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Columbia, SC (WLTX) -- Learning can take on a whole new meaning when someone your own age is leading the way. Students at Dent Middle School are teaching others and guiding them through an exhibit on Anne Frank and the Holocaust. "It

Columbia, SC (WLTX) -- Learning can take on a whole new meaning when someone your own age is leading the way. Students at Dent Middle School are teaching others and guiding them through an exhibit on Anne Frank and the Holocaust. "It's really nice to be able to feel like you know her story, almost as if you were with her, instead of just saying this is Anne Frank and she lived in the Holocaust. I can actually tell how she felt and what she thought about it in her own opinions," said Madison Stone, a 13-year-old student guide. Eighteen seventh and eighth have taken on the role of guides after rounds of training in the spring and again in the fall. "I think it brings it to life for them and I think that you know they're really getting some detail in both her life and the Holocaust that they're not usually gonna get to in class or through their own study," said Marc Turner, the exhibit's site facilitator. He says all of the school's students will view the exhibit. Students view a video and learn lessons about Anne Frank and the Holocaust before visiting the exhibit, and some say makes them appreciate the past. "I learned new things, things that I didn't know about Anne Frank," said Samantha Mendez. "It was neat cause I have a journal myself so it's really cool knowing that even Anne Frank had a journal and expressed her feelings in another way instead of telling everybody her feelings," added Armani Wright. Before leaving, the students write their thoughts on the exhibit and sign a log that will be sent to the Anne Frank House. As for the guides, the experience has enhanced more than just their knowledge of history. "It makes me actually want to write more because when I think about it, if she had never wrote down her feelings we would have never knew about her story, " said 13-year-old Frankie Collins. "I thought I was really shy before, I didn't want to talk in front of a group of people, but this helped me with that," said 13-year-old Ivory Void. Now, some of the student guides say stepping into their new role has given them something that they will not forget. "It's been a really amazing experience for me, and I've known a little bit about Anne Frank, b

Figure. Schematic of estimation method. An infectious person (in red) infects a susceptible person (in green) in the same household with probability of household secondary attack rate (SAR1) and infects a susceptible person in a different

Figure. Schematic of estimation method. An infectious person (in red) infects a susceptible person (in green) in the same household with probability of household secondary attack rate (SAR1) and infects a susceptible person in a different household with probability SAR2. The common infectious source (i.e., avian hosts) infects a susceptible person with probability b per day. The likelihood function is constructed from symptom-onset dates and exposure information to estimate the above parameters The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.

Submitted to: Conservacion De Forrajes De Alta Calidad Conservation Of High Quality Fora Publication Type: Proceedings Publication Acceptance Date: June 19, 1998 Publication Date: N/A Technical Abstract: Corn sil

Submitted to: Conservacion De Forrajes De Alta Calidad Conservation Of High Quality Fora Publication Type: Proceedings Publication Acceptance Date: June 19, 1998 Publication Date: N/A Technical Abstract: Corn silage is a relatively easy crop to ensile because of its high sugar content and low buffering capacity. This may lead some to believe that less careful attention to silage management is all right with corn. However, such notions are false. One key to success is to harvest at the right stage of maturity, 1/2 to 2/3 milkline, where yields and quality are high, and moisture content is appropriate for good ensiling. Good silo management is also needed to minimize the exposure of the silage to air, particularly because corn silage is susceptible to heating and spoilage. Steps that will help minimize spoilage include: rapid filling, packing to a high density, sealing well, maintaining the seal, and feeding out at a sufficient rate to minimize oxygen exposure.

From the Payette National Forest Warren Historic Walking Tour As you look down Warren main street, imagine the history that occurred here. After the gold discovery in 1862, the town held over 2,000 people. During lulls in

From the Payette National Forest Warren Historic Walking Tour As you look down Warren main street, imagine the history that occurred here. After the gold discovery in 1862, the town held over 2,000 people. During lulls in mining activity the population plummeted but soared again as dredging started in the 1930's. Many have walked Warren's streets: Sylvester "Three-Fingered" Smith, the hunter "Cougar Dave" Lewis, Madam Saux, born of French nobility, Polly Bemis, Ah Khan and Ah Sam 'honorary mayor' of Warren. Warren winters promised skiing, horse-drawn sleigh rides, Chinese New Year celebrations and temperatures as low as minus 41 degrees. Except for occasional bar fights, Chinese tong wars, highway robberies and a huge 1904 business district fire, Warren was considered a relatively calm mining camp. In 1989, the Whangdoodle wildfire threatened the entire town. The fire started in the Whangdoodle Creek drainage. During the fire, burning twigs and ash rained down on the town. In 2000, flames from the Burgdorf Junction fires were visible on the ridges northwest of town. Site 1 - Warren Guard Station - In 1918, the Forest Service moved its Guard Station from Hays Station, near the South Fork of the Salmon River, to Warren. Construction dates at the station site range from the barn built in 1909 to the'modern' 1959 ranch style, one level frame house. The other facilities were built by Franklin D. Roosevelt's Civilian Conservation Corps. The water cannon, or "hydraulic giant," now in front of the station, washed the hillsides through sluice boxes as part of the placer mining process. The Guard Station offers information and exhibits on the history of the area. It is only open during the summer. Site 2 - Warren School - In 1868, Warren had the first public school in Idaho County and boasted four students. In 1887, the community collected $180 to build a new school house, signalling a banner year in nth century education. Subjects included spelling, penmanship, reading and singing. Books for the entire school cost about $27 per year and the institution was sustained on between $100 and $150 each year. The front, one-room portion of the b

The sub-editor is the writer's safety net. This hugely demanding role ranges from checking the clarity, accuracy and consistency of everything that goes out to an audience to crafting the headlines that sell newspapers and magazines, and pull readers to websites. This e

The sub-editor is the writer's safety net. This hugely demanding role ranges from checking the clarity, accuracy and consistency of everything that goes out to an audience to crafting the headlines that sell newspapers and magazines, and pull readers to websites. This e-learning course dissects the role of the sub-editor – from catching misp

This is your brain on death: White light, peace, euphoria. The near-death experience, as described by some people who have been resuscitated after the clinical death of a stopped heart, points to an afterlife, or something profound

This is your brain on death: White light, peace, euphoria. The near-death experience, as described by some people who have been resuscitated after the clinical death of a stopped heart, points to an afterlife, or something profound happening in the space between life and death. Some scientists are trying to explain the phenomenon, and they may have found the cause. As Surprising Science writes, a surge of brain activity after death may explain the experience of going into the light. Scientists have discovered that after the heart stops, which is considered clinical death, the brain keeps on ticking. Electrical signals surge for roughly 30 seconds after the heart stops, slowly declining, until they stop altogether. And these aren't the last lingering gasps of brain activity. The brain becomes more active. "At near-death, many known electrical signatures of consciousness exceeded levels found in the waking state, suggesting that the brain is capable of well-organized electrical activity during the early stage of clinical death," said George Mashour, a neurosurgery professor who worked on the study. This is it then, right? The scientific explanation for the near-death experience? The measured, observable effect of heart failure on the brain? Well, yes--except the study was conducted with rats. The scientists induced cardiac arrest in nine rats to observe what happened in their brains. An EEG machine measured brain activity and gave them their findings. To make sure it was clinical death, and not just the effects of a heart attack, that caused the burst of activity, they suffocated other rats and got the same results. Performing the same study with human patients would, obviously, be problematic. Even if the human brain doesn't function exactly the same way, there could be a strong correlation between how the two operate in a near-death situation. Finding volunteers for the next phase of the research, however, may be a challenge.

Page 1 of 4 The age old problem If you have few numbers to add up - no problem. Even if you want to calculate the orbitals of the hydrogen atom you can do it, as long as you know how.

Page 1 of 4 The age old problem If you have few numbers to add up - no problem. Even if you want to calculate the orbitals of the hydrogen atom you can do it, as long as you know how. In this day and age arithmetic is never a problem unless you have massive computational designs. Yet only a short time ago even simple sums taxed the human brain to the extent that the growth of commerce and government was severely limited by the difficulty of adding 2 and 2. Today we think of all the things that computers can do for us and we know why we want one - keeping in touch with our Facebook friends; Internet banking; downloading MP3s, playing the latest blockbuster game - and oh yes, just occasionally we crunch some numbers. But in the early days doing sums was the main reason for wanting or inventing the computer. You could say that the need to add two and two and make four was the driving force behind computing. Limitations of notation Before you can even begin to think of automating arithmetic you have to have a good basic system to automate. From our smug standpoint this seems ridiculously easy, but just try adding CXVII to LXIIV to see what I mean. The chances are that the Romans would have had a better grasp of the pure sciences, and Roman engineering would really be something to marvel at, if only they had a simpler notation for arithmetic! More seriously the problems of running the empire, collecting taxes and such like would have been more possible. The Romans weren't the only ones to have problems with their notation. The Greeks and the Chinese were similarly handicapped. Hence the old story that the Greeks would rather argue philosophically about the number of teeth that a hors

Basic Exponential and Scientific Notation for Chemistry Part of the Chemistry Workbook For Dummies Cheat Sheet In chemistry, you often use exponential notation, which is simply using exponents to express a number. Scientific notation is a specific form of exponential

Basic Exponential and Scientific Notation for Chemistry Part of the Chemistry Workbook For Dummies Cheat Sheet In chemistry, you often use exponential notation, which is simply using exponents to express a number. Scientific notation is a specific form of exponential notation that uses powers of 10, and numbers between 1 and 10, written as follows, where A is between 1 and 10 and B is an integer: Measurements have only a certain amount of precision. When you do calculations with measurements, you must make sure that your answers suggest no greater precision than was present in the original measurements: For addition and subtraction, use exponential notation to express both numbers using the same power of 10. Then round the sum or difference to the same number of decimal places as held by the measurement with the fewest decimal places. For multiplication and division, express both numbers in scientific notation so it's clear how many significant figures each number has. Round the product or quotient to the same number of significant figures as held by the measurement with the fewest significant figures.

- Type: Museums NileGuide Expert Says: Not squeamish, then watch videos of modern surgical techniques, including brain surgery & see the effects of syphilis on the body. - Discover almost everything about the history and development

- Type: Museums NileGuide Expert Says: Not squeamish, then watch videos of modern surgical techniques, including brain surgery & see the effects of syphilis on the body. - Discover almost everything about the history and development of surgery. Located in Holborn, the museum is found in the Museum Mile district. It is predominantly made up of the collection of John Hunter, the 18th century surgeon and anatomist. The eight galleries explore almost everything to do with the history of surgery including the 'Story of Surgical Instruments,' which explores the design, manufacture and development of surgical instruments in the medical and dental professions. The museum is successful in providing a deep, detailed insight into the world of surgery. Make use of the free guided tours every Wednesday at 1p. Admission is free. - © wcities.com 2013

Surprising news for organic food lovers in the recent issue of the Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology: a University of Washington study found high levels of plastic in the bodies of people who refrained from eating food that had been packaged in plastic

Surprising news for organic food lovers in the recent issue of the Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology: a University of Washington study found high levels of plastic in the bodies of people who refrained from eating food that had been packaged in plastic containers. The small study focused on families who only ate local and organic food that was prepared carefully to avoid any plastic, which can contain harmful chemicals including BPA (bisphenol-A) and phhalates, both hormone disruptors connected with reproductive issues, obesity and diabetes. The study broke families into two groups: those advised on the risks of plastic chemicals and those who were given organic foods and beverages both prepared and stored without plastic. According to the study author, Sheela Sathyanarayana, MD, MPH, assistant professor of pediatrics at UW, the detectable levels of plastic chemicals even rose in the bodies of the people strictly avoiding the substance, suggesting that the food itself is now a source for plastic chemicals. Urine samples from the family members that were expected to decrease from avoiding the plastic had phthalate levels rise 2,400 percent higher than at the beginning of the study, with the highest levels being found in children. The alarming rise in chemicals prompted the researchers to go back and look at the ingredients fed to the organic group. They were able to identify two culprits: high-fat dairy products and organic coriander as being contaminated with the chemicals. But, the researchers noted, the benefits of consuming organic foods far outweighs the risk of chemical exposure. Keep in touch with Jill on Twitter @jillettinger

Since the process of cheating on an exam is quite different from plagiarizing an essay, different strategies must be used to address this problem. Again, it is much better to prevent cheating than merely detect it. The rules of behaviour in exams should be

Since the process of cheating on an exam is quite different from plagiarizing an essay, different strategies must be used to address this problem. Again, it is much better to prevent cheating than merely detect it. The rules of behaviour in exams should be made clear in advance, so that students do not inadvertently do something the instructor views as unacceptable and know that invigilators are aware of possible ways of cheating. York's Senate Policy on Invigilation of Examinations provides general instructions and procedures for conducting examinations. In addition, the following is provided to help in dealing with different types of cheating on exams: Getting illegal access to information about the exam before it takes place This can be prevented by making sure copies or drafts of the exam are not accessible to anyone who should not have access to it. Material related to the exam should not be left on desks or in wastebaskets. In some cases desperate students have broken into offices to retrieve copies of an exam. Locking up exam material in a file cabinet or making the material difficult to find can be an extra precaution. Copying from another student This can be hard to avoid or detect in crowded examination halls, particularly in sloping lecture halls, where students may be able to see the work of several other students without being obvious about it. This kind of cheating is particularly easy in the case of multiple choice questions or questions for which the answer is a number, a formula or a diagram. Some suggestions to minimize copying include: - Seat students as far apart as the room allows - It is better to seat students behind each rather than side by side - In sloping lecture halls, an invigilator standing at the front of the room and looking towards the students can note if their eyes are wandering in inappropriate directions - Have students remove hats that might hide wandering eyes - Create two or more versions of the exam and distribute them to alternate seats, so that students cannot easily see other copies of their version of the exam. For example, different versions of a multiple choice question could be obtained by rearranging the order of the questions, or of the answers for each question. Indicating in advance that there will be several versions of the exam can prevent cheating. If there is some reason to suspect that a student is copying from another student, but if the invigilator is not completely sure, it may be appropriate to ask the student to move to another seat where copying is not possible. This should be done in a way that does not cause disruption for other students. It also can be useful to have another invigilator assess the situation. Bringing information into the exam room before or during an exam. This could involve smuggling in notes, either at the start of the exam or in connection with a trip to the washroom. It also could involve the use of a cell phone or other communication device. Such devices should not be allowed. To minimize the possibility of a student bringing in exam booklets containing information, you could mark the official booklets for the exam in some way. Arranging for someone else to write the exam The main preventative measure here is to check identification and signatures carefully. This kind of cheating is extremely difficult If all the students are known to the instructor, but for big classes it may be hard to prevent. Photographs are not always clear, especially if the hairstyle or the glasses of the person has changed. As in the case of copying from another student, it would be appropriate to ask students to remove hats that hide faces. Changing the answer on a graded question This involves a student changing the answer on a graded question and then, without acknowledging the changes, asking the instructor to grade the exam again.The alteration may involve changing an answer or adding additional material. Requiring students to write in ink will prevent them from changing answers, and graders can draw lines around or under students' written answers so that it is difficult to add material. If there is reason to suspect that an answer has been altered after having been returned to the student, it could be appropriate to make a copy of later tests written by the same student, so that hard evidence can be obtained. Invigilators need to take their responsibilities seriously, and watch for activities that suggest cheating. In the interest of prevention, it is important for students to know in advance that cheating of any type is not acceptable, and that confirmed cases of cheating will result in penalties. It is also very important that students know exactly what constitutes cheating. The rules should be clearly defined. The best way to do this is to include information with the material handed out at the beginning of the course.

Bad breath (or halitosis) is a condition where malodorous emissions are issued from the mouth. This condition is usually detected by people other than the person affected by the condition. Unfortunately, most people are not aware of their

Bad breath (or halitosis) is a condition where malodorous emissions are issued from the mouth. This condition is usually detected by people other than the person affected by the condition. Unfortunately, most people are not aware of their own bad breath until someone else points it out or the condition becomes so bad that the individual becomes aware of their own problem. Chronic bad breath is caused by bateria. The mouth is a breeding ground for literally hundreds of different types of bacteria. Food you eat gets lodged into pockets and crevices under the tongue, under the gums, in the back of the throat, among other places. The combination of bacteria and food creates volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) which is released through the breath and produces a disagreeable odor. The tongue and its cracks and crevices house a large amount of bacteria. A significant amount of bacteria cannot not be removed by brushing alone. Using a tongue scraper is recommend for removing bacteria and other causes of bad breath related to the tongue. Chronic bad breath is also caused by: - Post nasal drip - Sinus drainage - Periodontal disease Temporary bad breath is caused by foods like onions and garlic. These foods contain sulfur compounds that are absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the lungs. When you exhale, the VSCs that formed over several hours after ingestion are transported by your breath. Some foods produce odors that linger in the mouth and cause temporary bad breath. In some cases, brushing or using a bacteria-neutralizing mouthwash containing chlorine dioxide may limit the effects of these odors. In addition to mouthwashes and rinses, sugarless mints and gum stimulate saliva production. Saliva helps eliminate bateria in the mouth. Bacteria is a contributor to bad breath. A dry mouth is an ideal environment for bacteria growth and bad breath. A moist mouth helps dilute VSCs as well as remove bacteria. Remember, the daily brushing, flossing, and tongue scraping are very effective in eliminating bad breath. Schedule professional cleanings and regular checkups which will aid in combating bad breath. If you have a chronic problem with halitosis and you would like additional help, call us at 207-947-4767 today to schedule an appointment with Dr. Carreira.

Think your 18 megapixel camera is awesome? Well the European Space Station has a 576 megapixel camera, and it’s going in to space on a mission to study the universe’s dark side.* Affixed on a 3.9

Think your 18 megapixel camera is awesome? Well the European Space Station has a 576 megapixel camera, and it’s going in to space on a mission to study the universe’s dark side.* Affixed on a 3.9-foot telescope aboard the 4,760-pound spacecraft Euclid, named after the ancient Greek mathematician, the camera will be studying 70 million galaxies to understand how dark matter and dark energy impact them. Dark energy, the expanding force of the universe, and dark matter, the invisible matter that makes up most of it, can't be measured directly. But through near-infrared photos, scientists hope to see these forces’ gravitational influence on stars and galaxies. Euclid is a $788-million p

Capybara sighting in California: Huge rodent called harmless A wastewater treatment plant has gained some notoriety after workers spotted a capybara three weeks ago. The animal came out of a wastewater pond at the plant in Paso Robles

Capybara sighting in California: Huge rodent called harmless A wastewater treatment plant has gained some notoriety after workers spotted a capybara three weeks ago. The animal came out of a wastewater pond at the plant in Paso Robles in San Luis Obispo County and paddled around in the water before reaching the Salinas River. Capybaras are the world’s largest rodents -– they can reach the size of a small dog -– and are often described as a mix between a rat and a guinea pig. They’re nocturnal and semi-aquatic, and prefer habits with dense vegetation and access to water. They are illegal to own as a pet in California. The rodents aren’t dangerous, “just weird looking,” said Department of Fish and Game spokesman Andrew Hughan. “Somebody probably brought it in as a pet and they either got away or people couldn’t deal with it anymore,” Hughan said. “It’s no harm. It’s just going to root around.” It's not the first time a capybara has been spotted in Paso Robles, said Lt. Todd Tognazzini of the Department of Fish and Game. Game wardens received a report about three years ago of a capybara in a pond near Hunter Ranch Golf Course, but because there were no other sightings and beavers live in the area, they thought it was a mistaken report. Eight months later, a man who was feeding his horses sa

The 2003 Dreamworks movie Madagascar had it right: This island is like no place on Earth. Imagine a place filled with small, strange looking creatures roaming a landscape ranging from lush forests to drier, sometimes spiny forests, where giant

The 2003 Dreamworks movie Madagascar had it right: This island is like no place on Earth. Imagine a place filled with small, strange looking creatures roaming a landscape ranging from lush forests to drier, sometimes spiny forests, where giant bottle-shaped trees mark the skyline. This is Madagascar. Off the east coast of Africa, Madagascar's geographical isolation from the rest of the continent means it is chock full of animals and plants found nowhere else in the world. Case in point: Madagascar's lemurs. The island is home to more than 90 types of the odd primates, all of which are unique to the country. The indri, for instance, is a panda-colored forest acrobat that catapults itself from tree to tree and screams a high-pitched wail worthy of a humpback whale. The odd-looking aye-aye uses its jaw-dropping features – including bat-like ears, teeth that don't stop growing, and a long, skinny finger – to fill a role as a woodpecker on an island where no woodpeckers exist. SPECIES: Learn more about Madagascar's unique lemurs and listen to recordings of their calls. Beyond lemurs, the world's fourth largest island is an enormous living lab. More species of orchids are found in Madagascar than on the entire African mainland. There is a more diverse chameleons population here than anywhere else. Those bottle-shaped trees are called baobabs, and six of the world's eight species are here. Off Madagascar's coast, the Bay of Ambodivahibe is home to several globally threatened species of exceptional fish. EXPEDITION: CI's Rapid Assessment team spent three weeks exploring ecosystems and documenting species off the Northeastern coast of Madagascar. Follow the expedition through their field dispatches! Roughly 17 million Malagasy people live and work across this same varied terrain. Their roots in both Africa and Asia mean they are a group as diverse as their surroundings. But people's impact on the land means the curious island is far from pristine. Roughly four-fifths of Madagascar's forests have been stripped bare. At sea, bleached reefs reveal that Madagascar's waters are threatened by climate change. Environmental devastation brings with it health and economic risks for the Malagasy people. LEARN MORE: Fresh Water for Health Thankfully, the government of Madagascar has an ambitious vision to make the country's biodiversity the foundation of the nation's wealth. CI remains a committed partner in this process. Learn more about our work in Madagascar's Makira Forest and Mantadia Corridor. READ MORE: Andasibe: Madagascar's Forest Gem Works for People

| George Dewey was born in Montpelier, Vermont, on December 26, 1837. After studying at Norwich University, he attended the US Naval Academy, graduating in 1858. During the Civil War, he served as

| George Dewey was born in Montpelier, Vermont, on December 26, 1837. After studying at Norwich University, he attended the US Naval Academy, graduating in 1858. During the Civil War, he served as executive officer of a number of ships, including the Mississippi, and worked with the Atlantic Blockading Squadron and at Fort Fisher. After the war, he was promoted through the ranks, reaching the rank of commodore in 1896. In November 1897, Dewey was placed in command of the Asiatic Squadron. When the Spanish American War broke out in April of 1898, he led his squadron to Manila Bay, 600 miles from where they had been stationed. Beginning the morning of May 1, 1898, he and his squadron managed to destroy the entire Spanish fleet in seven hours of fighting, without a single American casualty or loss of ship. For this accomplishment, Dewey was acclaimed a hero throughout the United States, and was promoted to rear admiral, then admiral in 1899. In 1900, after his return to the United States, he was appointed president of the general board of the Navy Department, a position he held until his death. In that capacity, he worked toward moving the military toward interservice strategic planning, serving as the first seniority chairman of the army-navy joint board (1903-1917). Dewey published an Autobiography in 1913. He died in Washington, D.C., on January 16, 1917.

