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1842_16 | Article X, Section 8 gives the Executive Council the authority to investigate "any situation in which there is reason to believe that any affiliate is dominated, controlled or substantially influenced in the conduct of its affairs by any corrupt influence" and upon a two-thirds vote suspend any member found to be so influenced. Article X, Section 17 permits the Executive Council to establish a code of ethical conduct for the AFL-CIO, its departments and councils, and its staff; to require member unions to also establish such codes; and upon a two-thirds vote to suspend any member found to be in violation of such codes.
Article III, Section 8, amended in 2005, establishes that it is the official policy of the AFL-CIO to encourage its members with overlapping and/or conflicting jurisdiction to merge, to encourage smaller unions to merge into larger ones, and to encourage member unions to reduce overlapping jurisdiction. |
1842_17 | Article IV of the AFL-CIO constitution provides for representation of members at the quadrennial convention. Article X of the AFL-CIO constitution provides for an Executive Council, and for representation of members on this council.
Article XI of the AFL-CIO constitution provides for a General Board, and for representation of members on this board.
Currently affiliated unions
This is a list of AFL-CIO affiliated member unions: |
1842_18 | Actors' Equity Association (AEA)
Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA)
Amalgamated Transit Union (ATU)
American Federation of Government Employees (AFGE)
American Federation of Musicians of the United States and Canada (AFM)
American Federation of School Administrators (AFSA)
American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME)
American Federation of Teachers (AFT)
American Postal Workers Union (APWU)
American Radio Association (ARA)
American Train Dispatchers Association (ATDA)
Associated Actors and Artistes of America (4As)
American Guild of Musical Artists (AGMA)
American Guild of Variety Artists (AGVA)
The Guild of Italian American Actors (GIAA)
Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers' International Union (BCTGM)
Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen (BRS)
California School Employees Association (CSEA)
Communications Workers of America (CWA)
Association of Flight Attendants (AFA-CWA)
Industrial Division, CWA (IUE-CWA) |
1842_19 | National Association of Broadcast Employees and Technicians (NABET-CWA)
The Newspaper Guild (TNG-CWA)
Printing, Publishing and Media Workers (PPMW-CWA)
Farm Labor Organizing Committee (FLOC)
Gay and Lesbian Labor Activists Network (GALLAN)
Glass, Molders, Pottery, Plastics and Allied Workers International Union (GMP)
International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees, Moving Picture Technicians, Artists and Allied Crafts of the United States, Its Territories and Canada (IATSE)
International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers (Ironworkers)
International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF)
International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Allied Workers
International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers (IAM)
Transportation Communications International Union
International Association of Sheet Metal, Air, Rail and Transportation Workers (SMART) |
1842_20 | International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders, Blacksmiths, Forgers and Helpers (IBB)
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW)
International Federation of Professional and Technical Engineers (IFPTE)
International Longshoremen's Association (ILA)
International Organization of Masters, Mates & Pilots (MMP)
International Plate Printers, Die Stampers and Engravers Union of North America
International Union of Allied Novelty and Production Workers (Novelty and Production Workers)
International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers (BAC)
International Union of Elevator Constructors (IUEC)
International Union of Operating Engineers (IUOE)
International Union of Painters and Allied Trades (IUPAT)
International Union of Police Associations (IUPA)
Laborers' International Union of North America (LIUNA)
National Postal Mail Handlers Union (NPMHU)
Marine Engineers Beneficial Association (MEBA)
National Air Traffic Controllers Association (NATCA) |
1842_21 | National Association of Letter Carriers (NALC)
National Football League Players Association (NFLPA)
National Nurses United (NNU)
National Taxi Workers' Alliance (NTWA)
National Women’s Soccer League (NWSL)
Office and Professional Employees International Union (OPEIU)
Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association of the United States and Canada (OPCMIA)
Professional Aviation Safety Specialists (PASS)
Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA)
Seafarers International Union of North America (SIU)
American Maritime Officers (AMO)
Transport Workers Union of America (TWU)
UNITE HERE
United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipe Fitting Industry of the United States and Canada (UA)
United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America International Union (UAW)
United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW)
United Mine Workers of America (UMWA)
United Steelworkers (USW) |
1842_22 | United Union of Roofers, Waterproofers and Allied Workers (Roofers and Waterproofers)
Utility Workers Union of America (UWUA)
Writers Guild of America, East Inc. (WGAE) |
1842_23 | Formerly affiliated unions
Disaffiliated or merged
International Union of United Brewery, Flour, Cereal, Soft Drink and Distillery Workers - merged with International Brotherhood of Teamsters in 1973
Service Employees International Union (SEIU) - disaffiliated in 2005 and became founding member union of the Change to Win Federation
International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT or Teamsters) - expelled by AFL-CIO in 1957 for corruption; re-affiliated with AFL-CIO in 1987; disaffiliated in 2005 and became founding member union of Change to Win
Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees (UNITE) - merged with HERE in 2004 to form UNITE HERE
Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union (HERE) - merged with UNITE in 2004 to form UNITE HERE
United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America - disaffiliated in 2001; joined Change to Win in 2005, disaffiliated from Change to Win in summer 2009 |
1842_24 | United Farm Workers of America (UFWA) - disaffiliated in 2006 and joined Change to Win
United American Nurses (UAN) - merged with the California Nurses Association/National Nurses Organizing Committee (CNA/NNOC) and the Massachusetts Nurses Association to create a new AFL-CIO member union, National Nurses United
International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) - disaffiliated in August 2013 over policy and other differences
National Education Association |
1842_25 | Disaffiliated and re-affiliated
Laborers' International Union of North America (LIUNA) - founding member union of Change to Win in 2005, but re-affiliated with the AFL-CIO in 2010
UNITE HERE - founding member union of Change to Win in 2005, but re-affiliated with the AFL-CIO in 2009
United Auto Workers (UAW) - disaffiliated in 1968 to form the Alliance for Labor Action with the Teamsters, re-affiliated in 1981
United Food and Commercial Workers - founding member union of Change to Win in 2005, but re-affiliated with the AFL-CIO in 2013
See also
Affiliated unions of the Canadian Labour Congress
Global list of trade unions
References
External links
Unions of the AFL-CIO, at the AFL-CIO official Web site
AFL–CIO
AFL–CIO |
1843_0 | INS Vikrant, also known as Indigenous Aircraft Carrier 1 (IAC-1), is an aircraft carrier constructed by the Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) for the Indian Navy. It is the first aircraft carrier to be built in India. It is named 'Vikrant' as a tribute to India's first aircraft carrier, Vikrant (R11). The name Vikrant (Sanskrit vikrānta, literally "stepping beyond") means "courageous". The motto of the ship is "Jayema Saṁ Yudhi Spr̥dhaḥ", which is taken from Rigveda and means "I defeat those who fight against me". |
1843_1 | Work on the ship's design began in 1999, and the keel was laid in February 2009. The carrier was floated out of its dry dock on 29 December 2011 and was launched on 12 August 2013. The basin trials were completed in December 2020, and the ship started sea trials in August 2021. Vikrant is scheduled to be commissioned into service by August 2022, with flight trials of aircraft expected to be completed by mid-2023. The total cost of the project was approximately at the time of first sea trials. |
1843_2 | Background |
1843_3 | In 1999, Defence Minister George Fernandes authorised the development and construction of an aircraft carrier, 'INS Vikrant', under the Project 71 Air Defence Ship (ADS). By that time, given the ageing Sea Harrier fleet, the letter of intent called for a carrier that would carry more modern jet fighters. In 2001, Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) released a graphic illustration showing a 32,000-ton STOBAR (Short Take-Off But Arrested Recovery) design with a pronounced ski jump. The aircraft carrier project finally received formal government approval in January 2003. By then, design updates called for a 37,500-ton carrier to operate the Mikoyan MiG-29K. India opted for a three-carrier fleet consisting of one carrier battle group stationed on each seaboard, and a third carrier held in reserve, in order to continuously protect both its flanks, to protect economic interests and mercantile traffic, and to provide humanitarian platforms in times of disasters, since a carrier can provide a |
1843_4 | self-generating supply of fresh water, medical assistance or engineering expertise to populations in need for assistance. |
1843_5 | In August 2006, Chief of the Naval Staff Admiral Arun Prakash stated that the designation for the vessel had been changed from Air Defence Ship (ADS) to Indigenous Aircraft Carrier (IAC). The euphemistic ADS had been adopted in planning stages to ward off concerns about a naval build-up. Final revisions to the design increased the displacement of the carrier from 37,500 tons to over 40,000 tons. The length of the ship also increased from to . |
1843_6 | Design
The indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vikrant is long and wide, and displaces about . It features a STOBAR configuration with a ski-jump. The deck is designed to enable aircraft such as the MiG-29K to operate from the carrier. It is expected to carry an air group of up to thirty aircraft, which will include up to 24–26 fixed-wing combat aircraft, primarily the MiG-29K, besides carrying 10 Kamov Ka-31 or Westland Sea King helicopters. The Ka-31 will fulfill the airborne early warning (AEW) role and the Sea King will provide anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capability.
