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1846_6 | Observance today is primarily in local celebrations. In many places, Juneteenth has become a multicultural holiday. Traditions include public readings of the Emancipation Proclamation, singing traditional songs such as "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" and "Lift Every Voice and Sing", and reading of works by noted African-American writers, such as Ralph Ellison and Maya Angelou. Celebrations include picnics, rodeos, street fairs, cookouts, family reunions, park parties, historical reenactments, blues festivals and Miss Juneteenth contests. Strawberry soda is a traditional drink associated with the celebration. The Mascogos, the descendants of Black Seminoles, who have resided in Coahuila, Mexico, since 1852, also celebrate Juneteenth. |
1846_7 | Juneteenth celebrations often include lectures and exhibitions on African-American culture. The modern holiday places much emphasis upon teaching about African-American heritage. Karen M. Thomas wrote in Emerge that "community leaders have latched on to [Juneteenth] to help instill a sense of heritage and pride in black youth." Celebrations are commonly accompanied by voter registration efforts, the performing of plays, and retelling stories. The holiday is also a celebration of soul food and other food with African-American influences. In Tourism Review International, Anne Donovan and Karen DeBres write that "Barbecue is the centerpiece of most Juneteenth celebrations".
History
Early history
The Civil War and celebrations of emancipation |
1846_8 | During the American Civil War (1861–1865), emancipation came at different times to various places in the Southern United States. Large celebrations of emancipation, often called Jubilees (recalling the biblical Jubilee in which slaves were freed) occurred on September 22, January 1, July 4, August 1, April 6, and November 1, among other dates. In Texas, emancipation came late: enforced in Texas on June 19, 1865, as the southern rebellion collapsed, emancipation became a well known cause of celebration. While June 19, 1865, was not actually the 'end of slavery' even in Texas (like the Emancipation Proclamation, itself, General Gordon's military order had to be acted upon) and although it has competed with other dates for emancipation's celebration, ordinary African Americans created, preserved, and spread a shared commemoration of slavery's wartime demise across the United States.
End of slavery in Texas |
1846_9 | President Abraham Lincoln issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation in the midst of the Civil War, announcing on September 22, 1862, that if the rebels did not end the fighting and rejoin the Union by January 1, 1863, he would issue the Emancipation Proclamation. It became effective on January 1, 1863, declaring that all enslaved persons in the Confederate States of America in rebellion and not in Union hands were freed.
More isolated geographically, planters and other slaveholders had migrated into Texas from eastern states to escape the fighting, and many brought enslaved people with them, increasing by the thousands the enslaved population in the state at the end of the Civil War. Although most lived in rural areas, more than 1,000 resided in both Galveston and Houston by 1860, with several hundred in other large towns. By 1865, there were an estimated 250,000 enslaved people in Texas. |
1846_10 | Despite the surrender of Confederate General-in-Chief Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865, the western Confederate Army of the Trans-Mississippi did not surrender until June 2. On the morning of June 19, 1865, Union Major General Gordon Granger arrived on the island of Galveston, Texas, to take command of the more than 2,000 federal troops recently landed in the department of Texas to enforce the emancipation of its slaves and oversee a peaceful transition of power, additionally nullifying all laws passed within Texas during the war by Confederate lawmakers. The Texas Historical Commission and Galveston Historical Foundation report that Granger’s men marched throughout Galveston reading General Order No. 3 first at Union Army Headquarters at the Osterman Building (formerly at the intersection of Strand Street and 22nd Street, since demolished), in the Strand Historic District. Next they marched to the 1861 Customs House and Courthouse before finally marching to |
1846_11 | the Negro Church on Broadway, since renamed Reedy Chapel-AME Church. The order informed all Texans that, in accordance with a Proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves were free: |
1846_12 | Longstanding urban legend places the historic reading of General Order No. 3 at Ashton Villa; however, no extant historical evidence supports such claims. On June 21, 2014, the Galveston Historical Foundation and Texas Historical Commission erected a Juneteenth plaque where the Osterman Building once stood signifying the location of Major General Granger's Union Headquarters and subsequent issuance of his general orders.
Although this event has come to be celebrated as the end of slavery, emancipation for the remaining enslaved in two Union border states (Delaware and Kentucky), would not come until several months later, on December 18, 1865, when ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment was announced. The freedom of formerly enslaved people in Texas was given state law status in a series of Texas Supreme Court decisions between 1868 and 1874.
Early Juneteenth celebrations |
1846_13 | Formerly enslaved people in Galveston celebrated after the announcement. On June 19, 1866, one year after the announcement, freedmen in Texas organized the first of what became the annual celebration of "Jubilee Day". Early celebrations were used as political rallies to give voting instructions to newly freed African Americans. Early independence celebrations often occurred on January 1 or 4. |
1846_14 | In some cities, black people were barred from using public parks because of state-sponsored segregation of facilities. Across parts of Texas, freed people pooled their funds to purchase land to hold their celebrations. The day was first celebrated in Austin in 1867 under the auspices of the Freedmen's Bureau, and it had been listed on a "calendar of public events" by 1872. That year, black leaders in Texas raised $1,000 for the purchase of of land to celebrate Juneteenth, today known as Houston's Emancipation Park. The observation was soon drawing thousands of attendees across Texas; an estimated 30,000 black people celebrated at Booker T. Washington Park in Limestone County, Texas, established in 1898 for Juneteenth celebrations. Blacks began using the word Juneteenth early in the 1890s for Jubilee Day. A Texas periodical The Current Issue used the word as early as 1909, and that year a book on San Antonio, Texas remarked with condescension on "June 'teenth". |
1846_15 | Decline during Jim Crow
In the early 20th century, economic and political forces led to a decline in Juneteenth celebrations. From 1890 to 1908, Texas and all former Confederate states passed new constitutions or amendments that effectively disenfranchised black people, excluding them from the political process. White-dominated state legislatures passed Jim Crow laws imposing second-class status. Gladys L. Knight writes the decline in celebration was in part because "upwardly mobile blacks ... were ashamed of their slave past and aspired to assimilate into mainstream culture. Younger generations of blacks, becoming further removed from slavery were occupied with school ... and other pursuits." Others who migrated to the Northern United States could not take time off or simply dropped the celebration. |
1846_16 | The Great Depression forced many black people off farms and into the cities to find work, where they had difficulty taking the day off to celebrate. From 1936 to 1951, the Texas State Fair served as a destination for celebrating the holiday, contributing to its revival. In 1936, an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people joined the holiday's celebration in Dallas. In 1938, Governor of Texas James V. Allred issued a proclamation stating in part:
Seventy thousand people attended a "Juneteenth Jamboree" in 1951. From 1940 through 1970, in the second wave of the Great Migration, more than five million black people left Texas, Louisiana and other parts of the South for the North and the West Coast. As historian Isabel Wilkerson writes, "The people from Texas took Juneteenth Day to Los Angeles, Oakland, Seattle, and other places they went." In 1945, Juneteenth was introduced in San Francisco by a migrant from Texas, Wesley Johnson. |
1846_17 | During the 1950s and 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement focused the attention of African Americans on expanding freedom and integrating. As a result, observations of the holiday declined again (though it was still celebrated in Texas).