When a study is created, a set of metadata is associated with that study. This metadata is called the Cataloging Information for the study. When you select a study to view it, you first see the Cataloging Information tab listing the metadata associated

When a study is created, a set of metadata is associated with that study. This metadata is called the Cataloging Information for the study. When you select a study to view it, you first see the Cataloging Information tab listing the metadata associated with that study. This is the default view of a study. Cataloging Information contains numerous fields that help to describe the study. The amount of information you find for each study varies, based on what was entered by the author (Contributor) or Curator of that study. For example, one study might display the distributor, related material, and geographic coverage. Another study might display only the authors and the abstract. Every study includes the Citation Information fields in the Cataloging Information. Note: A comprehensive list of all Cataloging Information fields is provided in the List of Metadata. Cataloging Information is divided into four sections. These sections and their details are displayed only when the author (Contributor) or Curator provides the information when creating the study. Sections consist of the following: - Citation Information - These fields comprise the citation for the study, consisting of a global identifier f

(Phys.org) —Two researchers from the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania and another from Duke University in North Carolina together have found that a person's political ideology might impact his or her decision-making when purchasing products described as good for the environment

(Phys.org) —Two researchers from the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania and another from Duke University in North Carolina together have found that a person's political ideology might impact his or her decision-making when purchasing products described as good for the environment, versus, money saving. In their paper published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the team describes two field studies they conducted to better understand the issues involved and the results they found. In the first study, 657 people (divided roughly in half by gender) were asked to fill out a questionnaire that was designed to reveal the person's political leanings as well as their energy-saving product purchasing habits. In analyzing the answers given by the participants, the researchers found a trend that suggested that the more conservative a person's political views, the less favorably they saw products advertised as environmentally friendly. Those with such leanings tended to claim they were more likely to buy such products, however, if they were instead advertised as money saving investments. Conversely, those with more liberal leanings tended to be more receptive towards buying products solely because they believed they would help solve environmental problems. In the second study, 210 volunteers were interviewed and then given $2 each to purchase a light bulb. The light bulbs offered for sale were either "normal" or an energy efficient variety (with a higher price.) The higher priced bulbs were identical but were advertised in two different ways: one made claims about how the light bulb was good for the planet, the other claimed to save the buyer money by using less electricity. The researchers found those with more conservative views were less inclined to buy the special bulbs when the labeling touted its planet-saving features. When it was labeled as a money-saver however, conservatives were quite willing to buy them. Those with a more liberal view were found willing to buy the special bulb regardless of which advertising was used. In another variant of the study, the researchers found that both conservatives and liberals bought the special bulb over the "normal" bulb if they were priced the same. The researchers suggest that those people in the study with conservative ideology were not necessarily against buying so-called green products, but have been conditioned to associate such terms with liberalism, and thus, shy away from products labeled as such. Because of this, the researchers suggest those that market such products look towards creating new phrases that aren't tied to one group or another when making their pitches. Explore further: Name-brand or generic? Your political ideology might influence your choice More information: Political ideology affects energy-efficiency attitudes and choices, PNAS, Published online before print April 29, 2013, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1218453110 This research demonstrates how promoting the environment can negatively affect adoption of energy efficiency in the United States because of the political polarization surrounding environmental issues. Study 1 demonstrated that more politically conservative individuals were less in favor of investment in energy-efficient technology than were those who were more politically liberal. This finding was driven primarily by the lessened psychological value that more conservative individuals placed on reducing carbon emissions. Study 2 showed that this difference has consequences: In a real-choice context, more conservative individuals were less likely to purchase a more expensive energy-efficient light bulb when it was labeled with an environmental message than when it was unlabeled. These results highlight the importance of taking into account psychological value-based considerations in the individual adoption of energy-efficient technology in the United States and beyond.

Dietary patterns and hypertension among Chinese adults: a nationally representative cross-sectional study 1 National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 7 Pan Jia Yuan Nan Li, Chaoyang District, Beijing

Dietary patterns and hypertension among Chinese adults: a nationally representative cross-sectional study 1 National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 7 Pan Jia Yuan Nan Li, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China 2 Civil Aviation Medicine Center, Civil Aviation Administration of China, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China 3 Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China BMC Public Health 2011, 11:925 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-925Published: 14 December 2011 Several healthful dietary patterns appear to be effective at lowering blood pressure and preventing hypertension. However, the relationship between dietary patterns and hypertension among a representative Chinese population sample is unclear. A nationally representative sample of 23 671 participants aged 18-59 years were recruited by the 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey. All participants had their blood pressure measured with standardized mercury sphygmomanometers. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg. We conducted factor analysis using dietary information from a validated food frequency questionnaire to derive dietary patterns. Information of participants on physical activities, education level, annual household income, smoking status and family history of hypertension was collected by interviewer-administrated questionnaires. Three major dietary patterns, defined as 'Western', 'traditional northern', and 'traditional southern', were identified. Participants with the highest quartile for the score of the Western pattern had significantly higher blood pressure comparing with counterparts in the lowest quartile. In contrast, participants in the top quartile for the score of the traditional southern pattern presented significantly lower blood pressure comparing with counterparts in the lowest quartile. In multivariate analyses the traditional northern pattern score was associated with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.30 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-1.53, P for trend = 0.0001) comparing with the lowest quartile. The OR for the top quartile of score for the traditional southern pattern was 0.73 (95% CI, 0.59-0.89, P for trend = 0.0040) compared with the lowest quartile of traditional southern pattern score. However, the significant association between the traditional northern pattern and prevalence of hypertension disappeared after further adjusting for body mass index (BMI) (P for trend = 0.3), whereas the association between the traditional southern pattern and prevalence of hypertension persisted after further adjusting for BMI (P for trend = 0.01). We observed a positive relationship between the traditional northern pattern and hypertension that was mediated through differences in BMI. In addition, the traditional southern pattern was significantly associated with lower odds of presenting with hypertension.

Being physically fit may improve survival rates among [type 2] diabetes patients with a particular type of heart abnormality, a new study determines. The results were recently presented at The Endocrine Society's 94th Annual Meeting in Houston. In

Being physically fit may improve survival rates among [type 2] diabetes patients with a particular type of heart abnormality, a new study determines. The results were recently presented at The Endocrine Society's 94th Annual Meeting in Houston. In the United States, nearly 26 million people have diabetes, according to the American Diabetes Association. Being overweight or obese increases the risk of [type 2] diabetes, and more people are developing the disease as the obesity epidemic continues. Treatment includes making lifestyle changes and taking medication to control blood sugar. Left ventricle hypertrophy, or LVH, is an abnormality characterized by a thickening of the muscular walls of the heart's main pumping chamber, which can reduce its ability to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. Causes of LVH include high blood pressure, and other heart and medical conditions. Medications are available to treat the disease. While both [type 2] diabetes and LVH can increase the risk of death, the effects of these diseases in relation to physical-fitness levels were unclear. In this study, [type 2] diabetic patients who were not physically fit and

William E. Stafford "If you have been wondering where the articulate, readable poems have gone in the last third of the 20th century, you might start with [William] Stafford," declares Victor Howes of the Christian Science Monitor. A

William E. Stafford "If you have been wondering where the articulate, readable poems have gone in the last third of the 20th century, you might start with [William] Stafford," declares Victor Howes of the Christian Science Monitor. A pacifist and one of "the quiet of the land," as he often describes himself, Stafford is known for his unique method of composition, his soft-spoken voice, and his independence from social and literary expectations. As G. E. Murray comments in a National Forum review, "Stafford generally has been appreciated as a plain talking but remarkably effective and influential American poet, one who has paradoxically fashioned a part of the mainstream of American poetry by keeping apart from its trends and politics." And while critics through the years have not been unanimous to rank Stafford as a major poet, they concur that he is one of the most esteemed. This was confirmed in 1986 when Stafford's peers named him more often than anyone else in a Writer's Digest poll to identify America's ten major living poets. About Stafford's ambiguous position in the hierarchy of American letters, Steve Garrison of the Dictionary of Literary Biography affirms, "That Stafford's is an important voice worthy of study, and of respect, cannot be disputed. He offers a unique way into the heart of the world." One of America's most prolific poets, Stafford is, according to James Dickey in his book Babel to Byzantium, "a real poet, a born poet," whose "natural mode of speech is a gentle, mystical, half-mocking and highly personal daydreaming about the western United States." Frederick Garber says of Stafford's first book of poems, West of Your City, "West is both Midwest and far West but it is always west of where we are. It is the place of nature and especially of nature's secrecy, that Otherness which we can touch at times." Earlier in the American Poetry Review article, Garber claims, "The long spaces which stretch ahead of us, compelling our half-willed entry into them; that curious Other,... whose hiding-places and motivation are out in those long spaces and have to be sought for there—this is essential Stafford." Other critics explain that the Kansas-born poet and long-time Oregon resident uses western landscapes to address universal themes. New York Times Book Review contributor Ralph J. Mills, Jr., comments, "Of the Eastern states, of our swollen urban areas, [Stafford] does not write, though his work and attitudes say a good deal indirectly about contemporary modes of living that have lost touch with the earth and what it has to teach. He is a regional writer in the best, rather than the narrow sense: He uncovers and keeps alive strata of experience and knowledge that his readers are in grave danger of losing, and without which, Stafford keeps saying, they will forget how 'To walk anywhere in the world, to live / now, to speak, to breathe a harmless / breath.'" Stafford's poems most often take place on a mountainside, a riverbank, or a roadside—"near an exit," as he told Peter Ellsworth in a Chicago Review interview. The houses in which the poet grew up, according to his essay in Contemporary Authors Autobiography Series, were always near the edge of town, beyond which there was "adventure, fields forever, or rivers that wended off over the horizon, forever. And in the center of town was a library, another kind of edge out there forever, to explore." Dennis Daley Lynch finds in all the poetry "a searching" that the speaker in the poems regards "as a duty, a charge." Writing in Modern Poetry Studies, Lynch cites as evidence the final line of "Vocation," the last poem in Stafford's 1963 National Book Award-winning title, Traveling through the Dark: "Your job is to find out what the world is trying to be." An extension of Stafford's "questing imagination," in Garrison's view, the poetry also "seeks to take the reader to the frontiers of his own imagination, to the edge of what he knows, and then to induce him to explore farther." Fascination with the process of discovery also accounts for Stafford's distinctive method of composition. He told Ellsworth, "I feel very exploratory when I write.... I feel like Daniel Boone going into Kentucky. The thing is being there and finding it." Essays that reveal more about Stafford's way of writing make up Writing the Australian Crawl, which Garrison believes to be the best introduction to the poems. About the book, Stafford, who has also taught writing for thirty years, comments in Contemporary Authors Autobiography Series, "My disquiets—my pacifist disquiets, I guess—about teaching and writing by competitive methods are in that book. For me, a crucial sentence there is, 'A writer is not so much someone who has something to say as he is someone who has found a process that will bring about new things he would not have thought of if he had not started to say them.'" The sentence he cites begins an essay first published in Field (1970) in which Stafford reports that he sits alone in the early mornin

Superhero TechWASHINGTON (AP) — From Grimm's fairy tales to Harry Potter, the cloak of invisibility has played a major role in fiction. Now scientists have taken a small but important new step toward making it reality. Researchers at Germany's

Superhero TechWASHINGTON (AP) — From Grimm's fairy tales to Harry Potter, the cloak of invisibility has played a major role in fiction. Now scientists have taken a small but important new step toward making it reality. Researchers at Germany's Karlsruhe Institute of Technology report they were able to cloak a tiny bump in a layer of gold, preventing its detection at nearly visible infrared frequencies. Their cloaking device also worked in three dimensions, while previously developed cloaks worked in two dimensions, lead researcher Tolga Ergin said. The cloak is a structure of crystals with air spaces in between, sort of like a woodpile, that bends light, hiding the bump in the gold later beneath, the researchers reported in Thursday's online edition of the journal Science. In this case, the bump was tiny, a mere 0.00004 inch high and 0.0005 inch across, so that a magnifying lens was needed to see it. "In principle, the cloak design is completely scalable; there is no limit to it," Ergin said. But, he added, developing a cloak to hide something takes a long time, "so cloaking larger items with that technology is not really feasible." "Other fabrication techniques, though, might lead to larger cloaks," he added in an interview via e-mail. The value of the finding, Ergin said, "is that we learn more about the concepts of transformation optics, and that we have made a first step in producing 3-D structures in that field." "Invisibility cloaks are a beautiful and fascinating benchmark for the field of transformation optics, and it is very seldom that one can foretell what practical applications might arise out of a field of fundamental research," he added. In earlier research, a team led by David Schurig at Duke University developed a way to cloak objects in two dimensions from microwaves. Like light and radar waves, microwaves usually bounce off objects, making them visible to instruments and creating a shadow that can be detected. The new research led by Ergin used infrared waves, which are close to the spectrum of visible light. In cloaking, special materials deflect radar, light or other waves around an object, like water flowing around a smooth rock in a stream. It differs from stealth technology, which does not make an aircraft invisible but reduces the cross-section available to radar, making it hard to track. Ergin's research was supported by the German Research Council, the state of Baden-Wuerttemberg, the European Commission and the German Ministry for Education and Research.

Text Browser Navigation Bar: Main Site Navigation and Search | Current Page Navigation | Current Page Content Authored by William A Boik. This monograph provides a timely analysis and thoughtful insights into the challenges faced by the United States in developing a strategy

Text Browser Navigation Bar: Main Site Navigation and Search | Current Page Navigation | Current Page Content Authored by William A Boik. This monograph provides a timely analysis and thoughtful insights into the challenges faced by the United States in developing a strategy for North Korea. The author examines the complex history of U.S. policy toward North Korea over the last decade that has left the United States in a position of having virtually no influence over the country. He addresses the complicated regional concerns and interests of North Korea’s neighbors and how these concerns impact on each of their approaches to North Korea. Most importantly, he looks at how the North Korean culture and history have influenced the attitudes of North Korean society and their relationship with other countries. He concludes by pointing out that despite the numerous challenges, the United States must develop a strategy focused on engaging Pyongyang if we expect to have any influence over the future direction of events in North Korea.

What It Is What It Is The Crayola Glow Book is a new drawing toy that lets kids make colorful, animated drawings that light up and glow. It consists of four clear plastic panels and six glow markers that fit in the book

What It Is What It Is The Crayola Glow Book is a new drawing toy that lets kids make colorful, animated drawings that light up and glow. It consists of four clear plastic panels and six glow markers that fit in the book. Using the tracing sheets in numbered order (1, 2, 3, 4), trace the pictures onto the panels. Snap the panels into the glow book with the first panel on top and the fourth on the bottom. Then turn off the lights. Using battery-operated lighting, you can see the pictures come to life as simple, glowing animations. You can program the lights to run in any sequence you choose for up to 60 minutes. The Glow Book comes with four clear plastic panels, four tracing guides, and six glow markers. Why It’s Fun The Crayola Glow Book is sort of like a high-tech flipbook. It allows kids to create animated stories but with more depth and lots of glowing color. This is great as a room décor item, room sign, or anything else kids can think of. Who It’s For The Crayola Glow Book is for ages 6 and up. What to Be Aware of Three AA batteries are required, but not included. To wipe off the panels, use a soft, damp cloth and dry thoroughly before putting the panels back in the book. Additional tracing sheets and more Glow Book ideas can be found online at crayola.com.

What is a partial hepatectomy? A liver resection, or partial hepatectomy, is a surgical procedure to remove tumors in the liver. Removing the cancerous portion of the liver may help to prevent the disease from spreading more

What is a partial hepatectomy? A liver resection, or partial hepatectomy, is a surgical procedure to remove tumors in the liver. Removing the cancerous portion of the liver may help to prevent the disease from spreading more. In some incidences, it may also help to prolong the life of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. To perform a liver resection surgery, our surgeons make an incision below the ribcage, across the right side of the upper abdomen. An ultrasound device is used to find the liver tumor(s). The diseased portion of the liver is then removed, along with some adjoining healthy liver tissue. Partial hepatectomy for colorectal cancer Colorectal cancer commonly spreads (metastasizes) to the liver. For some colorectal cancer patients who have metastatic disease in the liver, surgery to remove a portion of the liver containing the cancer may be a viable treatment option. This procedure can be performed as a traditional open surgical procedure or as a less invasive, laparoscopic surgical procedure. Patients who undergo an open liver resection typically stay in the hospital for about a week. Laparoscopic liver resection One innovative way our surgical oncologists are able to treat metastatic colorectal cancer in the liver is with laparoscopic liver resection. To perform this procedure, your surgical oncologist makes a number of small incisions (rather than one large incision as with open liver resection). A needle is inserted to expand the abdomen with carbon dioxide gas to allow room for instruments to be inserted. Your surgical oncologist uses specialized instruments, including a small telescope with a camera attached, to visualize the abdominal cavity and to remove sections of the liver that are cancerous. Patients who undergo laparoscopic liver resection tend to: - Experience less pain - Have a shorter stay in the hospital - Recover more quickly - Resume other treatments (e.g., chemotherapy) more quickly because they recover from surgery in less time than with open surgery - Have less scarring/better cosmetic appearance where incisions are made

Healthy Homes for Family ChildCare The Minnesota Department of Health is offering a healthy homes education project for in-home family child care providers. The goal of the project is to promote an integrated approach to reducing exposure to potential hazards in homes that also function

Healthy Homes for Family ChildCare The Minnesota Department of Health is offering a healthy homes education project for in-home family child care providers. The goal of the project is to promote an integrated approach to reducing exposure to potential hazards in homes that also function as child care settings. Four Phases of the Project: Healthy Homes Education Online Home Assessment with Customized Action Plan Your home can potentially have many hazards to your health, from the materials of your home and how your home is operated. Learning about the potential hazards is the first step in identifying ways to make your home healthier. Our online assessment tool will help you to inspect your own home for the most common hazards. Once you have completed the assessment, a customized action plan will be generated and emailed to you. Radon testing is the first step to determine if your family is being exposed to high levels of radon. Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer, to learn more about radon Click Here. To be eligible for radon reduction (“mitigation”) you must complete the above steps by April 30, 2014. All mitigation systems will be installed by a nationally certified and MDH listed radon contractors. To participate in this project click here.

