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About Charles W. Fairbanks
Warren Fairbanks (May 11, 1852 – June 4, 1918) was a Senator from Indiana (1897–1905) and the 26th Vice President of the
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About Charles W. Fairbanks
Warren Fairbanks (May 11, 1852 – June 4, 1918) was a Senator from Indiana (1897–1905) and the 26th Vice President of the United States (1905–1909).
Born in a log cabin near Delaware, Ohio, Fairbanks's ancestry traced back to Puritan followers of Oliver Cromwell, with Jonathan Fayerbankes the first family member to reach America in 1632. The son of a wagon-maker, Fairbanks in his youth saw his family's home used as a hiding place for runaway slaves. After attending country schools and working on a farm, Fairbanks attended Ohio Wesleyan University, where he graduated in 1872. While there, Fairbanks was co-editor of the school newspaper with Cornelia Cole, whom he married after both graduated from the school.
Fairbanks, Alaska is named after Charles W. Fairbanks.
Fairbanks' first position was as an agent of the Associated Press in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, reporting on political rallies for Horace Greeley during the 1872 presidential election. Fairbanks then moved to Cleveland, Ohio, where he briefly attended law school before his admittance to the Ohio bar in 1874. He then moved to Indianapolis, Indiana, the same year. Although not generally known his uncle was Ohio Governor and United States President Rutherford B. Hayes who treated his nephew as a political advisor.
During his early years in Indiana, Fairbanks was paid $5,000 a year as manager for the bankrupt Indianapolis, Bloomington and Western Railroad. With the assistance of his uncle, Charles W. Smith, whose connections had helped him obtain the position, Fairbanks was able to become a railroad financier, and served as counsel for millionaire Jay Gould.
Prior to the 1888 Republican National Convention, federal judge Walter Q. Gresham sought Fairbanks's help in seeking the nomination for U.S. President. While the bid was ultimately unsuccessful, Fairbanks began to take an even greater interest in politics, falling short in a campaign for the United States Senate in 1893.
He was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate in 1896, after having delivered the keynote address during the convention that nominated William McKinley for President.
During his eight years in the U.S. Senate, Fairbanks served as a key adviser to McKinley during the Spanish-American War and was also the Chairman of the Committee on Immigration and the Committee on Public Buildings an
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The Song of Roland [extracts]
The Song of Roland</> is an anonymous Old French epic, dating perhaps as early as the middle
11th century. It represents a glorification of the ideals of the French nobility in the period
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The Song of Roland [extracts]
The Song of Roland</> is an anonymous Old French epic, dating perhaps as early as the middle
11th century. It represents a glorification of the ideals of the French nobility in the period. The story refers to a historical incident during Charlemagne's time, a minor skirmish in his Spanish campaigns. In the song it becomes glorified as the Battle of Roncevalles
The Battle at Roncevalles
Oliver mounts upon a lofty peak,
Looks to his right along the valley green,
The pagan tribes approaching there appear;
1020 He calls Rollanz, his companion, to see:
"What sound is this, come out of Spain, we hear,
What hauberks bright, what helmets these that gleam?
They'll smite our Franks with fury past belief,
He knew it, Guenes, the traitor and the thief,
1025 Who chose us out before the King our chief."
Answers the count Rollanz: "Olivier, cease.
That man is my good-father; hold thy peace."
Upon a peak is Oliver mounted,
Kingdom of Spain he sees before him spread,
1030 And Sarrazins, so many gathered.
Their helmet
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Settlement of Canada
The area now known as Canada was settled as early as
various parts of the United States. The French established outposts
and later settlements in what became Nova Scotia in 1605 and Quebec
in 160
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Settlement of Canada
The area now known as Canada was settled as early as
various parts of the United States. The French established outposts
and later settlements in what became Nova Scotia in 1605 and Quebec
in 1608. The English began fur trading and settlement by the 1670s.
In 1713, the English received Nova Scotia and began colonizing there
As in the lower colonies, they established churches
and local governments, and kept records. Virtually all of the records
we will discuss in the next course, dealing with the Colonial time period,
apply for Canada as well as the future United States.
With the ending of the Revolutionary War, settlement in
Canada increased. Britain could no longer send their emigrants to the
United States (at least, not as a government action, such as when they
sent convicts to America in the 18th century). Government sponsored
emigration from Great Britain, which later turned to Australia,
greatly impacted the still British colonies in North America.
Nowhere was that more evident than in Ontario.
England obtained Quebec in 1763 as a result of the French
and Indian War. At that time, Quebec also included the area later known as
Ontario. After the U.S. Revolutionary War, the northern colonies, who had not
participated in the Revolution, and who had remained loyal to Great Britain became
known as British North America. In 1791, Quebec was divided into Lower
(later Eastern) Canada, later renamed Quebec, and Upper (later Western) Canada,
now known as Ontario.
Here then are the clues you can watch for in your research. Was your
ancestor ever associated with these terms?
- Lower Canada-Eastern Canada-Quebec
- Upper Canada-Western Canada-Ontario
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English Longhorn Cattle
A Rare Breed of English Origin
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English Longhorn Cattle
A Rare Breed of English Origin
The Longhorn is regarded as the oldest pure breed of cattle in England. Its origin is obscure, but historically the breed was abundant, especially in the northern counties of England. It was also imported extensively into Ireland at an early period.
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Longhorns were the ideal all-purpose breed for the period. Their size and power, coupled with a quiet temperament made them ideal as draught animals and their milk was especially suited for the making of butter and – especially – cheese. (The great Robert Bakewell also tried improving their beef-producing capabilities – although without success and at the expense of some of their other qualities.)
When Longhorns were no longer in demand as working animals, their numbers decreased rapidly as specialist beef breeds became more widespread.
By the mid-twentieth century their numbers were dangerously reduced, but they have since been saved from extinction by the efforts of enthusiasts. They occur in small numbers in New Zealand.
The Longhorn is a massive animal with a deep, long body. It is named for its extra-long, typically down-curving, horns. It comes in a variety of colours, often brindled or blotched, frequently with white on its legs, chest and flanks, and a characteristic white stripe or “finching” down its back.
It should not be confused with the Texas Longhorn, which is a quite different, unrelated breed (see » Texas Longhorn).
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Tuesday, January 15, 2008 3:07 PM
I'm teaching an 'OO with VB.NET' course right now, and last night was the talk about overloading, overriding, and shadowing...specifically around inheritance
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Tuesday, January 15, 2008 3:07 PM
I'm teaching an 'OO with VB.NET' course right now, and last night was the talk about overloading, overriding, and shadowing...specifically around inheritance. Prepping for this showed some interesting behavior that I wasn't aware of, and wanted to share.
Overloading a function or sub means that you have a method with the same name as an existing method. If these are in the same files, then you need to specify different signatures for them. However, you could have a situation where a base class and a derived class both have the same method signatures and method names. In this case, you *don't* have to have different signatures: the compiler is fine with letting you have a derived class with the EXACT method signature as one in your base class.
This is an issue though, because what you're really doing is Shadowing. Where Overriding requires the base class to identify a method as overridable and the derived class to specify that its class is overriding, Shadowing has no such rules. Shadowing clobbers your base class method in favor of the derived class method...and worse yet, this is the default behavior of VB.NET.
So it would appear that Overloading in a derived class and Shadowing are the same thing. Let's say we have two classes:
Class B inherits from Class A. Both have a method called DoSomething( ) in them, and class B overloads that method.
If you created an instance of Class B...
Dim _classB as ClassB
_classB = new ClassB
...and you called DoSomething( ), the method in Class B would execute. If you *didn't* overload that method the same thing would happen. Why? Because the default behavior is to shadow the method.
However...the rules for shadowing change when you're dealing with a variable declared as the base class, but instantiated to a derived class:
Dim _classB as ClassA
_classB = new ClassB
If I were to call the DoSomething( ) method from _classB, it would actually fire off Class A's version of the method, regardless if I overloaded or shadowed the methods in Class B.
So how do you avoid this mess in your code? By being prudent in how you write your methods:
- If you overload a method in a derived class, ensure that it has a different signature than the base class method.
- If you need to overload the method in a derived class with the identical signature from the base class's method, then use the Overridable and Overrides keywords to ensure that the method is picked up properly. This way, even in the second class example, your method from _classB will fire as expected
- Favor composition over inheritance. This is a tried and true phrase: even though you *could* solve a problem by inheriting, see if there's another option that doesn't require you to inherit and compose your object of other helper objects instead.
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Barmer, in Rajasthan, India is in the thick of the famous desert of Thar. One has to drive through the roads of the district to realize how the sand blown by strong winds, literally scrapes the body like a sand paper!
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Barmer, in Rajasthan, India is in the thick of the famous desert of Thar. One has to drive through the roads of the district to realize how the sand blown by strong winds, literally scrapes the body like a sand paper! At times the sand storms accompanied by rain storm turn the skies pitch dark and visibility becomes almost zero even during the day time. Living conditions are quite difficult. Apart from shortage, the quality of water is saline. Usually it is a low rainfall area, with average annual rainfall of 280mm.
In case of a heavy and sudden downpour, in terrains like Thar, water logging becomes a major issue. Mamta Rawat of JNV University, Jodhpur, lead author of a paper on the consequences of sudden and above average rains reports 600 mm rain within 72 hours from 19-21 August, 2006. Such was the fury of the rains that several hamlets and small villages were wiped out. Villages like Kawas, Malva and Bhadaka, with a total population of about 10,000 were the worst victims. Extensive damage to houses and property was reported and about 47,000 cattle perished. The worst was not over. These villages remained submerged under water for more than 4-5 months. Some parts of Kawas village were under 3-4 feet water even seven months after the downpour.
Barmer area is famous for gypsum deposits. Gypsum is formed as a result of evaporation of gypsum rich sea water, like the precipitation of salt. From the salt pans of Gujarat one can easily discern that such areas are large flats with almost no outlet for water. However, in this case the area was a pan once upon a time! Normally in an area when it rains, the rain water is run-off-that is flows down the slope to a river, rivulet or a drain or percolates down to the ground water reservoir. Sometimes due to geomorphology or ground slope none of these are possible. Under such situations, large, shallow pools of water are formed and it stagnates.
Presence of gypsum, bentonite clay and fuller's earth (clay) and gypsite up to a depth of 30 to 45 cm compounded the problem. All these are impervious and also absorb water to quite an extent. Flat topography adds to the misery in such situations. Draining this stagnant wa
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Josh Wolfe, Contributor
I write as VC on emerging technology, science & finance.
Hod Lipson is director of Cornell University’s Computational Synthesis Lab (CCSL) at the Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Ith
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Josh Wolfe, Contributor
I write as VC on emerging technology, science & finance.
Hod Lipson is director of Cornell University’s Computational Synthesis Lab (CCSL) at the Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Ithaca, N.Y. He focuses on novel ways for automatic design, fabrication and adaptation of virtual and physical machines. He has led work in areas such as evolutionary robotics, multi-material functional rapid prototyping, machine self-replication and programmable self-assembly. Lipson received his Ph.D. from the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology in 1999, and continued to a postdoc at Brandeis University and MIT. His research focuses primarily on biologically-inspired approaches, as they bring new ideas to engineering and new engineering insights to biology.
Why don’t we start with a quick overview of your research?
I am interested in robotics, specifically the questions of how we can make machines more adaptive to the environment, to other machines and to changes in themselves such as failures. Robotic systems today are superhuman in their accuracy, in their speed, in their ability to work 24/7 in hazardous environments and so forth. But, their inability to adapt to new situations is really their weak point. In contrast, biology is very good at adaptation.
So you think Darwin’s mantra, survival of the most adaptable, applies to robots?
As environments and tasks become increasingly complex, it eventually boils down to adaptation, which is a key to sustained operation and to long-term viability. Traditionally in engineering, people focused on optimizing system performance and so-forth, but increasingly we need to shift the focus to the resilience of systems in the face of changing environments.
You recently published an exciting paper in Science summarizing some of your latest research. Could you give a quick overview of your results?
What we have done recently is created what we call a “robotic scientist.” It’s essentially an algorithm hooked up to an experimental system that performs experiments, collects data, and tries to distill the physics principles or physical laws that underlie the observed behavior. It doesn’t just collect data, calculate correlations or make predictions–it actually tries to see if there is some simple underlying law that explains the apparently complex behavior. It doesn’t quite replace scientists, but it’s certainly a tool that I think will be necessary in order to make progress working on increasingly complex questions with large amounts of data, where laborious hand modeling falls short.
In a very primitive way, are you making robots self-aware and aware of their environments?
Well, the term “self-aware” is very touchy and controversial, but that’s the direction we are heading. I think the ability of a machine to create a simulator of itself and its environment, and then use that simulator to plan and make predictions, is the beginning of what may be deemed self reflection, and I think it will be important in any kind of adaptive system. From a psychological point of view, you can argue that consciousness has to do with the ability to self-reflect and self-model. Of course, there is a huge gap between what we can do with machines and what primates and humans can do, but I think it’s on the same path.
In taking inspiration from nature and Darwinian evolution and applying those lessons to robotics, what has really surprised you?
I’m always fascinated by the kind of solutions that you get when you allow something as open-ended as evolution to tackle a problem. What we have been doing extensively in robotics and other areas of engineering is using algorithms inspired from biological evolution to try to solve a challenging design synthesis problem. In other words, we have set of building block and we put them in a “primordial soup,” so-to-speak. We then allow evolutionary processes of recombination and mutation to connect these pieces together, subject to some selection criteria, and let this evolutionary process brew for hundreds and thousands of generations until we get solutions that match our criteria of selection. We have been applying this to anything from designing robot bodies and brains to designing analog circuits and mechanical devices, and what’s been really interesting to see are the kinds of results that come out of this process.
Can you give an example of a creative robotic invention?
In one case, we let it try to design a photonic structure, a structure that manipulates light at the submicron scale. The system came up with a new kind of design that we hadn’t thought of before and that resulted in a publication in its own right. In another example, we let it design mechanisms to solve a particularly notorious challenge in mechanical design (making a machine that can create a perfect straight line–an engineering puzzle that took humans over a century to solve). Within about a day of computation, it came up with a number of different designs, some of them infringing on patents in this area.
We let it design some analog circuits, which usually take quite a bit of knowledge to design, and this algorithm, without any prior knowledge whatsoever about analog design, was able to create some really interesting designs, some again infringing on patents. What’s most interesting is that when we added the requirement that not only must the design work, but it needs to be robust so that if you eliminate any of the elements it still works, and it was able to do that as well.
Most recently, in this r
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Early Marriage: A childhood interrupted
Anupam Srivastava and Jyoti Rao
Date: the present. Place: somewhere in rural India: As Shanti emerges out of her mud-plastered hut, her child-like form looks
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Early Marriage: A childhood interrupted
Anupam Srivastava and Jyoti Rao
Date: the present. Place: somewhere in rural India: As Shanti emerges out of her mud-plastered hut, her child-like form looks quite odd wrapped in a sari - an adult garment. She moves about listlessly, trying to hide her protruding belly with the drape of her oversized sari.
Married at 13, Shanti got pregnant immediately afterwards and subsequently lost her underweight, prematurely delivered baby. She is pregnant again. “This time, we hope she pulls it off,” says her mother-in-law.
According to the National Family Health Survery (NFHS) 3, there has been an overall decline in the percentage of women aged 20-24 married before the legal age of 18, from 54.2 percent in 1992-93 to 44.5 percent in 2005-06.
That still translates into a disproportionate number of girls in rural and semi-urban areas who are married off in childhood, as compared to boys.
Girls between 15 and 19 are twice as likely to die of pregnancy-related reasons as girls between 20 and 24. Once married, a girl or boy is expected to meet different obligations arising out of such marriage, including responsibilities towards the spouse, the family and society. In a child marriage, the individuals involved are not yet-physically, mentally and emotionally ready to perform the obligations.
In child marriage, not only the rights of the individuals involved get violated but their unpreparedness to protect against any violation makes them more vulnerable to further exploitation. In that sense, child marriage is a clear violation of human rights.
The right to free and full consent to marriage is recognized in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in many subsequent Human Rights Instruments which recognize that consent “cannot be free and full” when one of the parties involved is not sufficiently mature to make an informed decision about a life partner.
A host of complex socio-economic factors play a role in the early marriage of girls. Poverty is one of the major factors responsible for early marriage.
A young girl may be regarded as an economic burden and her marriage to a much older man is a family survival strategy, and may even be seen as being in her best interest.
Although many states have shown improvement in reducing the age of marriage, for the millions of Shantis, who descend steeply from a state of muted adolescence into motherhood, their youth is short-lived. At best, it is youth interrupted.
Akshay Tritiya - an 'auspicious' day
The auspicious occasion of Akha Teej, also known as Akshay Tritiya, is associated with the custom of child marriage. This occasion is known as Child Marriage Day in Rajasthan, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and surrounding areas when little boys and girls are actually carried in their arms by their parents or guardians to the venue of marriage, usually in utter ignorance of changing social conditions and disregard for legal norms. This year, Akshay Tritiya falls on 7-8th May 2008.
The central and state governments routinely step up their vigil against child marriage around this time of year, and numerous awareness drives and pledge events are held to enlist the people in the fight against the practice.
For example, this year in Rajasthan, regarded as one of the "high-risk" states in terms of child marriage, several preemptive actions have been set in motion, such as:
The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006 provides for the prohibition of the solemnisation of child marriages and for matters connected with child marriages. Section 15 of the Act makes an offence punishable under this Act, cognizable and non-bailable.
The Act has also enhanced the penalty for violation of the provisions as compared to the previous Child Marriage Restraint Act of 1929.
UNICEF, at the request of the Ministry of Women and Child Development, had supported four regional workshops in India since November 2005, in the states of Rajasthan, UP, M.P and one at the national level in Delhi.
Plans are afoot to embark on concrete action, research and awareness programmes in the states with high child marriage incidence.
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In modern times, attempts are often made to use the modern scientific method to infer or prove the existence of a spiritual dimension. Electrodes are attached to mediator’s head, psychics and remote viewers are tested for accuracy and consistency, and the results
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In modern times, attempts are often made to use the modern scientific method to infer or prove the existence of a spiritual dimension. Electrodes are attached to mediator’s head, psychics and remote viewers are tested for accuracy and consistency, and the results of intentions and prayers are statistically measured and quantified.
But what happens when, instead of attempting to use the finite to prove the infinite, we apply the systematic modeling that the modern science methodology gives us over the works of all the great masters? Can we possibly distill a common framework by analyzing the teachings of Jesus, Krishna, Buddha, Mohammed, Rumi and so many others and resynthesize the findings into a workable hypothesis? A hypothesis so comprehensive that when applied to all of the world’s major religions, it can be mapped across them universally while at the same time encompassing everything from remote viewing and reincarnation to Near-Death experiences (NDEs) and Out of Body experiences.
The true spirit of science, going back thousands of years, has always been a quest for knowledge, for the truth. In fact, the word science comes from the Latin word scient, which simply means “to know”, as in omniscient or All Knowing. The relatively young Modern Scientific Method has its short coming, but it does give us a step-by-step process that includes assumptions, definitions, axioms, postulates and hypothesis and then suggests protocols, methods and techniques to either prove or disprove a given theory.
So if we were to use this step-by-step process to examine what all of the great masters have attempted to communicate, what would these basic axioms, definitions, assumptions and hypotheses be? And which theory would we then isolate and which protocols, methods and techniques would we use to either prove or disprove this theory? And in a truly scientifically-minded approach, research into various spiritual traditions would not only include the most prominent texts, but also all the available information. For example, in drawing a comprehensive comparison between the fundamental messages of Christianity against other traditions, it would be unscientific to exclude the many, many documents that were removed from the bible such as the Gospel of Thomas, Gospel of Mary, the Didache, Pistas Sophia, Gospel of Peter, etc.
To begin this process scientifically, we would start with the simple definitions and axioms that we find in every faith. We can take, for an example, a simple definition of truth. If we look at what all the masters have said, you will recognize a definition for Truth as this: The Truth is that which doesn’t change, anything that changes isn’t real. Furthermore, we can take as a working axiom, things like the concepts that we are not our bodies, we are not our egos, we are not our memories and we are not our minds. As in all things in the scientific process, we begin to use these basic building blocks of definitions and axioms to slowly build up a model.
While the Modern Scientific Method rejects reincarnation out of hand because it is absolutely impossible to prove or disprove using their techniques and protocols, there is sufficient evidence in each of the great traditions of the world that reincarnation is real so it would be unreasonable to exclude it as a postulate in our model. If you look at something like the concept of Original Sin in Judaism and Christianity, which to a lot of people seem like outmoded mythical concept, all of the sudden it begins to make complete sense when juxtaposed against the idea of Karma in Eastern Traditions.
The one primary concept that seems to be a common thread amongst all Masters is that there is a Self. Atman. God. Cosmic Consciousness. The Non-Dual. Additionally, we can extract from this idea the corollary that, through attaining higher levels of consciousness, it is possible to become Self Realized. What that Self really is, has never really been described (other than through parables), but we can assume it exists. So looking at this model scientifically, we will take the existence of one all-pervading Self as our primary theory. We can take it a step further and apply a scientific truism that, if one human being can have an experience, then every human being can have that same experience. Therefore the basic tenets of the modern scientific process, repeatability and independent verification, are part of our scientific approach.
Once we have scientifically created our model for spirituality, using as a basis all of the great Masters’ works, we can then go back to some of the individual quotes and derive new meanings from them. For example, when Jesus says, “I am the way, the truth and the light,” he is speaking as a Self-Realized Master and not from the perspective of an individual, separate from the Whole. So, naturally, any self-realized master could speak exactly the same words and none of them would be contradicting each other. You can easily see here how, from one perspective, it appears that Jesus is fostering exclusivity, but, from another perspective he is using a scientific approach. There is only one destination because there is only one Self. At least these are the basic theories, postulates, corollaries, axioms and definitions that we take as our model to prove or disprove.
To get to the truth, we again look scientifically at a cross section of all the traditions to extract the protocols, methods and techniques recommended by all the Great Masters to be used for verification. We are told
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A tornado is a series of extremely powerful rotating winds that are capable of going up to 300 mph or higher. These winds raise massive amounts of dust and debris into an infinitely tall funnel-shaped cloud that is sometimes obscured by rain and heavy concentrations of
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A tornado is a series of extremely powerful rotating winds that are capable of going up to 300 mph or higher. These winds raise massive amounts of dust and debris into an infinitely tall funnel-shaped cloud that is sometimes obscured by rain and heavy concentrations of thunderclouds. A tornado usually follows a major tropical storm or hurricane, but a tornado occurs with little or no forewarning because it develops so suddenly.
The devastation that a typical tornado leaves in its wake stretches up to 50 miles long and one mile wide. Tornadoes can occur in every U.S. state, but they are most common across the southern U.S. and the Midwest. Tornadoes tend to advance from northeast from southwest, although exceptions are common and tornadoes have been observed to move in any direction.
The adverse effects of a tornado literally hit home for some Tampa residents. On March 31, 2011, about nine tornadoes in one cluster hit the Palm River and Progress Village area. Many residents were not properly prepared for the natural disaster and the result was rapid home damage, according to Linda Washington, President of the Progress Village Civic Council.
“Within an hour all the damage had taken place. Power lines were down, roofs were missing, and there was water and tree damage,” she says. “It was a blessing that no one got hurt with all the damage that took place, despite the fact that there was a lot of property damage.”
Anthea Henderson, Executive Director at the Greater Palm River Point Community Development Corporation, says the aftermath of the storm was so massive that clean up of the community is on going. The main clean up took about a month, in which residents, students and county organizations came together to help. Red Cross, Teco, Rebuilding Together Tampa Bay and the Salvation Army were among the organizations that participated. Henderson says her biggest hope is that the community will invest interest in disaster preparedness. The Greater Palm River Point Community Development Corporation even had a workshop, in which the Crisis Center of Tampa Bay’s very own Tom Mueller helped educate the community on disaster preparedness.
“We hadn’t been hit for a while and had gotten complacent. We are relieved that the incident impacted people enough that they’re now thinking about it,” Henderson says. “We’re hoping they don’t forget.”
Here are some basic guidelines on what to do and where to turn to should a tornado hit your area.
1. The first step in preparing for a tornado, hurricane or other natural hazard is to assemble a disaster kit. The kit items are relatively easy to obtain and store in a large plastic container. Assemble the kit and place it in a location where you would most likely be present during a tornado.
Emergency Supply Kit for Tornadoes and Other Natural Disasters
- Water: At least one gallon of water per person per day is vital. Stock up on enough water for at least three to five days. The water should be used for hygiene and drinking purposes.