Revival |
1846_18 | 1960s–1980s
Juneteenth soon saw a revival as black people began tying their struggle to that of ending slavery. In Atlanta, some campaigners for equality wore Juneteenth buttons. During the 1968 Poor People's Campaign to Washington, DC, called by Rev. Ralph Abernathy, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference made June 19 the "Solidarity Day of the Poor People’s Campaign". In the subsequent revival, large celebrations in Minneapolis and Milwaukee emerged, as well as across the Eastern United States. In 1974, Houston began holding large-scale celebrations again, and Fort Worth, Texas, followed the next year. Around 30,000 people attended festivities at Sycamore Park in Fort Worth the following year. The 1978 Milwaukee celebration was described as drawing over 100,000 attendees. In the late 1980s, there were major celebrations of Juneteenth in California, Wisconsin, Illinois, Georgia, and Washington, D.C.
Prayer breakfast and commemorative celebrations |
1846_19 | In 1979, Democratic State Representative Al Edwards of Houston, Texas, successfully sponsored legislation to make Juneteenth a paid Texas state holiday. The same year, he hosted the inaugural Al Edwards prayer breakfast and commemorative celebration on the grounds of the 1859 home, Ashton Villa. As one of the few existing buildings from the Civil War era and popular in local myth and legend as the location of Major General Granger’s announcement, Edwards's annual celebration includes a local historian dressed as the Union general reading General Order No. 3 from the second story balcony of the home. The Emancipation Proclamation is also read and speeches are made. Representative Al Edwards died of natural causes April 29, 2020, at the age of 83, but the annual prayer breakfast and commemorative celebration continued at Ashton Villa, with the late legislator's son Jason Edwards speaking in his father’s place.
Official statewide recognitions |
1846_20 | In the late 1970s, when the Texas Legislature declared Juneteenth a "holiday of significance ... particularly to the blacks of Texas," it became the first state to establish Juneteenth as a state holiday. The bill passed through the Texas Legislature in 1979 and was officially made a state holiday on January 1, 1980. Before 2000, three more U.S. states officially observed the day, and over the next two decades it was recognized as an official observance in all states, except South Dakota, until becoming a federal holiday. |
1846_21 | In June 2019, Governor of Pennsylvania Tom Wolf recognized Juneteenth as a holiday in the state. In 2020, state governors of Virginia, New York, and New Jersey signed an executive order recognizing Juneteenth as a paid day of leave for state employees. In 2021, Governor of Oregon Kate Brown signed an executive order recognizing Juneteenth as a paid day of leave for state employees. On June 16, 2021, Illinois Governor J. B. Pritzker signed House Bill 3922, establishing Juneteenth as a paid state holiday starting in 2022; since 2003, it had been a state ceremonial observance in Illinois.
Juneteenth in pop culture and mass media |
1846_22 | Since the 1980s and 1990s, the holiday has been more widely celebrated among African-American communities and has seen increasing mainstream attention in the US. In 1991, there was an exhibition by the Anacostia Community Museum (part of the Smithsonian Institution) called “Juneteenth ’91, Freedom Revisited”. In 1994, a group of community leaders gathered at Christian Unity Baptist Church in New Orleans to work for greater national celebration of Juneteenth. Expatriates have celebrated it in cities abroad, such as Paris. Some US military bases in other countries sponsor celebrations, in addition to those of private groups. In 1999, Ralph Ellison's novel Juneteenth was published, increasing recognition of the holiday. By 2006, at least 200 cities celebrated the day. |
1846_23 | In 1997, activist Ben Haith created the Juneteenth flag, which was further refined by illustrator Lisa Jeanne Graf. In 2000, the flag was first hoisted at the Roxbury Heritage State Park in Boston by Haith. The star at the center represents Texas and the extension of freedom for all African Americans throughout the whole nation. The burst around the star represents a nova and the red curve represents a horizon, standing for a new era for African Americans. The red, white, and blue colors represent the American flag, which shows that African Americans and their enslaved ancestors are Americans, and the national belief in liberty and justice for all citizens. |
1846_24 | The holiday has gained mainstream awareness outside African-American communities through depictions in entertainment media, such as episodes of TV series Atlanta (2016) and Black-ish (2017), the latter of which featured musical numbers about the holiday by Aloe Blacc, The Roots, and Fonzworth Bentley. In 2018, Apple added Juneteenth to its calendars in iOS under official U.S. holidays. Some private companies have adopted Juneteenth as a paid day off for employees, while others have officially marked the day in other ways, such as a moment of silence. In 2020, several American corporations and educational institutions, including Twitter, the National Football League, Nike, announced that they would treat Juneteenth as a company holiday, providing a paid day off to their workers, and Google Calendar added Juneteenth to its U.S. Holidays calendar. Also in 2020, a number of major universities formally recognized Juneteenth, either as a "day of reflection" or as a university holiday with |
1846_25 | paid time off for faculty and staff. |
1846_26 | The 2020 mother-daughter film on the holiday's pageant culture, Miss Juneteenth, celebrates African-American women who are “determined to stand on their own,” while a resourceful mother is “getting past a sexist tendency in her community to keep women in their place.”
2020 Trump campaign scheduling controversy
In 2020, controversy ensued when President Donald Trump initially scheduled his first political rally since the COVID-19 pandemic's outbreak for June 19 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, site of the 1921 race massacre in the Greenwood district. Two days after announcing the rally in Tulsa, President Trump asked a Black secret service agent about Juneteenth. "Yes, I know what it is," the agent said to Trump, "and it’s very offensive to me that you’re having this rally on Juneteenth." That night, Trump tweeted that he wished to change the date of his rally. He postponed it. |
1846_27 | Becoming a federal holiday
In 1996, the first federal legislation to recognize "Juneteenth Independence Day" was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives, H.J. Res. 195, sponsored by Barbara-Rose Collins (D-MI). In 1997, Congress recognized the day through Senate Joint Resolution 11 and House Joint Resolution 56. In 2013, the U.S. Senate passed Senate Resolution 175, acknowledging Lula Briggs Galloway (late president of the National Association of Juneteenth Lineage), who "successfully worked to bring national recognition to Juneteenth Independence Day", and the continued leadership of the National Juneteenth Observance Foundation. |
1846_28 | In the 2000s and 2010s, activists continued a long process to push Congress towards official recognition of Juneteenth. Organizations such as the National Juneteenth Observance Foundation sought a Congressional designation of Juneteenth as a national day of observance. In 2016, Opal Lee, often referred to as the "grandmother of Juneteenth", walked from Fort Worth, Texas to Washington D.C. to advocate for a federal holiday. When it was officially made a federal holiday on June 17, 2021, it became one of five date-specific federal holidays along with New Year's Day (January 1), Independence Day (July 4), Veterans Day (November 11), and Christmas Day (December 25). Juneteenth will coincide with Father's Day in 2022, 2033, 2039, 2044, and 2050. Juneteenth is the first new federal holiday since Martin Luther King Jr. Day was declared a holiday in 1986. Juneteenth also falls within the statutory Honor America Days period, which lasts for 21 days from Flag Day (June 14) to Independence Day |
1846_29 | (July 4). |
1846_30 | Legal observance
State and local |
1846_31 | Texas was the first state to recognize the date, in 1980. By 2002, eight states officially recognized Juneteenth and four years later 15 states recognized the holiday. By 2008, nearly half of states observed the holiday as a ceremonial observance. By 2019, 47 states and the District of Columbia recognized Juneteenth, although as of 2020 only Texas had adopted the holiday as a paid holiday for state employees. In the yearlong aftermath of the murder of George Floyd that occurred on May 25, 2020, nine states had designated Juneteenth a paid holiday, including New York, Washington, and Virginia. In 2020, Massachusetts Governor Charles Baker issued a proclamation that the day would be marked as "Juneteenth Independence Day". This followed the filing of bills by both the House and Senate to make Juneteenth a state holiday. Baker did not comment on these bills specifically, but promised to grant the observance of Juneteenth greater importance. On June 16, 2021, Illinois adopted a law |
1846_32 | changing its ceremonial holiday to a paid state holiday. |
1846_33 | Some cities and counties have also recognized Juneteenth through proclamation. In 2020, Juneteenth was formally recognized by New York City (as an annual official city holiday and public school holiday, starting in 2021), although in 2022 it will be observed as a school holiday on June 20. Cook County, Illinois, adopted an ordinance to make Juneteenth a paid county holiday. The City and County of Honolulu recognizes it as an "annual day of honor and reflection", and Portland, Oregon (as a day of remembrance and action and a paid holiday for city employees). |
1846_34 | North Dakota approved recognition of Juneteenth as a state recognized annual holiday on April 13, 2021, with Hawaii becoming the 49th state to recognize the holiday on June 16, 2021. On June 16, 2020 South Dakota Governor Kristi Noem proclaimed that the following June 19, 2020 was to be Juneteenth Day for that year only, spurning calls for it to be recognized annually, rather than just for 2020. As of June 2021, South Dakota is the only state that has not yet independently recognized Juneteenth as an annual state holiday or observance, according to the Congressional Research Service; nonetheless, its law provides for following the federal law.