This term is used so loosely in the United States by writers and public speakers that a scientific definition appears to be a prerequisite to the proper understanding of its different phases. As it is often stated that Jews have been intimately connected with this movement it seems

This term is used so loosely in the United States by writers and public speakers that a scientific definition appears to be a prerequisite to the proper understanding of its different phases. As it is often stated that Jews have been intimately connected with this movement it seems desirable to ascertain the extent of the connection.Its Origin. Anarchism is defined in "The Encyclopedia of Social Reform" (New York, 1897) as "the social doctrine of the abolition of government of man by man, and the constitution of society without government." There are two schools of Anarchism: the individualistic and the communistic. Communist Anarchism is of distinctively Russian growth. From the first, Jews in Russia allied themselves with this school and participated actively in its propaganda. It originated with the early Slavophiles of the "forties" in their mystical cult of the village community; was given a socialistic guise by Herzen and Tchernyshevski at the epoch of the peasant reform; was remolded and finally merged into Proudhonism by Bakúnin in the days of the International Workingmen's Association (1868-71). The individualistic Anarchism of Proudhon found a wide and responsive audience among the Russian educated middle class, and in the "sixties" was acclimatized in the guise of nihilism. Nihilism soon gave place to the Bakúnin-communist Anarchism, which held sway over the minds of the young generation of the "seventies." The anarchist movement had exhausted itself in Russia by 1881, and had given to the western world the most noted apostle of modern communistic Anarchism, Prince Peter Kropotkin.Clubs and Societies Formed. The exodus of the Jews from Russia, following the anti-Jewish riots of 1881 and subsequent years, coupled with political persecutions, brought to England and the United States a number of young men and women who imported with them, along with their Russian education, the popular political and social ideas of their old country. Fired with the proselytizing spirit of the Russian social reformer, they naturally became the teachers of the ignorant Jewish immigrants, who, craving for knowledge, were now given for the first time in their lives an opportunity to study. Clubs and societies were soon formed—the Berner Club at Whitechapel, London; the Russian Progressive Labor Association; and, later, the Pioniere der Freiheit, in New York. The movement gave birth to a weekly paper, "Der Arbeiterfreund," published in London. Supported in the beginning solely by the enthusiasm of its promoters, this periodical succeeded, after a while, in gaining a small paid circulation. In New York, owing to the greater prosperity of the Jewish immigrants, as compared with the Whitechapel standard of living, a similar venture met with better success. "Die Freie Arbeiterstimme," a weekly paper founded in 1890, managed to maintain itself, by the aid of voluntary contributions, for a few years; its main energies being directed toward fighting its socialist contemporary, the "Arbeiterzeitung." Of course, the leading spirits among the Jewish anarchists kept in touch with their non-Jewish coworkers in the anarchist movement, represented by "Freedom" in London, and Johann Most's "Freiheit" in New York. But the masses of Jewish sympathizers—secluded in their Ghetto with the rest of their countrymen—formed a distinct Yiddish-speaking branch of the movement. In New York they soon became the financiers of anarchist propaganda, contributing largely toward the support of anarchist literature in the English language. The anarchist movement among Jews in the United States is now, however, decidedly on the wane. The organic growth of the Jewish settlement, the development of labor organizations, and the embarking by social reformers in labor politics have dealt a fatal blow to Anarchism. It is no longer a movement of the masses, as in former years—the first enthusiasm of youth having expended itself in vain efforts to convert an indifferent world—and the few remnants of the pioneers of 1890 confine their activities to the publication of a monthly magazine, "DieFreie Gesellschaft," devoted to a popular discussion of their sociological theories. Neither of these schools of Anarchism is necessarily other than pacific. But militant Anarchism has also been represented among the Jews, in the person of Alexander Berkmann. It will be recalled that he attempted the life of H. C. Frick, manager of the Carnegie Steel Company, during the Homestead strike in the summer of 1892, and was sentenced at Pittsburg, Pa., to twenty-two years' imprisonment in the penitentiary. Berkmann's case can not be classed, however, with the deeds of the European militant anarchists, whose blows are aimed indiscriminately at any person belonging to the ruling classes or to the bourgeoisie. The victim chosen by Berkmann was a man who represented capital in an acute conflict with labor, which brings this case into close relationship with Russian terrorism. Individualist, or so-called "philosophical" Anarchism, which can as readily be traced to its Russian source, has had few Jewish adherents. Victor Yarros, one of the leading philosophical anarchists of the United States, is a Jewish disciple of Pissarev, the brilliant apostle of Russian nihilism (in the Turgeniev sense of the word). It must be noted, however, that though individualist Anarchism or nihilism, as a philosophical creed, has no distinct body of followers among the Jews, still its influence has made itself felt in shaping the relations of everyday life among the more cultured portion of the Russian-Jewish colony in America. The nihilism of the "six

Tasks Accomplished: 5) Produce Shellfish Seed Seed shellfish for the project were produced in the Martha's Vineyard Shellfish Group's Solar-assisted Hatchery. 5) Produce Shellfish Seed -- 1999--With matching

Tasks Accomplished: 5) Produce Shellfish Seed Seed shellfish for the project were produced in the Martha's Vineyard Shellfish Group's Solar-assisted Hatchery. 5) Produce Shellfish Seed -- 1999--With matching funds of $5,255 from the Massachusetts Department of Food and Agriculture, over 1.6 million (2 mm and over) oyster seed were produced at the Martha’s Vineyard Shellfish Group’s solar-assisted shellfish hatchery. Stock cultures of phytoplankton were grown to volumes sufficient to feed broodstock, larvae and juvenile oysters. On 12. February 1999, 26 broodstock oysters, some selected for their resistance to SSO disease, were put into ripening systems to condition them for spawning. During the seven week conditioning process, the oysters were slowly raised to 20C, held at that temperature for five weeks, and fed cultured phytoplankton. On 2. April, the oysters were s

Page faults generally refer to the process of retrieving items from memory that were placed into the virtual memory on the hard disk--aka, the paging file. As applications use memory, they may require more than the amount of physical RAM in the system.

Page faults generally refer to the process of retrieving items from memory that were placed into the virtual memory on the hard disk--aka, the paging file. As applications use memory, they may require more than the amount of physical RAM in the system. When this happens, Windows moves data that has not been recently accessed from physical RAM to the paging file on the hard disk. The next time an application requires that memory, a page fault occurs, and it must be retrieved from the hard disk. Page faults are normal and will always occur. If they are excessive, they can have a negative impact on performance. Page faults can be measured in Performance Monitor, and give you some idea of whether a system needs more RAM. This was first published in October 2001

Some people take multiple doses of ecstasy in one night ("stacking"). This might be due to the reinforcing effect of the drug wearing off over time. Often, if something feels good, one wants to do it again! Unfortunately, increased doses also

Some people take multiple doses of ecstasy in one night ("stacking"). This might be due to the reinforcing effect of the drug wearing off over time. Often, if something feels good, one wants to do it again! Unfortunately, increased doses also increase the adverse effects, and some of these can become life-threatening. For example, repeated doses or a high dose of ecstasy can cause heat injury due to hyperthermia, hypertension (high blood pressure), cardiac arrhythmias (irregular heart beat), muscle breakdown and renal failure due to salt and fluid depletion. Indicate that these dangerous effects can be produced by ecstasy acting in the brain. Again, the hypothalamus is very important, because it regulates heart rate and blood pressure, fluid re

The secularization of Europe is one of the most important developments of our times. Secularization is, to some extent, a phenomenon of modernity and a reality in most industrialized nations. Even in the United States, long described as the

The secularization of Europe is one of the most important developments of our times. Secularization is, to some extent, a phenomenon of modernity and a reality in most industrialized nations. Even in the United States, long described as the exception to the European pattern, secularization is a growing reality. Much of what is called Christianity in America is, on closer inspection, seen to be a very thin commitment indeed. The Los Angeles Times reports that Germany, cradle of the Lutheran Reformation and once at the heart of European Christianity, is now experiencing the precipitous loss of churches. As the paper reports: The village church is struggling for relevance in modern Europe. The continent is rooted in Christianity, but devotion is ebbing and church attendance has dropped steadily for years. In Germany and other nations, Protestant and Roman Catholic churches are selling properties or leasing them to other religious groups, especially in cities and villages where structures are left vacant as shrinking congregations merge. Churches have been reinvented as restaurants, coffee houses, clubs, apartments and music halls. Some have kept their frescoes and stained glass; others have been de-sanctified, yet their unmistakable facades and architecture leave an imprint of the holy on even the most capitalist of endeavors. The churches of Europe have endured wars, plagues and much else, and although the current crisis is likely to pass, the image of the church is being significantly altered. Observers have offered any number of explanations for the precipitous decline in church membership and the closing of so many churches. Some blame the secularization pattern, while others point to Germany’s church tax and disillusionment over what has happened (or failed to happen) since the fall of Communism. In any event, the situation looks bleak: Congregations slip away with each church funeral. Germany, a nation of 82 million people, has a low fertility rate that is unable to balance its rapidly aging population; government estimates suggest the working-age population will shrink by 21 million over the next two decades..... Meeting this year in Wittenberg, the home of the Reformation, an organization of mainline Protestant churches predicted that by 2030 membership would drop to 17 million from 25.6 million, and that annual income from the church tax, which helps support institutions, would be halved from about $5.4 billion to $2.7 billion. The article avoids any reference to a theological explanation to Germany’s crisis. People do not remain loyal to institutions when they no longer believe in their importance. The importance of the church is essentially tied to the reality of the Gospel. When people no longer believe that faith in Jesus Christ is necessary for salvation, the church becomes a time-consuming irrelevance. The main problem behind the crisis of the church in Germany is theological, not financial or demographic. American Christians should observe Germany’s closing churches with this haunting awareness — it could happen here too. Church pictured is Hanover, Germany’s Marktkirche (Market Church).

Here are some tips to help you recognize the signs and symptoms of infectious irritation. How do you differentiate between infectious and noninfectious ocular conditions? Severe infections are relatively easy to identify, but pinpointing the cause of less acute

Here are some tips to help you recognize the signs and symptoms of infectious irritation. How do you differentiate between infectious and noninfectious ocular conditions? Severe infections are relatively easy to identify, but pinpointing the cause of less acute red eye may be more difficult. Here are some basic guidelines that can help you make an accurate diagnosis. "If I see cells in the tear film, I become concerned about the possibility of bacterial infection." -- Walter S. Ramsey, Consider all the possibilities. Don't immediately dismiss the likelihood of infection. "Corneal ulcers are rare compared with infiltrates," says Randall K. Thomas, O.D., M.P.H., F.A.A.O. "I've seen only three contact lens-induced ulcers during my 24 years in practice. We have to understand the big picture, as well as assess the epidemiology before choosing a course of treatment." Evaluate the anterior chamber. "I look at the anterior chamber reaction and the degree of conjunctival injection," says Jimmy D. Bartlett, O.D., F.A.A.O. "If I see cells in the anterior chamber and 2+ to 3+ conjunctival injection, the patient probably has an infectious ulcer." Ron Melton, O.D., F.A.A.O., adds, "If conjunctival injection is diffuse instead of confined to a specific sector, you know the patient has a more significant problem." Assess the tear film. Walter S. Ramsey, O.D., F.A.A.O., checks the tear meniscus for signs of infection. "If I see cells in the tear film, I become concerned about the possibility of bacterial infection," he says. Monitor visual changes. "Infectious keratitis often is accompanied by decreased visual acuity," says Paul M. Karpecki, O.D., F.A.A.O. "We don't expect lesions in the mid-peripheral cornea to affect vision, but stromal edema surrounding the infiltrate can significantly reduce visual acuity." Examine corneal infiltrates. Dr. Thomas uses high magnification with a narrow slit beam in a dark room to document the distribution of infiltrates on the cornea. "Almost every red eye we encounter in our practices is inflammatory in nature -- we very rarely see red eyes caused by infectious processes," he says. "If corneal infiltrates are diffuse, the problem is purely inflammatory. However, multiple infiltrates concentrated in a single inflamed area could portend the development of an infectious ulcer." Solve the dilemma When you suspect infection or risk of infection, you're likely to choose combination steroid and antibiotic drugs over concurrent therapy with separate agents. However, the decision may not be as clear as you'd like. "Sometimes we're faced with a diagnostic dilemma," Dr. Bartlett says. "Is a small amount of ocular discharge secondary to allergy or a sign of early bacterial infection or viral conjunctivitis? If we're not sure, we'll use a combination drug to address both possibilities." Dr. Melton also welcomes combination drugs for treating indeterminate conjunctivitis. "We diagnose red eye as nonspecific conjunctivitis when we can't definitively identify bacterial or adenoviral conjunctivitis," he says. "Most red eyes are inflammatory in nature, but it's often impossible to know what created the inflammation. Combination steroids and anti-infectives work well on the nonspecific conjunctivitis we see so often." Optometric Management, Issue: March 2005

XHTML 1.0: Where XML and HTML meet (5/8) - exploring XML XHTML 1.0: Where XML and HTML meet Any transition pains? Unfortunately, yes. Some of the subtle differences in HTML

XHTML 1.0: Where XML and HTML meet (5/8) - exploring XML XHTML 1.0: Where XML and HTML meet Any transition pains? Unfortunately, yes. Some of the subtle differences in HTML and XML encoding cause some difficulties: - Boolean Attributes Some browsers cannot interpret boolean attributes when these appear in their full, non-minimized form, as required by XML 1.0. This problem doesn't affect user agents compliant with HTML 4, though. The following attributes are involved: compact, nowrap, ismap, declare, noshade, checked, disabled, readonly, multiple, selected, noresize, defer. The Document Object Model level 1 Recommendation defines document object model interfaces for XML and HTML 4. The HTML 4 document object model specifies that HTML element and attribute names are returned in upper-case. The XML document object model specifies that element and attribute names are returned in the case they are specified. In XHTML 1.0, elements and attributes are specified in lower-case. This apparent difference can be addressed in two ways: - Applications that access XHTML documents served as Internet media type text/html via the DOM can use the HTML DOM, and can rely upon element and attribute names being returned in upper-case from those interfaces. - Applications that access XHTML documents served as Internet media types text/xml or application/xml can also use the XML DOM. Elements and attributes will be returned in lower-case. Also, some XHTML elements may or may not appear in the object tree because they are optional in the content model (e.g. the tbody element within table). This occurs because in HTML 4 some elements were permitted to be minimized such that their start and end tags are both omitted (an SGML feature). This is not possible in XML. Rather than require document authors to insert extraneous elements, XHTML has made the elements optional. Applications need to adapt to this accordingly. Be aware that processing instructions are rendered on some user agents. However, also note that when the XML declaration is not included in a document, the document can only use the default character encodings UTF-8 or UTF-16. The Cascading Style Sheets level 2 Recommendation [CSS2] defines style properties which are applied to the parse tree of the HTML or XML document. Differences in parsing will produce different visual or aural results, depending on the selectors used. The following hints will reduce this effect for documents which are served without modification as both media types: - CSS style sheets for XHTML should use lower case element and attribute names. In tables, the tbody element will be inferred by the parser of an HTML user agent, but not by the parser of an XML user agent. Therefore you should always explicitly add a tbody element if it is referred to in a CSS selector. - Within the XHTML name space, user agents are expected to recognize the "id" attribute as an attribute of type ID. Therefore, style sheets should be able to continue using the shorthand "#" selector syntax even if the user agent does not read the DTD. - Within the XHTML name space, user agents are expected to recognize the "class" attribute. Therefore, style sheets should be able to continue using the shorthand "." selector syntax. - CSS defines different conformance rules for HTML and XML documents; be aware that the HTML rules apply to XHTML documents delivered as HTML and the XML rules apply to XHTML documents delivered as XML. Created: Feb. 07, 2000 Revised: Feb. 07, 2000

Consciousness Based on Wireless? Human consciousness is actually wireless communication between the cells of your brain, according to a professor of molecular genetics at the University of Surrey in Great Britain. Pulling together research from neuroscience, psychology, physics and biology,

Consciousness Based on Wireless? Human consciousness is actually wireless communication between the cells of your brain, according to a professor of molecular genetics at the University of Surrey in Great Britain. Pulling together research from neuroscience, psychology, physics and biology, Johnjoe McFadden has proposed a radical answer to questions that have vexed philosophers and scientists since Plato's time and, more recently, those on a quest for artificial intelligence: What is consciousness? How does the brain create intelligent thoughts? Do we have free will? If proven correct, McFadden's theory could turn philosophy on its head, revolutionize neuroscience, and bring us a step closer to creating lifelike artificial intelligence. "It gives a physical theory of consciousness that can be tested," he said. "If we can understand it, we can improve it, change it, and even create artificial consciousness." McFadden, author of Quantum Evolution, argues that human consciousness is actually the brain's electromagnetic field interacting with its circuitry. Nerve cells firing simultaneously create powerful waves in the field, which in turn cause other neurons to spark. In this way, the electromagnetic field work

Astronaut captures astonishing images of star trails from space at 17,000 MPH Expedition 31 Flight Engineer Don Pettit gives us a view of our planet from space unlike anything we've seen before. The familiar blue-green ball

Astronaut captures astonishing images of star trails from space at 17,000 MPH Expedition 31 Flight Engineer Don Pettit gives us a view of our planet from space unlike anything we've seen before. The familiar blue-green ball is replaced by striking fast moving lines of light. The images are taken as the International Space Station circles Earth at about 17,000 miles per hour. Flight Engineer Don Pettit made this images by taking 30-second exposures with an ordinary

PHOM Indicator Report of Arthritis Prevalence Why Is This Important?Arthritis affects 50 million adults in the U.S. and is the leading cause of disability. Arthritis is also associated with substantial activity limitation, work disability,

PHOM Indicator Report of Arthritis Prevalence Why Is This Important?Arthritis affects 50 million adults in the U.S. and is the leading cause of disability. Arthritis is also associated with substantial activity limitation, work disability, and reduced quality of life. Findings from the National Health Interview Survey (2007-2009) indicated that 9.4 percent of adults 18 and older (21.1 million or 42.4% of those with arthritis) had arthritis attributable activity limitation, and 8.2 million working-age (18-64 years) U.S. adults report work limitations due to arthritis or joint symptoms. Data SourceUtah Data: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Office of Public Health Assessment, Utah Department of Health Data NotesDoctor-diagnosed arthritis was self-reported in the BRFSS and was not confirmed by a health-care provider; however, such self-reports have been shown to be acceptable for surveillance purposes. Age-adjusted to the U.S. 2000 standard population for comparison purposes. Rates are based on three age groups: 18-34, 35-49, and 50+ Beginning in 2011, BRFSS data include both landline and cell phone respondent data along with a new weighting methodology called iterative proportional fitting, or raking. This graph is based on the new methodology. Risk FactorsThe prevalence of arthritis increases with age. Females are more likely to report arthritis than males. White, non-Hispanic individuals are more likely to report arthritis than Hispanic persons. Being overweight or obese is also a risk factor. Specific genes are associated with a higher risk of certain types of arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematous (SLE), and ankylosing spondylitis. How Are We Doing?In 2012, 20.0 percent of Utah adults reported having arthritis. Arthritis prevalence ranged from 5.1 percent among persons ages 18-34 to 51.8 percent among persons ages 65 and older. Rates were higher for women in every age group. The age-adjusted prevalence of arthritis for 2012 in Utah's Local Health Districts ranged from a low of 14.1 percent in Summit County Health District, to a high of 29.3 percent in the Central Utah Health District. What Is Being Done?Addressing the burden of arthritis requires coordinated and collaborative efforts among governmental and public health agencies, private organizations such as the Arthritis Foundation, the area agencies on aging, health systems, health care providers, and others. These alliances help to assure a comprehensive approach to addressing arthritis. The Utah Arthritis Program also focuses on measuring the occurrence of arthritis in Utah, improving arthritis awareness and education, and increasing participation in programs proven to help persons with arthritis. Healthy People Objective AOCBC-8:Increase the proportion of adults with doctor-diagnosed arthritis who have had effective, evidence-based arthritis education as an integral part of the management of their condition U.S. Target: 11.7 percent State Target: 12.1 percent Date Indicator Content Last Updated: 10/29/2013

In which Scrabble dictionary does SMOG exist? Definitions of SMOG in dictionaries: - noun - air pollution by a mixture of smoke and fog Fog that has become mixed and polluted with smoke. A form of air pollution produced

In which Scrabble dictionary does SMOG exist? Definitions of SMOG in dictionaries: - noun - air pollution by a mixture of smoke and fog Fog that has become mixed and polluted with smoke. A form of air pollution produced when sunlight causes hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides from automotive emissions to combine in a photochemical reaction. - adj - an atmospheric mixture of smoke and fog [n -S] : SMOGLESS There are 4 letters in SMOG: G M O S Scrabble words that can be created with an extra letter added to SMOG All anagrams that could be made from letters of word SMOG plus a Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word SMOG 4 letter words 3 letter words 2 letter words Images for SMOGLoading... SCRABBLE is the registered trademark of Hasbro and J.W. Spear & Sons Limited. Our scrabble word finder and scrabble cheat word builder is not associated with the Scrabble brand - we merely provide help for players of the official Scrabble game. All intellectual property rights to the game are owned by respective owners in the U.S.A and Canada and the rest of the world. Anagrammer.com is not affiliated with Scrabble. This site is an educational tool and resource for Scrabble & Words With Friends players.

Several risk factors exist for the development and the progression of retinopathy. These include pregnancy, puberty, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and retinal disease. In addition, the duration fo diabetes and inadequate control of hyperglycaemia

Several risk factors exist for the development and the progression of retinopathy. These include pregnancy, puberty, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and retinal disease. In addition, the duration fo diabetes and inadequate control of hyperglycaemia are established predictive factors for the development of retinopathy. Table 1 Risk factors for development of diabetic retinopathy Duration of diabetes Poor glucose control 3.1 Duration of diabetes. There is a clear correlation between the duration of diabetes and the development of retinopathy16. Older patients have greater risk of visual impairment mostly due to maculopathy17. 3.2 Control of diabetes Prospective study of tight glycaemic control vs conventional control clearly demonstrated the greater risk of progression of retinopathy in both IDDM and NIDDM18, 18b. Hypertension and pregnancy constitute two of the ‘second events’ which are associated with worsening retinopathy and particularly the development of 19-21. Hypertension is a greater risk factor in IDDM but is also important in NIDDM. Although most pregnancy patients with BDR will not experience a worsening of their retinopathy during pregnancy, a small and predominantly unpredictable cohort of patients will progress rapidly to neovascularisation22-24. Predictive factors are poor pre-pregnancy control of diabetes, too rapid tightening of control during the early stages of pregnancy and the development of complications during pregnancy such as pre-eclampsia and fluid imbalance. 3.5 Renal disease Patients with end-stage renal failure almost invariably develop worsening of their retinopathy, both affecting the macular (retinal oedema) and the development of new vessels. Conversely treatment to the renal disease may be associated with an improvement tin the retinopathy and a more beneficial response to treatment, as seen for instance after renal transplantation. patients with early nephropathy, as determined by the presence of micro-albuminuria, invariably have a rise in blood pressure further adding to the risk of retinopathy. Overweight and particularly obese individuals with hyperlipidaemia are prone to florid exudative maculopathy. Hyperlipidaemia in the absence of obesity is also a risk factor for severe exudative maculopathy (Figure 22). The WESDR demonstrated a correlation between serum cholesterol and risk of retinopathy in the diabetic population generally25. Cigarette smoking may also be a significant risk factor for diabetic retinal microvascular disease in men. Figure 22 Florid exudative retinopathy. (Click picture for

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Head of state Girma Wolde-Giorgis Head of government Hailemariam Desalegn (replaced Meles Zenawi) The state stifled freedom of expression, severely restricting the activities

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Head of state Girma Wolde-Giorgis Head of government Hailemariam Desalegn (replaced Meles Zenawi) The state stifled freedom of expression, severely restricting the activities of the independent media, political opposition parties and human rights organizations. Dissent was not tolerated in any sphere. The authorities imprisoned actual and perceived opponents of the government. Peaceful protests were suppressed. Arbitrary arrests and detention were common, and torture and other ill-treatment in detention centres were rife. Forced evictions were reported on a vast scale around the country. In August, the authorities announced the death of Prime Minister Zenawi, who had ruled Ethiopia for 21 years. Hailemariam Desalegn was appointed as his successor, and three deputy prime ministers were appointed to include representation of all ethnic-based parties in the ruling coalition. The government continued to offer large tracts of land for lease to foreign investors. Often this coincided with the “villagization” programme of resettling hundreds of thousands of people. Both actions were frequently accompanied by numerous allegations of large-scale forced evictions. Skirmishes continued to take place between the Ethiopian army and armed rebel groups in several parts of the country – including the Somali, Oromia and Afar regions. Ethiopian forces continued to conduct military operations in Somalia. There were reports of extrajudicial executions, arbitrary detention, and torture and other ill-treatment carried out by Ethiopian troops and militias allied to the Somali government. In March, Ethiopian forces made two incursions into Eritrea, later reporting that they had attacked camps where they claimed Ethiopian rebel groups trained (see Eritrea entry). Ethiopia blamed Eritrea for backing a rebel group that attacked European tourists in the Afar region in January. Freedom of expression A number of journalists and political opposition members were sentenced to lengthy prison terms on terrorism charges for calling for reform, criticizing the government, or for links with peaceful protest movements. Much of the evidence used against these individuals consisted of examples of them exercising their rights to freedom of expression and association. The trials were marred by serious irregularities, including a failure to investigate allegations of torture; denial of, or restrictions on, access to legal counsel; and use of confessions extracted under coercion as admissible evidence. - In January, journalists Reyot Alemu, Woubshet Taye and Elias Kifle, opposition party leader Zerihun Gebre-Egziabher, and former opposition supporter Hirut Kifle, were convicted of terrorism offences. - In June, journalist Eskinder Nega, opposition leader Andualem Arage, and other dissidents, were given prison sentences ranging from eight years to life in prison on terrorism charges. - In December, opposition leaders Bekele Gerba and Olbana Lelisa were sentenced to eight and 13 years’ imprisonment respectively, for “provocation of crimes against the state”. Between July and November, hundreds of Muslims were arrested during a series of protests against alleged government restrictions on freedom of religion, across the country. While many of those arrested were subsequently released, large numbers remained in detention at the end of the year, including key figures of the protest movement. The government made significant efforts to quash the movement and stifle reporting on the protests. - In October, 29 leading figures of the protest movement, including members of a committee appointed by the community to represent their grievances to the government, and at least one journalist, were charged under the Anti-Terrorism Proclamation. - In both May and October, Voice of America correspondents were temporarily detained and interrogated over interviews they had conducted with protesters. The few remaining vestiges of the independent media were subjected to even further restrictions.