Vikrant is powered by four General Electric LM2500+ gas turbines on two shafts, generating over 80 megawatts (110,000 hp) of power. The gearboxes for the carriers were designed and supplied by Elecon Engineering. |
1843_7 | The ship's combat management system (CMS) was developed by Tata Power Strategic Engineering Division in collaboration with Weapon and Electronics System Engineering Establishment and MARS, Russia. It is the first CMS developed by a private company for the Indian Navy, and was handed over to the Navy on 28 March 2019. |
1843_8 | Carrier air group
India considered a number of aircraft for operation from its aircraft carrier, and the planned indigenous aircraft carrier. India evaluated the Russian Sukhoi Su-33, but chose the lighter MiG-29K as Vikramaditya was smaller and lacked an aircraft catapult. On 18 January 2010, it was reported that India and Russia were close to signing a deal for 29 MiG-29K fighters to operate from IAC-1. In addition, the Navy signed a deal for six naval-variants of the indigenous HAL Tejas. In June 2012, Flight Global reported that the Indian Navy was considering the use of the Dassault Rafale M (Naval variant) on these carriers. On 6 January 2022, The Indian Navy started testing the Rafale-M for operations from INS Vikrant at the shore-based test facility at INS Hansa in Goa. Some reports citing the same also indicated that the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet would be tested at the same locale in March 2022 |
1843_9 | In December 2016, the Navy announced that the HAL Tejas was overweight for carrier operations, and other alternatives would be looked at. The Navy settled with MiG-29K as the primary aircraft for the IAC-1.
In late January 2017, the Indian Navy released an international Request for Information (RFI) for 57 "Multi-Role Carrier Borne Fighters". The main contest was between the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and the Dassault Rafale-M. Both these aircraft are operable on the Vikrant and Vikramaditya. In December 2020, Boeing demonstrated F/A-18E/F operations from Indian carriers at the shore-based test facility at Naval Air Station Patuxent River in Maryland, US. Number was revised to 36 from 57 in mid 2020. |
1843_10 | After the HAL Tejas and the Tejas Mk2 were considered overweight for carrier operations, the Defence Research and Development Organization introduced a program to develop a twin-engine, carrier based, multirole combat aircraft called the HAL Twin Engine Deck Based Fighter (TEDBF) for the Indian Navy. A model of the aircraft was displayed at Aero India 2021. The first flight is expected in 2026 with induction into the forces by 2032. The TEDBF is expected to perform multiple roles like combat air patrol, air-to-air combat, anti-ship strike and buddy refueling. This aircraft has also been envisioned to operate from the INS Vikrant, INS Vikramaditya and the future aircraft carrier INS Vishal.
Construction
Vikrant is the first aircraft carrier to be designed by the Directorate of Naval Design of the Indian Navy and the first warship to be built by Cochin Shipyard. Its construction involved participation of a large number of private and public firms. |
1843_11 | The Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL) and Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) created facilities to manufacture the DMR 249 grade steel in India. Reportedly, 26,000 tonnes of three types of special steel for the hull, flight deck and floor compartments were manufactured at the Bokaro Steel Plant, Jharkhand, Bhilai Steel Plant, Chhattisgarh and Rourkela Steel Plant, Odisha. Due to this, Vikrant is the first ship of the Indian Navy to be built completely using domestically produced steel. The main switch board, steering gear and water tight hatches have been manufactured by Larsen & Toubro in Mumbai and Talegaon; high-capacity air conditioning and refrigeration systems have been manufactured in Kirloskar Group's plants in Pune; most pumps have been supplied by Best and Crompton; Bharat Heavy Electricals (BHEL) supplied the Integrated Platform Management System (IPMS), which is being installed by Avio, an Italian company; the gear box was supplied by Elecon |
1843_12 | Engineering; and the electrical cables are being supplied by Nicco Industries. Fincantieri provided consultancy for the propulsion package while Russia's Nevskoye Design Bureau designed the aviation complex. |
1843_13 | The keel for Vikrant was laid by Defence Minister A.K. Antony at the Cochin Shipyard on 28 February 2009. The ship uses modular construction, with 874 blocks joined for the hull. By the time the keel was laid, 423 blocks weighing over 8,000 tons had been completed. In August 2011, the Defence Ministry reported to the Lok Sabha that 75% of the construction work for the hull of the lead carrier had been completed and the carrier would be first launched in December 2011, following which further works would be completed until commissioning. On 29 December 2011, the completed hull of the carrier was first floated out of its dry dock at CSL, with its displacement at over 14,000 tonnes. Interior works and fittings on the hull would be carried out until the second half of 2012, when it would again be dry-docked for integration with its propulsion and power generation systems. By late 2012, work commenced for the next stage of construction, which included the installation of the integrated |
1843_14 | propulsion system, the superstructure, the upper decks, the cabling, sensors and weapons. |
1843_15 | Launch
In July 2013, Defence Minister Antony announced that Vikrant would be launched on 12 August at the Cochin Shipyard. The ship was launched by his wife, Elizabeth Antony, on 12 August 2013.
According to Admiral Robin Dhowan, about 83% of the fabrication work and 75% of the construction work had been completed at the time of launching. He said that 90% of the body work of the aircraft carrier had been designed and made in India, about 50% of the propulsion system, and about 30% of its weaponry. He also said that the ship would be equipped with a long range missile system with multi-function radar and a close-in weapon system (CIWS). After the launch, Vikrant would be re-docked for the second phase of construction, in which the ship would be fitted with various weapons and sensors, and the propulsion system, flight deck and the aircraft complex would be integrated.