National |
1846_35 | Juneteenth is a federal holiday in the United States. For decades, activists and congress members (led by many African Americans) proposed legislation, advocated for, and built support for state and national observances. During his campaign for president in June 2020, Joe Biden publicly celebrated the holiday. President Donald Trump, during his campaign for reelection, added making the day a national holiday part of his "Platinum Plan for Black America". Spurred on by the advocates and the Congressional Black Caucus, on June 15, 2021, the Senate unanimously passed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act, establishing Juneteenth as a federal holiday; it subsequently passed through the House of Representatives by a 415–14 vote on June 16. President Joe Biden signed the bill () on June 17, 2021, making Juneteenth the eleventh American federal holiday and the first to obtain legal observance as a federal holiday since Martin Luther King Jr. Day was designated in 1983. According to |
1846_36 | the bill, federal government employees will now get to take the day off every year on June 19, or should the date fall on a Saturday or Sunday, they will get the Monday or Friday closest to the Saturday or Sunday on which the date falls. |
1846_37 | See also
Emancipation Day
Emancipation Proclamation
History of African Americans in Texas
Independence Day (United States)
Negro Election Day
Miss Juneteenth
Public holidays in the United States
Serfs Emancipation Day
Slavery in the United States
Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
"What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?"
Notes
References |
1846_38 | Bibliography
Blanck, Emily. "Galveston on San Francisco Bay: Juneteenth in the Fillmore District, 1945–2016." Western Historical Quarterly 50.2 (2019): 85–112. Galveston on San Francisco Bay: Juneteenth in the Fillmore District, 1945–2016
Cromartie, J. Vern. "Freedom Came at Different Times: A Comparative Analysis of Emancipation Day and Juneteenth Celebrations." NAAAS Conference Proceedings. National Association of African American Studies, (2014) online.
Donovan, Anne, and Karen De Bres. "Foods of freedom: Juneteenth as a culinary tourist attraction." Tourism Review International 9.4 (2006): 379–389. link
Gordon-Reed, Annette (2021). On Juneteenth, New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. .
Turner, E. H. "Juneteenth: The Evolution of an Emancipation Celebration." European Contributions to American Studies. 65 (2006): 69–81. |
1846_39 | Wiggins Jr, William H. "They Closed the Town Up, Man! Reflections on the Civic and Political Dimensions of Juneteenth." in Celebration: Studies in Festivity and Ritual, ed. Victor Turner (1982): 284–295. |
1846_40 | External links
Jennifer Schuessler, "Liberation as Death Sentence", The New York Times, June 11, 2012
Berkeley Juneteenth Festival, 2014 celebration
Juneteenth: Fact Sheet Congressional Research Service (updated June 3, 2020)
Juneteenth in United States
Juneteenth World Wide Celebration, website for 150th anniversary celebration
Juneteenth Historical Marker, Juneteenth historical marker at 2201 Strand, Galveston, TX 77550
2022 Holidays, United States Office of Personal Management (excludes Juneteenth) |
1846_41 | 1866 establishments in Texas
Recurring events established in 1866
Abolitionism in the United States
African-American culture
African-American events
African-American festivals
African-American history
African-American history of Texas
African-American society
Articles containing video clips
Culture of Galveston, Texas
Emancipation day
Federal holidays in the United States
History of Texas
June observances
Juneteenth
Slavery in the United States
Texas in the American Civil War
Texas state holidays |
1847_0 | Vicente Arandia Gullas (January 12, 1888 – December 22, 1970) was a Filipino Visayan writer, lawyer, and educator from Cebu, Philippines. Founder of the Visayan Institute, he introduced innovation in educational system through the establishment of working student and study-now-pay-later schemes and of satellite schools to allow students from locations outside Cebu City. In 2019, he was hailed as one of the top 100 Cebuano personalities.
As a writer, he published three editions of the English-Cebuano-Spanish dictionary, wrote poems that were printed in the Cebuano periodical, Ang Suga, and published the 1938 historical fiction, Lapu-lapu: Ang Nagbuntog Kang Magellan (Lapu-lapu: The Conqueror of Magellan), which was republished in 2007.
Early life and education
Vicente Gullas was born to Herminigildo Gullas and Necifora Arandia in Cebu City on January 12, 1888. His brother, Paulino Gullas, was the first Cebuano to top the bar exams who perished during World War II. |
1847_1 | His parents were of modest means, and he worked to pay for his high school studies such as getting employed as a clerk and checker on shipping vessels operating in Cebu City. He attended San Nicolas Elementary School, Seminario de San Carlos, Cebu High School, and Manila High School.
As a working student, he excelled in school and became known as a skilled public speaker, becoming president of Cebu Debating Club three times and of Manila's Rizal Debating Club. Upon moving in Manila, he became a reporter while continuing his education and attended Manila High School in 1909 where he was schoolmates with Jose Laurel, Manuel Roxas, and Elpidio Quirino.
He acquired his law degree at the University of the Philippines. In his time, students can take the bar examination without completing the four-year curriculum of Bachelor of Laws. He took and passed the exams when he was a junior student and became a lawyer. |
1847_2 | Personal life
He married Josefina Rivera. The couple bore three children namely former Cebu governor Eduardo Gullas (b.1930), former Congressman of Cebu 1st district Jose Gullas (1934-2021), and Gliceria.
Career
Educator
While he started practicing law as a profession, he shifted focus on education. He founded and became the president of Visayan Institute in 1919. On October 1, 1921, he transformed the management of the school from sole proprietorship to a non-stock corporation and invited friends as its incorporators such as Pantaleon E. Del Rosario, Manuel C. Briones, Eugenio S. del Rosario, and his brother Paulino. |
1847_3 | Renamed as the University of the Visayas in 1948, it was the first university in Cebu and the biggest school in Central Visayas in his time. With the advocacy of providing education to students from average-income to low-income families, it introduced innovations in the educational system such as the availability of evening classes for high school and college students, working student programs, study-now-pay-later scheme, and establishment of satellite schools in locations outside of Cebu City. |
1847_4 | Writer
He was a writer in English and Cebuano and authored books on law, education, and civics. His poems were published in Vicente Sotto's Ang Suga. Moreover, he published a Cebuano-English-Spanish dictionary that was printed for three editions from 1935 to 1953. In 1938, he published the novel of historical fiction, Lapu-lapu: Ang Nagbuntog Kang Magellan (Lapu-lapu: The Conqueror of Magellan). The book was relaunched on March 12, 2007, with introduction and annotation by Resil Mojares and English translation by Erlinda K. Alburo. Critic Alfred A. Yuson commented that the novel was a fictional biography of Lapu-lapu that "merged moralistic teachings with a near-mythic tale of Lapu-lapu's growth as a young boy of athletic prowess and dauntless courage."