- First-aid kit: The kit should include band-aids, rubbing alcohol, tourniquets, etc. For more information on first-aid kits, visit Ready.gov.
- Non-perishable food: Crackers, potato chips, bread, pretzels and canned goods are fine as non-perishable foods.
- Can opener for canned foods
- Supplies for personal sanitation: Examples are garbage bags, plastic ties, plastic bottles, toilet paper or wipes.
- Spare cell phone with charger
- Hard copies of local maps
- Batteries: Stock up on extra batteries for flashlights, radios and other electronic devices.
- Hygiene items: Get a small plastic case or bag and fill it with fun-size toothpaste, soap, shampoo and even lotion. Include a toothbrush and shower sponge. Do not forget feminine pads or tampons.
- Other: Every individual and family has emergency needs that are not listed above. Make sure to consider these before you can call this disaster kit complete. Examples of personal emergency needs are prescription medication and baby formula.
For a more comprehensive list of disaster kit items, please go to Ready.gov.
2. It is important to create a family strategy in case of a tornado. Work out a reliable way to stay in communication throughout the ordeal. Determine when, where and how all family members will meet either before, during or after the tornado.
3. Know the difference between tornado watch and tornado warning:
- Tornado Watch: There is a possibility that a tornado will afflict in your area.
- Tornado Warning: A tornado is inevitable or happening. Immediately run to shelter.
4. Familiarize yourself with the most optimum shelter options during a tornado depending on various circumstances.
- The best shelter during a tornado is a basement, storm cellar, subway or any other underground space. Thus, if you have access to any of these, then store your disaster kit there if you are able to.
- If you are located in a building that does not have a basement, then a room on the lowest possible floor is the next best option. Try to go to a room (or space) that is furthest away from outside walls, doors, corners and windows. An interior hallway or closet is a smart choice during a tornado.
- If you are in a trailer, mobile home or vehicle during a tornado, get out and run to a building with a sturdy foundation. Large buildings, especially brick buildings with sol
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Descargar: MP3 (1.3 MB)
The division among indigenous communities has been one of the main impacts of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) project called "
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English | Español
Descargar: MP3 (1.3 MB)
The division among indigenous communities has been one of the main impacts of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) project called "Kalimantan Forest Carbon Partnership" (KFCP), which is being developed in Central Kalimantan province, Indonesia.
According to the some local residents, the REDD project introduces a new worldview, since it gives them the possibility of earning money for doing what they’ve always done, taking care of their forests and natural environment. This has brought divisions among indigenous families, especially in Dayak Ngaju, said Isaac Rojas, Coordinator of the Forests and Biodiversity Program of Friends of the Earth International, an environmentalist federation present in nearly 80 countries. “There are changes in the social cohesion, in the unity of the community”, added Rojas, who told Real World Radio that the same happens with REDD projects in different parts of the world.
From September 25 to October 5, the activist participated in a tour around five of the seven communities involved in the KFCP project, and managed to talk with six representatives of those communities. Members of Walhi-Friends of the Earth Indonesia, Friends of the Earth Australia, a non-governmental organization of that country called the Climate Justice Program, the World Rainforest Movement (WRM) and local organizations close to the project area participated in the tour. The goal was to verify the impacts of the REDD project in the communities, talk to their members, get to know their needs and act accordingly at international level.
KFCP is financed by the Australian government, which transfers the funds to the Indonesian government explaining that the aim is to protect forests, according to Rojas. The project covers a total area of 120 thousand hectares in seven communities by the Kapuas River in Kapuas district, in Central Kalimantan.
Friends of the Earth International has been following the case for a year to spread the voices of the local populations that have denounced a lack of consultation and the violation of their rights. The environmentalist federation is looking to expose how market mechanisms really work. KFCP is a project that will allow the Australian government to generate carbon bonds to trade in international markets and continue with the predator development model, warned Rojas.
Many times this kind of projects give way to what Friends of the Earth refers to as “offsetting”, A government or company, for instance, funds a project considered “clean” in the Global South as a way to offset their polluting activities in other parts of the world. These projects in the South generate the so-called “emission reduction certificates” or “carbon credits or bonds” which end up being a way to legitimize continuing with other practices that damage the environment.
In the case of KFCP, areas are preserved and forests are planted in other places (reforestation) with the same logic than that of monoculture plantations (large extensions of lined-up trees) and with species that have difficulties growing in the area. Rojas denounced that the traditional knowledge of local communities is left aside, among other things, because they have suggested some tree varieties that are not taken into account by the project managers.
In some communities, their members cannot enter the areas under reforestation, and some rivers, through which the indigenous people travel by boat, have been blocked by the KFCP project that uses their water for the tree plantations.
Friends of the Earth Forests and Biodiversity Program Coordinator said this type of REDD projects are imposed in impoverished communi
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Oct. 24, 2003 RICHLAND, Wash. -- Home testing of saliva to measure personal hormone levels is gaining popularity, with dozens of companies offering do-it-yourself, mail-in test kits. Battelle scientists at the
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Oct. 24, 2003 RICHLAND, Wash. -- Home testing of saliva to measure personal hormone levels is gaining popularity, with dozens of companies offering do-it-yourself, mail-in test kits. Battelle scientists at the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory envision a day when it may be nearly as easy to detect chemical exposure or even nerve gas poisoning -- simply by analyzing a victim's saliva. And the results would be almost immediate.
Using sophisticated mass spectrometry equipment at PNNL, researchers have been able to identify breakdown products of a common pesticide in the saliva of rats exposed to known amounts of the pesticide. The researchers are working now to develop a simpler, portable microanalytical sensor system to quickly diagnose pesticide exposure in humans and a modeling method than can estimate the dose. Researchers say the technology could be adapted to test for a variety of contaminants, including chemical warfare agents.
The research project began with an Environmental Protection Agency grant to study pesticide exposure in adults and children working or living near farms. The research team exposed rats to a common agricultural chemical and found traces in the saliva shortly after exposure.
"The fact that we were able to find the chemical in very low concentrations confirms that saliva can be a reliable, non-invasive method to monitor farm or industrial workers who are exposed routinely to potentially harmful pesticides," said Jim Campbell, an analytical chemist working with mass spectrometers at PNNL.
Researchers believe saliva monitoring may be able to detect a broad range of chemical contaminants from ongoing occupational exposure, accidents or even acts of war and terrorism.
"The class of pesticides we are studying, organophosphates, are chemically similar and work on the same general principal as nerve gas," said Charles Timchalk, a Battelle toxicologist at PNNL. "Both pesticides and nerve gases inhibit an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase. Without acetylcholinesterase, nerves, including those responsible for breathing, stop functioning."
Chemical nerve agents also bind to and disrupt other enzymes, including one called butyrylcholnesterase. "Researchers at the laboratory have demonstrated that rat saliva contains a nearly pure population of this enzyme," said Campbell. "This data strongly suggests that it's possible to develop a portable device to yield immediate results from a small amount of saliva. Such a device might save lives in the event of a military or terrorist attack."
Real-time diagnosis is the key, as some treatments for nerve gas poisoning are effective, if initiated in time. Typically, however, testing for chemical exposure requires drawing blood or collecting urine samples, which must then be sent to a laboratory. Results may be days or weeks away.
"If
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THINK IT THROUGH LEARNING DISCOVERY TOYS 24 BOOKS +
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THINK IT THROUGH LEARNING DISCOVERY TOYS 24 BOOKS +
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THINK IT THROUGH LEARNING DISCOVERY TOYS 24 BOOKS +THINK IT THROUGH LEARNING SYSTEMDIS
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As with great works of art, you must look into the past to appreciate the future. With roots as far back as the 1970′s, the humble icon has come a long way. Following is a collection of icons though history.
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As with great works of art, you must look into the past to appreciate the future. With roots as far back as the 1970′s, the humble icon has come a long way. Following is a collection of icons though history.
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- NAME: Nicholas II
- OCCUPATION: Tsar
- BIRTH DATE: May 18, 1868
- DEATH DATE: July 17, 1918
- PLACE OF BIRTH: Pushkin,
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- NAME: Nicholas II
- OCCUPATION: Tsar
- BIRTH DATE: May 18, 1868
- DEATH DATE: July 17, 1918
- PLACE OF BIRTH: Pushkin, Russia
- PLACE OF DEATH: Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Originally: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Romanov
- AKA: Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov
- AKA: Tsar Nicholas II
- AKA: Czar Nicholas II
- Nickname: "Bloody Nicholas"
- AKA: Nicholas II
Best Known For
Nicholas II was the last tsar of Russia under Romanov rule. His poor handling of Bloody Sunday and Russia’s role in World War I led to his abdication and execution.
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Unaware of the event, Nicholas II and Alexandra were all smiles as they went on to celebrate the coronation at a ball. The couple’s oblivion made a poor first impression on Nicholas II’s new subjects.
In 1897 the couple gave birth to a second daughter, Tatiana. She was followed by a third, named Maria, in 1899 and a fourth, named Anastasia, in 1901. In 1904 Alexandra gave birth to the longed-for male heir,
Alexei. The parents’ joy soon turned to concern as Alexei was diagnosed with hemophilia.
Desperate to find an effective treatment for Alexei, Nicholas II even went so far as to let the monk Rasputin hypnotize the boy. The emperor proved such a devoted family man that his journal entries, which were meant to log official affairs of state, instead focused on the everyday goings-on of his wife and kids.
The main objective of Nicholas II’s foreign policy during his early reign was to maintain the status quo in Europe, rather than to conquer new territory. But, in the 1890s, as Russia experienced economic growth, it began to expand its industry into the Far East. In 1891, construction on the Trans-Siberian railroad had begun, connecting Russia with the Pacific Coast. As a result, Japan felt increasingly threatened.
In 1904 Japan attacked Russia. In December of that year, Nicholas II’s army was forced to surrender Port Arthur. By spring of 1905, his fleet was decimated in the Battle of Tsushima. In the wake of Russia’s defeat, Nicholas II entered peace negotiations with Japan that summer, but much greater concerns soon demanded his attention.
On January 5, 1905, Father George Gapon led a sizable but peaceful demonstration of workers in St. Petersburg. The demonstrators appealed to Nicholas II to improve working conditions and establish a popular assembly. Troops opened fire on the demonstrators, killing more than a thousand people in what would come to be called the infamous “Bloody Sunday.”
In reaction, indignant workers throughout Russia went on strike. As peasants all over Russia sympathized with the workers’ cause, thousands of uprisings took place and were suppressed by Nicholas II’s troops, serving to further increase tensions.
Although he believed himself to be an absolute ruler as ordained by God, Nicholas II was eventually forced to concede to creating an elected legislature, called the Duma. Despite this concession, Nicholas II still stubbornly continued to resist government reform, included those suggested by the newly elected minister of the interior, Peter Stolypin.
At the beginning of World War I, Russia’s armies performed poorly. In response, Nicholas II appointed himself commander-in-chief, so he could take direct control of the military from Grand Duke Nicholas, against the advice of his ministers. Nicholas II spent much of late 1915 through August 1917 away from Tsarskoe Selo in Saint Petersburg.
In his absence, the empress grew increasingly withdrawn and ever more dependent on Rasputin, who heavily influenced her political view on matters at home.
profile name: Nicholas II profile occupation:
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String astr=new String(); String astr=new String(""); Are the above two line of codes the same when generating an empty string? Moreover, for the following two lines of codes: String bstr=null; String bstr=""; Are they the same
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String astr=new String(); String astr=new String(""); Are the above two line of codes the same when generating an empty string? Moreover, for the following two lines of codes: String bstr=null; String bstr=""; Are they the same? Please help, Thanks!
Wai, String astr=new String(); Here astr is not pointing to any string object. String bstr=new String(""); Here bstr is pointing to "" ("" is a string object too) string object. String astr=null;//astr doesn't hold any thing. String bstr="";//bstr is holding "" string object. Maha or anyone please correct me if i am wrong. I have a question myself. String astr=new String(""); Does it mean that now two "" string objects have been created one in the pool and one in memory?
String s1=new String(); String s2=new String(""); Both are SAME Both statements create an emptyString in the heap. In fact in this code from this post there are 2 empty strings created in the heap memory. Both have nothing in it and length = 0 (which is no. of chars in the String object).
String s1=null; String s2=""; Both are NOT SAME Because s1 object is NOT created yet. It points to nothing(null). s2 is created object and it is an empty string. empty string is NOT SAME as null string in Java Also note that don't bother about the literal pool for cert purpose. In the above statements only 2 String objects are created. The foll code prints at run time
</pre> Sree, String astr=new String(""); For this you can be sure of ONE String object created in the heap. You also can be sure there is another one exists in the String literal pool of the program. But you can't be sure that the literal String "" is freshly created due to this particular statement alone or not. Do you get that point? If there would have been another statement in the program which used "" then, for your statement now this "" object is NOT BRAND NEW. It is the same old wine in a new bottle. The already created String literal "" address is
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American spadefoot toads
|American Spadefoot Toads|
|Western Spadefoot Toad (Spea hammondii)|
|Distribution of Scaphiopodidae (in black)|
The American
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American spadefoot toads
|American Spadefoot Toads|
|Western Spadefoot Toad (Spea hammondii)|
|Distribution of Scaphiopodidae (in black)|
The American spadefoot toads are of typical shape to most digging frogs. They are round, with short legs and eyes that stick out. This frog has a hard growth on their feet which helps them to dig. They dig backwards into the ground.
The American spadefoot toads live on land when not under ground. They are dully coloured, usually a grey or dull green or brown. This is to help in camouflage.
References[change | edit source]
- "Scaphiopodidae (Cope, 1865) American Spadefoot Toads". Archived from the original on 2006-08-30. http://web.archive.org/web/20060830134525/http://www.livingunderworld.org/anura/database/scaphiopodidae/. Retrieved 2006-05-12.
Other websites[change | edit source]
- Scaphiopodidae at Tree of Life
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Last year, an international team of scientists including Auburn University physics professor Francis Robicheaux made a scientific breakthrough by trapping and holding the anti-matter version of the hydrogen atom. When the discovery was initially announced, the team, known as ALPHA,
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Last year, an international team of scientists including Auburn University physics professor Francis Robicheaux made a scientific breakthrough by trapping and holding the anti-matter version of the hydrogen atom. When the discovery was initially announced, the team, known as ALPHA, had captured 38 atoms of antihydrogen, storing each for a mere sixth of a second. Since then, ALPHA has made significant progress by trapping 309 antihydrogen atoms, with some held for as long as 15 minutes. As a result of the longer holding times, the scientists are now able to work toward improved production of trappable anti-atoms as well as study their dynamics.
"Trapping antihydrogen is so difficult, we were excited about our first results that convinced us and our physics colleagues around the world that we had actually done it," Robicheaux said. "We were even more excited by the work in this new report which showed we vastly improved the production rate and were able to hold them more than 1000 times longer than our first report.
"Showing that we can hold the antihydrogen for more than 10 minutes and increasing the production rate vastly expands the types of experiments we will be able to perform. This makes it much more likely that we will be successful in measuring the fundamental properties of the antihydrogen atoms. The most fundamental theories of nature make specific predictions about these properties, and even the smallest discrepancies would overturn them."
The research collaboration is headquartered at CERN, Europe's particle-physics lab near Geneva, Switzerland. ALPHA is mainly comprised of experimentalists who designed, built and ran the experiment, including scientists from Europe, Canada, the United States, Brazil, Israel and Japan. Robicheaux serves as a theorist to the team, providing computer simulations of how mirror-trapped anti-protons might mimic anti-atom annihilations, and how actual anti-hydrogen would behave in the trap.
Updated results of the ALPHA collaboration's research were published in the June edition of the journal Nature Physics. To read the article, go to this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NPHYS2025. To learn more about the ALPHA collaboration, visit this link: http://alpha.web.cern.ch/alpha/
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Europa, as viewed from NASA’s Galileo spacecraft. Visible are plains of bright ice, cracks that run to the horizon, and dark patches that likely contain both ice and dirt.
Credit: NASA/Ted Stryk
Europa,
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Europa, as viewed from NASA’s Galileo spacecraft. Visible are plains of bright ice, cracks that run to the horizon, and dark patches that likely contain both ice and dirt.
Credit: NASA/Ted Stryk
Europa, Jupiter's icy moon, meets not one but two of the critical requirements for life, scientists say.
For decades, experts have known about the moon's vast underground ocean — a possible home for living organisms — and now a study shows that the ocean regularly receives influxes of the energy required for life via chaotic processes near the moon's surface.
Scientists discussed the implications of the new study, which appeared online Wednesday (Nov. 16) in the journal Nature, at an afternoon press briefing at NASA headquarters in Washington.
Lead author Britney Schmidt, a geophysicist at the University of Texas at Austin, explained that her team studied ice shelves and underground volcanoes on Earth in order to model the formation of odd features called "chaos terrains" that appear all over Europa. The researchers determined that it was heat rising from the moon's deep subterranean ocean and melting ice near the surface, creating briny lakes inside the moon's thick ice shell, that may have caused the collapse of these roughly circular structures above them.
These dynamic lakes, which melt and refreeze over the course of hundreds of thousands or millions of years, lie beneath as much as 50 percent of Europa's surface, the scientists said. [Jupiter Moon's Buried Lakes Evoke Antarctica]
Astrobiologist Tori Hoehler, a senior research scientist at NASA's Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, Calif., who was not involved in the new study, provided an outside perspective on its implications for life.
Europa's liquid water ocean "meets one of the critical requirements for life," Hoehler said, noting that its ocean chemistry is believed to be suitable for sustaining living things. "And what you're hearing about today from Britney bears on a second crucial requirement, and that is the requirement for energy."
The genesis of life on Earth is thought to have required some sort of injection of energy into the ocean — perhaps from a lightning strike. And during the 3.8 billion years since then, life's existence has depended on the continuous influx of energy from the sun.
Cut off from the sun, Europa's subterranean ocean would need some other energy source to sustain life. Hoehler said spacecraft observations show that there is a huge amount of stored energy in Europa's mineral-rich crust, but it is separated from the liquid ocean below by at least 6 miles (10 km) of ice. Like the two terminals of a battery, energy can flow from the surface material to the ocean only if the two are somehow connected, he said.
"What you're hearing about here today would be a way to take this surface material, transport it potentially down into the ocean and in essence tap Europa's battery. When you tap that battery, you move from a system which checks one of the requirements for life to a system that checks a second critical requirement for life, and I think this really impacts the way we consider habitability on Europa."
Europan life isn't a done deal just yet, though. Water and energy aren't the only ingredients on the checklist for life, and scientists aren't sure whether Europa has the others, such as the necessary organic chemicals.
Louise Prockter, a planetary scientist at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Md., said Europa's chaos regions "are going to be extremely important and possible future targets of exploration."
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Key: "S:" = Show Synset (semantic) relations, "W:" = Show Word (lexical) relations
Display options for sense: (gloss) "an example sentence"
- S: (v) keep, maintain,
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Key: "S:" = Show Synset (semantic) relations, "W:" = Show Word (lexical) relations
Display options for sense: (gloss) "an example sentence"
- S: (v) keep, maintain, hold (cause to continue in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., `keep clean') "hold in place"; "She always held herself as a lady"; "The students keep me on my toes"
- S: (v) conserve, preserve, maintain, keep up (keep in safety and protect from harm, decay, loss, or destruction) "We preserve these archeological findings"; "The old lady could not keep up the building"; "children must be taught to conserve our national heritage"; "The museum curator conserved the ancient manuscripts"
- S: (v) sustain, keep, maintain (supply with necessities and support) "She alone sustained her family"; "The money will sustain our good cause"; "There's little to earn and many to keep"
- S: (v) assert, asseverate, maintain (state categorically)
- S: (v) wield, exert, maintain (have and exercise) "wield power and authority"
- S: (v) keep, maintain (maintain for use and service) "I keep a car in the countryside"; "She keeps an apartment in Paris for her shopping trips"
- S: (v) keep, maintain (maintain by writing regular records) "keep a diary"; "maintain a record"; "keep notes"
- S: (v) maintain, defend (state or assert) "He maintained his innocence"
- S: (v) uphold, maintain (support against an opponent) "The appellate court upheld the verdict"
- S: (v) observe, keep, maintain (stick to correctly or closely) "The pianist kept time with the metronome"; "keep count"; "I cannot keep track of all my employees"
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Below you'll find instructions for preserving food with a boiling water canner. Essentially, clean, hot jars are filled with food, then boiled ("processed") to sterilize their contents. As the jars cool, the food inside shrinks, creating
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Below you'll find instructions for preserving food with a boiling water canner. Essentially, clean, hot jars are filled with food, then boiled ("processed") to sterilize their contents. As the jars cool, the food inside shrinks, creating a vacuum that sucks the lid on for a tight seal.
Clean and hot are the two key words here. The aim is to avoid contaminating the jars (be sure to touch them only with clean utensils) and to keep them warm so a tight seal will form. Once you've familiarized yourself with the basic process, you'll be able to use it for condiments as varied as marmalades, jams, pickles, relishes, and chutneys.
1. Clean Jars:
Run your finger around the rim of each jar to check for nicks or cracks. Discard any that are damaged, then wash the jars thoroughly in hot, soapy water, or run them through a dishwasher.
2. Boil Jars:
If your recipe calls for processing the filled jars for less than 10 minutes (as for jams, jellies, and other sweet spreads), you will need to sterilize the empty jars before filling them. Place them, open and right side up, on the rack in the canner and fill the entire canner (including the jars) with hot
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Chemistry-Study and teaching; Environmental chemistry
An annotated bibliography for Environmental Chemistry, with links to sources of chemical data on the World Wide Web involving general references, toxic properties, degradation of molecules, remote sensing data, environmental problems and methods of
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Chemistry-Study and teaching; Environmental chemistry
An annotated bibliography for Environmental Chemistry, with links to sources of chemical data on the World Wide Web involving general references, toxic properties, degradation of molecules, remote sensing data, environmental problems and methods of...
Chemistry-Study and teaching; Chemistry, Physical and theoretical; Nuclear chemistry; Quantum chemistry; Thermodynamics; Statistical mechanics; Chemical kinetics; Molecules-Models; Pol
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Aquarium Chemistry: Regeneration of Granular Ferric Oxide Media with Sodium Hydroxide
If you're reading this article beyond the title it's likely you're already familiar with the importance of phosphate in reef tanks and how granular ferr
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Aquarium Chemistry: Regeneration of Granular Ferric Oxide Media with Sodium Hydroxide
If you're reading this article beyond the title it's likely you're already familiar with the importance of phosphate in reef tanks and how granular ferric oxide (GFO) media can be used to control it, but here's a refresher anyway. Phosphate is an algal nutrient and can limit the ability of calcifying organisms to form a calcium carbonate skeleton (Farley, 2006). The general consensus is to limit reef aquaria to lower than 0.05 ppm phosphate (as PO43-). This can be achieved in a variety of ways, but using GFO to adsorb phosphate may be necessary for some aquarists and is a safe and effective tool for managing phosphate in reef aquariums (Farley, 2004). The downside to GFO is that it's rather expensive. For aquarists who keep non-photosynthetic corals that require massive feeding, have large tanks, or a dense fish population the costs of regular GFO replacement can be significant. With a few simple tools and techniques we can easily regenerate GFO so that it can be reused several times over. Below we describe a procedure that has worked for us to regenerate GFO effectively. Before going out and buying any of the materials required, please carefully read the safety instructions at the bottom of this article.
- Rinsing with a dilute acid (this step is likely optional for many people, see below): For every 500mL of GFO, add 8L of fresh water mixed with 6.4mL of full strength muriatic acid. Rinse for 4-6 hours and then drain.
- Regeneration of GFO with sodium hydroxide: For every 500mL of GFO, add 8L of fresh water mixed with 320g of sodium hydroxide. Rinse for 72-96 hours and then drain.
- Fresh water rinse with deionized water (The effectiveness of this step depends on the method you use to rinse the GFO--see the section on rinsing below for more details): For every 500mL of GFO, rinse with at least 20-25L fresh water.
Rinsing with a dilute acid
This step is intended to remove any deposits of calcium carbonate on the GFO and may be unnecessary for some people. Under certain conditions calcium carbonate will abiotically precipitate onto GFO surfaces (Farley, 2004), which will limit the amount of available surface area of the GFO particles. How do you know if you need to do this step or not? Expose your GFO to some white vinegar, or diluted muriatic acid as described above, and watch for small bubbles to form. Bubbling indicates the presence of calcium carbonate. Exposure to a dilute acid for a few hours should remove these deposits. If you don't see any bubbles forming, you can safely skip this step. We have not found it necessary to perform this step on the GFO from 3 different reef systems, but your mileage may vary. This step alone will NOT regenerate the GFO, but it may be an important step for those who have significant scale coating on the granules. Increasing the concentration of the acid or lengthening the rinse time may lead to significant dissolution of the GFO surface and may reduce the number of times you can repeat the regeneration process in the future (more on this later).