Undocking and fitting-out |
1843_16 | Vikrant was undocked on 10 June 2015 after the completion of structural work. Cabling, piping, heat and ventilation works were scheduled to be completed by 2017 with sea trials to begin thereafter. By October 2015, the construction of the hull was close to 98 percent complete, with flight deck construction underway. The installation of machinery, piping and the propeller shafts was in progress by January 2016; it was reported, however, that there were delays in the delivery of equipment from Russia for the carrier's aviation complex. By May 2017, the carrier's fitting-out was 62% complete, with trials of the auxiliary systems scheduled by late 2017.
In February 2020, all major structural and outfitting work was declared complete. |
1843_17 | Harbour and sea trials
On 31 October 2019, Cochin Shipyard received a contract for the Phase-III of the project. This contract included funds for the harbour trials, sea trials and support for the ship during its weapons and aviation trials after its delivery. In December 2019, it was reported the engines had been switched on. Till September 2020, Vikrant had completed harbour trials while the basin trials started from October 2020 to check propulsion, electric transmission and shafting systems. On 30 November 2020, the basin trials were completed, paving the way for sea trials, the final phase of the IAC-I project.
In April 2021, it was reported work had begun to integrate the long-range surface-to-air missile (LRSAM) onboard Vikrant. On 15 June 2021, Vikrant was moved to the Ernakulam Wharf in Kochi, Kerala. On 25 June 2021, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, while reviewing the progress of the IAC, said the carrier would begin its sea trials in July. |
1843_18 | On 4 August 2021, sea trials finally began, with the vessel scheduled to be commissioned in August 2022. The maiden voyage of the sea trials was successfully completed on 8 August 2021.
On 24 October 2021, IAC-1 began 2nd phase of trail and successfully completed the sea trial meeting all parameters.
On 9 January 2022, IAC-1 began 3rd phase of trail to carry out complex manoeuvres in high seas ahead of its planned induction in August.Vikrant successfully completed the trail on 17 January 2022. |
1843_19 | Completion and commissioning
INS Vikrant is scheduled to be commissioned into the Indian Navy in August 2022. Flight trials of its aircraft complement are expected to be completed by mid-2023, after which the ship will be fully operational. In March 2020, it was revealed that after its commissioning, the Navy will deploy Vikrant at Larsen & Toubro's shipyard in Kattupalli near Chennai. This was done as the planned naval base in Rambilli near Vishakhapatnam was not ready yet. The Navy wants to lease a 260m berth at Kattupalli shipyard for 8 years between 2022 and 2030 for interim berthing of the ship, by which time the naval base at Rambilli is expected to be available.
Commanding officers |
1843_20 | Project delays |
1843_21 | The IAC project has experienced numerous delays. The construction plan originally called for the carrier to be launched in 2010, when it would displace some 20,000 tonnes, as a larger displacement could not be accommodated in the building bay. It was planned that after about a year's development in the refit dock, the carrier would be launched when all the major components, including underwater systems, would be in place. Outfitting would then be carried out after launch. Vikrant was intended to be delivered in December 2010 and commissioned in 2016. As per the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS), sea trials were initially planned to commence in 2013, with the ship to be commissioned in 2014. This was later postponed, with sea trials to begin in 2017 and commissioning planned for 2018. In March 2011, it was reported that the project had been affected by the delay in the delivery of the main gearboxes for the carrier. The supplier, Elecon, attributed it to having to work around a |
1843_22 | number of technical complexities due to the length of the propulsion shafts. Other issues resulting in delays included an accident with a diesel generator and an issue with its alignment. In July 2012, The Times of India reported that construction of Vikrant has been delayed by three years, and the ship would be ready for commissioning by 2018. Later, in November 2012, Indian English-language news channel NDTV reported that cost of the aircraft carrier had increased and the delivery has been delayed by at least five years and is expected to be with the Indian Navy only after 2018 as against the scheduled date of delivery of 2014. |
1843_23 | In July 2016, the Comptroller & Auditor General (CAG) published a 2014 project plan, supplied by the Cochin Shipyard, that showed an expected completion date in 2023, though the Navy hoped to partially commission the ship before this date. In December 2017, the Chief of Naval Staff Admiral Sunil Lanba announced that the ship was expected to commence sea trials and be commissioned in 2020. In January 2018, Commodore J Chowdhary, the principal director of naval design, announced the remaining procurement delays stalling Vikrants construction had been resolved, and that the carrier would be completed and delivered by December 2018; it would then undergo two years of sea trials before its then-expected commissioning in October 2020. |
1843_24 | During the December 2019 Navy Day press briefing, Chief of Naval Staff Admiral Karambir Singh said Vikrant would be fully operational before the end of 2022. A part of the blame for the delay in delivery of Vikrant was attributed to the delay in the supply of aviation equipment from Russia. In response to a question in the Rajya Sabha, Sripad Naik, the Minister of State for Defence, stated: "Ship's targeted delivery was affected due to delay in supply of aviation equipment from Russia". The Navy expected to commission Vikrant by the end of 2021, with an April 2021 report by the Hindustan Times claiming Vikrant, along with the stealth guided missile destroyer , would be delivered to the Indian Navy by the end of 2021. Other construction and procurement delays initially delayed the warship's sea trials to April 2020 from their originally scheduled date of 12 March 2020. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, trials were further postponed to late 2020, but ultimately began in August 2021. As of |
1843_25 | August 2021, the carrier is scheduled to be commissioned in 2022. |
1843_26 | See also
Future of the Indian Navy
List of active Indian Navy ships
List of aircraft carriers in service
References
External links
Delay in equipment from Russia affected the delivery schedule of INS Vikrant
Images during the launch of Vikrant
Making of Indigenous Aircraft Carrier, Transition to Guardianship: The Indian Navy 1991-2000, Vice Adm (Retd) G M Hiranandani
Indigenous Aircraft Carrier on Bharat Rakshak
History of Air Defense Ship on Global Security
Global Security
Aircraft carriers of the Indian Navy
2013 ships
Ships built in India |
1844_0 | Osteopathic medicine is a branch of the medical profession in the United States that promotes the practice of allopathic medicine with a set of philosophy and principles set by its earlier form, osteopathy. Osteopathic physicians (DOs) are licensed to practice medicine and surgery in all 50 US states. Only graduates of American osteopathic medical colleges may practice the full scope of medicine and surgery generally considered to be medicine by the general public; US DO graduates have historically applied for medical licensure in 87 countries outside of the United States, 85 of which provided them with the full scope of medical and surgical practice. The field is distinct from osteopathic practices offered in nations outside of the U.S., whose practitioners are generally not considered part of core medical staff nor of medicine itself. The other major branch of medicine in the United States is referred to by practitioners of osteopathic medicine as allopathic medicine. |
1844_1 | By the middle of the 20th century, the profession had moved closer to mainstream medicine. American "osteopaths" became "osteopathic medical doctors," ultimately achieving full practice rights as medical doctors in all 50 states. |
1844_2 | In modern medicine in the U.S., any distinction between the MD and the DO professions has eroded steadily. The training of osteopathic physicians in the United States is now virtually indistinguishable from the training of "allopathic" physicians (MDs). Osteopathic physicians attend four years of medical school like their MD counterparts, acquiring equivalent education in medicine and surgery; DOs also attend the same graduate medical education programs (ACGME-accredited residencies and/or fellowships) as their MD counterparts to acquire their license as physicians and surgeons. DOs use all conventional methods of diagnosis and treatment and practice across all specialties of medicine and surgery. Though still trained in osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) during medical school, the modern derivative of Still's techniques, the majority of practicing physicians with a DO degree do not practice OMT in their daily work. There are ongoing debates about the utility of maintaining |
1844_3 | separate, distinct pathways for educating physicians in the United States. |
1844_4 | Nomenclature
Physicians and surgeons who graduate from osteopathic medical schools are known as osteopathic physicians or osteopathic medical doctors. Upon graduation, they are conferred a medical degree, the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO).
