useful—indeed, more useful—to new generations of students.
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An Introduction to the New Testament
Each of us has offered suggestions and critiques of the work of the other. We have also tried to reduce stylistic and other differences to a minimum. Although in a few instances, references in the text betray the identity of the author, the work has been very much a team effort. Readers who love to compare editions will discover where, in a few instances, we have changed our minds on some matters. We are profoundly grateful to Jonathan Davis and Michael Thate for compiling the indexes. Soli Deo gloria. D. A. Carson and Douglas J. Moo ABBREVIATIONS AB Anchor Bible ABD Anchor Bible Dictionary Achtemeier/Green/Thompson Paul J. Achtemeier, Joel B. Green, and Marianne Meye Thompson, Introducing the New Testament: Its Literature and Theology (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001) AGJU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums AGSU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des Spätjudentums und Urchristentums AJT American Journal of Theology ALGHJ Arbeiten zur Literatur und Geschichte des hellenistischen Judentums AnBib Analecta Biblica ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt Ant Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews ANTC Abingdon New Testament Commentaries ASNU Acta Seminarii Neotestamentici Upsaliensis ATR Anglican Theological Review AusBibRev Australian Biblical Review AUSS Andrews University Seminary Studies BAGD Walter Bauer, William F. Arndt, F. Wilbur Gingrich, and Frederick W. Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979) Barker/Lane/Michaels Glenn W. Barker, William L. Lane, and J. Ramsey Michaels, The New Testament Speaks (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1969) BBR Bulletin for Biblical Research BCBC Believers Church Bible Commentary
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An Introduction to the New Testament
BCBC Believers Church Bible Commentary BDAG Walter Bauer, Frederick W. Danker, William F. Arndt, and F. Wilbur Gingrich, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 3rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000) BECNT Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament BETL Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium BFCT Beiträge zur Förderung christlicher Theologie BGBE Beiträge zur Geschichte der biblischen Exegese BI Biblical Interpretation Bib Biblica BIP Biblical Institute Press BIS Biblical Interpretation Series BJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester BL Bampton Lectures BNTC Black’s New Testament Commentaries (= HNTC) Bornkamm Günther Bornkamm, The New Testament: A Guide to Its Writings (London: SPCK, 1974) Brown Raymond E. Brown, An Introduction to the New Testament (New York: Doubleday, 1997) BR Biblical Research BS Bibliotheca Sacra BTB Biblical Theology Bulletin BU Biblische Untersuchungen BWANT Beiträge zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen Testament BZ Biblische Zeitschrift BZNW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft c. circa CAH Cambridge Ancient History CBET Contributions to Biblical Exegesis and Theology CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CBQMS Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series CEB Commentaire Évangélique de la Bible CGSTJ China Graduate School of Theology Journal CGTC Cambridge Greek Testament Commentary Childs Brevard S. Childs, The New Testament as Canon: An Introduction (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1984) CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum CJT Canadian Journal of Theology Clogg Frank Bertram Clogg, An Introduction to the New Testament (London: University Press and Hodder & Stoughton, 1940) CNT Commentaire du Nouveau Testament ConBNT Coniectanea neotestamentica or Coniectanea biblica: New Testament Series Contra Ap. Josephus, Contra Apion (Against Apion) d. died
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An Introduction to the New Testament
d. died Davies W. D. Davies, Invitation to the New Testament (London: DLT, 1957) De Vita Contemp. Philo, De Vita Contemplativa (The Contemplative Life) DBI A Dictionary of Biblical Interpretation Dibelius Martin Dibelius, A Fresh Approach to the New Testament and Early Christian Literature (London: Ivor Nicholson & Watson, 1936) DJG Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels DLNT Dictionary of the Later New Testament and Its Developments DLT Darton, Longman and Todd DPL Dictionary of Paul and His Letters EBC The Expositor’s Bible Commentary EBib Etudes bibliques ECC Eerdmans Critical Commentary EFN Estudios de Filología Neotestamentaria EGGNT Exegetical Guide to the Greek New Testament EGT The Expositor’s Greek Testament Ehrman Bart D. Ehrman, The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004) EKKNT Evangelisch-katholischer Kommentar zum Neuen Testament Ellis E. Earle Ellis, History and Interpretation in New Testament Perspective, BIS 54 (Leiden: Brill, 2001) Enslin Morton Scott Enslin, Christian Beginnings (New York: Harper, 1936) EphThLov Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses EQ Evangelical Quarterly ERT Evangelical Review of Theology EstBib Estudios bíblicos ET English translation EuroJTh European Journal of Theology Exp The Expositor ExpTim Expository Times FRLANT Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments Fs. Festschrift GBS Guides to Biblical Scholarship GNC Good News Commentaries Goodspeed Edgar J. Goodspeed, An Introduction to the New Testament (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1937) GP Gospel Perspectives: Studies of History and Tradition in the Four Gospels, 6 vols., ed. R. T. France, David Wenham, and Craig Blomberg (Sheffield: JSOT, 1980–86) Grant Robert M. Grant, A Historical Introduction to the New Testament (London: Collins, 1963)
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An Introduction to the New Testament
Guthrie Donald Guthrie, New Testament Introduction, 4th ed. (Downers Grove, Ill.: IVP, 1990) Harrison Everett F. Harrison, Introduction to the New Testament, rev. ed. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1971) Hennecke E. Hennecke, ed., New Testament Apocrypha, 2 vols. (ET London: Lutterworth, 1963–65) Hermeneia Hermeneia—A Critical and Historical Commentary on the Bible HNT Handbuch zum Neuen Testament HNTC Harper’s New Testament Commentaries (= BNTC) HTKNT Herders theologischer Kommentar zum Neuen Testament HTR Harvard Theological Review HTS Harvard Theological Studies Hunter A. M. Hunter, Introducing the New Testament (London: SCM, 1945) HUT Hermeneutische Untersuchungen zur Theologie IB Interpreter’s Bible IBS Irish Biblical Studies IBT Interpreting Biblical Texts ICC International Critical Commentary ICE Institute for Christian Economics IDB Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible IDBSup Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible Supplement Int Interpretation ISBE International Standard Bible Encyclopedia ISCAST Bulletin Bulletin of the Institute for the Study of Christianity in an Age of Science and Technology IVP InterVarsity Press IVPNTC IVP New Testament Commentary JASA Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation JB Jerusalem Bible JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JBR Journal of Bible and Religion JCE Journal of Christian Education JETS Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies Johnson Luke T. Johnson, The Writings of the New Testament, rev. ed. (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1999) JPTSS Journal of Pentecostal Theology Supplement Series JSHJ Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus JSNT Journal for the Study of the New Testament JSNTSup Journal for the Study of the New Testament: Supplement Series JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament JTC Journal for Theology and the Church JTS Journal of Theological Studies
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An Introduction to the New Testament
"JTS Journal of Theological Studies\n\nJülicher Adolf Jülicher, An Introduction to the New Testame(...TRUNCATED)
[-0.026939215138554573,-0.6102550625801086,0.7080134749412537,-0.5989024639129639,-0.423420399427413(...TRUNCATED)
An Introduction to the New Testament
"NCB New Century Bible\n\nNCBC New Cambridge Bible Commentaries\n\nNClarB New Clarendon Bible\n\nNEB(...TRUNCATED)
[-0.2942066788673401,-0.5404061079025269,0.4303729236125946,-0.2294326275587082,-0.48272597789764404(...TRUNCATED)
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