See studies by M. E. Hobart (1982) and C. J. McCracken (1983). (born Aug. 6, 1638, Paris, France—died Oct. 13, 171

See studies by M. E. Hobart (1982) and C. J. McCracken (1983). (born Aug. 6, 1638, Paris, France—died Oct. 13, 1715, Paris) French priest, theologian, and philosopher. His philosophy is an attempt to reconcile Cartesianism with the thought of St. Augustine and with Neoplaton

Mysteries of the Sun Welcome to the Mysteries of the Sun. This unique NASA resource on the web, in print, and with companion videos introduces Heliophysics: the study of the Sun's influence throughout the solar system and

Mysteries of the Sun Welcome to the Mysteries of the Sun. This unique NASA resource on the web, in print, and with companion videos introduces Heliophysics: the study of the Sun's influence throughout the solar system and, in particular, its connection to the Earth and the Earth’s extended space environment. Learn about topics such as Space Weather, Solar Variability, the Heliosphere, Earth’s Magnetosphere, and the Earth’s Upper Atmosphere. Come and explore our Sun!

, or Peking Roast Duck is a famous duck dish that has been prepared since the Yuan Dynasty , and is now considered one of China's national foods The dish is prized for the thin, crispy skin, with authentic versions

, or Peking Roast Duck is a famous duck dish that has been prepared since the Yuan Dynasty , and is now considered one of China's national foods The dish is prized for the thin, crispy skin, with authentic versions of the dish serving mostly the skin and little meat, sliced in front of the diners by the cook. Ducks are bred specially for the dish, which after 65 days are slaughtered and seasoned before being roasted in a closed oven or a hung oven. The meat is often eaten with pancakes, spring onions, and hoisin sauce or sweet noodle sauce. A variant of the dish known as crispy aromatic duck has been created by the Chinese community in the United Kingdom. The two most notable restaurants in Beijing which serve this delicacy are Quanjude and Bianyifang, two centuries-old establishments which have become household names. Duck has been roasted in China since the Southern and Northern Dynasties . Peking Duck was first prepared for the Emperor of China in the Yuan Dynasty. The dish, originally named "Shaoyazi" (燒鴨子), was mentioned in the Complete Recipes for Dishes and Beverages (飲膳正要) manual by Hu Sihui (忽思慧), an inspector of the imperial kitchen in 1330. In the Ming Dynasty , the Peking Duck was one of the main dishes on imperial court menus. In the same period, the first restaurant specialising in Peking Duck, Bianyifang , was established in the Xianyukou, Qianmen area of Beijing in 1416. By the Qianlong Period (1736-1796) of the Qing Dynasty, the popularity of the Peking Duck spread to the upper classes, inspiring poetry from poets and scholars who enjoyed the dish. For instance, one of the verses of Duan Zhu Zhi Ci, a collection of Beijing poems was, "Fill your plates with roast duck and suckling pig". In 1864, the Quanjude (全聚德) restaurant was established in Beijing. Yang Quanren (楊全仁), the founder of Quanjude, developed the hung oven to roast ducks. With its innovations and efficient management, the restaurant became well known in China, introducing the Peking Duck to the rest of the world. By the mid 20th century, the Peking Duck had become a national symbol of China, favoured by tourists and diplomats alike. For example, Henry Kissinger, the Secretary of State of the United States met Premier Zhou Enlai in the Great Hall of the People on July 10, during his first visit to China. After a round of inconclusive talks in the morning, the delegation was served Peking Duck for lunch, which became Kissinger's favourite. The Americans and Chinese issued a joint statement the following day, inviting President Richard Nixon to visit China in 1972. The Peking Duck was hence considered one of the factors behind the rapproachement of the United States to China in the 1970s. Following Zhou's death in 1976, Kissinger paid another visit to Beijing to savour Peking Duck. The Peking Duck, at the Quanjude in particular, has also been a favorite dish for various political leaders ranging from Cuban revolutionary Fidel Castro to former German chancellor Helmut Kohl. Raising the duck The ducks used to prepare Peking Duck originated from Nanjing . They were small and had black feathers, and lived in the canals around the city linking major waterways. With the relocation of the Chinese capital to Beijing, supply barge traffic increased in the area which would often spill grain during trips the ducks fed. As a result, the ducks slowly increased in size and grew white feathers. By the Five Dynasties , the new species of duck had been domesticated by Chinese farmers. Nowadays, Peking Duck is prepared from the Pekin Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domestica ). Newborn ducks are raised in a free range environment for the first 45 days of their lives, and force fed 4 times a day for the next 15–20 days, resulting in ducks that weigh 5–7 kg. The force feeding of the ducks led to an alternate name for the dish, Peking Stuffed Duck (). Fattened ducks are slaughtered, feathered and rinsed thoroughly with water. Air is pumped under the skin through the neck cavity to separate the skin from the fat. The duck is then soaked in boiling water for a short while before it is hung up to dry. While it is hung, the duck is glazed with a layer of maltose syrup, and the innards are rinsed once more with water. Having left to stand for 24 hours, the duck is roasted in an oven until it turns shiny brown. Peking Duck is traditionally roasted in either a closed oven or hung oven. The closed oven is built of brick and fitted with metal griddles (). The oven is preheated by burning Gaoliang wood at the base. The duck is placed in the oven immediately after the fire burns out, allowing the meat to be slowly cooked through the convection of heat within the oven. The hung oven was developed in the imperial k

The α-tocopherol form of vitamin E Vitamin E refers to a group of eight fat-soluble compounds that include both tocopherolsand tocotrienols. There are many different forms of vitamin E, of which γ

The α-tocopherol form of vitamin E Vitamin E refers to a group of eight fat-soluble compounds that include both tocopherolsand tocotrienols. There are many different forms of vitamin E, of which γ-tocopherol is the most common in the North American diet. γ-Tocopherol can be found in corn oil, soybean oil, margarine and dressings. In the North American diet, α-Tocopherol, the most biologically active form of vitamin E, is the second most common form of vitamin E. This variant of vitamin E can be found most abundantly in wheat germ oil, sunflower, and safflower oils. It is a fat-soluble antioxidant that stops the production of reactive oxygen species formed when fat undergoes oxidation. - Synthesis of Vitamin E Vitamin E (CAS NO.: 59-02-9), with other names as 2(R),5,7,8-Tetramethyl-2-[4(R),8(R),12-trimethyltridecyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol, could be produced through the following synthetic routes., - Brigelius-Flohe, B; Traber (1999). “Vitamin E: function and metabolism”. FASEB 13: 1145–1155. - Traber, MG (1998). “The biological activity of vitamin E”. The Linus Pauling Institute. Retrieved 6 March 2011. - Bieri, JG; Evarts (1974). “γ-Tocopherol: metabolism, biological activity and significance in human vitamin E nutrition”. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 27 (9): 980–986. PMID 4472121. - Brigelius-Flohé R, Traber MG (1 July 1999). “Vitamin E: function and metabolism”. FASEB J. 13 (10): 1145–55. PMID 10385606. - Reboul E, Richelle M, Perrot E, Desmoulins-Malezet C, Pirisi V, Borel P (15 November 2006). “Bioaccessibility of carotenoids and vitamin E from their main dietary sources”. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54 (23): 8749–8755. doi:10.1021/jf061818s.PMID 17090117. - National Institute of Health (4 May 2009). “Vitamin E fact sheet”. - Herrera; Barbas, C (2001). “Vitamin E: action, metabolism and perspectives”. Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry 57 (2): 43–56.doi:10.1007/BF03179812. PMID 11579997. - Packer L, Weber SU, Rimbach G (2001). “Molecular aspects of α-tocotrienol antioxidant action and cell signalling”. Journal of Nutrition 131 (2): 369S–73S. PMID 11160563. - Vitamin E bound to proteins in the PDB - Vitamin E Medline Plus, Medical Encyclopedia, U.S. National Library of Medicine - Vitamin E Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health - Jane Higdon, “Vitamin E“, Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University - Vitamin E Food Charts

encaustic, painting medium in which the binder for the pigment is wax or wax and resin. Examples of encaustic tomb portraits from Roman Egypt bear witness to the durability of the medium, which is thought to have been widely used

encaustic, painting medium in which the binder for the pigment is wax or wax and resin. Examples of encaustic tomb portraits from Roman Egypt bear witness to the durability of the medium, which is thought to have been widely used in ancient times. Pliny describes the process in which hot liquid colors were applied to the wall by means of heated irons. The technique was briefly revived in the 19th cent. and is now used by a number of contemporary artists. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. More on encaustic from Fact Monster: See more Encyclopedia articles on: Art: General

We are doing a Farm Theme in my classroom this month, and I added plastic vegetables with soapy water and scrub brushes to our sensory table. I talked to the children about how farmers plant the seeds and the vegetables grow. When vegetables are picked

We are doing a Farm Theme in my classroom this month, and I added plastic vegetables with soapy water and scrub brushes to our sensory table. I talked to the children about how farmers plant the seeds and the vegetables grow. When vegetables are picked, they have to be cleaned well before we can eat them since they are dirty from the soil and may have pesticides on them. The kids loved this activity! Don’t they always love the chores we don’t like to do? I also added a few fruits, too, since they also have to be scrubbed before eating.

State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2010 - Sweden |Publisher||Minority Rights Group International| |Publication Date||1 July 2010| |Cite as||Minority Rights Group International, State of the

State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2010 - Sweden |Publisher||Minority Rights Group International| |Publication Date||1 July 2010| |Cite as||Minority Rights Group International, State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2010 - Sweden, 1 July 2010, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/4c33310646.html [accessed 11 December 2013]| |Disclaimer||This is not a UNHCR publication. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR, the United Nations or its Member States.| In the second half of 2009, Sweden held the Presidency of the EU. The Swedish Presidency was open to working with NGOs in the negotiations on the draft EU Equal Treatment Directive but could not achieve its adoption before the end of its Presidency. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees and other human rights organizations working on protecting the rights of asylum-seekers and migrants called on the Swedish government to reassert the importance of a rights-based approach to migration and border controls within the framework of the 'Stockholm Programme', which was adopted during the Presidency and sets out key priority areas for the EU in the area of justice and home affairs. A key achievement during the Swedish Presidency was the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty and the establishment of the European Charter of Fundamental Rights as a legally binding document. Domestically, an important milestone in the protection of minorities was the adoption of the new Discrimination Act by the Swedish Parliament, which entered into force on 1 January 2009. The Act outlaws discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, religion, disability, sexual orientation, gender identity and age. It also established a new watchdog, the Equality Ombudsman, which is headed by Katri Linna, the former Ombudsman against Ethnic Discrimination. The reform streamlines the ombudsman function and gathers four of the previous ombudsman posts into one authority. According to national population statistics, up to the first quarter of 2009, the largest group who immigrated to Sweden were returning Swedish citizens (3,857), followed by Iraqis (2,451) and Somalis (1,305), who are the largest African community in Sweden (about 25,159 people). According to a 2005 report submitted to the OSCE by the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights, Sweden has the largest number of Roma in the Nordic countries with about 50,000 Roma living there. There are numerous religious communities in the country; their numbers are estimated on the basis of statistics submitted by religious organizations as the government does not register the religion of citizens. Approximately 5 per cent (450,000-500,000) of the population is Muslim; the Jewish community estimates that among Sweden's 20,000 Jewish people there are 8,000 practising members. As stated by USCIRF 2009, religious education covering all major world religions is compulsory in public schools and a government au

Tips for Your Family Visit Welcome! We’re glad you’re planning a visit to Winterthur with a child in your life. With your involvement, a visit to a museum can provide your child with a chance to develop his or her powers of

Tips for Your Family Visit Welcome! We’re glad you’re planning a visit to Winterthur with a child in your life. With your involvement, a visit to a museum can provide your child with a chance to develop his or her powers of perception, practice sharing thoughts and feelings, and the creation of lasting family memories. Consider the age of your child(ren) when planning your visit. With babies and toddlers, it’s probably best to limit your visit to approximately an hour or so, depending on the interest and energy level of your children. One way to keep children interested in your visit regardless of their age is to include them in what they are seeing and doing. If a child becomes bored or restless, consider taking a break or moving to another space for a change of pace. Consider a family or grandparent level membership so you can come back and visit as many times as you wish per year. See the Calendar for public programs designed especially for young children. How to Encourage Learning in the Museum Sometimes the things you least expect will interest your child the most on their museum visit. Young children especially may find the shuttle bus ride or the staircase to the Galleries the most interesting part of their visit! Almost anything can be made into a learning opportunity. Here are some ideas for how to better engage your child on your visit to the Galleries or special exhibitions: Recognizing Colors, Shapes, and Features Young children learn through their senses and like to group things together. With children ages 2-4 try strolling the Galleries and exhibitions hunting for particular shapes or colors. How many ovals or squares can you find? What colors do you see? Reinforcing Your Child’s Observations Make a point of reinforcing your child’s efforts at observation with positive, meaningful feedback—“That looks like Grandma’s chair to you?” Oh yes, I remember that chair too. Grandma loves it...it was once her father’s too.” This will help your child gain the confidence to express his ideas in the future and the opportunity for you both to find meaning in what you are seeing. Older toddlers and pre-schoolers love to count. How many animals can you find in Edward Hick’s The Peaceable Kingdom (1st Floor Paintings Gallery)? How many chairs with spindle backs can you find? How many tea pots are in the room? The possibilities are endless! Try making a game out of it and use the opportunity to introduce new vocabulary words for objects. I Spy & Seek & Find Games Museums are great places for playful explorations. Try a game of “I Spy” (“I spy a painting with an animal…” or “I spy something you can eat with…”) or Seek and Find (“Can you find something that you might use to sleep on?) Games like these encourage kids to look closely and to develop their powers of observation and critical thinking. Be flexible—if your child wants to stop and look at something other than what you had in mind, stop and look. What you see may surprise you! Imagination & Storytelling Children, especially pre-schoolers, have active imaginations. Help them tap into their critical thinking skills by asking them to explain what is going on in a work of art or how an object might be used. Create a story together about the objects you see. Who used them? What were they used for? What might the objects tell us if they could speak on their own? Follow the Leader As your child matures, let him/her take more control over your museum or garden visit. Help them make connections between what they see and aspects of their own lives or your family history. Relate what they see to things they’ve learned in school. Drawing & Picture-Taking Photography and drawing with pencil are welcome in the museum’s first floor galleries and some other museum spaces. Drawing requires careful observation and enhances fine motor skills. Together, take photographs of objects. When you go home, put them in a scrapbook and have your child create the captions. Are They Really “Learning” at the Museum? Yes! Museums are an important informal learning setting that can serve as a springboard to excite your child’s interest in a variety of topics and ideas and serve as a platform for lifelong learning. Your child might gain the following from visiting museums with you or another trusted adult. - Perspective & Awareness: Self-confidence, independence and autonomy, and positive attitudes and perspectives on learning - Social Development: Interaction skills with others—peers and adults - Interests: growth of personal interests - Knowledge & Skills: growth of personal knowledge and skills learned outside of school

Chapter abstracts are short descriptions of events that occur in each chapter. They highlight major plot events and detail the important relationships and characteristics of characters and objects. The Chapter Abstracts can be used to review what the students have read, or to prepare

Chapter abstracts are short descriptions of events that occur in each chapter. They highlight major plot events and detail the important relationships and characteristics of characters and objects. The Chapter Abstracts can be used to review what the students have read, or to prepare the students for what they will read. Hand the abstracts out in class as a study guide, or use them as a "key" for a class discussion. They are relatively brief, but can serve to be

Little research has examined attitudes towards people who use substances in low and middle income countries (LMIC). Therefore, the present study examined the attributions made by the general South African population about people who use substances and whether these attributions differ by the

Little research has examined attitudes towards people who use substances in low and middle income countries (LMIC). Therefore, the present study examined the attributions made by the general South African population about people who use substances and whether these attributions differ by the type of substance being used, the gender of the person using the substance, or the characteristics of the person making the attribution. A convenience sample of 868 members of the general public was obtained through street-intercept methods. One of 8 vignettes portraying alcohol, cannabis, methamphetamine or heroin, with either a male or female as the protagonist was presented to each respondent. Respondents’ attitudes towards the specific cases were investigated. Respondents held equally negative views of the presented substances, with the exception of the cannabis vignette which was considered significantly less “dangerous” than the alcohol vignette. Respondents were more likely to offer “help” to women who use alcohol, but more likely to suggest “coercion into treatment” for men. Individuals who scored higher on the ASSIST were more likely to hold negative attitudes towards substance users and black African respondents were more likely to offer help to individuals who use substances. The stigma associated with substance use in South Africa is high and not necessarily dependent on the drug of choice. However, a range of factors, including gender of the substance user, and ethnicity of the rater, may impact on stigma. Interventions designed to strengthen mental health literacy and gender-focused anti-stigma campaigns may have the potential to increase treatment seeking behaviour. Keywords: Alcohol, Drugs, Stigma, South Africa, Gender

Over thousands of years, greyhounds have been bred and selected for speed. This selective breeding may explain a number of the idiosyncrasies we see in the breed today. Retired racing greyhounds are becoming more common pets

Over thousands of years, greyhounds have been bred and selected for speed. This selective breeding may explain a number of the idiosyncrasies we see in the breed today. Retired racing greyhounds are becoming more common pets and more common patients in veterinary hospitals. It is estimated that about 18,000 greyhounds are placed into homes as pets annually. This article will familiarize practitioners with some idiosyncrasies in greyhounds that can affect their medical care. COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT IDIOSYNCRASIES Packed cell volume It is well-known that greyhounds have a significantly higher packed cell volume (PCV) than other breeds (Table 1).1 Values are routinely above the upper reference range used by most laboratories.1,2 PCVs as high as 65% are not uncommon and are considered normal. PCVs less than 45% likely indicate some degree of anemia in a greyhound despite the fact that the value may fall within the reference range of most laboratories. Table 1. Laboratory Values in Greyhounds and Other Dog Breeds* Greyhounds have lower platelet counts than other breeds (Table 1).2 Reference values for greyhound platelets have been reported to be as low as 64,000/Ál.3 One complicating factor in interpreting greyhound platelet counts is ehrlichiosis, a rickettsial tick-borne disease known to cause thrombocytopenia. In my opinion, a greyhound with a platelet count of 100,000/Ál or less should be tested for ehrlichiosis and other tick-borne diseases. Protatek Reference Laboratory* provides discounts on serologic tests for tick-borne diseases in retired racing greyhounds. Symptomatic treatment of thrombocytopenia that includes doxycycline and, in some cases, corticosteroids can be considered. White blood cell counts and morphology Greyhounds routinely have lower white blood cell counts than other breeds (Table 1).1,3 Lymphocyte, neutrophil, and monocyte counts were all found to be lower in greyhounds than in nongreyhounds.3 These findings are rarely clinically relevant and are not necessarily indicative of immunosuppressive disease or overwhelming Greyhound eosinophils have empty granules and lack the more classic orange granules, making them appear vacuolated. This finding seems to be more common in slides stained with Diff-Quik (Dade Behring) than in those stained with Giemsa and can cause the eosinophils to be misidentified as toxic neutrophils.4 SERUM CHEMISTRY PROFILE IDIOSYNCRASIES Creatinine and BUN concentrations Greyhounds have significantly higher creatinine concentrations than other breeds (Table 1).5 These higher concentrations, primarily attributed to the breed's large muscle mass, often lead to a misdiagnosis of early renal disease. Female greyhounds have higher blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations than other breeds.1 Greyhound glomerular filtration rates are similar to those of nongreyhounds (Drost WT, Couto CG, Fischetti AJ, et al., Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio: Unpublished data, 2005). In dogs, raw food diets increase BUN concentrations and, in some cases, creatinine concentrations.6 Many active greyhound racers and some retired racers are fed a raw food diet, so their BUN and creatinine concentrations could be further elevated in the absence of renal disease. Perform a urinalysis and measure urine specific gravity with a refractometer in any greyhound with a slightly elevated creatinine concentration. Absence of proteinuria and a urine specific gravity greater than 1.020 suggest that the creatinine concentration is likely normal for that particular patient.