Osteopathic curricula in other countries differ from those in the United States. European-trained practitioners of osteopathic manipulative techniques are referred to as "osteopaths": their scope of practice excludes most medical therapies and relies more on osteopathic manipulative medicine and alternative medical modalities. While it was once common for DO graduates in the United States to refer to themselves as "osteopaths", this term is now considered archaic, and those holding the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree are commonly referred to as "osteopathic physicians," and they learn, train on, and practice the full scope of medicine and surgery.
Demographics |
1844_5 | Currently in 2018 there are 35 medical schools that offer DO Degrees in 55 locations
across the United States, while there are 141 accredited MD medical schools.
In 1960, there were 13,708 physicians who were graduates of the 5 osteopathic medical schools.
In 2002, there were 49,210 physicians from 19 osteopathic medical schools.
Between 1980 and 2005, the number of osteopathic graduates per year increased over 150 percent from about 1,000 to 2,800. This number is expected to approach 5,000 by 2015.
In 2016, there were 33 colleges of osteopathic medicine in 48 locations, in 31 states. One in four medical students in the United States is enrolled in an osteopathic medical school.
As of 2018, there are more than 145,000 osteopathic medical physicians (DOs) and osteopathic medical students in the United States. |
1844_6 | Osteopathic physicians are not evenly distributed in the United States. States with the highest concentration of osteopathic medical physicians are Oklahoma, Iowa, and Michigan where osteopathic medical physicians comprise 17–20% of the total physician workforce. The state with the greatest number of osteopathic medical physicians is Pennsylvania, with 8,536 DOs in active practice in 2018. The states with the lowest concentrations of DOs are Washington, DC, North Dakota and Vermont where only 1–3% of physicians have an osteopathic medical degree. Public awareness of osteopathic medicine likewise varies widely in different regions. People living in the midwest states are the most likely to be familiar with osteopathic medicine. In the Northeastern United States, osteopathic medical physicians provide more than one-third of general and family medicine patient visits. |
1844_7 | Between 2010 and 2015 twelve states experienced greater than 50% growth in the number of DOs—Virginia, South Carolina, Utah, Tennessee, North Dakota, Kentucky, South Dakota, Wyoming, Oregon, North Carolina, Minnesota, Washington.
Osteopathic principles
Osteopathic medical students take the Osteopathic Oath, similar to the Hippocratic oath, to maintain and uphold the "core principles" of osteopathic medical philosophy. Revised in 1953, and again in 2002, the core principles are:
The body is a unit; a person is a unit of body, mind, and spirit.
The body is capable of self-regulation, self-healing, and health maintenance.
Structure and function are reciprocally interrelated.
Rational treatment is based on an understanding of these principles: body unity, self-regulation, and the interrelationship of structure and function.
Contemporary osteopathic physicians practice evidence-based medicine, indistinguishable from their MD colleagues. |
1844_8 | Significance
There are different opinions on the significance of these principles. Some note that the osteopathic medical philosophy is suggestive of a kind of social movement within the field of medicine, one that promotes a more patient-centered, wholistic approach to medicine, and emphasizes the role of the primary care physician within the health care system. Others point out that there is nothing in the principles that would distinguish DO from MD training in any fundamental way. One study, published in The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association found a majority of MD medical school administrators and faculty saw nothing objectionable in the core principles listed above, and some endorse them generally as broad medical principles.
History
19th century, a new movement within medicine |
1844_9 | Frontier physician Andrew Taylor Still, DO, founded the American School of Osteopathy (now the A.T. Still University-Kirksville (Mo.) College of Osteopathic Medicine) in Kirksville, Missouri in 1892 as a radical protest against the turn-of-the-century medical system. A.T. Still believed that the conventional medical system lacked credible efficacy, was morally corrupt and treated effects rather than causes of disease. He founded osteopathic medicine in rural Missouri at a time when medications, surgery, and other traditional therapeutic regimens often caused more harm than good. Some of the medicines commonly given to patients during this time were arsenic, castor oil, whiskey, and opium. In addition, unsanitary surgical practices often resulted in more deaths than cures. |
1844_10 | Still intended his new system of medicine to be a reformation of the existing 19th-century medical practices. He imagined that someday "rational medical therapy" would consist of the manipulation of the musculoskeletal system, surgery, and very sparingly used drugs. He invented the name "osteopathy" by blending two Greek roots osteon- for bone and -pathos for suffering to communicate his theory that disease and physiologic dysfunction were etiologically grounded in a disordered musculoskeletal system. Thus, by diagnosing and treating the musculoskeletal system, he believed that physicians could treat a variety of diseases and spare patients the negative side effects of drugs. |
1844_11 | The new profession faced stiff opposition from the medical establishment at the time. The relationship of the osteopathic and medical professions was often "bitterly contentious" and involved "strong efforts" by medical organizations to discredit osteopathic medicine. Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, the policy of the American Medical Association labeled osteopathic medicine as a cult. The AMA Code of ethics declared it unethical for a medical physician to voluntarily associate with an osteopath. |
1844_12 | One notable advocate for the fledgling movement was Mark Twain. Manipulative treatments had purportedly alleviated the symptoms of his daughter Jean's epilepsy as well as Twain's own chronic bronchitis. In 1909, he spoke before the New York State Assembly at a hearing regarding the practice of osteopathy in the state. "I don't know as I cared much about these osteopaths until I heard you were going to drive them out of the state, but since I heard that I haven't been able to sleep." Philosophically opposed to the American Medical Association's stance that its own type of medical practice was the only legitimate one, he spoke in favor of licensing for osteopaths. Physicians from the New York County Medical Society responded with a vigorous attack on Twain, who retorted with "[t]he physicians think they are moved by regard for the best interests of the public. Isn't there a little touch of self-interest back of it all?" "... The objection is, people are curing people without a license |
1844_13 | and you are afraid it will bust up business." |
1844_14 | Following an accreditation survey in 1903, the American Osteopathic Association began requiring 3-year curricula at osteopathic medical schools. In 1916, the AOA mandated all DO schools expand programs to four years. In 1929, osteopathic medical schools began teaching pharmacology as a part of the curricula. |
1844_15 | 1916–1966, federal recognition
Recognition by the US federal government was a key goal of the osteopathic medical profession in its effort to establish equivalency with its MD counterparts. Between 1916 and 1966, the profession engaged in a "long and tortuous struggle" for the right to serve as physicians and surgeons in the US Military Medical Corps. On May 3, 1966 Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara authorized the acceptance of osteopathic physicians into all the medical military services on the same basis as MDs. The first osteopathic physician to take the oath of office to serve as a military physician was Harry J. Walter. The acceptance of osteopathic physicians was further solidified in 1996 when Ronald Blanck, DO was appointed to serve as Surgeon General of the Army, the only osteopathic physician to hold the post.
