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May 18, 2001 Astronomers from the United States, France, and elsewhere may have seen a snippet of the solar system's formation in reverse, while taking the first-ever detailed look inside the disintegrating heart of Comet C | May 18, 2001 Astronomers from the United States, France, and elsewhere may have seen a snippet of the solar system's formation in reverse, while taking the first-ever detailed look inside the disintegrating heart of Comet C/1999 S4 (LINEAR) or "Comet C/LINEAR."
A special collection of reports in the 18 May issue of the international journal, Science reveals that the comet, which exploded while at its prime viewing distance from Earth last summer, had a number of unexpected quirks that should improve scientists' understanding of how comets are born, how they live, and how they die.
Comets are balls of ice and dust and rock that are some of the most pristine objects in the solar system, physically and chemically unaltered since the time of their formation. While some have been known to split into a few pieces, the breakup of a comet's entire nucleus has never been seen before.
Scientists believe that comets may have been some of the building blocks or "planetesimals" that clumped together to form planets. Thus, the 16 chunks observed after the nucleus of Comet C/LINEAR broke apart may have been primordial planetesimals, according to Science author Hal Weaver of Johns Hopkins University.
"We're very interested in how the planets formed, and figuring out how comets are put together is a very important step in that process. By watching the comet come apart, we were hoping it was like hitting the rewind button and allowing us the opportunity to see how it formed," Weaver said.
He cautioned, however, that they couldn't be absolutely sure this is what they saw until they figured out what caused the comet's breakup.
The timing of the breakup was particularly serendipitous for astronomers, who had prepared to catch a glimpse of the bright comet. In Science's special research package, six teams of scientists report their findings on the comet's chemical composition, structure, and breakup process, using data from a variety of ground-based and spacecraft instruments.
One of the many unusual things about C/LINEAR is that it was surprisingly low in volatile compounds and seemed to break apart in stages, suggesting that heating by the sun didn't make it explode. Instead, fast rotation, collisions with debris from asteroids, or some combination of both may have made the comet unravel, according to Weaver.
The comet was also depleted in carbon-containing compounds, compared to other known comets. Many scientists believe that comets delivered the carbon-based molecules that were the building blocks for life, but this theory may need to be reconsidered if more comets turn out |
Baudrillard begins by criticizing Hans Magnus Enzenberger’s question of how the Left can liberate the media. What Enzenberger envisions as the ideal use of the media is the elusive socialist wet dream of an open forum of immediate | Baudrillard begins by criticizing Hans Magnus Enzenberger’s question of how the Left can liberate the media. What Enzenberger envisions as the ideal use of the media is the elusive socialist wet dream of an open forum of immediate communication to which everyone is granted access, as opposed to what he regards the media being now, a “medium of distribution” (168) by the dominant class.
Such an argument inherently formulates the media as a subservient tool, being maniputable to users. The political question is a matter of the identity of the user. Baudrillard counters by posing the question of whether the media can ever be manipulated by any group purely to instigate that group’s purposes. The media possesses its own underestimated characteristics and complexities; it is a dominant key player in the political process of information distribution. It helps not so much serve the process as define the information distributed. While Baudrillard agrees with Marshall McLuhan that indeed, the medium is the message, this agreement is limited in that Baudrillard emphasizes the medium’s effect on the message, instead of assuming that there is no message.
The media decontextualizes events and objectifies them by placing them in a different context, alongside other decontextualized events. This homogenizes the relevancy of the events and deprives them of their meanings. Baudrillard’s verb for this is “mediatize.” Such a case is the ’68 strike. The meaning of the rebellion was negated through the media because “there is no model of transgression, prototypical or serial. Hence, there is no better way to reduce it than to administer a mortal dose of publicity” (174). The media may be a strong force in distributing information, and thus an undeniable political force, but the control of the presentation of this information—specifically, the deprivation of its meaning—cannot be monopolized by any class, dominant or otherwise. Baudrillard writes, “ideology does not exist in some place apart, as the discourse of the dominant class, before it is channeled through the media.” (169).
In such an argument, Baudrillard is speaking of the media as mass media, and not media per se. Baudrillard specifies “the real revolutionary media” as “everything that [is] an immediate inscription, given and returned, spoken and answered, mobile in the same space and time, reciprocal and antagonistic” (176). Of the ’68 strike, he indicates toward the “silk-screen posters and the hand-painted notices” (176) as examples of media that retains the original meaning. Even this kind of media is itself fast losing this quality because it is becoming “institutionalized by reproduction” (177) by others who do not necessarily understand the original context this kind of media came from. Thus, this media begins to impose the same effects of decontextualization and objectification as mass media.
It seems that Baudrillard’s assertion of media as an objectification of information may partially be dependent on the public’s objectification of media itself. Of the “mediatization” of information, how much is due to the inherent characteristics of media and how much is due to the development of the way the public views media is not assessed by Baudrillard. How did the public credibility of the media come about? Does the information through media altered the same way in all societies, especially ones which may regard the media differently?
Another unanswered question: where does meaning reside? Even an event in its original context means something different for the people involved, whether as participants or bystanders. Baudrillard’s “meaning” means “collective meaning,” of which there may be no such thing, and context, which he seems to equate with meaning, is not meaning. It is fair to assert that the media obscures the original context of the event, but the meaning of an event is a much more elusive matter.
In general however, Baudrillard’s assertion that the medium deprives information of its original context, and the difficulties this implies in being able to communicate through the media, is a much more practical stance than Enzenberger’s. |
The “Song of America” project, initially developed by Thomas Hampson in collaboration with the Library of Congress in 2005, and now a program of the Hampsong Foundation, examines connections between poetry, music, history and culture from the | The “Song of America” project, initially developed by Thomas Hampson in collaboration with the Library of Congress in 2005, and now a program of the Hampsong Foundation, examines connections between poetry, music, history and culture from the perspective of classic song.
Drawing on resources from the Library’s unparalleled collection, the project has so far presented two national tours (in 2005-2006 and 2009-2010); independent recitals in 22 states and 13 countries; numerous master classes, exhibitions and broadcasts; the Song of America radio series; the database www.songofamerica.net; and two recordings: Song of America – Music from the Library of Congress and Wondrous Free – Song of America II.
The Song of America database, located at http://www.songofamerica.net, is the keystone of the American song project. Launched in November 2009, Song of America seeks to tell the story of our culture and nation, through the eyes of our poets and the ears of our composer. A project of the Hampsong Foundation, its goal is to build and curate a comprehensive archive of American song with text and multimedia resources.
“The ‘Song of America’ project has been a dream come true for me,” says Hampson, “giving me unforgettable opportunities to tour our country while singing the songs born of our life experiences as Americans in the language of our hearts and minds. These songs – our songs – say everything, through the eyes of our poets and the ears of our composers, about the culture we call American. We need these songs in our cultural landscape.”
For more information about the Song of America project, please visit SongofAmerica.net
This 13-program series is a documentary |
I just noticed that the sequence of colours in the visible electromagnetic spectrum seems to be named differently in English and German. In English, it generally appears to be red/orange/yellow/green/blue/indigo/violet (as in the mnemonic | I just noticed that the sequence of colours in the visible electromagnetic spectrum seems to be named differently in English and German. In English, it generally appears to be red/orange/yellow/green/blue/indigo/violet (as in the mnemonic "Richard of York gave battle in vain."), whereas in German, it appears to be red/orange/yellow/light-green/dark-green/blue/violet (at least that is how I remember learning it in elementary school).
Now I wonder what the basic colours of the visible spectrum are called in other languages. In particular, I suppose they are rather different in languages that divide parts of the colour space differently anyway (such as, I believe, Gaelic and Russian, and probably lots of non-Indoeuropean languages). Does anybody have examples of how the spectrum is "different" in other languages?
Update: As a clarification: German-speakers don't call blue "dark-green" -- it's just that the conventional rendition of the colour spectrum in German splits the green part into two colour bands, whereas the English one does the same to the blue part. And a Franco-Canadian told me that in (Canadian) French it just is red/orange/yellow/green/blue/violet (six colours only). |
Catherine of Aragon was fully prepared to challenge Henry VIII’s desire for a marriage annulment. Least of all was Catherine willing to go quietly. Catherine was a devout Roman Catholic and to her marriage was a sacred act not to be trivial | Catherine of Aragon was fully prepared to challenge Henry VIII’s desire for a marriage annulment. Least of all was Catherine willing to go quietly. Catherine was a devout Roman Catholic and to her marriage was a sacred act not to be trivialised in the manner Henry seemed to be doing. Not only was Catherine willing to fight for her marriage, she was also willing to fight for her daughter, Mary, as any annulment might in some way damage Mary’s future. Least of all |
Max Stibbe (1898-1973) was a Dutchman who lived in South Africa for many years. Although he worked with children of all colours in South Africa, he was there influenced by the ideas of apartheid and defended them on | Max Stibbe (1898-1973) was a Dutchman who lived in South Africa for many years. Although he worked with children of all colours in South Africa, he was there influenced by the ideas of apartheid and defended them on occasion. Stibbe strongly influenced the geography curriculum of the Dutch Waldorf Schools by suggesting to add "racial ethnology" to the cultural anthropology that Rudolf Steiner had proposed as part of the social studies or geography curriculum.
The suggestion continued to influence a geography main lesson block lasting several weeks in 8th (sometimes already 7th) grade in most of the Dutch Waldorf Schools. The subject was meant to awaken interest in the different cultures of the world.
Outdated stereotypical views going right back to Stibbe had, however, continued to influence the way some of the teachers taught this subject in Dutch Waldorf schools for 30 years, in a way not found at other Waldorf schools around the world, despite a renunciation by leaders of the Waldorf education movement in Holland in the 80s.
In 1995, a mother was taken aback by the racist content of one of her daughter's school note books, and inquiries at the school did not result in satisfactory explanations, so she decided to go public.
The Deputy Minister of Education, Tineke Netelenbos, promptly instructed the State Education Inspection Service to carry out an investigation. The results of the investigation were made public in a joint press release on March 28 1995 by the Dutch Ministry of Education, Science and Cultural Affairs and the Association of Rudolf Steiner Schools in the Netherlands.
"The investigation into Steiner Schools in the Netherlands, carried out by the State Education Inspection service at the request of Deputy Minister Netelenbos, conclusively proved that there is no evidence of racism in the Steiner Schools. In fact much attention is given in the schools to developing an awareness among the students so that racism is actually countered."At 7 of the 95 Dutch Steiner Schools, the State Inspectorate, however, also reported evidence of a stereotyping of races and peoples with discriminatory tendencies. The main lesson block on "racial ethnology" was consequently dropped by those schools that had had them in their curriculum. A non-discriminatory code of behaviour for Rudolf Steiner Schools, including a complaints procedure, was set up by the Dutch Steiner School Association.
Back to the main page on Holland |
James Ford Rhodes (18481927). History of the Civil War, 18611865 1917.
word which Dana sent to Stanton. Grant rode by and in spite of the darkness was recognized. The men burst into cheers, swung their | James Ford Rhodes (18481927). History of the Civil War, 18611865 1917.
word which Dana sent to Stanton. Grant rode by and in spite of the darkness was recognized. The men burst into cheers, swung their hats, clapped their hands, threw up their arms and greeted their general as a comrade, so pleased were they that he was leading them on to Richmond instead of ordering them to fall back to the camp which they had just abandoned.
The Confederate soldiers, believing in their invincibility on their own soil, thought that Grant, like the other Federal generals, would give it up and fall back; and Lee at one time held the opinion that he was retiring on Fredericksburg. But the Confederate general was too sagacious to base his plans entirely on one supposition; surmising that Grant might move to Spottsylvania, he sent thither a portion of his force, which, having the shorter and easier line of march, arrived earlier than the Union Army, and took up a position across the path of their approach. The armies soon came in contact and fighting began. On May 11 Grant sent his celebrated despatch to Halleck: We have now ended the sixth day of very heavy fighting. I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer.1 After a furious battle next day at the Salientthe so-called bloody anglethere was a lull, owing principally to the heavy and constant rains, which made the roads deep with mud and impassable. It is true, however, that the Union Army needed rest and that Grant was desirous of reënforcements to fill the gaps in his ranks caused by his heavy losses. In these battles at Spottsylvania he was almost invariably the attacking party; again and again he assailed the Confederates in front, where their intrenchments, defended by rifled muskets and artillery throughout, quadrupled their strength. It has been said that the hurling of his men |
MU professor shares Civil Rights story
Published: Sunday, December 9, 2012
Updated: Sunday, December 9, 2012 22:12
Martin Luther King Jr., Medgar Evers, Malcolm X; America | MU professor shares Civil Rights story
Published: Sunday, December 9, 2012
Updated: Sunday, December 9, 2012 22:12
Martin Luther King Jr., Medgar Evers, Malcolm X; America’s civil rights movement in the 1950s and ’60s produced leaders that live on in the innumerable history books read in classrooms every day. The sacrifice and the influence of these illustrious individuals, and dozens of other similarly known names, are remarkable. All three galvanized a population not content to keep the status quo and go slow. Of course they met resistance, each was assassinated before they turned 40.
While you cannot overstate the importance of such leaders in the struggle, you cannot forget that without followers, a leader is useless. The real story of America’s civil rights movement was written by the multitudes of obscure peaceful protestors, sympathizers and agitators and that endeavored through the years seeking the summit of equality.
Joan Browning is one of those thousands.
A co-professor of history at Marshall this semester, Browning has been able to share her experiences with dozens of students in David Trowbridge’s history classes.
As a girl living in a white section of rural Georgia in the 1950s, the nearest black neighbor lived almost six miles away, Browning was inspired by the Soviets to study mathematics.
“I was a teenager when Sputnik went into space,” Brown explained. “Sputnik was the first time that there was something up there twinkling that God hadn’t made, that man had made.”
Her mind was made up, and she wanted to go to Georgia Tech and study engineering. Her plans changed, though, in those days Georgia Tech did not admit women. Undaunted, Browning headed for Georgia State College for Women, where she majored in physics.
“I had no thoughts whatsoever about joining the civil rights movement,” Browning said.
Things soon changed.
Accustomed to the smaller “country churches” of her youth, Browning soon found herself sitting, uncomfortably, in a 1,000 member congregation at the Methodist church near campus.
Around this time Brow |
The Civil Works Administration was created in late 1933, under the encouragement of Harry Hopkins, to help Americans through a difficult winter. Despite Roosevelt's late approval for the plan, Hopkins promised to have four million people working before Christmas. By mid | The Civil Works Administration was created in late 1933, under the encouragement of Harry Hopkins, to help Americans through a difficult winter. Despite Roosevelt's late approval for the plan, Hopkins promised to have four million people working before Christmas. By mid-January he had exceeded his estimate by 300,000. The Civil Works Administration built or improved 500,000 miles of road, 40,000 schools, and 1,000 airports; improved streets; unclogged sewers; and cleaned out parks. In 1935 the scheme was expanded into the Works Progress Administration, thanks to the unanimous approval of the New Deal by voters in the midterm Congressional elections. Over the eight years that the agency ran, over nine million people were put to work, including writers and artists such as John Steinbeck, in work mostly for public display.
The persistence of Depression conditions through 1934 prompted opposition to FDR from both the right and the left. The American Liberty League, created in August 1934, represented right-wing opposition to FDR's extensions of the role and responsibility of American government. Powerful leftist demagogues, however, pressed FDR to extend the reach of the New Deal even further. Dr. Francis Townsend, who himself had lost most of his money in the stock market crash, advocated giving a $200 per month in pension for each elderly person–provided that they spend it by the end of the month–as a means of jumpstarting the economy. Among the anti-New Dealers, Senator Huey Long of |
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- A river rising near Smolensk in west-central Russia and flowing about 2,285 km (1,420 mi) southward through Belarus and Ukraine | from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- A river rising near Smolensk in west-central Russia and flowing about 2,285 km (1,420 mi) southward through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea. It has been a major commercial waterway since the ninth century.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- proper n. A large river flowing southerly through Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine into the Black Sea, 2,285 km long.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. a river that rises in Russia near Smolensk and flowing south through Belarus and Ukraine to empty into the Black Sea
Sorry, no etymologies found. |
Rosetta spies Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko
The European Space Agency’s Rosetta spacecraft, launched in 2004, has just gone into hibernation until 2014, as it continues to cruise towards its far-fl | Rosetta spies Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko
The European Space Agency’s Rosetta spacecraft, launched in 2004, has just gone into hibernation until 2014, as it continues to cruise towards its far-flung rendezvous with a comet. Once there it will drop a lander on the nucleus and then accompany the comet as it orbits towards the Sun. Before Rosetta went to sleep, its camera OSIRIS was able to pick out its target, Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko,160 million kilometres away among the background stars. This is the picture released today from the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS).
“We had not expected to be able to create first images from so far away,” says the lead investigator for OSIRIS, Holger Sierks of MPS.
The press release from MPS is here http://www.mps.mpg.de/en/aktuelles/pressenotizen/pressenotiz_20110608.html
And from ESA here http://www.esa.int/esaSC/SEM38RJ4LOG_index_0.html
By the way, next week (15 June) I’ll be taking part in an ESA TV programme about Rosetta and its predecessor Giotto, at ESOC, ESA’s mission control in Darmstadt.
Added 12 June: The event will start in the afternoon at 16:30 CEST. (15:30 BST) and will be webstreamed live at www.esa.int |
An international team of scientists led by groups from the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (MPQ) in Garching, Germany, and from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the University of California at Berkeley | An international team of scientists led by groups from the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (MPQ) in Garching, Germany, and from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the University of California at Berkeley has used ultrashort flashes of laser light to directly observe the movement of an atom’s outer electrons for the first time.
Through a process called attosecond absorption spectroscopy, researchers were able to time the oscillations between simultaneously produced quantum states of valence electrons with great precision. These oscillations drive electron motion.
“With a simple system of krypton atoms, we demonstrated, for the first time, that we can measure transient absorption dynamics with attosecond pulses,” says Stephen Leone of Berkeley Lab’s Chemical Sciences Division, who is also a professor of chemistry and physics at UC Berkeley. “This revealed details of a type of electronic motion – coherent superposition – that can control properties in many systems.”
Leone cites recent work by the Graham Fleming group at Berkeley on the crucial role of coherent dynamics in photosynthesis as an example of its importance, noting that “the method developed by our team for exploring coherent dynamics has never before been available to researchers. It’s truly general and can be applied to attosecond electronic dynamics problems in the physics and chemistry of liquids, solids, biological systems, everything.”
The team’s demonstration of attosecond absorption spectroscopy began by first ionizing krypton atoms, removing one or more outer valence electrons with pulses of near-infrared laser light that were typically measured on timescales of a few femtoseconds (a femtosecond is 10^-15 second, a quadrillionth of a second). Then, with far shorter pulses of extreme ultraviolet light on the 100-attosecond timescale (an attosecond is 10^-18 second, a quintillionth of a second), they were able to precisely measure the effects on the valence electron orbitals.
The results of the pioneering measurements performed at MPQ by the Leone and Krausz groups and their colleagues are reported in the August 5 issue of the journal Nature.
Parsing the fine points of valence electron motion
Valence electrons control how atoms bond with other atoms to form molecules or crystal structures, and how these bonds break and reform during chemical reactions. Changes in molecular structures occur on the scale of many femtoseconds and have often been observed with femtosecond spectroscopy, in which both Leone and Krausz are pioneers.
Zhi-Heng Loh of Leone’s group at Berkeley Lab and UC Berkeley worked with Eleftherios Goulielmakis of Krausz’s group to perform the experiments at MPQ. By firing a femtosecond pulse of infrared laser light through a chamber filled with krypton gas, atoms in the path of the beam were ionized by the loss of one to three valence electrons from their outermost shells.
The experimenters separately generated extreme-ultraviolet attosecond pulses (using the technique called “high harmonic generation”) and sent the beam of attosecond probe pulses through the krypton gas on the same path as the near-infrared pump pulses.
By varying the time delay between the pump pulse and the probe pulse, the researchers found that subsequent states of increasing ionization were being produced at regular intervals, which turned out to be approximately equal to the time for a half cycle of the pump pulse. (The pulse is only a few cycles long; the time from crest to crest is a full cycle, and from crest to trough is a half cycle.)
“The femtosecond pulse produces a strong electromagnetic field, and ionization takes place with every half cycle of the pulse,” Leone says. “Therefore little bursts of ions are coming out every half cycle.”
Although expected from theory, these isolated bursts were not resolved in the experiment. The attosecond pulses, however, could precisely measure the production of the ionization, because ionization – the removal of one or more electrons – leaves gaps or “holes,” unfilled orbitals that the ultrashor |
Tea tree oil, silver kill pathogens
British researchers say tea tree oil is an effective antiseptic, but is even better when mixed with silver.
Both the tea tree oils and the silver — in the form of silver nitrate — each | Tea tree oil, silver kill pathogens
British researchers say tea tree oil is an effective antiseptic, but is even better when mixed with silver.
Both the tea tree oils and the silver — in the form of silver nitrate — each effectively fight pathogens involved in skin infections in laboratory tests. However, both became even more effective in lower concentrations — when combined.
Bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, a common cause of skin infections and abscesses and the yeast Candida albicans — which causes thrush — were killed.
The researchers at England’s University of Wolverhampton also looked at putting tea tree oils or silver nitrate into liposomes. These microscopic spheres are made of phosolipids — fats — that occur naturally in cell walls’ membranes.
The researchers found the liposomes greatly increased antimicrobial activity. They suggest using liposomes allows controlled release, which lowers the concentrations of the agents needed to treat infected wounds, and could minimize any side effects. Over exposure to silver can result in a bluish-gray skin discoloration and applying unregulated amounts of tea tree oil can cause skin irritation.
The findings were presented at the Society for General Microbiology meeting in Harrogate, England, by researchers Wan Li Low and colleagues. |
Mar. 6, 2013 In the din of a crowded room, paying attention to just one speaker's voice can be challenging. Research in the March 6 issue of the Cell Press journal Neuron demonstrates how the brain homes in on | Mar. 6, 2013 In the din of a crowded room, paying attention to just one speaker's voice can be challenging. Research in the March 6 issue of the Cell Press journal Neuron demonstrates how the brain homes in on one speaker to solve this "Cocktail Party Problem." Researchers discovered that brain waves are shaped so that the brain can selectively track the sound patterns from the speaker of interest and at the same time exclude competing sounds from other speakers. The findings could have important implications for helping individuals with a range of deficits such as those associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, and aging.
"In hearing, there is no way to 'close your ear,' so all the sounds in the environment are represented in the brain, at least at the sensory level," explains senior author Dr. Charles Schroeder, of Columbia University's Department of Psychiatry. "While confirming this, we also provide the first clear evidence that there may be brain locations in which there is exclusive representation of an attended speech segment, with ignored conversations apparently filtered out." In this way, when concentrating hard on such an "attended" speaker, one is barely, if at all, aware of ignored speakers.
Using direct recording of brain activity in surgical epilepsy patients, who were listening to natural spoken sentences, Dr. Schroeder and Dr. Elana Zion Golumbic, also of Columbia University, and their colleagues from New York University, University of Maryland, and Hillside-Long Island Jewish found two types of effects. In and near auditory cortex, brain signals reflect both attended and ignored speech, but attended speech generates higher signal amplitudes. However, in regions of the brain involved in "higher-order processing," such as language and attention control, representation of attended speech was clear, while that of ignored speech was not detectable. Remarkably, the selective, higher-order representation is progressively refined as a sentence unfolds.
"Most studies use very simplified, unnatural stimuli to study the Cocktail Party Problem -- like brief beeps, or even brief phrases -- whereas we were able show that with appropriate techniques, we could study this problem using natural speech," says Dr. Schroeder. "This will stimulate future research to continue the study of this and related issues under rich, natural conditions. Just as importantly, the ability to directly analyze widespread brain activity patterns in surgical epilepsy patients provides an unprecedented opportunity to firmly connect the work on the Brain Activity Map at the model systems level in mice, songbirds, and nonhuman primates to the study of capacities like language and music, that may be uniquely human."
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- Elana M. Zion Golumbic, Nai Ding, Stephan Bickel, Peter Lakatos, Catherine A. Schevon, Guy M. Mckhann, Robert R. Goodman, Ronald Emerson, Ashesh D. Mehta, Jonathan Z. Simon, David Poeppel, Charles E. Schroeder. Mechanisms Underlying Selective Neuronal Tracking of Attended Speech at a “Cocktail Party”. Neuron, 2013 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.12.037
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead. |
Although the use of biogas from an on-farm methane digester is no longer considered breakthrough technology, installing a digester to convert dairy, hog or poultry waste to useable energy is still a pricey proposition. Most digesters are on | Although the use of biogas from an on-farm methane digester is no longer considered breakthrough technology, installing a digester to convert dairy, hog or poultry waste to useable energy is still a pricey proposition. Most digesters are on large farms, and the farm owner's investment to install and get systems up and running is sizeable. However, it's a different story in Europe.
Cayuga County's methane digester will operate on manure from three local dairy farms, brown restaurant grease and woody biomass. The digester will produce ample electrical power for the county complex, which includes a prison, public safety building, nursing home, natural resources building and several barns and shops on a 3-acre campus.
Photos by Sally Colby.
Some European villages, including Jühnde in the northern German state of Saxony, have built "community," or centralized, digesters. Rather than running on inputs from a single-farm, centralized digesters rely on several local farms for manure and other biomass inputs such as crops and wood chips. In turn, the village is supplied with an economical source of renewable energy.
Jenny Pronto, research support specialist in the biological and environmental engineering department at Cornell University, says that in the U.S. digesters are found mostly on large dairy, hog and poultry operations. "Economically, it makes more sense for a larger farm," she said. "Technically, it can be done on a smaller farm, but farmers are less likely to have the capital for such a project. However, an opportunity for smaller farms is a centralized digester."
Pronto says that the town of Lowville, N.Y., was interested in constructing a centralized, or community, digester. The town began the process with a feasibility study to determine the goals and potential outcomes. Community goals included continued economic growth, limiting odor from manure and reducing the environmental footprint. Goals for the region's dairy producers included greater flexibility in manure handling and nutrient management, odor reduction from stored manure, and a potentially greater number of animals per unit of land with less environmental risk. The main outcome for local industry would be access to sustainable energy at lower costs.
The Lowville digester would be an upright tank style, similar to digesters commonly seen in Germany and Denmark. In addition to manure, the Lowville digester would accept nonfarm biomass such as whey, food waste, post-digested sludge and glycerin. The group held a series of town hall meetings to explain the |
The effect of base substitutions, or point mutations, on the messenger-RNA codon AUA, which codes for the amino acid isoleucine. Substitutions (red letters) at the first, second, or third position in the cod | The effect of base substitutions, or point mutations, on the messenger-RNA codon AUA, which codes for the amino acid isoleucine. Substitutions (red letters) at the first, second, or third position in the codon can result in nine new codons corresponding to six different amino acids in addition to isoleucine itself. The chemical properties of some of these amino acids are quite different from those of isoleucine. Replacement of one amino acid in a protein by another can seriously affect the protein’s biological function.
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Arrow of God Themes
Little Words, Big Ideas
Arrow of God revolves around competition. We see competition between Ezeulu's wives for his attention; between Ezeulu, the chief priest of Ulu, and Ezidemili, the chief priest of the lesser deity I...
Much of Arrow of God's plot is precipitated by revenge. If Umuaro hadn't wanted to claim ownership of that land, they wouldn't have sent an emissary to Okperi who was clearly bent on starting a war...
Arrow of God explores how Igbo spirituality and religious life dies an ignominious death when confronted by Christianity. Christianity is backed by the white man's military and political power. As...
Tradition and Customs
Traditions dictate the lives of the people of Umuaro. Seasons are punctuated by rituals, and festivals are managed by the priests of the various deities associated with each village. The overall de...
A lust for power motivates many of the characters in Arrow of God. As the British administration's power rises, the men in Umuaro discover that their power is diminishing. All the men discover that...
Men and Masculinity
Manhood in Igbo life is marked by stages of life – marriage, fatherhood, gaining titles, becoming an elder. A man accrues respect, rights, and power as he moves through the stages of life. Th...
Respect and Reputation
In Arrow of God, respect and reputation are highly valued in both Igbo and British cultures. The careers of colonial officials are built on their reputations, as are the careers of men in Igbo cult...
In Arrow of God, both the British Captain Winterb |
Medical terms are assigned for the purpose of helping the medical world throughout the world understand the commonalities between one another. With these terms, medical translation between hospitals and countries are not confused or mis-communicated. Without such terminology, the medical | Medical terms are assigned for the purpose of helping the medical world throughout the world understand the commonalities between one another. With these terms, medical translation between hospitals and countries are not confused or mis-communicated. Without such terminology, the medical world could be chaotic and easily misunderstood from one hospital to the next. No matter what the situation is that arises within the hospital, each moment that occurs can be correlated with a term that allows hospital staff to know how to respond accordingly. In the moment a patient begins flatlining, medical staff go through a series of resuscitating procedures in order to save a patient.
Death is not an uncommon event within the walls of any hospital throughout this world. It’s not a guest that is invited, but one that medical staff work their hardest to make sure it never finds it’s way to any of their patients. Knowing that death is an inescapable part of life, medical staff aren’t without knowing that when it’s a patient’s time, then it’s all they can do in order to make patients comfortable. In the case where there is something that can be done in order to save a patient from dying, and flatlining, they go through everything medically available to them in order to prevent them from losing the patient. Flatlining is a medical terminology that is used throughout the entire world of medical professionals that practice medicine. In definition, flatlining means that there is no electrical activity that can be picked up from the heart or the brain. In the movies, many medical dramas that are television shows and movies show a dramatized version of what a flatlining situations looks like. In some sense of it all, there is truth to the situation, however, there are some scenes that are more elaborate than what really happens in real life.
There are |
No one would call Jakarta an elegant city, but it has absorbed its rapid growth better than some other capitals have. Jakarta's population now stands at more than 6 million people, four times as many as when Indonesia declared its independence, thirty-seven | No one would call Jakarta an elegant city, but it has absorbed its rapid growth better than some other capitals have. Jakarta's population now stands at more than 6 million people, four times as many as when Indonesia declared its independence, thirty-seven years ago. The city is a low-lying settlement, and, at irregular intervals, solitary skyscrapers rise above the landscape. They contain banks, government offices, hotels, and the offices of the foreign businesses that operate in Jakarta. Between the skyscrapers, beneath canopies created by papaya, palm, and banana trees, lie the kampongs, urban villages that approximate the life of the countryside within the city.
Children run through the alleys of their kampong but rarely cross its borders. The people in a kampong are often connected by blood, by ties to the region of the hinterland from which they have come, and by units of government, under the leadership of a lurah, or headman. The kampongs cover most of the land area of Jakarta, and because of them, the capital is sometimes called a city of villages. The greenery that surrounds them, the product of extremely rich volcanic soil and heavy, regular rainfall, gives a strangely non-urban air to Jakarta.
The buildings in the kampongs have roofs of weathered red tile, perhaps the only fondly regarded residue of 350 years of Dutch colonial rule. When viewed from a distance or from above, these roofs seem the emblem of a solid, prosperous settlement. Seen up close, the houses and small shops beneath the roofs are scarcely different from their ramshackle, tin-roofed counterparts in other poor countries of the world.
The rainy season begins around the turn of the year and lasts for four or five months. The rains come every day, generally in the afternoon. Two or three inches may fall in a matter of hours. After a storm, the canals that snake through the city, their brownish water used for bathing, laundry, and waste disposal, are full and fast-flowing, and water runs ankle-deep through the alleys of the kampongs.
During this year's rainy season, on one day of each month, an unusual number of people were wearing a similar item of clothing in the streets of Jakarta. Perhaps one in every ten wore a blue-and- black shirt of batik, the famous Indonesian cloth. The shirts were the emblem of Golkar, the "functional group," or party, that controls the Indonesian government, and many of the people who wore them had been at Golkar rallies earlier in the day. The rallies are held on the 17th or 18th of each month, in commemoration of the country's declaration of independence from Holland, on August 17, 1945. For public employees, attendance at the rallies, as well as membership in Golkar, is effectively part of their jobs, and was especially so as the May 4 election drew near.
The election was the third to be held since a "New Order" government, run by the military, took over from President Sukarno, in 1966. During the campaign, which was expected to be uneventful, tension mounted between Golkar and its major opposition, the United Development Party, and some political demonstrations were marred by violence.
Yet the election on May 4 was only the first st |
WELLINGTON — Fossilized remains of one of the largest penguins ever, an “elegant” giant standing 4’3″ tall, have been found in New Zealand, scientists said Tuesday.
The penguin lived 27- | WELLINGTON — Fossilized remains of one of the largest penguins ever, an “elegant” giant standing 4’3″ tall, have been found in New Zealand, scientists said Tuesday.
The penguin lived 27-24 million years ago, when New Zealand was mostly underwater and consisted of isolated, rocky outcrops that offered protection from predators and plentiful food supplies, researchers said.
The first traces of the penguin, dubbed Kairuku — Maori for diver who returns with food — was found embedded in a cliff at Waimate in the South Island by University of Otago paleontology professor Ewen Fordyce in 1977.
Over the years, Prof. Fordyce discovered more complete remains and invited University of North Carolina specialist Dan Ksepka to help reconstruct the lost giant in 2009.
They determined the bird was much larger than the biggest modern penguin, the Emperor, which grows up to 3′ 3″, and weighed in at 60 kilograms, twice as much as the Emperor.
“Kairuku was an elegant bird by penguin standards, with a slender body and long flippers, but short, thick legs and feet,” Prof. Ksepka said.
Prof. Fordyce said the bird’s large size was an adaptation that allowed it to swim further and dive deeper than its modern-day counterparts.
He was unsure why it became extinct, suggesting climate change or increased predation from dolphins and seals as possible reasons for its demise.
The findings were published in the latest edition of the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.
In 2010 scientists reported finding a fossilized specimen from 36 million years ago estimated to have been 4′ 11″ tall. |
Get suggestions for science projects from Science Online.
Chalkboard Math Equation
Put your math skills to work with projects that involve pre-algebra, algebra, calculus and geometry.
Read about amphibians and try making your own aquarium.
Explore the stranger | Get suggestions for science projects from Science Online.
Chalkboard Math Equation
Put your math skills to work with projects that involve pre-algebra, algebra, calculus and geometry.
Read about amphibians and try making your own aquarium.
Explore the stranger side of science with these weird science facts, adventurous scientists, and their amazing discoveries!
Get ready for your projects about the microscopic world of cells and biology and see how a microscope works.
Learn about states of matter and the elements when you try out some experiments in the world of chemistry.
Dig into some projects that involve photosynthesis, plant anatomy, and dirt!
Learn how to make and use a telescope and what constellations you could see with it.
There's more than just planets. Check out the meteors, comets, and asteroids that make up our solar system and the astronauts who have explored in space.
Learn how thunderstorms and tornadoes work, why clouds have different shapes, and just how far a drop of water can travel, as well as other fun facts about weather and the water cycle.
Find out how magnets work and what ecology is when you start learning about Earth Science.
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Guides and Tips
Tips for Confronting Danger and Staying Safe
- Trust your instincts. If something feels wrong, something is probably wrong.
- Be aware of your surroundings.
- Walk close to the curb, facing oncoming traffic | Guides and Tips
Tips for Confronting Danger and Staying Safe
- Trust your instincts. If something feels wrong, something is probably wrong.
- Be aware of your surroundings.
- Walk close to the curb, facing oncoming traffic.
- Carry bags close to your body.
- Look confident.
- Tell someone where you are going and when you expect to be back.
- If you are being followed, head for a crowded place.
- If people start milling around you, it could be a setup for a mugging.
- Know yourself. How do you react in a crisis situation? Do you scream? Cry? Freeze? How would you defend yourself?
- Remember, there is no right or wrong approach to dangerous situations.
- Show your anger, not your fear. A furious reaction often may stop an attack. Remember, an attacker is looking for an easy victim. Yelling is always a good deterrent (a good choice is to yell FIRE). This will draw attention to those who do not want to get involved, but may be concerned for their own safety and may come to help.
- If there are other people around, yell loudly enough to get their attention so they'll see what the assailant is doing.
- If you are alone and do not know anyone on the street or nearby, try calling a name out to make the attacker or assailant believe that you may be with someone. This may also help if you are alone at home.
- If someone has a weapon, stay calm and wait for an opportunity. Weapons make the situation more dangerous and difficult, but there still may be something you can do about the situation.
- Non-resistance to prevent physical violence: negotiate, stall for time, distract or divert the assailant, flee, verbal assertiveness, scream, or use a whistle or shriek alarm to attract attention and help.
- Be alert to your surroundings and the people around you, especially if you are alone or it is dark.
- Whenever possible, travel with a friend. Walk close to the curb. Avoid doorways, bushes, and alleys where someone could hide.
- If you carry a purse, your personal safety might depend on not clinging to it. Although a purse snatcher’s intent is to steal the purse, the grabbing and shoving that may take place could result in injury.
- If you carry an item to use as a weapon (e.g. keys, pen whistle, etc.) walk with it in your hand, rather than in your purse or pocket.
- Do not respond to conversation from strangers on the street – continue walking.
- Report all suspicious persons and activities to the local police or Berkeley College Public Safety Department.
In the Libraries
- Avoid studying in overly secluded areas. Study with others or in areas where there are other people.
- Don’t forget to eject your USB thumb drive after you have finished using it.
- Do not leave your belongings unattended. It only takes a few seconds for a thief to take all of your belongings.
On Campus in the Evening
- Walk with a friend.
- Stay in well-lit, well-populated areas. Take the safest route, not the fastest route.
- Be aware of your environment. Don’t be afraid to look over your shoulders. It’s not rude to maintain a safe distance between yourself and others.
- Avoid blind corners. Take wide turns so that you have room to react to what’s ahead.
- Carry your keys in your hands. They may be used as a weapon if necessary.
In the Parking Structures & Lots
- Carry your keys in your hands. You’ll be able to get into your car faster; the keys may be used as a weapon if necessary.
- Avoid blind corners. Take wide turns so that you have room to react to what’s ahead.
- Walk in the center of the aisles when safe to do so. You’ll have more reaction time if someone leaps out from behind a car.
- Walk with confidence. Criminals can often sense when you feel vulnerable, and this may entice them.
- Check your back seats before getting into your car.
- Park in well-lit, well-traveled areas of the parking structure or lot.
- Use a “club” and/or car alarm. They make theft more difficult for the criminal, and less enticing.
- Do not keep valuables in your car. If you must, keep these items in the trunk where they are out of sight. If you have an internal trunk lock, use it.
- Know your limit for alcohol. You are more vulnerable when you don’t have full use of your senses.
- Always report any suspicious activity to the police. Call 911 for emergencies and Berkeley College Public Safety Dept. for non-emergencies.
- Be aware of your surroundings when using ATMs (Automated Teller Machines). Keep track of who is behind you.
- When running alone in the evenings, do not wear ear-buds, as this eliminates hearing as a defense mechanism. Try to run with a friend in the evenings, or have them watch you as you run.
- Keep your keys in your hand while running, as they can be used as a weapon if necessary.
- Always let someone know where you’ll be going and when you can be expected to return.
- Pu |
In the “Molecules in Motion” unit, students began with many ideas about air based on their personal experience. For example, some students began the unit thinking that air was nothing, except when you could feel it as wind. For most of | In the “Molecules in Motion” unit, students began with many ideas about air based on their personal experience. For example, some students began the unit thinking that air was nothing, except when you could feel it as wind. For most of the students, the investigations with air pressure entailed building on their preexisting concepts of air and elaborating on them—the first type of conceptual change described earlier in this chapter.
After eliciting ideas from the students for the “What We THINK We Know About Air” chart, Ms. Faulkner introduced some new facts about air molecules. The students grappled with these facts as they attempted to understand and explain why water stayed in a glass |
E.nopi Math, Reading and Writing
Verona, NJ 07044
Enopi Math, Reading and Writing programs help children around the globe succeed in school to their best ability. Founded in 1976, the company uses colorful materials | E.nopi Math, Reading and Writing
Verona, NJ 07044
Enopi Math, Reading and Writing programs help children around the globe succeed in school to their best ability. Founded in 1976, the company uses colorful materials that incorporate the most current information about how children learn. Named for a Korean phrase that means "eye-level," Enopi was founded on the belief that children learn best when materials are presented at their level and from a perspective that makes sense to them. As children acquire new skills, their "eye-level" is always changing and growing. Enopi focuses on |
Future spacecraft may surf the magnetic fields of Earth and other planets, taking previously unfeasible routes around the solar system, according to a proposal funded by NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts. The electrically charged craft would not need rockets or propellant | Future spacecraft may surf the magnetic fields of Earth and other planets, taking previously unfeasible routes around the solar system, according to a proposal funded by NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts. The electrically charged craft would not need rockets or propellant of any kind.
Mason Peck of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, US, has received a grant to study the idea, which is based on the fact that magnetic fields exert forces on electrically charged objects.
He says a satellite could charge itself up in one of two ways - either by firing a beam of charged particles into space, or simply by allowing a radioactive isotope to emit charged particles. The charged satellite would then be gently pushed by Earth's rotating magnetic field, enabling it to change orbit and even escape to interplanetary space.
Early signs suggest the idea may work. In one experiment at Binghamton University in New York, US, Peck's colleague Jim Brownridge connected a small conducting sphere to a piece of radioactive Americium 241 inside a vacuum chamber, successfully charging up the sphere.
But the amount of charge held by a sphere at a given voltage, a quantity known as its capacitance, is not very large. Long, thin filaments, on the other hand, have a lot of charge-holding surface area, so one possible design involves many filaments attached to the spacecraft. The setup would have a rather comical look - because of the static charge, the filaments would stick out in all directions, like newly brushed dry hair.
A cylindrical mesh of fibres - resembling a stocking - could also be attached to the spacecraft. To charge itself up, the stocking could be coated with a radioisotope, and one of the most powerful would be polonium-210, the isotope used to poison former Russian spy Alexander Litvinenko. But it should be safe to use on the stocking, says Peck, "as long as people working on the spacecraft don't lick it".
Radioisotopes provide far more charging power pound-for-pound than a particle beam, which would have to be powered by bulky solar cells. But they present their own technical problems. "We'd like to be able to modulate the charge," says Peck. "But how do you turn off an isotope?" He thinks the solution will involve changing the geometry of the charge-holder to alter its capacitance.
Other methods of propellantless space travel have been suggested before, including solar sails and electrodynamic tethers. Like Peck's proposal, tethers are also designed to get a grip on planetary magnetic fields, but in a slightly different way, by sending an electrical current along a wire.
High risk, high reward
Tethers may prove hard to control, however; and both tethers and sails would have to be huge - measuring at least 20 to 30 kilometres, says Peck. "We're proposing something much lighter and smaller." He thinks he can get similar performance with a stocking about 2 or 3 kilometres long, and because it could be made from lightweight carbon fibre, it would have a mass of only a few kilograms.
The force it produces would be far too low to actually launch a spacecraft through the atmosphere - that would still be the job of a conventional rocket. After reaching orbit, his present design would be off to a slow start, taking about a year to escape the Earth's gravity.
But once away from Earth, the field rider could travel to its natural home: Jupiter, which has a magnetic field vastly stronger than Earth's. Peck suggests future missions to Jupiter could use its field as a brake, reducing the mass of propellant needed and saving money.
Jupiter could also be used as a staging post for the rest of the solar system, since a spacecraft could in theory make sharper turns using the giant planet's magnetic field than it could with a simple gravitational slingshot.
Of course this is still an untested concept. "NIAC is famous for funding ideas that are high risk but high reward," Peck told New Scientist. He is hoping to get an experimental launch to see if it can work in the real space environment. If it does, then perhaps - some years from now - the first radioactive space stocking will ride up Earth's magnetic field and head for the planets.
If you would like to reuse any content from New Scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. New Scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to. |
Booklet describing Verle's anatomical eye, Italy, 1679
This anatomical model of the eye was made for Ferdinand, the Prince of Tuscany by Giovan Baptista Verle. Verle built anatomical eyes in | Booklet describing Verle's anatomical eye, Italy, 1679
This anatomical model of the eye was made for Ferdinand, the Prince of Tuscany by Giovan Baptista Verle. Verle built anatomical eyes in Venice and Florence with the aid of professors of anatomy. The book contains a description about the anatomy of the eye and the model and is written in Italian.
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The organ of sight or vision. In man, and vertebrates generally, it is properly the movable ball or globe in the orbit, but the term often includes the adjacent |
Reading to Learn through Visualization
By: Mary Kathryn Donner
Rationale: When students begin to read fluently they transition from "learning to read" to "reading to learn." In order for students to be most successful at extracting messages from | Reading to Learn through Visualization
By: Mary Kathryn Donner
Rationale: When students begin to read fluently they transition from "learning to read" to "reading to learn." In order for students to be most successful at extracting messages from a text they need to be taught comprehension strategies explicitly. According to research, one of the most effective reading comprehension strategies is visualization. Visualization is the ability to imagine, picture, or visualize what you are reading in a text. Visualization helps students monitor their reading and enables them to better comprehend and retain the text they are reading. Normally it is easier to remember images or pictures opposed to just plain words. In this lesson, students will be explicitly taught visualization through my modeling of this strategy, guided independent practice of this strategy, and partner practice. They will also be given opportunities to practice visualization by reading a passage of a book and visualizing the text within their imagination.
Materials: Esperanza Rising (copies for each student and teacher), pencils, crayons, blank sheet of paper for each student, lined sheet of paper for each student, copies "Visualizing Assessment Checklist"
1) Say: "Sometimes when you are reading it can be hard to understand or remember what is happening in the text. Our imagination is a great tool that we can tap into in order to help us better comprehend what we read. We can use our imagination to paint a picture of any story or information in our mind. It is easier to follow a story, monitor your reading, and understand what you read when you visualize. Research has proven this! Today in our lesson we are going to practice visualization. First I am going to show you how I use visualization, and then I am going to give you the opportunity to practice visualization for yourself! We need to exercise our imagination! Before we begin there are a few words I would like to share with you all.
a. Our first word is congregate. To congregate means to assemble or gather together.
i. A sentence that properly uses this word would be: In order to have a meeting about the wedding the family congregated.
b. Our second word is horizon. The horizon is the line where the sky meets the earth.
i. A sentence that properly uses this word would be: When the girl looked out over the field she saw the horizon, to her it looked like the sky was kissing the earth.
c. The last vocab word for this lesson is adobe. An adobe is a brick of sun-dried earth.
i. A sentence that properly uses this word is: The people worked hard with mud and clay to make adobes that would be used to build a house.
2) Say: "Now I am going to show you how I visualize when I am reading! I am going to read a great paragraph to you from the book Esperanza Rising! This is one of my very favorite books." [I will read pages 4, 5, and the first paragraph on page 6] After reading this section out loud to them I will have all the students close their eyes, and I will paint for them the image my brilliant imagination has created as I have read. 'I see a bright and beautiful countryside. I feel warmth, safety, and happiness in the air. Inside I have an excited feeling knowing that there is a harvest ready to pick! I see big lush and juicy looking grapes waiting for me to pick them. I see a loving father and mother off in the distant smiling at me as they encourage me to pick the harvest. I imagine the thrill of leaning over to pick |
Weaker bones from poor diet, less exercise may be to blame, experts say
WEDNESDAY, Dec. 10 (HealthDay News) -- During a car crash, American children who are overweight or obese face twice the risk of | Weaker bones from poor diet, less exercise may be to blame, experts say
WEDNESDAY, Dec. 10 (HealthDay News) -- During a car crash, American children who are overweight or obese face twice the risk of injury to their arms, legs and feet that normal-weight children do, a new study reveals.
The findings come from a national sample of boys and girls between the ages of 9 and 15.
"Ultimately, motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for all kids in the age range of the study," noted study author Keshia M. Pollack, an assistant professor with the Center for Injury Research and Policy in the department of health policy and management at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore. "All kids are at equal risk for crashes, regardless of their body size."
"But we showed that once a crash occurs, kids who are obese and overweight are more likely to experience injuries to their extremities," said Pollack, who is also director of the school's Occupational Injury Epidemiology and Prevention Training Program.
The findings are published in the December issue of Injury Prevention.
One in three U.S. children are either overweight or obese, the researchers noted, so the findings could have wide-ranging implications. According to 2006 figures cited by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more than 12 percent of children between 2 and 5 are obese, a statistic that rises to around 17 percent for those between the ages of 6 and 19.
In the current analysis, the authors crunched numbers gathered by the national Partners for Child Passenger Safety study, conducted between 2000 and 2006. That study focused on more than 3,200 children who had been involved in nearly 2,900 car crashes.
All the children were at least five feet tall and were therefore not using booster seats. All had been in vehicles driven by their parents at the time of the cra
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As professionals we are often put to task, to develop professional goals. For those of us, who work in Early Childhood Education, this can be a difficult task, because we are not always viewed as “Professionals” as much as we | As professionals we are often put to task, to develop professional goals. For those of us, who work in Early Childhood Education, this can be a difficult task, because we are not always viewed as “Professionals” as much as we are viewed as glorified babysitters.
Even with an Administration that believes in funding Early Head Start, and Head Start Programs the overall consensus is that Educators are over paid in general, and Early Childhood Educators are nothing more than caregivers, and babysitters.
For those of us, that have however, dedicated our lives to the well-being of young children, it is vital that we see ourselves as Professionals, and therefore develop goals and objectives to keep our mission clear to us. Listed below are five goals, and objectives, which are not exhaustive, to keep in mind what we as Professionals are undertaking when caring for the youngest of learners.
1. We are working towards enhancing our skills and values of the Early Childhood workforce (www.NAEYC.org.)
2. We are promoting a connection between theory and practice.
3. We are gaining better access to resources.
4. We are staying focused on professional needs and growth
5. We are utilizing Best Practices when engaging the children and families in which we care for.
The objectives of these goals are;
1. To demonstrate professional knowledge that is necessary for successful performance in the field.
2. To utilize a Best Practice professional disposition.
3. To demonstrate a willingness to use the skills that benefit and serve the children and families in which we serve.
4. To continually assess and refine our professional practice.
5. To become more adept at applying our acquired knowledge in respect to the children and families in which we serve (www.canisius.edu.)
It is frequently a demanding quest to utilize the professional goals and objectives, when we are faced with being overworked and underpaid. So many Early Childhood Professionals are disgruntled with their jobs, and believe that they are being mistreated. But the only way to overcome these feelings of uncertainty and insecurity are to understand “Why” we do the work that we do, and to continue to view ourselves as the Professionals that we are. This of course, can be accomplished by setting goals for ourselves and understanding the objectives of our goals! |
It may be illegal to advertise cigarettes to kids, but tobacco companies are still trying to start kids on smoking because they know that once they hook them, it will be incredibly hard for them to quit.
A new Canadian study reports that tobacco marketers have | It may be illegal to advertise cigarettes to kids, but tobacco companies are still trying to start kids on smoking because they know that once they hook them, it will be incredibly hard for them to quit.
A new Canadian study reports that tobacco marketers have found a way around tobacco advertising restrictions, by reaching teens through the retail shops located near high schools--and this strategy is working.
Researcher Candace Nykiforuk says, "At the time of the study, we found that, compared to retail stores near schools with low smoking prevalence, stores near schools with high smoking prevalence had significantly lower prices per cigarette, more in-store promotions and fewer government-sponsored health warnings." The tobacco marketing activity that takes place in stores, known as point-of-purchase (PoP) marketing, is a sophisticated strategy designed to counter positive public health initiatives such as tax increases on tobacco, policies restricting cigarette advertising, and anti-smoking legislation. US-based studies have estimated that three out of fou |
Nanosensors and Nanorobots for Space Travel and Communication
Researchers are exploring the use of nanosensors in robots. These robots can be very small and grouped to create autonomous nanotechnology swarms, or ANTS. ANTS could | Nanosensors and Nanorobots for Space Travel and Communication
Researchers are exploring the use of nanosensors in robots. These robots can be very small and grouped to create autonomous nanotechnology swarms, or ANTS. ANTS could change their shape and move over uneven ground or even form themselves into solar sails.
Make robots smaller with nanotechnology
To make the robots in swarms smaller, researchers are exploring the use of nano electromechanical systems, or NEMS, instead of motors. Using nanotubes helps make the robots not only smaller but also more flexible. Because struts made of metal tape and nanotubes are retractable, the robot can shrink until all its nodes touch.
Researchers are also exploring the use of artificial intelligence to help the robotic nanotechnology swarms move around and work together with other swarms to essentially make decisions about a swarm’s operation. The system could learn about and adapt to its environment, helping it to survive and to provide us with better data about other planets.
One scenario could involve a swarm of robots sensing something of interest on another planet and then forming themselves into an antenna to communicate the finding back to Earth.
Sail through space with lightweight solar sails
After you have launched into orbit, you can use nanotechnology to reduce the rocket fuel needed to travel to the moon or planets. Just as sailboats are propelled by wind while on the seas, spaceships can be propelled through space by light from the sun reflected off solar sails. Use of solar sails could mean that the only fuel required would be during liftoff, docking, and landing.
However, solar sails will have to be very large, spreading out for kilometers, and very thin to keep their weight low. That’s where nanotechnology enters the picture. Folks at the University of Texas have used carbon nanotubes to make thin, lightweight sheets that may replace the polymer sheets that researchers have experimented with to date.
At this point, NASA has built a small solar sail to test the mechanism for unfurling the sail in orbit. Although details still need to be worked out (such as how to unfurl a thin, fragile sail in orbit, along with the continual struggle to reduce weight), this method has great potential for reducing the amount of fuel needed to travel between planets. |
The Pennsylvania Railroad adopted a classification scheme for its locomotives early on. Initially, each locomotive type was identified by a letter of the alphabet, starting with Class A and working through the letters. Only standardized types were classified in this way; | The Pennsylvania Railroad adopted a classification scheme for its locomotives early on. Initially, each locomotive type was identified by a letter of the alphabet, starting with Class A and working through the letters. Only standardized types were classified in this way; non-standard, inherited locomotives were just classed as 'odd' and their wheel arrangement, e.g. 'odd 4-4-0'. The limitations of this scheme became obvious as soon as the railroad passed twenty classes of standardized locomotive.
So, a new scheme was adopted, which would classify the railroad's steam locomotives until the end of steam operation in 1957. Each locomotive wheel arrangement was assigned a capital letter, and then a subsequent number identified the individual type of locomotive within that overall classification. Subsequent lower-case letters identified variations too small to qualify as a different locomotive class, generally again counting from 'a' upwards. A lower case's' immediately following the number stood for a superheated locomotive.
Experimental and acquired locomotives were normally given higher numbers, in the 20s and 30s.
Electric locomotives were mostly classified under the steam locomotive classification system, and are therefore included. Those that were not (the E2 and E3 experimental locomotives, and the E44), and diesel locomotives, are not currently included here; diesel locomotives had several PRR classifications but all are better known by the classifications given by their builders.
The classes were as follows:
Supplanted in regular shifter (PRR parlance for switcher) duty by lar |
What is the purpose of MAVEN?
MAVEN is the first spacecraft that will focus primarily on the state of the upper atmosphere, the processes that control it, and the overall atmospheric loss that is currently occurring. Specifically, MAVEN will explore the | What is the purpose of MAVEN?
MAVEN is the first spacecraft that will focus primarily on the state of the upper atmosphere, the processes that control it, and the overall atmospheric loss that is currently occurring. Specifically, MAVEN will explore the processes through which the top of the Martian atmosphere can be lost to space. Scientists think that this loss could be important in explaining the changes in the climate of Mars that have occurred over the last four billion years.
Why is climate change important on Mars?
The present Mars atmosphere is composed almost entirely of CO2 and is about 1% as thick as the Earth’s atmosphere; surface temperatures average about 50°C below the freezing point of water. However, evidence suggests that this was not always the case. Images show features that were formed by liquid water, and chemical evidence from the Opportunity rover suggests there was longstanding liquid water at the surface. If liquid water was present early in Mars’ history, perhaps life also existed. Scientists seek to understand why the early, warm, wet Martian climate became today’s cold and dry climate.
Where did Mars’ thick early atmosphere go?
The abundant water and carbon dioxide on early Mars have disappeared. They could either have been lost to space, or they could have seeped into the crust, forming H2O- and CO2-bearing minerals. Evidence tells us that both processes have occurred, but we do not know their comparative importance. MAVEN will explore the importance of the historical loss of water and carbon dioxide to space.
Will MAVEN look for life on Mars?
Determining whether Mars ever had life is an important goal of the NASA Mars exploration program. By exploring the presence of water and atmosphere through Martian history, MAVEN will determine whether microbes could have survived on Mars in the past. Further discoveries concerning the actual historical presence of life on Mars will almost certainly require missions that return samples of the Martian surface to Earth for analysis. |
Our Earth is warming. Earth's average temperature has risen by 1.4 degrees farenheit over the past century, and is projected to rise another 2 to 11.5 degrees over the next hundred years, according to the U | Our Earth is warming. Earth's average temperature has risen by 1.4 degrees farenheit over the past century, and is projected to rise another 2 to 11.5 degrees over the next hundred years, according to the U.S Environmental Protection Agency. Small changes in the average temperature of the planet can cause potentially dangerous shifts in climate and weather. Humans are largely responsible.
Today on the program sustainability activist Jim Goodwin joins us to talk about the challenges Cache Valley faces as its population continues to grow and the urgent need to embrace cleaner energy technologies. |
Sheepguards have been guarding Little Penguins on Australia’s Middle Island since 2006, but a new report published Sunday by The New Zealand Herald reporter Billy Adams spotlighted the heartening recovery of a once-doomed population of the tiny flight | Sheepguards have been guarding Little Penguins on Australia’s Middle Island since 2006, but a new report published Sunday by The New Zealand Herald reporter Billy Adams spotlighted the heartening recovery of a once-doomed population of the tiny flightless birds also known as Little Blue Penguins or Fairy Penguins.
According to the Australian government’s official webpage on the Middle Island Maremma Project, the population had crashed from 600 in 1999 to fewer than 10 in 2005. The culprit was the invasive red fox, which introduced itself to the island home of the defenseless penguins by swimming across at low tide.
With the population almost gone and nothing much left to lose, Middle Island was closed to the public in 2006. In addition, the specially trained Maremma Guardian sheepdogs were trained to protect what penguins remained.
The New Zealand Herald report said that the experiment has been a success. In seven years, not one penguin has been killed by a fox — and the recovering population now stands at 200 birds. The Maremma Guardian sheepdogs have also successfully protected Australasian Gannets at Point Danger, which is also in Australia.
Little Penguins are found only in New Zealand and Australia, which explains New Zealand’s keen interest in the Australian experiment.
But the trial didn’t go without a hitch. The first set of older sheepdogs didn’t like country living. They swam back to the mainland.
A younger set of dogs was too playful. A few penguins reportedly went into shock and died when they tried to play with the flightless birds.
However, the current set of sheepdogs have socialized with penguins from the time they were eight-week-old puppies, and they seem to have a deep understanding of their charges. That makes sense, because this breed is traditionally introduced to sheep at around seven or eight weeks old to create the strongest bond between the guardian and the guarded.
Maremma sheepdogs are a |
|Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute||Home|
Maizie P. Seabrook
Today there are six Park System units and two Affiliated Areas that honor the careers of Afro-American men and women. And the National Park System is | |Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute||Home|
Maizie P. Seabrook
Today there are six Park System units and two Affiliated Areas that honor the careers of Afro-American men and women. And the National Park System is responsible for the program under which 115 National Historic Landmarks have been designated that commemorate Afro-American history.
The following objectives will be covered in this unit:
- a. Give a brief history on the National Park System.
- b. Give a biographical sketch of each Famous Afro-American.
- c. Appreciate the value of taking field |
an unbroken span of action captured by an uninterrupted run of a motion-picture camera
gives movies the power to choose what the viewer sees and how that viewer sees it at any given moment.
cut to a close-up
view the object then | an unbroken span of action captured by an uninterrupted run of a motion-picture camera
gives movies the power to choose what the viewer sees and how that viewer sees it at any given moment.
cut to a close-up
view the object then close up to the characters face for expression
the last part of a scene grows vaguely darker and fades into another scene.
shoots the character from the bottom up to give a sense of looking up to that character
cutting on action
designed to hide the instantaneous and potentially jarring shift from one camera viewpoint to another.
lies below the surface of a movie's story and presentation, is closest to our everyday sense of the word meaning.
available on the surface of the movie.
analytical approach primarily concerned with film form or the means by which a subject is expressed.
camera moves slowly toward the subject
length of time
point of view
camera adjusts to adopt to where the character is looking and what she is focused on.
composes design elements such as lighting, setting, props, costumes, and makeup within individual shots.
elemental system, organized into a series of dialogue, music, ambience, effects tracks.
structured into acts that establish, develop, and resolve character conflict.
persistence of vision
process by which the human brain retains an image for a fraction of a second longer than the eye recordsi t.
illusion of movement created by events that succeed each other rapidly.
critical flicker fusion
single light flickers on and off with such speed that individual pulses of light fuse together to give illusion of one light.
concept in film theory literally to mean the process by which an agent, structure, or other formal element, whether human or technological transfers something from one place to another.
interest in or concern for the actual or real, a tendency to view or represent things as they really are
interest in or concern for the abstract, speculative, or fantastic
when movies convince you that the things on the screen people places what have you no matter how fantastic or antirealistic are "really there"
telling of its story
a movie devoted to |
1. According to the foreword, what is the only way to bring about world peace?
(a) World peace demonstrations.
(b) The destruction of the atomic bomb.
(c) Internal transformation of the individual.
(d) Education of the masses.
| 1. According to the foreword, what is the only way to bring about world peace?
(a) World peace demonstrations.
(b) The destruction of the atomic bomb.
(c) Internal transformation of the individual.
(d) Education of the masses.
2. What are the fundamental basics of peace?
(a) Love, compassion, and altruism.
(b) Health, religion, and altruism.
(c) Health, wealth, and empathy.
(d) Money, food, and shelter.
3. What path does the atmosphere of peace travel?
(a) World, community, family, individual.
(b) Individual, family, world, community.
(c) Individual, family, community, world.
(d) Family, individual, community, world.
4. According to the Editor's Introduction, what method of obtaining peace is part of Thich Nhat Hanh's teachings?
(a) Living mindfully.
(b) Loving all people.
(c) Creating personal wealth.
(d) Accepting one's social status.
5. What location is the birthplace of Thich Nhat Hanh?
(a) Western China.
(b) Central Vietnam.
(c) Tokyo, Japan.
(d) New York City.
6. What organization is formed by Hanh in 1964?
(a) The School for Social Awareness.
(b) The Salvation Army.
(c) The little Peace Corps.
This section contains 4,284 words
(approx. 15 pages at 300 words per page) |
February is National Children's Dental Health Month!
Started as a one-day celebration in 1949.
LEARN ABOUT TEETH AND DENTAL CARE
ADHA - Kids Stuff
Learn about teeth stuff. Simple for kids to understand.
AD | February is National Children's Dental Health Month!
Started as a one-day celebration in 1949.
LEARN ABOUT TEETH AND DENTAL CARE
ADHA - Kids Stuff
Learn about teeth stuff. Simple for kids to understand.
ADHA - Common Questions
Find our answers here
Oral B - The Brush Buddies
Kids will love this site. Learn how to brush teeth the right way
and many other activities
What causes tooth decay?
Teeth and Good Health
Oral B Lesson Plans
For ages 5-12
Ask ERIC : What causes tooth decay? by Melodie Hill
Grade Level/Subject: Health: Grades 2-6
Childfun : Dental Unit
Lesson plan. Lots of ideas.
Awesome Teeth Lesson Ideas
Ask ERIC : Dental Health by Kirsten Merritt for 1st Grade
1. The students will be able to demonstrate how to brush teeth correctly.
2. The students will be able to demonstrate how to floss properly
A Healthy Smile
Objective: Students will distinguish between items that are healthy and not-so-healthy for their teeth as part of Dental Health Month.
I Lost My Tooth
An internet project. Students from around the world participate in the "I Lost My Tooth". The project covers, creative writing, graphing, art, social studies.
1998 Lost and Found Internet Tooth Project
An internet project
The Dentist: Mouth Model
Ages/ Levels: K-3. An Adventure in Exploration and Discovery
Tooth Fairy Day
Ages/ Levels: K-3.
Printable coloring activities and other activity worksheets.
San Diego County Dental Disease Prevention
Fun Dental-Related Activities for Students. Printable.
Dental Coloring Pages
Lots of pictures to print out.
ADHA - WERMZ Game
The object of Wermz is to guide your worm into the numbers, without hitting any of the walls or yourself! After you eat nine numbers, a new screen appears. Sound easy? It would be if the worm didn't grow after eating each number!
UFO Attack Game
You are under attack! Click on the game to start. Fire by pressing the mouse button and aim your missiles by pointing the crosshairs at the falling UFOs
Lunar Attack Game
Test your skill at landing a small lunar lander. Use the left and right arrow keys on your keyboard to rotate the lander, and the space bar for thrusters. Make sure to land softly!
After School Treats Game
Let's play a game. Dinner won't be ready for two hours yet, but you're really hungry now. Click on the different kinds of food in our kitchen to see which are the healthy snacks.
Visiting the Dental Hygienist
Check out some of the equipment that your dental hygienists uses, then try to find all the hidden toothbrushes.
The Magic Schoolbus Maze Craze
Use the arrow keys on your keyboard to chomp your way around the maze! Eat healthy foods and avoid sugary snacks.
You need shockwave to play this game.
It's a Jungle Out there by Colgate
Another shockwave game. Find the hidden things.
Save the tooth from the Plaque Monster!
Choose from the 3 games to play - requires shockwave.
Shockwave game. Click on the things to shoot the plague.
ADA Dudley Movies
Watch some slide shows here
Letter to the Tooth Fairy
Customized letter from SearsPortrait.
STORIES, POEMS, FINGER PLAYS
Oral B : Tooth Tales
Illustrated story for kids
Landie And The Loose Tooth
The story of Super Tooth
Frogwart and the toothfairies
Songs and rhymes about teeth
HOMEPAGE & MAIN MENU
Click on the house to see our other topics and resources for teachers, parents and kids |
Refine by Type
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) happens when there is a narrowing of the blood vessels outside of your heart. The cause of PAD is atherosclerosis. This happens when plaque builds up on the walls of the arteries that supply | Refine by Type
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) happens when there is a narrowing of the blood vessels outside of your heart. The cause of PAD is atherosclerosis. This happens when plaque builds up on the walls of the arteries that supply blood to the arms and legs. Plaque is a substance made up of fat and cholesterol. It causes the arteries to narrow or become blocked. This can reduce or stop blood flow, usually to the legs. If severe enough, blocked blood flow can cause tissue death and can sometimes lead to amputation of the foot or leg.
The main risk factor for PAD is smoking. Other risk factors include older age and diseases like diabetes, high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, heart disease, and stroke.(Read more) |
Domestic pets, and all those things which help to endear home. The Romans had household gods called pe-na'-tes, who were supposed to preside over their private dwellings. Of these pe-na'-tes some were called lares | Domestic pets, and all those things which help to endear home. The Romans had household gods called pe-na'-tes, who were supposed to preside over their private dwellings. Of these pe-na'-tes some were called lares, the special genii or angels of the family. One was Vest'a, whose office was to preserve domestic unity. Jupiter and Juno were also among the pe-na'-tes. The modern use of the term is a playful adaptation.
“Bearing a nation with all its household gods into exile.”
Source: Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, E. Cobham Brewer, 1894
More on Household Gods from Fact Monster: |
Since its inception in the late 1960s as a small network of academic and military computers, the Internet has grown into a vast commercial enterprise that is poised to transform modern commerce, entertainment, news, and publishing. Dot-com companies, online | Since its inception in the late 1960s as a small network of academic and military computers, the Internet has grown into a vast commercial enterprise that is poised to transform modern commerce, entertainment, news, and publishing. Dot-com companies, online shopping, and teleconferencing are changing the way millions of Americans conduct their everyday business. In the open marketplace of the Internet, anyone who has a computer and a modem has access to information and ideas from around the world.
As Internet connection speeds and consumer interest have grown, so has the online presence of businesses, institutions, and individuals. Over the past decade, the number of U.S. households with access to the Internet increased from 2,000 to 31.3 million (1), and the number of Web pages exploded to more than a billion (2). Online spending increased from $4.9 billion in 1998 (3) to $66 billion in 1999 (4).
The number of U.S. Internet users aged 16 years and older is estimated to be 92 million (5)—a sizable proportion of the total population. Within a decade, high-speed Internet access may become as ubiquitous as television. With the increasing presence of the Internet in daily life, concern about the quality and character of the information it contains has grown.
Initial governmental attempts to regulate Internet content were struck down in 1997, when the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the Communications Decency Act was unconstitutional. Although this legislation addressed primarily pornography and content deemed unsuitable for children, the Court's unwillingness to uphold any limitations set a precedent that gives anyone wide scope to post virtually any type of information. U.S. business a |
By Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University Cooperative Extension, Entomology
Pear slugs are strange insects that can damage the foliage of cherry, cotoneaster, hawthorn and even, occasionally, pear. The larvae are | By Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University Cooperative Extension, Entomology
Pear slugs are strange insects that can damage the foliage of cherry, cotoneaster, hawthorn and even, occasionally, pear. The larvae are usually an olive green, sometimes tinged with a muddy orange with the shiny exterior that makes them reminescent of a recent bird dropping. Presumably, this unusual appearance helps them avoid predation, which is particularly important since they almost always feed on the upper surface of the leaf, well exposed. As they feed they avoid the main veins, producing a characteristic "skeletonizing" injury.
There are two generations of pear slugs. Larvae will complete development in July and move to the base of the plant where they will pupate. Adults of these usually emerge again in late August and September to produce a second cycle of feeding injury.
Pear slug is extremely easy to kill with almost any insecticide. It is also very susceptible to soapy water, although many of the hosts on which it feeds can be injured by soaps. My personal preference is to lightly dust the pear slug larvae with some wood ashes, which turns them into toasty strings within a short period.
Photo: Whitney Cranshaw
© CSU/Denver County Extension Master Gardener 2010
888 E. Iliff Avenue, Denver, CO 80210
Date last revised: 01/05/2010 |
Friedrich NietzschePeople discover this German philosopher in one of two ways: either they're forced to read about him in school, or they're curious about all the references to "Nietzsche" made by Monty Python.
He was a | Friedrich NietzschePeople discover this German philosopher in one of two ways: either they're forced to read about him in school, or they're curious about all the references to "Nietzsche" made by Monty Python.
He was a brilliant student with rigorous training in German, Latin and Greek. At the age of 24, Nietzsche was appointed professor of classical philology at the University of Basel. His first book, The Birth of Tragedy, was a series of dialogs arguing that death is perhaps the best possible thing a human being could ever hope for. Although it garnered immediate critical acclaim, historians consider this early work a little fumbly. He seemed to be "guesstimating" a lot, sprinkling his text with phrases like perhaps, maybe, and what if. It was like he had plenty of marijuana and a quality bong, but nothing to start a real fire.
Later he'd write a book appropriately titled The Gay Science, a conversation with numerous fictional characters who do in fact discuss how gay science is. A "madman" in one portion of the play famously announces that God is dead, using this simple logic:
1. Without God, humans are deprived of absolute values or eternal truths.
Essentially this suggests that because God can only exist due to one's own faith, the God-fearing among us are trapped inside a chicken-and-egg infinite loop support system from which no genuine satisfaction can ever be extracted. It was an airtight case which fell apart when people wondered, well, if God is dead then he must have been alive at some point. Even Monks and Buddhists took offense, piping up from their vows of silence to declare that God played no part whatsoever in the act of their spiritual quests. Nietzsche went on to point out that he was not actually talking about God, but rather a fascist European political structure. Either way, Nietzsche's hatred of Christians and religion as a general whole would last a lifetime. He believed there simply wasn't enough love and kindness in the world to give any of it away to imaginary beings.
By far, his masterwork was Human, All Too Human first published in 1878. This was a dense, heavy text containing piercing observations which lay bare the hidden motivations underlying all aspects of human behavior. The book is organized in sections like a bible. The chapters have titles like Man Alone by Himself, Wife and Child, and Signs of Higher and Lower Culture.Each section is divided up into individual fragments of condensed information, resembling a dictionary:
Presence of witnesses. One is twice as happy to dive after a man who h |
Mental ability and emotional condition in diagnosing multiple sclerosis
The doctor may ask you to repeat a series of numbers or answer simple
questions about dates, places, and current events. The doctor can usually judge
your emotional condition during the exam | Mental ability and emotional condition in diagnosing multiple sclerosis
The doctor may ask you to repeat a series of numbers or answer simple
questions about dates, places, and current events. The doctor can usually judge
your emotional condition during the exam by paying attention to your actions
If the doctor suspects mental problems caused by
multiple sclerosis (MS), he or she may order tests
designed to identify more subtle changes than the ones that may be evident from
the brief mental section of the neurological examination. For more information,
see the Exams and Tests section of this topic.
The term alternative therapy, in general, is used to describe any medical treatment or intervention that has not been scientifically documented or identified as either safe or effective for a specific condition.
Alternative therapy encompasses a variety of disciplines that range from diet and exe |
Planting & care tips
In hot months, buy potted ferns at nurseries and set the pots in shaded spots among groundcovers that take the same conditions.
In mild climates, after temperatures cool at summer's end, you can plant | Planting & care tips
In hot months, buy potted ferns at nurseries and set the pots in shaded spots among groundcovers that take the same conditions.
In mild climates, after temperatures cool at summer's end, you can plant them in the ground. (Plant in late spring in the
Choose a sheltered site that’s protected from wind and gets partial to full shade—east and north of a house or wall or beneath tall trees. The soil should be rich, well-drained, and acidic. If the soil is too heavy, work compost or peat moss into the top 10 or 15 inches before planting.
Space plants 2 to 4 feet apart, allowing them to reach their mature size without crowding. To reduce water loss, apply a 1- to 3-inch thick mulch of fine bark or decomposed leaves.
Water regularly for the first year or two after planting to establish the roots; check often to make sure roots stay damp. Once established, occasional deep soakings during hot spells will keep these ferns looking their best. In Southern California and the desert, avoid frequent sprinklings that wet only the leaves and the soil surface; this contributes to salt buildup. Instead, soak the soil thoroughly, then let it go slightly dry before watering again.
Feed most ferns once or twice a year after watering. Start in spring; use a mild fertilizer such as fish emulsion diluted at half-strength. Do not feed the giant chain fern; just apply compost around it.
When fronds look tattered, cut them off at the base. |
Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome
(IT Band Syndrome; ITBFS)En Español (Spanish Version)
Iliotibial band friction syndrome (ITBFS) is an overuse injury of the soft tissues in the | Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome
(IT Band Syndrome; ITBFS)En Español (Spanish Version)
Iliotibial band friction syndrome (ITBFS) is an overuse injury of the soft tissues in the lower thigh near the outside of the knee. The iliotibial band (ITB) is a thick band of fibrous tissue that runs from the hip down the outside of the thigh, and attaches to the tibia (the large bone of the lower leg).
Tendons of the Lateral Knee
© 2008 Nucleus Medical Art, Inc.
ITBFS is caused by repetitive friction or rubbing of the iliotibial band against the bone on the outer side of the knee. This excessive rubbing can irritate the ITB itself and/or the underlying tissue.
Causes of the excessive friction include:
- Structural abnormalities
- Incorrect training technique
- Increasing distance run or cycling too quickly
- Equipment (ie, bicycle) that is not properly fit to the user
- Wearing improper shoes for a sport or athletic activity
- Using damaged or worn out equipment or footwear
- Failing to stretch properly
- Muscle imbalances due to not strengthening opposing muscles (such as the quadriceps and hamstrings)
A risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition. Risk factors for ITBFS include:
- A short, tight IT band
- A very prominent lateral femoral epicondyle (bony structure on the outer side of the knee)
- Problems related to the foot or hip
- Inward rotation of the leg
- Legs of different lengths
- Certain sports with repetitive motions, such as running and cycling
- Running up and down hills
Symptoms of ITBFS include:
- Dull aching or burning sensation on the outside of the knee during activity
- Sharp stabbing pain on the outside of the knee during activity
The pain may be localized, but generally radiates around the outside of the knee and/or up the outside of the thigh. Pain typically starts as minor discomfort and worsens progressively. Snapping, creaking, or popping may be present when the knee is bent and then straightened. There is usually no swelling.
The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam. Diagnosis is based on these factors:
- Pain around the lateral femoral epicondyle
- Tenderness when pressure is applied to this area
- Pain occurs when going from a straight leg to a bent knee
Tests may include:
Ober's test—determines the tightness of the ITB
Renne's test—specifies the area of pain while full weight is placed on the leg
Noble's test—determines the area of pain while the leg is flexed at a certain angle
Treatment depends on the cause.
Treatment may include:
- Rest—restriction from activities that cause pain.
- Heat or ice—application of heat, ice, and/or ultrasound by appropriate professionals (Generally ice is applied after activity; heat may be used before exercise to loosen muscles and soft tissues.)
- Exercise—stretching to lengthen the ITB and streng |
Skills for Life
||This article appears to be written like an advertisement. (November 2010)|
The Skills for Life strategy sets out how the Government will reach its Public Service Agreement (PSA) target to improve "the basic skill | Skills for Life
||This article appears to be written like an advertisement. (November 2010)|
The Skills for Life strategy sets out how the Government will reach its Public Service Agreement (PSA) target to improve "the basic skill levels of 2.25 million adults between the launch of Skills for Life in 2001 and 2010, with a milestone of 1.5 million in 2007". This PSA target is part of the wider objective to "tackle the adult skills gaps", by increasing the number of adults with the skills required for employability and progression to higher levels of training.
The Leitch Review, (Prosperity for all in the global economy - world class skills, Dec 2006) commissioned by the Government, has indicated the next likely Skills for Life target. The Review recommends that the UK commit to becoming a world leader in skills by 2020 with a basic skills objective "for 95% of adults to achieve the basic skills of functional literacy and numeracy" by 2020 (a total of 7.4 million adult attainments over the period).
In 1998 the Government asked Sir Claus Moser, Chairman of the Basic Skills Agency, to produce a report on how to "tackle the vast basic skills problem in this country". The Moser Report (A Fresh Start – improving literacy and numeracy) was published in 1999, and found that 20% of adults lacked functional basic skills.
The Government responded by launching the Skills for Life strategy. When the strategy was launched in 2001, free literacy, language and numeracy training was made available to all adults without a Level 2 qualification (equivalent to a GCSE at A* - C).
Scale of the problem
As part of the Skills for Life strategy, a nationwide survey of basic skills (Skills for Life Needs and Impact Survey) was published in 2003. The survey showed that of the adult population aged 16–65 in England:
- 5.2 million (16%) have literacy skills below Level 1 (equivalent to a GCSE at D – G)
- 15 million (46%) have numeracy skills below Level 1 (equivalent to a GCSE at D – G)
- Only 18% achieved Level 2 in both literacy and numeracy (equivalent to a GCSE at A* - C).
Estimates place the cost to the country of poor basic skills at £10 billion a year. This takes account of the effect of lower incomes, reduced productivity, poorer health and the cost of benefits and welfare services. The cost of poor numeracy and literacy skills for a company employing 1,000 people has been estimated at £626,000 per year. For organisations employing 51-100 employees the cost is estimated to be nearer £108,000.
Higher earnings are correlated to good basic skills (Skills for Life Needs and Impact Survey) On average:
- Those with Level 2 numeracy skills earned an additional £4,000 per year
- Those with Level 2 literacy skills an extra £2,000.
Further analysis of non-graduates published in 2006, showed that three years after finishing a numeracy course, people were earning on average 13% more than those who had not been on such a course. Attending a literacy course generally has less impact on earnings.
The Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) and the Department for Children, Schools and Families published the first national standards for adu |
How Does Ginkgo Biloba Work At Combating Menopause Symptoms?
Ginkgo biloba is a long-standing herbal remedy that has been used by many cultures because of its medicinal purposes. To understand how Ginkgo biloba can combat | How Does Ginkgo Biloba Work At Combating Menopause Symptoms?
Ginkgo biloba is a long-standing herbal remedy that has been used by many cultures because of its medicinal purposes. To understand how Ginkgo biloba can combat menopause, you must first understand the history and its different uses, as well as how it works with the body.
Then, you will better be able to understand how it can help you beat the frustrating symptoms of menopause.
History of Ginkgo Biloba
Records indicate that ancient Chinese culture thought that ginkgo tree seeds, when eaten raw, were able to destroy cancer and were anti-vinous. The first documentation of using the tree's leaves was in China in 2800 BC. Ginkgo biloba was thought to aid in blood circulation and in the lungs.
These claims cannot be proven for sure because the original book with this record cannot be found, only a copy of the records remain. In 1932, a Japanese scientist, Furukawa, isolated the ginkgolides for the first time and further investigated their chemical structure. Then, in the late 1950s, western doctors and scientists began exploring its medicinal uses. The first extract of the leaf was produced by Dr. William Schwabe in 1965.
Uses of Ginkgo Biloba
Today, Ginkgo biloba is generally used in the form of a concentrated, standardized leaf extract known as Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE). GBE comes in various forms such as ginkgo tea, extract, ginkgo powder and skin products. Ginkgo is a brain stimulant that improves memory capacity, enhances concentration and increases strength, and is also known as a tonic herb - one that restores balance to the body. Most of the benefits of Ginkgo biloba are related to its ability to boost blood flow to the brain and other major organs. Improved blood flow can alleviate some symptoms of menopause, such as memory lapses and low strength and energy levels. Also, there are specific benefits related to some ailments: hormonal problems, Alzheimer's and osteoporosis.
Ginkgo Biloba and Menopause
Numerous studies show that Ginkgo biloba has estrogenic activity, and is a suitable alternative to hormone replacement therapy (HRT). By introducing Ginkgo biloba into your diet, your body will be better equipped to fight hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, loss of libido and mood swings. It will help curb many of your menopausal symptoms.
Knowing how Ginkgo biloba can help fight menopause is important, but if you want to learn more, click on the following link to find out about other herbs for menopause. |
Stroke is a leading cause of death in the United States. Over 800,000 people die in the U.S. each year from cardiovascular disease and strokes.1
A stroke, sometimes called a brain attack, occurs when a clot blocks the | Stroke is a leading cause of death in the United States. Over 800,000 people die in the U.S. each year from cardiovascular disease and strokes.1
A stroke, sometimes called a brain attack, occurs when a clot blocks the blood supply to the brain or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts. You can greatly reduce your risk for stroke through lifestyle changes and, in some cases, medication.
Stroke can cause death or significant disability, such as paralysis, speech difficulties, and emotional problems. Some new treatments can reduce stroke damage if patients get medical care soon after symptoms begin. When a stroke happens, it is important to recognize the symptoms, call 9-1-1 right away, and get to a hospital quickly.
Nearly 1 in 3 deaths in the US each year is caused by heart disease and stroke. At least 200,000 of these deaths could have been prevented through changes in health habits, such as stopping smoking, more physical activity, and less salt in the diet; community changes to create healthier living spaces, such as safe places to exercise and smoke-free areas; and managing high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes.
May is High Blood Pressure Education Month. Have you talked about a goal for your blood pressure with your health care provider? If not, do it at your next visit. One of three American adults has high blood pressure, also called hypertension. Learn how to make control your goal.
Each Coverdell-funded state has identified unique ways to meet the goals and objectives of the program. The information in this document can be used by Coverdell-funded states as well as states not funded by Coverdell but are interested in implementing a stroke registry.
The 2009–2010 flu season is upon us and many people are likely to get ill with either the usual seasonal flu or 2009 H1N1 flu. People with heart disease, cardiovascular disease, or who have had a stroke are at increased risk of having medical complications of flu. This information is intended to help this group prevent getting seasonal and 2009 H1N1 flu.
Stroke is a leading cause of death in the United States. Over 800,000 people die in the U.S. each year from cardiovascular disease and strokes.
- Miniño AM, Murphy SL, Xu J, Kochanek KD. Deaths: Final data for 2008 [PDF-2.9M]. National Vital Statistics Reports; vol 59 no 10. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2011. |
Water is an essential resource without which life is impossible. The major civilizations of the world were established around rivers so access to water would be perpetually assured. But even though the world had moved forward in controlling and limiting access to energy driving resources such | Water is an essential resource without which life is impossible. The major civilizations of the world were established around rivers so access to water would be perpetually assured. But even though the world had moved forward in controlling and limiting access to energy driving resources such as coal and oil, water has not received as much regulation. In case of riparian disputes, the upper basin state naturally has an upper hand and it uses it to its advantage. International disputes are not uncommon but inter-state disputes are also a challenge to any country’s federal structure.
The judicious use of water is what future plans and policies must aim at; for at present perhaps water is the most taken for granted resource. What is perhaps absurd is that water which in spite of being recognised as a precious resource is given away for throwaway prices and wastage of water is also not uncommon. To change attitudes and create a culture of conservation and recycling would be the first step towards ensuring water security. Differential pricing of water and periodic review of tariff is also a mandate in the National Water Policy, “Pricing of water should ensure its efficient use and reward conservation.”2
Many countries such as India are already water stressed and in future can become water scarce.
Unlike oil where the majority use is by a country’s armed forces (true for any nation), water is used by all sections alike. Therefore, its regulation by a select elite triggers competition and in extreme cases, instances of armed conflict.
As per the website of Ministry of Water Resources, India, following are the current water disputes in India-
Ravi and Beas, Cauvery, Vansadhra, Mandovi and Krishna 1
In India, we have the Inter Water Disputes Act of 1956 which provides for the establishment of a Tribunal in case of a dispute between states.
Some major international water disputes are-
- Indus (India and Pakistan)
- Jordan (Israel and Jordan)
- Tigris Euphrates (Iraq, Turkey and Syria)
- Nile (Rwanda, Burundi, Congo, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Sudan and Egypt)
- Ganga (India and Bangladesh)
- Mahakali (India and Nepal)
- Mekong (China, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam)
- Teesta (India and Bangladesh)
What is perhaps undermined and not utilised to full advantage is the role of third parties in mediation of water disputes. Any particular party with interests in water resources and belonging to one side will always view the dispute through its narrow lens and therefore, the appointment of a neutral third umpire is of essence and very often the only option in solving potential water conflicts. This is of greater relevance in case of international water disputes. |
Documents must be Word 97-2003 (.doc) or Word 2007
The document file name must have the following
lastnameF-labname.doc (or.docx) (The F at the
end of lastname stands | Documents must be Word 97-2003 (.doc) or Word 2007
The document file name must have the following
lastnameF-labname.doc (or.docx) (The F at the
end of lastname stands for the first initial. You don't all have
different last names.)
Labs are to be emailed prior to the lab session one
week after completing the lab.
All pages must be double spaced
Pages must have margins of 1"
The font must be either Times New Roman or Ariel or Calibri
The font size must be 12 point
Page numbers must be in the upper right hand corner of the page and
start on the title page
Main headings (e.g. Method, Results) should be centered on their own
line and in bold. No extra lines should be used before or after this
Secondary Headings (e.g., participants) should be left justified in
bold. No extra lines should be used before or after this heading
Sections of a Lab Report: Unless otherwise instructed, each lab report
must have the following sections:
Title Page which has the following elements:
Both are centered about 1/3 the way down the page.
The first page number shows up on this page.
begins with the main heading title Introduction
This section gives the background for the study
Method (note that this is singular) This section has the following
subsections (each is a secondary heading).
This section describes those that participated in the experiment
Stimulus (if necessary)
Describes in clear, precise detail the stimulus that was presented
to the participant.
Materials (if necessary)
Describe any non-stimulus, non-equipment
materials used in the experiment
Describe the equipment used in the experiment
Includes both software and hardware
Only include items that are not general purpose and well known -
like a ruler should not be in this section.
Can come before the stimulus section
Describe in a simple direct manner, the method used to collect the
The actual collection of the data is a real part of the method and
should be described. It is vital that what data is collected (the
dependent variable) is absolutely clear to the reader - not just in your
A clear description of the data collected, how it has be manipulated, and
what it means.
It is not sufficient just to put the data out there. This is the
time to interpret the data
Figure is capitalized when it is a figure name as in
Figure 1 as it is a proper noun (a specific thing).
What did you find?
What does it mean?
Interpret the results in light of the introduction.
Guidelines: Here are some general guidelines to help you write a
Forget about how you have written other lab reports. These are not
lab reports but papers.
Think more about how you write papers in other classes. If you
find yourself writing in lab report language, stop and start over.
Your audience is a person who has never been in the lab.
The lab report is an act of communication to someone who has never been
in your lab, not a simple recitation of what you have done.
You might need help with some of the concepts. Waiting till the
last night will not allow you to seek help. Do not put these reports
off so I can give you help. Not understanding a concept is no excuse.
Always give the units for every measure unless instructed otherwise.
You will only not give measures if the measure is a ratio of two numbers
that have the same units so that the units cancel.
Do not use first person pronouns. The reader
knows who you are and it gets very redundant to use it.
Do not use rhetorical questions. It is a cheap
Only use quotations if the words are actually
significant. Usually paraphrase.
Do not begin sentences with numerals.
As in all academic writing make sure you cite all sources and give proper reference.
The point of the introduction is to clearly explain the point of the study
and give the background ideas.
Discuss what is being studied, such as depth, or critical bands
Discuss what is the question, such as if stereopsis can support size
constancy or if critical bands are the same everywhere.
End with your hypothesis, but it must make sense based upon the
information you provide.
You should use sources, but in most cases the text is fine.
The point of the methods is that how an experiment is done determines
how the data may or may not be int |
Morton was born of Finnish-Swedish descent in 1725, shortly after the death of his father, on a farm in Ridley Township, Chester (present Delaware) County. John Sketchley, an Englishman who subsequently married the wid | Morton was born of Finnish-Swedish descent in 1725, shortly after the death of his father, on a farm in Ridley Township, Chester (present Delaware) County. John Sketchley, an Englishman who subsequently married the widowed mother of the youth, reared and educated him. Their relationship was apparently close, for Morton later named his eldest son Sketchley. The stepfather, learned in mathematics, taught the boy the three R's as well as surveying. He practiced that profession on and off all his life, as well as farming, politics, and jurisprudence. He married in his early 20's, in 1748 or 1749, and fathered five daughters and four sons.
At the age of 30, Morton entered politics, which from then on absorbed most of his energies. From 1756 until a few months before he died in 1777, he served 18 terms in the colonial/State legislature (1756-66 and 1769-76), which he presided over during the last year and a half. In 1774 he won appointment as an associate justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court.
Meantime, despite his rise in State circles, Morton had always maintained strong ties with his own county. He resided there all his life, remained active in civic and church affairs, and stayed close to the people. Between terms of office as county justice of the peace (1757-64 and 1770-74), he worked in a tour as sheriff (1766-69).
Morton's service to the Nation began in 1765, while he was a member of the Pennsylvania legislature. He and two colleagues represented the colony at the Stamp Act Congress in New York. His most dramatic act as Delegate to the Continental Congress (1774-77), in which he numbered among the moderates, was his sudden and crucial switch on July 1, 1776, to the side of his friend Benjamin Franklin and James Wilson in the vote for national independence. On the final vote the next day, these three ballots outw |
Perthite is used to describe an intergrowth of two feldspars: a host grain of potassium-rich alkali feldspar (near K-feldspar, KAlSi3O8, in composition) includes exsolved | Perthite is used to describe an intergrowth of two feldspars: a host grain of potassium-rich alkali feldspar (near K-feldspar, KAlSi3O8, in composition) includes exsolved lamellae or irregular intergrowths of sodic alkali feldspar (near albite, NaAlSi3O8, in composition). Typically the host grain is orthoclase or microcline, and the lamellae are albite. If sodic feldspar is the dominant phase, the result is an antiperthite.
The intergrowth forms by exsolution due to cooling of a grain of alkali feldspar with a composition intermediate between K-feldspar and albite. There is complete solid solution between albite and K-feldspar at temperatures near 700 °C and pressures like those within the crust of the Earth, but a miscibility gap is present at lower temperatures. If an alkali feldspar grain with an intermediate composition cools slowly enough, K-rich and more Na-rich feldspar domains separate from one another. In the presence of water, the process occurs quickly.
When megascopically developed, the texture may consist of distinct pink and white lamellae representing exsolved white albite (NaAlSi3O8) in pink microcline K-feldspar. The intergrowths in perthite have a great variety of shapes. If cooling is sufficiently slow, the alkali feldspar may exsolve to form separate grains with near-endmember albite and K-feldspar compositions. The largest documented single crystal of perthite was found in Hugo Mine, South Dakota, US and measured ~10.7m x 4.6m x 1.8m. The gem varieties of potassium fe |
- This page will soon be moved to Java Collections Overview
List is a subinterface of
java.util.Collection that keeps its elements ordered (like an array) and allows duplicate elements (also like an array). In fact, the main difference between | - This page will soon be moved to Java Collections Overview
List is a subinterface of
java.util.Collection that keeps its elements ordered (like an array) and allows duplicate elements (also like an array). In fact, the main difference between an array and a list is that arrays are fixed-width, but lists can grow and shrink on demand.
|Project: Advanced Java|
|Previous: None — Java.util.List — Next: java.util.Set| |
The Natural History Museum is one of three large museums. The others are the Science Museum and the Victoria and Albert Museum. It is home to some 70 million items. The museum is renowned for its display of dinosaur skeletons, particularly the large Dipl | The Natural History Museum is one of three large museums. The others are the Science Museum and the Victoria and Albert Museum. It is home to some 70 million items. The museum is renowned for its display of dinosaur skeletons, particularly the large Diplodocus cast which dominates the entrance. The foundation of the collection was a bequest by Irish doctor Sir Hans Sloane, which included dried plants, animal and human skeletons, was housed in Montague House, the home of the British Museum. In the late 1850s, it was evident that the natural history departments needed a bigger and separate building. It remained a department of the British Museum with the formal name British Museum (Natural History). However it was not until the Museums and Galleries Act of 1992 that the Museum's formal title was finally changed from B.M.(N.H.) to |
March 2003 Articles & Features
By Karl Seyfert | March 2003
The second of a three-part series on the basics of electric fuel pump diagnosis.
Last month, we explained how to use voltage drop testing to determine whether | March 2003 Articles & Features
By Karl Seyfert | March 2003
The second of a three-part series on the basics of electric fuel pump diagnosis.
Last month, we explained how to use voltage drop testing to determine whether an electric fuel pump is receiving adequate supply voltage for proper operation. This month, we'll explain how to use an inductive low-amp probe and a digital storage oscilloscope (DSO) to look inside an electric fuel pump and assess its health
Inductive amp probes come in all shapes and sizes, and they can handle the full range of currents-both AC and DC. A low-amp inductive probe can be used to measure the relatively low current flow (usually below 10 amps) in a fuel pump circuit.
The inductive probe converts the signal into one that can be understood by the voltage-reading DSO. The DSO will still be thinking it's seeing volts, but we'll know they're amps.
Most low-amp probes have two settings-10mV/A and 100mV/A-and they affect the way the fuel pump waveform is displayed on the DSO screen. If the probe is set on the 10mV/A scale, for each 10mV displayed on the DSO, the probe is measuring 1 amp of current. If the probe is set on the 100mV/A scale, for each 100mV displayed on the DSO, the probe is measuring 1 amp.
When viewing fuel pump current waveforms on your DSO, start with a time base of either 1 or 2mS per division, and a voltage scale of 100mV per division. The waveform can be analyzed in greater detail at 1mS per division, while the rotational speed of the fuel pump can be more easily calculated at 2mS per division.
Adjust the scope and probe to the settings above, then use the inductive probe's ZERO dial to move the waveform to the 0 volt (ground) position on your DSO before clamping the probe around the fuel pump wiring.
The amp probe clamp can be placed at any point in the fuel pump circuit, as long as it's in series between the voltage supply and the ground for the load. Clamp the probe to one of the pump wires, if it's accessible. Or clamp it around the pump's power wire at the fuse box, at a relay or inertia switch or at an underhood test connector.
While voltage may be different at various points in a circuit, current in a series circuit is the same at all points. So make sure there are no additional components, like a transfer pump, wired in parallel to the main pump, as these will affe |
This is a transcript of a video from the Growing Up with Epilepsy Web site. For more information visit http://www2.massgeneral.org/childhoodepilepsy.
Dr. Elizabeth Thiele: Epilepsy in childhood is not | This is a transcript of a video from the Growing Up with Epilepsy Web site. For more information visit http://www2.massgeneral.org/childhoodepilepsy.
Dr. Elizabeth Thiele: Epilepsy in childhood is not the same as epilepsy in adulthood. Although seizure types can be the same, the causes of seizures are very different between adults and children. Epilepsy syndromes that we think of typically have onset in childhood, and many are resolved, or the children outgrow them, by adulthood. Also, treating seizures in children is very different than treating adults. The children respond differently to medications and have different side effects, so it's very different thing to treat a child with epilepsy than treat an adult with epilepsy. In addition, a child with epilepsy is a child who is learning and developing and trying to understand their world, so we worry a lot about how children with epilepsy fare doing that and how much the seizures and the treatment for the seizures are impacting their ability to learn and develop. Another difference between epilepsy in children and adult is frequency. Many of our kids have hundreds of seizures per day, and it's quite unusual for adult with epilepsy to have seizures of that frequency.
© 2006 The General Hospital Corporation. |
Memorial Hall to the Victims in the Nanjing Massacre
Last updated by lavender0108 at 2013-11-4
Memorial Hall to the Victims in the Nanjing Massacre Overview
The Memorial Hall to the Victims in | Memorial Hall to the Victims in the Nanjing Massacre
Last updated by lavender0108 at 2013-11-4
Memorial Hall to the Victims in the Nanjing Massacre Overview
The Memorial Hall to the Victims in the Nanjing Massacre was built by Nanjing Municipal Government in 1985 in memory of the victims and extended in 1995, covering an area of 28,000 sq meters (302,400 sq ft). It is a specialized museum of the execution sites and mass burial places of the massacre. Here you can know a lot of details of this miserable history by the means of documents, architecture, cultural relics, movies and so on.
In this solemn and imposing grey marble architecture, there are three parts: the outdoor exhibition hall, the remains of the victims display and the historical documents exhibits. The outdoor exhibition hall is the cemetery structure style with the theme of grief and indignation, life and death by statues, group sculptures and relief carvings together with the monument, the name list wall for the victims and some building relics. The remains of the victims display room is coffin-shaped, where keeps the remaining bones of victims in the massacre. It reminds people the miserable history of the massacre. Another tomb-like exhibition hall, which is buried half underground, contains over 1000 precious items, which recreate the massacre and uncover the outrage committed by the Japanese invaders by the means of paintings, sculptures and multi-media as well as documentary materials or films. The hall was built not only as the important museum for pursuing peace and communication, but also as the base for patriotism education..
Solo Adventure Tips:
Jiangdong Gate of Nanjing
How to Get There?
You can get there by No.4, 7, 29, 37, 39, 41, 80, 82, 92 travel buses
Ticket Price: 10 RMB
Openning Time: 8:30-16:00 except Monday
8:30-16:00 except Monday
There are 1 comments on this topic
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Nursing Book Club
The Checklist Manifesto: How to Get Things Right
A checklist helps reduce panic in unfamiliar situations
Reviewed by Christine Contillo, RN, BSN
Right after one of the other nurses on my unit returned from | Nursing Book Club
The Checklist Manifesto: How to Get Things Right
A checklist helps reduce panic in unfamiliar situations
Reviewed by Christine Contillo, RN, BSN
Right after one of the other nurses on my unit returned from the vaccine refrigerator with the wrong vial in her hand, I decided to read The Checklist Manifesto by Atul Gawande. He is the author of two other best-selling books, a practicing surgeon, associate professor at Harvard University and winner of a MacArthur genius award. Certainly if there’s any way to improve upon current medical practice, he has already taken a long hard look at it.
Gawande rightly points out that the way medicine is practiced has become technologically complex. At the same time, the average age of working nurses is now well into middle age. It’s clear that more and more is required of us at a time when our lives are probably least able to cope with longer shifts or learning difficult computer programs.
The author’s solution is a simple checklist, much like that used by the airline industry. A checklist helps reduce panic in unfamiliar situations and allows everyone involved to know exactly what is expected of them. An example of successful use of a checklist goes back to 1989 when a United Airlines flight suffered an explosion caused by an unlatched cargo door. The sudden decompression resulted in the loss of five rows of business class seats and nine passengers. In the midst of the confusion that followed, with debris flying and passengers screaming, the cockpit recorder shows the captain calmly asks for the checklist. Reviewing the checklist with his flight engineer during what was a totally unfamiliar event helped him regain control of the plane and land safely.
How does this relate to improving surgery? In a number of ways. It places someone (often a nurse) in charge of ensuring that the steps are always taken, with strict consequences if they are not. Examples might be improving handwashing compliance, having bloodwork completed before surgery, having blood on hand during surgery, or even having everyone on the team identify themselves to the patient to improve group cohesiveness.
This concept of completing a checklist was revolutionary in the world of medicine, where practitioners are known for having their own style and being reluctant to be coerced. A checklist therefore manages this kind of behavior in a non-subjective way. A simple surgical checklist has now been developed by the World Health Organization and has made more progress toward improving healthcare in developing nations than most of the protocols developed during the previous 30 years.
In my case, our director came up with a simple tear-off sheet listing all the vaccines we store. Since most patients receive more than one vaccine at a time — sometimes as many as 8 — we no longer have to walk down the hall to the vaccine refrigerator with a scribbled post-it, or trust our aging memories. The use of a checklist could be expanded to improve any aspect of care that might be impacted by panic (such as the steps to take during a code), or by inattention due to the routine nature of a procedure (such as an administrative referral to a specialist).
Gawande never fails to be informative and readable. Most of the book demonstrates how the concept of checklists was developed and implemented with enough detail to hold your interest. I never tire of his essays on medicine and always feel inspired to improve my own nursing prac |
Explore Our History
Scientific research lies at the heart of the Museum’s work. Many of the millions of specimens that comprise the collections were gathered on scientific expeditions. The National Museum of Natural History has conducted research all over the world—from the | Explore Our History
Scientific research lies at the heart of the Museum’s work. Many of the millions of specimens that comprise the collections were gathered on scientific expeditions. The National Museum of Natural History has conducted research all over the world—from the mouths of volcanoes to the canopy of tropical forests to the greatest depths of the ocean.
Travel with us to some of the places Smithsonian staff have explored, and learn about the work they have done and continue to do.
(From the Smithsonian Institution Libraries)
(From the Division of Fishes in the Department of Vertebrate Zoology)
The Moorea Biocode Project: The NMNH in the Field Today (2008-2010)
Chaco Canyon / Pueblo Bonito (with National Geographic Society in the 1920s)
[ TOP ] |
This is not a subject for the squeamish, but the term is currently appearing on news pages as well as in research publications. With larval therapy larvae or maggots of the bluebottle or greenbottle are introduced to wounds to | This is not a subject for the squeamish, but the term is currently appearing on news pages as well as in research publications. With larval therapy larvae or maggots of the bluebottle or greenbottle are introduced to wounds to clean them and encourage healing.
There’s nothing new about either the idea or the name. Experience on battlefields in the American Civil War and the First World War showed that wounds healed quicker among casualties who had been left untreated long enough to be infected by maggots hatched from fly eggs. The maggots of these flies remove dead tissue and secrete chemicals that inhibit bacteria, but don’t eat living flesh, so giving healthy tissue the chance to regrow. The technique was used during the 1930s and 1940s to treat burns, abscesses, leg ulcers and gangrene. It went out of fashion when antibiotics came in after World War Two, though I’ve read it is still taught to army surgeons in some countries.
It’s coming back into use, not least because it can successfully treat wounds infected with bacteria resistant to antibiotics. It has been reported this month that a team at Manchester University has fou |
For unknown reasons, married couples with only female children are about 6 percentage points more likely to own stock than those with both male and female offspring, according to a study of a large U.S. database by Vicki L. Bogan of | For unknown reasons, married couples with only female children are about 6 percentage points more likely to own stock than those with both male and female offspring, according to a study of a large U.S. database by Vicki L. Bogan of Cornell University. The phenomenon is limited to stocks; there’s no impact of offspring gender on a couple’s likelihood of holding mutual funds, for example. Having only male children has no effect on stock ownership, except in the case of single mothers, who are more likely to own stock if they have only boys.SOURCE: Household investment decisions and offspring gender: parental accounting
HBR Blog Network / The Daily Stat
A Gender Curiosity: Parents with All Girls and No Boys Own More Stock
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You can access UCB Library resources from off campus or via your laptop or other mobile device using one of two simple methods:
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Unsure how to start a paper or research project? Think maybe you could stand to brush up on search strategies?
If this sounds familiar, Library Workshop: Research 101 has you covered. This interactive tutorial explores six stages of the research process. You can view it from start to finish, or focus on specific sections as needed:
Starting strategies, from choosing a topic to finding the right keywords.
The publication timeline, scholarly vs. popular sources, and differences in academic disciplines.
Search for books and other items in OskiCat, Cal's local library catalog.
Locate and access articles in library research databases.
How to cite your sources correctly.
Common techniques for constructing searches that yield useful results.
Specialized search strategies for targeting specific topics.
The following titles are just examples of sources for background information on The Sixties and protest movements. Click on the titles to view the OskiCat record, including library location, call number and availability.
For more sources, search Oskicat by subject, including specific ethnic groups (ex: indians of north america encyclopedias, mexican americans dictionaries), browse the reference collections of Doe Library (2nd floor) or the Ethnic Studies Library, or ask for assistance.
The Sixties in America (1999)
Day by Day, the Sixties (1983)
The Civil Rights Movement (1998)
Developing appropriate keywords/search terms is an essential part of research. First, break your topic into components. Develop a list of synonyms and alternative terminology for each component. Think about broader and narrower concepts and word variants. What words can you exclude?
Topic: Image of African American Women in Advertising
image(s) or stereotyp(es)(ing) or depict(ion) or portray(al)...
african american(s) or black(s) or minorit(y)(ies)
women or gender
advertis(e)(ing) or media
Remember to be creative with your terminology! More examples:
people of color and environmental activism*
environmental justice and hazardous waste*
Topic: Image of African American women in advertising
potentially relevant disciplines:
African American Studies
Gender and Women's Studies
To find books, DVDs, maps, sound recordings, manuscripts, and much more - everything except articles - use a library catalog.
OskiCat = most UC Berkeley libraries
MELVYL = all UC campus libraries, including all UC Berkeley libraries
What's the difference? more details here
For each item make sure you know the name of the physical library, call number, and whether or not it's checked out, library use only, etc.
Search OskiCat for both primary and secondary sources. Examples:
free speech movement*
third world strike
vietnam war protest movements
civil rights movements united states
civil rights movements women
feminism united states history
alcatraz indian occupation
asian american* political activity
american indian movement
* = truncation symbol/wildcard for variant word endings
ex: immigra* = immigrant, immigrants, immigrating, immigration...
Try out these OskiCat features:
Search an article database to find citations (title, author, title of journal, date, page numbers) for articles on a particular topic. The Library gives you access to over 200 article databases covering different disciplines.
1. Think about which academic disciplines might write about your topic. Examples: literature, film, anthropology, history...
2. Find the appropriate article database by subject (academic discipline or department). Look for "Recommended" databases.
Library home > Articles > Article Databases by Subject
Examples of searches in various article databases:
keywords = searches most important parts of the record
* = truncation symbol or wildcard; child* = child, childs, children, childish, childhood
Library home > Articles > Article Databases By Subject > History > America: History and Life
asian american* (select a field - optional)
activis* (select a field - optional)
historical period from: 1960 1975
Library home > Articles > General Article Databases > Academic Search Complete
free speech movement (select a field)
berkeley (select a field)
Library home > Articles > Article Databases By Subject >ERIC
occupy movement* (all fields (no full text))
college* or universit* (all fields (no full text))
O |
It warped train tracks, melted the tarmac at Reagan National Airport and smashed thousands of daily temperature records across America. Last summer's brutal heat helped make 2012 the hottest year on record in the contiguous United States, federal experts said.
Climate | It warped train tracks, melted the tarmac at Reagan National Airport and smashed thousands of daily temperature records across America. Last summer's brutal heat helped make 2012 the hottest year on record in the contiguous United States, federal experts said.
Climate change played a key role in that record, just as it has pushed up temperatures around the world. We've now experienced more than 330 months in a row of above-average temperatures.
That news puts President Barack Obama on the hot seat. As his second term begins, the president has a clear opportunity to revolutionize his whole approach to fighting manmade climate change. And 2012 couldn't have made a more powerful case for urgent action against the greenhouse gas pollution creating this problem.
Last year also bedeviled us with chaotic weather. Climate change is driving up the risk of extreme weather like devastating drought, and adding destructive power to storms like Superstorm Sandy.
America's future will be full of extreme heat, with growing risks of drought and food scarcity, according to the draft National Climate Assessment. Within decades, some states will suffer a doubling of days hotter than 95 degrees.
Our weather is also likely to become more destructive. Profound changes taking place in the Arctic are feeding North America's risk of extreme weather, in part by changing the jet stream.
Arctic sea-ice extent hit a record low last summer, and the region's snow cover has begun shrinking faster over the past decade.
Obama's Environmental Protection Agency could begin making full use of the Clean Air Act against greenhouse gas pollution. The EPA has begun applying the Clean Air Act to carbon-dioxide pollution, but progress has been modest.
We're running out of time to head off climate change's worst effects.
In his acceptance speech, Obama said, we want our children to live in an America that "that isn't threatened by the destructive power of a warming planet."
Those words must be matched by action, or we'll look back on 2012 as a year when we sped off the climate cliff. |
The Wollaston Peninsula (previously, Wollaston Land) is a west-pointing peninsula located on southwestern Victoria Island, Canada. It is bordered by Prince Albert Sound to the north, Amundsen Gulf to the west and Dolphin and | The Wollaston Peninsula (previously, Wollaston Land) is a west-pointing peninsula located on southwestern Victoria Island, Canada. It is bordered by Prince Albert Sound to the north, Amundsen Gulf to the west and Dolphin and Union Strait to the south. Most of the peninsula lies in Nunavut's Kitikmeot Region but a smaller portion lies within the Northwest Territories's Inuvik Region. The peninsula is 225 km (140 mi) long, and between 97 and 113 km (60 and 70 mi) wide. Its westernmost point is Cape Baring.
In 1826, its s |
From Ohio History Central
National Cash Register Company, Dayton, Ohio.
In 1884, John Henry Patterson bought out his fellow investors in the National Manufacturing Company and formed the National Cash Register Company, the predecessor of NCR Corporation. Located in | From Ohio History Central
National Cash Register Company, Dayton, Ohio.
In 1884, John Henry Patterson bought out his fellow investors in the National Manufacturing Company and formed the National Cash Register Company, the predecessor of NCR Corporation. Located in Dayton, Ohio, this company made cash registers. The company grew slowly, producing only sixteen thousand registers in its first decade in operation. Through aggressive marketing and advertising, by 1914, the National Cash Register Company was producing 110,000 cash registers per year. In 1906, the company manufactured the first electric cash register.
Patterson was well known for his compassion for his employees. He provided women workers with coffee and soup for lunch. Machine operators sat on actual chairs with backs for support rather than on stools. He provided his workers with indoor bathrooms. Patterson implemented a ventilation system to provide clean air to his workers. He also maintained a doctor's office in his factory to assist injured workers as quickly as possible.
The National Cash Register Company engaged in civic work as well. Following the Dayton flood of 1913, the company provided approximately one million dollars to assist people in recovering from the disaster. The company allocated an additional 600,000 dollars to study how the community could prevent flooding in the future. In addition to these efforts, Patterson donated money to help build parks and playgrounds. He also provided funds to create the first public kindergarten in Dayton.
Patterson died on May 2, 1922. His son, Frederick B |
> I have 4 questions about character names:
Mark Davis, John Jenkins, and Markus Scherer addressed many of these
questions. And I do suggest you take a look at the ICU implementations,
so you don't have to reinvent the | > I have 4 questions about character names:
Mark Davis, John Jenkins, and Markus Scherer addressed many of these
questions. And I do suggest you take a look at the ICU implementations,
so you don't have to reinvent the wheel here.
I just have a couple clarifications of terminology for you.
> (1) how does one figure out the character names of the code points
> (in ranges in the UnicodeData.txt file)?
"code points" do not have character names in the Unicode Standard.
The thing that gets an associated character name is an "encoded character."
This may seem like a quibble, but it actually becomes important when you
consider surrogate code points.
00C0 is a code point in the Unicode codespace.
The abstract character "capital A with a grave accent" is encoded at
that code point (00C0).
The encoded character U+00C0 has the normative character name "LATIN CAPITAL
LETTER A WITH GRAVE".
Now for surrogates:
D841 is a code point in the Unicode codespace.
DF00 is a code point in the Unicode codespace.
10300 is a code point in the Unicode codespace.
D841 and DF00 are surrogate Unicode values. They cannot be assigned to
abstract characters (individually), and because no encoded character is
ever associated with them (individually), they also have no character
The abstract character "the first letter of the Etruscan alphabet" will soon
be encoded at the code point, 10300.
That encoded character U-00010300 will have the normative character name
"ETRUSCAN LETTER A".
In the encoding form, UTF-16, U-00010300 ETRUSCAN LETTER A is represented
by the surrogate pair D841 DF00 (a sequence of two 16-bit Unicode values).
>...and also for the |
Coretta Scott was born in Marion, Alabama, on 27th April, 1927. Her father was a lumber carrier who did badly during the Great Depression. The family was so poor that Coretta had to walk three miles | Coretta Scott was born in Marion, Alabama, on 27th April, 1927. Her father was a lumber carrier who did badly during the Great Depression. The family was so poor that Coretta had to walk three miles to school every day.
After graduating from Antioch College in Ohio in 1951, she enrolled at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston. In 1953 Coretta married Martin Luther King and over the next few years gave birth to four children.
King became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. Coretta was active in the civil rights movement and took part in the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the famous March on Washington in August, 1963.
After the assassination of Martin Luther King Coretta continued to campaign for equal rights and founded the Center for Non-Violent Social Change in Atlanta. Her book, My Life with Martin Luther King was published in 1969.
Coretta's greatest success was in establishing Martin Luther King Day, commemorating her husband's birthday on January 15 as a US national holiday.
Coretta Scott King died in her sleep on 31st January, 2006.
In 1953, Coretta and Martin were married by his father, Dr Martin Luther King Sr, one of the leading African-American ministers in Atlanta. The black south was on the eve of dramatic change. School systems were all segregated, with states spending substantially less money on each African-American pupil than on whites. Social and residential segregation remained virtually absolute.
In 1954, however, the US supreme court, in the case of Brown v the school board of Topeka, Kansas, found that separate schools could not be considered equal, thus overturning more than 60 years of southern custom. But change was slow in following. A year later, the court ordered states to comply "with all deliberate s |
These are two different representations that depend on your assumption. Some linguists believe that noun and determine make Noun phrase, while others believe that noun and det constitute a determin.phrase. Second group assume that in such languages as English determines are overt | These are two different representations that depend on your assumption. Some linguists believe that noun and determine make Noun phrase, while others believe that noun and det constitute a determin.phrase. Second group assume that in such languages as English determines are overtly presented while in such languages as Russian they are covert or null. It is a rough explanation. Let's be a little bit more specific |
I'll post my egg comparison but separate sacs means a host of things and possibilities depending on what type of sacs he was referring to (amnio vs chorionic) by your profile pic it "appears" to be 2 chor | I'll post my egg comparison but separate sacs means a host of things and possibilities depending on what type of sacs he was referring to (amnio vs chorionic) by your profile pic it "appears" to be 2 chorionic sacs (di/di) (I'm not an US tech so my opinion means squat)
there are 3 basic types of twins (or more common types as research currently understands/knows) - Mo/Mo, Mo/Di, Di/Di (understand I'm not a dr just a research freak)
first - babies general have 2 sacs - the amniotic sac which is inside of the chorionic sac. think of an chicken egg the yellow is the baby, the white is the amniotic fluid and you the shell is the chorionic sac. Identical twins are either in one amniotic sac surrounded by the chorionic sac (just like a chicken egg but with two yellow centers) or there are 2 amniotic sacs in 1 chorionic sacs (think of 2 chicken eggs [white with yellow center] in 1 shell).
The first example is Mo/Mo (monoamniotic/monochorionic which have no membrane between the two babies). The second example is Mo/Di (monochorionic/diamiontic).
You most likely have Mo/Di identical twins - but the membrane between the two amniotic sacs is very thin ( this happens a lot - my drs had to look closely every US). Identicals are always the same sex (with the exception of like 3 known cases I think and the girls always have Turners syndrome).
Now if your twins turn out to be Di/Di (dichorionic/diamniotic [two of each sack - think 2 separate eggs in separate shells]). they will have two placentas (although they can fuse) and the babies can be fraternal or identical - testing after birth can determine which.
again - I'm no dr; new research is being done all the time on twins and this info may be all wrong. I had to research the heck out of identicals when I got my surprise |
How to Make Wine
If you are looking to break into the wine industry, it is essential to know at least the basics about wine. And while much of this can be done by hands-on research, before you grab that glass of wine, | How to Make Wine
If you are looking to break into the wine industry, it is essential to know at least the basics about wine. And while much of this can be done by hands-on research, before you grab that glass of wine, let's take a second to see how to make wine.
The short and simple is that wine is basically just fermented grape juice; different wines come from different types of grapes. However, winemaking has evolved into almost a science, fit with laboratories and scientists that examine the process each step of the way.
This term encompasses the growing and training of the vine to produce sought after grapes. The first three to four years of a vine's life are spent simply putting roots down, and they often do not produce grapes. Vines are considered in their prime between 12 to 40 years of age because their roots are deep enough down to avoid drought or flooding. However, the age of the vine is simply one factor in grape growing that ultimately affects the quality of the wine.
Another factor is irrigation, or the amount of water that is provided to the grape during the growing stages. Too much water can dilute the flavor of the grape, while too little water can change the taste of the grape altogether.
Other factors considered in viticulture are the layout of the vineyard, canopy size and how much to allow the crop to yield. These factors affect the sunlight exposure, which ultimately affects the grape. These are typically determined during the year-long season of the vine.
Seasons of the vine:
Bud swelling and break: This occurs early in the year between January and March. The bud begins to wake up and starts to become visible off the vine.
Leaf, shoot and flower emergence: Leaves, shoots and flowers become visible on the bud during the February through April timeframe.
Bloom: The flowers take April through June to go through their bloom.
Berry set: During June, the flowers fertilize and attach to the stem, eventually producing the berry.
Berry enlarging and cluster set: During the months of June and July, the berries enlarge and form their cluster.
Véraison process: During the months of July and August, the grapes start to develop their color, sugars, and acidity.
Harvest: Finally, in September and October months, the grapes are ready to be picked and turned into wine.
During this entire process, workers are pruning and cleaning the grape vine, as well as monitoring for disease or pests. The vine care does not simply take place in the fall (and the seasons will change depending the geographic location, this is based off the U.S.) when it is time for harvest. Rather, this is a year round process.
Yet another factor in the quality of the grape is a term referred to as terroir. This term differs from the other factors because most of these are less controllable.
- Topography (slope and altitude of the land)
- Climate (primarily temperature and rainfall)
- Availability of sunlight
- Composition of the soil
This is why the location for a vineyard is very crucial and should always be considered before planting.
The final factor in the quality of wine is of course the winemaking process, or vinification.
As expected, this can be a long and tedious process, depending on the type of wine being produced. For our purposes, we will keep it simple and look at the four most basic steps of vinification.
1. Crushing and Pressing
After the grapes are harvested and de-stemmed, they need to be crushed to get the liquid (must) out of them. If you are picturing men and women jumping on top of gigantic barrels of grapes, you may have been right 100 years ago. As with everything else, wine has evolved into mechanical production. The crushing and pressing are done by machines, rather than the hard work of many dancing people.
If a white wine is being produced, the grapes will be pressed quickly in order to alleviate skin contact (which affects the color of the wine). In contrast, red wine will allow the grapes to be in contact with the skin for a much longer period of time, typically throughout the fermentation process in order to preserve color and tannins. White wines will be run through the press prior to fermentation, while reds will do it following fermentation.2. Fermentation
During this process, yeast or other chemicals begins converting the sugars in the must to alcohol. For red wines, this process can take anywhere from 5 to 30 days. While being fermented, the grapes are either pumped over or punched the cap to help evenly distribute contact with the grape skins (see the glossary for more specific definitions). For white wines, the fermentation process is usually shorter, but it will depend on if it is meant to be a dry or sweet wine. The fermentation for white wines also differs from reds since the white will be taken away from the skins during this process.3. Clarification
There are many |
Autism is a neurodevelopmental (related to the development of the nervous system) disorder that can affect a child’s social interaction and communication skills. The symptoms of autism in children can vary from severe to mild. At Nemours, our team | Autism is a neurodevelopmental (related to the development of the nervous system) disorder that can affect a child’s social interaction and communication skills. The symptoms of autism in children can vary from severe to mild. At Nemours, our team of behavioral health specialists can help. We’ll develop an individualized treatment plan that meets your child’s needs.
Some children may show early signs of autism in infancy, while other children may suddenly develop autism symptoms later. In either case, the symptoms of autism in children begin before age 3.
Early signs of autism in children include lack of interest in people, lack of communication, not responding to his/her name, lack of pretend play and the presence of repetitive behaviors or interests. The best way to help your child with autism symptoms is to discuss your concerns with your child’s doctor. Early intervention can begin to reduce autism symptoms and help your child learn to adapt, grow and thrive. |
Even medical people who have studied how to lower blood pressure for decades admit that the cause is unknown for about 95% of high blood pressure problems and you could have it without even knowing, even if you're otherwise healthy. That's why it | Even medical people who have studied how to lower blood pressure for decades admit that the cause is unknown for about 95% of high blood pressure problems and you could have it without even knowing, even if you're otherwise healthy. That's why it's important that you know what your blood pressure is and have it checked on a regular basis.
As you know, smoking and coffee causes a temporary rise in your blood pressure, so don't smoke or drink coffee for at least thirty minutes before you have your blood pressure taken. If you're a smoker, you should know that you have a higher risk of developing high blood pressure than a non-smoker.
Other reasons that increase your risk include high cholesterol, diabetes, stroke, heart disease, or other medical conditions, or if you're over the age of 60, or if you are of age. When you check your blood pressure, it is normal that there will be fluctuations, and a one time high reading doesn't necessarily mean you have hypertension. Be alarmed when those readings are consistently high, because that is the time when a diagnosis is made. The medications that you are taking may also contribute to the rise in your blood pressure.
There are changes in your lifestyle and diet that you can make to lower your risk of developing and even preventing high blood pressure. Below is a listed of these changes. The more you embrace these changes into your life, the more you lower your risk.
Limit alcohol to two drinks per day or even less
Maintain a healthy weight and lose weight if needed
Lower your fat intake to less than 30%
Limit added salt and be mindful of sodium content in prepared foods
Exercise regularly at a moderate level of intensity several times a week
Be sure you get at least 1000 mg (milligrams) of calcium every day. Good sources are dairy products, broccoli, canned salmon, figs, tofu and kale
You also need 2500-3000 mg of potassium daily. Get that from fresh veggies and fruit, nuts and dairy products. Look for low fat brands of dairy products.
Get 350-400 mg of magnesium daily. You'll find it in dark green veggies, whole grains, seafood, legumes, nuts, and soybeans.
Get a good night's sleep. Inadequate sleep can actually raise your blood pressure even higher if you already have.
Relax more. Reduce the stress in your life, particularly if you have risk factors for. Consider taking up yoga or meditation to learn how to relax.
If you drink a lot of coffee (more than 2-4 cups) every day, consider cutting back or eliminating it altogether. It can help lower your blood pressure, but only slightly.
One more thing that you can do to lower your blood pressure is by utilizing my Natural High Blood Pressure Program. I developed this program to help you lower your readings naturally.
All it takes are a few simple exercises that you do daily, and takes only a few minutes of your time. Hundreds of people have already successfully lowered their high blood pressure in a safe and natural way by using the program.
Are you interested in lowering your blood pressure? Christian Goodman the creator of The, has helped thousands of people to drop their blood pressure. Learn more and surf more articles on how to |
Mellody Hobson talks about the psychology of money.
I’m no therapist, but I know money, and it’s really interesting that we can look at people’s behavior patterns and see pretty clearly that psychology plays no small role in people’s | Mellody Hobson talks about the psychology of money.
I’m no therapist, but I know money, and it’s really interesting that we can look at people’s behavior patterns and see pretty clearly that psychology plays no small role in people’s investment decisions. The danger is that it can lead to severe missteps that end up costing people countless dollars.
How does that happen? Do you have an example?
The most common mistake we see when people allow their heads to rule their pocketbooks is giving into FEAR. Fear is without question the primary culprit when it comes to emotions getting in the way of sound financial decisions.
Can you elaborate on that a little?
Absolutely. A certain degree of what psychologists call “risk aversion” is good. It’s risky to jump off a cliff, so most people choose not to do it and avoid serious injury. That’s true of money decisions as well: It’s risky to put your entire retirement nest egg into one stock. Just like in life, a healthy amount of trepidation is wise when it comes to managing your money.
Unfortunately, what we see more often is people overwrought with fear. No one wants to lose their money—it’s a very scary prospect—so a common mistake is to play to too safe. The irony is that you end up LOSING money if you play it too safe.
How do you mean?
The national average on savings accounts is about 0.2% right now. Zero point two! That is NOTHING. You may as well pay the bank to keep your money there, because that’s basically what you’re doing. Inflation is about 2% right now, but historically it’s around 3%. Either way, zero point two doesn’t begin to keep up with it, much less outpace it. |
Researchers at the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) have developed panels made from forest residues, recycled fiber, and agricultural by-products in conjunction with Noble Environmental Technologies Inc. (NET), a leading sustainable materials developer and manufacturer. This collaboration under a Cooperative | Researchers at the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) have developed panels made from forest residues, recycled fiber, and agricultural by-products in conjunction with Noble Environmental Technologies Inc. (NET), a leading sustainable materials developer and manufacturer. This collaboration under a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) resulted in the exclusive licensing of two jointly filed patents to enable technology commercialization. John Hunt, Research General Engineer at FPL, has worked closely with NET throughout the development process and is pleased with the outcome. “The collaboration between the FPL and NET is a perfect example of how government and industry can work together to meet society’s needs,” says Hunt. “By combining our unique capabilities, we were able to turn research results into tangible products – products that bring improved options to consumers and promote the sustainable use of resources, all while creating jobs and contributing to the economy.” The panels named ECOR (Advanced Environmental Composites) by NET, can be used in countless applications ranging from furniture, interior architecture and décor, signage and displays, automotive, aviation, marine, rail, industrial and manufacturing, military/logistics and consumer products. ECOR products provide solutions to designers and architects searching for materials which are versatile and can provide imaginative design opportunities. Extraordinary characteristics, including environmental sustainability, distinctive shaping, compound curves, and significant strength-to-weight ratios make ECOR unique. |
Moderate obesity can cut three years off life expectancy
A new analysis of almost one million people from around the world has shown that obesity can trim years off life expectancy.
Oxford University researchers found that moderate obesity, which is now common, reduces | Moderate obesity can cut three years off life expectancy
A new analysis of almost one million people from around the world has shown that obesity can trim years off life expectancy.
Oxford University researchers found that moderate obesity, which is now common, reduces life expectancy by about 3 years, and that severe or morbid obesity, which is becoming more common each year, can shorten a person’s life by 10 years. This 10 year loss is equal to the effects of lifelong smoking.
The analysis brought together data from 57 long-term research studies mostly based in Europe or North America. People were followed for an average of 10 to 15 years, during which 100,000 died, making it the largest ever investigation of how obesity affects mortality.
It was coordinated by the Clinical Trial Service Unit (CTSU) in Oxford and the results were initially published online on March 18, 2009, in The Lancet.
The studies used body mass index (BMI) to assess obesity. BMI is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kilograms (kg) by the square of their height in metres (m). If a person has a BMI of 30 to 35, then they are moderately obese; if they have a BMI of 40 to 50, they are severely obese. Though not perfect, BMI is useful for assessing the extent to which fatty tissue causes ill health.
Among the 900,000 men and women in the study, mortality was lowest in those who had a BMI of 23 to 24. This means that if a person were 1.70m (5 feet 7 inches) tall, for example, his or her optimum weight would be about 70kg (154 pounds or 11 stone).
Epidemiologist Dr Gary Whitlock of Oxford University, who led the analysis, said of the findings: ‘‘Excess weight shortens human lifespan. In countries like Britain and America, weighing a third more than the optimum shortens lifespan by about 3 years. For most people, a third more than the optimum means carrying 20 to 30 kilograms [50 to 60 pounds, or 4 stone] of excess weight. If you are becoming overweight or obese, avoiding further weight gain could well add years to your life.’’
Obesity increases death rates for some types of cancer, but the main way it kills is by increasing risk of heart disease and stroke. Amongst middle-aged people in the UK, as many as one in four deaths from heart attack or stroke and one in 16 cancer deaths are due to being overweight or obese. In the US, where middle-aged people are typically a few kilograms heavier, the figures are even higher: one in three heart attack or stroke deaths and one in 12 cancer deaths in the US are due to being overweight or obese.
Funding for the overall analysis was provided by the Medical Research Council, the British Heart Foundation and Cancer Research UK supporting the Clinical Trial Service Unit at the University of Oxford.
Dr. D'Ambrosio on BioLean
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Arthur Joseph Penty (17 March 1875–1937) was a British architect and writer on Guild socialism and distributism. He was first a Fabian socialist, and follower of Victorian thinkers William Morris and John Ruskin. He | Arthur Joseph Penty (17 March 1875–1937) was a British architect and writer on Guild socialism and distributism. He was first a Fabian socialist, and follower of Victorian thinkers William Morris and John Ruskin. He is generally credited with the formulation of a Christian socialist form of the medieval guild, as an alternative basis for economic life.
Arthur Penty was born at 16 Elmwood Street, in the parish of St Lawrence, York, the second son of Walter Green Penty (1852–1902), architect, and his wife, Emma Seller. After attending St Peter's School in York he was apprenticed in 1888 to his father.
Architect in York
When, in the 1890s, Penty joined his father's architectural practice, now renamed as Penty & Penty, "a marked improvement in the quality and originality of the firm's work" ensued. Among surviving buildings by Walter and Arthur Penty are:
- 1894: The Bay Horse, a public house in Marygate.
- 1895-6: Rowntree Wharf on the River Foss, originally a flour warehouse for Leetham's Mill, which burnt down in 1931, now flats and offices.
- 1899: Terry Memorial almshouses in Skeldergate.
- 1900-02: Buildings in River Street, Colenso Street and Lower Darnborough Street in the Clementhorpe area south of the River Ouse.
He attracted national and even international attention, including favourable notice in Herman Muthesius's Das englische Haus (1904).
His younger brother, Frederick T. Penty (1879–1943) took over the business after their father died. Arthur's other younger brother, George Victor Penty (1885–1967), emigrated to Australia to pursue a career in the wool industry.
Move to London
Around 1900 Penty had met A. R. Orage; together with Holbrook Jackson they founded the Leeds Arts Club. Penty left his father's office in 1901, and moved to London in 1902 to pursue his interest in the arts and crafts movement. Orage and Jackson followed in 1905 and 1906; Penty in fact led the way, and Orage lodged with him in his first attempts to live by writing.
For a time, from 1906, Penty's ideas were widely influential. Orage, as editor of The New Age, was a convert to guild socialism. After World War I guild socialism dropped back as a factor in the thinking of the British Labour movement, in general; the idea of post-industrialism, on which Penty wrote, attributing the term to A. K. Coomaraswamy, receded in importance in the face of the economic conditions. Several of Penty's books were translated into German in the early 1920s. Penty was an acknowledged influence on the writings of Spain's Ramiro de Maeztu (1875–1936), who was murdered by Communists in the early days of the Spanish Civil War.
Penty the distributist
The somewhat complex British development of distributism emerged as a conjuncture of ideas of Penty, Hilaire Belloc and the Chestertons, Cecil and Gilbert. It reflected in part a first split from the Fabian socialists of the whole New Age group, in the form of the Fabian Arts Group of 1907.
Orage was a believer in Guild socialism for a period. After C. H. Douglas met Orage in 1918, and Orage invented the term Social Credit for the Douglas theories, there was in effect a further split into 'left' (Social Crediters) and 'right' (distributist) thinkers. This is, though, fairly misleading as a classification; it was also to some extent a split between theosophist and Catholic camps. Penty associated with the Catholic Ditchling Community.
|“||By a curious coincidence the arrival of Douglas reproduced for a moment the old trio of Jackson, Orage and Penty, who ten years before had come from Leeds to London to launch the Fabian Arts Group. Jackson soon dropped away after introducing Douglas to Orage; but Penty [...] engaged in a long struggle with this rival, Douglas, to recapture the inter |
Diagram depicting the main subdivisions of the embryonic vertebrate brain.
|Gray's||subject #189 817|
|anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, posterior cerebral|
The cerebrum (Latin for brain), refers to the part of the | Diagram depicting the main subdivisions of the embryonic vertebrate brain.
|Gray's||subject #189 817|
|anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, posterior cerebral|
The cerebrum (Latin for brain), refers to the part of the brain comprising the cerebral cortex (in the two cerebral hemispheres), as well as several subcortical structures, including the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and olfactory bulb. In humans, the cerebrum is the superior-most region of the central nervous system (CNS). However, in nearly all other vertebrates, the cerebrum is the anterior-most region of the CNS as most animals rarely assume an upright anatomical position. The telencephalon refers to the embryonic structure from which the mature cerebrum develops. In mammals, the dorsal telencephalon, or pallium, develops into the cerebral cortex, and the ventral telencephalon, or subpallium, becomes the basal ganglia. The cerebrum is also divided into approximately symmetric left and right cerebral hemispheres.
With the assistance of the cerebellum, the cerebrum controls all voluntary actions in the body.
In the developing vertebrate embryo, the neural tube subdivides into four unseparated sections which develop further into distinct regions of the CNS; these are the prosencephalon, the mesencephalon the rhombencephalon and the spinal cord. The prosencephalon develops further into the telencephalon (forebrain or cerebrum), and the much smaller diencephalon which develops into the optic vessels and the hypothalamus. The telencephalon then forms two lateral telencephalic vesicles which develop into the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
|This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2012)|
The cerebrum is composed of the following sub-regions:
- Cerebral cortex, or cortices of the cerebral hemispheres
- Basal ganglia, or basal nuclei
- Limbic System
The cerebrum comprises the largest part of the brain. It lies in front or on top of the brainstem and in humans is the largest and best-developed of the five major divisions of the brain. The cerebrum is the newest structure in the phylogenetic sense, with mammals having the largest and best-developed among all species. In larger mammals, the cerebral cortex is folded into many gyri (ridges) and sulci (furrows), which has allowed the cortex to expand in surface area without taking up much greater volume.
In humans, the cerebrum surrounds older parts of the brain. The limbic, olfactory, and motor systems project fibers from the cerebrum to the brainstem and spinal cord. Cognitive and volitive systems project fibers from the cerebrum to the thalamus and to specific regions of the midbrain. The neural networks of the cerebrum facilitate complex behaviors such as social interactions, thought, judgement, learning, working memory, and in humans, speech and language.
Note: As the cerebrum is a gross division with many subdivisions and sub-regions, it is important to state that this section lists the functions that the cerebrum as a whole serves. See main articles on cerebral cortex and basal ganglia for more information. The cerebrum is a major part of the brain, controlling emotions, hearing, vision, personality and much more. It controls all voluntary actions.
The cerebrum directs the conscious or volitional motor functions of the body. These functions originate within the primary motor cortex and other frontal lobe motor areas where actions are planned. Upper motor neurons in the primary motor cortex send their axons to the brainstem and spinal cord to synapse on the lower motor neurons, which innervate the muscles. Damage to motor areas of cortex can lead to certain types of motor neuron disease. This kind of damage results in loss of muscular power and precision rather than total paralysis.
It functions as the center of sensory perception, memory, thoughts and judgement; the cerebrum also functions as the center of voluntary motor activity.
The primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex receive and process visual, auditory, somatosensory, gustatory, and olfactory information. Together with association cortical areas, these brain regions synthesize sensory information into our perceptions of the world around us.
The olfactory bulb in most vertebrates is the most anterior portion of the cerebrum, and makes up a relatively large proportion of the telencephalon. However, in humans, this part of the brain is mu |
University Combinatronics (Enumeration) and Basic Probability
Hi! First post here.
This is actually for a university level course in Discrete Mathematics. This assignment question regards the topic of enumeration. I'm pretty terrible at basic probability, so | University Combinatronics (Enumeration) and Basic Probability
Hi! First post here.
This is actually for a university level course in Discrete Mathematics. This assignment question regards the topic of enumeration. I'm pretty terrible at basic probability, so I was hoping someone could check my answers for me. I'm not feeling so confident.
Okay, the problem:
Consider a combination lock for a bicycle. It has four tumblers, each with the digits 0-9. The rider is lazy and only twists two (random) tumblers to lock the bike. What is the probability of guessing the correct combination.And here is my answer:
Without knowledge of which tumblers have been twisted, we must randomly choose two from the four. This is an unordered selection without repetition. The main part I'm unsure about is the last bit. Any feedback would be great. Thanks!
The formula for the number of unordered selections without repetition of r objects from an n-set is n choose r.
If n = 4 and r = 2, then the number of selections = (4 choose 2) = 6
So there is a 1/6 = 0.1667 chance of selecting the correct tumblers to twist.
The formula for the number of ordered selections with repetition of r objects from an n-set is nr.The probability of selecting the correct two digits on the tumblers is therefore 1/102= 1/100 = 0.01
The selection of the digits is not dependent on the selection of the tumblers. However, to correctly guess the combination the correct digits must be applied to the correct tumblers. So therefore the probability of randomly guessing the correct combination is:
Probability of guessing which two tumblers to turn
multiplied byProbability of guessing which digits to turn to
0.1667 * 0.01 = 0.001667 |
Better Students Ask More Questions.
Is the removal of nuclear weapon a worthwhile goal?
1 Answer | add yours
The removal of nuclear weapons is an important objective in our world for several reasons. Let me mention three of them.
First, the threat | Better Students Ask More Questions.
Is the removal of nuclear weapon a worthwhile goal?
1 Answer | add yours
The removal of nuclear weapons is an important objective in our world for several reasons. Let me mention three of them.
First, the threat of nuclear warfare is an alarming one. Moreover, we have more than enough nuclear weapons to destroy the world several times over. So, disarmament is a step in the right direction.
Second, we need to be careful that these nuclear weapons do not get into the wrong hands. For example, with the collapse of the former Soviet Union not all nuclear weapons might be in safe and responsible hands. What happens if a rogue state gets a hand on a nuclear weapon? This could create havoc. Removal of nuclear weapons, therefore, is important.
Third, nuclear energy should be called into question. Just think about what recently happened in Japan with their nuclear reactors. Dangers abound.
Posted by readerofbooks on November 27, 2011 at 10:29 AM (Answer #1)
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The early days of NamibRand Nature Reserve saw nearly no game, but as the habitat recovered, wildlife population numbers also stabilized and seasonal wildlife migratory routes have been reestablished. From less than a 1000 springbok, the | The early days of NamibRand Nature Reserve saw nearly no game, but as the habitat recovered, wildlife population numbers also stabilized and seasonal wildlife migratory routes have been reestablished. From less than a 1000 springbok, the population has climbed to over 11 000 in less than two decades. The Reserve now operates at carrying capacity for most non-migratory species.
The predominant large mammals on the Reserve are oryx Oryx Gazella and springbok Antidorcas Marsupialis. Other large mammals include kudu, Hartman's and Burchell's zebra, giraffe, klipspringer, steenbok, hartebeest and baboon. Predators include leopard, spotted and brown hyena, black-backed jackal, aardwolf, bat-eared fox, Cape fox, African wildcat, caracal and genet. To date around 170 bird species have been identified, including Namibia’s only true endemic, the Dune Lark. The dunes harbour a rich and diverse micro-fauna and work is still in progress on the inventory of rodents, reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates.
The Reserve’s environmental management approach is one of minimal interference and constant monitoring. Species-specific conservation initiatives are undertaken in partnership with relevant specialist organizations. Endangered and historically indigenous species such as cheetah have been reintroduced with the help of the Cheetah Conservation Fund (CCF) and Naankuse Foundation. A total of 21 cheetahs and 2 leopards have successfully been released on the Reserve. Giraffe and red hartebeest have also been successfully reintroduced and their numbers now constitute a healthy population. The Reserve hosts a vulture ‘restaurant’ and hide, where the endangered lapped-faced vultures are provided with poison-free carcasses. This enables researchers to study them with more rigour. The Reserve is furthermore a safe haven for the endangered Ludwig’s bustard, a large terrestrial bird species. Their current population is estimated at 140 birds.
We invite you to see Wolwedans for what it really is: a place to arrive, to be, to learn and unwind... read more |
It’s hard to be good all of the time. Last Wednesday, I had a healthful breakfast of oatmeal, strawberries, skim milk and ground flaxseed, but when I got to work I impulsively bought two double chocolate cookies in | It’s hard to be good all of the time. Last Wednesday, I had a healthful breakfast of oatmeal, strawberries, skim milk and ground flaxseed, but when I got to work I impulsively bought two double chocolate cookies in the cafeteria.
And boy, did those cookies taste good! But when I heard about a recent study by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that predicts 42 percent of Americans will be obese by 2030, I began to wonder about my food choices.
Research shows that eating just 100 excess calories a day can cause you to gain 10 pounds in one year. So if I indulge cookies every day or a Classic Coke, I could be on my way to gaining 10 pounds. By 2030, I could gain a total of 180 pounds.
The CDC study really makes me think about the importance of making good food choices such as eating more fruits and vegetables.
The CDC also predicts the increase in the number of obese Americans could cost $550 billion in terms of obesity-related health care costs.
Does this study concern you? If so, what are you taking to keep your weight at a healthy level? What foods are most likely to get you off track? Chocolate cookies? French fries? |
RESEARCH UPDATE: ORGANICS TAKING ROOT
Researchers are exploring the value of organic-based strategies in turf establishment and finding positive results.
In one study, a University of Missouri researcher, cooperating with a USDA Agricultural Research Service microbiologist, | RESEARCH UPDATE: ORGANICS TAKING ROOT
Researchers are exploring the value of organic-based strategies in turf establishment and finding positive results.
In one study, a University of Missouri researcher, cooperating with a USDA Agricultural Research Service microbiologist, found that bentgrass established in a sand root zone amended with an organic mixture suffered much lower rates of dollar spot infection than bentgrass established in a 90:10 sand/peat mix more typical of golf greens.
The organic amendment the researchers used was bokashi, the Japanese term for this mixture of horse manure, brewery waste, wheat bran and charcoal. Also included in bokashi is a diverse culture of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms termed EM, for “effective microorganisms,” by a Japanese researcher.
Though disease-suppressing soil microbes are not well-understood, the researchers hope that their study will help spur additional exploration of the topic. Understanding EM benefits for turf establishment and maintenance could open the door to a vast, underutilized resource.
In another study, two Ohio State University researchers looked at the effects of incorporating composted biosolids into the poor soils typical of many new residential landscapes.
The investigators used two products — ComTil and TechnaGro — both derived from composted sewage sludge and mixed with wood products. These were tilled into structureless, nutrient-poor subsoil, which was then planted with Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass or a mix of both. Similar plots were planted without the incorporated compost for comparison.
The results clearly showed that turf established more quickly in the compost-amended soil. In addition, leaf rust — a common disease of newly established turf — was much reduced in the amended ryegrass plots. The researchers concede that the disease reduction was probably due to increased nitrogen levels, as was the quicker establishment. However, other studies have discovered compost-induced disease resistance in other crops, so it's possible that this could've been a factor as well. Regardless of the cause, this is the first documented evidence of soil-incorporated composted biosolids suppressing foliar turf disease.
Both of these studies show that incorporation of organic materials can benefit turf in a variety of ways. Greater utilization of the materials used in this research as compost could also help solve disposal problems faced by most cities.
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© 2013 Penton Media Inc. |
Silk Road - Introduction
Silk Road Introduction
Nowadays silk is available in markets around the world. It is transported easily and cheaply by sea and air freight. This was not always so.
The early trade in silk was carried on | Silk Road - Introduction
Silk Road Introduction
Nowadays silk is available in markets around the world. It is transported easily and cheaply by sea and air freight. This was not always so.
The early trade in silk was carried on against incredible odds by great caravans of merchants and animals travelling slowly over some of the most rough territory on earth - waterless deserts and snow locked mountain passes. In high summer, the caravans travelled at night, less afraid of legendary desert demons than of the palpable, scorching heat. Blinding sandstorms forced both merchants and animals to the ground for days on end - their eyes, ears and mouths stifled - before the fury abated. Altitude sickness and snow-blindness affected both man and beast along cliff-hanging and boulder-strewn tracks. Death followed on the heels of every caravan.
For protection against gangs of marauders, who were much tempted by the precious cargoes of silk, gemstones, spices and incense, merchants set aside their competitiveness and joined forces to form large caravans of as many as 1,000 camels under the protection of armed escorts. The two-humped Bactrian camel could carry 400 to 500 pounds of merchandise and was favored over the single-humped species, which, although capable of the same load, could not keep up the pace.
The journeys of China's emissary, Zhang Qian, in the second century BC brought the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220) into political contact with the many kingdoms of Central Asia and opened up the great East-West trade route. But it was only in the 1870s that the German geographer, Ferdinand von Richthofen, gave it the name by which we now know it - the Silk Road.
The long route was divided into areas of influence both political and economic. The Chinese traders escorted their merchandise probably as far as Dunhuang or beyond the Great Wall to Loulan, where it was sold or bartered to Central Asian middlemen - Parthians, Sogdians, Indians and Kushans - who carried the trade on to the cities of Persian, Syrian and Greek merchants. Each transaction increased the cost of the end product, which reached the Roman Empire through the hands of Greek and Jewish entrepreneurs.
The Han-dynasty Silk Road began at the magnificent capital of Chang'an (Xi'an) - Sera Metropolis. The route took traders westwards into Gansu Province and along the Hexi Corridor to the giant barrier of the Great Wall. From here, many caravans favored the northern route through the Jade Gate Pass (Yumenguan) northwest of Dunhuang, along the southern foothills of the Heavenly Mountains (Tian Shan) and, skirting the northern rim of the Taklamakan Desert, past the rich oasis towns of Hami, Turpan, Yanqi, Korla, Kucha and Kashgar. Others chose the more arduous but direct route through Yangguan Pass southwest of Dunhuang, and along the northern foothills of the Kunlun Mountains - and the southern edge of the Taklamakan - to Loulan, Khotan, Yarkand and Kashgar.
At Kashgar, there were more choices. Some went westwards over the Terek Pass in the Heavenly Mountains into the kingdoms of Ferghana and Sogdiana (in the vicinity of Tashkent and Samarkand) and across the Oxus River to Merv (present day Mary in Turkmenia). Others crossed the high Pamirs to the south near Tashkurgan and went along the Wakhan Corridor of Afgahanistan to Balkh, in the ancient Graeco-Iranian kingdom of Bactria, to meet up with the northern route in Merv. Still another route from Kashgar passed Tashkurgan and went over the Karakoram Pass and down into India.
From Merv the Silk Road continued west on an easier path to the old capital of Parthia, Hecatompylos (present-day Damghan), continuing south of the Caspian Sea to Hamadan, southwest of Teheran, then on to the ancient twin cities of Seleuceia and Ctesiphon, near Baghdad on the Tigris River. From here various routes led through Syria to Antioch, Palmyra and the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea and the Roman Empire.
Alexander the Great's expansion into Central Asia over 2,300 years ago stopped far short of Chinese Turkestan, and he appears to have gained little knowledge of the lands beyond. So the empires of Rome and China, developing almost simultaneously in the second century BC, had only the vaguest consciousness of each other. The Chinese knew of a country called Ta Tsin or Li Kun, which historians believe was Rome, while the Romans knew of Seres, the Kingdom of Silk. But with the thrust of the Han Dynasty into Central Asia, commerce developed between the two distant powers.
The Silk Road flourished until the weakened Han Dynasty lost control over the Tarim Basin kingdoms in the third century and political instability hampered trade. In Asia Minor, Parthian power gave way to the Sassanid rulers in Persia, disrupting the traditional overland routes and causing the Mediterranean traders to make greater use of the already long established sea routes to India. By the sixth century, the southern Silk Road, from Dunhuang Via Khotan to Kashgar, was shunned |
China Travel Guide
a market in Jinghong, Xishuangbanna
The Southwest at a Glance
Some of China’s most evocative landscapes are found in the Southwest: the fertile Red Basin of eastern Sichuan, deep | China Travel Guide
a market in Jinghong, Xishuangbanna
The Southwest at a Glance
Some of China’s most evocative landscapes are found in the Southwest: the fertile Red Basin of eastern Sichuan, deep gorges along the Yangzi River, the mountainous fringes of the Tibetan Plateau, Xishuangbanna’s tropical forests, and the karst hills of Guizhou and Guangxi. Cultural highlights include the sites of Buddhist art at Le Shan and Dazu, and the remains of Ming city walls at Dali and Songpan. Ethnic minority communities include Tibetans in the west, Miao and Dong in Guizhou and Guangxi, Dali’s Bai, Lijiang’s Naxi, and the Dai of Xishuangbanna. There are wildlife preserves for giant pandas near Chengdu, waterfowl at Cao Hai, and elephants in Xishuangbanna; and trekking opportunities at Tiger Leaping Gorge, Emei Shan, and along the Lao border in southern Yunnan.
in Huanglong, Sichuan
The major cities and destinations, such as Chengdu, Chongqing, Kunming, Guiyang, Guilin, Lijiang, and Jinghong, are all served by air. Train lines, though more |
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Analyze the controversy surrounding Moo, both the play and the character, and explain...
1 Answer | add yours
- Some of the 46 scenes are no more than a few lines long.
- The setting covers | Better Students Ask More Questions.
Analyze the controversy surrounding Moo, both the play and the character, and explain...
1 Answer | add yours
- Some of the 46 scenes are no more than a few lines long.
- The setting covers decades of time and half a globe of locations as the hero runs from the heroine.
- The characterization of Moo is both heroic and victimized.
Best answer as selected by question asker.
One of the conflicts about the play from a theatrical standpoint relevant to staging is that the structure of the play is unorthodox.
Posted by karythcara on June 19, 2013 at 10:21 PM (Answer #1)
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Downy mildew in roses is caused by Peronospora sparsa fungus. Affected leaves yellow and drop; young shoots wilt and die. Left to its own devices, downy mildew eventually kills the rose plant. If you | Downy mildew in roses is caused by Peronospora sparsa fungus. Affected leaves yellow and drop; young shoots wilt and die. Left to its own devices, downy mildew eventually kills the rose plant. If you typically avoid using strange chemicals, you'll be relieved to learn that they're really not helpful for eradicating downy mildew, anyway, and they're not much better than more natural control measures. First and foremost, exercise good cultural practices and focus on prevention as your major line of defense against the fungus. Keep an eye on your garden, because it only takes about one to three days for this beast to get away from you.
Treat your rose plants with homemade fungal preventive spray early in May, when weather begins to warm but is still a bit cool. Combine 1 tbsp. of baking soda with a gallon of water. Add two to three drops of dishwashing liquid and mix well. Apply to plants once weekly. The fungus typically raises its ugly head in temperatures below 75 degrees F and when humidity rises over 80 to 85 percent.
Inspect rose plants carefully each day of the growing season for evidence of downy mildew. Youngest growth is the most likely to be attacked first. Look for dark red, burgundy or black stains on stems and leaves. Be particularly diligent when atmospheric conditions are cool and moist.
Water your rose plants as usual throughout the growing season. Take care not to wet the stems or foliage if they won't have time to dry thoroughly before the temperature drops for the evening. Downy mildew spreads easily in moist conditions and can defoliate a plant in as little as a single day.
Combine 1 part household bleach with 10 parts hot water in a bucket. Dip clean, sharp pruning shears in the solution to sterilize them, and wipe dry with an old rag. Drop the rag into the bucket, pull on some disposable gloves and head for the rose garden.
Aggressively prune any affected stems and foliage from your rose plant. Drop the clippings into a plastic garbage bag--don't pile them up or toss them on the ground, and don't add them to the compost heap. You don't want to be dropping any fungus spores, because they'll immediately find themselves new victims and renew their assault.
Wring out the rag in the bleach bucket and wipe all surfaces of your gloves and your shears thoroughly when you have finished pruning each rose plant. This will go a long way in preventing the spread of live spores from one plant to the next.
Spray rose plants that have a history of downy mildew infections with weekly applications of fungicidal soap throughout the growing season, as per the packaging instructions.
Treat roses with Neem or other horticultural oil during dormancy if they have suffered downy mildew infections during the summer. Be sure to follow the manufacturer's recommendations carefully. |
Asperger’s Syndrome, defined as a mild form of autism with varying degrees of functionality, has been dropped from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).
Used and compiled by the American Psychiatric Association’s diagnostic handbook | Asperger’s Syndrome, defined as a mild form of autism with varying degrees of functionality, has been dropped from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).
Used and compiled by the American Psychiatric Association’s diagnostic handbook, the DSM-5 is one of the most widely referenced texts for the entire profession.
The term “Asperger’s disorder” will not appear in the latest edition of the DSM-5, which is due out in May 2013.
Instead, the symptoms of this disorder will be absorbed into the newly added “autism spectrum disorder” already in use, Reuters reports.
The expanded category will cover the spectrum of severe autism right through to those with much milder forms of the condition and will affect the diagnosis, treatment, and medical insurance of millions around the world, The Guardian notes.
In the first major update of the DSM in nearly 20 years, other changes include the re-terming of abnormal and frequent temper tantrums in children to “disruptive mood dysregulation disorder” (DMDD) instead of “bipolar disorder,” the renaming of “gender identity disorder” to “gender dysphoria,” and a widening of the dyslexia category.
Concerns had been raised on the DSM revision panel and among families with Asperger’s members about the dropping of a specific diagnosis for Asperger’s. Dr. Elizabeth Laugeson, an autism researcher at the University of California Los Angeles, said:
“One of the biggest concerns is that some who are higher functioning will no longer meet the more stringent criteria and will therefore have difficulty getting services.”
A 2012 study conducted by Dr. Fred Volkmar of the Yale School of Medicine suggested around 45 percent of those currently diagnosed with autism or a related disorder would no longer qualify under the new definition, according to Reuters.
After the mass shootings at Sandy Hook Elementary School and indications that Adam Lanza reportedly may have been diagnosed with the autism spectrum disorder, public awareness of Asperger’s Syndrome is the highest it’s ever been. |
Terrain By State: West Virginia
From the north, the Appalachian Trail enters West Virginia at Harpers Ferry by way of a footbridge over the Potomac River. Only about four miles lie in West Virginia proper, passing within just a quarter | Terrain By State: West Virginia
From the north, the Appalachian Trail enters West Virginia at Harpers Ferry by way of a footbridge over the Potomac River. Only about four miles lie in West Virginia proper, passing within just a quarter-mile of ATC headquarters, then crossing the Shenandoah River, ascending the Blue Ridge at Loudoun Heights, and straddling the Virginia-West Virginia border for the next fifteen miles. The Trail also straddles the Virginia-West Virginia border several hundred miles farther south, near the New River.
Harpers Ferry is historic and scenic and is served by Amtrak and commuter trains that run into Washington, D.C. It makes an ideal location to start or end a hike.
Difficulty Ratings for A.T. Sections
Because the A.T. spans a great variety of terrain, ranging from relatively flat and easy, to extremely difficult, the following scale was created as a general guide:
1 = Flat and smooth
2 = Flat terrain but uneven treadway, or slight elevation change
3 = Moderate elevation change, but well graded trail, or flat trail with very rough treadway
4 = Strenuous climbs, but of moderate duration, or short but steep climbs
5 = Lengthy graded climbs, alternating with easier sections
6 = Extended climbs that may last hours or shorter climbs with difficult footing
7 = Includes rock scrambling that is relatively easy and of short duration
8 = Includes rock scrambling that is somewhat challenging
9 = Rock scrambling that is difficult and extended
10 = Use of hands required for extended periods of climbing, footing precarious, and leaping may be required — not recommended for those with fear of heights and not in good physical condition. Shorter hikers may be at a disadvantage |
The Mosquito Ton(Mst) = Avg. Human weight 155lbs(7.03x10^4g) is to a "short ton" 2000lbs(9.07x10^5g) as to the | The Mosquito Ton(Mst) = Avg. Human weight 155lbs(7.03x10^4g) is to a "short ton" 2000lbs(9.07x10^5g) as to the Avg. Mosquito weight (.00625g) is to a Mosquito Ton (.08063g)
In short, a Mosquito Ton(Mst) is to an average mosquito as a "short-ton" is to the average human.
This system works exactly as the metric system does, for example there are miliMosquito Tons (1.00x10^-3) so on and so forth. This will bring great new leaps in science for the simple fact that Mosquito tons(Mst) are cooler than grams.
The weigh |
A new white paper, “How Common Core’s ELA Standards Place College Readiness at Risk,” by Emory University English Professor Mark Bauerlein and University of Arkansas Professor Sandra Stotsky, was released this month by Pioneer Institute. http:// | A new white paper, “How Common Core’s ELA Standards Place College Readiness at Risk,” by Emory University English Professor Mark Bauerlein and University of Arkansas Professor Sandra Stotsky, was released this month by Pioneer Institute. http://pioneerinstitute.org/pdf/120917_CommonCoreELAStandards.pdf
What are the highlights of this 44-page white paper?
Diminishing of Literature:
College readiness will decrease under Common Core, say the paper’s authors, because secondary English curriculum in Common Core prioritizes informational reading and reduces the study of literary traditions.
“A literature-heavy English curriculum, properly constructed, yields college-readiness in reading better than an information-heavy English curriculum. And we know of no research showing otherwise.”
The authors explain that Common Core provides no evidence to support its promise that more informational reading in the English class will make students ready for college-level coursework.
“We know of no research… to support that faith. Rather, the history of college readiness in the 20th century suggests that problems in college readiness stem from an incoherent, less-challenging literature curriculum from the 1960s onward. Until that time, a literature-heavy English curriculum was understood as precisely the kind of pre-college training students needed.”
Do Students Need More Than Reading Lessons in High School?
The paper also says that Common Core “yokes the English curriculum to a test of general reading ability” and transforms English classrooms into reading comprehension classes, even at the high school level. Although Common Core does not specify that only English teachers will teach informational text, the authors feel that English teachers will bear the brunt of this mandate.
“It is hard to imagine that low reading scores in a school district will force grade 11 government/history and science teachers to devote more time to reading instruction. Instead, it is more likely that English teachers will be expected to diminish the number of their literary selections and align readings with test proportions.”
The authors bring up another point: the stress on more informational reading in the English class will not only lead to a decreased capacity for analytical thinking, but will also raise political red flags: “Informational texts are often assigned today not for their complexity and promotion of college readiness in reading, but for their topical and/or political nature. Clear examples can be found in a volume published in 2011 by the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE) to show teachers how to implement Common Core’s standards…”
Artificial college readiness a camouflage for lowering academic challenge
The authors also speculate that perhaps “the case for more informational texts and increasing complexity (but not necessarily te |
Michael Ashkenazi, Jeanne Jacob. The Essence of Japanese Cuisine: An Essay on Food and Culture. Richmond and Surrey: Curzon Press, 2000. xiii + 252 pp. $45.00 (cloth), ISBN | Michael Ashkenazi, Jeanne Jacob. The Essence of Japanese Cuisine: An Essay on Food and Culture. Richmond and Surrey: Curzon Press, 2000. xiii + 252 pp. $45.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-7007-1085-0.
Reviewed by Jonathan Dresner (Department of History, University of Hawai'i at Hilo)
Published on H-US-Japan (August, 2001)
The Japanese have given the world great food. Sushi, tempura and instant ramen are recognized and eaten in every major city in the world and not just by expatriate Japanese. Ashkenazi and Jacob take us back to the roots of that cuisine, arguing that Japanese food is not just food. Japanese food is inextricably linked to cultural practices and social interactions particular to Japan. So this book is not just about food, cooking and eating, but also about culture, as you would expect from a pair of anthropologists. The Essence of Japanese Cuisine is a timely addition to the growing anthropological literature on food, and fills the remarkable gap in academic Japanese studies on the same subject. There are serious flaws in the conception and execution of this "essay" which make further studies and discourse necessary, but it is certainly a substantial contribution in an important area.
This is an organized book: ten chapters, each of which has between five and eight subheadings. The first two chapters are mainly directed at anthropologists interested in the methodology and definitions necessary to carry out this kind of research and analysis. Detailed descriptions of "food events" throughout the book demonstrate the authors' careful observation and data collection, not to mention great familiarity with Japanese food and a certain lushness of narration. The third chapter is a very satisfying introduction to Japanese food history that, by design, clearly introduces many of the issues of later chapters. These introductory chapters quite effectively set the stage for the heart of the book which follows.
Chapters Four and Five divide up Japanese food events and food preparation largely according to existing Japanese categories, providing a common vocabulary for author and reader; a reader unfamiliar with Japanese food will find this section a particularly efficient introduction to the subject. Chapter Five also includes, amidst the broiling, boiling and frying, introductions to Japanese cultural ideas and existing scholarly understandings of Japanese culture. Thus the discussion of raw foods includes mention of Daoism and the importance of knives in Japanese craft; the discussion of table-cooked meals includes a demographic and generational analysis of food tastes; the section on noodles also covers concepts of cultural purity. "Male and Female in the Food Game," (pp. 105-111) is mainly concerned with sweets, traditionally considered women's food, and exotic foods associated with male potency, but it also wanders into the area of cultural roles, gender transgression (onna! gata, of course) and Johann Huizinga's concept of play. Curiously, Jacob and Ashkenazi rarely invoke gender as an analytical category, in spite of the highly gendered nature of the food loci they identify; when they do address it, aside from the brief encounter with transgression through sweets, the answers are quick and almost glib (p. 211).
The concept of "food loci" in Chapter Six is stimulating, though Ashkenazi and Jacob's specific application of it to Japan is not entirely convincing. They certainly get credit for identifying the crucial connection between food and place in Japan, but the implications of specific loci needs another monograph or two. The first, and most important locus is the home, followed by restaurants of great variety and bars. The section on ethnic restaurants leads into a discussion of sophistication and restaurant choice among Japanese and how Japanese cultural dictates "correlate with certain eating out habits" (p. 134). They could have followed up by examining the range of choices within restaurants, and how many of these choices are predetermined by social factors like class and group dynamics; they hint at this on p. 58 but, as will be discussed later, Japanese as eaters are strangely absent. The last section, using a daily routine to illuminate food loci function, is interesting, but reveals an important lacuna: school lunches. The one-page discussion (p. 136) of the relationship between mothers and the state-run school system is later supplemented with a one-page discussion of curry rice (pp. 180-181) in schools. But any study of food culture, particularly one which acknowledges the power of school lunches to influence tastes and habits (p. 180), cannot ignore both the socialization and the aesthetics of the next generation.
The chapter on aesthetics is ambitious, but whether |
During the 1860s-1880s a spirit of optimism pervaded the Tasmanian community as rich mineral deposits were unearthed, a railway system developed and the beginnings of a forest reservation system for the timber industry established.
The island | During the 1860s-1880s a spirit of optimism pervaded the Tasmanian community as rich mineral deposits were unearthed, a railway system developed and the beginnings of a forest reservation system for the timber industry established.
The island’s tourist potential was also becoming apparent. Premier Henry Dobson created a Tasmanian Tourist Association in 1893 to promote the island as a sanatorium and place of natural beauty. A government-produced guide to the island refers to Tasmania as ‘The Garden of Australia’.
'The scenery, go where you will, is of surprising beauty… There are lofty snow-capped mountains, noble rivers, cool and inviting fern glades, picturesque waterfalls, or striking coastal scenery to meet the eye almost at every outing.'
Whilst the natural beauty of Tasmania was uncontested, the deplorable state of its cities caused many complaints from visitors and residents alike. Sewage and rubbish were openly discharged into the Hobart Town Rivulet and the Tamar River. Serious outbreaks of typhoid and diphtheria were attributed to such filthiness. Public pressure finally led the Government to introduce a regular system of drainage and sewerage in the early 1900s.
Volunteer Corps of Cavalry, Artillery and Infantry established in Hobart and Launceston.
Glamorgan becomes the first rural municipality proclaimed under the Rural Municipalities Act 1858.
Launceston Mechanics Society opened.
Foundation stone of Hobart’s new waterworks scheme laid.
Cape Wickham lighthouse first lit.
Charles Gould’s second geological expedition to the west has disappointing results.
Opening of the newly constructed Tasmanian Museum, Hobart.
Foundation stone of Launceston Town Hall laid.
First shipment of trout and salmon ova arrives in Hobart.
Hobart Town Hall opened.
A Symphony Society formed.
First issue of The Tasmanian Catholic Standard appears.
George Peacock begins one of the first jam factories in Australia at Hobart (later owned by Henry Jones and Co.).
The Education Act passes, making Tasmania the first place in Australia to introduce a compulsory State education system.
Tasmania’s first Royal Visit begins, during which Prince Alfred (Duke of Edinburgh) lays the foundation stone of the new St David’s Church, Hobart and t |
Barry Hill Palmer
|Barry Hill Palmer|
|Born||November 10, 1937|
|Known for||Invention of the Rogallo wing hang glider and the ultralight trike aircraft.|
Barry Hill | Barry Hill Palmer
|Barry Hill Palmer|
|Born||November 10, 1937|
|Known for||Invention of the Rogallo wing hang glider and the ultralight trike aircraft.|
Barry Hill Palmer (born November 10, 1937) is an American aeronautical engineer (UC Berkeley, 1961), inventor, builder and pilot of the first hang glider based on the Rogallo wing or flexible wing. Palmer also designed, built and flew the first weight-shift ultralight trike aircraft.
Inventor of the first Flexible Wing hang glider
On August 1961 Barry Palmer first saw a photo of the Rogallo wing mounted on the Fleep experimental aircraft published in the Aviation Week magazine and became interested in this flexible wing because of its light weight and simplicity. In October 1961 he completed construction and flew the first flexible wing hang glider; this took place near Latrobe, east of Sacramento, California. He used polyethylene sheet, aluminum tubing and no wires for construction as he did fear kinking during assembly and transport. Most flights were performed with just a set of inclined parallel bars that split his weight between his underarms and hands to experiment with the center of gravity and thus he demonstrated that the Rogallo wing, when used as a hang glider, could also be controlled by shifting weight alone. Palmer, who built the first modern-age foot launched hang glider, is not yet mentioned by the FAI.
Palmer experimented with about 8 different hang glider versions and their wings were mostly 90 degree swept back wings. His smallest glider weighed 24 lb (11 kg), and had a surface area of 205 sq ft (19.0 m2). The flexibility in the frame caused no performance problems. Hist first and largest hang glider was about 45 pounds and had a surface area of 342 sq ft (31.8 m2). Palmer explored control of his several versions of hang gliders by using different control frames: pilot in front of the control frame, pilot behind the control frame, and control frame in front of the pilot in a swing seat, which inadvertently approximated the George A. Spratt mechanism from 1929. NASA’s Paresev glider came to light after Palmer’s gliding flights, so it bore no influence on him.
During the period from 1961 to 1963 Barry Palmer made tens of flights using the Rogallo wing concept. His flights were usually 110 metres (120 yards) long and his longest flight was about 180 metres (590 feet). He flew at altitudes up to 24 metres (79 feet). His best glider had an overall glide ratio of 4.5 to 1 at the speed of 29–32 km/h (18–20 miles/h). The last of Palmer’s hang gliders flew in the summer of 1963 and it had a single point suspension ski-lift type of seat mounted to the keel with a universal joint; the seat could be forced fore and aft, and laterally, but allowed for no twisting of the seat relative to the wing due to lateral stick movement. That is why a single control stick could be used to replace the control frame.
Palmer relates that he had a good paying aerospace job at the time and he was flying on a minimalist and inexpensive glider purely for curiosity and fun. He did not attempt to modernize or market the flexible wing hang glider; there was no attempt to publicize on the media, except for an 'accidental' report made by a small local newspaper. In fact, Palmer concealed his efforts to the American aviation bureaucracy (FAA) of flying without credentials in a pre-ultralight era, but freely gave information about the wing to any person interested, including Francis Rogallo and Richard Miller, who develop the famous Bamboo Butterfly Rogallo wing hang glider, the plans of which circulated in some American magazines in the mid 1960s; Tara Kiceniuk's followed with plans for the bamboo Batso Rogallo wing.
Inventor of the ultralight trike aircraft
In March 1967 Palmer built and flew the first true weight-shift |
Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmun | Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)
Gynecomastia, pronounced /ˌɡaɪnɨkoʊˈmæstiə/ is the development of abnormally large mammary glands in males resulting in breast enlargement. The term comes from the Greek γυνή gyne (stem gynaik-) meaning "woman" and μαστός mastos meaning "breast". The condition can occur physiologically in neonates (due to female hormones from the mother; this is called witches' milk), in adolescence, and in the elderly. In adolescent boys the condition is often a source of distress, but for the large majority of boys whose pubescent gynecomastia is not due to obesity, the breast development shrinks or disappears within a couple of years. The causes of common gynecomastia remain uncertain, although it has generally been attributed to an imbalance of sex hormones or the tissue responsiveness to them; a root cause is rarely determined for individual cases. Breast prominence can result from hypertrophy of breast tissue, chest adipose tissue and skin, and is typically a combination. Breast prominence due solely to excessive adipose is often termed pseudogynecomastia or sometimes lipomastia.
Physiologic gynecomastia (also called Turcios Disease) occurs in neonates, at or before puberty and with aging. Many cases of gynecomastia are idiopathic, meaning they have no clear cause. Potential pathologic causes of gynecomastia are: medications including hormones, increased serum estrogen, decreased testosterone production, androgen receptor defects, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, HIV treatment, and other chronic illness. Gynecomastia as a result of spinal cord injury and refeeding after starvation has been reported. In 25% of cases, the cause of the gynecomastia is not known.
Medications cause 10-20% of cases of gynecomastia in post-adolescent adults. These include cimetidine, spironolactone, finasteride and certain antipsychotics. Some act directly on the breast tissue, while others lead to increased secretion of prolactin from the pituitary by blocking the actions of dopamine (prolactin-inhibiting factor/PIF) on the lactotrope cell groups in the anterior pituitary. Androstenedione, used as a performance enhancing food supplement, can lead to breast enlargement by excess estrogen activity. Medications used in the treatment of prostate cancer such as antiandrogens and GnRH analogs can also cause gynecomastia. Marijuana use is also thought by some to be a possible cause; however, published data is contradictory.
Increased estrogen levels can also occur in certain testicular tumors, and in hyperthyroidism. Certain adrenal tumors cause elevated levels of androstenedione which is converted by the enzyme aromatase into estrone, a form of estrogen. Other tumors that secrete hCG can increase estrogen. A decrease in estrogen clearance can occur in liver disease, and this may be the mechanism of gynecomastia in liver cirrhosis. Obesity tends to increase estrogen levels.
Decreased testosterone production can occur in congenital or acquired testicular failure, for example in genetic disorders such as Klinefelter Syndrome. Diseases of the hypothalamus or pituitary can also lead to low testosterone. Abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has a similar effect. Mutations to androgen receptors, such as those found in Kennedy disease can also cause gynecomastia.
Although stopping these medications can lead to regression of the gynecomastia, surgery is sometimes necessary to eliminate the condition.
Repeated topical application of products containing lavender and tea tree oils among other unidentified ingredients to three prepubescent males coincided with gynecomastia; it has been theorised that this could be due to their estrogenic and antiandrogenic activity. However, other circumstances around the study are not clear, and the sample size was insignificant so serious scientific conclusions cannot be drawn.
Gynecomastia is not physically harmful, but in some cases can be an indicator of other more dangerous underlying conditions. Growing glandular tissue, typically from some form of hormonal stimulation, is often tender or painful. Furthermore, it can frequently present social and psychological difficulties for the sufferer. Weight loss can alter the condition in cases where it is triggered by obesity, but losing weight will not reduce the glandular component and patients cannot target areas for weight loss. Massive weight loss can result in sagging tissues about the chest, chest ptosis.
Treating the underlying cause of the gynecomastia may lead to improvement in the condition. Patients should talk with their doctor about revising any medications that are found to be causing gynecomastia; often, an alternative medication can be found that avoids gynecomastia side-effects, while still treating the primary condition for which the original medication was found not to be suitable due to causing gynecomastia side-effects (e.g., in place of taking spironolactone the alternative eplerenone can be used.) Selective estrogen receptor modulator medications |
A rain barrel is not just a water receptacle. It is a means of water conservation that can provide your plants and gardens with mineral-rich rainwater while slashing your domestic water consumption by up to 40 percent. A rain barrel is also a | A rain barrel is not just a water receptacle. It is a means of water conservation that can provide your plants and gardens with mineral-rich rainwater while slashing your domestic water consumption by up to 40 percent. A rain barrel is also a simple means of preparing for emergencies that could affect your family's safe water supplies.
The simplest way of conserving and storing water is to purchase retail plastic or wood rain barrels. These durable containers can hold anywhere from 25 to 100 gallons of fresh rain water. Choose from basic models or select special rain gutter barrels that make it easier to conserve and use your rainwater.
For example, a spout or hose is a must-have feature that lets you use your rainwater immediately. You can water your vegetable gardens, flowers or plants, or you can siphon off the collected fluid into gallon jugs. Another great feature is a debris screen, which is necessary if you plan to drink your rain water, because it prevents dirt, leaves, particles and other debris from getting into the barrel. Finally, some innovative multi-gallon rain barrels catch rain water for storage and siphon some of it off to grow flowers or other plants atop the barrel. Combination rain barrels are a great choice for homeowners and gardeners who value beauty and functionality at the same time.
Since a rain barrel is such a simple structure, it is easy to build at home. Many people choose an ordinary barrel, such an old wine-making or storage cask, and insert a plastic liner or garbage bag. You can also add a screen made from a kitchen splash screen or cut-away screen door material to catch debris. Alternately, some people prefer to repurpose an existing plastic receptacle. Any size or shape of container will do in a pinch, but the best way to make rain barrels is to use inexpensive plastic garbage bins that you can buy at any home improvement store.
If you're more ambitious, you can use a 55-gallon drum and some simple supplies to build a sturdy rain barrel with a spout to siphon off water. The spout can be constructed from ordinary plumbing supplies such as faucet parts and tubing. Inexpensive window screening material is tied to the top of the barrel with rope or twine to protect the water from contamination. |
When it comes to launching innovative products or programs, failure is one word few executives want to be associated with. But in reality, failure can be a significant catalyst for innovation. The key lies in how the organization treats the failure and then learns from | When it comes to launching innovative products or programs, failure is one word few executives want to be associated with. But in reality, failure can be a significant catalyst for innovation. The key lies in how the organization treats the failure and then learns from it. Benefiting from failure is more than a cliché; there is solid academic thinking and corporate experience that backs it up.
Baba Shiv, a Professor at the Stanford Graduate School of Business, conducted research on how people deal with failure. According to Shiv, all organizations consist of two types of people. The type 1 mindset is fearful of making mistakes and is risk-averse. They associate failure with shame and pain. Most individuals within corporations display type 1 thinking. In a firm dominated by type 1 personalities, innovation is generally nothing more than incremental change. Conversely, the type 2 mindset is fearful of missing out on opportunities. For them, failure is not viewed as bad; it can actually be helpful. From so-called “failures” emerge those “aha!” moments of insight that propel the innovative process forward and lead to breakthrough change.
Outside of overhauling the employee base, how can companies make the shift towards a type 2 mindset?
Use rapid prototyping
One approach to overcoming risk-averse behaviors is to engage teams in rapid prototyping – a process whereby brainstormed ideas are quickly developed into a physical model or a mock-up of a solution. Moving rapidly from concept to something more concrete allows individuals to visualize the outcome of their ideas as well as more richly engage customers or other parts of organization. Since few prototypes end up as the final solution, rapid prototyping teaches that failure is actually a vital part of the process and not a negative outcome. This rethink helps the brain associate “failure” with more positive emotions and propels forward the course of innovation.
Rapid prototyping is a powerful tool but it has its challenges. For example, individuals may become wedded to certain prototypes and be reluctant to jettison them. Moreover, working through multiple iterations can end up being an exhaustive practice.
Provide a license to fail
Companies like P&G, 3M and Google expect and often want poor concepts to fail as quickly as possible. Their management systems are designed to filter out poor or unrealistic ideas while providing additional resources to support higher potential concepts. These firms also create an innovation culture based on trust, open communication and critical thinking. They do not penalize failure but expects individuals and the firm to learn from it. Understanding that breakthroughs are often unexpected, environments li |
WASHINGTON (July 26, 2012)—A study by the Genographic Project has shown that not all individuals carrying the Romanian “Basarab” surname, the first dynasty of Wallachian kings that included the real-life Dracula, | WASHINGTON (July 26, 2012)—A study by the Genographic Project has shown that not all individuals carrying the Romanian “Basarab” surname, the first dynasty of Wallachian kings that included the real-life Dracula, can be direct biological descendants of the Basarab dynasty.
The Basarab dynasty ruled Wallachia, the historical and geographical southern region of present-day Romania, for almost three centuries (1330-1601) and had among its members Vlad III the Impaler, commonly known as Dracula. The ethnic origin of the Basarab family has long been a dispute among historians, with both an Indo-European/Romanian and an Asian Cuman/Turkic origin being suggested. Published today in the journal PLOS ONE, the research was led by Genographic Project Principal Investigator David Comas of the Genographic Project’s Western/Central Europe regional center.
The study analyzed the Y-chromosome diversity of 29 Romanian individuals carrying the Basarab surname and compared it with the diversity found in about 150 Romanians from different regions of the country and some 330 individuals from surrounding populations of Ukraine, Hungary and Bulgaria. Different Y-chromosome lineages were found among the individuals that currently carry the name Basarab, which indicates that not all of them could be direct descendants of the Basarab dynasty. Extra-pair paternity could explain the existence of different male lineages, but the high genetic diversity found in the Basarab individuals indicates that Basarab is most likely a polyphyletic name, with multiple unrelated male founders.
“Patrilineal surnames are common in most European countries and are useful markers for male ancestry to answer questions related to the history and structure of human populations. The study of the Y chromosome in males with the Basarab surname is the first genetic analysis on the surname of a royal dynasty,” said Comas.
All Y-chromosome lineages identified in modern-day Romanians bearing the Basarab name have typical Eastern-European haplotypes that were earlier found in both Romanians and Cumans, a population of Asian origin, rather than carrying eastern Asian haplogroups more specific for Cumans. “The present study shows that genetic haplogroup composition of the Basarab is very similar to that of the general Romanian population, and none of the haplogroups they carry is of Central or East Asia. However, these results cannot definitively distinguish between a Cuman or a Romanian origin for the Basarab dynasty, and only genetic analysis of ancient DNA from the actual remains of the Wallachian kings will be able to give a definitive answer,” said Ge |
How many grams of NaCl are present in a 300 grams salt solution containing 9% NaCl?
Beatriz is creating graphs for her citys Parks Department. Beatriz is trying to persuade the Parks Department to put in more gazeb | How many grams of NaCl are present in a 300 grams salt solution containing 9% NaCl?
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I am using Hawkes Learning System (8.7 Nonlinear Systems of Equations)and my problem is x^2+y^2=13 and y+7=x^2. The answers I came up with are 2 square root of 3 and 3 for my x's. And I received (5,-4) as the y-coordinates. Is this correct?
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i'm in the 6th grade and i know the answere to that!! |
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