Some people have used anywhere from 1:1 to 10:1 dilutions of white vinegar for this step instead of muriatic acid. This may work fine, but we have not tested it so cannot comment on its efficacy or its effect on the GFO. For users who are regenerating a lot of GFO frequently, muriatic acid is significantly cheaper than using vinegar. A gallon of full strength (38% by volume) muriatic acid can be purchased at many home improvement, hardware, or pool supply stores for under $10, and this should last an average reefkeeper for years. It also can
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You are here:
Milltown Reservoir Sediments/Clark Fork River
In 1981, Missoula County health officials discovered arsenic contamination in drinking water wells in Milltown, Montana. The wells were located near the Milltown dam
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You are here:
Milltown Reservoir Sediments/Clark Fork River
In 1981, Missoula County health officials discovered arsenic contamination in drinking water wells in Milltown, Montana. The wells were located near the Milltown dam and reservoir. To protect public health, EPA provided an alternative water supply to affected area residents and in 1982, proposed listing the site on the National Priorities List for cleanup under Superfund. The site was made final on the NPL in 1983.
EPA divided the Milltown Reservoir Sediments/Clark Fork River Superfund Site into three parts called Operable Units (OUs):
- Milltown Drinking Water Supply OU (this OU is now addressed as part of the Reservoir Sediments OU)
- Milltown Reservoir Sediments OU
- Clark Fork River OU
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The Earth we know generally moves in nonmysterious ways, but the latest evidence from an international team of geoscientists shows that about 800 million years ago, our planet executed a tricky balancing act that changed the course of the continents.
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The Earth we know generally moves in nonmysterious ways, but the latest evidence from an international team of geoscientists shows that about 800 million years ago, our planet executed a tricky balancing act that changed the course of the continents. Princeton geologist Adam Maloof says that over the course of 2 million to 10 million years, the North Pole appeared to shift a staggering 55 degrees—roughly the distance from the current north pole to San Francisco. This phenomenon, confusingly called true polar wander, is known to happen on Mars, where huge volcanic eruptions change the planet's weight distribution, but it is controversial whether that could happen on Earth.
In reality, it is not the poles that wander on Mars or on Earth; rather, all the continents shift their positions relative to the poles. "Any spinning object wants to adjust itself until it's rotating around its shortest axis, and all the extra weight is around the equator," Maloof says. "The Earth is no different—it is constantly adjusting itself to be in equilibrium." For example, if a large mass suddenly appeared near the pole, the continents would shift to move the extra weight toward the equator.
Maloof's team isn't sure why Earth's surface shifted so significantly, but they conclude that it did from an abrupt change in the orientation of the magnetic field preserved in sedimentary rocks in Svalbard, Norway. Now they are analyzing similar data from Australia. "Of all the possible hypotheses, the seemingly simplest is true polar wander," Maloof says. "Plus, it's imminently testable. All we have to do is go to another continent that has sediments of the same age."
More on the Earth's changing magnetic fields
How the Earth's magnetic field imprints itself on rocks.
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Consumers in the Country
From The Mason Historiographiki
Ronald R. Kline. Consumers in the Country: Technology and Social Change in Rural America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. xii plus
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Consumers in the Country
From The Mason Historiographiki
Ronald R. Kline. Consumers in the Country: Technology and Social Change in Rural America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. xii plus 299 pp. $ 22.50, ISBN 0-8018-7115-8.
Ronald R. Kline in his social history, Consumers in the Country, chronicles the effort to “modernize” and “urbanize” the American countryside. In so doing he grapples with issues of gender, rural culture values, consumerism, and a clash of cultures. Further, the work is an argument against technological determinism or the concept that technology is the primary driver of culture and values. Kline’s contention is that rural consumers had agency in initially resisting and adapting new technologies to augment existing cultural behaviors. Thus instead of technology instigating societal and cultural change in rural America, the end-users resisted, adapted and selectively applied the use of new technologies such as the automobile, telephone, radio, small appliances, and rural electrification to create “new forms of rural modernity— many of which were individual modernities.” (8) The themes of resistance, modernity, and adaptation are key to Kline’s argument against technological determinism.
Resistance is important to Kline’s work and it comes in two forms, active and passive. In both forms, resistance is exemplified by the push back of agrarian populations upon the rural reformers who attempted to thrust the forces of urbanization and modernity upon a culture that the reformists viewed as backward. This reformist agenda of urbanization is defined by Kline as the attempt “by promoters to create (what they considered to be) middle-class, urban standards of living in the country through the agencies of new communication, transportation, and household technologies.” (7) Kline asserts the Country Life Commission typified this mindset; an organization he claims was made up elite, urban males who steadfastly believed in the promise of science and technology in the cause of rural reform. Kline claims throughout the work that the rural population contested such notions from groups such as Country Life, through active and passive resistance. For example, in the chapter “Taming the Devil Wagon”, Kline documents active resistance in the early extralegal and legal efforts of the rural populace to thwart the automobile. Extralegal actions included sabotaging roads, shooting drivers, and placing “tire-cutting slag” and straw cover boards with exposed nails on the roads. (60) This extralegal resistance extended to various other attacks on technological infrastructures, such as cutting of telephone wires and sawing down utility poles. Kline shows that legal passive resistance was more often employed in issues of local autonomy. Kline uses examples of “shenanigans” (168) perpetrated on representatives of the Rural Electrification Administration (REA). Specifically, one representative of the REA, Elva Bohannan, complained of the resistance of electrical co-operative board members towards electrical education and utilization schemes: “Bohannan employed the rhetoric of rural uplift to complain that the co-op’s board was under the domination of a president and project attorney who tried to thwart the REA’s ‘progressive’ measures…” (169) Subsequently, Kline asserts that: “As in the case of our other technologies, rural people used age-old resistance tactics to ‘ domesticate’ the REA.” (155) Finally, Kline shows that the rural culture often refused to purchase items that were touted by the reformers as symbols of modernity. In taking this action, the farm consumer was showing resistance with the wallet or pocket book
In this work, Kline raises important philosophical questions concerning the notion of modernity. First, what was constituted a lifestyle that was modern? Secondly, who were the final arbitrators and who benefited in this definition? Kline states there was a significant amount of confusion over the issue of modernity even among the experts. Each seemed to have differing standards over what was truly modern in use and implementation. For example, in the chapter “Defining Modernity in the Home”, Kline notes that sociologist Ellis Kirkpatrick in 1929 conceded that advocates had differing standards of modernity. (87) He goes on to note that the reformers agreed on the ideology that centered on “saving the overworked farm woman” from the insane asylum by promoting the consumption and use of modern conveniences. (88) The question then became which of the labor saving devices and attending infrastructural changes would be conducive to achieving this goal. Kline questions the outcome of this using this modernization ideology. Pointing to studies carried out by researchers: “These studies provided data that was latter used to support the argument that although new househ
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"It may well be doubted whether human ingenuity can construct an enigma of this kind which human ingenuity, if properly applied, may not also resolve."
While it is entirely plausible Ein feste Burg is the missing Principal theme to Elgar's
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"It may well be doubted whether human ingenuity can construct an enigma of this kind which human ingenuity, if properly applied, may not also resolve."
While it is entirely plausible Ein feste Burg is the missing Principal theme to Elgar's Enigma Variations, plausibility is not the same as proof. The real question is if there is any way to decisively prove it. Absent confirmation, no solution has any hope of venturing beyond the purely speculative. This inevitably raises the question whether Elgar surreptitiously supplied some way to authenticate the solution. Short of discovering a sealed envelope with the answer written in the composer’s own script, the consensus is a resounding no. Most scholars agree the riddle is im
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The spread of methamphetamine production and abuse has sparked a flurry of research on the drug’s health effects and possible new ways for treating the addiction.
Until a few years ago, methamphetamine was considered a regional problem. Largely confined to the
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The spread of methamphetamine production and abuse has sparked a flurry of research on the drug’s health effects and possible new ways for treating the addiction.
Until a few years ago, methamphetamine was considered a regional problem. Largely confined to the West Coast and Southwest, it was off the radar of federal drug offices in Washington, D.C. But as the drug swept into rural Midwestern communities in the mid-1990s, catching hospitals and treatment centers unprepared for its devastating effects, steps were taken to gain a better understanding of meth’s toll on the body.
Methamphetamine, like cocaine, is a powerful stimulant. It produces physiological changes similar to the fight-or-flight response — it boosts heart rate, respiration, blood pressure and body temperature. Some people use it for the brief, intense “rush” it produces when smoked or injected. Others use it for functional reasons — as an appetite suppressant to lose weight or as an energy-booster to enable them to work more. When snorted or taken orally it doesn’t produce an intense “rush” but rather a “high” that can last more than 12 hours.
Both cocaine and meth boost brain levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which causes feelings of euphoria and increased energy, but go about it in different ways. Cocaine doesn’t directly stimulate the release of dopamine; it prevents the normal recycling of the chemical messenger once it’s released. Meth goes a step further — it actually gets into the nerve cell where it causes the excessive release of dopamine. Meth users can quickly become addicted to the spike in dopamine.
Abuse of methamphetamine is linked to several serious medical complications such as heart damage, stroke and psychosis. But perhaps the most frightening side effect is long-term neurological damage unlike anything seen with heroin or cocaine.
While high levels of dopamine in the brain usually cause feelings of pleasure, too much can produce aggressiveness, irritability and schizophrenic-like behavior.
“Meth has more long-term, serious effects on the brain than cocaine,” said Dr. Nora Volkow, senior scientist at Brookhaven National Laboratories in Upton, N.Y., who has studied the effects of both cocaine and methamphetamine on the brain for 15 years.
The brain on meth
Using brain-imaging techniques, scientists have discovered that the brains of former chronic users show a significant decrease in the number of dopamine transporters, a crucial component of a functional dopamine system.
The most recent development comes from Volkow who, along with Dr. Linda Chang, collected the first data on what this decline in dopamine transporters means. They performed brain scans on 15 detoxified, former meth users and found a 24-percent loss in the normal number of dopamine transporters. This loss of transporters was linked to slowness in motor skills and poorer performance on verbal and memory tasks.
“We found the subjects with the most profound changes in the transporters were the ones with the most functional disturbances,” said Volkow, whose research will be published in the American Journal of Psychiatry in March. “This is the first time anybody has reported that these neuron losses are functionally significant. It’s not just that you lose brain cells and you keep living happily ever after; it translates into a disruption in your performance.”
Volkow noted that the same association has been reported in Parkinson’s disease patients, although they experience a more drastic loss of transporters.
“We need to look more at how and why it’s having these long-term effects and whether in fact they are permanent,” said Timothy Condon, associate director for science policy at the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). “As we unravel more about what functional changes are a result of those brain changes, they will impact how you go about treating someone.”
Douglas Anglin, director of the UCLA Drug Abuse Research Center and co-principal investigator of the Methamphetamine Treatment Project, a group that studies addiction therapies, said: “This takes us beyond the model of drug treatment to one of brain damage.”
But Dr. David Smith, founder and president of the Haight Ashbury Free Clinics in San Francisco, wants to draw attention away from methamphetamine’s neurological impact. “Focusing on the brain damage caused by meth is counterproductive to recovery. It makes people pessimistic about whether their brains are going to heal. In treatment, we offer a message of hope, and we have had many meth users who have achieved full recovery.”
Meth addiction gained a reputation as being untreatable when the drug began to spread into small communities in the Midwest. “These rural areas had not been very affected by cocaine or heroin so when they had to start dealing with meth users they had no idea what to do with them,” said Richard Rawson, executive director of the Matrix Institute, a non-profit addiction research organization in Los Angeles, and co-principal investigator at the Methamphetamine Treatment Project along with Anglin. “Patients were coming in psychotic, so you started hearing these horror stories that meth was untreatable. For those of us
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can be confusing things to put into writing. The biggest
question is always should I use the figure or write it
out? This tip will discuss when to use the numeral or when
to spell it out, what to do when two different
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can be confusing things to put into writing. The biggest
question is always should I use the figure or write it
out? This tip will discuss when to use the numeral or when
to spell it out, what to do when two different numbers are
adjacent to each other, and how to deal with numbers that
relate. The t
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||Name: Swift Fox|
|Scientific name: Vulpes velox|
|Range: United States and Canada|
|Habitat: Buffalo grass, bluestem, and wire grass|
|Status: Endangered in the United
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||Name: Swift Fox|
|Scientific name: Vulpes velox|
|Range: United States and Canada|
|Habitat: Buffalo grass, bluestem, and wire grass|
|Status: Endangered in the United States. In Canada it was declared "extirpated" in 1978, but is being reintroduced.|
|Diet in the wild: Mice, cottontail rabbits, carrion, small mammals, birds, insects, reptiles and amphibians.|
|Diet in the zoo: Carnivore diet, insects and fish.|
|Location in the zoo: Texas Wild, High Plains and Prairies|
The swift fox is the smallest canids (a group that includes dogs, wolves and foxes) in North
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New ASA resource for schools
2 November 2012
Why does advertising need to be regulated? How much do ads influence children and young people? Should advertisers have the freedom to say whatever they want? These are some of the questions explored in
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New ASA resource for schools
2 November 2012
Why does advertising need to be regulated? How much do ads influence children and young people? Should advertisers have the freedom to say whatever they want? These are some of the questions explored in a new resource “Ad:Check” that we have developed for schools to help enable children and young people to make a critical assessment of the ads they see and hear.
Advertising is a part of our culture. At its best it can entertain and inform. But it can also divide opinion. For example, do ads for ‘unhealthy’ foods add to the national obesity problem, do thin looking models contribute to negative body image, particularly amongst young women? Whatever your viewpoint on advertising it is a feature of our daily lives which is why we want young people to understand it better.
In recent years we have conducted research and held workshops with parents, young people and the wider public so they can tell us what they think about advertising. The findings have been surprising. Our research shows that 30% of young people (11-16 years) have been bothered by an ad in the last 12 months, with violent and sexual content, body image and charity ads most likely to be the source of distress.
As a responsible regulator we have to be sensitive to these concerns. Our overriding priority is to ensure that young people are protected from harmful or inappropriate ads. Indeed our work in this area reflects a political and public appetite to put the brakes on a perceived ‘commercialisation and sexualisation’ of childhood.
Few would argue against the fact that young people deserve protection. Reflecting their inexperience, both emotionally and as consumers, the rules in place are deliberately strict. But, rightly, the advertising rules and our decisions are also proportionate. Nor should our decisions be made in a vacuum. We should recognise, listen to and understand the views of those we seek to protect. And we shouldn’t ignore the fact that young people are legitimate consumers.
Ad:Check aims to encourage Key Stage 3 & 4 Citizenship, PSHE and English students to analyse ads, understand the rules that govern them and debate with their teacher and peers the topical and sometimes controversial issues surrounding advertising. We hope it will help children and young people to develop the emotional and critical ability they might need in order to understand advertising, as well as encourage them to raise any concerns they may have as responsible citizens about ads.
It is a flexible and easy-to-use resource which provides students with examples of real ads and ASA case studies. It takes a ‘big question’ approach, exploring issues around what is misleading, harmful or offensive. As part of its focus on prompting critical analysis the resource also asks students to develop an ad campaign of their own.
Advertising is a fascinating topic. We hope our resource will stimulate debate in schools across the country.
ASA Chairman, Lord Smith
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- Audio (US)help, file
- (countable) A driver is a person who drives.
- That man is a driver of cars.
- (countable) A driver is a kind of golf club.
- The golfer
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- Audio (US)help, file
- (countable) A driver is a person who drives.
- That man is a driver of cars.
- (countable) A driver is a kind of golf club.
- The golfer used his driver to hit the ball.
- (countable) A driver is a computer program for an application and hardware, made for the device it controls.
- The driver is used for the printer.
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The textbook keeps relative consistency in content as to the compilation of texts and design of exercises, but with the two parts putting different emphasis on listening and speaking. Paying special attention to scientificity, interestingness and practicability, the texts are
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The textbook keeps relative consistency in content as to the compilation of texts and design of exercises, but with the two parts putting different emphasis on listening and speaking. Paying special attention to scientificity, interestingness and practicability, the texts are characterized by a wide range of topics and rich and vivid language. Based on a funtional approach, arrangements are made for words, structures, forms, sentence patterns and other linguistic expressions to serve specific purposes. Combining unity with diversity, the exercises can effectively reinforce learnt knowledge and skills while preventing tedium in form. There are 32 lessons in the book, each of which are divided into two parts—listening and speaking.
Six audio ta
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April 16, 2012
« More Economic Letters
Credit: A Starring Role in the Downturn
Credit: A Starring Role in the Downturn
Credit is a perennial understudy in models of the economy.
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April 16, 2012
« More Economic Letters
Credit: A Starring Role in the Downturn
Credit: A Starring Role in the Downturn
Credit is a perennial understudy in models of the economy. But it became the protagonist in the Great Recession, reviving a role it had not played since the Great Depression. In fact, the central part played by credit in the downturn and weak recovery of recent years is not unusual. A study of 14 advanced economies over the past 140 years shows that financial crises have frequently led to severe and prolonged recessions. Shining the spotlight on credit turns out to be crucial in understanding recent economic events and the outlook.
From the Great Depression until the fall of Lehman Brothers, the United States did not experience any large-scale systemic banking crises. Modern macroeconomic models generally omitted banks and finance. But that did not seem to be a problem as long as the financial sector remained reasonably stable. In the waning years of the 20th century, there was ample support for such models. In the United States, output grew 4% annually, inflation ran about 2%, and unemployment was around 4%.
The Great Recession upended this paradigm. Attention has focused once again on leverage and excess credit—the “Achilles’ heel of capitalism,” in the words of James Tobin’s (1989) review of Hyman Minsky’s book Stabilizing the Unstable Economy. Of course, this was not the first such rude awakening. Economic history is replete with financial crises that force economists to relearn the role that credit plays in their genesis and aftermath. This Economic Letter reaches back 140 years, examining the experiences of 14 advanced countries, to document the enduring influence of credit in the economic fortunes of nations. Credit is critical to correctly understanding current economic events. The Great Recession broke the mold cast in the typical post-World War II downturn. The recovery appears to be following a different model as well.
The march of economic history is punctuated by a few landmark events. One worth highlighting is the dramatic explosion of credit that followed World War II. Schularick and Taylor (2012) show that, up until then, real private lending had grown apace with economic activity. After World War II, and especially when the Bretton Woods international monetary system broke down in the early 1970s, credit grew at about twice the rate of output. The outsized role played by the financial sector in the past few decades has become a focus of controversy in studies of the recent crisis and the post-crisis period.
A cursory review of the 2008 global financial crisis lends support to the notion that excess credit was the culprit. Countries that experienced the largest credit booms, such as the United Kingdom, Spain, the Baltic States, Ireland, and the United States, are experiencing the slowest recoveries. Economies that entered the recession with comparatively low leverage, such as Germany, Switzerland, and emerging market countries, have emerged from the downturn quickly. This raises a question: Is excess credit always a bad thing?
Credit and the boom
It is easy to cast excess credit formation as the villain while memories of near financial catastrophe are still so fresh. However, there is an important counterargument that must be considered. To the extent that a sophisticated financial sector improves apportionment of resources and pricing of risk, credit can result in better economic outcomes. Research by Jordà, Schularick, and Taylor (2011) supports this view. This work uses the excess growth rate of real private lending relative to real GDP growth per capita as a proxy for leverage. It finds that periods with higher-than-average leverage tend to be periods of higher-than-average economic performance.
For all 14 countries over 140 years, when leverage is above average, economic expansions last about one-and-a-half years longer and the cumulative increase in output is 4% higher. Focusing just on the post-World War II period, the differences are even more pronounced. High-leverage expansions result in 38% accumulated gains in output, compared with 28% for low-leverage expansions. They last 9.7 years and produ
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BERDYCHEV (Polish, BERDYCZEW):
A city in the government of Kiev, Russia; in historical and ethnographical relations part of Volhynia. It has one of the largest Jewish communities in Russia, and
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BERDYCHEV (Polish, BERDYCZEW):
A city in the government of Kiev, Russia; in historical and ethnographical relations part of Volhynia. It has one of the largest Jewish communities in Russia, and is often called the "Jerusalem of Volhynia." It is difficult to determine the time when Jews first settled there. From the sixteenth century till the end of the eighteenth, Berdychev was under the dominion of Poland; and the Polish family of Tishkewitz, the hereditary owners of that domain, ruled over it as they pleased. In 1593 it is stated that the owners of the "new town" of Berdychev farmed out to a certain Jew the mill-and bridge-taxes. In the eighteenth century the Jewish population increased considerably, and a Jewish "Ḳahal" (government of the community) was established, as in other large cities of Poland. A trade-union of Jewish tailors was formed in 1732 with the permission of the lady of the domain, Tereza (Theresa) Zawisha, who granted them autonomy and exemption from the rule of the Ḳahal. In 1794 Prince Radziwill permitted the Jews to elect their own civil judges in addition to the ecclesiastical court.
In 1765 King Stanislaus of Poland decreea that some great fairs be held during each year at Berdychev; and from that time the city became a commercial center, attracting the Jews from all parts ofthe country. At the government record office of Kiev some statistical data concerning the Jewish population of that period are preserved, according to which the numbers of Jews at Berdychev were: in 1765, 1,220; in 1784, 1,319; in 1787, 1,504; in 1789, 1,951. According to their occupations, 246 were liquor-dealers, 452 house-owners, 134 merchants, 188 artisans, and 150 clerks, together with 56 idlers. These figures may be considered too low; the taxes of the Polish government being heavy, as many persons as could possibly do so avoided being placed on the registers.
At the end of the eighteenth century, when the movement of the Ḥasidim among the Jews of Poland was at its height, Berdychev became the metropolis of the Ḥasidim of Volhynia, owing to the fact that about 1780 the celebrated "Ẓaddiḳ," Levi-Isaac, the author of "Ḳedushat Levi" (The Holiness of Levi), made it his headquarters. He created a great commotion by his teachings and by his quarrels with the "Mitnagdim." It is probable that the above-mentioned permission for the election of separate judges, given by Prince Radziwill in 1791, was secured by the Ḥasidim, who sought to emancipate themselves from the jurisdiction of the Ḳahal and the rabbis of the Mitnagdim. Great masses of people then flocked to Berdychev to see Levi-Isaac, who ruled there until 1810. At this period a printing-establishment for Hebrew books was in existence in the city.
In 1793, at the second division of Poland, Berdychev, with other cities of Volhynia, came under Russian domination. During the reign of Emperor Nicholas I., Berdychev was the largest commercial center in the Jewish pale. Afterward commerce diminished, and the poverty of the Jews there increased accordingly. Of all cities in the pale, Berdychev has the largest proportion of Jewish inhabitants. In 1899 there were 50,460 Jews in a total population of 62,283. There were seven synagogues and sixty-two houses of prayer.
- Regesty i Nadpisi, No. 694, St. Petersburg, 1899;
- Balinski i Lipinski, Starozytna Polska, ii. 632-635;
- Archiv Yugo-Zapadnoi Rossii, v. 55, 506, 608, Kiev, 1890;
- Bolshaya, Entziklopedia Pod Redaktziei Yuzhakova, iii. 74, St. Petersburg, 1901.
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- The definition of an ethic is a rule of moral behavior.
An example of an ethic is valuing all human life.
- a system of moral standards or values: the humanist ethic
- a particular moral standard or value: the success
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- The definition of an ethic is a rule of moral behavior.
An example of an ethic is valuing all human life.
- a system of moral standards or values: the humanist ethic
- a particular moral standard or value: the success ethic
Origin: Middle English ethik ; from Old French ethique ; from Late Latin ethica ; from Classical Greek ēthikē (technē), ethical (art): see ethical
Used by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- a. A set of principles of right conduct.b. A theory or a system of moral values: “An ethic of service is at war with a craving for gain” (Gregg Easterbrook).
- ethics (used with a sing. verb) The study of the general nature of morals and of the specific moral choices to be made by a person; moral philosophy.
- ethics (used with a sing. or pl. verb) The rules or standards governing the conduct of a person or the members of a profession: medical ethics.
Origin: Middle English ethik, from Old French ethique (from Late Latin ēthica, from Greek ēthika, ethics) and from Latin ēthicē (from Greek ēthikē), both from Greek ēthikos, ethical, from ēthos, character; see s(w)e- in Indo-European roots.