1962, California |
1844_16 | In the 1960s in California, the American Medical Association (AMA) spent nearly $8 million to end the practice of osteopathic medicine in the state. In 1962, Proposition 22, a statewide ballot initiative in California, eliminated the practice of osteopathic medicine in the state. The California Medical Association (CMA) issued MD degrees to all DOs in the state of California for a nominal fee. "By attending a short seminar and paying $65, a doctor of osteopathy (DO) could obtain an MD degree; 86 percent of the DOs in the state (out of a total of about 2000) chose to do so." Immediately following, the AMA re-accredited the University of California at Irvine College of Osteopathic Medicine as the University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, an MD medical school. It also placed a ban on issuing physician licenses to DOs moving to California from other states. However, the decision proved to be controversial. In 1974, after protests and lobbying by influential and prominent DOs, |
1844_17 | the California Supreme Court ruled in Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons of California v. California Medical Association, that licensing of DOs in that state must be resumed. Four years later, in 1978, the College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific opened in Pomona, and in 1997, Touro University California opened in Vallejo. As of 2012, there were 6,368 DOs practicing in California. |
1844_18 | 1969, AMA House of Delegates approval
In 1969, the American Medical Association (AMA) approved a measure allowing qualified osteopathic physicians to be full and active members of the Association. The measure also allowed osteopathic physicians to participate in AMA-approved intern and residency programs. However, the American Osteopathic Association rejected this measure, claiming it was an attempt to eliminate the distinctiveness of osteopathic medicine. In 1970, AMA President Dwight L. Wilbur sponsored a measure in the AMA's House of Delegates permitting the AMA Board of Trustees' plan for the merger of DO and MD professions. Today, a majority of osteopathic physicians are trained alongside MDs, in residency programs governed by the ACGME, an independent board of the AMA.
1993, first African-American woman to serve as dean of a US medical school |
1844_19 | In 1993, Barbara Ross-Lee, DO, was appointed to the position of dean of the Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine; she was the first African-American woman to serve as the dean of a US medical school. Ross-Lee now is the dean of the NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University in Jonesboro, Arkansas. Dr. Ross-Lee is the sister of singer Diana Ross.
Non-discrimination policies
Recent years have seen a professional rapprochement between the two groups. DOs have been admitted to full active membership in the American Medical Association since 1969. The AMA has invited a representative of the American Osteopathic Association to sit as a voting member in the AMA legislative body, the house of delegates. |
1844_20 | 2006, American Medical Student Association
In 2006, during the presidency of an osteopathic medical student, the American Medical Student Association (AMSA) adopted a policy regarding the membership rights of osteopathic medical students in their main policy document, the "Preamble, Purposes and Principles."
2007, AMA
In recent years, the largest MD organization in the US, the American Medical Association, adopted a fee non-discrimination policy discouraging differential pricing based on attendance of an MD or DO medical school. |
1844_21 | In 2006, calls for an investigation into the existence of differential fees charged for visiting DO and MD medical students at American medical schools were brought to the American Medical Association. After an internal investigation into the fee structure for visiting DO and MD medical students at MD medical schools, it was found that one institution of the 102 surveyed charged different fees for DO and MD students. The house of delegates of the American Medical Association adopted resolution 809, I-05 in 2007. |
1844_22 | State licensing of practice rights
In the United States, laws regulating physician licenses are governed by the states. Between 1896 and 1973, osteopathic physicians lobbied state legislatures to pass laws giving those with a DO degree the same legal privilege to practice medicine as those with an MD degree. In many states, the debate was long and protracted. Both the AOA and the AMA were heavily involved in influencing the legislative process. The first state to pass such a law was Vermont in 1896, the last was Mississippi in 1973.
Current status
Education and training
According to Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, "the training, practice, credentialing, licensure, and reimbursement of osteopathic physicians is virtually indistinguishable from those of (MD) physicians, with 4 years of osteopathic medical school followed by specialty and subspecialty training and [board] certification." |
1844_23 | DO-granting US medical schools have curricula similar to those of MD-granting schools. Generally, the first two years are classroom-based, while the third and fourth years consist of clinical rotations through the major specialties of medicine. Some schools of Osteopathic Medicine have been criticized by the osteopathic community for relying too heavily on clinical rotations with private practitioners, who may not be able to provide sufficient instruction to the rotating student. Other DO-granting and MD-granting schools place their students in hospital-based clinical rotations where the attending physicians are faculty of the school, and who have a clear duty to teach medical students while treating patients. |
1844_24 | Graduate medical education
Upon graduation, most osteopathic medical physicians pursue residency training programs. Depending on state licensing laws, osteopathic medical physicians may also complete a one-year rotating internship at a hospital approved by the American Osteopathic Association (AOA).
Osteopathic physicians may apply to residency programs accredited by either the AOA or the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). Currently, osteopathic physicians participate in more ACGME programs than in programs approved by the American Osteopathic Association (AOA). By June 30, 2020, all AOA residencies will also be required to have ACGME accreditation, and the AOA will cease accreditation activities.
Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) |
1844_25 | Within the osteopathic medical curriculum, manipulative treatment is taught as an adjunctive measure to other biomedical interventions for several disorders and diseases. However, a 2001 survey of osteopathic physicians found that more than 50% of the respondents used OMT on less than 5% of their patients. The survey follows many indicators that osteopathic physicians have become more like MD physicians in every respect —few perform OMT, and most prescribe medications or suggest surgery as the first line of treatment. |
1844_26 | The American Osteopathic Association has made an effort in recent years to support scientific inquiry into the effectiveness of osteopathic manipulation as well as to encourage osteopathic physicians to consistently offer manipulative treatments to their patients. However, the number of osteopathic physicians who report consistently prescribing and performing manipulative treatment has been falling steadily. Medical historian and sociologist Norman Gevitz cites poor educational quarters and few full-time OMT instructors as major factors for the decreasing interest of medical students in OMT. He describes problems with "the quality, breadth, nature, and orientation of OMM instruction," and he claims that the teaching of osteopathic medicine has not changed sufficiently over the years to meet the intellectual and practical needs of students. |
1844_27 | At the same time, recent studies show an increasingly positive attitude of patients and physicians (MD and DO) towards the use of manual therapy as a valid, safe, and effective treatment modality. One survey, published in the Journal of Continuing Medical Education, found that a majority of physicians (81%) and patients (76%) felt that manual manipulation (MM) was safe, and over half (56% of physicians and 59% of patients) felt that manipulation should be available in the primary care setting. Although less than half (40%) of the physicians reported any educational exposure to MM and less than one-quarter (20%) have administered MM in their practice, most (71%) respondents endorsed desiring more instruction in MM. Another small study examined the interest and ability of MD residents in learning osteopathic principles and skills, including OMT. It showed that after a 1-month elective rotation, the MD residents responded favorably to the experience. |
1844_28 | Professional attitudes
In 1998, an article in The New York Times described the increasing numbers, public awareness, and mainstreaming of osteopathic medical physicians, illustrating an increasingly cooperative climate between the DO and MD professions.