Hay is one of the most versatile of stored forages in that (1) it can be kept for long periods of time with little loss of nutrients if protected from weather; (2) a large number of crops can be successfully used for hay

Hay is one of the most versatile of stored forages in that (1) it can be kept for long periods of time with little loss of nutrients if protected from weather; (2) a large number of crops can be successfully used for hay production; (3) it can be produced and fed in small or large amounts; (4) it can be harvested, stored and fed by hand or the production and feeding can be completely mechanized; and (5) hay can supply most nutrients needed by many classes of livestock. Hay is, therefore, the most commonly used stored feed on most farms. Since hay is such a widely used feed, it is important to understand the factors that affect quality of hay and how to recognize quality of hay. The ultimate test of hay quality is animal performance. Quality can be considered satisfactory when animals consuming the hay give the desired performance. Three of the factors which influence animal performance are: (1) consumption—hay must be palatable if it is to be consumed in adequate quantities; (2) digestibility and nutrient content—once the hay is eaten, it must

This essay is adapted from The Official Earth Day Guide to Planet Repair. The environmental movement has displayed remarkable strength since the first Earth Day in 1970. It has battled heroically to safeguard the world’s health, diversity, and beauty, and

This essay is adapted from The Official Earth Day Guide to Planet Repair. The environmental movement has displayed remarkable strength since the first Earth Day in 1970. It has battled heroically to safeguard the world’s health, diversity, and beauty, and it has been astonishingly successful. However, as the Earth’s odometer rolls over into a new century, the Earth is facing a new threat — global warming — that dwarfs earlier perils. Each one of us can do a number of common-sense things to help combat global warming by reducing dramatically the greenhouse gas emissions from our homes, cars, businesses, schools, and so forth. Still, personal choices are not a substitute for political action. Ultimately, global problems can only be solved through public policies. To tackle global warming, we need to mobilize for a political struggle to change policies governing energy — and we can start with a shift that would give a big boost to solar power. Buy and Large One of the most valuable things that government can do in the early stages of a product’s development is to buy it in volume. In field after field, large-scale government procurement has brought down the cost of items as diverse as jet planes, drugs, and computers to the point where the private market could take advantage of them. The government should play a similar role in propelling the energy revolution. Large public-sector commitments to buy wind turbines, biofuels, fuel cells, hydrogen, hypercars, and other elements of a solar future will accelerate the speed at which such products become affordable for the rest of us. We typically think in terms of federal procurement, but state and local governments can play an important role too. There is no more obvious a candidate for a federal buy-down than solar cells. Lowering the cost of solar cells would provide extraordinary public benefits. Solar cells make electricity, but they consume no fuel, produce no pollution, generate no radioactive waste, have long lifetimes, contain no moving parts, and require little maintenance. They can be fashioned mostly from silicon, which is the second most abundant element in the Earth’s crust. Solar cells produce zero carbon dioxide, the chief greenhouse gas. Unfortunately, solar cells are not yet cheap enough to compete with heavily subsidized fossil fuels. Although the price of solar cells already has fallen about 40-fold, this technology remains roughly three times too expensive to achieve skyrocketing growth as a power source in the United States. For a quarter-century, affordable solar cells have been the environmental brass ring, lying just outside the grasp of those who favor green power. Governmental procurement could lower their price to the point where they will take off on their own in the private sector. A comparison of the experiences of computer chips and solar cells vividly illustrates the value of government procurement in bringing new products to market. Throwing a Curve New technologies follow predictable learning curves. As production volumes increase, costs fall. For example, a product with an 80-percent learning curve will experience a 20-percent price drop when the volume is doubled. If production is doubled again, the price will decline an additional 20 percent. This is common sense. If I gave you a pile of raw materials and said, make me a car, it would cost a fortune (and it probably would not be a very good car). If car-making grows into a cottage industry, prices will fall — perhaps into the range of a hand-built Ferrari. When volumes swell and you are manufacturing tens of thousands of cars per year, the marginal cost of making one more car will be very low. Solar cells are currently at the cottage industry scale. A single nuclear power plant produces 25 times as much electricity in a year as will all the solar cells sold in the entire world last year. Of course solar cells remain expensive! Until the solar-cell industry can leap to the next stage — mass production — all the investments the public has made in research and engineering will be left dangling. When the Chips Were Down The solar industry should learn from the experience of the electronics industry. Consider, for example, the history of the integrated circuit. In 1961, Texas Instruments began producing integrated circuits for small, specialized applications. The earliest versions were very expensive. They cost $100 but replaced just a couple dollars’ worth of larger electronics, perhaps two transistors and three resistors. There was essentially no market for such devices in the private sector. Other electronics companies sneered at them. But the American military recognized the potential importance of small, lightweight, low-power integrated circuits. The Department of Defense began to purchase integrated circuits in large quantities. Following a l

That which binds, ties, fastens, or confines, or by which anything is fastened or bound, as a cord, chain, etc.; a band; a ligament; a shackle or a manacle. The state of being

That which binds, ties, fastens, or confines, or by which anything is fastened or bound, as a cord, chain, etc.; a band; a ligament; a shackle or a manacle. The state of being bound; imprisonment; captivity, restraint. A binding force or influence; a cause of union; a uniting tie; as, the bonds of fellowship. Moral or political duty or obligation. A writing under seal, by which a person binds himself, his heirs, executors, and administrators, to pay a certain sum on or before a future day appointed. This is a single bond. But usually a condition is added, that, if the obligor shall do a certain act, appear at a certain place, conform to certain rules, faithfully perform certain duties, or pay a certain sum of money, on or before a time specified, the obligation shall be void; otherwise it shall remain in full force. If the condition is not performed, the bond becomes forfeited, and the obligor and his heirs are liable to the payment of the whole sum. An instrument (of the nature of the ordinary legal bond) made by a government or a corporation for purpose of borrowing money; as, a government, city, or railway bond. The state of goods placed in a bonded wareho

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) Antibodies Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies are proteins made by the body's natural defense system (immune system). They attack and destroy things that they recognize as different from

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) Antibodies Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies are proteins made by the body's natural defense system (immune system). They attack and destroy things that they recognize as different from the body's normal healthy tissues, such as bacteria and viruses. IgM antibodies are found in blood and lymph fluid and are very important in fighting infections. They are the first of the five major types of antibodies made in response to an infection. They also cause other immune system cells to fight infection. eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise To learn more visit Healthwise.org © 1995-2012 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. Find out what women really need.

People with asthma frequently use products and to reduce their exposure to environmental triggers of asthma. These web sites provide information on buying selected consumer products and services. Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers & Clean Air Delivery Rate All air cleaners filter the air at

People with asthma frequently use products and to reduce their exposure to environmental triggers of asthma. These web sites provide information on buying selected consumer products and services. Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers & Clean Air Delivery Rate All air cleaners filter the air at different efficiency levels and flow rates. The Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHMA) established a standardized measurement system, the Clean Air Delivery Rate, which determines how well an air cleaner reduces pollutants such as tobacco smoke, pollen and dust. Using this information AHAM calculates the maximum room size for the air cleaner. EPA Publication: Guideline to Air Cleaners in the Home Air cleaning devices are intended to remove pollutants from indoor air. Some air cleaning devices are designed to be installed in the ductwork of a home’s central heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning system to clean the air in the whole house. Portable room air cleaners can be used to clean the air in a single room or specific areas, but they are not intended for whole-house filtration. The following publication provides information on different types of air cleaning devices and how they work. EPA Publication: Ozone Generators that are Sold as Air Cleaners: An Assessment of Effectiveness and Health Consequences Ozone generators that are sold as air cleaners intentionally produce the gas ozone. Often the vendors of ozone generators make statements and distribute material that lead the public to believe that these devices are always safe and effective in controlling indoor air pollution. For almost a century, health professionals have refuted these claims. The purpose of this document is to provide accurate information regarding the use of ozone-generating devices in indoor occupied spaces. This information is based on the most credible scientific evidence currently available. Knowledge about air duct cleaning is in its early stages, so a blanket recommendation cannot be offered as to whether you should have your air ducts in your home cleaned. California Environmental Protection Agency California Air Resources Board: Hazardous Ozone-Generating “Air Purifiers” Not all air-cleaning devices are appropriate for home use — some can be harmful to human health. The California Air Resources Board recommends that ozone generators, air cleaners that intentionally produce ozone, not be used in the home. Ozone is a gas that can cause health problems, including respiratory tract irritation and breathing difficulty. Carpet and Rug Institute & Green Label Vacuums To earn the Carpet and Rug Institute Seal of Approval/Green Label certification, vacuums must pass independent laboratory tests for soil removal, dust containment and carpet fiber retention.

Smoke-Free Environments Linked to Less Breast Cancer States with more workplace bans, non-smoking homes have fewer cases of the disease: study FRIDAY, March 18 (HealthDay News) -- Women in smoke-free homes and workplaces

Smoke-Free Environments Linked to Less Breast Cancer States with more workplace bans, non-smoking homes have fewer cases of the disease: study FRIDAY, March 18 (HealthDay News) -- Women in smoke-free homes and workplaces are less likely to develop or die from breast cancer, new research shows. U.S. researchers compared rates of non-smoking homes and workplaces with state-specific rates of breast cancer incidence and death. States with higher numbers of smoke-free homes and workplaces had significantly fewer breast cancer deaths, particularly among younger premenopausal women. Researchers estimate that about 20 percent of the change in breast-cancer death rates is due to changes in smoke-free home and workplace policies. The study by researchers in the department of health behavior at Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, N.Y., was released online March 12 in advance of publication in an upcoming print issue of the journal Tobacco Control. "While the evidence for secondhand smoke and breast cancer risk remains controversial, this study demonstrates a very strong inverse correlation. States with higher percentages of women working and living in smoke-free spaces have lower breast cancer rates," study author Andrew Hyland said in an institute news release. "This study provides yet another reason for people to stop smoking and avoid secondhand smoke exposure," added colleague K. Michael Cummings. The U.S. National Cancer Institute has more about secondhand smoke and cancer.Robert Preidt SOURCE: Roswell Park Cancer Institute, news r

New Treatment Eases Type 2 Diabetes Experimental Drug Aids in Controlling Blood Sugar Levels Aug. 6, 2003 -- A new type of treatment for type 2 diabetes may help people with the disease control their blood sugar

New Treatment Eases Type 2 Diabetes Experimental Drug Aids in Controlling Blood Sugar Levels Aug. 6, 2003 -- A new type of treatment for type 2 diabetes may help people with the disease control their blood sugar levels better than traditional therapies. New research shows an experimental drug, called exenatide, can improve blood sugar levels in people who haven't reached optimal levels through diet and other diabetes treatments. Type 2 diabetes occurs when the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin to meet the body's needs. It can also happen when the body's tissues become resistant to insulin, which causes blood sugar levels to rise above safe levels. Exenatide is a new kind of type 2 diabetes treatment that has been shown to increase the number of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas in animal studies. It has also been shown to increase the secretion of insulin resulting from elevated sugars. By boosting the number and function of these cells, researchers say the synthetic biological drug helps bring blood sugar levels under control without using insulin injections. In the study, published in the August issue of Diabetes Care, researchers compared the effects of exenatide in 109 people with type 2 diabetes who were already using diet modifications and/or diabetes drugs, such as Glucophage or sulfonylureas (Glucotrol, Diabinese, and others) to control their blood sugar levels. Patients were randomly assigned into groups that received either a placebo or one of three dosage levels of exenatide given by injection. After 28 days of treatment, researchers found that adding exenatide to the volunteers' current therapy caused an improvement in blood sugar control over and above levels achieved with their current therapy. The most common side effect associated with exenatide treatment was nausea, especially at the start of treatment. Researchers say treating type 2 diabetes with exenatide also had the added benefit of not affecting body weight or cholesterol. Amylin Pharmaceuticals, the maker of exenatide, funded the study.

MIT model explains how the brain can learn novel tasks while still remembering what it has already learned. Cambridge, MA--Teachers and parents from 60 of Boston's public schools have gathered at MIT this week and last week to expand their school's

MIT model explains how the brain can learn novel tasks while still remembering what it has already learned. Cambridge, MA--Teachers and parents from 60 of Boston's public schools have gathered at MIT this week and last week to expand their school's links to technology. The Summer Technology Institute, hosted by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's School of Architecture and Planning will give teachers and parents the tools and support to become advocates for technology within their schools and will help them develop curriculum units that incorporate technology. The program, in its second year, brings together over 180 people in teams comprised of two teachers and one parent from elementary, middle and secondary schools across the city. "This is the Information Age and the schools have to be there to help kids be knowledgeable about technology as information technology becomes a part of everyday life," said Anne Beamish, MIT's coordinator for the Science Technology Institute. This major initiative to expand technology in the schools gives educators and parents hands-on experience using the kinds of technology that could bring globe-spanning information into Boston's classrooms. The groups participate in labs on using e-mail, they navigate the World Wide Web, they learn about newsgroups and practice using WWW software with the assistance of graduate students from MIT's Urban Planning and Architecture departments who act as coaches. The groups will also learn how to put together a site technology plan. The workshop allows the teachers and volunteers precisely the kind of study that can't be fit into the busy school year. "During the summer, when we don't have the responsibility of school, we're more able to concentrate on a topic like this," said Diane Davis, a ninth grade teacher in Madison Park High School's Commerce Academy. "We're able to do it for several days and we're really able to learn the information--able to absorb it." Teams participate in joint projects and hear speakers from organizations such as Apple and IBM speak on technology topics. For one project, a group had to find the temperature in Rome, Italy using the Internet. They worked with search engines that find information on the Web and narrowed down the results until they found the needed information. The exercises showed the need for teachers to do some Web sleuthing as part of their lesson preparation to make sure the tasks were doable with reasonable effort, explained Davis. Also, teacher lesson plans, which were most often done at home, were shown to be more challenging to put together without having the same computer access as the classroom. Teams will come together three times in the coming year to share experiences, brainstorm solutions, and participate in additional training--extending the impact of this summer's sessions. The Summer Technology Institute was spearheaded by the Boston Public School's Office of Instructional Technology in collaboration with MIT's School of Architecture and Planning and the Center for Leadership Development. The program is funded by the State Street Foundation.

Most stars and their planets form in open clusters. Over 95 per cent of such clusters have stellar densities too low (less than a hundred stars per cubic parsec) to withstand internal and external dynamical stresses and fall apart within a few hundred

Most stars and their planets form in open clusters. Over 95 per cent of such clusters have stellar densities too low (less than a hundred stars per cubic parsec) to withstand internal and external dynamical stresses and fall apart within a few hundred million years. Older open clusters have survived by virtue of being richer and denser in stars (1,000 to 10,000 per cubic parsec) when they formed. Such clusters represent a stellar environment very different from the birthplace of the Sun and other planet-hosting field stars. So far more than 800 planets have been found around Sun-like stars in the field. The field planets are usually the size of Neptune or smaller. In contrast, only four planets have been found orbiting stars in open clusters, all with masses similar to or greater than that of Jupiter. Here we report observations of the transits of two Sun-like stars by planets smaller than Neptune in the billion-year-old open cluster NGC6811. This demonstrates that small planets can form and survive in a dense cluster environment, and implies that the frequency and properties of planets in open clusters are consistent with those of planets around field stars in the Galaxy. Soren Meibom, Guillermo Torres, Francois Fressin, David W. Latham, Jason F. Rowe, David R. Ciardi, Steven T. Bryson, Leslie A. Rogers, Christopher E. Henze, Kenneth Janes, Sydney A. Barnes, Geoffrey W. Marcy, Howard Isaacson, Debra A.

It is difficult to gain an accurate perspective on the distance between the planets in our solar system because they are separated by such great distances. In a previous post, we pointed to a humorous and insightful demonstration by Bill Nye, in which the cycling

It is difficult to gain an accurate perspective on the distance between the planets in our solar system because they are separated by such great distances. In a previous post, we pointed to a humorous and insightful demonstration by Bill Nye, in which the cycling scientist rode his bike along a highway to demonstrate the vastness of the solar system, and how difficult it is to gauge the size of each planet at this scale. For instance, after riding half a kilometer, Nye showed just how far Jupiter is from the Sun, and how its size in this model is equivalent to a baseball. Nye's demonstration shows why you can't make an accurate model of the solar system in which all of the planets are visible to the naked eye at once. The distance is too great and the planets would appear too small to see. An alternative take on this perspective can be found in the artwork of Ron Miller, who has painted the planets as if they were the same distance from Earth as the Moon, in order to demonstrate their size. For instance, the image at the top of this post depicts Saturn at 240,000 miles from Earth. Miller is the former art director for the National Air and Space Museum's Albert Einstein Planetarium, and his work can be found here.

The Language of Assertiveness The following are suggestions regarding the language of assertiveness. - "I" statements: - Statements of Personal Reference and Personal Meaning: "This is the way I see it" "In my opinion..." "This is how I feel

The Language of Assertiveness The following are suggestions regarding the language of assertiveness. - "I" statements: - Statements of Personal Reference and Personal Meaning: "This is the way I see it" "In my opinion..." "This is how I feel" "This is what it means to me" - Statements of Request: - Statements offering compromise: "I" would like this... What would you like? "I" think...What do you think? "What would be an acceptable compromise?" "Can we work this out--What time is agreeable to you?" - Asking for time: "I'd like to discuss this in an hour" Taking time to think, know what you want to be different, thinking of compromise, etc. - Asking for clarification--instead of ASSUMING. - AVOID demanding and blaming statements: You make me... It's your fault... Don't you think... If only you would... Specific Verbal Skills - "I" think statements - Broken record--repeating what you want, persistence - Acknowledge what other is saying, then repeat your view, opinion, need, etc. - Provide feedback--respond to what other person is saying - I feel--state your feeling - When (describe behavior) - Because (concrete effect or consequence on your situation) - I'd prefer (offer compromise) Copyright - Counseling Services, State University of New York at Buffalo

Chewing gum really does help you concentrate, a new study has shown. Volunteers were tested on their ability to spot odd-even-odd sequences in lists of numbers which were randomly read to them. They were quicker and more accurate at the task

Chewing gum really does help you concentrate, a new study has shown. Volunteers were tested on their ability to spot odd-even-odd sequences in lists of numbers which were randomly read to them. They were quicker and more accurate at the task when chewing gum, researchers found. Study author Kate Morgan, from the University of Cardiff, said: "It's been well established by previous research that chewing gum can benefit some areas of cognition. "In our study we focused on an audio task that involved short-term memory recall to see if chewing gum would improve concentration, especially in the latter stages of the task." The 38 volunteers were split into two groups, one of which undertook the test while chewing gum. Both performed equally well at the start of the test, but then the non-chewers fell behind. "Interestingly, participants who didn't chew gum performed slightly better at the beginning of the task but were overtaken by the end," said Ms Morgan. "This suggests that chewing gum helps us focus on tasks that require continuous monitoring over a longer amount of time." The findings appear in the British Journal of Psychology.

Tulum, "the City of Dawn", built in honor of the Sun. The Mayas believed the heat of the sun gave them strength. Tulum is considered the most beautiful of the Mayan sites. It is small but exquisit

Tulum, "the City of Dawn", built in honor of the Sun. The Mayas believed the heat of the sun gave them strength. Tulum is considered the most beautiful of the Mayan sites. It is small but exquisitely poised on 50 foot high cliffs above the Caribbean. The city, a ceremonial and religious center, housed only important people like priests,

Yay! Asteroid 2011 AG5 will not hit us in 2040! Up until now, I couldn’t say that with perfect certainty. Here’s the scoop: Last year, a 140-meter rock was discovered on an

Yay! Asteroid 2011 AG5 will not hit us in 2040! Up until now, I couldn’t say that with perfect certainty. Here’s the scoop: Last year, a 140-meter rock was discovered on an orbit that takes it very near the Earth. Projecting the orbit forward in time showed that it had a small but non-zero chance of impacting the Earth in the year 2040. That would be bad: It would explode upon impact with a yield of more than 100 megatons, far larger than even the biggest nuclear weapon ever detonated on Earth. While that wouldn’t cause a worldwide extinction event—this is no dinosaur-killer—an explosion equal to blowing up 100 million tons of TNT is something to be avoided. The odds of impact were only about 1 in 500, but that’s still too high to rest easy. The problem is that initially, the asteroid’s orbit was difficult to determine well enough to predict where it would be more than a few years in the future. The analogy I like is pretending you’re an outfielder in a baseball game, and as soon as the batter hits the ball, you have to close your eyes. How do you know where the ball will be when it comes down? If you can only get a second to look at it after it’s hit, you only have a vague idea where it will land. But the longer you can track it, the more accurately you can see where it’s headed. Track it long enough and you can catch it. It’s the same with asteroids. Earlier in 2012 only a few observations of AG5 could be made before it got too close to the Sun to see. Those allowed the crude estimate of where it would be in 2040, and that big fuzzy volume of space included the Earth. However, new observations taken with the monster Gemini telescope in Hawaii allowed a far better orbit to be calculated. The path of the asteroid in 2040 was found, and now clearly does not include the Earth. It will be a clean miss, by about 900,000 kilometers (550,000 miles). This is more than twice the distance to the Moon, if that helps. The diagram above shows this: The upper picture shows the uncertainty in the region of space the asteroid would pass in 2040, and Earth is in that region. The lower picture shows the new calculations, with the asteroid missing us entirely. I reported on this asteroid back in March 2012. At the time, with the impact risk of 0.2 percent, some people were concerned about AG5. One of those was Apollo 9 astronaut Rusty Schweickart, who is now with the B612 Foundation, a group dedicated to understanding and preventing asteroid impacts. He urged NASA to work on a plan to do something about the asteroid, should further observations make the odds for an impact higher. Part of the problem at the time was that the asteroid was too close to the Sun to observe, and while there was a short window to observe in October 2012, it wouldn’t be until September 2013 that AG5 would be clear enough from the Sun to easily observe it. Schweickart didn’t want to lose a whole year should the asteroid prove dangerous. Eventually NASA did perform an initial investigation into this, but now, happily, it won’t be needed. The October window worked out, the orbit refined, and now we know it’ll miss. But this exercise was hardly a waste of time. The lessons learned were important. There are more asteroids out there, and given enough time the odds climb to certainty that we will be hit if we do nothing. The good news is we are looking for them, and hopefully, should we find one with our name on it, we’ll have enough time to be able to do something about it. As for what we can do, stay tuned. I’ll have more about that shortly. Tip o’ the Whipple shield to AsteroidWatch on Twitter.