Later years
He died on December 22, 1970.
Historical commemoration |
1847_5 | The Vicente Gullas Street located in Cebu City as named in his honor. Previously known as Manalili Street, it starts from Mariano Jesus Cuenco (M.J. Cuenco) Avenue and ends at Osmeña Boulevard. The renaming was made on August 5, 1971, months after his death.
He was included in the Top 100 Cebuano Personalities according to The Freeman.
Publications
English-Visayan-Spanish Dictionary (1953) and (1937) editions
Philippine Government: Development, Organization, Functions and Comparative Organic Studies
Lapu-lapu: Ang Nagbuntog Kang Magellan (Lapu-lapu: The Conqueror of Magellan) (2007)
References
1888 births
1970 deaths
20th-century Filipino lawyers
20th-century Filipino writers
20th-century Filipino poets
Filipino male poets
Filipino novelists
Cebuano writers
20th-century Filipino educators
Filipino academic administrators
Presidents of universities and colleges in the Philippines |
1848_0 | Badrinath Ki Dulhania () is a 2017 Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy film written and directed by Shashank Khaitan and produced by Hiroo Yash Johar, Karan Johar and Apoorva Mehta under the Dharma Productions banner. A spiritual successor to the 2014 film Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania, it stars Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt in the lead roles, and follows the story of an aspiring independent air hostess from rural India who refuses to conform to the patriarchal expectations of her chauvinistic fiancé. The film also features Aakanksha Singh, Rituraj Singh, Yash Sinha, Shweta Basu Prasad, Gaurav Pandey, Aparshakti Khurana, Sahil Vaid and Swanand Kirkire in supporting roles. |
1848_1 | Badrinath Ki Dulhania marked the third collaboration between Dhawan and Bhatt following their previous films Student of the Year (2012) and Humpty Sharma ki Dulhania (2014). It is the second installment in the Dulhania franchise. Principal photography began in May 2016 and it was filmed across Panvel, Singapore and Kota on a production budget of 270 million. The film was theatrically released in India on 10 March 2017, coinciding with the Holi weekend. The film became a financial success, earning over 1.90 billion worldwide at the box office. At the 63rd Filmfare Awards, it was nominated in eight categories including Best Film, Best Director for Khaitan, Best Actor for Dhawan and Best Actress for Bhatt; it won Best Male Playback Singer for Arijit Singh. |
1848_2 | Plot
Badrinath "Badri" Bansal is the younger son of a wealthy family in Jhansi. In a flashback, it is shown that Badri's elder brother, Aloknath "Alok" Bansal was in love with a girl and was going to leave the family for her because their father disapproved, but decided against it after their father Ambarnath "Ambar" Bansal's first heart attack. Now Alok is married to Urmila Shukla through an arranged marriage and she is not allowed to work despite being very intelligent and better professionally trained than Alok himself. Alok is also depressed at having to leave his love and be forced into a marriage, so he spends a lot of his time drinking. Badri fears the same fate for himself and so when he sees the beautiful and educated Vaidehi Trivedi at a wedding supposedly being looked after by her father Mayank, he falls for her immense beauty and charm. He eventually becomes obsessed with her and makes it his mission to marry her with Ambar's approval. |
1848_3 | Vaidehi is an intelligent young woman, much more educated than Badri. She has completed her graduation and is secretly training to become a flight attendant while Badri has only passed the tenth grade. She's initially uninterested in getting married and is offended by his marriage proposal because once, her father had arranged her marriage with a boy named Sagar, for whom Vaidehi also later fell, but he fooled her family and ran away with all her money. Badri learns about this and questions Vaidehi why she always runs from marriage proposals. |
1848_4 | Badri helps Vaidehi's elder sister, Kritika find a husband in local singer Bhushan Mishra and even resolves a dowry crisis with Bhushan's father Jitendra Mishra, Vaidehi agrees to marry him. On their wedding day, however, Vaidehi does not show up is revealed to have run away to Mumbai. Furious, Ambar commands a heartbroken Badri to find Vaidehi and bring her back so they can punish her. Despite being afraid of Ambar's words, Badri goes to Mumbai to find Vaidehi, where he discovers that she's already moved to Singapore for a flight attendant training program. |
1848_5 | Badri shows up on Vaidehi's doorstep in Singapore, and kidnaps her, pulling her into his car. On the way, he pulls over and lets her out of the car trunk and they have an emotional yet heated argument. Badri is furious at her for leaving him at the altar and she apologizes, trying to assure him that the reason she left was not because of him. Badri grabs her by the throat while venting out all his frustration and anger on her, when a police car pulls up and is about to arrest Badri for violently approaching Vaidehi, and while she defends him, they both are doubted and Badri is taken to the police station anyway and Vaidehi comes along for testifying. At the police station, Vaidehi covers up for Badri. Over the next few days, Badri follows Vaidehi. Alok calls and tells him that Ambar has started looking for other brides. This terrifies Badri and he attempts entry into Vaidehi's workplace. She stops him and tells him she'll marry him only if he can convince Ambar to let her work and |
1848_6 | live in Singapore. Badri gets drunk that night and causes a scene outside Vaidehi's residential building and he is arrested by the police again, where this time Vaidehi has to pay $1500 to bail him out. |
1848_7 | Badri moves into Vaidehi's apartment where she cares for him by cooking for him before leaving for work every day, which humbles him. They spend time together with friends and tour Singapore together. Over time, Badri begins to respect Vaidehi's independence and is impressed by her job and intelligence. He also remembers Urmila and feels sorry that she doesn't get to work, telling Vaidehi that she would be proud of her. Badri and Vaidehi begin to spend more time together which causes them to grow closer. When Ambar calls, Badri lies and tells him that he hasn't found Vaidehi yet, and so Ambar tells Badri to return home. When Badri receives his passport back, Vaidehi invites him to party with her and his newly made friends. Later that night, Badri confides to Vaidehi that he feels she would be a lucky charm of a wife for her future husband. The next day Badri leaves for Jhansi and Vaidehi starts to miss him, depressed by his absence. |
1848_8 | Back in Jhansi, Urmila is pregnant and Ambar holds a mega-pooja to ensure that a boy is born. Badri feels sorry for her and misses Vaidehi at the same time, finally understanding why she ran away. Before the pooja, he gets heavily drunk and berates Ambar for being disrespectful towards women. He blames Ambar for being the reason that he can't have Vaidehi when suddenly he sees Vaidehi from the corner of his eye. She tells him that she loves him and wants to marry him. Together they stand up to Ambar and tell him that they will get married and Vaidehi will work as she pleases regardless of whether he agrees or not. |
1848_9 | In the epilogue, it is shown that Badri and Vaidehi maintain a long-distance relationship while she finishes her training program in Singapore before moving back to India and starting her own flight attendant training center. Urmila gives birth to twins, one boy and girl, and it is shown that so far Ambar has been treating both of them equally. She also starts working in the family's car showroom with Alok and even gets her own cabin. Badri and Vaidehi promise not to collect any dowry for any of their children. The film ends with Badri and Vaidehi driving off on his motorbike, happily reunited. |
1848_10 | Cast
Varun Dhawan as Badrinath "Badri" Bansal
Alia Bhatt as Vaidehi Trivedi : Sagar's Former Fiancé; Badri's love interest and turned - Fiancé
Rituraj Singh as Ambarnath "Ambar" Bansal: Badri's father
Yash Sinha as Aloknath "Alok" Bansal: Badri's brother
Shweta Basu Prasad as Urmila Shukla Bansal: Alok's wife
Swanand Kirkire as Mayank Trivedi: Vaidehi's father
Kanupriya Pandit as Manasvi Trivedi: Vaidehi's mother
Sahil Vaid as Somdev Mishra: Badri's best friend
Sukhmani Lamba as Kritika Mishra [née Trivedi]: Bhushan’s wife
Aparshakti Khurana as Bhushan Mishra: Kritika's Husband
Rajendra Sethi as Jitendra Mishra: Bhushan's father
Aakanksha Singh as Kiran Kakkar: Vaidehi's friend in Singapore
Gaurav Pandey as Gurmeet Singh Lamba: Vaidehi's friend in Singapore and Kiran's boyfriend
Gauahar Khan as Laxmi Shankar: a cop in Singapore
Atul Narang as Sagar: Vaidehi's Former Fiancé. |
1848_11 | Production
Badrinath Ki Dulhania marks the second installment of a franchise that began with the romantic comedy Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania (2014), which was also directed by Shashank Khaitan, produced by Karan Johar for Dharma Productions and starred Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt in the lead roles. The film was first announced on 3 May 2016 with the release of an online motion poster featuring Dhawan and Bhatt at a local village fair. Principal photography also began on the same day. Some of the scenes were also shot at the Ghatotkach Circle, Kishore Sagar Lake and Seven Wonders Park in Kota, Rajasthan.