In 2005, during his tenure as president of the Association of American Medical Colleges, Jordan Cohen described a climate of cooperation between DO and MD practitioners:
International practice rights |
1844_29 | Each country has different requirements and procedures for licensing or registering osteopathic physicians and osteopaths. The only osteopathic practitioners that the US Department of Education recognizes as physicians are graduates of osteopathic medical colleges in the United States. Therefore, osteopaths who have trained outside the United States are not eligible for medical licensure in the United States. On the other hand, US-trained DOs are currently able to practice in 85 countries with full medical rights and several others with restricted rights. |
1844_30 | The Bureau on International Osteopathic Medical Education and Affairs (BIOMEA) is an independent board of the American Osteopathic Association. The BIOMEA monitors the licensing and registration practices of physicians in countries outside of the United States and advances the recognition of American-trained DOs. Towards this end, the BIOMEA works with international health organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO), the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) as well as other groups. |
1844_31 | The procedure by which countries consider granting physician licensure to foreigners varies widely. For US-trained physicians, the ability to qualify for "unlimited practice rights" also varies according to one's degree, MD or DO. Many countries recognize US-trained MDs as applicants for licensure, granting successful applicants "unlimited" practice rights. The American Osteopathic Association has lobbied the governments of other countries to recognize US-trained DOs similarly to their MD counterparts, with some success. |
1844_32 | In over 85 countries, US-trained DOs have unlimited practice rights. In 2005, after one year of deliberations, the General Medical Council announced that US-trained DOs will be accepted for full medical practice rights in the United Kingdom. According to Josh Kerr of the AOA, "some countries don’t understand the differences in training between an osteopathic physician and an osteopath." The American Medical Student Association strongly advocates for US-trained DO international practice rights "equal to that" of MD-qualified physicians. The International Labor Organization (ILO), an agency of the United Nations, issued a letter affirming that U.S.-trained osteopathic physicians are fully licensed physicians who prescribe medication and perform surgery. The acknowledgment draws a clear separation between American DOs, who are medical doctors, and non-physician osteopaths trained outside of the United States. Within the international standards that classify jobs to promote international |
1844_33 | comparability across occupations, U.S.-trained DOs are now categorized with all other physicians as medical doctors. This event took place in June 2018 and started a relay of events and opened doors for DO's as more countries started to understand and give full recognition to US-trained medical doctors with the D.O. degree, e.g. the Association of Medical Councils of Africa (AMCOA) approved a resolution in 2019 granting the AOA's request that AMCOA recognizes U.S.-trained DOs as fully licensed physicians with practice rights equivalent to MDs, opening its 20 member countries, which include Botswana, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe to DO's. |
1844_34 | Osteopathic medicine and primary care
Osteopathic physicians have historically entered primary care fields at a higher rate than their MD counterparts. Some osteopathic organizations make claims to a greater emphasis on the importance of primary care within osteopathic medicine. However, the proportion of osteopathic students choosing primary care fields, like that of their MD peers, is declining. Currently, only one in five osteopathic medical students enters a family medicine residency (the largest primary care field). In 2004, only 32% of osteopathic seniors planned careers in any primary care field; this percentage was down from a peak in 1996 of more than 50%.
Criticism and internal debate |
1844_35 | OMT
Traditional osteopathic medicine, specifically OMT, has been criticized for using techniques such as cranial and cranio-sacral manipulation. CST has been described as pseudoscience which is not backed up by any scientific evidence. Medical research has found no good evidence that either CST or cranial osteopathy confers any health benefit, and they can be harmful, particularly if used on children or infants. The basic assumptions of CST are challenged by some medical doctors, and practitioners produce conflicting and mutually exclusive diagnoses of the same patients.
Research emphasis
Another area of criticism has been the relative lack of research and lesser emphasis on scientific inquiry at DO schools in comparison with MD schools. |
1844_36 | Identity crisis
There is currently a debate within the osteopathic community over the feasibility of maintaining osteopathic medicine as a distinct entity within US health care. J. D. Howell, author of The Paradox of Osteopathy, notes claims of a "fundamental yet ineffable difference" between MD and DO qualified physicians are based on practices such as "preventive medicine and seeing patients in a sociological context" that are "widely encountered not only in osteopathic medicine but also in allopathic medicine." Studies have confirmed the lack of any "philosophic concept or resultant practice behavior" that would distinguish a DO from an MD. Howell summarizes the questions framing the debate over the future of osteopathic distinctiveness thus:
Rapid expansion
As the number of osteopathic schools has increased, the debate over distinctiveness has often seen the leadership of the American Osteopathic Association at odds with the community of osteopathic physicians. |
1844_37 | The rapid expansion has raised concerns about the number of available faculty at osteopathic schools and the role that those faculty play in maintaining the integrity of the academic program of the schools. Norman Gevitz, author of the leading text on the history of osteopathic medicine, wrote in 2009,
The president of the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine commented on the current climate of crisis within the profession.
See also
Comparison of MD and DO in the United States
Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
List of osteopathic colleges
Osteopathic medical schools in the United States
Osteopathic medical associations in the United States
Osteopathy
References
Notes |
1844_38 | Further reading
The DOs: Osteopathic Medicine in America, Norman Gevitz, 2004 (2nd Edition), paperback, 264 pages, The Johns Hopkins University Press,
Science in the Art of Osteopathy: Osteopathic Principles and Models, Caroline Stone, Nelson Thornes, 1999, paperback, 384 pages,
An Osteopathic Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment, Eileen DiGiovanna, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2004, hardback, 600 pages,
.
Osteopathy in the United States
Medical education in the United States |
1845_0 | Dumbo's Circus is a live action/puppet television series that aired on The Disney Channel beginning on May 6, 1985, and featured the character of Dumbo from the original film. Reruns continued to air until February 28, 1997.
The cast members are human-sized anthropomorphic animals played by people in puppet suits using technology developed by Ken Forsse, the creator of Teddy Ruxpin. The same production technique was used for Welcome to Pooh Corner. Unlike Pooh Corner, the show never had NTSC VHS releases. |
1845_1 | Many of the show's cast went on to star in the Christian radio series, Adventures in Odyssey. The wagon used in the show was seen in the late 1980s and early 1990s on the vehicle boneyard lot of the Studio Backlot Tour at Disney-MGM Studios in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. When the series first started, Sebastian is seen wearing only his hat, vest and short pants. After a few episodes, he is given a white T-shirt to go with it. Some of the puppets that were used for audience members in the circus were used for Mother Goose's Treasury. |
1845_2 | Background
In the show, Dumbo has grown up, is finally able to speak, and has struck out on his own to begin his own circus. He and a cast of characters fly from town to town, in a wagon pulled through the air by Dumbo, performing their "greatest little show on earth". Other than Dumbo, none of the characters from the original film appeared in the show. Each character would perform a particular talent, which ranged from dancing and singing to telling knock knock jokes.