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Energy production, conversion, and utilization, as well as other forms of industrial activity can be significant sources of organic pollutants in ambient air. These substances, or their transformation products, may be toxic to humans or may contribute to degradation of visibility, or
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Energy production, conversion, and utilization, as well as other forms of industrial activity can be significant sources of organic pollutants in ambient air. These substances, or their transformation products, may be toxic to humans or may contribute to degradation of visibility, or to production of unacceptable levels of ozone in the lower atmosphere.
The goal of the Center on Airborne Organics is to better understand pollution of ambient airsheds by energy and other industrial sources and to use that understanding to prescribe new means of detecting and tracing organic pollutants and new methodologies for preventing pollutant emissions altogether.
This Center, one of the exploratory environmental research centers
funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, is headquartered
at MIT and is directed by Professor Jack B. Howard. Specific projects
focus on sources, atmospheric transport and transformation and
engineering controls for organic pollutant vapors and aerosols. To
provide a strong group of experts to address these issues, the Center
operates as a consortium of MIT,
Institute of Technology (Caltech), and the
Institute of Technology (NJIT).
Dr. John H. Seinfeld (Caltech) and Dr. Robert Pfeffer (NJIT) are
Annual Reports: (available as a PDF)
Annual Reports from Previous Years
Summer Symposium Reports:
1996, "Advanced Instrumentation for Air Quality Measurements"
1997, "Fine particles in the Atmosphere" [PDF, 99Kb]
1998, "Costs and Benefits Estimation in Air Quality Regulations" [PDF, 93Kb]
1999, "EPA's Urban Air Toxics Strategy" [PDF, 114Kb]
2000, "The Future of Diesel
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Because the architects were paid on a royalty basis, Eichler strove to be fair to both firms by building each subdivision with a more or less equal number of models from each firm. While each team surely made unique contributions to the designs,
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Because the architects were paid on a royalty basis, Eichler strove to be fair to both firms by building each subdivision with a more or less equal number of models from each firm. While each team surely made unique contributions to the designs, the success of the homes depended upon consistent principles. Elaine Jones described the collaborative nature of their creative process. " Mr. Eichler was obviously a good listener to both
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|This article is of interest to the following WikiProjects:|
What does "an age of 4.404 Ga" mean?
this should be: "an age of 4.404 x 109years, this age is interpreted as
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|This article is of interest to the following WikiProjects:|
What does "an age of 4.404 Ga" mean?
this should be: "an age of 4.404 x 109years, this age is interpreted as crystallisation age " --Chd
What does "(crystal class: 4/m 2/m 2/m)" mean? Could someone explain it or link to a new page for whatever this system is? -- Tarquin 20:36 Dec 29, 2002 (UTC)
- 4/m 2/m 2/m is a tetragonal space group. It basically tells what symmetry elements can you expect in the zircon crystal structure. Some info is available at:
- Er... I see 4.404 here not 4.04? Vsmith 11:35, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
Oh, good--I must have misread it! Thanks for the "second pair of eyes." Badagnani 05:45, 25 July 2006 (UTC)
- Oppose- These are articlale on to differet substances and so should not be merged. I may not seem thus looking the Zirconium(IV) silicate article due the extreem stub status. Zirconium(IV) silicate is the article for the Human made chemical substance with the formula ZrSiO4. The Zircon article is about the naturally occuring mineral with the formula ZrSiO4. Zircon is considered a seperate substance from the human made chemical by the International Mineralogical Association, the governing body that oversees minerology and mineral nomenclature. --Kevmin 15:33, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
- Reverted merge as there was no consensus for it. Vsmith 17:44, 2 September 2007 (UTC)
- Vsmith's reversion of my merge also included a removal of the merge header, which I concede to. Based on the precedent of the aluminum oxide / corundum and silica / quartz pages, the wikipedia precedent appears to distinguish between chemistry and phase, not between manmade and natural as suggested
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Wrotham Secondary School, Kent.
Children are taught about farm animals and plants at this secondary school. Children are seen tending to pigs, cows and goats. Pigs are fed and children sit outside with rabbits and a goat. A
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Wrotham Secondary School, Kent.
Children are taught about farm animals and plants at this secondary school. Children are seen tending to pigs, cows and goats. Pigs are fed and children sit outside with rabbits and a goat. A cow is milked and a cow given medicine. A teacher shows children something...
Tinker's Farm School encourages boys to learn everything from gardening to surveying.
Young people learn farming at an agricultural school in Wiltshire.
Lord Woolton at Land Army Training School, lots of shots of Land Girls working on farm.
Out takes (cuts, rushes) for stories featured in CP 454.
Good shots of boys and girls doing lessons and work at school in the country.
Polish Ministers attend opening of new school in Piaseczno, Poland.
A teacher is ordered to leave her home as it is required for a farm worker. Isle of Ely.
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Science in Christian Perspective
The Image of God and Human Biology
Robert E. Ecker
Hinsdale, IL 60521
From: Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 50: (December 1998): 284-285
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Science in Christian Perspective
The Image of God and Human Biology
Robert E. Ecker
Hinsdale, IL 60521
From: Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 50: (December 1998): 284-285.
"...So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them" (Genesis 1:27, RSV)
As a biological scientist who believes that God's Word has some significant things to tell us about ourselves, I have always found it appealing to contemplate the prospect of finding a correspondence between biblical revelation on human origins and the growing body of evolutionary evidence accumulated by paleoanthropologists. However, it was not until I recently began to research the evolution of human cognition that the possibility of making that connection began to show some signs of hope.
For most of my professional life, I have held to the theory that the origin of humans as biological beings came about by an entirely different creative process than did that which we identify as the human soul. That is, there is no legitimate reason to presume that the revelation from Genesis 1 quoted above must be interpreted to suggest that the unique status modern Homo sapiens possess in relationship to the Creator was acquired in parallel with the physical attributes that distinguish them from other creatures. The image of God is a uniquely human attribute that most probably came about as the result of a unique, nonevolutionary creational event. How and when that event may have taken place has remained a matter of considerable debate.
The literature of paleoanthropology provides a prospective time line for the evolutionary development of modern humans from our earliest hominid ancestor. This time line suggests a period of about six million years for the process. No fossil evidence is currently available dating as far into the past as the proposed "first hominid," but data are available beginning about 4.5 million years ago. Using those data, and noting the progress of developing mental function with time (using advances in hominid technical skills to measure developing cognitive capacity), it is possible to picture how mental capability increased among our prehuman ancestors as evolutionary development progressed.
For example, the simplest stone tools did not even appear on the scene until hominid development had been underway for more than three million years. After that, it required another 2.5 million years for paleolithic technology to advance from fragments of smashed quartz pebbles to fashioned prismatic stone blades. Clearly, the development of technical skill was progressing consistently over those millions of yearsóbut at a painstakingly slow pace.
Looking even farther back in evolutionary time, and imagining the progress of events over the several billion years that led from the primordial soup to the emergence of the first hominid, the rate of development of human mental capacity (at least throughout most of the six million years over which it is presumed to have occurred) does not appear to be out of line with that of developmental progress over all of evolutionary time. Evolution has been a slow and consistent process, exhibiting measurable progress only because the times involved were so very large.
With these facts in place, we can look at the kinetics of evolutionary progress and draw some conclusions about any anomalies that may exist. The assumptions implicit in evolutionary theory suggest that itólike many processes it engenderedóis essentially autoc
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Get to know our region as you journey through Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Visit the famous Hanse towns, take a dip in the cool waters of a thousand lakes, cycle through vast forests and past fields ablaze with colour and
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Get to know our region as you journey through Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Visit the famous Hanse towns, take a dip in the cool waters of a thousand lakes, cycle through vast forests and past fields ablaze with colour and enjoy the huge variety of events on offer in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
Time to take deep breaths and enjoy yourself
The word Baltic is derived from the Latin mare balticum, named in the eleventh century after the Gothic tribe the Balthi. In the Gothic language ‘balt’ means bold – in Lithuanian it means white. Another name in German for the Baltic is ‘Aestenmeer’, derived from the Aesti tribes (the Baltic Prussians) who lived by the rivers Weichsel and Memel. The Aesti were described by Tacitus as the people living farthest to the east in Germania on the mare suebicum, but they are also said to have spoken Celtic. ‘Suebicum’ was derived from the collective name of the Germanic tribes east of the river Elbe, the Suebi, who, together with the Goths (including the Balthi), occupied the coastal area and the Baltic hinterland. In the 19th century Ferdinand Nesselmann created the collective term Baltic languages, covering the languages of the Prussians, Lithuanians, Latvians, etc.
The Baltic has so many islands, groups and chains of islands, inhabited and uninhabited isles, that no one knows exactly how many there are, since there is no clear definition of an island or an isle.more about this holiday destination
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Part of Antarctica has been named after the Queen as a Diamond Jubilee gift from the Foreign Office.
Queen Elizabeth Land is a 169,000 square mile chunk of the British Antarctic Territory. It is twice the size of the UK and makes up
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Part of Antarctica has been named after the Queen as a Diamond Jubilee gift from the Foreign Office.
Queen Elizabeth Land is a 169,000 square mile chunk of the British Antarctic Territory. It is twice the size of the UK and makes up almost a third of Britain’s claim on the polar continent.
Queen Elizabeth Land will be marked on all British maps in future, the Foreign Office said.
William Hague, the Foreign Secretary, announced the gift as he gave the Queen a guided tour of the Foreign Office.
Miniisters also gave the Queen a gift of 60 placemats during her visit to Cabinet for the first time today.
He said: “As a mark of this country’s gratitude to the Queen for her service, we are naming a part of the British Antarctic Territory in her honour as ‘Queen Elizabeth Land’.
“This is a fitting tribute at the end of Her Majesty’s Diamond Jubilee year, and I am very proud to be able to announce it as she visits the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
“The British Antarctic Territory is a unique and important member of the network of fourteen UK Overseas Territories. To be able to recognise the UK’s commitment to Antarctica with a permanent association with Her Majesty is a great honour.”
The Queen has been on the throne for the entire time that Britain’s claim on the Antarctic, which was made in 1908, has been known as British Antarctic Territory.
A young gentoo penguin stands outside the post-office at Port Lockroy on Wiencke Island in the British Antarctic Territory (Alamy)
It was officially designated as a separate Overseas Territory in 1962.
All claims on Antarctica are held in abeyance under the Antarctic Treaty of 1959, which neither confirms nor denies competing claims but prevents new claims being made.
Decisions o
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He was born in 1902 and studied at the University of California, Berkeley (B.A. and M.A.) and at the Sorbonne (Ph.D.). A student of the linguist Antoine Meillet at the Sorbonne,
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He was born in 1902 and studied at the University of California, Berkeley (B.A. and M.A.) and at the Sorbonne (Ph.D.). A student of the linguist Antoine Meillet at the Sorbonne, Parry revolutionized Homeric studies. In his dissertations, which were published in French in 1928, he demonstrated that the Homeric style is characterized by the extensive use of fixed expressions, or 'formulas', adapted for expressing a given idea under the same metrical conditions. Meillet introduced him to Matija Murko, who had worked on oral epic traditions in Bosnia and had made phonograph recordings of some performances.
Between 1933 and 1935 Parry, at the time Associate Professor at Harvard University, made two trips to Yugoslavia, where he studied and recorded oral traditional poetry in Serbo-Croat with the help of his assistant Albert Lord and Nikola Vujnović, a local Herzegovinian Croat. They worked in Bosnia where literacy was lowest and the oral tradition was, in the term used by Parry and Lord, "purest". The two are now famous for their work in orality/literacy, which has come to be known as the Parry/Lord thesis.
In his American publications of the 1930s Parry introduced the hypothesis (first suggested to him by Meillet and amply demonstrated in his own fieldwork) that the formulaic structure of Homeric epic is to be explained as a characteristic feature of oral composition (the so-called Oral Formulaic Hypothesis). It was continued by Albert Lord, most notably in The Singer of Tales (1960). Though the book does not present his argument specifically, the assumed thesis is supported through in-depth content analysis of various singers (performers of the oral tradition or composition process) and interviews of the same singers. Parry moves a
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Lead is an element that everyone can safely be against. Lead causes
anemia, hypertension, and brain and kidney damage, and in children stunts
growth and causes permanent cognitive impairment and increased aggressive
behavior. For human health, lead clearly
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Lead is an element that everyone can safely be against. Lead causes
anemia, hypertension, and brain and kidney damage, and in children stunts
growth and causes permanent cognitive impairment and increased aggressive
behavior. For human health, lead clearly causes harm and does no good.
Ironically, virtually all the lead in the environment is there as a
result of human activity. Under premetallurgical conditions, lead in the earth's
crust was locked safely away in deep ore deposits or in marine calcareous
beds. As technology advanced, lead was mined and smelted and was a workable
and useful metal, finding its way into such diverse applications as Roman
water conduits, medieval cathedral roof sheathing, fine crystal, paints with
a superior covering characteristic, solders, antiknock compounds for automotive
fuels, and, of course, ammunition—ammunition by the countless ton over
the last several hundred years. All that lead was transferred through human
activity, from deep ore deposits to the superficial layers of the earth's
crust in which food is grown.
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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature
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Green burial (also called natural burial) is a way of caring for the dead with minimal environmental impact. Its main requirements are that caskets or burial shrouds must be biodegradable, toxic embalming fluids are prohibited, and burial
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Green burial (also called natural burial) is a way of caring for the dead with minimal environmental impact. Its main requirements are that caskets or burial shrouds must be biodegradable, toxic embalming fluids are prohibited, and burial vaults are not used. Grave markers, if desired, are made from local stone or wood and placed flat to the ground.
Is Green Burial For You?
Most of the Christian burials in the Un
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An excerpt from, With Hearts Full of Faith, A Selection of Addresses by Rabbi Mattisyahu Salomon, Mesorah Publications, Ltd.
When young people get married, the primary blessing we give them is that they should build "a bay
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An excerpt from, With Hearts Full of Faith, A Selection of Addresses by Rabbi Mattisyahu Salomon, Mesorah Publications, Ltd.
When young people get married, the primary blessing we give them is that they should build "a bayis ne'eman b'Yisrael, a faithful home among the Jewish people. This is surely a beautiful blessing, but why is it so fundamental? Why does it take precedence over all other blessings we could give them? Why is faithfulness the bedrock of the Jewish home?
Let us take a look into the Torah in the beginning of the Book of Exodus, where we once again find this extraordinary emphasis on faithfulness. Moses grows up and ventures out from Pharaoh's palace, in which he was reared as an Egyptian prince, and he sets off to investigate the condition of his Jewish brothers and sisters. As he walks through the fields, he catches sight of an Egyptian taskmaster thrashing a Jewish laborer. Moses looks around to make sure no one is watching, then he strikes down the Egyptian and buries his body in the sand.
The next day, he comes across two Jews fighting. "Why do you strike your fellow Jew?" he says to the aggressor.
"Who appointed you an officer and magistrate over us?" the man answers back. "Do you intend to kill me as you killed the Egyptian?"
Frightened, Moses declares (Exodus 2:14), "Achein noda hadavar. Surely the thing is known."
What "thing is known"? The simple meaning is that Moses realized that his supposedly secret act had been discovered. The word was out that he had killed the Egyptian, and he was in danger. Rashi also brings a second interpretation from the Midrash. Moses saw in the Jewish aggressor's sarcastic reply that he intended to inform to the Egyptian authorities, as indeed he eventually did. Could it be that there were evil informers among the Jews? Moses was shocked. "Surely the thing is known," he declared. At last I understand why the Jewish people are unworthy of redemption. At last I understand why they are still sitting in exile.
Idolaters could be redeemed, but informers could not. Why?
This Midrash is very puzzling. At the lowest point of their bondage in Egypt, the Jewish people had sunk to the 49th level of spiritual defilement. Had they sunk to the last and final level, the damage would have been irreparable. They were so close to utter disaster, and still, Moses did not see their nearly absolute moral corruption as an insurmountable obstacle to redemption. But when he discovered informers among them, it suddenly became clear to him why they were still in exile. Apparently, idolaters could be redeemed, but informers could not.
Why was the presence of informers such a decisive block to redemption, more so than just about the worst spiritual defilement possible?
Every morning, before we pray for our needs, we express our praise and gratitude to God. Among others, we repeat the stirring words of the Levites at the consecration of the Second Temple (Nehemiah 9:7-8):
"You, O God, are the one and only One; You made the heavens, the upper heavens and all their hosts, the land and all that is upon it, the seas and all they contain, and You sustain all of them; it is to You that the hosts of the heavens bow down. You are the One, O God, that is the Lord, Who chose Abram, brought him forth from Ur Kasdim, changed his name to Abraham and found him faithful before You; You forged a covenant with him to give the land of the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizites, Jebusites and Girgashites, to give them to his offspring, and You kept Your word, because You are righteous."
If we look closely at these words, we find an unusual point of climax. These two verses are clearly one continuous flow. You, O God, are the one and only, the One Who made heaven and earth, the One before Whom all the hosts of heaven bow down. You, O God, are the selfsame One Who chose Abram and miraculously saved him from the fiery furnace in Ur. And why did You do all this? What rare and wondrous quality did Abraham possess that so endeared him to God? Because You "found his heart faithful before you." Because he was a ne'eman, a faithful man.
Abraham was famous for his acts of chesed, kindness. His hachnasas orchim, hospitality, was legendary. Yet faithfulness was the quality that endeared him to God above all else. He chose Abraham because he was a ne'eman, a faithful man.
The word ne'eman, which appears many times in the Torah, takes on different meanings in different contexts. It can mean trustworthy, faithful, loyal, reliable, responsible, firm, honest. These are all variations and nuances of one
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Roger Williams National Memorial - http://www.nps.gov/rowi
Roger Williams National Memorial commemorates the life of the founder of Rhode Island and a champion of the ideal of religious freedom. Williams, banished from Massachusetts for his beliefs,
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Roger Williams National Memorial - http://www.nps.gov/rowi
Roger Williams National Memorial commemorates the life of the founder of Rhode Island and a champion of the ideal of religious freedom. Williams, banished from Massachusetts for his beliefs, founded Providence in 1636. This colony served as a refuge where all could come to worship as their conscience dictated without interference from the state. The Memorial is located on a common lot of the original settlement of Providence and includes 4.5 acres of landscaped park.
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- 1 Global access to clean water
- 2 Technical overview
- 3 Service quality
- 4 Comparing the performance of water and sanitation service providers
- 5 Institutional responsibility and governance
- 6 Tariffs
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- 1 Global access to clean water
- 2 Technical overview
- 3 Service quality
- 4 Comparing the performance of water and sanitation service providers
- 5 Institutional responsibility and governance
- 6 Tariffs
- 7 Metering
- 8 Costs and financing
- 9 Women in the developing world
- 10 History
- 11 Standardization
- 12 Outbreaks of diseases due to contaminated water supply
- 13 See also
- 14 References
- 15 External links
Global access to clean water
In 2010, about 85% of the global population (6.74 billion people) had access to piped water supply through house connections or to an improved water source through other means than house, including standpipes, water kiosks, spring supplies and protected wells. However, about 14% (884 million people) did not have access to an improved water source and had to use unprotected wells or springs, canals, lakes or rivers for their water needs.
A clean water supply, especially so with regard to sewage, is the single most important determinant of public health. Destruction of water supply and/or sewage disposal infrastructure after major catastrophes (earthquakes, floods, war, etc.) poses the immediate threat of severe epidemics of waterborne diseases, several of which can be life-threatening.
In the U.S, the typical single family home uses about 69.3 gallons (262 litres) of water per day (2008 estimate). This includes (in decreasing order) toilet use, washing machine use, showers, baths, tap use, and leaks.[better source needed]
Water supply systems get water from a variety of locations, including groundwater (aquifers), surface water (lakes and rivers), conservation and the sea through desalination. The water is then, in most cases, purified, disinfected through chlorination and sometimes fluoridated. Treated water then either flows by gravity or is pumped to reservoirs, which can be elevated such as water towers or on the ground (for indicators related to the efficiency of drinking water distribution see non-revenue water). Once water is used, wastewater is typically discharged in a sewer system and treated in a sewage treatment plant before being discharged into a river, lake or the sea or reused for landscaping, irrigation or industrial use (see also sanitation).
Many of the 3.5 billion people having access to piped water receive a poor or very poor quality of service, especially in developing countries where about 80% of the world population lives. Water supply service quality has many dimensions: continuity; water quality; pressure; and the degree of responsiveness of service providers to customer complaints.
Continuity of supply
Continuity of water supply is taken for granted in most developed countries, but is a severe problem in many developing countries, where sometimes water is only provided for a few hours every day or a few days a week. It is estimated that about half of the population of developing countries receives water on an intermittent basis.
Drinking water quality has a micro-biological and a physico-chemical dimension. There are thousands of parameters of water quality. In public water supply systems water should, at a minimum, be disinfected—most commonly through the use of chlorination or the use of ultra violet light—or it may need to undergo treatment, especially in the case of surface water. For more details, please see the separate entries on water quality, water treatment and drinking water.
Water pressures vary in different locations of a distribution system. Water mains below the street may operate at higher pressures, with a pressure reducer located at each point where the water enters a building or a house. In poorly managed systems, water pressure can be so low as to result only in a trickle of water or so high that it leads to damage to plumbing fixtures and waste of water. Pressure in an urban water system is typically maintained either by a pressurised water tank serving an urban area, by pumping the water up into a tower and relying on gravity to maintain a constant pressure in the system or solely by pumps at the water treatment plant and repeater pumping stations.
Typica
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Tamachek ways: ancient and modern
TAMACHEK refers to a group of people in Mali and Niger who speak the Tamachek language. The group comprises interdependent peoples - the Tuareg, Indem, and Bella.
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Tamachek ways: ancient and modern
TAMACHEK refers to a group of people in Mali and Niger who speak the Tamachek language. The group comprises interdependent peoples - the Tuareg, Indem, and Bella. The Tuareg, nomadic descendants of the Berbers of North Africa, are traditionally divided into noble and vassal castes. The nobles, stalwart and haughty, gained fame as lords of the desert for their major role in trans-Saharan caravan trade. They were guides, protectors, and tribute takers, and they owned herds of goats, cattle, and camels. The vassals tended the noble's animals and also had livestock of their own.Skip to next paragraph
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The Indem are blacksmiths, possibly of Hebrew origin, who long made up a lower caste in Tamachek society. And the Bella are a group of Sudanese blacks who for centuries were captured and enslaved by the Tuareg.
The devastation of the recent droughts, however, has toppled the traditional hierarchy of these people and reduced the earthly holdings of most Tamachek to the common denominator of zero.
Traditionally, Tamachek women of all castes did leather, grass, or bead work, while some of the Indem men did wood and metal work and also made leather sandals. Today, one can find craft production among men and women in each Tamachek caste, except among male nobles who have resisted the demand to seek alternative means of livelihood.
SOME of the traditional items sold through the Tamachek crafts cooperative include:
Algomassah - geometric jewelry made from white shells found in the Niger River and worn on woven leather strands called ikazankas. This is the jewelry preferred by many Tamachek women, who begin to wear these necklaces when they are about 14 years old. Traditionally, a girl's mother arranges for the jewelry to be made, and its presentation is an important rite of passage. Hardships brought on by the droughts have placed the shell algomassah beyond the economic reach of many Tamachek. Some have begun to make them with aluminum instead.
Taugarwen - hand-woven mats made with long grass (afaso), red cotton yarn, and strips of tanned leather. These intricately designed mats are traditionally part of a woman's dowry. They come in a variety of sizes, each with a specific function in the nomad tent. The tassililt is a sleeping mat. Ornate tassililts are reserved for guests and used to decorate the walls of the tent. The assahar is a little square mat used to cover bowls of milk or food.
The chitik is a long mat that stretches around the tent. It is an ingenious removable wall: Unrolled, it keeps out sun and sand; rolled up, it lets in the breeze. Up to 20 feet long, a chitik can take as long as two years to weave and is often worked on collectively.
Sharoot - a silver medallion worn by women as a pendant and by men on a band tied around the turban. Again, because of the droughts, a mixture of metals, rather than silver, is often used in making sharoots for private use.
Designs on Tamachek crafts are inspired by images found in their environment or by concepts that have special significance in their culture. The agawadar, or straight line, for example, represents straight objects such as a herder's stick. It can also refer to someone who is honest or just. The ashul, a zigzag pattern, represents a long slender serpent that shines in the sun when it moves.
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Learn more about Viratrol ▶
Cold sores seem like minor inconveniences at best. Most people don't know just how highly contagious they are, and that they can cause serious problems. Cold sores are symptoms of the all
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Learn more about Viratrol ▶
Cold sores seem like minor inconveniences at best. Most people don't know just how highly contagious they are, and that they can cause serious problems. Cold sores are symptoms of the all too common herpes simplex virus 1, or oral herpes.
Cold sores are symptoms of herpes simplex virus 1, or oral herpes, one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in the U.S. While cold sores seem like cumbersome periodic nuisances, they are actually quite serious. Herpes is extremely contagious and most people don't know they have it. Cold sores are those itchy, painful bumps or fluid-filled blisters people get on their lips, noses, chin and even fingers. Cold sores can appear on the gums and the roof of the mouth. However, a sore that appears on a soft, fleshy area of the mouth is probably a canker sore, and not contagious.
Herpes is one of the most common, widespread sexually transmitted infections. If you have had sex or have ever kissed another person, it is likely that you have herpes. Many people experience no symptoms whatsoever, and many others experience outbreaks triggered by stress, sunlight and a weakened immune system. Herpes can be oral (spread through kissing and other contact), genital (spread through sex, even when using condoms) and can be passed through oral sex. If a person's mouth is in contact with another's genitalia, herpes can be passed either way. Oral herpes can appear on genitalia, and genital herpes can appear on the face. Herpes can even infect the eyes, and is actually the leading cause of blindness in the U.S.
We can't stress it enough: herpes, both oral and genital, is extremely contagious. It is estimated that 60 - 80% of all Americans have herpes and 90% of those people don't even know it. Herpes can be passed from one person to another through sexual contact (including oral sex), kissing, and even touching. Think about it: if you wipe your face on a towel, which is then used by another person, it is very likely you just gave that person herpes. If you touch a cold sore and don't wash your hands, you can pass the virus along to another person just as easily. Even if you are in the beginning stages of an outbreak and you kiss your mother on the cheek, you can pass herpes along to her. Think of your cold sore as an infection, and treat it as you would if you had a cold or flu. You wouldn't even go in the same room as an infant if you had the flu, and you should carefully monitor all contact with babies if you have herpes. Take all precautions you would if you were sick:
Remember, cold sores are symptoms of herpes, one of the most commonly transmitted sexual infections. Simple steps can prevent future outbreaks and minimize the risk of transmitting it to others. Treating a cold sore right away is the best way to make sure you don't pass it on to anyone else.
Learn more about Viratrol ▶
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FIRST GENERATION NEURO-MEMORY CHIP?: Israeli scientists have taken a crucial first step in showing that a network of neurons outside the body can be stimulated to create multiple memories that they sustain for days. Image: COURTESY OF ES
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FIRST GENERATION NEURO-MEMORY CHIP?: Israeli scientists have taken a crucial first step in showing that a network of neurons outside the body can be stimulated to create multiple memories that they sustain for days. Image: COURTESY OF ESHEL BEN-JACOB, PABLO BLINDER & DANNY BARANNES
Researchers at Tel Aviv University in Israel have demonstrated that neurons cultured outside the brain can be imprinted with multiple rudimentary memories that persist for days without interfering with or wiping out others.
"The main achievement was the fact that we used the inhibition of the inhibitory neurons" to stimulate the memory patterns, says physicist Eshel Ben-Jacob, senior author of a paper on the findings published in the May issue of Physical Review E. "We probably made [the cell culture] trigger the collective mode of activity that [is] possible."
The results, Ben-Jacob says, set the stage for the creation of a neuromemory chip that could be paired with computer hardware to create cyborglike machines capable of such tasks as detecting dangerous toxins in the air, allowing the blind to see or helping someone who is paralyzed regain some if not all muscle use.
Ben-Jacob points out that previous attempts to develop memories on brain cell cultures (neurons along with their supporting and insulating glial cells) have often involved stimulating the synapses (nerve cell connections). So-called excitatory neurons, which amplify brain activity, account for nearly 80 percent of the neurons in the brain; inhibitory neurons, which dampen activity, make up the remaining 20 percent. Stimulating excitatory cells with chemicals or electric pulses causes them to fire, or send electrical signals of their own to neighboring neurons.
According to Ben-Jacob, previous attempts to trigger the cells to create a repeating pattern of signals sent from neuron to neuron in a population—which neuroscientists believe constitutes the formation of a memory in the context of performing a task—focused on excitatory neurons. These experiments were flawed because they resulted in randomly escalated activity that does not mimic what occurs when new information is learned.
This time, Ben-Jacob and graduate student Itay Baruchi, who led the study, targeted inhibitory neurons to try to bring some order to their neural network. They mounted the cell culture on a polymer panel studded with electrodes, which enabled Ben-Jacob and Baruchi to monitor the patterns created by firing neurons. All of the cells on the electrode array came from the cortex, the outermost layer of the brain known for its role in memory formation.
Initially, when a group of neurons is clustered in a network, merely linking them will cause a spontaneous pattern of activity. Ben-Jacob and Baruchi sought to imprint a memory by injecting a chemical suppressor into a synapse between inhibitory neurons. Their goal: to disrupt the restrictive function of those cells, essentially causing the brakes they put on the excitatory members in the network to loosen. "This is like teaching by liberation," Ben-Jacob says. "We liberate the excitatory neurons to do what they want to do."
The pair chemically treated inhibitory neurons by injecting them with droplets of picrotoxin, an antagonist of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. The chemical suppression of the inhibitory neuron created a pattern kicked off by a neighboring excitatory neuron that was now free to fire. Other neurons in the culture began to fire one by one as they received an electrical signal from one of their neighbors. This continued in the same pattern, which repeated for over a day. This new sequence of activity coexisted with the electrical pattern that was spontaneously generated when the neural culture was initially linked.
A day later, they imprinted a third pattern starting at a different inhibitory synapse. Again, it was able to coexist with the other motifs. "The surprising thing is it doesn't affect the other patterns that the network had before," Ben-Jacob says.
The bottom line, the authors wrote: "these findings hint chemical signaling mechanisms might play a crucial role in memory and learning in task-performing in vivo networks."
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Back to Resource Topics
For Educators: Teaching Strategies
, For Parents: Books
, Support: Talent Development
||Supporting the Child of Exceptional Ability: At Home and School
||This book aims to help those who live and
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Back to Resource Topics
For Educators: Teaching Strategies
, For Parents: Books
, Support: Talent Development
||Supporting the Child of Exceptional Ability: At Home and School
||This book aims to help those who live and work with exceptionally able children of all ages, by raising awareness of what it is like to grow up "different". It considers the children's social and emotional development and offers suggestions on how to provide suitable learning environments. The book should be of interest to parents and teachers, and professionals who support the work of schools. The first edition of this book was published as "Helping the Child of Exceptional Ability".
The appearance of any information in the Davidson Institute's Database does not imply an endorsement by, or any affiliation with, the Davidson Institute. All information presented is for informational purposes only and is solely the opinion of and the responsibility of the author. Although reasonable effort is made to present accurate information, the Davidson Institute makes no guarantees of any kind, including as to accuracy or completeness. Use of such information is at the sole risk of the reader.
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WorldWide Religious News
Da Vinci ‘predicted world would end in 4006’ says Vatican researcher
Rome, Italy - A date for your diary: Leonardo da Vinci predicted that the world would end on November 1, 4006
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WorldWide Religious News
Da Vinci ‘predicted world would end in 4006’ says Vatican researcher
Rome, Italy - A date for your diary: Leonardo da Vinci predicted that the world would end on November 1, 4006, according to a Vatican researcher.
Sabrina Sforza Galitzia said the clues were to be found in da Vinci’s Last Supper mural. The central half-moon window, or lunette, above his painting of Christ with his disciples before the Crucifixion contains a “mathematical and astrological” puzzle which she has deciphered, she said.
She claimed to have worked out that da Vinci foresaw the end of the world in a “universal flood” which would begin on March 21, 4006 and end on November 1 the same year. Documents showed that he believed that this would mark “a new start for humanity”, Ms Sforza Galitzia said.
“There is a da Vinci code — it is just not the one made popular by Dan Brown,” she said.
Ms Sforza Galitzia, who formerly studied da Vinci manuscripts as a researcher at the University of California in Los Angeles, now works in the Vatican archives.
Last year, the Vatican published her study The Last Supper of Leonardo in the Vatican, in which she examined a tapestry of the Last Supper made for King Louis XIII of France, based on da Vinci’s design for his famous mural in Milan.
She said she was working on a sequel which would explain da Vinci’s hidden “code”, involving signs of the zodiac and his use of the 24 letters of the Latin alphabet to represent the 24 hours of the day.
Da Vinci had seen the story of humanity as leading to “the sum of all things, the final reckoning” described in the Book of Revelations but also by ancient writers such as Plato and Aristotle, she told La Repubblica, an Italian newspaper.
He had been a scientist and man of faith who had lived in “difficult times” and had hidden his messages “so as not to be attacked,” she said.
The Last Supper, which measures 460cm by 880cm (15ft by 29ft), covers an entire wall at the Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan. Da Vinci began working on it in 1495, and finished it in 1498. It was restored between 1978 and 1999 after it had badly deteriorated.
In his 2003 novel The Da Vinci Code, filmed in 2006 and starring Tom Hanks as a Harvard “symbologist” called Robert Langdon, Dan Brown suggests that the figure at the right hand of Jesus in The Last Supper is not the Apostle John but Mary Magdalene, and that she was pregnant with Jesus’ child when he was crucified, and thus carried his bloodline.
The novel and film were both attacked by the Church as historically inaccurate as well as blasphemous.
House of Prayer
The Family Int'l
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Cities across the world are rediscovering bicycles. Pushed by increasing fuel costs, the compulsion to reduce commuting time, environmental concerns, and the need to make cities livable, many are back on better wheels. At the heart of this turnaround
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Cities across the world are rediscovering bicycles. Pushed by increasing fuel costs, the compulsion to reduce commuting time, environmental concerns, and the need to make cities livable, many are back on better wheels. At the heart of this turnaround story is the widely popular Velib bicycle sharing system in Paris. Its success has been infectious: Montreal, Bogota, Hanghzou and many other cities have embraced cycling. Velib completed its fifth anniversary recently and its impressive journey offers an opportunity to reflect on the state of Indian cities. Public cycle sharing systems have been in existence in Europe since 1965, but its scale, design and convenience make the Paris system stand apart. As a result, more than 300,000 trips are made every day using cycles with an average speed of 15 km an hour — better than the speed of crawling cars on choked Indian roads. The world today, as the mayor of a French city observed, is divided into two: cities that have bicycle networks and others who want it. Where does that leave Indian cities? They belong to a third category: directionless.
Despite a high user base, Indian cities have no plans for cycles. For example, Delhiites make 2.8 million trips a day by cycling, which is almost equ
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The Law Merchant and International Trade
APRIL 21, 2011 by PETER T. LEESON, DANIEL J. SMITH
Is the State necessary for flourishing international trade? Conventional wisdom thinks so. According to
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The Law Merchant and International Trade
APRIL 21, 2011 by PETER T. LEESON, DANIEL J. SMITH
Is the State necessary for flourishing international trade? Conventional wisdom thinks so. According to that wisdom, private international commerce would wither without intergovernmental treaties, State courts dealing with international affairs, and State-crafted legal practices for international merchants. Some commentators have gone so far as to suggest that a world legal system is needed to ensure the continual growth of international commerce.
Superficially, at least, the idea that State involvement might be indispensable for international trade seems sensible. Without it, how could merchants from different legal systems—not to mention cultures, languages, and religions—make binding contracts, providing the security they need to trade with persons beyond their nations’ borders? Without a world court for private international commercial agreements, what law would take precedence in commercial disputes? Which nation’s courts would handle merchants’ disagreements? And how could merchants secure a fair hearing in the courts of their adversaries? Without a supranational legal system, or at least national governments’ cooperation, these and myriad other potential problems stemming from commercial conflicts between parties from different countries would seem insurmountable.
Yet private parties have surmounted these problems—without government. International trade first took off under a private international legal system called the lex mercatoria, or Law Merchant. It continues to thrive under private legal arrangements today.
In the eleventh century Europeans discovered agricultural improvements that could sustain a larger population. The growing population increasingly migrated to urban areas. In these cities a new class of merchants was born. Merchants across Europe were separated by language, distance, and local law. To facilitate trade, they needed a common set of commercial rules. Out of that need the Law Merchant was born.
The Law Merchant was a purely informal body of law. It developed out of merchants’ international commercial customs and shared legal notions. Roman law (the ius gentium) provided many of these notions, which merchants modified to meet their special needs, as Bruce L. Benson pointed out in “The Spontaneous Evolution of Commercial Law” (Southern Economic Journal, 1989.)
In its early days the Law Merchant relied entirely on private adjudication and enforcement. Merchants conducted much of early international trade at fairs throughout Europe. At these fairs local authorities performed regular activities, such as preventing violence, but they didn’t normally adjudicate disputes between international traders.
Nor did authorities enforce the terms of private commercial contracts. International merchants formed their own courts for this purpose and applied their own law to these cases. Merchants’ courts came to be called “dusty feet courts” because of the condition of merchants’ shoes as they busily traveled between commercial fairs. In these courts merchants acted as judges, deciding the disputes of fellow traders on the basis of shared customs. Merchant courts enforced their decisions privately by threatening noncompliant traders with a loss of reputation and merchant-community ostracism.
Advantages of the Lex Mercatoria
Medieval international merchants used the lex mercatoria’s private system of international commercial governance instead of government for several reasons. First, they desired speedy dispute resolution. Disrupting business to resolve contractual disagreements was costly. The Law Merchant minimized costs by eschewing the formality of State court proceedings. Merchant courts’ flexible rules of evidence, “[o]ral proceedings, informal testimony of witnesses and unwritten judicial decision-making” hastened the judicial process for time-pressed international traders, according to Leon Trakman’s The Law Merchant: The Evolution of Commercial Law.
The Law Merchant further reduced the time required to resolve disputes by simplifying the process of international trade, limiting the kinds of conflicts that might require resolution. For example, the system dispensed with agents’ need to obtain formal authorization from their principals to conduct trade with third parties, entirely eliminating a large source of potential trade-related disputes. The Law Merchant also dispensed with the need for official notarization to transfer debts between parties. This reduced the cost of international commercial transactions and precluded another important locus of potential contractual conflict.
Second, merchants used the Law Merchant’s private governance system because it provided neutral third-party dispute resolution. Using one disputant’s State court would’ve been undesirable from the other disputant’s perspective. Traders would’ve quite reasonably feared “home-court bias” from foreign judges. By taking dispute resolution out of either disputant’s home court, the Law Merchant secured international traders against this concern.
Third, unlike State courts, which were operated by bureaucrats, the Law Merchant’s courts were operated predominantly by merchants themselves. This was a great benefit to international traders. Who could better understand the intricacies of international commercial contracts, correctly detect fault, and assign reasonable remedies th
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Urging Colombo to rebuild railway to north evokes 143-year-old debate
A group of politicians, academics and NGO workers in the South including some Tamils and Muslims of southern orientation, while urging implementation of several LLRC recommendations in
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Urging Colombo to rebuild railway to north evokes 143-year-old debate
A group of politicians, academics and NGO workers in the South including some Tamils and Muslims of southern orientation, while urging implementation of several LLRC recommendations in consultation with the TNA, and at the same time urging demilitarisation and political solution based on devolution, concluded their signed statement on Friday, wondering it was “hard to understand delay in rebuilding the railway to the north – a one time artery of commerce and people movement.” The perception of the model of ‘integration’ with the Colombo-based system, evokes 143-year-old debate on ‘the tale of two cities’, started by the then British Government Agent in Jaffna, Sir William Twynham, whether the railway makes Jaffna independent or dependent of Colombo. Twynham in his time rather preferred to develop the external trade of the ports in Jaffna and land-link them with the rest of the island.
Further comments from an academic in Jaffna follow:
The railway has come to then British Ceylon in 1864.
The British colonial focus of the railway was linking their latest conquest in the island, Kandy, and the plantations in the hill country to facilitate the export of tea.
The immediate economic victim was Batticaloa, because until then the produce of the tea estates were largely exported through the Batticaloa port in the east of the country of Eezham Tamils.
But the British Government Agent Twynham in Jaffna was thinking in terms of the people of the land he was administering.
In 1869, Twynham built the Punnaalai causeway, linking the Kayts harbour with the rest of the island to improve the local economic independence and external trade that was at that time based on tobacco.
Long caravans of bullock carts starting from the Kayts harbour with commercial items coming in return from as far as Bengal, were taken to the south for trade.
Twynham, who loved the country and people he was administering, strongly argued with the British colonial office against linking Jaffna with Colombo by railway. Twynham retired in 1896, he chose to spend even his retirement life in Jaffna and died in Jaffna.
Twynham was proved right when the railway finally came to Jaffna with commodities coming from Colombo. The ports of Jaffna were closed and became ghost towns. The traders became subordinates by having their shops in the south – to be chased away after every pogrom and then to plead for their return, and not for their national rights. Others who continued with their ancient profession became ‘smugglers’.
The then leading politician of the north, who saw to it that a railway station was built at I’nuvil to facilitate his travels from Colombo, heralded a paradigm of ‘Colombo-Tamils’ deciding the polity of Eezham Tamils.
Now, we see a trend of Sinhala capital coming to the north with military protection and colonial enclaves for further subordination of the nation of Eezham Tamils. The diaspora is not allowed an independent entry to its land for investment. The forces of Colombo-centric thinking are keen in even luring the diaspora into the pattern. The railway, following its long colonial tradition, is now to enhance the agenda of the new colonial masters.
India could have helped the situation by swiftly opening the ports and trade in the north, by developing an appropriate communication through Naakappaddinam, Point Calimere and Athiraam-paddinam and by insisting on Colombo for the development of east coast link of Batticaloa and Trincomalee with Point Pedro. But New Delhi doesn’t want to do it, while its politicians in Tamil Nadu brag about the Thooththukkudi–Colombo ferry.
What is pricking to a Tamil mind is that the signatories of the statement who worry about “people movement” between Colombo and Jaffna have shown no concern at all about people movement within the nation of Eezham Tamils along the eastern and western coasts. Eezham Tamils are long deprived of this ‘people movement’ within their own nation, as Colombo has been deliberately sitting on it.
The formation of a civil society movement based on the grassroot organizations of the north and east has become a pricking problem for some of the Tamil minds seeking space but can’t conceive anything beyond the Colombo-centric life of subjugation, and have been conditioned to remain so, by forces inside and outside of the island. One could see that in the mushrooming Colombo-based Tamil signatories claiming ‘civil society’, but belonging to only certain families and esoteric groups.
Once a section of the elite and affluent of the Eezham Tamil nation bases its property, interests, professional opportunities and orientation of outlook in Colombo, its concern about the liberation of its nation is bound only to the extent of bringing in equilibrium to suit its interests, wi
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Salt Lake Temple
|Salt Lake Temple|
Salt Lake Temple is the centerpiece of the 10-acre (4.0 ha) Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah.
|Dedication||6 April 1893
|Site||
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Salt Lake Temple
|Salt Lake Temple|
Salt Lake Temple is the centerpiece of the 10-acre (4.0 ha) Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah.
|Dedication||6 April 1893
|Site||10 acres (4 hectares)|
|Floor area||253,015 sq ft (23,506 m2)|
|Height||222 ft (68 m)|
|Preceded by||Manti Utah Temple|
|Followed by||Laie Hawaii Temple|
|Official website • News & images|
Coordinates: The Salt Lake Temple is the largest of more than 140 temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). It is the sixth temple completed by the church, requiring 40 years to complete, and the fourth operating temple built since the Mormon exodus from Nauvoo, Illinois.
The Salt Lake Temple is the centerpiece of the 10-acre (4.0 ha) Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah. Like other LDS temples it is considered sacred by the church and its members and a temple recommend is required to enter, so there are no public tours. The church permitted Life to publish the first public photographs of the building's interior in 1938. The temple grounds are open to the public and are a popular tourist attraction. Due to its location at LDS Church headquarters and its historical significance, it is patronized by Latter-day Saints from many parts of the world. The Salt Lake Temple is also the location of the weekly meetings of the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. As such, there are special meeting rooms in the building for these purposes, including the Holy of Holies, which are not present in other temples.
The official name of the Salt Lake Temple is also unique. In 1999, as the building of LDS temples accelerated, the church announced a formal naming convention for all existing and future temples. For temples located in the United States and Canada, the name of the temple is generally the city or town in which the temple is located, followed by the name of the applicable state or province (with no comma). For temples outside of the U.S. and Canada, the name of the temple is generally the city name (as above) followed by the name of the country. However, for reasons on which the church did not elaborate, the Salt Lake Temple was made an exception to the new guidelines and was not renamed the Salt Lake City Utah Temple. The Provo City Center Temple, currently under construction, is the only other temple that does not follow the naming convention.
The temple also includes some elements thought to evoke Solomon's Temple at Jerusalem. It is oriented towards Jerusalem and the large basin used as a baptismal font is mounted on the backs of twelve oxen as was the brazen sea in Solomon's Temple (see Chronicles 4:2-4). However, the literal interpretation of the Biblical verses has been disputed.At the east end of the building, the height of the center pinnacle to the base of the angel Moroni is 210 feet, or 120 cubits, making this Temple 20 cubits taller than the Temple of Solomon.
The temple is located in downtown Salt Lake City, with several mountain peaks close by. Nearby, a shallow stream, City Creek, splits and flows both to the west and to the south, flowing into the Jordan River. There is a wall around the 10-acre (4.0 ha) temple site. The surrounding wall became the first permanent structure on what has become known as Temple Square. The wal
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Sever’s Disease, calcaneal apophysitis, is a common and painful condition experienced by growing children.
The site of the pain is the calcaneal epiphysis (white arrow in x-ray). This is the growth plate of
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Sever’s Disease, calcaneal apophysitis, is a common and painful condition experienced by growing children.
The site of the pain is the calcaneal epiphysis (white arrow in x-ray). This is the growth plate of the heel bone. This area is also the attachment of the Achilles tendon. Pain may result in inability to bear weight on the heel; resulting in a “toe walking” gait. Physical activities that involve running and jumping can make the pain worsen.
This condition is most common in children between 10 and 14 years of age. It is very similar to Osgood-Schlatters Disease seen in the knee.
Pain is felt in the back of the heel. Some shoes may make the pain worsen due to pressure on the sore heel. In some cases there may be pain that “wraps” around the heel, ending on the bottom of the foot near the beginning of the arch of the foot. This is due to the anatomy of the area. The Achilles Tendon does not end at the calcaneus but continues around and completes its insertion on the bottom of the bone where the long arch of the foot begins.
As with Osgood-Schlatters, Severs is caused by increased shearing forces on the growth plate. This causes mild swelling in the area and pain. As stated earlier, sports participation will worsen the symptoms, but they will often subside when activities are stopped.
Due to
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Aug. 15, 2011 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) sufferers are at an increased risk of dying due to cardiovascular disease. A new five year study published in BioMed Central's open access journal Arthritis Research & Therapy showed that
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Aug. 15, 2011 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) sufferers are at an increased risk of dying due to cardiovascular disease. A new five year study published in BioMed Central's open access journal Arthritis Research & Therapy showed that the risk of cardiovascular disease for people with RA is due to disease-related inflammation as well as the risk factors which affect the general population. Treatment of arthritis with disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) also reduced the patient's risk of heart disease.
Over 400 people with RA were followed from date of diagnosis for five years. Progression of their disease was measured using chemical markers of inflammation and physical appearance. Treatment regimes were monitored along with risk factors for heart disease, including weight, cholesterol levels, blood pressure, diabetes and smoking.
After five years, 97% of the patients had been treated with DMARDs, reducing both the chemical markers of inflammation and the physical appearance of their arthritis. Patients were also looking after themselves better -- fewer patients were smokers and their BMI, and blood pressure, had reduced (due in part to treatment for high blood pressure).
Analysis of the patient data revealed that a new cardiovascular event such as heart disease, stroke or DVT could be predicted by intensity of their arthritis and by presence of diabetes, high blood pressure, and the level of triglycerides. Encouragingly treatment with DMARDs decreased the
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Prashant Jha, assistant professor and weed scientist at the research center, suspects the resistant kochia population is also growing in Rudyard, Inverness, and Joplin.
"Kochia is the most troublesome weed in
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Prashant Jha, assistant professor and weed scientist at the research center, suspects the resistant kochia population is also growing in Rudyard, Inverness, and Joplin.
"Kochia is the most troublesome weed in wheat-fallow cropping systems because it spreads so quickly and now has developed a resistance to glyphosate - commonly known as Roundup," Jha said.
This is the first report of glyphosate-resistant kochia in Montana.
"It is critical information for farmers across the state to know we have confirmed this resistant strain of kochia," said Jha, who has been studying herbicide-resistant weeds at the center for several years. According to Jha, the weeds developed a resistance to the herbicide where farmers relied solely on glyphosate for burn-down weed control in fallow or prior-to-wheat planting under wheat-fallow cropping systems.
Until now glyphosate has been effective for kochia control as a cost-effective weed control program in fallow. However, growers in Montana have expressed concern about controlling kochia in the past, but this year has been devastating with crop infestation rates as high as 70 percent in some fields north of Gilford and Hingham, Jha said.
In chem-fallow fields, some growers were spraying 24 to 32 ounces of Roundup alone with at least three applications and those fields had the most severe infestation. On the other hand, those growers using Roundup (24 to 28 oz/a) two to three times in combination (tank-mix) with 4 to 6 oz/a of Banvel and/or 10 to12 oz/a of LV6 (2,4-D) had lower infestation levels, but the weed was still evident. It appears Roundup by itself even at the high rates has no control over the kochia. The other combinations are taking the weed down but do not appear to be killing the weed completely.
The infested fields were within a 50-mile radius of Canada. Jha is advising growers that this problem will grow if not quickly managed. There are alternative herbicide programs that can control kochia, he said.
Jha and his research team will collect seed samples from grower this fall to confirm the level of resistance in kochia populations. Jha's research falls into three areas: screening for herbicide resistant weed biotypes, investigating mechanisms for resistance, and exploring alternative strategies for fighting the resistance. At the Huntley center, researchers are concerned many herbicides previously used in Montana are no longer effective. Previous research confirmed wild oats, Persian darnel, and Russian thistle are herbicide resistant.
Jha also advised growers to avoid using Roundup in their burndown program. The use of high rates may aggravate the problem even more as plants develop higher levels of resistance. Rotating herbicides and using tank-mixes with multiple modes of action should manage the problem. Jha suggested growers immediately use alternative burndown herbicides like paraquat (Gramoxone) to clean up their chem-fallow fields before the kochia plants produce seeds this year.
"Managing the resistant seedbank is critical to managing this problem," Jha said.
Some growers not under the Conservation Stewardship program were also told to use shovel-plows to get rid of the resistant kochia prior to planting winter wheat.
MSU research and Extension personnel will work closely with agriculture and industry professionals to resolve this problem, Jha said.
"We will conduct grower meetings fall and winter across the state to educate growers on herbicide-resistant kochia management," he said.
Glyphosate-resistant Kochia could also be a major concern in Montana sugar beet fields, because more than 99 percent of sugar beets grown in Montana are Roundup-ready and growers rely solely on glyphosate for weed control. Jha recommended an integrated weed management (IWM) program to prevent the spread of herbicide-resistant weeds.
Jha advises growers to apply herbicides at the rate suggested by the manufacturer and to use a tank mixture which includes multiple herbicide products. Jha's research involves evaluating new herbicide chemistries, optimizing herbicide tank-mixes, and studying application timing and rate in diversified crops grown in Montana.
Jha suggested using soil-applied residual herbicides at, or prior to, planting can potentially reduce weed bank recruitment and reduce weed interference, especially early in the season.
Diversifying crop rotations are also a critical component to IWM, and scientists at the SARC recommend rotating pulse crops such as peas and lentils - especially where growers have traditionally relied on wheat fallow rotations. Jha also advises high see
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Definition of Corticosteroid
Corticosteroid: Any of the steroid hormones made by the outer portion (cortex) of the adrenal gland. There are two sets of these hormones: the glucocorticoids, which are produced in
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Definition of Corticosteroid
Corticosteroid: Any of the steroid hormones made by the outer portion (cortex) of the adrenal gland. There are two sets of these hormones: the glucocorticoids, which are produced in reaction to stress and also help in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins; and the mineralocorticoids, which regulate the balance of salt and water within the body.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 3/19/2012
Find out what women really need.
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Lifelong learning is the concept that "It's never too soon or too late for learning", a philosophy that has taken root in a whole host
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Lifelong learning is the concept that "It's never too soon or too late for learning", a philosophy that has taken root in a whole host of different organizations.
Lifelong learning sees citizens provided with learning opportunities at all ages and in numerous contexts: at work, at home and through leisure activities, not just through formal channels such as school and higher education.
Lifelong education is a form of pedagogy often accomplished through distance learning or e-learning, continuing education, home schooling or correspondence courses. It also includes postgraduate programs for those who want to improve their qualification, bring their skills up to date or retrain for a new line of work. Internal corporate training has similar goals.
Sometimes it aims to provide educational opportunities outside standard educational systems — which can be cost-prohibitive, if available at all.
One of the reasons why lifelong education has become so important is the acceleration of scientific and technological progress. Despite the increased duration of primary, secondary and university education (14-18 years depending on the country), the knowledge and skills acquired there are usually not sufficient for a professional career spanning three or four decades.
More importantly, lifelong learning is attitudinal; that one can and should be open to new ideas, decisions, skills or behaviors. Lifelong learning throws the axiom "You can't teach an old dog new tricks" out the door.
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The National Park Service regards the use of historic contexts as a foundation for the preservation planning process, yet there appears to be a disconnect between the creation of historic contexts and their use by local planners. Preliminary inquiries suggest that the role of contexts in
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The National Park Service regards the use of historic contexts as a foundation for the preservation planning process, yet there appears to be a disconnect between the creation of historic contexts and their use by local planners. Preliminary inquiries suggest that the role of contexts in the planning process is not clearly understood, and that the purpose and usefulness of historic contexts themselves are not clear to those that rely on them. This confusion has led many to assume that contexts are of secondary importance, to be developed after the completion of physical resource inventories and then only as time allows. This paper will look at the current role of historic contexts in the preservation planning process and how their usefulness as a framework for a broader perspective of the planning landscape may also increase the overall effectiveness of preservation planning.
Read the full report
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Yellowstone’s geothermally influenced plant communities contain species that must be able to tolerate a wide range of conditions. Although most of these species are widespread in range and occur at diverse elevations, not all of them are common. A unique
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Yellowstone’s geothermally influenced plant communities contain species that must be able to tolerate a wide range of conditions. Although most of these species are widespread in range and occur at diverse elevations, not all of them are common. A unique grass of the geyser basins is Agrostis rossiae. This species is highly restricted in range, growing in “vapor dominated” sites in the thermal areas, such as crack systems, the walls of thermal springs, or geothermally influenced depressions. Together, the widespread species and the local endemic form an interesting plant community in the geothermal areas.
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Rhinoceros horn in the National Museum of Ireland – Natural History
Four rhinoceros heads were stolen from premises of the National Museum of Ireland late in the evening of Wednesday 17 April 2013. A security guard was over
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Rhinoceros horn in the National Museum of Ireland – Natural History
Four rhinoceros heads were stolen from premises of the National Museum of Ireland late in the evening of Wednesday 17 April 2013. A security guard was overpowered by a number of raiders and tied up but has not been injured. He managed to free himself and notify Gardaí who are investigating the robbery.
The stolen rhinoceros heads have a total of eight horns that have probably been taken to supply the illegal trade in powdered horn that is used in traditional medicines in the Far East. Their price is based on weight and the total amount stolen could have a street value in the region of €500,000.
Rhinoceros horns have been taken from rhinos poached in the wild for many years and several species of rhino have been brought to the edge of extinction because of this. In recent years, thieves have turned to museums and private collections that include rhino taxidermy and artworks that include rhino horn. Many museums have taken rhinoceros horn off display as a result. The National Museum of Ireland took the decision to remove all rhinoceros horn from display and the stolen specimens were placed in storage over a year ago. Currently there are no rhinoceros horns on display in the National Museum of Ireland – Natural History.
FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT:
Nigel Monaghan, Keeper, Natural History Division, National Museum of Ireland
T: 01 6486354 | M: 087 7985570 | E: [email protected]
Maureen Gaule, Marketing Department
T: 01 648 6429 | M: 087 2075133 | E: [email protected]
Bernie Byron, Marketing Department
T: 094 903 1773 | M: 087 798 7439 | E: [email protected]
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Birds add interest, movement, color and even beautiful sounds to our gardens. Many species also feed on insects, and this can help hold down populations of pests that can damage plants.
Because of this, gardeners often put out feeders to
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Birds add interest, movement, color and even beautiful sounds to our gardens. Many species also feed on insects, and this can help hold down populations of pests that can damage plants.
Because of this, gardeners often put out feeders to attract birds. Some even design and plant landscapes that are particularly attractive to birds in an effort to make up for the loss of natural habitat facing many bird species.
So, what can we do to encourage birds to live in our landscapes?
The primary features of an inviting landscape are shelter, nesting sites, water and food.
Although people often provide food and water, shelter and nesting sites easily can be overlooked.
If birds can't find natural shelter near the food and water sources you supply, they may be tempted to look elsewhere. If you can provide a place for birds to nest, you'll have the pleasure of seeing them frequently at close range and have the advantage of allies in the control of insects.
A number of birds will nest in trees and large shrubs, although each species shows a strong preference for the specific elevation at which it feeds and nests.
This is apparent in natural forests, where some birds sing and feed in the high canopy level but nest in the lower canopy. Others may feed on the ground, nest in shrubs and sing from the highest trees. These bird movements demonstrate that a multilevel planting design is important.
Adding levels to a landscape creates more leaves, stems, nooks and crannies on which birds can nest, feed and sing. The use of various sizes of shrubs and small as well as larger trees planted in masses or groups will achieve this in a landscape design.
Build a house
Shelter for nesting may also be provided with birdhouses or bird boxes. These structures, if built properly to specific dimensions and located in the right spots, can provide nesting sites for birds that would rarely find suitable sites in urban areas.
Birds that nest in the cavities of dead trees, for instance, will find few sites available, as dead trees are quickly removed from urban landscapes. Birds such as purple martins, house finches, woodpeckers, robins and Eastern bluebirds, to name a few, would use bird houses.
If birds ignore the houses you've installed, make sure you have done everything correctly as to the dimensions and location of the houses -- and then be patient. (Birds will rarely use decorative houses.)
Even if prepared properly, a brand-new house may be viewed at first with suspicion. Once it's weathered a bit, birds are more likely to accept it.
Fall would be a good time to put up bird houses, as they would have some time to weather before the birds start to look for them next spring.
Include wherever possible in your landscape plants that produce fruit that birds will eat, such as native hollies, cherry laurel and hawthorns (Crataegus species).
However, putting out bird feeders is an increasingly popular option.
When setting up a feeding station, be sure you are willing to make a commitment to maintain a dependable food supply and to keep the health and safety of the birds in mind.
Seeds may be purchased by individual varieties or in mixed form. What and how you buy
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Understanding and Counteracting the Obesogenic Work Environment
By Suzanne Nobrega, CPH-NEW Director of Outreach and Dissemination, UMass Lowell
In the United States, obesity is a major public health problem, with about two of
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Understanding and Counteracting the Obesogenic Work Environment
By Suzanne Nobrega, CPH-NEW Director of Outreach and Dissemination, UMass Lowell
In the United States, obesity is a major public health problem, with about two of every three Americans overweight or obese1. Obesity is associated with heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, osteoarthritis, depression and other chronic health conditions. Employers pay a large share of the associated health and productivity costs2. In response, many employers focus on weight management as a core focus of company-sponsored health improvement programs.
Worksite interventions to address the problem of overweight and obesity are commonly designed to improve personal lifestyle factors that directly contribute to energy imbalance. Program components typically incorporate education, skill-building, and policy and environmental supports to improve diet and physical activity levels of employees. Effectiveness depends on high levels of program intensity and employee participation, and the weight loss achieved is often modest and difficult to sustain3. There is little or no focus on the physical and psychosocial conditions of work, even though these may be important drivers of weight gain.
Work-related predictors of weight gain—workplace “obesogens”
Organizational stressors can play an important role in the development of overweight, either through direct impacts on behavioral or metabolic processes, or indirectly as a consequence of illness or injury. Examples of specific work organization features associated with overweight include sedentary work (low activity leads to energy imbalance), shift work (disrupted/limited sleep produces changes in satiety/appetite, metabolism, insulin sensitivity), long shifts (12 hours on the job increases dependence on on-site foods), and job stress (alters eating patterns, lowers physical activity, increases injury risk, contributes to depression)4,5,6.
Workplace safety and environmental hazards can also trigger changes in behavior and biology that lead to overweight. Exposures to chemical endocrine disruptors (such as pesticides and plastics)
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GRAVITY represents a shift away from processed packaged foods, towards healthy raw ingredients and making your own meals. The objective is to help children adopt improved eating habits and attitudes towards nutrition at a young age so they are able to maintain a healthy diet
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GRAVITY represents a shift away from processed packaged foods, towards healthy raw ingredients and making your own meals. The objective is to help children adopt improved eating habits and attitudes towards nutrition at a young age so they are able to maintain a healthy diet in later life. Its mix and measure system facilitates new experiences with food, educates about common preparation methods, ingredients and practices. Combining separate ingredients through gravity assisted mixing is a novel approach to baking or cooking for the child.
The ingredients in the cup drop into the bowl through an intuitive twist action. The twisting form of the cups is a visual cue alluding to a twist interaction. Incorporating elements of play, the bowl can be mixed actively by spinning or shaking on a curved base. The advantage is in the ability for parent and child to measure, mix and test food combinations together, ensuring experimentation and exploration with food as a joint activity. The ability to measure an ingredient before combining into a mixing bowl teaches the child about portion size and quantity.
Gravity Food Preparation System is a James Dyson ADA Entry.
Designer: André Taris
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From The Economist:
The humble shipping container is a powerful antidote to economic pessimism and fears of slowing innovation. Although only a simple metal box, it has transformed global trade. In fact, new research suggests that the container has been more of
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From The Economist:
The humble shipping container is a powerful antidote to economic pessimism and fears of slowing innovation. Although only a simple metal box, it has transformed global trade. In fact, new research suggests that the container has been more of a driver of globalisation than all trade agreements in the past 50 years taken together.
Containerisation is a testament to the power of process innovation. In the 1950s the world’s ports still did business much as they had for centuries. When ships moored, hordes of longshoremen unloaded “break bulk” cargo crammed into the hold. They then squeezed outbound cargo in as efficiently as possible in a game of maritime Tetris. The process was expensive and slow; most ships spent much more time tied up than plying the seas. And theft was rampant: a dock worker was said to earn “$20 a day and all the Scotch you could carry home.”
Containerisation changed everything. It was the brainchild of Malcom McLean, an American trucking magnate. He reckoned that big savings could be had by packing goods in uniform containers that could easily be moved between lorry and ship. When he tallied the costs from the inaugural journey of his first prototype container ship in 1956, he found that they came in at just $0.16 per tonne to load—compared with $5.83 per tonne for loose cargo on a standard ship. Containerisation quickly conquered the world: between 1966 and 1983 the share of countries with container ports rose from about 1% to nearly 90%, coinciding with a take-off in global trade (see chart above).
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Better Students Ask More Questions.
The Golden NotebookWhy does Anna write her political life to the red notebook? Does red...
2 Answers | add yours
High School Teacher
Of course this book uses colour incredibly significantly, and perhaps we are able to
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Better Students Ask More Questions.
The Golden NotebookWhy does Anna write her political life to the red notebook? Does red...
2 Answers | add yours
High School Teacher
Of course this book uses colour incredibly significantly, and perhaps we are able to see a rather ironic reflection on the nature of politics in Anna's choice of red for her political life. Red is a colour that we associate with blood and struggle, and clearly the way in which this section of the novel picks up on the theme of conflict in relation to politics makes this a suitable colour.
Posted by accessteacher on February 13, 2012 at 7:12 PM (Answer #2)
Middle School Teacher
Posted by litteacher8 on February 14, 2012 at 4:01 AM (Answer #3)
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BYRON -- Seventeen years ago, Tom Dixon bought a banana tree for his backyard, because he liked the tropical effect it lent to his pool.
For the first 16 years, he moved the tree to various spots in his backyard, and
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BYRON -- Seventeen years ago, Tom Dixon bought a banana tree for his backyard, because he liked the tropical effect it lent to his pool.
For the first 16 years, he moved the tree to various spots in his backyard, and cut the tree down as winter approached.
I cut it down to the ground every year, he said. I use a garden saw, because (the tree) turns to mush in winter.
Last Saturday, Dixon, 59, went to the backyard with plans to cut the tree down once again when he noticed what looked to be a patch of purple leather underneath the trees giant leaves. When he got closer, the patches turned out to be pieces of inflorescence, or what is more commonly called banana heart.
When he looked up into the branches, he saw something he had never seen on the tree before -- stalks of bananas, as well as another banana heart that has just begun the blooming process.
Bananas tend not to grow in North America -- virtually all of the bananas on sale in groceries and food markets are produced in foreign countries. While Georgias climate is perfect for peanuts and peaches, its not well-suited for bananas.
Except, for some reason, it is this year.
Dixon isnt the only one to have a banana tree bearing fruit.
Helen Nixon, 73, of Macon has had a banana tree for five years and got some bananas this year because the frost never came in. Now, she says, she has three separate bunches on the tree.
Its unusual for anywhere in Bibb County, she said. This is the first time Ive ever had bananas like this.... My grandson, who visited Costa Rica, said hes never seen a banana tree outside of Costa Rica (in the U.S.) bear fruit.
A few years ago, researchers at the University of Georgia began a program trying to grow bananas in the state. But otherwise, people who plant banana trees dont tend to expect the tree to produce something that can go into a breakfast cereal or on top of a sundae.
Not only are the banana trees bearing fruit, but they also are growing a lot larger than normal. Dixon said his tree may go 2 or 3 feet above the fence next to which it sits; this year, the tree is twice as big, nearly 20 feet tall.
Nixons tree also is taller than normal.
It just grew and grew and grew, she said.
Nixon said she plans on giving the bananas every chance to ripen, and plans to pay close attention to weather reports to see when temperatures are expected to significantly drop.
Dixon, meanwhile, said hes been researching bananas online to try to discover why his tree is suddenly fruitful, though he said his search has been pretty fruitless thus far. He said he might consult university professors who have some expertise in the field.
He plans on waiting a couple of more weeks to see how r
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Four Steps to Finding an Excellent Tutor for Your Child
Whether your child is lost in a haze of elementary grammar rules, sinking fast in a jumble of Newton's laws in middle school, or lost in the details of an AP biology class,
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Four Steps to Finding an Excellent Tutor for Your Child
Whether your child is lost in a haze of elementary grammar rules, sinking fast in a jumble of Newton's laws in middle school, or lost in the details of an AP biology class, you need help quickly, before your child falls way behind the class and never recovers. So, what exactly can you do....now?
Many frustrated parents solve this problem by hiring a tutor. However, each family has unique needs, and tutors have many degrees of know-how and caring. So it is important to know what you want, then thoroughly investigate the skill, experience, commitment and personality of the tutor.
1. Know your goals
- What level of help do we need? Does my child need homework help, intensive remediation, or something in between?
- What areas do we want to see the tutor improve: better scores in one subject (chemistry, geometry); improved general skills (math, reading, science); study skills; motivation?
- What do I know about my child's learning style? Does he learn best by reading, listening, moving, touching? Does he do better with men or women? Does he need lots of nurturing or a firm hand? What motivates and interests him?
- How much time and money can you devote to tutoring? Don't skimp, but be honest with yourself before you start.
2. Know your options
- Call your child's school counselor or teacher and share your concern. Good counselors will have met with your child and should have files on her progress throughout her school career, her scores on standardized tests, and notes on possible personality problems. Most schools have a list of registered tutors on file in the counseling office. Often it's in the form of resumes or fliers. Many times these are posted in a book for parents to look over before making a choice. Or schools may post them on a bulletin board for parents and students.
- Check out the local paper. Many good tutors list their credentials there.
- Ask friends and neighbors for ideas. Retired or "stay-at-home-parent" teachers may be willing to help out. Make sure they know the subject matter you need.
- Call your local branch of a learning center like Sylvan or Kumon. Ask if your child fits their profile. Usually they work with general problems like reading comprehension, rather than specific subjects like biology or literature.
Dollars and $ense
Unfortunately, price is often the determining factor in choosing a tutor. However, it's more important to look at value. A more expensive tutor may be a better fit for your child and may be more effective in meeting her needs. Don't rule him out because of his fees.
- What are your payment policies?
Find out in advance what forms of payment your tutor accepts, and when it is expected. Some tutors accept only cash and require payment at each session. Some will allow you to prepay a month at a time. Others may bill you for completed sessions.
- What are your cancellation policies?
While most tutors are rather flexible, some require 24-hour notice if you're going to cancel. Learn this information up front to avoid charges down the line.
3. Test your options
- Check credentials carefully. Ask questions to see how well their skills match your child's needs:
- What is your educational background? If the tutor will work on chemistry, she should have at least a college minor in chemistry. A different education is needed to teach first-grade reading.
- What type of teaching experience do you have? Look for a tutor who has worked with students similar in age and ability to your child.
- Meet with several candidates. Include your child and ask plenty of questions:
- How do you evaluate each student's needs? Find out whether the tutor will use standardized tests, school
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A Less Cloudy Future: The Role of Subtropical Subsidence in Climate Sensitivity, ApocaDocs, Arctic Ice Melt, Atmospheric Scientists John Fasullo and Kevin Trenberth, Climate Change, Climate Feedback Loops
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A Less Cloudy Future: The Role of Subtropical Subsidence in Climate Sensitivity, ApocaDocs, Arctic Ice Melt, Atmospheric Scientists John Fasullo and Kevin Trenberth, Climate Change, Climate Feedback Loops, Climate Tipping Points, Collapse of Industrial Civilization, Corporate State, Ecological Overshoot, Economic Collapse, Environmental Collapse, Extinction of Man, Imperiled Life: Revolution against Climate Catastrophe, Inverted Totalitarianism, Javier Sethness-Castro, Mass Die Off, Methane Release from Thawing Permafrost, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, Overly Conservative IPCC Estimates
As is generally known by those studying the most important issue of our time, the forecasts by the IPCC are on the conservative side with scientists overly cautious not to include predictions which may be perceived as too pessimistic. A new study in the Science Journal shows that actually the more pessimistic climate models are much more accurate:
It’s important to note that the IPCC estimates do not fully take into account feedback loops and tipping points. Below is an excerpt from “Imperiled Life: Revolution against Climate Catastrophe” by Javier Sethness-Castro (2012):
…A 2009 study on climate change performed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology–less optimistic and thus perhaps more realistic, for example, than the IPCC’s reports to date regarding the prospect of achieving significant carbon emission reductions in the near future–finds there indeed to be a chance that temperatures will increase 7.4°C (13°F) over preindustrial temperatures by the century’s end, with a 90 percent chance that the temperature increase would range between 3.5°C and 7.4°C (4.8°F-13°F).(75) The study’s authors are quick to clarify that even their decidedly bleak conclusions might be underestimates, as they, like the IPCC, do not fully account for the various feedback mechanisms that could arise given catastrophic climate change. NASA’s Dennis Bushnell, for his part, estimates that the average global temperature increase expected during this century once these feedbacks have been accounted for would amount to between 6°C and 12°C (10.5°F-21°F).(76) Warming of such apocalyptic proportions would be entirely horrific: it should be remembered that it was a 6°C (10.5°F) increase that triggered the end-Permian mass extinction.(77)
Though a matter of controversy among climatologists, there is reason to fear that overheating beyond these levels could induce a runaway greenhouse effect that would give rise to what Hansen terms “the Venus syndrome,” whereby climatic change abruptly delivers Earth to a state resembling that of Venus, where life simply cannot exist.(78)…
And another two news stories from the last few days with more ominous signs of possible acceleration into climate chaos:
I’m finding it harder to carry on with blogging about reality without compartmentalizing all this grim news into some dark recess of my brain, only to be unlocked at night when I read up on this subject. I live two lives – one in the fake world that we all mill around in like zombies in order to survive… and the other in this blog researching the coming apocalypse. No wonder the Apocadocs turned to humor to deal with this stuff.
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Kick the bucket
Q From Fred: Could you please tell me where the phrase kick the bucket originated?
A There are two main theories about this one. One suggests that the word doesn’t refer to our modern bucket at all, but to a
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Kick the bucket
Q From Fred: Could you please tell me where the phrase kick the bucket originated?
A There are two main theories about this one. One suggests that the word doesn’t refer to our modern bucket at all, but to a sixteenth century word that comes from the French buque, meaning a yoke or similar piece of wood. It is said that the word was applied in particular to the beam from which a pig was hung in order to be slaughtered. Inevitably, the pig would struggle during the process, and would kick the buque.
The expression is attested to in particular by a citation in the Oxford English Dictionary: “The beam on which a pig is suspended after he has been slaughtered is called in Norfolk, even in the present day, a ‘bucket’. Since he is suspended by his heels, the phrase to ‘kick the bucket’ came to signify to die” (I can’t give you a date, as the editors just say it comes from a “modern newspaper”, a rather sniffy annotation they used a century ago for sources not considered quite kosher. But it was probably in the 1890s).
The other explanation, much less credible, is that the bucket is the one on which a suicide stands when hanging himself — kick away the bucket and the job is done. I’ve even seen the story attached specifically to the sad end of an ostler working at an inn on the Great North Road out of London. Don’t believe a word of it.
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But what the Founding Fathers called corruption, depravity, venality, and vice, many of us would call freedom. During the War of Independence, deference to authority was shattered, a new urban culture offered previously forbidden pleasures, and sexuality
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But what the Founding Fathers called corruption, depravity, venality, and vice, many of us would call freedom. During the War of Independence, deference to authority was shattered, a new urban culture offered previously forbidden pleasures, and sexuality was loosened from its Puritan restraints. Nonmarital sex, including adultery and relations between whites and blacks, was rampant and unpunished. Divorces were frequent and easily obtained. Prostitutes plied their trades free of legal or moral prescriptions. Black slaves, Irish indentured servants, Native Americans, and free whites of all classes danced together in the streets. Pirates who frequented the port cities brought with them a way of life that embraced wild dances, nightlong parties, racial integration, and homosexuality. European visitors frequently commented on the “astonishing libertinism” of early American cities. Renegades held the upper hand in Philadelphia, Boston, New York and Charleston, and made them into the first centers of American pleasure culture. Rarely have Americans had more fun. And never have America’s leaders been less pleased about it.
But the Founding Fathers invented a way to make Americans think fun was bad. We call it democracy.
And they largely succeeded. The revolution was followed by wave after wave of moralistic legislation that cracked down on alcohol, prostitution, racial integration, fornication, contraception and pornography.
This is the paradox of American freedom: self-rule allows much greater repression than a monarchy. When the community itself is promulgating the law, it is much more effective at reining in the individual.
Russell’s idea is that American history can be viewed as a tug-of-war between these sides: those who believe that the power of the society should be used to create virtuous citizens, and those who refused to assimilate. That means he focuses on those who we label as “bad:” the shiftless, the shameless and the scandalous. It’s an interesting idea for atheists, since conventional religion is part of what makes a “good” citizen.
I recommend the book, with reservations. It’s easy to read, but uncomfortable reading. I don’t think most of us will react badly to seeing the mafia or pirates viewed in a positive light. His arguments that prostitution was sometimes a positive force for woman’s rights seem harder to swallow. And his chapters on slavery, showing how slaves made the institution work for them, come a little too close to the “slavery wasn’t that bad” arguments of the southern apologists.
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U.S. Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2002 - Venezuela
|Publisher||United States Department of State|
|Publication Date||31 March 2003|
|Cite as||United States Department of State, U
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U.S. Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2002 - Venezuela
|Publisher||United States Department of State|
|Publication Date||31 March 2003|
|Cite as||United States Department of State, U.S. Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2002 - Venezuela, 31 March 2003, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3e918c3c14.html [accessed 8 December 2013]|
|Disclaimer||This is not a UNHCR publication. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR, the United Nations or its Member States.|
Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
March 31, 2003
Venezuela is a constitutional democracy with a president and unicameral legislature in which citizens periodically choose their representatives in free and fair multiparty elections. In addition to the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government, the Constitution provides for a "Citizen Power" branch of government – which includes the Ombudsman, the Public Prosecutor, and the Controller General – and an "Electoral Power" branch, the National Electoral Council (CNE). In July 2000, following a long and controversial process, voters elected President Hugo Chavez of the Fifth Republic Movement (MVR) in generally free and fair elections. The MVR and the pro-Chavez Movimiento a Socialismo (MAS) party won 92 seats in the 165-member legislature. Subsequent party splits reduced the pro-Chavez members to 84 seats. In December 2000, the National Assembly appointed members of the Citizen Power and Supreme Court in a manner that many observers criticized as unconstitutional. The civilian judiciary is legally independent; however, it was highly inefficient and sometimes corrupt, and judges at all levels were subject to influence from a number of sources, including the executive branch.
In April the country experienced a temporary alteration of constitutional order. When an estimated 400,000 to 600,000 persons participated in a march in downtown Caracas to demand President Chavez's resignation, gunfire broke out, resulting in as many as 18 deaths and more than 100 injuries, with dead and injured on both sides. Military officers took President Chavez into custody, and opposition business leader Pedro Carmona proclaimed himself as interim president. On April 14, troops loyal to Chavez returned him to power.
On December 2, the political opposition called a national work stoppage to protest the Government and for the resignation of President Chavez. On December 4, the petroleum sector joined the stoppage, which continued at year's end.
The security apparatus includes civilian and military elements, both accountable to elected authorities. Active and retired military officers held high-ranking government positions. Two of the 14 members of the President's Cabinet were retired career military officers. The presidents of two major state-owned corporations – Corporacion Venezolana de Guayana and CITGO – were active duty military officers. The military was involved heavily with public service projects. The Defense Ministry controls the General Directorate for Military Intelligence (DIM), which is responsible for collecting intelligence related to national security and sovereignty. The National Guard, an active branch of the military, has arrest powers and is largely responsible for maintaining public order, guarding the exterior of key government installations and prisons, conducting counternarcotics operations, monitoring borders, and providing law enforcement in remote areas. The Interior and Justice Ministry controls the Investigative and Criminal Police Corps (CICPC), which conducts most criminal investigations, and the Directorate for Intelligence and Prevention Services (DISIP), which is primarily responsible for investigating cases of corruption, subversion, and arms trafficking. Municipal mayors and state governors are responsible for local and state police forces, and maintain independence from the central Government. Often, mayors and governors look to the National Guard for the top leadership for state and municipal police forces. The Caracas Metropolitan Police is the main civilian police force in the five municipalities that form the Federal District and was headed by a career police officer, rather than a military officer. The Government intervened in the administration of the Metropolitan Police in November, alleging that the police force was repressing pro-government protests. The issue was not resolved at year-end. While civilian authorities generally maintained effective control over security forces, members of the security forces committed numerous and serious human rights abuses during the year.
The country has abundant natural resources and a market-based economy; however, the vast majority of natural resource extraction and production was done by entities owned and operated wholly or in part by the Government. The country's population was approximately 24.9 million. Oil accounted for 26 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), 48 percent of government revenues, and 80 percent of the country's exports in 2001. Following economic growth of 2.8 percent in 2001, the country experienced a severe economic crisis. Severe political unrest disrupted productivity and discouraged investment. The Government faced a strong recession with negative growth of 7.1 percent in the first half of the ye
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CBSE AND AIPMT: GENERAL PRINCIPLE FOR EXTRACTION
A skill based test on the topic to excel the student as per the pattern of CBSE for the preparation of AISSCE and AIPMT. The test excludes the
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CBSE AND AIPMT: GENERAL PRINCIPLE FOR EXTRACTION
A skill based test on the topic to excel the student as per the pattern of CBSE for the preparation of AISSCE and AIPMT. The test excludes the problem of writing skill in the students. It also scaffolds to structure the writing pattern of the conceptual questions. Concepts included in the Question paper help the student to identify the preparation and potential at that instance.
Your Facebook Friends on WizIQ
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Author: Martin Evans, Joshua Noble and Jordan Hochenbaum
Audience: Intermediate level Arduino enthusiasts
Reviewer: Harry Fairhead
Another book on the Arduino - can this one add anything to the growing literature on the subject?
The Arduino is
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Author: Martin Evans, Joshua Noble and Jordan Hochenbaum
Audience: Intermediate level Arduino enthusiasts
Reviewer: Harry Fairhead
Another book on the Arduino - can this one add anything to the growing literature on the subject?
The Arduino is an easy to use microcontroller and there are lots of books that are targeted at the beginner but very few suitable for the intermediate to advanced user. The big problem for any book on Arduino is that the reader needs to be told about hardware and software, and it is difficult to know how much of an expert they are in each topic.
Part 1 is a beginner's look at the Arduino but this isn't pitched at the lowest possible level. For example, most introductions to the Arduino show you how to flash an LED, and so does this book. Why not as it's the "hello world" of this sort of programming? However, most of the introductions don't bother to explain how to calculate the current limiting resistor - this book does. As a result it is most likely to be helpful to the reader who already knows something about electronics.
By the end of chapter 2 we have flashed five LEDs, looked at the problem of using switches including the debounce problem and constructed a simple reaction timer. Chapter 3 introduces analog and works toward building a 5-tone piano. This isn't a fast pace, but is faster than most books on the Arduino manage.
Part 2 of the book starts to look around at the wider Arduino ecosystem. Chapter 4 is a good overview of the standard libraries that you can use with your projects - SD cards, Ethernet, LCD, servos, stepper motors, SPI, two wire and full serial. It also takes a quicker look at the standard shields that are available.
Each of the subsequent chapters goes into more detail on a specific topic. Chapter 5 focuses on using motors - DC, Stepper, Servo and brushless DC. Chapter 6 is about object detection using ultrasonic, infrared range finding and PIR. Chapter 7 is on LCD displays. Chapter 8 is a big one on all sorts of communication topics - Ethernet, the Arduino as a web server, connecting to Twitter, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, SPI and data logging.
Chapter 9 is the first of two on using the Arduino with other devices. It explains how to work with the Wii Nunchuk controller and the Xbox. Chapter 10 is about working with iOS and the iPhone. It's a shame there is nothing about using the Arduino with Android - this is perhaps the book's biggest omission.
Chapter 11 is on wearables - the LillyPad wearable version of the Arduino in particular. This seems to be an area that a lot of people are working in and having a lot of fun with at the moment. Chapter 12 explains how shields work with the idea that you might like to build your own. It also looks in detail at the Adafruit motor shield. Chapter 13 is about using existing large software systems with the Arduino including writing programs in Python that interfaces via the serial port.
This is not a book for the complete beginner, or any reader needing a lot of hand-holding. However, it isn't a book that needs you to be an expert at electronics or programming. You need to be able to read a simple circuit diagram, use a breadboard and be happy that now and again you are going to smell burning, even when the soldering iron is off. It also expects you to be able to program - although none of the code is particularly difficult and it is usually easy to follow. Perhaps the best aspect of the book is the way that it gives you a good idea of the entire Arduino system including the software libraries and some of the shields. It can't be complete because there's a lot of esoteric and less well known software and hardware out there.
So, with the proviso that this is not for the complete beginner - yes go and buy a copy. It's fun and tells you many things that you won't find in other books on the Arduino.
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On Thursday, 13th July, in Sothebys
London sale of Victorian and Edwardian Art, a newly discovered drawing by John William Waterhouse (1849‐1917) will spearhead the selection of works on paper.
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On Thursday, 13th July, in Sothebys
London sale of Victorian and Edwardian Art, a newly discovered drawing by John William Waterhouse (1849‐1917) will spearhead the selection of works on paper. Unrecorded in the literature on the artist, the charcoal study of Flora comes to the market following the recent Waterhouse retrospective at the Royal Academy in London and in the Netherlands and Canada. Floras mythology appears to have obsessed Waterhouse. There are several paintings by the artist that depict her specifically, such as Flora and the Zephyrs and Boreas, and this beautiful drawing relates to the central figure in Flora and the Zephyrs. Few drawings of this quality by the artist survive and, although ostensibly depicting a nymph of Roman mythology, it captures the real and tangible beauty of the young girl who posed for it. Energetic, confident and expressive, Flora reveals Waterhouses remarkable technical skill and prowess as a draughtsman. It is estimated at £70,000‐100,000.
The immediate connotation of Flora, established over many centuries, is the connection between women, flowers, the fertility of nature and the pagan idea of rebirth. Here, Flora is shown holding her hair as it is lifted by the winds gentle gusts, as personified by Zephyr. Zephyr first fell in love with the nymph as she gathered flowers, and he flew down with his winged companions to carry her away with a girdle made of white roses. Waterhouse imparts his subject with an erotic charge, in keeping with the powerful sexual element that gives his most successful works their compelling attraction.
In the same sale, a rediscovered painting by William Frederick Yeames (1835‐1918) has not been seen or recorded since it was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1871. Dr Harvey and the Children of Charles I, estimated at £80,000‐120,000, showcases an incident during the English Civil War, a popular period for Victorian artists to mine for their subjects (illustrated left). It depicts King Charles Is young sons accompanied by their tutor, Dr Harvey, looking on the Battle of Edgehill (the first pitched battle of the Civil War, fought in southern Warwickshire on Sunday, 23rd October, 1642). Yeames treats the subject with humour as he contrasts the alert concentration of the children with the oblivious calm of their guardian, who remains engrossed in his book. Yeames became famous for his Royal Academy exhibit of 1878 And When did you Last your Father?, one of the most beloved paintings of the Victorian era.
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Teach kids personal responsibility about money
Thursday, December 21, 2006
Take this experience shared with me by a reader: She was giving her 5- and 6-year-old children a fake dollar every time they were good
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Teach kids personal responsibility about money
Thursday, December 21, 2006
Take this experience shared with me by a reader: She was giving her 5- and 6-year-old children a fake dollar every time they were good and created a store at home where her children could use the fake dollars to buy toys. She explained in her e-mail to me that she felt this would be a good way to teach them how much things cost.
But the whole plan fell apart when the kids became so money hungry that they started to hunt for real money all over the house and take it for themselves. Frustrated, she dropped the whole idea and asked for help.
This is one of those times when a good idea—teaching kids about the value of money—isn’t enough. I told her she needed to broaden the idea and teach her kids that you can do more with money than simply buy things.
I suggested she begin to teach them about the four choices for money—spend, save, donate and invest. By giving them more than one option for how to use the fake dollars they accumulated, she would be teaching them how to take personal responsibility for the choices they have for money.
Money is not a toy
That reader had the first step right: She was teaching her children that money has value.
To help kids see the value of money can be measured by something other than the number of toys it will buy, ask them to deposit money into a savings bank at home (it can be a fancy piggy bank or a simple jar with a lid). Then help them open and transfer that money to a savings account at a real bank. Ask whether your bank offers a junior savers account. These kids’ accounts require smaller deposits and sometimes pay higher interest rates.
Once you set up an account, commit to taking your child to the bank at least once a month to make deposits. After a few months, point out how the account has grown. Explain that growth is called interest, which is extra money the bank pays you for keeping your money in their bank. Demonstrate this growth by taking the change out of your own pocket and laying on the table the amount of interest your child has earned. This visual aid helps your child see the interest as real money.
Consider offering to match their savings to help their savings grow faster. Your child will begin to understand that money deposited in a savings account will make more money and that taking personal responsibility for making that deposit pays off in the interest they receive.
Give allowance to cover needs
Even young children can be responsible for an expense or two in their lives. Let’s say your child likes to get a small toy, gum or candy when you are out shopping together. Instead of always
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Impact of the Laboratory and Technology on Learning and Teaching Science K-16, The. Research in Science Education.
Information Age Publishing
Publication date: January 2008
Digital Book format: PDF (Adobe DRM)
You save: $3.
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Impact of the Laboratory and Technology on Learning and Teaching Science K-16, The. Research in Science Education.
Information Age Publishing
Publication date: January 2008
Digital Book format: PDF (Adobe DRM)
You save: $3.01 (6%)
A volume in Research in Science Education Series Editors Dennis W. Sunal, University of Alabama and Emmett L. Wright, Kansas State University The Impact of the Laboratory and Technology on K-12 Science Learning and Teaching examines the development, use, and influence of active laboratory experiences and the integration of technology in science teaching. This examination involves the viewpoints of policymakers, researchers, and teachers that are expressed through research involving original documents, interviews, analysis and synthesis of the literature, case studies, narrative studies, observations of teachers and students, and assessment of student learning outcomes. Volume 3 of the series, Research in Science Education, addresses the needs of various constituencies including teachers, administrators, higher education science and science education faculty, policymakers, governmental and professional agencies, and the business community. The guiding theme of this volume is the role of practical laboratory work and the use of technology in science learning and teaching, K- 16.The volume investigates issues and concerns related to this theme through various perspectives addressing design, research, professional practice, and evaluation. Beginning with definitions, the historical evolution and policy guiding these learning experiences are explored from several viewpoints. Effective design and implementation of laboratory work and technology experiences is examined for elementary and high school classrooms as well as for undergraduate science laboratories, informal settings, and science education courses and programs. In general, recent research provides evidence that students do benefit from inquirybased laboratory and tech
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Mosasaurs, every bit as prolific, fascinating and nearly as big as some dinosaurs, are becoming more popular for paleontologists to study. Mosasaurs lived and became extinct alongside dinosaurs, but few paleontologists specialize in them. Later
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Mosasaurs, every bit as prolific, fascinating and nearly as big as some dinosaurs, are becoming more popular for paleontologists to study. Mosasaurs lived and became extinct alongside dinosaurs, but few paleontologists specialize in them. Later mosasaurs grew as large as their dinosaur brethren, reaching up to 45 feet in length. Until the discovery of Dallasaurus, however, only five primitive forms with land-capable limbs were known, all of them found in the Middle East and the eastern Adriatic.
"Lizards had nearly 150 million-year-long history on land; then in the Late Cretaceous, the final stage of the age of dinosaurs, one group moved into the sea and rose to the very top of the food chain," explains Polcyn, director of SMU's Visualization Laboratory, part of the university's geological sciences department. "Starting out as small animals like Dallasaurus, they mastered their new marine environment and rose to become the top predator in their ecosystem, the T. Rex of the ocean."
The Late Cretaceous period was a time of hot house temperatures and rising sea levels.
"As the earth warmed and the seas rose, small land-dwelling lizards took to the oceans and developed increasing levels of seagoing capabilities, and over 30 million years, eventually evolving into the top predator of their domain before becoming extinct some 65 million years ago," says Polcyn.
The advanced
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22. To Portuguese explorers, the southern coast of West Africa became known as the (1 point)Cape of Good Hope.
land of salt.
(See answer below)
L. Africa (terra) "African land... This slave
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22. To Portuguese explorers, the southern coast of West Africa became known as the (1 point)Cape of Good Hope.
land of salt.
(See answer below)
L. Africa (terra) "African land... This slave trade increased after the Portuguese explorers reached Cape Verde and the... [ explored the west coast of Africa.......
There are no new answers.
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Alcoholism is one of the biggest problems in the world that causes a negative impact among the people in the society. It is responsible for many deaths, accidents and violence around the world. The world of medicine provides it a priority for medical interventions
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Alcoholism is one of the biggest problems in the world that causes a negative impact among the people in the society. It is responsible for many deaths, accidents and violence around the world. The world of medicine provides it a priority for medical interventions. Due to the lack of prompt treatment, not only alcoholic but everyone involved with him suffers. Therefore, proper counseling is required that involves rehabilitating the family members of the alcoholic as the family of alcoholic plays an important role in the healing process.
The medical way of alcohol treatment requires various drugs to diminish the alcohol withdrawal manifestations where physiological manifestations like anti-consultants, sedatives, relaxants and anti psychotics can also occur. Drugs like benzodiazepine, antabuse, disulfuram, detox, etc. are given to counteract anxiety, seizures and restlessness of the alcoholics. This medication increases the body's ability to reduce acetaldehyde which is responsible for a hangover. This medication is successful in abstaining an alcoholic.
Rehabilitation and psychotherapy is provided through rehabilitation centers and alcoholic support groups to alcoholics by discussions and non professional counseling along with emotional assistance and support. Both psychiatric and medical interventions must be executed properly for better effects on alcoholic. The people having alcoholics in the family know the ill effects of alcoholism like lack of money, developing unhealthy habits, irresponsible behavior towards family or losing a job of an alcoholic. The right attitude and perseverance helps fighting off with this dreaded problem.
An alcoholic can engage himself in sports, traveling, meeting people or participating in social events and recreational activities. He must stay away from people and places that encourage him for drinking. He must completely distance himself from the situations that can tempt him to drink so that he can slowly forget his habits of drinking and his urge to drink will be reduced. He can seek support from his family, friends, support groups, organizations, doctor, counselors and therapists. He should have a healthy diet, herbs and fruits to curb cravings for alcohol. Alcoholism is not an easy problem to fight but if a person is determined and aware of the strategies to combat this addiction, he can surely achieve the purpose of getting treated and to reverse the ill effects of alcohol.
The factors that cause alcoholism can be social, physiological or genetic. The common symp
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81503 is not just a set of random numbers,
but a symbol of an everlasting series of memories, spanning five years:
Years that were filled with more sorrow, suffering and images of death
than any human being should be forced to endure.
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81503 is not just a set of random numbers,
but a symbol of an everlasting series of memories, spanning five years:
Years that were filled with more sorrow, suffering and images of death
than any human being should be forced to endure. This number was burned on
the arm of Morris Glina, a Holocaust survivor, and my grandfather. On
October 10, 1924 he was born in an upstairs apartment in Warsaw, Poland.
Fifteen birthdays later he would personally experience history's most
horrendous event. This tattoo has grown to symbolize the searing memories
of inhumanity as well as the burning desire for hope, perseverance and
survival (Glina Interview).
Through the 1930s, as Adolph Hitler began to gain political power in Germany, [his] influence was felt in Poland as well. Anti-S.emitism began to flourish. Warsaw's Jewish families were feeling the effects of prejudice towards them simply because of the religion they practiced. Hitler converted German minds and resources into a fully militarized country and launched
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The entire process of designing digital applications comes with many challenges and decisions. For the majority of projects, you will be designing in somewhat familiar territory. But what happens when you have to design something to be used by hundreds of children around the world?
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The entire process of designing digital applications comes with many challenges and decisions. For the majority of projects, you will be designing in somewhat familiar territory. But what happens when you have to design something to be used by hundreds of children around the world? How do you accommodate your design for kids of different ages and backgrounds? What special challenges emerge, and how can they be overcome?
For a project of this scale, the design process we follow might require modifications. These modifications would be to accommodate the needs of younger age groups and would shape the entire length of the project, from user research, brainstorming, interface design and interaction design all the way to the final stages of usability testing and user support.
First Things First: International Research With Children
The first questions to answer when creating applications for children in varied graphical and cultural contexts are:
- What are the most important markets for the application?
- How should we address these markets in terms of cultural differences and age groups?
Creating a single digital product that appeals to the whole world is almost impossible, but we can narrow down and classify the types of audiences we are working with through user research.
Conducting user research with children is a topic of its own, and we need to consider even more factors when the research is international. But the point here is to try to work with children from the different market groups as much as possible.
In doing this, aim for the following:
- Work with researchers who speak the children’s native language (even if the kids are familiar with a second language), to put them at ease during the research sessions. This is especially important when working with children up to 13 years of age, and it gets more flexible with teenagers.
- If the budget allows, have members of the design team attend the research sessions and visit where the kids are mainly located, even if they don’t speak the local language. This will help the team better understand the children’s mental models based on culture and demographics.
- When iterating and testing with users in different parts of the world, some research companies and teams are keen to use forums, message boards or online communities, which facilitate Web-based research panels and which give the team easy access to a high number of users. These platforms are sometimes part of major applications, such as online gaming communities and virtual worlds, but they are often created specifically for the purpose of testing and sharing concepts with select users, who would access them confidentially with approved user names and passwords. These tools are very effective when the basic ideas are in place and can be tested in an interactive prototype, and when the kids are above seven years of age (or, if younger, aided by their caregivers). Examples of online research techniques can be foun
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It’s almost unbelievable that in the 21st century 4,000 young lives are lost every single day to this easily preventable and easily treatable disease. That’s over 5,000,000 children since The Odyssey Expedition began.
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It’s almost unbelievable that in the 21st century 4,000 young lives are lost every single day to this easily preventable and easily treatable disease. That’s over 5,000,000 children since The Odyssey Expedition began.
These children, the vast majority of whom are under the age of five, die through drinking unsafe water or being subjected to bad (or non-existent) sanitation.
That’s a holocaust. And we have the power to stop it. This isn’t just about sending plumbers to the slums of India or engineers to rural Africa to dig wells, it is about persuading the United Nations and the governments of the world to prioritise the delivery of safe water and proper sanitation and to make it a basic human right.
The unbelievable truth is that 2,500,000,000 people worldwide do not have access to a toilet. That may seem like an insurmountable number, but it’s not – thanks to the great work done by charities like WaterAid, it is decreasing by the day. The dream is that by 2020 no human being will have to ever again suffer the indignity nor take the risk of squatting in the street.
There are two ways you can support WaterAid through The Odyssey. One is by simply watching the YouTube videos. However, this only equates to $1 per 1000 unique views. If you really want to help, please donate directly via our Just Giving site: www.justgiving.com/theodysseyexpedition.
THE KEY STATISTICS…
884 million people in the world do not have access to safe water. This is roughly one in eight of the world’s population. (WHO/UNICEF)
2.5 billion people in the world do not have access to adequate sanitation, this is almost two fifths of the world’s population. (WHO/UNICEF)
1.4 million children die every year from diarrhoea caused by unclean water and poor sanitation – 4,000 child deaths a day or one child every 20 seconds. This equates to 160 infant school classrooms lost every single day to an entirely preventable public health crisis. (WHO/WaterAid)
WaterAid projects providing safe water, sanitation and hygiene education cost just £15 per head. (WaterAid)
For every $1 invested in water and sanitation, $8 is returned. (UNDP)
Hand-washing with soap at critical times can reduce the incidence of diarrhoea by up to 47%. (UN Water)
The integrated approach of providing water, sanitation and hygiene reduces the number of deaths caused by diarrhoeal diseases by an average of 65%. (WHO)
The weight of water that women in Africa and Asia carry on their heads is commonly 20kg, the same as the average UK airport luggage allowance. (HDR 2006)
In the UK the expansion of water and sanitation infrastructure in the 1880s contributed to a 15 year increase in life expectancy in the following four decades. (HDR, 2006)
Every year, the average person produces 35 kilos of faeces and 500 litres of urine. (UN Water)
One gram of human faeces can contain 10,000,000 viruses, 1,000,000 bacteria, 1000 parasite cysts, 100 parasite eggs. (UNICEF)
No sub-Saharan African country is on-track to meet the sanitation Millennium Development Goals. (WHO/UNICEF)
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At the beginning of each Christmas season, our thoughts turn to the birth of the Savior. For believers, Christ’s birth and death are the two greatest events in the history of the earth or, for that matter, eternity. It is almost an
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At the beginning of each Christmas season, our thoughts turn to the birth of the Savior. For believers, Christ’s birth and death are the two greatest events in the history of the earth or, for that matter, eternity. It is almost an anomaly that in the untold years the universe has existed, its two greatest events occurred within a 33-year span in a vassal nation on a small planet the Lord calls His “footstool” (see Isaiah 66:1).
Christmas carols are a special feature of the season. They bring feelings of joy to our hearts as they describe the events and significance of the birth of Jesus Christ. It is interesting to note that many Christmas hymns speak of angels. This is because the biblical record contains numerous accounts of heavenly beings speaking to mortals before and at the time of His birth. An angel announced His pending birth to the young woman Mary and to Joseph, her espoused husband (see Luke 1:26–33; Matthew 1:20–21). An angel accompanied by a heavenly choir heralded the birth to the shepherds in the fields (see Luke 2:8–14), and angels kept watch over the family during the early years when Herod tried to destroy the young Jesus (see Matthew 2:13, 19–20). Not only is the story of the Savior’s birth replete with heavenly messengers, but heavenly beings were also present at significant events throughout His life.
One might ask, “Why were angels so prominent at the Savior’s birth? And why were they such an important part of His life and ministry?” The answers are twofold. The first pertains to the nature and mission of the personage whom they were heralding—a divine Being, the Son of God, the Only Begotten in the flesh who came to earth to save all of God’s children. The second concerns the ushering in of a new dispensation, a period of time when the gospel would be restored in its fulness. The ministry of angels is to assist in the ushering in of dispensations (see Moroni 7:29–31). Let us discuss each of these reasons to provide a clearer understanding of the wonderful moment represented by the “meridian of time.”
Heralding the Savior’s Mission
For thousands of years, ancient prophets had looked forward to the time when the Son of God would come to earth and atone for the sins of mankind. From Genesis to Malachi and from 1 Nephi to 3 Nephi, the Lord’s messengers prophesied that the God of ancient Israel, the Son of the Father, would come to earth and ransom His people. The Lord told Adam that Satan would bruise the heel of their offspring, but that the seed of the woman (Christ) would overcome Satan’s power as He bruised Satan’s head (see Genesis 3:15).
Moses wrote of “a Star out of Jacob” (Numbers 24:17); the Psalmist spoke of the special relationship between the Father and the Son, of the Father’s withdrawal during the Crucifixion, and of Christ’s death (see Psalms 2:7; 22:1, 16; 34:20; 69:21); and Isaiah spoke of His miraculous birth, mission, and death (see Isaiah 7:14; 9:6; 42:7; 53:5). The Book of Mormon contains even more detail concerning Christ’s birth, mission, death, and resurrection (see Topical Guide, “Jesus Christ, Prop
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Ontario Leading The Charge
McGuinty Government Making It Easier To Buy Electric Vehicles
Office of the Premier
Ontario's target is to become a world leader in building and driving electric cars.
The McGuinty government aims to
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Ontario Leading The Charge
McGuinty Government Making It Easier To Buy Electric Vehicles
Office of the Premier
Ontario's target is to become a world leader in building and driving electric cars.
The McGuinty government aims to have one out of every 20 vehicles driven in Ontario to be electrically powered by 2020. This would put Ontarians into cleaner, more efficient vehicles, and expand the electric vehicle market for manufacturers.
Under a plan announced today, buyers of plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles will receive:
- Rebates of between $4,000 and $10,000 for plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles purchased after July 1, 2010.
- Green vehicle licence plates that would allow drivers to:
- Use less-congested High Occupancy Vehicle (carpool) lanes, even if there is only one person in the vehicle.
- Access public charging facilities and parking at Ontario government and GO Transit lots.
Ontario will also add 500 electric vehicles to the Ontario Public Service fleet.
Expanding the use of electric vehicles by consumers and government will help create and sustain jobs in the auto sector and put Ontario at the forefront of the new, green economy in North America.
- Electric vehicles reduce emissions of harmful air pollutants, greenhouse gases which contribute to climate change and dependency on oil.
- Ontario's Climate Change Action Plan aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Ontario to six percent below 1990 levels by 2014, and to 15 per cent below 1990 levels by 2020.
- Starting today the people of Ontario can vote on the design of the new green licence plates.
Electric vehicles are the way to go in Ontario. This plan helps get more people behind the wheel of a green vehicle to create jobs, reduce smog and equip Ontario for the 21st century.”
The automotive sector is helping to build a greener economy by developing and producing electric vehicles. Our plan to help consumers buy green vehicles will benefit our economy and improve our environment.”
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"Botnets are networks of computers infected by malicious programs called bots.Bots allow cybercriminals to take control of a compromised machine and use its resources for their own goals – distributing spam, launching DDoS attacks, scams etc. Since the
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"Botnets are networks of computers infected by malicious programs called bots.Bots allow cybercriminals to take control of a compromised machine and use its resources for their own goals – distributing spam, launching DDoS attacks, scams etc. Since the advent of botnets, the number of cybercrimes has increased enormously. However, botnets are not just a tool for cybercriminals; they are at the core of cybercriminal activity – the center that links and unites the various parts of the cybe
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Georgetown Loop Railroad
|Georgetown Loop Railroad|
|Terminus||Silver Plume, Colorado|
|Original gauge||3 ft (914 mm)|
|Stations||Seasonal tourist operations|
|Length||4.5 mi (
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Georgetown Loop Railroad
|Georgetown Loop Railroad|
|Terminus||Silver Plume, Colorado|
|Original gauge||3 ft (914 mm)|
|Stations||Seasonal tourist operations|
|Length||4.5 mi (7.2 km)|
|Preserved gauge||3 ft (914 mm)|
Georgetown Loop Railroad
|Nearest city||Silver Plume, Colorado|
|NRHP Reference #||70000909|
|Added to NRHP||December 18, 1970|
The railroad operates summer tourist trains between the communities of Georgetown and Silver Plume, a distance of 2 miles (3.2 km). The railroad route is 4.5 miles (7.2 km) long and ascends an elevation of 640 feet (195.1 m) through mountainous terrain along with trestles, cuts, fills, and a grand loop.
The Georgetown Loop Railroad was one of Colorado’s first visitor attractions. This spectacular stretch of narrow gauge railroad was completed in 1884 and considered an engineering marvel for its time. The thriving mining towns of Georgetown and Silver Plume lie 2 miles (3.2 km) apart in the steep, narrow canyon of Clear Creek in the Rocky Mountains west of Denver. Engineers designed a corkscrew route that traveled nearly twice that distance to connect them, slowly gaining more than 600 feet (183 m) in elevation. The route included horseshoe curves, grades of up to 4%, and four bridges across Clear Creek, including the massive Devil’s Gate High Bridge.
The Georgetown, Breckenridge, and Leadville Railroad had been formed in 1881 under the Union Pacific Railroad. The Loop portion of the line was the crowning segment of the line, crossing the top of the gorge on a 95-foot (29 m) high trestle.
Originally part of the larger line of the Colorado Central Railroad constructed in the 1870s and 1880s, in the wake of the Colorado Gold Rush, this line was also used extensively during the silver boom of the 1880s to haul silver ore from the mines at Silver Plume. In 1893, the Colorado and Southern Railway took over the line and operated it for passengers and freight until 1938. The line was later dismantled, but was restored in the 1980s to operate during summer months as a tourist railroad, carrying passengers using historic narrow-gauge steam locomotives.
In 1959, the centennial year of the discovery of gold in Georgetown, the Georgetown Loop Historic Mining & Railroad Park was formed by the Colorado Historical Society. The Colorado Historical Society’s chairman negotiated a donation of mining claims and mills, and nearly 100 acres (40 ha) of land.
Interest in restoration of the Loop segment as a tourist attraction in the 1970s led to reopening of the segment. Rail line construction began in 1973 with track and ties donated by the Union Pacific Railroad, and a new high bridge was built. The 3-mile (4.8 km) restored segment, opened on March 10, 1984, is at the upper end of the historic Colorado Central main line up Clear Creek Canyon west of Golden. The Georgetown Loop Railroad climbs approximately 640 feet (195 m) between the two towns using 3 miles of track. Passengers can board the train at depots located in Silver Plume and Devils Gate 3/4 of a mile west of Georgetown.
The train ride includes an optional walking tour of the Lebanon Silver Mine, located at the halfway point on the railroad, where visitors can walk 500 feet (150 m) into a mine tunnel bored in the 1870s, with guides pointing out once-rich veins of silver and relating the history of the mine.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rail transport in Colorado.|
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Clear Creek County, Colorado
- List of Colorado historic railroads
- List of heritage railroads in the United States
- "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2010-07-09.
- "Georgetown Look Historic Mining and Railroad Park". History Colorado. History Colorado, the Colorado Historical Society. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
- Trains May, 2007 p 56
- Colorado Historical Society: Colorado Timeline
- Colorado Historical Society
- Georgetown Loop Historic Mining & Railroad Park, Historical information site
- Georgetown Loop Railroad, Tourism site
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||An automated process has detected links on this page on the local or global blacklist.|
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2007)|
|Part of a series on|
Translation of the Qur'an has always been
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||An automated process has detected links on this page on the local or global blacklist.|
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2007)|
|Part of a series on|
Translation of the Qur'an has always been a problematic and difficult issue in Islamic theology. Since Muslims revere the Qur'an as miraculous and inimitable (i'jaz al-Qur'an), they argue that the Qur'anic text cannot be reproduced in another language or form. Furthermore, an Arabic word, like a Hebrew or Aramaic word, may have a range of meanings depending on the context - a feature present in all Semitic languages, when compared to the moderately analytic English, Latin, and Romance languages - making an accurate translation even more difficult.
According to modern Islamic theology, the Qur'an is a revelation very specifically in Arabic, and so it should only be recited in the Arabic language. Translations into other languages are necessarily the work of humans and so, according to Muslims, no longer possess the uniquely sacred character of the Arabic original. Since these translations necessarily subtly change the meaning, they are often called "interpretations" or "translation[s] of the meanings" (with "meanings" being ambiguous between the meanings of the various passages and the multiple possible meanings with which each word taken in isolation can be associated, and with the latter connotation amounting to an acknowledgement that the so-called translation is but one possible interpretation and is not claimed to be the full equivalent of the original). For instance, Pickthall called his translation The Meaning of the Glorious Koran rather than simply The Koran.
The task of translation is not an easy one; some native Arab-speakers will confirm that some Qur'anic passages are difficult to understand even in the original Arabic. A part of this is the innate difficulty of any translation; in Arabic, as in other languages, a single word can have a variety of meanings. There is always an element of human judgement involved in understanding and translating a text. This factor is made more complex by the fact that the usage of words has changed a great deal between classical and modern Arabic. As a result, even Qur'anic verses which seem perfectly clear to native speakers accustomed to modern vocabulary and usage may not represent the original meaning of the verse.
The original meaning of a Qur'anic passage will also be dependent on the historical circumstances of the prophet Muhammad's life and early community in which it originated. Investigating that context usually requires a detailed knowledge of Hadith and Sirah, which are themselves vast and complex texts. This introduces an additional element of uncertainty which can not be eliminated by any linguistic rules of translation.
The first translation of the Qur'an was performed by Salman the Persian, who translated Surah al-Fatihah into the Persian language during the early 8th century. According to Islamic tradition contained in the hadith, Emperor Negus of Abyssinia and Byzantine Emperor Heraclius received letters from Muhammad containing verses from the Qur'an. However, during Muhammad's lifetime, no passage from the Koran was ever translated into these languages nor any other.
The second known translation was into Greek and was used by Nicetas Byzantius, a scholar from Constantinople, in his 'Refutation of Quran' written between 855 and 870. However, we know nothing about who and for what purpose had made this translation. It is however very probable that it was a complete translation.
The first fully attested complete translations of the Quran were done between the 10th and 12th centuries in Persian language. The Samanid king, Mansur I (961-976), ordered a group of scholars from Khorasan to translate the Tafsir al-Tabari, originally in Arabic, into Persian. Later in the 11th century, one of the students of Abu Mansur Abdullah al-Ansari wrote a complete tafsir of the Quran in Persian. In 12th century, Abu Hafas Najmuddin Umar al-Nasafi translated the Quran into Persian. The manuscripts of all three books have survived and have been published several times.
In 1936, translations in 102 languages were known.
Robertus Ketenensis produced the first Latin translation of the Qur'an in 1143. His version was entitled Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete ("The law of Mahomet the false prophet"). The translation was made at the behest of Peter the Venerable, abbot of Cluny, and currently exists in the Bibliothèque de l'A
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(HealthDay News) -- Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is triggered when the seasons change, most often with the onset of winter and the corresponding decrease in sunlight.
The American Academy of Family Physicians lists these common symptoms of winter-on
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(HealthDay News) -- Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is triggered when the seasons change, most often with the onset of winter and the corresponding decrease in sunlight.
The American Academy of Family Physicians lists these common symptoms of winter-onset seasonal affective disorder:
- Appetite changes, particularly a desire for sweets and starches.
- Gaining weight.
- Sleeping too much.
- Lack of energy and a feeling of fatigue.
- Feeling irritable, anxious and having problems concentrating.
- Not wanting to participate in social activities and a general lack of interest in things you once enjoyed.
- Increased concern about being rejected socially.
Treatments are available for SAD. Talk with your doctor if you have these symptoms.
Copyright © 2011 HealthDay. All rights reserved.
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As outlined in the problems page, companies are held to minimal standards in terms of providing a safe working environment for their employees. The system of the regulation of mining environments for workers is in need of reform. Part of Mission 2016's solution
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As outlined in the problems page, companies are held to minimal standards in terms of providing a safe working environment for their employees. The system of the regulation of mining environments for workers is in need of reform. Part of Mission 2016's solution to ensure that all nations have access to rare earth elements is to open new mines and expand existing mines. As mining operations grow, so will the demand for miners, and a greater number of people will be impacted by the dangers of working in a mine. With even more people involved in the mining industry the need for strict enforcement of safe mining practices and environments also increases. The purpose of the solution to the lack of mining standards problem is to compile a system that maximizes the efficiency of the mining operations while minimizing the number of accidents, injuries, and harm to the surrounding environment.
MSHA: A Precedent for the World
The standards in place by the United States' Mining Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) set a precedent for a global mining standard. Since the establishment of the MSHA in 1978 there has been a decreasing trend in the number of fatalities and injuries in the mining industry. The fatality rate has decreased 53% from 2002 to 2011, while the all-injury rate has decreased 41% over the same time interval (MSHA Fact Sheet, 2002). Figure 1 displays this decreasing fatality rate trend.
Figure 1: Decreasing fatality rate trend since the establishment of the MSHA. http://www.msha.gov/MSHAINFO/FactSheets/MSHAFCT10.HTM
The MSHA uses a point system to measure the progress of companies. The appeal of the system is its well-defined structure, which facilitates measurements of progress of companies. Coupled with the point system are guidelines outlining consequences for infractions of the laws. For example, one of the subcategories of the point systems is negligence. For the negligence category of special assessments, MSHA consigns
- 5 points for a violation not contributing to an accident;
- 7 points for Low or Moderate negligence for a violation contributing to a noninjury
- 8 points for high or reckless disregard negligence for a violation
contributing to a non-injury accident;
- 10 points for a violation contributing to a lost workdays, restricted duty,
permanently disabling or fatal accident.
(MSHA Special Assessments, n.d.).
A flag system modeling the point system of the MSHA will be set up by the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations to regulate all current and future mining operations. Citations to companies will fall into a three-color flag system. The basis of the system is as follows:
All companies will be granted a green ranking upon establishment. Before being granted the initial green flag, global standard requirement must be met. Pre-existing companies will be given until 2014 to meet this new global standard. After establishment, yellow rankings will indicate minor violations. A company can acquire up to two yellow flags before a red flag is issued. Upon receiving a red flag the company's operations are terminated. Note that severe violations will immediately warrant a red flag notice, regardless of the number of yellow flags previously acquired. The company can only resume operations after resolving any violations and establishing a plan of action to prevent further violations. The four categories that flags will be issued under are:
- Negligen
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Planetary and Satellite Motion
Energy Relationships for Satellites
The orbits of satellites about a central massive body can be described as either circular or elliptical. As mentioned earlier in Lesson 4, a satellite orbiting about the earth in circular motion
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Planetary and Satellite Motion
Energy Relationships for Satellites
The orbits of satellites about a central massive body can be described as either circular or elliptical. As mentioned earlier in Lesson 4, a satellite orbiting about the earth in circular motion is moving with a constant speed and remains at the same height above the surface of the earth. It accomplishes this feat by moving with a tangential velocity that allows it to fall at the same rate at which the earth curves. At all instances during its trajectory, the force of gravity acts in a direction perpendicular to the direction that the satellite is moving. Since perpendicular components of motion are independent of each other, the inward force cannot affect the magnitude of the tangential velocity. For this reason, there is no acceleration in the tangential direction and the satellite remains in circular motion at a constant speed. A satellite orbiting the earth in elliptical motion will experience a component of force in the same or the opposite direction as its motion. This force is capable of doing work upon the satellite. Thus, the force is capable of slowing down and speeding up the satellite. When the satellite moves away from the earth, there is a component of force in the opposite direction as its motion. During this portion of the satellite's trajectory, the force does negative work upon the satellite and slows it down. When the satellite moves towards the earth, there is a component of force in the same direction as its motion. During this portion of the satellite's trajectory, the force does positive work upon the satellite and speeds it up. Subsequently, the speed of a satellite in elliptical motion is constantly changing - increasing as it moves closer to the earth and decreasing as it moves further from the earth. These principles are depicted in the diagram below.
In Unit 5 of The Physics Classroom, motion was analyzed from an energy perspective. The governing principle that directed our analysis of motion was the work-energy theorem. Simply put, the theorem states that the initial amount of total mechanical energy (TMEi) of a system plus the work done by external forces (Wext) on that system is equal to the final amount of total mechanical energy (TMEf) of the system. The mechanical energy can be either in the form of potential energy (energy of position - usually vertical height) or kinetic energy (energy of motion). The work-energy theorem is expressed in equation form as
PEi + Wext = KEf +
The Wext term in this equation is representative of the amount of work done by external forces. For satellites, the only force is gravity. Since gravity is considered an internal (conservative) force, the Wext term is zero. The equation can then be simplified to the following form.
PEi = KEf + PEf
In such a situation as this, we often say that the total mechanical energy of the system is conserved. That is, the sum of kinetic and potential energies is unchanging. While energy can be transformed from kinetic energy into potential energy, the total amount remains the same - mechanical energy is conserved. As a satellite orbits earth, its total mechanical energy remains the same. Whether in circular or elliptical motion, there are no external forces capable of altering its total energy.
Let's consider the circular motion of a satellite first. When in circular motion, a satellite remains the same distance above the surface of the earth; that is, its radius of orbit is fixed. Furthermore, its speed remains constant. The speed at positions A, B, C and D are the same. The heights above the earth's surface at A, B, C and D are also the same. Since kinetic energy is dependent upon the speed of an object, the amount of kinetic energy will be constant throughout the satellite's motion. And since potential energy is dependent upon the height of an object, the amount of potential energy will be constant throughout the satellite's motion. So if the KE and the PE remain constant, it is quite reasonable to believe that the TME remains constant.
One means of representing the amount and the type of energy possessed by an object is a work-energy bar chart. A work-energy bar chart represents the energy of an object by means of a vertical bar. The length of the bar is representative of the amount of energy present - a longer bar representing a greater amount of energy. In a work-energy bar chart, a bar is constructed for each form of energy. A work-energy bar chart is presented below for a satellite in uniform circular motion about the earth. Observe that the bar chart depicts that the potential and kinetic energy of the satellite are the same at all four labeled positions of its trajectory (the diagram above shows the trajectory).
Like the case of circular motion, the total amount of mechanical energy of a satellite in elliptical motion also remains constant. Since the only force doing work upon the satellite is an internal (conservative) force, the Wext term is zero and mechanical energy is conserved. Unlike the case of circular motion, the energy of a satellite in elliptical motion will change forms. As mentioned above, the force of gravity does work upon a satellite to slow it down as it moves away from the earth and to speed it up as it moves towards the earth. So if the speed is changing, the kinetic energy will also be changing. Th
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When exploring issues related to human rights, the environment, animal protection and culture, images and video can be powerful tools. There’s a lot to consider in what we do and don’t notice; in how issues are framed; in what voices and
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When exploring issues related to human rights, the environment, animal protection and culture, images and video can be powerful tools. There’s a lot to consider in what we do and don’t notice; in how issues are framed; in what voices and stories are left out or misrepresented; in what habits and behaviors are considered “normal”; and more.
Created especially for sociology teachers Sociological Cinema features and analyses videos and other multimedia through a lens of various social issues The website offers two especially useful tools. First, it posts information and summaries about videos and films on social issues. Then, the blog highlights resources and offers analysis through a sociological lens. For both the blog and video sections there are extensive lists of categories and tags to help educators find useful teaching resources. (Note that many of the videos may contain adult language or other situations.) Sociological Cinema is a great resource for humane educators wanting to bring these issues into your classrooms and communities.
Sociological Images offers analysis and discussion of images (often from media and popular culture) “that span the breadth of sociological inquiry.” It inclu
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Synberc is a major U.S. effort to make biology safer and easier to engineer. Our research center includes some of synthetic biology's leading academic and industrial scientists and researchers. Synberc strives to build the foundational tools and technologies needed to
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Synberc is a major U.S. effort to make biology safer and easier to engineer. Our research center includes some of synthetic biology's leading academic and industrial scientists and researchers. Synberc strives to build the foundational tools and technologies needed to create innovative solutions to some of the most challenging problems of our time – including health care, fuel
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from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- n. A small boat propelled by oars.
- n. Sports A rowing machine.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
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from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- n. A small boat propelled by oars.
- n. Sports A rowing machine.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. A small open boat propelled by oars (by rowing).
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- n. A boat designed to be propelled by oars instead of sails.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. A boat fitted for propulsion by means of oars; a boat moved by rowing.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. a small boat of shallow draft with cross thwarts for seats and rowlocks for oars with which it is propelled
Sorry, no etymologies found.
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Line of Direction
The line in which a body moves, a force acts, or motion is
communicated. In order that a body may stand without falling, a line
let down from the centre of gravity must fall within the base on
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Line of Direction
The line in which a body moves, a force acts, or motion is
communicated. In order that a body may stand without falling, a line
let down from the centre of gravity must fall within the base on which
the object stands. Thus the leaning tower of Pisa does not fall,
because this rule is preserved.
Source: Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, E. Cobham Brewer, 1894
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