Soundtrack
The music for the film has been composed by Amaal Mallik, Tanishk Bagchi and Akhil Sachdeva while the lyrics have been written by Kumaar, Shabbir Ahmed, Akhil Sachdeva, Badshah and Indeevar. The soundtrack was released on 14 February 2017 by T-Series. |
1848_12 | The song "Humsafar" was originally composed by Akhil Sachdeva. "Tamma Tamma Again" is a recreation of the song "Tamma Tamma" produced by Bappi Lahiri for the 1990 film Thanedaar. In turn, "Tamma Tamma" itself was based on two songs from Mory Kanté's 1987 album Akwaba Beach: "Tama" and "Yé ké yé ké".
The title track "Badri Ki Dulhania" appears to be inspired by the song "Chalat Musafir" from the film Teesri Kasam (1966), which in turn was inspired by a Bihari folk song. Arijit Singh won the Best Playback Singer (Male) in the Filmfare Awards 2018 for his rendition of the song "Roke Na Ruke Naina".
Critical reception
On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 80%, based on ten reviews, with an average rating of 6.43/10. |
1848_13 | Nihit Bhave from Times of India rated the film 3.5/5 and stated "Badrinath Ki Dulhania is a rucksack full of radioactive social issues handled cautiously". He also praised Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhat's chemistry saying, " Together, Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt are the best thing that could have happened to our screens". Rohit Vats from Hindustan Times gave film 2.5/5 and noted that Varun Dhawan by portraying a Jhansi boy, reminds of Govinda. Shubhra Gupta from The Indian Express gave film 3/5 saying, "Alia Bhatt is pitch-perfect as dulhania with a mind of her own. Varun Dhawan impresses as a boy-struggling-to-be-a-man. Together, they offer us a flavourful romance which takes down patriarchy." Tushar Joshi from DNA India described the film as light, entertaining and likeable. He writes, "Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt prove that on screen chemistry can be enough sometimes to keep you engaged in an average plot with a predictable narrative". Anupama Chopra of Film Companion gave the film 3 |
1848_14 | out of 5 stars and said, "Think of Badrinath ki Dulhania as a dose of feminism-lite. I was smiling through the film. |
1848_15 | ...Varun excels as Badri. He has an earnestness that connects instantly. He captures each nuance of Badri – his longing for Vaidehi, his confusion and hurt and the eventual transformation of his rage into understanding and respect." Raja Sen of Rediff gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and said, "What makes Badrinath Ki Dulhania work, really, is the intent and the two principal actors." Rajeev Masand of CNN-IBN gave 2.5 stars out of 5, commenting "Writer-director Shashank Khaitan evidently bites off more than he can chew. Badrinath Ki Dulhania isn’t merely interested in being a breezy rom-com. Admirably, it’s also a critique on the dowry system, and makes a strong case for a woman’s right to choose career over marriage. Unfortunately some of this is communicated in a tone that’s too heavy-handed, and as a result you’re easily bored." |
1848_16 | Box office
Badrinath Ki Dulhania netted 12.25 crore in India on its opening day. On the second and third day, it earned 14.75 crore and 16.05 crore nett, taking total opening weekend domestic nett collection to 43.05 crore. The film grossed 73.66 crore nett domestically in its opening week. It netted 27.08 crore in its second week, in which it had entered the 100 Crore Club, taking two weeks total nett collection at 100.74 crore. The film's lifetime gross collection domestically was 162 crore (including a nett total of 117.83 crore) and lifetime gross collection in overseas markets was , thus making a worldwide total collection of 206 crore.
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Badrinath Ki Dulhania at Bollywood Hungama
2017 films
2010s Hindi-language films
2017 romantic comedy films
Films scored by Amaal Mallik
Indian sequel films
Indian films
Indian romantic comedy films
Fox Star Studios films
Films shot in Rajasthan |
1849_0 | The Amtrak Cascades is a passenger train corridor in the Pacific Northwest, operated by Amtrak in partnership with the U.S. states of Washington and Oregon. It is named after the Cascade mountain range that the route parallels. The corridor runs from Vancouver, British Columbia, through Seattle, Washington and Portland, Oregon to Eugene, Oregon.
In the fiscal year 2017, Cascades was Amtrak's eighth-busiest route with a total annual ridership of over 810,000. In fiscal year 2018, farebox recovery ratio for the train was 63%. On-time performance in FY2021 was 58.7%. |
1849_1 | , 11 trains operate along the corridor each day–two between Vancouver, BC and Seattle, two between Vancouver, BC and Portland, three between Seattle and Portland; one from Portland to Eugene, and three between Eugene and Seattle. no train traveled directly through the entire length of the corridor. For trains that do not travel directly to Vancouver or Eugene, connections are available on Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach services. Additionally, Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach services offer connections to other destinations in British Columbia, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington not on the rail corridor.
History |
1849_2 | Passenger train service between Seattle and Portland–the core of what became the Cascades corridor–was operated as a joint partnership by the Northern Pacific, Great Northern, and Union Pacific from 1925 to 1970, with the three railroads cross-honoring tickets on their Seattle-Portland routes. When Great Northern and Northern Pacific were folded into the Burlington Northern in 1970, the reconfigured partnership continued to operate the Seattle-Portland service until the creation of Amtrak in 1971. Service between Vancouver, BC and Seattle was provided via the Great Northern/Burlington Northern International, and between Portland and Eugene by Southern Pacific. |
1849_3 | Amtrak took over intercity passenger rail operations from the private railroads on May 1, 1971. Initial service on the Seattle–Portland portion of the corridor consisted of three daily round trips–one long-distance train running all the way to San Diego, along with two corridor trains inherited from Burlington Northern. There was no corridor service south to Eugene, and no service to the Canadian border at all. The trains were unnamed until November 1971, when the two corridor trains were named the Mount Rainier and Puget Sound and the long-distance train became the Coast Starlight.