Characters |
1845_3 | Main
Dumbo (voiced by Katie Leigh) - Also known as the "World's Only Flying Elephant". Star of the circus, Dumbo still relies on his magic feather to help him fly. He can usually be seen pulling the Circus wagon from place to place up in the sky. Often breaks the fourth wall towards the boys and girls watching the show, telling them when it's time for a song or for the sideshow. Being an elephant, Dumbo's memory is usually very good (based on the expression "An elephant never forgets"), his hearing is very sharp and sometimes his sneezes are often strong - strong enough to cause some wind. |
1845_4 | Lionel (performed by Sharon Baird, voiced by Jim Cummings) - A high-pitched Brooklyn accented lion who serves as Dumbo's right-hand partner, popcorn vendor, ticket taker. and sideshow barker. He has a knot in his tail. Lionel was inspired by the character of Timothy Q. Mouse from the 1941 film and says goodbye to the viewers at the end of several episodes. Lionel's voice is almost similar to Timothy Q. Mouse as well. Unlike Timothy Q. Mouse, though, who wears a red drum major's uniform, Lionel wears a blue uniform (as do the performers in the circus band). Lionel, along with Sebastian, was with Dumbo when he first started out on his own. |
1845_5 | Sebastian (voiced by Walker Edmiston) - A purple alley cat who is usually reduced to janitorial duties and likes to nap any chance he gets. Sometimes tricks others (usually Q.T.) to do his own work, but sometimes his tricks backfire on him. In the side show, Sebastian has a ventriloquism dummy with him called Sly. Sebastian joined Dumbo and Lionel because Dumbo's mother promised Sebastian's mother that he could go with them.
Fair Dinkum (performed by Patty Maloney, voiced by Hal Smith) - Also known as "Dink" for short, he is a koala who serves as ringmaster of the circus. As he is from Australia, he has the accent they have as well. There are a few things that Dink is afraid of - heights (so he's scared of flying) and drowning in the water being a few of them. His name comes from the Australian phrase, "fair dinkum". He was the first to join Dumbo, Lionel and Sebastian when they were just starting out. |
1845_6 | Barnaby Bowser (voiced by Will Ryan) - A goofy dog who is the circus clown and magician as "Barnaby the Great". Known for saying "Ah-hee-ee-ee-ee-ee" whenever he laughs, and sounds like he's from the south. His magic tricks don't always work out the way he wants them to. Good friends with Lionel and Q.T. He also gets scared easily. Often hums his signature song "I'm Just a Lucky Dog". Comes from a big family - Edison Bowser (who invented flea powder), Isadoga Bowser (a famous dancer who perfected the "Dog trot"), Julia Bowser (Barnaby's favorite as she invented the hot dog) and his famous Uncle Lattimer Bowser, III. Barnaby shares a trait with Rabbit from Welcome to Pooh Corner (also voiced by Will Ryan) - both are gifted magicians. The only difference is that Rabbit's tricks usually work well, whereas Barnaby's doesn't always work the way he wants them to (though it sometimes gets plenty of laughs). Barnaby was the last to join the circus after Q.T., and before Fair Dinkum's twin |
1845_7 | brother, Rinkum Dinkum, joined up. |
1845_8 | Lilli (voiced by Patricia Parris) - The only female character before Matilda appeared, Lilli is a beautiful cat who serves as a tightrope walker in the circus. Sometimes wears glasses because of her bad eyesight - mostly to see things that are very close like books, signs and to play checkers. Likes pretty things. Originally from Williamsport, Lilli joined the circus after Fair Dinkum, with her mom, Mrs. Lilli (also voiced by Patricia Parris)'s blessing. She comes from a long line of high wire walkers (starting with Great-Grandma Lilli, Granny May, and Mrs. Lilli), with Lilli carrying on the family tradition in Dumbo's Circus. |
1845_9 | Q.T. (performed by Caleb Chung, voiced by Ron Gans) - A slow-witted, but good-natured orangutan who is the resident strongman and calliope player. In earlier episodes, he was accompanied by a small pink creature while playing the calliope. He makes friends easily, and has other talents, like kite making. Sometimes doesn't know his own strength. Q.T. joined the circus after Lilli. |
1845_10 | Others
Flip & Flap - A duo who are usually seen during the side show, telling each other jokes. They are identifiable by their appearances - Flip has long rabbit ears, and Flap has a red afro and a pig-like nose & cat-like ears, resembling a vampire bat.
Rinkum Dinkum (voiced by Hal Smith) - A later addition to the series, Rinkum is Fair Dinkum's older twin brother. In contrast to Fair Dinkum, Rinkum is much more brave and doesn't scare easily. Like his brother, Rinkum speaks in an Australian accent. He joins the circus as the resident stunt performer. During the Side Show, Rinkum puts on a show in which the audience has to guess what country he once visited and is pretending to be from. |
1845_11 | Matilda Dinkum (voiced by Mona Marshall) - Another later addition to the series, Matilda is Rinkum and Fair Dinkum's younger sister and loves to dance. Also known as "Matty". Like her brothers, she speaks with an Australian accent. Her name comes from the famous Australian song "Waltzing Matilda". She becomes the honorary circus timekeeper, an idea shared by Lionel and Fair Dinkum.
Lattimer Bowser III (voiced by Laurie Main) - Barnaby's uncle who is a famous explorer. He looks like Barnaby, but is much older, with a moustache (which he occasionally brushes with his hands), and wears a monocle and a pith helmet. Speaks with an English accent.
Fira (voiced by Jim Cummings) - Lilli's aunt, who speaks with an upper class accent. Looks like Lilli, but whereas Lilli only wears glasses for reading, she wears glasses all the time. Finds Sebastian to be sneaky, even if he is a cat. |
1845_12 | Mrs. Jumbo - Dumbo's mother, whom he sometimes talk about. She gave Dumbo his circus cart, and promised Sebastian's mother that her son could accompany Dumbo and Lionel when they were first starting out. |
1845_13 | Side-show acts
Sebastian and Sly
Flip and Flap
Flip and Flap at the Restaurant
Dumbo's Nursery Rhymes
Barnaby's Magic Show
Q.T.'s Knock-Knock Jokes
Lilli's Tongue Twisters
Rinkum Dinkum's Make-Believe
Lilli's Mystery
Lionel introduces all of the side-show acts.
Cast
Puppeteers
Sharon Baird - Lionel
Caleb Chung - Q.T.
Charlie Edwards -
Paul Fusco -
Joe Giamalva -
Richard Griggs -
Frank Groby -
John Lovelady - Flap
Ron Mangham -
Patty Maloney - Fair Dinkum
Norman Merrill Jr. -
Tom Reed -
Mark Sawyer -
Van Snowden -
Voices
Katie Leigh - Dumbo
Jim Cummings - Lionel the Lion, Aunt Fira
Walker Edmiston - Sebastian
Ron Gans - Q.T.