Summary: This innovative Spanish text, informed by current research on second language acquisition, provides a comprehensive review of vocabulary and grammar for a two-semester intermediate Spanish course. Organized around six engaging units, ¿Qué te parece? offers students a diversity

Summary: This innovative Spanish text, informed by current research on second language acquisition, provides a comprehensive review of vocabulary and grammar for a two-semester intermediate Spanish course. Organized around six engaging units, ¿Qué te parece? offers students a diversity of topics and perspectives to encourage critical thinking and inspire collaboration and discussion. Its communicative vocabulary and grammar tasks provide a smooth continuation an...show mored expansion of first-year Spani

[This post originally appeared on Openborders.info as a guest post.] Luck egalitarianism is a school of thought in moral philosophy that argues in favor of interventions in people’s lives aimed at eliminating as far as possible the impact of luck

[This post originally appeared on Openborders.info as a guest post.] Luck egalitarianism is a school of thought in moral philosophy that argues in favor of interventions in people’s lives aimed at eliminating as far as possible the impact of luck. If you have the bad luck of being born into a poor family, your prospects in life should not be harmed by this and society should intervene in order to correct for it. I’m not going to endorse luck egalitarianism because it’s a theory that suffers from some serious defects. However, the basic intuition seems sound to me and can be used to argue against immigration restrictions. Your country of birth is also a matter of luck, good luck or bad luck, depending on the country. It’s either good luck or bad luck because the place where you are born has a profound impact on your life prospects. The mere fact of having been born in Bolivia rather than the U.S. makes it statistically more likely that you will be poor, uneducated and unhealthy. Since no one chooses to be born somewhere, no one can be said to deserve the advantages or disadvantages that come with being born somewhere. Hence, if Americans for example are just lucky to have been born in the U.S. and didn’t do anything to deserve being born there, what right do they have closing their borders and allowing access only to a chosen few selected according to criteria that they have unilaterally decided and that mainly serve their own interests? None whatsoever. In claiming that right they make it impossible for others to do something about the misfortune of having been born in a poor country. Hence, they double other people’s disadvantage. As Joseph Carens has put it, immigration restrictions are the modern equivalent of feudal privilege, inherited status, birthrights and class rule. In our current, so-called modern and Enlightened societies, the good luck of being born in a wealthy country supposedly gives you the right to exclude others, just as in the olden days the fact of having been born in the class of nobles or aristocrats gave you the right to condemn others to the class of paupers. The lottery of birth yields unfair advantages in both cases. One may claim that none of this necessarily argues in favor of open borders. The fortunate of this earth could compensate for their good luck by other means. For example, they could have a duty, not to open their borders, but to transfer money and resources to those who have had the bad luck of being born in the wrong country. Obviously, assistance is a mor

Definitions for iloiloˌi loʊˈi loʊ This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word iloilo Random House Webster's College Dictionary I•lo•i•loˌ

Definitions for iloiloˌi loʊˈi loʊ This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word iloilo Random House Webster's College Dictionary I•lo•i•loˌi loʊˈi loʊ(n.) a seaport on S Panay, in the central Philippines. 244,827. Category: Geography (places) Iloilo is a province of the Philippines located in the Western Visayas region. Iloilo occupies the southeast portion of Panay Island and is bordered by Antique Province to the west and Capiz Province and the Jintotolo Channel to the north. Just off Iloilo's southeast coast is Guimaras Province, once part of Iloilo Province but now a province in its own right. Across the Panay Gulf and Guimaras Strait is Negros Occidental. Iloilo's capital is Iloilo City though the city itself is independent and not governed by the provincial government of Iloilo. According to the 2010 national census, the population of province excluding Iloilo City is 1,805,576. If Iloilo City is included, the population is 2,230,195. Find a translation for the iloilo definition in other languages: Select another language:

The old-style Texaco gas stations, the ones that were painted white with forest-green streamline stripes and a free-standing post bearing the red Texaco star logo on a white disk, were designed by Walter Dorwin Teague (also known for designing

The old-style Texaco gas stations, the ones that were painted white with forest-green streamline stripes and a free-standing post bearing the red Texaco star logo on a white disk, were designed by Walter Dorwin Teague (also known for designing the Kodak Brownie camera and a host of other streamlined artifacts). In his book "Design This Day" (1940) Teague shows his original work for Texaco, the exhibition hall he designed for them at the Texas Centennial fair in 1935, plus photos of the small gas stations which were built cookie-cutter-like all over America. It is clear from the text and illustrations in "Design This Day" that Teague was well-versed in the principles of sacred geometry and had been deeply influenced by the writing of Jay Hambidge (author of the 1925 book "The Parthenon and Other Greek Temples, Their Dynamic Symmetry"), which he cited repeatedly. I first read "Design This Day" during the early 1970s. Studying the text and looking at the pictures, i became convinced that Teague's two basic Texaco gas station plans, small and large, had been based on the root-5 rectangle, the same basis used for the Partheon's proportions, and that he did this to show off to best advantage the Texaco logo -- a 5-pointed star -- because that form of star is subtly keyed to the root-5 rectangle

Jackie Robinson (born Jack Roosevelt Robinson; 31 January 1919 Care, Georgia, USA – 24 October 1972, Stamford, Connecticut, USA) – American baseball player, the first Afro-American player in Major League Baseball (

Jackie Robinson (born Jack Roosevelt Robinson; 31 January 1919 Care, Georgia, USA – 24 October 1972, Stamford, Connecticut, USA) – American baseball player, the first Afro-American player in Major League Baseball (MLB) in the XX century. Jack Roosevelt Robinson was born in Cairo, Georgia and grew up in Pasadena, California, where he became famous thanks to the outstanding athletic performance in high school and college. During his learning years in the University of California at Los Angeles (1939-1941), he won a good reputation in baseball, basketball, football, track and field. Jackie had to left the college to support his mother. However, in 1941, he became professional player with the Los Angeles Bulldogs’ Pacific League. During World War II, Jackie went into the army. He returned a lieutenant in 1945. Throughout his career of Jackie Robinson played for the “Brooklyn” (1947-1956). There, he set a record for fielding, betting, and has become an expert of the base taking. Soon after his debut in MLB, other African-American athletes received an opportunity to become the major league players. Robinson’s name entered in the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962. At the 50-year anniversary of his debut in the league, April 15, 1997 all the teams of Major League Baseball as a sign of respect for his achievements secured Robinson’s number (“42″). Throughout the 1960s, Robinson was active member of the Civil Rights Movement. He also became the first Afro-American television analyst in MLB. In the 1960s, Robinson helped found the Freedom National Bank in Harlem, New York. For his achievements outside the baseball field Robinson was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and Presidential Medal of Freedom. For those university and college students, who want to investigate the biography of Jack Roosevelt Robinson widely known as Jackie Robinson in their research proposals, it is important to carefully analyze the causes, which led to his enormous success first as an athlete and later as civil activist. They have to emphasize the main moments of Robinson’s career and present their own ideas on the life of this historic personality. To be skilled enough to cope with this challenge, you might need to study several free example research papers on Jackie Robinson. You can use these free papers as a guide of proper scientific writing. Experienced professionals prepared them and you can be sure that such papers were written in compliance with necessary procedure. They will teach you the rules, which will do you good in proper research project composing. You will be able to use these rules in your future researches as insurance for high quality result of your researches. The simplest way to find free research papers on different topics is to use the Internet. There are thousands of the web sites, which offer various texts for your needs. As free research papers, samples and example research projects on Jackie Robinson topics are plagiarized, you can get a custom written paper: EffectivePapers.com is professional writing service which is committed to write t

This article needs additional citations for. verification (January 2013) Recklinghausen ( German pronunciation: ) is a [ʁɛklɪŋˈhaʊzən] Kreis ( district)

This article needs additional citations for. verification (January 2013) Recklinghausen ( German pronunciation: ) is a [ʁɛklɪŋˈhaʊzən] Kreis ( district) in the middle of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Neighboring districts are Borken, Coesfeld, Unna, district-free cities Dortmund, Bochum, Herne, Essen, Gelsenkirchen and Bottrop, and the district Wesel. History [ edit ] In medieval times the area around Recklinghausen was the Vest Recklinghausen, a territory which belonged to Electorate of Cologne. From 1446 to 1576 it was rented to the lords of Gemen (now part of the city Borken) and Schaumburg-Lippe. In 1811 it was added to the Grand Duchy of Berg, and in 1815 became part of the Prussian Province of Westphalia. The district was created in 1816, and after several changes it got its present borders with the last reorganizations of 1975-76. Geography [ edit ] The district Recklinghausen is located at the north end of the Ruhr area where it changes from the urban parts into the rural Münsterland. The main river in the district is the Lippe River. Coat of arms [ edit ] The coat of arms show a silver nettle leaf on green ground - the sign of the Herrlichkeit Lembeck, an Amt in the clerical state of Münster in the Recklinghausen area. The black cross is the sign of the bishops of Cologne who owned a big part of the district's area, the Vest Recklinghausen. The key inside the cross symbolizes St. Peter, the patron of Cologne. Partners [ edit ] References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Media related to Kreis Recklinghausen at Wikimedia Commons Coordinates: 51°40′N 7°10′E / 51.67°N 7.17°E

Shapes 2: Shapes Bézier Path Tools in Corel Painter Shapes 2: Shapes Bézier Path Tools in Corel Painter Painter's Shapes make use of Bézier curves—mathematical formulae that efficiently encaps

Shapes 2: Shapes Bézier Path Tools in Corel Painter Shapes 2: Shapes Bézier Path Tools in Corel Painter Painter's Shapes make use of Bézier curves—mathematical formulae that efficiently encapsulate a wide range of curvilinear objects. Bézier curves are the digital equivalent to the engineering draftsman's french curves. And speaking of France, it was the French automobile engineer Pierre Bézier that developed these curves for use in the Renault CAD/CAM automobile design system. Bézier curves have become the basis for vector-based drawing applications, such as Corel Draw and Adobe Illustrator. The good news is that you don't need a degree in advanced mathematics to take advantage of Bézier curves—they are a completely visual curve creation tool. Bézier Curve Terminology The visual components of Bézier curves are remarkably simple. A Bézier curve is comprised of anchor points connected by line segments. In its simplest form this can be a straight line. When the path is a curve, wings extend from the anchor points. The wings have control handles on them. By dragging the wing's control handle, the curvature of the associated segment is adjusted. A line segment can be dragged and adjusted, as well. Line segments change in real-time as adjustments are made, making it very easy to arrive at the intended result. Both straight and curved segments can be used within a single line. A series of anchor points can be used to describe an amazingly complex line. A path is either open or closed. An open path describes a line; a closed path describes a shape. Open paths have endpoints; closed paths do not. Anchor points can be either smooth or corner points. A smooth anchor point allows the adjustment of the line segments on both sides of the anchor point by dragging its control handle. A corner point allows independent adjustment of the wing control handles. Shapes Bézier Curve Adjustments The Pen tool is the primary Bézier curve creation tool. Straight lines are created by simply clicking on the image. A Shapes layer is automatically generated. Clicking a series of points will result in a faceted line/shape. Clicking and dragging will create a smooth point with wings. An existing open path is added to by positioning the Pen tool over an endpoint. The cursor changes to the Resume at Endpoint cursor. Clicking the endpoint adds to the existing open path. An open path is closed by positioning the Pen tool cursor over the initial endpoint. The cursor changes to the Join Endpoints cursor. Clicking on the endpoint closes the path. The Shapes Selection tool is the primary anchor point selection tool. Its cursor appears as a hollow arrow. This tool is accessed from either the Tool menu or by holding down the CTRL/CMD key when using any of the Shapes Editing tools. When the Shapes Selection tool is active, holding down the CTRL/CMD key will toggle the cursor to the Shapes Whole Selection tool. On Mac systems, this cursor appears as a black filled arrow. On Windows systems, the cursor appears as a larger white filled arrow. Using the Shapes Whole Selection tool, click and drag on any portion of a Shapes element to move the entire Shape. A single anchor point is selected by clicking on it with the Shapes Selection tool. Multiple anchor points are selected by clicking and dragging a selection rectangle around the points with the Shapes Selection tool. A selected anchor point displays its wings. The Shapes Selection tool is used to reposition the points, as well as adjust the orientation of the wings. By default, each wing's length is independently adjusted. Hold down the Shift key to linearly adjust both wings. The Convert Point tool converts a smooth point to a corner point and vice versa. A point is converted with the the Convert Point tool by positioning the cursor over the wing control point of an active anchor point and dragging the control point. The anchor point is converted. Further adjustment of the wings is performed with the Shapes Selection tool. Besides adjusting wing control points, the Shapes Selection tool is used to move anchor points. Doing so changes the geometry of the Shape. Alternatively, Bézier path segments are directly manipulated by clicking and dragging the curve segment. It takes a bit of practice to become facile with Bézier curve creation and editing. Wing control points can get looped. Curve segments can spring out into unexpected shapes. Your control will develop through usage of the Shapes curve adjustment tools. Shapes Bézier Curve Editing Tools These tools are used for radical surgery to existing Bézier shapes. The Scissors tool is used to split an open path or convert a closed path to an open path. Use the Shapes Selecti

Absorbent Article And Process For The Directed Drainage Of Fluids Released In A Localized Manner Patent #: 6,984,225 Inventor(s): Maria Raidel and Franz Aschenbrenner Company

Absorbent Article And Process For The Directed Drainage Of Fluids Released In A Localized Manner Patent #: 6,984,225 Inventor(s): Maria Raidel and Franz Aschenbrenner Company: Hakle-Kimberly Deutschland GmbH Patented is an absorbent article with a length and a width, front and rear areas and a central area between the front and rear areas. The absorbent article comprises a liquid-permeable layer, which, when the absorbent article is in use, is turned toward a body of a wearer. It also features a liquid-impermeable layer, which, when the absorbent article is in use, is turned away from the body of a wearer. A liquid distribution layer is located between the liquid-permeable and liquid-impermeable layers. The liquid distribution layer comprises an undulating strip of material from the central area into at least one of the front and rear areas. An additional strip of material is located between the undulating strip of material and the liquid-impermeable layer. The additional strip of material extends between the front and rear areas and has openings formed exclusively in one or both of the front and rear areas of the absorbent article. The formed openings are spaced from each other by the central area of the absorbent article, which is devoid of such formed openings. A liquid stor

Hand washing - sounds simple enough doesn’t it? But are you a 100% sure that you are doing it right? Chances are that you’re missing out on some very crucial hand washing tips that can make all the difference to your health

Hand washing - sounds simple enough doesn’t it? But are you a 100% sure that you are doing it right? Chances are that you’re missing out on some very crucial hand washing tips that can make all the difference to your health. An action as simple as hand washing, can save you from catching several unpleasant infections, and can also reduce the risk of spreading illness. According to Mayo Clinic experts, all you need is soap and water, or an alcohol based hand sanitizer. Hand sanitizers are an effective method of hand washing if you are out and do not have ready access to clean water to wash your hands with. Take a look at what experts have to say about how you should wash your hands, and when exactly you should do so. These seven steps are simple and effective at wiping harmful germs off your hands and minimizing the risk of catching infections: Step 1: Place your hands under running water until they are thoroughly wet. Step 2: Apply liquid soap, powder soap or bar soap to your hands. Step 3: Lather well. Step 4: Rub your hands together briskly for at least 20 seconds, ensuring that you scrub between the fingers and under the finger nails, not to mention your wrists and the backs of the hands too. Step 5: Place your hands under running water again and rinse the soap off. Make sure that all the soap has been washed off, especially from beneath the finger nails and between the fingers. Step 6: Use a disposable paper towel, air-dryer or a clean, personal towel to dry your hands. Step 7: Use the towel to turn off the faucet. This is an additional precautionary measure. Antibacterial soap is all the rage these days and consumers are liable to get influenced by the convincing arguments put forward by antibacterial soap manufacturers. According to Mayo Clinic experts however, antibacterial soap is not a magical germ-killing force. In fact, there is no substantial difference between the germ-killing effects of regular soap and anti-bacterial soap. Moreover, Mayo Clinic experts assert that the antibacterial properties of the soap can also lead to the formation of resistant bacteria which would be harder to eliminate if the infection spreads. Of course, you can’t keep washing your hands every time you touch an object, or shake hands with someone. Hand washing on a frequent basis throughout the day can help to eliminate most of the germs that accumulate on your hands when you touch people, objects or surfaces. You can catch infections when your hands come into contact with your mouth, nose or eyes. Frequent hand washing is the key to reducing the probability of germ transfer from your hands to your internal system. Take note of the following tips, recommended by mayo Clinic experts, and strive to make incorporate them into your daily routine! Apart from the tips mentioned below, remember to wash your hands whenever they look dirty. Children are prone to falling ill and catching infections from other children at school or in the park. Inculcate the importance of hand washing in your children by using colorful charts, giving personal demonstrations and reminding them about the importance of hand washing frequently. Mayo clinic experts have also given the green light the using alcohol based sanitizers for childre

Energy Storage and Renewable Energy According to Forbes' Ucilia Wang, China recently installed the world's largest lithium-ion battery, meant to store energy from solar and wind. China is likely to invest in other similar projects, which will pair with

Energy Storage and Renewable Energy According to Forbes' Ucilia Wang, China recently installed the world's largest lithium-ion battery, meant to store energy from solar and wind. China is likely to invest in other similar projects, which will pair with their ambitious renewable energy goals. Energy storage is key to the future of the renewable energy, because unlike coal, the energy generated by renewable sources is naturally intermittent (i.e. solar energy is only

from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition - n. A reptile of the subclass Archosauria, which includes the dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and the modern crocodilians. from Wiktionary

from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition - n. A reptile of the subclass Archosauria, which includes the dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and the modern crocodilians. from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License - n. Any reptile of the taxon Archosauria; includes the extinct dinosaurs, plesiosaurs, pterosaurs and ichthyosaurs and the modern crocodiles from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. - n. extinct reptiles including: dinosaurs; plesiosaurs; pterosaurs; ichthyosaurs; thecodonts New Latin Archosauria, subclass name : Greek arkhos, ruler + Greek sauros, lizard.(American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition) From New Latin Archosauria ("taxonomic division of extinct reptiles"), from ἄρχων (archōn, "leader") + σαύρα (saura, "lizard") (Wiktionary)

Set in the environment of ethnic and racial paranoia that defined the early 1940s in Los Angeles, California, the "Zoot Suit Riots" were a defining moment for Zoot Suiters and the Mexican American community. The ethnic populations

Set in the environment of ethnic and racial paranoia that defined the early 1940s in Los Angeles, California, the "Zoot Suit Riots" were a defining moment for Zoot Suiters and the Mexican American community. The ethnic populations of California as a whole, and Los Angeles in particular, were under siege. In March and April of 1942, the entire Japanese and Japanese American population on the West Coast of the United States were deported to "reloc

Doubling of Vitamin D for Children Is Urged Published: Monday, October 13, 2008 at 6:01 a.m. Last Modified: Wednesday, October 15, 2008 at 4:16 a.m

Doubling of Vitamin D for Children Is Urged Published: Monday, October 13, 2008 at 6:01 a.m. Last Modified: Wednesday, October 15, 2008 at 4:16 a.m. CHICAGO (AP) — The country’s leading group of pediatricians is recommending that children receive double the usually suggested amount of vitamin D because of evidence that it might help prevent serious diseases. To meet the new recommendation of 400 units daily, millions of children will need to take vitamin D supplements each day, the American Academy of Pediatrics said. That includes breast-fed infants — even those who get some formula — and many teenagers who drink little or no milk. Baby formula contains vitamin D, so infants fed only formula generally do not need supplements. However, the academy recommends breast-feeding for at least the first year of life, and breast milk is sometimes deficient. Most commercially available milk is fortified with vitamin D, but most children do not drink enough of it — four cups daily would be needed — to meet the new requirement, said Dr. Frank Greer, who helped write the report. The new advice is based on mounting research about potential benefits from vitamin D besides keeping bones strong, including suggestions that it might reduce the risk for cancer, diabetes and heart disease. But the evidence is not conclusive, and there is no consensus on how much of the vitamin would be needed for disease prevention. The advice replaces a 2003 academy recommendation for 200 units daily. That is the amount the government recommends for people up to age 50; 400 units is recommended for adults ages 51 to 70, and 600 units for those 71 and older. Vitamin D is sold in capsules and tablets, as well as in drops for young children. The Institute of Medicine, a government advisory group that sets dietary standards, is discussing with federal agencies whether the recommendations should be changed based on the new research, said a spokeswoman, Christine Stencel. The recommendations were to be released Monday at an academy conference in Boston. They will be published in the November issue of the academy’s journal, Pediatrics. Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged. Comments are currently unavailable on this article

ERIC Number: ED102498 Record Type: RIE Publication Date: 1974 Reference Count: N/A The Distar Reading and Language Program: A Study of Its Effectiveness as a Method for the Initial Teaching of Reading

ERIC Number: ED102498 Record Type: RIE Publication Date: 1974 Reference Count: N/A The Distar Reading and Language Program: A Study of Its Effectiveness as a Method for the Initial Teaching of Reading. McCabe, Thomas A. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the Distar Reading and Language Program as a method for beginning reading instruction. The subjects in the Distar group were 24 prekindergarteners, 60 kindergarteners, and 68 first graders. There were 24 children in the control prekindergarten group, 61 in the kindergarten, and 72 in the first grade. The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test was used on a pre- and posttest basis. The Boehm Test of Basic Concepts and the Wide Range Achievement Test in reading were used on a posttest basis only. The results showed that the first grade children in Distar averaged a 6.4 gain between the A and B forms of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, while the first grade children in the control group averaged a 3.5 gain between the two tests. Also, the kindergarten children in Distar had mean and median scores that put them on a first grade level when entering first grade. The kindergarten children in the control group did not reach this level. However, on the Boehm test of language concepts, the control group scored higher than the experimental group. (Author/WR) Descriptors: Beginning Reading, Doctoral Dissertations, Primary Education, Reading Achievement, Reading Improvement, Reading Instruction, Reading Research University Microfilms, P.O. Box 1764, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 (Order No. 74-25,851, MFilm $5.00, Xerography $11.00) Publication Type: Dissertations/Theses Education Level: N/A Authoring Institution: N/A Note: Ed.D. Dissertation, University of Massachusetts

Robert Cianflone/Getty Images In 2007, the Murray-Darling basin, Australia’s heartland of irrigated agriculture, was mired in a deep drought. Water marketing helped keep permanent crops like nut trees and grapes alive.