Passenger rail service to Vancouver, BC was restarted on July 17, 1972, with the inauguration of the Seattle–Vancouver Pacific International, which operated with a dome car (unusual for short runs). The train was Amtrak's first international service. |
1849_4 | The next major change to service in the corridor came on June 7, 1977, when Amtrak introduced the long-distance Pioneer between Seattle, Portland and Salt Lake City, Utah. To maintain the same level of service between Seattle and Portland, the Puget Sound was eliminated, and the schedule of the Mount Rainier was shifted.
The corridor expanded south of Portland to Eugene on August 3, 1980 with the addition of the Willamette Valley, which operated with two daily round trips, financially subsidized by the State of Oregon.
The Pacific International and Willamette Valley struggled to attract riders and were discontinued in September 1981 and December 1981, respectively.
This left three trains on the Seattle–Portland corridor: the regional Mount Rainier and the long-distance Pioneer and Coast Starlight. This level of service would remain unchanged for 13 years.
Expansion in the 1990s and 2000s |
1849_5 | In 1994, Amtrak began a six-month trial run of modern Talgo equipment over the Seattle–Portland corridor. Amtrak named this service Northwest Talgo, and announced that it would institute a second, conventional train on the corridor (supplementing the Mount Rainier) once the trial concluded. Regular service began on April 1, 1994.
Looking toward the future, Amtrak did an exhibition trip from Vancouver through to Eugene. Amtrak replaced the Northwest Talgo with the Mount Adams on October 30. At the same time, the state of Oregon and Amtrak agreed to extend the Mount Rainier to Eugene through June 1995, with Oregon paying two-thirds of the $1.5 million subsidy. |
1849_6 | Service to Vancouver, BC returned on May 26, 1995, when the Mount Baker International began running between Vancouver and Seattle. The state of Washington leased Talgo equipment similar to the demonstrator from 1994. The Mount Rainier was renamed the Cascadia in October 1995; the new name reflected the joint Oregon–Washington operations of the train.
A third Seattle–Portland corridor train began in the spring of 1998 with leased Talgo equipment, replacing the discontinued long-distance Pioneer. The other Seattle–Portland/Eugene trains began using Talgo trainsets as well, while the Seattle-Vancouver train used conventional equipment. In preparation for the Vancouver route receiving Talgo equipment as well, Amtrak introduced the temporary Pacific Northwest brand for all four trains, dropping individual names, effective with the spring 1998 timetable. |
1849_7 | Amtrak announced the new Amtrak Cascades brand in the fall 1998 timetable; the new equipment began operation in December. The full Cascades brand was rolled out on January 12, 1999, following a six-week delay due to an issue with the seat designs on the Talgo trainsets. Amtrak extended a second train to Eugene in late 2000.
From the mid-1990s to the May 12, 2008 Amtrak system timetable, full service dining was available on trains going north out of Seattle's King Street Station to Vancouver. The southern trains to Portland briefly had full dining services until the May 16, 1999 system timetable.
In 2004, the Rail Plus program began, allowing cross-ticketing between Sound Transit's Sounder commuter rail and Amtrak between Seattle and Everett on some Cascades trains. |
1849_8 | The corridor has continued to grow in recent years, with another Portland–Seattle train arriving in 2006, and the long-awaited through service between Vancouver, BC and Portland, eliminating the need to transfer in Seattle, beginning on August 19, 2009 as a pilot project to determine whether a train permanently operating on the route would be feasible.
With the Canadian federal government requesting Amtrak to pay for border control costs for the second daily train, the train was scheduled to be discontinued on October 31, 2010. However, Washington State and Canadian officials held discussions in an attempt to continue the service, which resulted in the Canadian government permanently waiving the fee. |
1849_9 | Two additional round trips between Seattle and Portland were added on December 18, 2017; an early morning departure from each city and a late evening return, enabling same-day business travel between the two cities. On the first day of service, a train derailed outside of DuPont, Washington, south of Tacoma.
In March 2020, Amtrak Cascades service north of Seattle was suspended indefinitely after all non-essential travel across the Canada–United States border was banned in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Amtrak crews ran practice trips between Seattle and Vancouver, BC, in February 2022—north Cascades service is tentatively slated to return in the spring.
Route
Stations
Ridership
Total ridership for 2008 was 774,421, the highest annual ridership since inception of the service in 1993. Ridership declined in 2009 to 740,154 but rose 13% in fiscal year 2010 to 836,499 riders, and to 847,709 riders in 2011. |
1849_10 | Ridership declined steadily between 2011 and 2015, attributed in part to competition from low-cost bus carrier BoltBus, which opened a non-stop Seattle–Portland route in May 2012. Low gasoline prices and schedule changes due to track construction also contributed to the decline. Ridership rose again in 2016, and was expected to continue rising in 2017 and beyond, after the completion of the Point Defiance Bypass construction project. The COVID-19 pandemic pandemic drastically reduced ridership numbers throughout the entire Amtrak network.
Rolling stock |
1849_11 | Service on the Cascades route is currently provided using two articulated trainsets manufactured by Talgo, a Spanish company. These cars are designed to passively tilt into curves, allowing the train to pass through them at higher speeds than a conventional train. The tilting technology reduces travel time between Seattle and Portland by 25 minutes. Current track and safety requirements limit the train's speed to , although the trainsets are designed for a maximum design speed of . |
1849_12 | A typical trainset consists of 13 cars:
one baggage car;
two "business class" coaches;
one lounge car (also known as the Diner car);
one cafe car (also known as the Bistro car);
seven "coach class" coaches; and
one combination cab/power car (which houses a driver's cab, a head-end power generator and other equipment).
Trainsets are typically paired with a Siemens Charger locomotive painted in a matching paint scheme. Additionally, trainsets without a cab car are paired with a Non-Powered Control Unit (NPCU), an older locomotive with no engine, that is also painted in a matching paint scheme and is used as a cab car. |
1849_13 | The fleet consists of two Talgo Series 8 trainsets built in 2013. These trainsets operated alongside five older Talgo Series VI trainsets until their retirement in 2020. The service offered by the different trainset types is similar, but there are some minor differences between the two models. The most notable difference is the older Series VI trainsets have tail fins at both ends of the train that serve as an aesthetic transition from the low-profile trainsets and the larger locomotives. The Series 8 trainsets do not have the tail fins, but instead have a cab built into the power car allowing push-pull operation without a separate control unit. There are also minor differences in the interior appointments. |
1849_14 | The Cascades service started in Fall 1998 with four Series VI trainsets, two were owned by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) and two were owned by Amtrak. Each trainset was built with 12 cars and a six-car spare set, including a baggage car, service car, lounge car, café car and two "coach class" coaches, was also built. The trainsets can hold 304 passengers in 12 cars. |
1849_15 | In 1998, Amtrak also purchased an additional Series VI trainset as a demonstrator for potential service between Los Angeles and Las Vegas. This trainset was built with two additional "coach class" coaches, for a total of 14 cars. The demonstration route was not funded and WSDOT purchased the trainset in 2004 to expand service. The purchase also allowed Amtrak and WSDOT to redistribute the "coach class" coaches. By using the two additional coaches from this new trainset and placing the two coaches from the spare set into regular service, the agencies were able to create four 13-car trains and one 12-car train.
In 2013, the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) purchased the two Series 8 trainsets to enable further expansion of services. Each trainset was equipped with 13 cars. |
1849_16 | The Cascades equipment is painted in a special paint scheme consisting of colors the agency calls evergreen (dark green), cappuccino (brown), and cream. The trainsets are named after mountain peaks in the Pacific Northwest (many in the Cascade Range). The four original Series VI trainsets were named after Mount Baker, Mount Hood, Mount Olympus, and Mount Rainier. The Series VI trainset built to operate between Las Vegas and Los Angeles was renamed the Mount Adams when it was purchased by the state of Washington. This trainset was subsequently destroyed in the December 18, 2017, derailment on the Point Defiance Cutoff. The two Series 8 trainsets are named Mount Bachelor and Mount Jefferson. |
1849_17 | In early 2014, the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), awarded a contract to Siemens USA to manufacture 8 new Siemens Charger locomotives for the Cascades. The order was part of a larger joint purchase between Illinois, California, Michigan, and Missouri. These locomotives were delivered to WSDOT in Summer 2017 and went into service in late 2017. The additional locomotives were to have enabled two additional runs to be added as part of the Point Defiance Bypass project (the additional service was suspended and its recommencement has not been announced) and will replace the six EMD F59PHI locomotives leased from Amtrak; these were sold to Metra in early 2018. One SC-44 locomotive was destroyed in the December 18, 2017, derailment on the Point Defiance Cutoff, but was soon replaced by a newly built Charger by Siemens (1408) in August 2020. In the wake of the accident, Amtrak proposed to lease or buy two Talgo trainsets which were originally bought for use in Wisconsin |
1849_18 | but never operated. |
1849_19 | In August 2019, the Federal Railroad Administration awarded WSDOT up to $37.5 million to purchase three new trainsets for the route, allowing the replacement of the older Talgo VI trainsets. The Talgo VI trainsets were withdrawn in June 2020. As a temporary replacement, Horizon cars are being used alongside the existing Talgo Series 8 sets, until new cars are introduced. The last two remaining Talgo VI trainsets were hauled to a scrapper on February 28, 2021. |
1849_20 | Amtrak and Siemens Mobility announced a $7.3 billion national railcar order in July 2021, which includes funding for 48 new Siemens Venture coaches for Cascades service. Deliveries are expected to begin in 2024, with service expected to begin in 2025 or 2026 after funding is approved by Congress. These trainsets will be used to replace the Talgo VI trainsets retired in 2020, as well as to expand service. The new coaches will be used in six-coach trainsets with a capacity of 350 passengers, far more than the capacity of the Talgo trainsets, and will be able to modify trainset lengths based on expected passenger demand. The new coaches are expected to cost WSDOT $150 million, of which $75 million has been secured as of July 2021. Additional funding is expected from the federal government, as well as potentially the governments of Oregon and British Columbia. |
1849_21 | Funding
Funding for the route is provided separately by the states of Oregon and Washington, with Union Station in Portland serving as the dividing point between the two. As of July 1, 2006, Washington state has funded four daily round trips between Seattle and Portland. Washington also funds two daily round trips between Seattle and Vancouver, BC. Oregon funds two daily round trips between Eugene and Portland. The seven trainsets are organized into semi-regular operating cycles, but no particular train always has one route. |
1849_22 | Local partnerships
As a result of Cascades service being jointly funded by the Washington and Oregon departments of transportation, public transit agencies and local municipalities can offer a variety of discounts, including companion ticket coupons.
FlexPass and University of Washington UPass holders receive a 15% discount (discount code varies) on all regular Cascades travel. Employers participating in these programs may also receive a limited number of free companion ticket coupons for distribution to employees.
The Sound Transit RailPlus program allows riders to use weekday Cascades trains between Everett and Seattle with the Sounder commuter rail fare structure.
The Cascades service also benefits from Sound Transit's track upgrades for Sounder service, notably the Point Defiance Bypass project.
Proposed changes |
1849_23 | According to its long-range plan, the WSDOT Rail Office plans eventual service of 13 daily round trips between Seattle and Portland and 4–6 round trips between Seattle and Bellingham, with four of those extending to Vancouver, BC. Amtrak Cascades travels along the entirety of the proposed Pacific Northwest High Speed Rail Corridor; the incremental improvements are designed to result in eventual higher-speed service. According to WSDOT, the "hundreds of curves" in the current route and "the cost of acquiring land and constructing a brand new route" make upgrades so cost-prohibitive that, at most, speeds of 110 mph (177 km/h) can be achieved.
The eventual high-speed rail service according to the long-range plan should result in the following travel times:
Seattle to Portland – 3:30 (2006); 3:20 (after completion of Point Defiance Bypass); 2:30 (planned)
Seattle to Vancouver BC – 3:55 (2006); 2:45 (planned)
Vancouver BC to Portland – 7:55 (2009); 5:25 (planned) |
1849_24 | In order to increase train speeds and frequency to meet these goals, a number of incremental track improvement projects must be completed. Gates and signals must be improved, some grade crossings must be separated, track must be replaced or upgraded and station capacities must be increased.
In order to extend the second daily Seattle to Bellingham round trip to Vancouver, BNSF was required to make track improvements in Canada, to which the government of British Columbia was asked to contribute financially. On March 1, 2007, an agreement between the province, Amtrak, and BNSF was reached, allowing a second daily train to and from Vancouver. The project involved building an siding in Delta, BC at a cost of US$7 million; construction started in 2007 and has been completed.
In December 2008, WSDOT published a mid-range plan detailing projects needed to achieve the midpoint level of service proposed in the long-range plan. |
1849_25 | In 2009, Oregon applied for a $2.1 billion Federal grant to redevelop the unused Oregon Electric Railway tracks, parallel to the Cascades' route between Eugene and Portland. But it did not receive the grant. Instead, analysis of alternative routes to enable more passenger trains and higher speeds proceeded. In 2015, the current route, with numerous upgrades, was chosen by the Project Team as the Recommended Preferred Alternative. The Preferred Alternative, if built, would decrease the trip time by 15 minutes from 2 hours and 35 minutes to 2 hours and 20 minutes and increase the number of daily trains from 2 to 6 from Eugene to Portland. |
1849_26 | In 2013, travel times between Seattle and Portland remained the same as they had been in 1966, with the fastest trains making the journey in 3 hours 30 minutes. WSDOT received more than $800 million in high-speed rail stimulus funds for projects discussed in the mid-range plan, since the corridor is one of the approved high-speed corridors eligible for money from ARRA. The deadline for spending the stimulus funds is September 2017. The schedule was for the Leadership Council to vote on this in December 2015, then a Draft Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement was to be released in 2016 and hearings held on it, for the Leadership Council to finalize the Recommended Selected Alternative in 2017, then publish the Final Tier 1 EIS and receive the Record of Decision in 2018. Then if funds can be found, design and engineering must be done before any construction can begin.
Accidents and incidents |
1849_27 | July 2017 derailment
On July 2, 2017, northbound train 506 derailed while approaching the Chambers Bay drawbridge southwest of Tacoma, Washington. The train was traveling above the speed limit of after passing an "Approach" signal (indicating that it be prepared to stop short of the next signal) at the bridge. As the bridge was raised and open, a device known as a "de-rail" was engaged, used to prevent a train from proceeding and falling in to the water by derailing it beforehand. The incident root cause was human error due to the engineer losing situational awareness. Only minor injuries were sustained due to the low speed at time of event as the engineer did attempt to stop on seeing the bridge up. The train's consist, an Oregon DOT-owned Talgo VIII set, was returned to the Talgo plant in Milwaukee, Wis. for repairs and returned to service in April 2018.
December 2017 derailment |
1849_28 | On December 18, 2017, while making the inaugural run on the Point Defiance Bypass, Amtrak Cascades passenger train 501 derailed near Dupont, Washington, killing three passengers. The National Transportation Safety Board said in a news conference later that day that the event data recorder showed the speed to be , while the speed limit in the area was . Positive train control (PTC), a technology meant to help regulate train speed and prevent operator error, was reported to have been installed on the line, but preliminary reports state it was not active. WSDOT announced that it would not resume service until the full implementation of PTC. (Sounder service to Lakewood continued to operate.) Service was then scheduled to restart in early 2019. PTC was activated on the Bypass in March 2019 and the NTSB report was released in May that year; Cascades service resumed on the bypass on November 18, 2021, almost four years after the derailment. |
1849_29 | See also
United States border preclearance
Rail transportation in the United States
Rail transport in Canada
References
Notes
External links
Amtrak Cascades Train Equipment (Washington State Department of Transportation)
1972 first draft of "Cascades" concept (Oregon Department of Transportation)
Amtrak routes
Named passenger trains of Canada
International named passenger trains
Passenger rail transport in British Columbia
Passenger rail transportation in Oregon
Passenger rail transportation in Washington (state)
Tilting trains
Railway services introduced in 1971
Talgo |
1850_0 | Federico Cornaro or Corner (died 1382) was a 14th-century Venetian patrician, merchant and politician. In 1379, he was accounted the richest man in Venice, having become wealthy from his sugar plantations in Cyprus. He used this wealth to buy his son a marriage with the heiress of the Lordship of Argos and Nauplia in Greece, which he de facto ruled in their name until his death. |
1850_1 | Relations with the Kingdom of Cyprus |
1850_2 | The exact date of his birth and his early career are unknown, and difficult to reconstruct due to the presence of namesake figures of the wider House of Cornaro at the same time. Around the middle of the 14th century, he bought the palazzo now known as the Ca' Loredan, which today houses the municipal council of Venice. There he hosted Albert III, Duke of Austria during his visit in 1361, as well as King Peter I of Cyprus a short while after. The latter event resulted in a close relationship between the two men. Federico received lands and honours—membership in Peter's Order of the Sword, the right to add the Lusignan arms to his own, and the fief of Episkopi in the south of Cyprus—while in exchange in 1365, during another royal visit to Venice, Federico gave the King a loan of 60,000 ducats. Before his departure for the Alexandrian Crusade, King Peter named Federico as his procurator general in his relations with Venice. Federico also undertook, along with his brothers, to pay an |
1850_3 | annual sum of 5,000 gold florins to Mary of Enghien, the widow of Guy of Lusignan. |
1850_4 | The fief of Episkopi, granted with a complete tax exemption as Peter was unable to repay his loans, was soon developed into the major centre for sugar production aimed for the Venetian market. To consolidate his numerous business interests on Cyprus, Federico founded a trading company with his brothers Fantino (who served as its resident agent in Cyprus) and Marco, and with Vito Lion.
The trade with Cyprus, and particularly Episkopi, became the cornerstone of Federico's commercial success; by 1379, he was accounted the richest man in Venice. The Cypriot kings remained insolvent, and a few years after his death, Federico's heirs obtained from James I of Cyprus the kingsom's salt pans as well. Indeed, a branch of the Cornaro family settled in Cyprus and became known as the "Cornaro della Piscopia". |
1850_5 | Involvement in Venetian politics
Along with his commercial activities, Federico Cornaro was also active in the Venetian politics of his day. In 1368 he was one of the electors of Doge Andrea Contarini, and served as ambassador to the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV. In July 1372 he was included in a zonta of thirty patricians to the Council of Ten, convened to debate the Republic's stance against Francesco I da Carrara, lord of Padua. Once war was decided upon, he was named to a commission of five 'sages' charged with financing the war. |
1850_6 | In March 1376 he was elected as one of the ambassadors meant to mediate between Florence and the Holy See, but the mission did not materialize in the end. In November of the same year he was sent to Padua to inform its lord of the conclusion of a peace between Venice and the Kingdom of Hungary. In 1377 he was member of a commission of ten patricians convened to negotiate with the King of Aragon, as well as of a five-member board of 'sages' on reducing public expenditure. By confusion with his namesake of the Sant'Aponal branch, he has sometimes been erroneously named as participating in the negotiations for the marriage of Peter II of Cyprus with Valentina Visconti. He did however host Valentina Visconti and her entourage before they sailed for Cyprus. |
1850_7 | In 1378, he was sent, along with Giovanni Bembo, as ambassador to Milan, with the aim of convincing its ruler, Bernabò Visconti, of allying with Venice in the War of Chioggia against the Republic of Genoa. In March 1379, he was sent as ambassador to Ferrara. He apparently remained there for the duration of the War, providing supplies for his besieged home city. His influence, especially with Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy, helped end the war in the Treaty of Turin, which among other things guaranteed his commercial interests in Cyprus.
Federico Cornaro served again as ambassador do Francesco I da Carrara, then in a zonta of twenty to the Venetian Senate, and in early 1382 on another embassy to Niccolò II d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara. In April 1382, he was sent to Cyprus to mediate between King Peter II and the Genoese. He returned to Venice in June, just in time to be one of the electors of Doge Michele Morosini. |
1850_8 | Acquisition of Argos and Nauplia
Being one of the wealthiest Venetian patricians of his age, Federico could afford to conduct his own foreign policy. As part of his entrepreneurial activities in the East, he arranged the marriage of his son Pietro to Maria of Enghien, Lady of Argos and Nauplia in southern Greece, in 1377. Maria of Enghien and Pietro Cornaro were both still young when they became lords of Argos and Nauplia. In the first years of their reign, they resided in Venice, and Federico acted on their behalf, securing permissions from the Venetian government to send supplies or arm a galley to defend the lordship. Even after Pietro left for Nauplia himself following his father's death, the two cities were considered by the Venetian Senate as "more or less as Venetian possessions". By 1394, both cities also passed formally into the possession of the Venetian Republic. |
1850_9 | Death and burial
Federico died in late 1382, being survived by his wife Bianca and two sons, Giovanni and Pietro. In accordance to his will, composed in 1378, he was buried next to his brother Marco in the church of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari. His son Giovanni built a funeral chapel for him there in 1417.
References
Sources
1382 deaths
14th-century births
14th-century merchants
14th-century Venetian people
Ambassadors of the Republic of Venice
Ambassadors of the Republic of Venice to the Duchy of Milan
Burials at Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari
Federico
People of the Kingdom of Cyprus
People of the War of Chioggia |
1851_0 | James "Barry" Waldrep (born November 18, 1962) is an American Bluegrass, Jam Band, Americana instrumentalist, songwriter, composer and record producer. Main instrument is acoustic guitar, but also plays electric guitar, mandolin and banjo.
Waldrep co-founded the bluegrass/jam band Rollin' in the Hay in July 1993. The band was based in Birmingham, Alabama, and formed as a side project. Waldrep was also a full time member of the Birmingham band Telluride. Rollin' In The Hay soon became a full-time band touring the Jam Band circuit of festivals and college campuses across the country until May 2009. The band produced 7 CDs and performed over 300 dates per year for 16 years. |
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