Laurie Main - Uncle Lattimer Bowser III
Mona Marshall - Matilda Dinkum
Patricia Parris - Lilli, Mrs. Lilli
Will Ryan - Barnaby Bowser
Hal Smith - Fair Dinkum, Rinkum Dinkum |
1845_14 | Recurring songs
"Dumbo's Circus" (Opening theme song)
"When the Circus Comes to Town"
"The Marching Band Parade" (Dumbo, Lionel, Barnaby and the Chorus)
"Clowning Around" (Chorus)
"I'm Just a Lucky Dog" (Barnaby)
"Follow Me, Follow Me" (Lilli)
"I'm an Elephant Song" (Some episodes play it during the closing credits instead of "Gotta Fly")
"I Love A Circus" (Chorus) (Some episodes plays it during the closing credits instead of "Gotta Fly")
"Hand Clappin'" (Barnaby and Lionel)
"March to the Music" (Lionel)
"Dumbo's Up in the Air" (Chorus)
"A Genuine Clown" (Barnaby)
"One, Two, Three, Pop" (Chorus)
"More Fun Than a Barrel of Monkeys" (Barnaby)
"Gotta Fly" (Regular Closing theme song)
Episode
Yippy -ki-bow-wow
Elephant
a taste of medicine
scratch scratch
Ragweed rag
Tiny Town
All in a day's play
the perfect peanut
strong man contest
40 winks for Dink
Hide and seek
All's bout hats
the big switch
Barnaby's magic coat
Sport town
Dumbolina
Never trust a stranger
Going Bananas
the Long walk |
1845_15 | Barnaby cried uncle
Sebastian's Little helper
The Magical Musical Machine
if I Ran the circus
Calliope Calamity
Lionel's Bubble Machine
Barnaby's trek
Sticky Fingers
the Race
Over the rainbow
whoops-a-daisy
Dink's new job
who's got the feather
Luckville
Circus sweeties
Magic B-Cake
Lionel's Weather machine
the Treasure
Everyone Should have a song
the Five Wishes
Lionel's singing Lesson
Sandwich hero
Bye Bye Birdie
Lilli's hat dance
Kite's day
Dink's Double
one size fits all
a Present for Lionel
a Better bet
Lionel's goes to town
Tricky Sebastian
Home Sweet Home
Eat Trouble
Barnaby take a hike
Quarter for five
the Nine Lucks of Sebastian
Dear Diary
Bluegrass contest
Rinkum's Return
Concertina for two
Circus Derby
Invisible box
Uncle Latimer says Merci
Ring Around the Circus
Masquerade
Perfect weather
Friends times three
Out of Sight of circus
Quiet Please
Sebastian's Treasure
Meet me at the fair
Eyeglasses
Everybody's doing it
a Day's at the circus
Make Believe circus
Budgadumbo |
1845_16 | a very special place
Christmas at the circus
Here's Matty
All abroad
Birthday Birthday
Hello Dink
Circus trainer
Help Wanted
Dancing Matilda
Mount Frosty
Clowning Around
My Fair Everybody
Stormy Night
Catchy tune
Matty's Beautiful doll
tell me a story
Adventures through Reading
Goldie
Matty's Magical mystery tour
Music Maestro Please
the Gang's all Here
Adventure Adventure
Think of all the times
Teaching a bird to fly
Farmer's Circus
Lilli's Surprise party
The Annual Summer Parade
Welcome to Melodyland
a Lion need a mane
She's Really something special
that darn trike
Snookie and the Coodies
Forest full of Friends
the big Parade
Solo Circus
North Pole |
1845_17 | References
External links
Dumbo
Disney Channel original programming
1980s American children's television series
Television series by Disney
American television shows featuring puppetry
1985 American television series debuts
1985 American television series endings
American children's fantasy television series
American children's musical television series
Circus television shows
Television series based on Disney films
Television shows about apes
Television series about cats
Television shows about dogs
Television series about elephants
Television series about koalas
Television series about lions |
1846_0 | Juneteenth (officially Juneteenth National Independence Day and also known as Jubilee Day, Emancipation Day, Freedom Day, and Black Independence Day) is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the emancipation of African-American slaves. It is also often observed for celebrating African-American culture. Originating in Galveston, Texas, it has been celebrated annually on June 19 in various parts of the United States since 1865. The day was recognized as a federal holiday on June 17, 2021, when President Joe Biden signed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act into law. Juneteenth's commemoration is on the anniversary date of the June 19, 1865, announcement of General Order No. 3 by Union Army general Gordon Granger, proclaiming freedom for slaves in Texas, which was the last state of the Confederacy with institutional slavery. |
1846_1 | President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, issued on January 1, 1863, had freed the slaves in Texas and all the other Southern secessionist states of the Confederacy except for parts of states not in rebellion. Enforcement of the Proclamation generally relied upon the advance of Union troops. Texas, as the most remote state of the former Confederacy, had seen an expansion of slavery and had a low presence of Union troops as the American Civil War ended; thus, enforcement there had been slow and inconsistent prior to Granger's announcement. Although the Emancipation Proclamation declared an end to slavery in the Confederate States, it did not end slavery in states that remained in the Union. For a short while after the fall of the Confederacy, slavery remained legal in two of the Union border statesDelaware and Kentucky. Those slaves were freed with the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which abolished chattel slavery nationwide on December 6, |
1846_2 | 1865. The last slaves present in the continental United States were freed when the slaves held in the Indian Territories that had sided with the Confederacy were released, namely the Choctaw, in 1866. |
1846_3 | Celebrations date to 1866, at first involving church-centered community gatherings in Texas. They spread across the South and became more commercialized in the 1920s and 1930s, often centering on a food festival. Participants in the Great Migration out of the South carried their celebrations to other parts of the country. During the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, these celebrations were eclipsed by the nonviolent determination to achieve civil rights, but grew in popularity again in the 1970s with a focus on African American freedom and African-American arts. Beginning with Texas by proclamation in 1938, and by legislation in 1979, 49 U.S. states and the District of Columbia have formally recognized the holiday in various ways. With its adoption in certain parts of Mexico, the holiday became an international holiday. Juneteenth is celebrated by the Mascogos, descendants of Black Seminoles who escaped from slavery in 1852 and settled in Coahuila, Mexico. |
1846_4 | Celebratory traditions often include public readings of the Emancipation Proclamation, singing traditional songs such as "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" and "Lift Every Voice and Sing", and the reading of works by noted African-American writers, such as Ralph Ellison and Maya Angelou. Some Juneteenth celebrations also include rodeos, street fairs, cookouts, family reunions, park parties, historical reenactments, and Miss Juneteenth contests. When Juneteenth became a federal holiday on June 17, 2021, it was the first new federal holiday since Martin Luther King Jr. Day was adopted in 1983.
Celebrations and traditions |
1846_5 | The holiday is considered the "longest-running African-American holiday" and has been called "America's second Independence Day". Juneteenth is usually celebrated on the third Saturday in June. Historian Mitch Kachun considers that celebrations of the end of slavery have three goals: "to celebrate, to educate, and to agitate". Early celebrations consisted of baseball, fishing, and rodeos. African Americans were often prohibited from using public facilities for their celebrations, so they were often held at churches or near water. Celebrations were also characterized by elaborate large meals and people wearing their best clothing. It was common for former slaves and their descendants to make a pilgrimage to Galveston. As early festivals received news coverage, Janice Hume and Noah Arceneaux consider that they "served to assimilate African-American memories within the dominant 'American story'." |
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