Robert Cianflone/Getty Images In 2007, the Murray-Darling basin, Australia’s heartland of irrigated agriculture, was mired in a deep drought. Water marketing helped keep permanent crops like nut trees and grapes alive. Andrew Gregson, an official with the New South Wales Irrigators Council, is the kind of Australian completely at home in the agricultural sea that is California’s San Joaquin Valley. He knows all about the business and the social fabric of farming and about irrigated agriculture. He believes that modern regulators favor environmental uses of water over agricultural ones, and he is not pleased about that. Yet the water controls and markets in Australia’s Murray-Darling Basin are quite different from the limited versions in California, where farmers exert a lot of political muscle and tend to resist any change in the water regimen, particularly environmental claims on water. California farmers have been through several years of scarcity, because of both a drought and court-ordered diversions to protect endangered fish. Fields went fallow and jobs were lost. (And for California fishermen, the better parts of two recent salmon seasons were a total loss because the salmon runs that depend on the major river in the central valley were decimated.) Last week Mr. Gregson was a featured speaker at the Intelligent Use of Water Conference in Clovis, a small town near Fresno, Calif. The conference generally focused on farmers’ concerns. While Australia’s new water regime is beloved by policy wonks, most California farmers are not enamored of it. (Some of the remarks, including Mr. Gregson’s, can be reviewed here.) The glum projections of the growing gap between demand for water in the Southwest and the dwindling supplies have never been optimistic, but two new studies— one a research report based on satellite data, and the other an analysis of rainfall, water use and the costs associated with obtaining new water — make earlier forecasts seem positively rosy. The United States branch of the Stockholm Environment Institute, based in Somerville, Mass., just released an extended analysis of water demand and future supplies that estimates that the cumulative shortfall over the next century in the Southwest, without the adoption of adaptation strategies, will be 1.815 billion acre feet. (At the top of the graph above, that’s the green and yellow bars combined.) And that’s without factoring in a climate-change-driven reduction in supply. Add that extra climate-change impact, based on mild and moderate projections, and the next century’s total shortfall would increase by another 282 million acre feet (orange bar) to 439 million acre-feet (orange and red bars combined). An article published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters this week describes a new and simple way of measuring groundwater’s contribution to small streams on the surface. Sinking land levels in the San Joaquin Valley in California. By taking snapshots of streams with a device designed to capture, through infrared radiation images, the temperatures in various parts of the water, the approach “advances the immediate detection and quantification of localized groundwater inflow for hydrology, geology and ecology,” the article’s authors, Tobias Schuetz and Marcus Weiler of the University of Freiburg’s Institue of Hydrology, wrote. Groundwater, they found, tends to be cooler than surface water in summer and warmer in winter; the infrared devices record the difference and produce images that show groundwater as clearly as night goggles show a human figure in the dark. By coincidence, on Tuesday, the same day the article was officially published, the California state assembly’s committee on water, parks and wildlife held a hearing on groundwater that was part science class and part exploration about what to do to regulate the use of groundwater in the state. More than any state in the West, California severely limits the circumstances under which groundwater can be regulated in view of its connection to both surface water and other pockets of groundwater. Reuters The Scissor Ridge region of the Tejon Ranch in Southern California, which environmentalists fought successfully to have preserved. Elsewhere on the ranch, developers are to build a planned community of 23,000 homes, raising the perennial issue of adequate water supplies. Two farmers in California’s San Joaquin Valley are proposing to do with their water rights what farmers around the country have done for decades: sell them to developers. The agicultural enterprises are part of the Dudley Ridge Water District, which originally had the right to draw a maximum of 57,343 acre-feet of water annually from California’s state water project. The Tejon Ranch is paying the farmers $5,850 an acre-foot for the right to receive 2,000 acre-feet annually, meaning that the sellers will net $11.7 million. (An acre-foot is generally considered the amount of water two average households use annually.) The fields, within the Dudley Ridge Water District, a small 30,000-acre area in southern Kings County, northeast of Los Angeles, produce fruit and nut trees — pomegranates, pistachios and the like. Given the successive years of drought in California, the last time the water district got its full allocation was in 2006; in 2008 the allocation was cut by 65 percent; this year it was cut by 50 percent, But thos

Free Online Dictionary |Babylon Dutch English dictionary||Download this dictionary| adv. accurately, exactly, strictly, nearly, precise, precisely, in and out adj. accurate, exact, strict, precise, punctual, correct,

Free Online Dictionary |Babylon Dutch English dictionary||Download this dictionary| adv. accurately, exactly, strictly, nearly, precise, precisely, in and out adj. accurate, exact, strict, precise, punctual, correct, prompt, careful, near, particular, narrow, meticulous, painstaking, nice The following video provides you with the correct English pronunciation of the word "nauwkeurig", to help you become a better English speaker. | nauwkeurig in English | nauwkeurig in French | nauwkeurig in Dutch | nauwkeurig in Greek | nauwkeurig in Croatian | nauwkeurig in Indonesian You think you have ethics... Take the survey NOW!

Millimeter Wave Spectrum Reallocated The FCC issued a Report and Order reallocating spectrum in the 76-81 GHz frequency band and the frequency bands above 95 GHz to conform the U.S. Table of Frequency Allocations with recent changes

Millimeter Wave Spectrum Reallocated The FCC issued a Report and Order reallocating spectrum in the 76-81 GHz frequency band and the frequency bands above 95 GHz to conform the U.S. Table of Frequency Allocations with recent changes to the International Table of Frequency Allocations maintained by the ITU. The Report and Order said, "The primary intent of the WRC-2000 realignment of allocations in the 76-81 GHz band and bands above 95 GHz was to place scientific services, such as the Earth-exploration satellite service (EESS) and radio astronomy service (RAS), in spectrum better suited to their needs. Regarding the 76-77 GHz band, we are adopting a primary RAS allocation and secondary space research service (SRS) allocati

1. A son of Apollo by Thyria or Hyria, the daughter of Amphinomus. He was a handsome hunter, living in the district between Pleuron and Calydon, and although beloved by many, repulsed all

1. A son of Apollo by Thyria or Hyria, the daughter of Amphinomus. He was a handsome hunter, living in the district between Pleuron and Calydon, and although beloved by many, repulsed all his lovers, and only one, Phyllius, persevered in his love. Cycnus at last imposed upon him three labours, viz. to kill a lion without weapons, to catch alive some monstrous vultures which devoured men, and with his own hand to lead a bull to the altar of Zeus. Phyllius accomplished these tasks, but as, in accordance with a request of Heracles, he refused giving to Phyllius a bull which he had received as a prize, Cycnus was exasperated at the refusal, and leaped into lake Canope, which was henceforth called after him the Cycnean lake. His mother Thyria followed him, and both were metamorphosed by Apollo into swans. (Antonin. Lib. 12.) Ovid (Met. vii. 371, &c.), who relates the same story, makes the Cycnean lake arise from Hyria melting away in tears at the death of her son. 2. A son of Poseidon by Calyce (Calycia), Harpale, or Scamandrodice. (Hygin. Fab. 157; Schol. ad Pind. Ol. ii. 147; Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 233.) He was born in secret, and was exposed on the sea-coast, where he was found by shepherds, who seeing a swan descending upon him, called him Cycnus. When he had grown up to manhood, he became king of Colonae in Troas, and married Procleia, the daughter of Laomedon or of Clytius (Paus. x. 14. § 2), by whom he became the father of Tenes and Hemithea. Dictys Cretensis (ii. 13) mentions different children. After the death of Procleia, he married Philonome, a daughter of Craugasus, who fell in love with Tenes, her stepson, and not being listened to by him calumniated him, so that Cycnus in his anger threw his son together with Hemithea in a chest into the sea. According to others Cycnus himself leaped into the sea. (Virg. Aen. ii. 21.) Afterwards, when Cycnus learned the truth respecting his wife's conduct, he killed Philonome and went to his son, who had landed in the island of Tenedos, and had become king there. According to some traditions, Tenes did not allow his father to land, but cut off the anchor. (Conon, Narrat. 28; P

Scientific name: Vanessa cardui Orange-brown wings with black and white spots on forewing. Undersides mottled brown with spots. The Painted Lady is a long-distance migrant, which causes the most spectacular butterfly migrations observed

Scientific name: Vanessa cardui Orange-brown wings with black and white spots on forewing. Undersides mottled brown with spots. The Painted Lady is a long-distance migrant, which causes the most spectacular butterfly migrations observed in Britain and Ireland. Each year, it spreads northwards from the desert fringes of North Africa, the Middle East, and central Asia, recolonising mainland Europe and reaching Britain and Ireland. In some years it is an abundant butterfly, frequenting gardens and other flowery places in late summer. Size and Family - Family – Nymphalids - Medium Sized - Wing Span Range (male to female) - 50-56mm - UK BAP status: Not assessed - Butterfly Conservation priority: Low - European status: Not assessed A wide range of foodplants may be used with thistles (Cirsium spp. and Carduus spp.) being preferred in Britain and Ireland. Mallows (Malva spp.), Common Nettle (Urtica dioica), Viper's-bugloss (Echium vulgare), and various cultivated plants also have been recorded as larval foodplants here. - Countries – England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales - Throughout Britain and Ireland, but numbers vary greatly from year to year - Distrib

History of Protistology Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1623-1723) 1674-1716 first reported protists, recorded in letters to the Royal Society of London. Huygens 1678 c

History of Protistology Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1623-1723) 1674-1716 first reported protists, recorded in letters to the Royal Society of London. Huygens 1678 ciliates observed Buonami 1691 Colpoda and euglenoids Harris 1696 Euglena Joblot, 1718 treatise on microscopic organisms, disproved abiogenesis using infusions Trembly 1744 division in ciliates Hill, 1752 Paramecium named Baker, 1953 found Noctiluca Rösel von Rosenhof, 1755 Various protists Wrisberg, 1764 coined the term "Infusoria" Ellis 1769 trichocysts of Paramecium with Geranium juice Eichhorn, 1783 Heliozoan Actinospherium O.F. Müller 1773, 1786 Monographs on protists, ciliate drawings still valid Lamark 1816 named Folliculina Gruithusen early 1800's cyclosis Goldfuss 1817, coined term Protozoa d'Orbigny 1826 study of Foraminiferida Ehrenberg 1828-1838 major works on protists, many names still valid Dujardin 1835-1841 monograph on protists, coined Rhizpoda Purkinje 1840 coined the term Protoplasm Siebold 1845 distinct definition of "protozoa" Müller 1858 Radiolaria Perty 1852 Ciliata Cohn 1853 Flagellata Claparède and Lachmann 1858 Suctoria Haeckel 1862 Heliozoa; 1866 Protista Diesing 1865 Mastigophora Stein monographs 1854, 1859 on Ciliata and Mastigophora Leidy 1879 first comprehensive work on protists of North America "Freshwater Rhizopods of North America" Stokes 1888 "The Freshwater Infusoria of the United States" Fossil remains from the begining of the Cambrian 570 mya Calculated divergence of Kinetoplastids: 1BYA rRna Sequences data shows polyphyletic origin of protists phyla or kingdoms? 36+ phyla proposed with 100, extant described species Descriptive research centered in europe/freshwater: cosmopolitanism Many habitats and geographic regions not explored protists not included in ecosystem level trophic dynamics until recently Corliss, J.O. 1975. Three centuries of protozoology: a brief tribute to its founding father, A. van Leewenhoek of Delft. J. Protozool. 22:3-7. Corliss, J.O. 1978-79. A salute to fifty-four great microscopists of the past: a pictoral footnote to the history of protozoology. Parts I & II. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc. 97:419-458; 98:26-58. Corliss, J.O. 1979. The Ciliated Protozoa: Characterization, Classification, and Guide tot he Literature, 2nd ed. Pergamon Press, Oxford & New York. Corliss, J.O. 1986. Progress in protistology during the first decade following reeemergence of the field as a respectable interdisciplanry area in modern biological research. Prog. Protistol. 1:11-63. Corliss, J.O. 1986. The 200th aniversary of "O.F.M., 1786": a tribute to the first comprehensive taxonomic treatment of the protozoa. J. Protozool. 33:475-478. Dobell, C. 1932. Antony van Leewenhoek and his "Little Animals". Swets & Zietlinger, Amsterdam. Montagnes, D.J.S., Taylor, F.J.R., & Lynn, D.H. 1990. Strombidium inclinatum n. sp. and a reassessment of Strombidium sulcatum Claparede and Lachmann (Ciliophora). J. Protozool. 37:318-323. Carl Zeiss (1816-1888) Sir George Airy Ernst Abbe (1840-1905) Otto Schott (1851-1935) August Köhler (1866-1948) Lens grinding and microscope building was trial and error until Enrst Abbe figured out the physics of image formation by the lenses of the microscope Airy and Abbe: diffraction theory of image formation: Image formation not explained by geometric optics, only by wave theory of light. A spot will produce an image of a bright central disk (the Airy disk) and concentric rings of diffracted light. Resolution is detemined by the ability to separate airy disks, limited to 0.13 Ám for optical systems using white light. Microscope objective images the l

Gulf of Mexico oil spill: How bad is it? The oil spill that resulted from the explosion and sinking of an oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico last week is becoming more worrying as it continues to spread and efforts at stemming the flow of

Gulf of Mexico oil spill: How bad is it? The oil spill that resulted from the explosion and sinking of an oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico last week is becoming more worrying as it continues to spread and efforts at stemming the flow of the leaking oil are being met with difficulties. (Page 4 of 4) But whether or not the burning will work is still up in the air. Workers would need to get the gunk-filled oil to burn, and even if they did, they might not be able to burn the spill every day, since the sea conditions can't be too rough.Skip to next paragraph In Pictures Louisiana oil spill In Pictures Destructive Oil Spills Subscribe Today to the Monitor "I think it's probably a 50-50 proposition, that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t try it," Overton said. Though the option is difficult, it still remains a viable one. "[Oil spill] burning is complex, but it is a heck of a lot better option than letting that oil get on shore," Overton told LiveScience. And the burn is not expected to impact any wildlife in the area. "No populated areas are expected to be affected by the controlled burn operations and there are no anticipated impacts to marine mammals and sea turtles," according to a statement released by the joint response team to the incident. How will the oil spill affect wildlife? The biggest concern over the effect the oil spill could have on wildlife would be its effect on coastal wildlife. So far the oil has not reached the coast and officials are putting up barriers as a precaution. The earliest it would show up on shore would be this weekend, ecologist Bill Starkel with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service told LiveScience. "The challenge with this type of oil is it's going to float, and depending on what the wind and waves do it may stick around for a while either mixing out there at sea or ultimately it could show up on shore somewhere and that poses other issues," said Tom Brosnan of NOAA's Assessment and Restoration Division. "As you get closer to the shorelines you tend to find richer life." Along coasts, birds are a big concern. When coated in oil, birds' feathers lose their ability to trap air and repel water. The result: Birds can't hold in heat and they become hypothermic, according to the Oiled Wildlife Care Network. To keep warm, an oil-coated bird will increase its metabolism, which takes energy and so means a greater need for food. Unfortunately, at the same time the sticky feathers can disrupt the bird's buoyancy so it doesn't float as well. The sinking makes it tricky for the bird to snag much-needed food. But coastal species aren't the only wildlife potentially threatened by the spill. Here are some of the animals that might come into contact with the oil slick as it moves out in the open ocean, Brosnan said: • Fish: open-water species, such as tuna, sailfish and Jacks • Birds: pelagic birds, such as shearwaters and frigate birds • Mammals: fin whales, sperm whales and bottlenose dolphins • Turtles: loggerheads and Kemp's ridleys - Top 10 Worst Oil Spills - FAQ: The Science and History of Oil Spills - Images: SOS! Major Oil Disasters at Sea

That, and even the most complex mathematical modeling equations we've developed can't account for all of the subtleties of Mother Nature. And once a model misses one thing, that error will become magnified as the forecast extrapolates out further in

That, and even the most complex mathematical modeling equations we've developed can't account for all of the subtleties of Mother Nature. And once a model misses one thing, that error will become magnified as the forecast extrapolates out further in time. Add the fact that the oceans are nearly devoid of observation points, and you make it easy for mistakes to occur from averaging over large distances. SEATTLE - The basis of forecasting models are created from taking a current picture of the atmosphere. But we can only take weather observations at certain locations around the globe, so we have to average in the areas not observed.

Plant experts warn of late blight 06/30/09 7:34AM By Ross Sneyd | MP3 || Download MP3 | (Host) Plant experts are warning farmers and backyard gardeners to

Plant experts warn of late blight 06/30/09 7:34AM By Ross Sneyd | MP3 || Download MP3 | (Host) Plant experts are warning farmers and backyard gardeners to guard against a fungus that has the potential to wipe out tomato and potato crops across the region. The disease is known as "late blight," and it's what led to the Irish potato famine at the middle of the 19th century. VPR's Ross Sneyd has more. (Sneyd) Paul Mazza pages through a thick book put out by New England university extension services each year for professional growers. (Mazza) "There it goes. Outdoor tomatoes..... Control.... We spray Quadrus, Bravo..." (Sneyd) These are some of the things that a big commercial grower like Paul Mazza's Fruits and Vegetables can spray on tomato plants. By applying a fungicide, Mazza can protect his six acres of tomatoes from becoming infested with fungus that would kill the plants - and protect any profit they might produce. (Mazza) "Instead of going every seven to 10 days, you're going every five to seven days. It's the same thing. The homeowner probably can't do as well as us. If they put straw down or plastic down, that'll help because it comes from the ground." (Sneyd) And if he doesn't spray? (Mazza) "The plant turns yellow and dies. And you get spotting of your fruit and it all rots." (Sneyd) Late blight inoculum is the culprit here. New England doesn't usually see a widespread infestation, and certainly not at this time of year. When it does show up, the fungus thrives in wet weather. Extension agents say infected plants were sold by a wholesaler from the South to big garden centers. Homeowner

Tellico Reservoir was planned as an extension of nearby Fort Loudoun Reservoir. Tellico Dam serves to divert water through a short canal into Fort Loudoun, linking the two reservoirs in their joint functions of flood damage reduction, power production

Tellico Reservoir was planned as an extension of nearby Fort Loudoun Reservoir. Tellico Dam serves to divert water through a short canal into Fort Loudoun, linking the two reservoirs in their joint functions of flood damage reduction, power production, and improved navigation. They help regulate flooding downstream, especially at Chattanooga. The canal also allows barges to enter the Little Tennessee River without a lock, thus significantly increasing commercial barge operations in the Valley. Several recreation areas that include boat ramps, day-use areas, fishing areas, and campgrounds are available at Tellico. The reservoir offers excellent trout and bass fishing. On Tellicos banks is a reconstruction of the original Fort Loudoun, which was built by the British during the French and Indian War. It was named for John Campbell, the fourth Earl of Loudoun, commander-in-chief of the British forces in North America at the time. Another nearby historic attraction is the Sequoyah Birthplace Museum, honoring the Cherokee genius who invented the Cherokee alphabet. More information on Tellico Reservoir

Search for native plants by scientific name, common name or family. If you are not sure what you are looking for, try the Combination Search or our Recommended Species lists. Search native plant database: Vick, Albert F. W. Solan

Search for native plants by scientific name, common name or family. If you are not sure what you are looking for, try the Combination Search or our Recommended Species lists. Search native plant database: Vick, Albert F. W. Solanum carolinense L. Carolina horse-nettle, Carolina horsenettle USDA Symbol: SOCA3 USDA Native Status: L48 (N), CAN (I) Star-like, white or pale lavender flowers with yellow centers are in lateral clusters on a prickly, erect stem. A coarse, native, deep-rooted perennial, it is considered a weed by some, yet the flowers are attractive. Deep hoeing is needed eradicate the underground stems, and gloves must be worn while handling the plant. This plant is not related to the true nettles. Silverleaf Nettle (S. elaeagnifolium), a very similar plant with silvery foliage, occurs in the western United States east to Missouri and is adventive further east. Buffalo Bur (S. rostratum), an annual with bright yellow flowers, is naturalized from the western United States as a weed in fields. Plant CharacteristicsDuration: Perennial Habit: Herb Flower: Fruit: Size Class: Bloom InformationBloom Time: May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct , WV Native Distribution: Southern Ontario to New England and New York; south to Florida; west to Texas; north to Nebraska. Native Habitat: Fields, waste places, gardens. National Wetland Indicator Status This information is derived from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers National Wetland Plant List, Version 3.1 (Lichvar, R.W. 2013. The National Wetland Plant List: 2013 wetland ratings. Phytoneuron 2013-49: 1-241). Click here for map of regions. From the National Organizations Directory According to the species list provided by Affiliate Organizations, this plant is either on display or available from the following: Pineywoods Native Plant Center - Nacogdoches, TX Herbarium Specimen(s)NPSOT 0909 Collected Jun 26, 1994 in Bexar County by Harry CliffeNPSOT 0956 Collected Sep 18, 1994 in Bexar County by Harry Cliffe Record Last Modified: 2008-04-07 Research By: TWC Staff

Drainage is an important aspect of any quarry, and has to be considered both during its working life and as part of the restoration proposals. Water may enter quarries from rainfall and run-off (known as'surface

Drainage is an important aspect of any quarry, and has to be considered both during its working life and as part of the restoration proposals. Water may enter quarries from rainfall and run-off (known as'surface water') or by seepage out of rock faces and through the quarry floor (known as 'ground water'). Without proper control water can be erosive, forming gullies and hollows, and can undermine the stability of quarry faces or other slopes and banks. It can also lead to flooding of the quarry floor. In some situations the layout and design of quarry operations are dictated by the need for drainage control and this may override other planning considerations. To avoid localised increased in water pressures within quarry slopes, control and diversion measures are often necessary and these may include: - Diversion of permanent water courses or surface run off outside the rim of the quarry excavation. - Diversion of surface run-off on benches using lined ditches. Wherever possible these should run along the bench, not across it. - Allowing for drainage gradients on benches and the quarry floor. On benches these gradients should dip towards a lined ditch at the base of the next higher quarry face, and not towards the edge where the water may cause erosion. - Sealing major cracks with clay to avoid infiltration behind a quarry face. - Using drainage holes to relieve pressure build up. These are drains that run from behind a quarry face out onto a bench, and should ideally link up with a lined ditch running along the length of the bench to avoid ponding. All drainage measures should be periodically inspected to ensure free flow. Hence, they should be located where access is safe. If the after use of a restored quarry includes buildings, it is essential that the local surface and groundwater flows are clearly understood so that water levels within the quarry will not rise to a level where they flood the buildings. quarry used for water sports. Many quarries require pumping during their operation and they are unlikely to remain dry without continued pumping once quarrying ceases. Any after-use needs to reflect this. It is important to realise that many structures, including screening banks and lagoons, that are associated with quarries require continued drainage. Drainage within screening banks, or other tips, is particularly important if landslips are to be avoided, especially if the tip is located on a hillside. This drainage is often achieved by using layers (or blankets) of granular material that allow for controlled seepage of water. These drainage blankets must be kept clear and not blocked with layers of soil or clay. Various plants, such as willows, can be helpful in securing drainage in wet areas and should not be removed without replacement arrangements being made. lake in the floor of a former quarry.

Farmers may help utilities through water-pollution offsets Growers could cut fertilizer runoff, then sell credits to power companies - BP pushes technical limits to tap extreme fields - Officials: 35 pilot whales moving in deeper water -

Farmers may help utilities through water-pollution offsets Growers could cut fertilizer runoff, then sell credits to power companies - BP pushes technical limits to tap extreme fields - Officials: 35 pilot whales moving in deeper water - SolarCity to back up solar with Tesla batteries - Ohioans in Congress push Obama for Piketon uranium project - GOP bill would hike tax on oil, gas drilling in Ohio - Proposed W.Va. ‘cracker’ plant may help Ohio - 10 whales dead, dozens stranded in Everglades - Ancient DNA from human relative sets age record Faced with a planned federal mandate to cut water pollution from power plants, American Electric Power and other utility companies might simply pay farmers to do the job for them. In a “water quality trading” test program recently announced by environmental regulators in Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky, farmers could cut polluted stormwater runoff from their fields and sell the reductions as credits to power companies. Either way, proponents say, streams, rivers and lakes would be cleaner. Installing and operating pollution-treatment systems at power plants would be much more expensive, according to officials with the Electric Power Research Institute. “There are substantial savings,” Jessica Fox, senior scientist for the institute’s Water and Ecosystems Program, said of the credit concept. The institute, a nonprofit arm of the electric-utility industry, came up with the idea and helped persuade state and federal officials to support it. In a written statement, Scott Nally, director of the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, called the program “another example of the innovative partnerships we are creating in Ohio.” Buying and selling credits is fine, said Anthony Sasson, freshwater conservation coordinator for the Nature Conservancy in Ohio, as long as it cuts pollution in streams. “It has to show a substantial overall reduction as a result,” Sasson said. “You can’t just break even.” Farming frequently is cited in government reports as the No. 1 source of the phosphorus and nitrogen pollution that plagues streams and lakes. The compounds, which are found in manure and fertilizers, run off fields during storms. Power plants release nitrogen from ammonia, which is used in scrubbers and filters to cut air pollution. Nitrogen and phosphorus help grow thick mats of toxic, blue-green algae in lakes. Nitrogen also flows down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers to help form a vast, oxygen-depleted dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico. Ohio and other states are working under a federal mandate to come up with phosphorus and nitrogen limits for streams. When those limits would be set is not clear. The U.S. EPA, which first called for limits in 1998, has requested more information to help it review a “framework” for an Ohio EPA plan. The state is expected to supply that infor

The general term applied in South America to designate the mixed European-Indian race, and more specifically applied in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to the organized bands of Portuguese slave-hunters who desolated the vast interior of South America from the

The general term applied in South America to designate the mixed European-Indian race, and more specifically applied in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to the organized bands of Portuguese slave-hunters who desolated the vast interior of South America from the Atlantic to the slopes of the Andes, and from the Paraguay to the Orinoco. The enslavement of the Indians by the conquerors began almost with the discovery of America, being recommended and put in practice by Columbus himself as early as 1493, occasioning his first serious rebuke by Isabella. In 1511 the Dominicans throughout Hispaniola (Haiti) publicly preached against it, and sent one of their number to Spain to protest against it at court; their actions resulted in a royal edict against the abuse, and the official appointment of the celebrated Dominican father, and later bishop, Bartolome de Las Casas, as "Protector of the Indians". In 1531 Paul III issued Bull restoring liberty to all enslaved Indians. In 1543, largely through the effort of Las Casas, the Spanish Government published a code of new laws for the government of the Indians, limiting the existing power of holding slaves, and prohibiting all future enslavement of Indians. The law applied only to the native Indians, not to negroes. It served as a check upon the worst abuses and was carried out strictly wherever the watchful eye of the viceroy could reach, but elsewhere it was treated with contempt. The Portuguese who colonized Brazil in the sixteenth century were already the professional slave-dealers of Europe, and their settlements along the coast soon became a rendezvous for a lawless class of slavers, pirates, and other desperadoes. Intermarrying with the women of the wild tribes, they produced the mixed breed of Mamelucos, which combined the courage and persistence of the white race, and the woodcraft and linguistic faculty of the Indian, with a cruelty untempered by any restraining influence whatever. São Paulo on the South Brazilian coast, and Pará at the mouth of the Amazon became their two great headquarters, from which, beginning about 1560, for a period of nearly two centuries, regular armies of slave-hunters, sometimes a thousand strong, fully armed and equipped with horses guns, and blood-hounds, set out periodically, year after year, to slaughter and capture the helpless natives. In this work they were encouraged both by the Brazilian colonists, who wanted slaves for the plantations and the mines, and by the Portuguese Government which favoured them as a formidable barrier to the Spanish colonization, of which the Jesuit missions were considered outposts. Among all the Mamelucos, those of São Paulo, the Paulistas as they were called, were most noted. The first of the Guaraní missions of the Paraguay territory was established in 1610. In 1629 the Paulista armies invaded the territory, and within two yea

29 NOVEMBER 2007, PHILADELPHIA, PA—In September 2006, Penn Museum sent out a major, two-year loan of Mesopotamian artifacts--complete with a catalog written by Dr. Richard

29 NOVEMBER 2007, PHILADELPHIA, PA—In September 2006, Penn Museum sent out a major, two-year loan of Mesopotamian artifacts--complete with a catalog written by Dr. Richard Zettler, Associate Curator of the Mesopotamian section--to the Beijing World Art Museum, Beijing, China, to be a part of their long-awaited, long-term exhibition, “The Great Civilizations.” Artifacts from Penn Museum's exceptional Mesopotamian section collection constitutes the entire Mesopotamian section of "The Great Civilizations" exhibition. In the first year alone, more than 500,000 visitors have seen the exhibition, noted Wang Limei, Director of the Beijing World Art Museum. In a letter to Penn Museum, Wang Limei shared some of the comments collected from the visitors: “For the first time I understand how great the human civilizations in the world were and what a potential ability existed in the human being.” “Ancient Chinese civilization is only part of the civilizations of the world. We must get to know and study more of the ancient and modern world, so that it will prevent us from being conceited and self-satisfied.” "Only by learning the brilliant world cultural heritages, can the nation of China (be) stand in the world. It is the duty of our modern youth to study hard and make progress in the development of our nation.” “The works of art of the world civilizations are the great heritage of the whole mankind. They need to be taken care of and protected by the people across the world generation(s) after generation(s.)” A child from Inner Mongolia said “I have leant a lot about the history of ancient civilizations which I can not get from my text books. I will come back again if I have the opportunity. I will introduce this wonderful show to my friends and share the surprises the Beijing World Art Museum brings us.” The University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, located at 3260 South Streets on the Penn campus in Philadelphia, is dedicated to the study and understanding of human history and diversity. Founded in 1887, the Museum has sent more than 400 archaeological and anthropological expeditions to all the inhabited continents of the world. With an active exhibition schedule and educational programming for children and adults, the Museum offers the public an opportunity to share in the ongoing discovery of humankind's collective heritage. For general information, visitors may call (215) 898-4000, or visit the Museum’s award-winning website at http://www.penn.museum.

Ostrea edulis is a bivalve mollusc that has an oval or pear shaped shell with a rough, scaly surface. The irregular shell has a distinct hooked beak, patterned with delicate foliation. The two halves (

Ostrea edulis is a bivalve mollusc that has an oval or pear shaped shell with a rough, scaly surface. The irregular shell has a distinct hooked beak, patterned with delicate foliation. The two halves (valves) of the shell are different shapes subcircular to circular and inequivalve. Left shell is deeply concave and fixed to the substratum, the right being flat with rougher edges and sitting inside the left acting as a lid. Inner surfaces of both valves are smooth and usually pearly, white or bluish-grey, often with darker blue areas. Valves are held together at their narrow ends by an elastic ligament. No teeth are reported on the hinge. A large central muscle serves to close the valve against the pull of the ligament. The shell is off white, yellowish or cream in colour with light brown or bluish concentric bands on the right valve. Shell consist of a series of chalky layers which may include laminar and hollow chambers. The hard rough gray shell contains a meat that can vary in color from creamy beige to pale gray, in flavor from salty to bland, and in texture from tender to firm. O. edulis occurs from the coast of Norway to waters near Morocco, through the Mediterranean Sea, and into the Black Sea. The flat oyster can grow very large (>20 cm) and become very old (>20 years). The flat oyster Ostrea edulis, a native of Europe, has been part of the human diet for many centuries. The Romans built ponds to stock and sort oysters. In the 17th century, oyster spat were collected on rocks, separated from each other and deployed into ponds in salt marshes on the Atlantic coast of France. A decline in activity in salt marshes facilitated oyster culture development by expanding grow-out acreage availability. During the 18th and 19th centuries, fishing effort led to over-exploitation, failing recruitment, and destruction of European natural beds, which were also affected by extremely cold

Uphill versus Downhill Downhill Putts (Less Speed = More Break) With less momentum on a downhill putt, gravity acts upon the ball sooner and forces the ball down the direction of the true downslope. On downhill putts

Uphill versus Downhill Downhill Putts (Less Speed = More Break) With less momentum on a downhill putt, gravity acts upon the ball sooner and forces the ball down the direction of the true downslope. On downhill putts, therefore, we need to allow for more break. Uphill Putts (More Speed = Less Break) Uphill putts are a lot easier than downhill putts as they have less break. This is because we are hitting an uphill putt much harder than a downhill putt, and thereby eliminating the break in the early part of the putt. The ball will take any break when it starts to “die” (i.e. loses speed). Gravity starts to take over and the ball will follow the true slope. Side Slope Putts Putts hit across any side slope are generally uphill on the first part of the putt, and then downhill on the second part. Once you have assessed whether the put is uphill or downhill (to help you determine the pace of the putt and initial starting line), then focus on the area around the hole where the ball will die. This will help you to gain an understanding of the direction of the true downslope; as this is where the slope will have the greatest influence on your putt. By building up a picture of the contours, you will build up a picture of the line and pace you will need to hit the ball on for it to go in the hole. If you practice reading putts and build it into

Study Skills Support What is Personal Responsibility? Personal responsibility, particularly as it relates to study skills, is the acceptance of responsibility for one’s own learning. Like many skills, the acquisition of personal responsibility is a developmental process, best taught and understood

Study Skills Support What is Personal Responsibility? Personal responsibility, particularly as it relates to study skills, is the acceptance of responsibility for one’s own learning. Like many skills, the acquisition of personal responsibility is a developmental process, best taught and understood over time. For our children, personal responsibility begins with the assignment of household chores and jobs along with the establishment of appropriate expectations for their completion. It expands, as students enter school, to include the assumption of school assignments, and the development of skills to help students become independent learner. Personal responsibility also includes the acceptance of blame for failure or mistakes and the development of self-advocacy skills for interacting with other learners and adults. Personal Responsibility Tips: Serve as a model for responsible behavior, promising and delivering on those jobs and expectations you choose to accept---at home, with friends, in your community. Assign developmentally appropriate jobs for your children to complete. Be sure to provide instruction on how the job is to be done. (Jobs might include making their bed, setting the table, picking up toys and games, taking out garbage, feeding a pet). Provide specific feedback on the completion of the assigned tasks. Recognize effort, quality, and progress, but also provide guidance areas for improvement. Establish consequences for responsibilities which were not met. It is best if the consequences are not punitive, but logical in nature. Set rules, routines, and guidelines. Children need this, and these structures will support similar expectations from teachers, employers and others during their lifetime. Let your child help with new and challenging tasks. By doing so, your child’s sense of confidence and competence will increase. Set aside a regular time to talk with your child about his/her school responsibilities. Initially, and until the habit is established, a daily check is necessary. As the habit is formed and students move through junior high and into high school, it is important to check less frequently so the burden of this responsibility shifts to the student. Avoid making excuses or rescuing your child when his/her responsibilities have not been met. Students must learn to deal with the consequences of their own behavior; mistakes and failures are magnificent learning opportunities! Role-play scenarios with your child that helps them to talk with their teacher or other adults/students about their grades, assignments, classroom performance, or other school issues. Scaffold your child’s development of personal responsibility, providing much instruction and guidance initially and much less over time. Web Resources on Personal Responsibility: Helping children develop Building responsible kids: Helping students take personal responsibility for learning: Common Q/A on Personal R

Posts tagged with Race Dr. Martin Luther King's dream of a color blind society cannot be realized as long as the media and black leaders continue to perpetuate the old southern myth that the descendants of North American slaves are a different "race"

Posts tagged with Race Dr. Martin Luther King's dream of a color blind society cannot be realized as long as the media and black leaders continue to perpetuate the old southern myth that the descendants of North American slaves are a different "race" from light skinned Americans. The term "African American" is an extremely racist term that implies the descendants of slaves belong in Africa rather than the United States even though many have ancestors who were living in North America at the time of the Revolution. The dark skinned peoples of Sub-Saharan Africa might be of a different race from the light skinned peoples of northern Africa and Europe, but Americans have had too much sex across the color line over the last 400 years to be of different races. The only inherent difference between black and white Americans is a half dozen genes that control skin color. A person can have a dark complexion even though a majority of skin color genes come from European ancestors because the genes that code for dark complexion are dominant and only a couple are needed for a relatively dark complexion. One of the genes that codes for a dark complexion is common among peoples of North America and Asia as well as Africa Americans have been having sex across the color line since the first African slaves had sexual relationships with their fellow Irish slaves or with slave owners. Sexual relations also occurred with the North American peoples who lived in the vicinity of plantations for the first two hundred years

A representation of the Tharsis Ridge, showing the altitude of the volcanoes compared to the surrounding areas. The elevated southern hemisphere is also shown. From Mars Global Surveyor. Click on image for full size The Tharsis Ridge

A representation of the Tharsis Ridge, showing the altitude of the volcanoes compared to the surrounding areas. The elevated southern hemisphere is also shown. From Mars Global Surveyor. Click on image for full size The Tharsis Ridge This image, taken from the Mars Global Surveyor mission (MGS), shows the Tharsis Ridge, the green/blue area in the middle of the picture, as well as a portion of the southern hemisphere of Mars. The green areas are more elevated than the surroundings, and the yellow/white regions, which are actually Martian volcanoes, are the most elevated of all. The red line in the picture is the spacecraft measurement which indicates just how large the regions are compared to one another. The Tharsis Ridge is a region about twice the size of the United States (8000 km), and is where many of the volcanoes of Mars are found. Measurements by all spacecraft visiting Mars, including recent ones by Mars Pathfinder and Mars Global Surveyor have indicated that this region of Mars is actually a giant bulge, as shown in the picture. The picture also shows how much more elevated the southern hemisphere of Mars is from the rest of the planet. The Ridge probably formed about 3.8 Billion years ago, about 250 million years after Mars finished forming out of the solar nebula. Even though that is a very long time ago, planetologists regard this period as somewhat late in Mars' history. This means that Mars probably had a late warming episode, which created the Ridge, with it's associated volcanoes. The Ridge may have been built in a manner similar to the volcanic rises of Venus, namely by a rising hot plume from the deep interior, which formed land on the surface. The cratering record suggests that after this period of activity, all volcanic activity on Mars ceased. There seem to be no features younger than 3.5 Billion Years. Shop Windows to the Universe Science Store! Our online store on science education, classroom activities in The Earth Scientist specimens, and educational games You might also be interested in: A mantle plume is a bubble of material which rises to the lithosphere from the deep interior of the planet. The plume is the red portion shown in the drawing to the left. Such plumes are thought to form...more The Hawaiian Islands are an example of the way some volcanoes are made. A rising hot plume of material makes it's way to the lithosphere of the Earth from the deep interior, and erupts material unto the...more Mars Global Surveyor carries an instrument which measures the altitudes of things. The instrument is called an altimeter, or "altitude-meter". The graph to the left shows Mars Global Surveyor's measurement...more The Viking I and Viking 2 missions were designed to both orbit Mars and land and make exploratory observations on the planet's surface. At this stage in the history of the exploration of Mars, scientists...more During its earliest history, Mars was bombarded with *planetismals*. The impacts of these asteroid-like boulders caused the surface regions of Mars to become warm enough for continents to drift across...more Unlike that of the Earth, the Martian climate is significantly influenced by the eccentricity of the Martian orbit. In spite of the significant influence the orbit plays on Martian climate over the years...more Like the Earth's lithosphere, the Martian lithosphere is the not-so-rigid part of the crust of Mars which is cooler than the interior of Mars somewhat like the film on top of a cup of hot cocoa. On Earth,...more

Bagasse Fractionation by the Soda Process Doherty, Bill & Rainey, Thomas (2006) Bagasse Fractionation by the Soda Process. In Hogarth, D (Ed.) Proceedings of the Australian Society of Sugar Cane

Bagasse Fractionation by the Soda Process Doherty, Bill & Rainey, Thomas (2006) Bagasse Fractionation by the Soda Process. In Hogarth, D (Ed.) Proceedings of the Australian Society of Sugar Cane Technologists 2006, 2-5 May 2006, Australia, Queensland, Mackay. The soda process was the first chemical pulping method and was patented in 1845. Soda pulping led to kraft pulping, which involves the combined use of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide. Today, kraft pulping dominates the chemical pulping industry. However, about 10% of the total chemical pulp produced in the world is made using non-wood material, such as bagasse and wheat straw. The soda process is the preferred method of chemical pulping of non-wood materials, because it is considered to be economically viable on a small scale and for bagasse is compatible with sugarcane processing. With recent developments, the soda process can be designed to produce minimal effluent discharge and the fouling of evaporators by silica precipitation. The aim of this work is to produce bagasse fibres suitable for papermaking and allied applications and to produce sulfur-free lignin for use in specialty applications. A preliminary economic analysis of the soda process for producing commodity silica, lignin and pulp for papermaking is presented. Citation countsa

10 Fabulous Rules to Get Your Kids on a Healthy Diet Parents are usually concerned about their kids' eating habits. Nowadays, kids are mostly attracted by junk food, fatty acids, and high-calorie diets. Though these eatables are tempting

10 Fabulous Rules to Get Your Kids on a Healthy Diet Parents are usually concerned about their kids' eating habits. Nowadays, kids are mostly attracted by junk food, fatty acids, and high-calorie diets. Though these eatables are tempting enough to attract even adults, kids must learn to replace unhealthy foods with healthy ones so that they can grow healthier and not fattier. While teaching kids to like fruits and vegetables sounds to be a bit too difficult a task, parents shouldn't be held back by this mere thought. If elders can follow certain easy rules and tips, there's no doubt kids will love fruits and vegetables. All you have to do is to be patient during your kid's transition from an unhealthy diet to healthy eating habits. Read more at Betterhealthblog: