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International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) - Afghanistan
NATO's main role in Afghanistan is to assist the Afghan Government in exercising and extending its authority and influence across the country, paving the way for reconstruction and effective governance. It does this predomin
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International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) - Afghanistan
NATO's main role in Afghanistan is to assist the Afghan Government in exercising and extending its authority and influence across the country, paving the way for reconstruction and effective governance. It does this predominately through its UN-mandated International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF). ISAF has been deployed since 2001 under the authority of the UN Security Council (UNSC) which authorised the establishment of the force to assist the Afghan government "in the maintenance of security in Kabul and its surrounding areas, so that the Afghan Interim Authority as well as the personnel of the United Nations can operate in a secure environment."
ISAF's missions include:
- Conducting security and stability operations
- Supporting the Afghan National Army
- Supporting the Afghan National Police
- Disarming illegally armed groups (DIAG)
- Facilitating ammunition depots management
- Providing post-operation assistance
- Reconstruction and Development
- Providing security to permit reconstruction
- Humanitarian Assistance
- Counter Narcotics
Twelve UN Security Council Resolutions relate to ISAF, namely: 1386
(12 October 2011). A detailed Military Technical Agreement agreed between the ISAF Commander and the Afghan Transitional Authority in January 2002 provides additional guidance for ISAF operations. ISAF is an international, NATO-led, operation which has a peace-enforcement mandate under Chapter VII of the UN Charter.
ISAF was created in accordance with the Bonn Conference in December 2001. The concept of a UN-mandated international force to assist the newly established Afghan Transitional Authority was launched at this occasion to create a secure environment in and around Kabul and support the reconstruction of Afghanistan. These agreements paved the way for the creation of a three-way partnership between the Afghan Transitional Authority, the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA)
and ISAF. NATO took command of ISAF in Aug 2003 at the request of the UN and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Soon after, the UN gave ISAF a mandate to expand outside of Kabul. ISAF expanded its command in four phases, initially in the north in Dec 2003, to the west in Feb 2005, to the south in Dec 2005, then finally expanding into the east in Oct. 2006. In June 2010, NATO split the South Regional Command in half in a bid to improve security by focusing on smaller geographical areas and ensuring greater partnering with Afghan forces.
At the Lisbon Summit in November 2010, NATO reaffirmed its long-term commitment to Afghanistan (Enduring Partnership) and announced the launch of Transition to Afghan lead in security which will start in July 2011, with the ambition expressed by President Karzai, to see the Afghan National Security Forces take the lead in conducting security operations across Afghanistan by the end of 2014.
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Welcome to this informal wiki, dedicated to the development of a space-based gravitational-wave observatory in the tradition of LISA.
After the ESA/NASA partnership ended in mid-March 2011, ESA established an effort to re-formulate an
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Welcome to this informal wiki, dedicated to the development of a space-based gravitational-wave observatory in the tradition of LISA.
After the ESA/NASA partnership ended in mid-March 2011, ESA established an effort to re-formulate an all-European mission for the Cosmic Visions L1 opportunity. However, they generously offered to consider low-level NASA participation at a later date. To facilitate that participation, ESA Headquarters invited NASA Headquarters to name a U.S. representative on the re-created European Science Working Group. NASA Headquarters named Tuck Stebbins (Goddard Space Flight Center) as
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energy, sources of
Types of EnergyChemical and Mechanical Energy
An early source of energy, or prime mover, used by humans was animal power, i.e., the energy obtained from domesticated animals. Later, as civilization developed, wind
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energy, sources of
Types of EnergyChemical and Mechanical Energy
An early source of energy, or prime mover, used by humans was animal power, i.e., the energy obtained from domesticated animals. Later, as civilization developed, wind power was harnessed to drive ships and turn windmills, and streams and rivers were diverted to turn water wheels (see water power). The rotating shaft of a windmill or water wheel could then be used to crush grain, to raise water from a well, or to serve any number of other uses. The motion of the wind and water, as well as the motion of the wheel or shaft, represents a form of mechanical energy. The source of animal power is ultimately the chemical energy contained in foods and released when digested by humans and animals. The chemical energy contained in wood and other combustible fuels has served since the beginning of history as a source of heat for cooking and warmth. At the start of the Industrial Revolution, water power was used to provide energy for factories through systems of belts and pulleys that transmitted the energy to many different machines.
The invention of the steam engine, which converts the chemical energy of fuels into heat energy and the heat into mechanical energy, provided another source of energy. The steam engine is called an external-combustion engine, since fuel is burned outside the engine to create the steam used inside it. During the 19th cent. the internal-combustion engine was developed; a variety of fuels, depending on the type of internal-combustion engine, are burned directly in the engine's chambers to provide a source of mechanical energy. Both steam engines and internal-combustion engines found application as stationary sources of power for different purposes and as mobile sources for transportation, as in the steamship, the railroad locomotive (both steam and diesel), and the automobile. All these sources of energy ultimately depend on the combustion of fuels for their operation.
Early in the 19th cent. another source of energy was developed that did not necessarily need the combustion of fuels—the electric generator, or dynamo. The generator converts the mechanical energy of a conductor moving in a magnetic field into electrical energy, using the principle of electromagnetic induction. The great advantage of electrical energy, or electric power, as it is commonly called, is that it can be transmitted easily over great distances (see power, electric). As a result, it is the most widely used form of energy in modern civilization; it is readily converted to light, to heat, or, through the electric motor, to mechanical energy again. The large-scale production of electrical energy was made possible by the invention of the turbine, which efficiently converts the straight-line motion of falling water or expanding steam into the rotary motion needed to turn the rotor of a large generator.
The development of nuclear energy made available another source of energy. The heat of a nuclear reactor can be used to produce steam, which then can be directed through a turbine to drive an electric generator, the propellers of a large ship, or some other machine. In 1999, 23% of the electricity generated in the United States derived from nuclear reactors; however, since the 1980s, the construction and application of nuclear reactors in the United States has slowed because of concern about the dangers of the resulting radioactive waste and the possibility of a disastrous nuclear meltdown (see Three Mile Island; Chernobyl; Fukushima).
Sections in this article:
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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President Barack Obama yesterday vowed to put the fight against global warming at the heart of his next four-year term in office.
Sweeping aside years of American prevarication on whether to act on emissions, Obama promised the US would lead the world
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President Barack Obama yesterday vowed to put the fight against global warming at the heart of his next four-year term in office.
Sweeping aside years of American prevarication on whether to act on emissions, Obama promised the US would lead the world in its efforts to curb global warming, and in the development of the technologies to achieve this goal.
"We will respond to the threat of climate change, knowing that the failure to do so would betray our children and future generations," he said on Monday in his inaugural address to the nation.
With the horrors of superstorm Sandy and the recent US droughts fresh reminders that extreme weather events are becoming more severe and frequent – a trend predicted by climate models – Obama sniped at Americans who still deny that human activity is to blame.
"Some may still deny the overwhelming judgement of science, but none can avoid the devastating impact of raging fires and crippling drought, and more powerful storms," he said.
Obama flagged a transition to cleaner energy as an economic opportunity, one that would be lost to other nations unless the US stepped up. "The path towards sustainable energy sources will be long and sometimes difficult, but Americans cannot resist this transition, we must lead it.
"We cannot cede to other nati
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Green isn't Great, Study Says
The notion of green computing is an unhelpful one, making it harder for companies to implement carbon reduction policies. That's according to a new report from the Carbon Disclosure Project, which questioned 11 leading
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Green isn't Great, Study Says
The notion of green computing is an unhelpful one, making it harder for companies to implement carbon reduction policies. That's according to a new report from the Carbon Disclosure Project, which questioned 11 leading enterprises about their environmental policies.
The term 'green' came in for heavy criticism: The report said that the word was an "employee or consumer-friendly way of introducing climate-change topics," but was too vague for general use, lacking "the specific definitions needed to manage carbon and/or other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions." Marieke Beckmann, responsible for communication and corporate partnership at CDP, agreed that the term was too misleading. "Green shouldn't be used," she said.
The report, which was produced in conjunction with IBM, sets out a variety of measures by which companies could set guidelines to reduce carbon emissions, including: setting definitions, appointing a carbon information manager, more detailed electricity billing, league-tables of departmental carbon use, greater use of videoconferencing and IM, more mobile working and a reduction in business travel.
The need to set definitions is a thorny one, as different companies offer different power ratings
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Bill Long 6/05/06
Gleanings from The Century
When the Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia appeared in its final edition (1911), it was without question the most ambitious such project in the history of the English language.
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Bill Long 6/05/06
Gleanings from The Century
When the Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia appeared in its final edition (1911), it was without question the most ambitious such project in the history of the English language. Containing more than 500,000 entries, many of them with cuts or diagrams, this twelve-volume treasure has largely been forgotten by those who are neologistically-inclined. But it repays close study, not only for learning words and concepts that are not covered in more "modern" dictionaries but also to understand the "shape" of the world, so to speak, in 1911. I decided to do some work in the Century on the concept of symbiosis. Here is what I found.
This was before the time that symbiosis became the inclusive category for all joint living arrangements between animals or plants. So, in 1911, symbiosis could be defined as "Union for life of certain organisms, each of which is necessary to the other...differing in the degree and nature of the connection from inquilinity and parasitism, as in the case of the fungus and alga which together make up the so-called lichen, or of the fungus Mycorrhiza and various Cupuliferae." I am not going to explore fungi here, but I was fascinated by the "continuum" the dictionary set up from parasitism through inquilinity to symbiosis. Modern dictionaries have dropped out the word "inquilinity," but I wanted to examine what the Century had to say about it.
The word inquiline derives from the Latin inquilinus, which is an inhabitant of a place which is not its own; a lodger. More specifically, the Century has it that it is "an animal that lives in an abode properly belonging to another, either at its expense, as certain insects that live in galls made by the true gall-insects, or merely as a cotenant, as a pea-crab which lives in an oyster-shell, or a sea-anemone growing on a crab's back; a commensal. See cut under cancrisocial."
The Nature of the Century's Definition
Look what the Century has done in its definition. It has given us a contiuum, which I would almost call a moral contiuum, from stolen life to shared life
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P(BAC = 0 | Crash with fatality) =.616P(BAC is between.01 and.09 | Crash with fatality) =.300
P(BAC is greater than.09 | Crash with fatality)
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P(BAC = 0 | Crash with fatality) =.616P(BAC is between.01 and.09 | Crash with fatality) =.300
P(BAC is greater than.09 | Crash with fatality) =.084
Over a certain stretch of highway during a 1-year period, suppose the probability of being involved in a crash that results in at least one fatality is.01. It has been estimated that 12% of the drivers on this highway drive while their BAC is greater than.09. Determine the probability of a crash with at least one fatality if a driver drives while legally intoxicated (BAC greater than.09).
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Lately, there has been an outcry from fast food workers across the land and into our local areas concerning the minimum wage. The federal minimum wage is currently $7.25 an hour. With the many complaints piling up against the quite successful
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Lately, there has been an outcry from fast food workers across the land and into our local areas concerning the minimum wage. The federal minimum wage is currently $7.25 an hour. With the many complaints piling up against the quite successful fast food companies, most of us can feel a compassion for those workers and are not surprised. It just doesn't seem right that if the minimum wage had really kept pace with inflation, the minimum wage would be well over $10 an hour. Another fact is that if it had kept pace with just average labor wages, it would be close to $17 an hour.
I sort of get a kick out of the government's monthly report on new jobs as there is always a lot of crowing as to how many jobs were created by our government. However, we never hear of what types of jobs were created. Those jobs, more likely than not, are simply fast-food type jobs that fall into the minimum wage category. Those jobs can never house, feed or clothe a family, unless both parents work two fast food jobs apiece. What about the high price of just heating alone? The government can crow, but in reality, sad but true, those new jobs also are usually part time and hardly ever offer any benefits.
As I usually do, I try to inject a bit of history into these columns, and again I will try to do that. Congress instituted the minimum wage in 1938 as part of the Fair Labor Standards Act or FLSA. The first minimum wage stood at 25 cents an hour. Wow, could we live on that today? The last minimum wage increase occurred in 2007. That's when Congress raised the rates in steps from $5.15 an hour that year to $7.25 an hour in July 2009. The District of Columbia and 19 states have established local minimum wages higher than the federal rate. Currently, the highest minimum rate in the country is Washington state at $9.19 an hour. The average minimum wage in our country, including higher state rates, stands at $7.57 an hour.
Did you know that there are fewer people earning minimum wages than you may think? Approximately 3.7 million workers reported making a minimum wage or close to 3 percent of all workers in the U.S. Of course, those workers have to include a lot of teenagers who are still in school. About half of those are between the ages of 16 and 24. The rest are 24 and older. One important factor is that minimum wage does give these workers somewhat of an experience and also teaches them the bare essentials in job skills before they move on to better jobs. They will, in some cases, to be able to receive food stamps and other government benefits. Some members of Congress are pushing for at least $10 an hour minimum wage. The president is pushing for $9 an hour with a statement that no one working
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- Oct 24, 2003
- Fundamental Definitions
- AC Circuit Analysis
- Power and Power Triangles in AC Circuits
- Power Factor Correction
- Star-Delta and Delta-Star Conversion in Three-Phase AC Circuits
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- Oct 24, 2003
- Fundamental Definitions
- AC Circuit Analysis
- Power and Power Triangles in AC Circuits
- Power Factor Correction
- Star-Delta and Delta-Star Conversion in Three-Phase AC Circuits
- Voltage and Currents in Star- and Delta-Connected Loads
- Voltage and Current Phasors in Three-Phase Systems
- Power in Three-Phase AC Circuits
- Three-Phase Power Measurement and Data Logging
3.3 Power and Power Triangles in AC Circuits
This discussion will focus on single-phase ac circuits and develop the definitions for ac powers: complex power, active (real) power, and reactive power. In addition, the graphical method for ac powers, the power triangles, will be presented.
The instantaneous power delivered to a load can be expressed as
The instantaneous power may be positive or negative depending on the sign of ν(t) and i(t), which is related to the sign of the signal at a given time. A positive power means that power flows from the supply to the load, and a negative value indicates that power flows from the load to the supply.
In the case of sine wave voltage and current, using trigonometric identities, the instantaneous power may be expressed as the sum of two sinusoids of twice the frequency.
In equations 3.27 through 3.30, the phase angle θ can be any value varying from −90° to +90° for general resistance, inductance, and capacitance loads (RLC).
The first term on the right-hand side of the power equation is known as instantaneous average power, real power, or active power, and is measured in watts (W), kW, or MW.
The second term on the right-hand side is called instantaneous reactive power, and its average value is zero. The maximum value of this term is known as the reactive power, and it is measured in volt-ampere reactive (VAR), kVAR, or MVAR.
The instantaneous powers corresponding to various loads are graphically illustrated in Fig. 3-10. Note that if a single phase of the system is concerned, our previous discussions can be applied to the three-phase balanced ac circuits as well.
Figure 3-10. The waveforms showing the features of the instantaneous powers: (a) pure resistance load, (b) pure inductance load, and (c) pure capacitance load.
Hence, the active power and the reactive power are given by
As studied earlier, the cosine of the phase angle θ between the voltage and the current is called power factor.
The apparent power S can be calculated from P and Q as
The apparent power is measured in volt-amperes (VA), kVA, or MVA.
The complex power in ac circuits can be given as
Here S indicates a complex number. As indicated, the real part of the complex power equals the active power P, and the imaginary part is the reactive power Q.
Hence, from these definitions, the equations associated with the active, reactive, and apparent power can be developed geometrically on a right triangle called a power triangle. The power triangle is shown in Fig. 3-11 for an inductive and a capacitive load.
Figure 3-11. Derivation of power triangles in ac circuits: (a) impedance triangles, (b) power triangles in inductive loads, and (c) in capacitive loads.
The impedance angle θ is also called a power angle. If the current lags the voltage, the load is inductive, the angle θ is positive, and the case is said to have a lagging power factor. Conversely, if the current leads voltage, the load is capacitive, the angle θ is negative, and the case is said to have a leading power factor. Remember that the power factor cos θ does not actually lag or lead; the current lags or leads the voltage.
3.3.1 Virtual Instrument Panel
The power triangle using the phasors is illustrated on the front panel of the VI in Fig. 3-12. In the phasor graph, the horizontal axis represents the active power and the vertical axis represents the reactive power.
Figure 3-12. The front panel and brief user guide of Power Triangles.vi.
3.3.2 Self-Study Questions
Open and run the custom-written VI named Power Triangles.vi in the Chapter 3 folder, and investigate the following questions.
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National Commission For WomenBY: Liyakat Shah | Category: Issues | Submitted:
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A Collection of Informative and Interesting Articles
Absolutely Free - Start Sharing Your Knowledge Today!
Home | Submit Articles | Login
Online Since Year 2000
National Commission For WomenBY: Liyakat Shah | Category: Issues | Submitted: 2012-05-21 01:20:33
National Commission For Women
Women play a very vital role in our society. But sadly to say that women's are always being denied by their rights and very often fall prey to nuisance in the society. In spite of human being she has face differences in the society in different sectors. The main reason for their condition is there ignorance. Daily we come to know about torture and abuse which has become a common topic to hear.
In order to tackle with such treatment against them The Government of India has set up a Commission to deal with such situations.
The National Commission for Women was set up as a statutory body in January 1992 under the National Commission for Women Act, 1990 (Act No 20 of 1990 of Government of India to
• To review the Constitutional and Legal safeguards for women
• To recommend remedial legislative measures
• To facilitate redressal of grievances and
• To advertise the Government on all policy matters affecting women.
In keeping with its mandate, the Commission initiated various steps to improve the status of women and worked for their economic empowerment during the year under report. The Commission completed its visits to all the states and Union Territories except Lakshadweep and prepared Gender Profiles to assess the status of women and their empowerment.
It received a large number of complaints and acted sou-moto in several cases to provide speedy justice. Yet, the power of this commission appear to be pseudo as whenever real action is needed, the commission is hardly able to give justice to the suffering women.
It took up the issue of child marriage, sponsored legal awareness programmes, Parivarik Mahila Lok Adalats and reviewed laws such as Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, PNDT Act 1994, Indian Penal Code 1860 and the National Commission for Women Act, 1990 to make them more stringent and effective. It organized workshops, consultations, constituted expert committees on economic empowerment of women, conducted workshops, seminars for genders awareness and took up publicity campaign against female foeticide, violence against women, etc. in order to generate awareness in the society against these social evils.
The National Commission for Women was set up as a statutory body in January in 1992 under the National Commission for Women Act, 1990 to review the Constitutional and legal safeguards for women, and also recommended remedial legislative measures, facilitate redressal of grievances and advise the Government on all policy matters affecting women.
Mr.Liyakat Shah
I N D I A
About Author / Additional Info:
A teacher by profession and loves to pen articles
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Best Free Reference
Web Site 2007
Twenty-First Century Gateways: Immigrants in Suburban America
By Audrey Singer, The Brookings Institution
Susan W. Hardwick, University of Oregon
Caroline B. Brettell
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Best Free Reference
Web Site 2007
Twenty-First Century Gateways: Immigrants in Suburban America
By Audrey Singer, The Brookings Institution
Susan W. Hardwick, University of Oregon
Caroline B. Brettell, Southern Methodist University
Immigrants in Langley Park, Maryland, a suburb of Washington, DC, sell fruit on a street corner (photo (c) Audrey Singer).
New trends in immigrant settlement patterns are changing communities across the United States. The traditional American story of immigrant enclaves in the heart of major cities has been fundamentally altered with the restructuring of the US economy, the decentralization of cities, and the growth of the suburbs as major employment centers.
Prior to the 1990s, immigrant settlement had a predictable pattern and was limited to mostly Southwestern and coastal states and metropolitan New York, Los Angeles, Miami, and Chicago.
By century's end, due to shifts in labor markets, immigrants, both legal and illegal, were increasingly settling outside well-established immigrant gateways in a new group of cities and suburbs.
The swiftness of the influx has often been accompanied by social and economic stress. In many rural areas, small towns, and suburban areas, the institutional structures that could assist in integrating immigrants — both community and governmental — are insufficient or nonexistent.
Many of the newest, largest destinations, such as Atlanta, Las Vegas, and Charlotte, are places with no history of or identity with immigration. Other metropolitan areas, such as Sacramento, Minneapolis-St. Paul, and Seattle, once important gateways in the early part of the 20th century, have recently re-emerged as major new destinations.
Taken together, the fastest growing "second-tier" metropolitan areas, including Atlanta, Austin, Charlotte, Dallas, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Phoenix, Portland, Sacramento, and Washington, DC, along with 11 other metropolitan areas, house one-fifth of all immigrants in the United States today. We have named this class of metropolitan areas the 21st-century gateways (see Table 1).
These 20 metropolitan areas are largely characterized by post-World War II urban development, very recent growth of their immigrant populations, and predominantly suburban settlement.
In contrast to more established central-city destinations and patterns of settlement, trends in 21st-century gateways constitute a new context for the social, economic, and political incorporation of immigrants. All of these places are confronting fast-paced change that has wide-reaching effects on neighborhoods, schools, workplaces, and local public coffers.
Table 1. 21st-Century Gateways: Foreign Born Growth 1980 to 2006
Identifying the 21st-Century Gateways
Map 1. Metropolitan Immigrant GatewaysClick here
for larger version of map.
Our identification of 21st-century gateways is based on a historical typology of urban immigrant settlement in the United States developed by demographer Audrey Singer. Based on trends in the size and growth of the immigrant population over the course of the 20th century, this typology includes six immigrant gateway types (see Sidebar for details on methodology):
Together, the continuous and the post-World War II gateways will be referred to as established immigrant gateways here (see Map 1).
- Former gateways, such as Buffalo and Pittsburgh, attracted considerable numbers of immigrants in the early 1900s but no longer do.
- Continuous gateways, such as New York and Chicago, are long-established destinations for immigrants and continue to receive large numbers of the foreign born.
- Post–World War II gateways, such as Houston, Los Angeles, and Miami, began attracting immigrants in large numbers only during the past 50 years or less.
The latter three categories make up the 21st-century gateways discussed in our book Twenty-first Century Gateways: Immigrant Incorporation in Suburban America (Singer, Hardwick, and Brettell 2008).
- Emerging gateways are those places that have had rapidly growing immigrant populations during the past 25 years alone. Atlanta, Dallas-Ft. Worth, and Washington are prime examples.
- Re-emerging gateways, such as Minneapolis-St. Paul and Seattle, began the 20th century with a strong attraction for immigrants, waned as destinations during the middle of the century, but are now re-emerging as immigrant gateways.
- Pre-emerging gateways are those places, such as Raleigh-Durham and Austin, where immigrant populations have grown very rapidly starting in the 1990s and are likely to continue to grow as immigrant destinations.
The gateways used in this analysis are defined as metropolitan areas with populations over 1 million in 2000, based on 1999 metropolitan-area definitions. The typology includes six immigrant gateway types defined by demographer Audrey Singer in previous publications.
- Former gateways had a higher proportion of their population that was foreign born between 1900 and 1930 than the national average, followed by below-average foreign-born percentages in every decade through 2000.
- Continuous gateways had above-average foreign-born percentages for every decade, 1900 to 2000.
- Post-World War II gateways had low foreign-born percentages until after 1950, followed by higher-than-national-average foreign-born percentages in every decade through 2000.
- Emerging gateways had very low for
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#5: Zion-Mount Carmel Tunnel, United States
From our partners
When the 1.1-mile-long Zion-Mount Carmel Tunnel was completed in 1930, it was the longest non-urban highway tunnel anywhere in
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#5: Zion-Mount Carmel Tunnel, United States
From our partners
When the 1.1-mile-long Zion-Mount Carmel Tunnel was completed in 1930, it was the longest non-urban highway tunnel anywhere in the United States. Five galleries were carved into the sides of the mountain along the road through the tunnel to provide places to stop and view the scenery of Zion National Park. (Alex Proimos/flickr.com)
Chiseled out of sandstone through a mountain in Utah's Zion National Park, the Zion-Mount Carmel Tunnel was one of the nation's earliest efforts to make national parks more accessible to visitors, by building a series of bridges, roads and tunnels within what decades ago were still very remote areas.
The tunnel was part of a late 1920s construction project that also bu
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SCIENTIFIC NAMES: Silybum marianum, Carduus marianum
ALSO KNOWN AS: Holy thistle, lady’s thistle, Mary thistle, Marian thistle, St. Mary’s thistle
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SCIENTIFIC NAMES: Silybum marianum, Carduus marianum
ALSO KNOWN AS: Holy thistle, lady’s thistle, Mary thistle, Marian thistle, St. Mary’s thistle
USES: Milk thistle is used to treat alcoholism, hepatitis, drug-induced hepatotoxicity, liver disease, cirrhosis, and food poisoning, as well as to prevent cancer. Milk thistle can be ingested as a tea, or as capsules, extracts, or tinctures.
BACKGROUND: Milk thistle is an annual plant native to the Mediterranean regions of Europe, North Africa, and Middle East.
RESEARCH: Silymarin, a flavolignan derived from the seed, pod, or fruit of the plant milk thistle, has proved effective against liver cirrhosis in placebo-controlled studies. Clarification of its benefit against alcoholic liver disease and hepatitis B or C viral liver disease awaits additional research. Supplementation with milk thistle has also improved glycemic profiles in type II diabetic patients. In addition, Silymarin has exhibited chemopreventive properties both in vivo and in vitro, which may be produced via anti-inflammatory, apoptosis-inducing, cell cycle–modulating, antiangiogenic, or antimetastatic mechanisms.[4,5] Investigations in humans have not yet been conducted.
ADVERSE EFFECTS: Common: Diarrhea caused by mild laxative effect; uterine and menstrual stimulation. Case report: Intermittent episodes of sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, weakness, and collapse were reported in one patient, but these symptoms resolved after discontinuation of milk thistle.
DR. CASSILETH: Cancer patients must understand that herbal supplements are not viable substitutes for mainstream cancer care. Moreover, the potential for herb-drug interactions that may reduce efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents is a serious concern. Used primarily for liver diseases, milk thistle demonstrated anticancer potential in both in vitro and in vivo studies. However, human studies have not been conducted. Despite the lack of human data, many websites promote milk thistle to cancer patients. Caution is needed as there is no evidence of safety or effi cacy. Because reliable information about herbs and other dietary supplements was not readily available to oncologists who need it to counsel their patients, the MSKCC Integrative Medicine Service developed and maintains a free website called “AboutHerbs” (http://www.mskcc. org/AboutHerbs). This site contains two portals, one for oncology professionals and another for the public. Anyone may enter either portal at no cost. This continually updated site provides objective information about herbs and other botanicals, vitamins, other dietary supplements and unproved cancer therapies. Each of 230 (and growing) entries includes a clinical summary and details about constituents, interactions, benefi ts, and adverse effects.
1. Saller R, Brignoli R, Melzer J, et al: An updated systematic review with meta-analysis for the clinical evidence of silymarin. Forsch Komplementmed 15:9-20, 2008.
2. Rambaldi A, Jacobs BP, Gluud C: Milk thistle for alcoholic and/or hepatitis B or C virus liver diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4):CD003620, 2007.
3. Huseini HF, Larijani B, Heshmat R, et al: The efficacy of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (silymarin) in the treatment of type II diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Phytother Res 20:1036-1039, 2006.
4. Ramasamy K, Agarwal R: Multitargeted therapy of cancer by silymarin. Cancer Lett May 8, 2008 (epub ahead of print).
5. Kohno H, Tanaka T, Kawabata K, et al: Silymarin, a naturally occurring polyphenolic antioxidant flavonoid, inhibits azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in male F344 rats. Int J Cancer 101:461-468, 2002.
6. Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee: An adverse reaction to the herbal medication milk thistle (Silybum marianum). Med J Aust 170:218-219, 1999.
For additional information, visit www.mskcc.org/AboutHerbs.
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A revolution is rumbling through the teaching of differential equations. Computers are beginning to inundate the classroom, and courses are changing in response to the availability of software. Although computers have been used for a long time in differential equations courses, the last
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A revolution is rumbling through the teaching of differential equations. Computers are beginning to inundate the classroom, and courses are changing in response to the availability of software. Although computers have been used for a long time in differential equations courses, the last few years has seen an explosion in software written specifically for such classes and textbooks focusing on graphical methods. Hence, the mainstream now follows the revolutionists.
This new MAA volume consists of articles presenting a host of ideas for making use of technology in teaching differential equations. Included are ideas for classroom examples, student exercises, and ways to structure a course. Also included are descriptions of available software and references to Web resources. The level of information varies, from textbook-like presentations of basic graphical methods, to discussions of surprising mathematical phenomena, to summaries of research-level differential equations software. The ideal audience for this volume is a teacher who is not yet familiar with the newest (e.g. the last five years') textbooks and software; however, anyone who teaches differential equations can benefit from the plethora of ideas. These ideas come from an set of experienced people, who are the articles' authors: Robert L. Borrelli & Courtney S. Coleman, William E. Boyce, Michael Branton & Margie Hale, Kevin D. Cooper & Thomas LoFaro, David O. Lomen, Valipuram S. Manoranjan, Lawrence F. Shampine & Ian Gladwell, and Beverly H. West.
The most exciting component of this volume is the array of interesting examples and exercises. Borrelli & Coleman show a number of fun examples with fancy graphics, including 3-D graphs. Lomen gives exercises that use data, having the student explore different possible forms of differential equations that might fit, for example, the velocity data obtained when, "A student shot a 120 grain hollow point bullet from a 300 Winchester Magnum rifle." One example by Manoranjan is the analysis of an equilibrium point that turns out to be a nonlinear spiral masquerading as a center. The article by Branton & Hale, like many of the articles, is presented in textbook form, ex
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Are you going to class?
Are you going to practice?
Heading out to the cafeteria?
Thinking about going to work?
The answer should be NO!!
The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommends that you stay home and keep away from others until
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Are you going to class?
Are you going to practice?
Heading out to the cafeteria?
Thinking about going to work?
The answer should be NO!!
The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommends that you stay home and keep away from others until your temperature is under 100 degrees Fahrenheit for 24 hours without the use of fever reducing medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen (e.g. Tylenol, Motrin, Advil Aleve)
Time entries in blue indicate 24-hour fever-free waiting period
Things to consider:
- You need to check your temperature every 4 hours to know whether you have a fever.
- While some physicians may recommend against treating a fever (as it is seen as your body’s natural way to eradicate germs), untreated fevers can lead to dehydration and uncomfortable body aches and potentially prolonged recovery.
If you do not have a thermometer,
stop by the Wellness Center to obtain a free one!
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Low Frequency Sonar
Low Frequency Active Sonar came out of the work of the brilliant physical oceanographer Walter Munk. He had been working on the transmission of ‘phase coherent’ long wavelength signals since 1978. Taking advantage of the
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Low Frequency Sonar
Low Frequency Active Sonar came out of the work of the brilliant physical oceanographer Walter Munk. He had been working on the transmission of ‘phase coherent’ long wavelength signals since 1978. Taking advantage of the efficiency with which water transmits acoustical energy, and the far reach of low frequency, long wavelength signals, the idea was to create sounds in the sea that could be heard at long distances and carry decipherable information.
The concept went through a number of iterations including the Herd Island Feasibility Test (HIFT, 1991) which was the first sound heard around the world. The HIFT results were relayed into Acoustic Thermography of Ocean Climate (ATOC, 1995), and finally Low Frequency Active Sonar (LFAS).
From a geo-physics perspective the idea is great, and the ability to transmit information around the globe would be particularly useful in surreptitious communication to tactical submarines. From a biological standpoint it may not be that great because these noises may mask important communication and navigation cues for baleen whales.
These programs seem to have run their course, and while there may be future needs for a full scale LFAS program, currently (as best we can tell) marine basin-scale communications programs are not seriously compromising the ocean bio-acoustic habitat.
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Assessing Product Reliability
8.4. Reliability Data Analysis
8.4.1. How do you estimate life distribution parameters from censored data?
|There is nothing visual about the maximum likelihood method - but it is a
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Assessing Product Reliability
8.4. Reliability Data Analysis
8.4.1. How do you estimate life distribution parameters from censored data?
|There is nothing visual about the maximum likelihood method - but it is a powerful method and, at least for large samples, very precise||Maximum likelihood estimation
begins with writing a mathematical expression known as the Likelihood
Function of the sample data. Loosely speaking, the likelihood of
a set of data is the probability of obtaining that particular set of data,
given the chosen probability distribution model. This expression contains
the unknown model parameters. The values of these parameters that maximize
the sample likelihood are known as the
Maximum Likelihood Estimates or MLE's.
Maximum likelihood estimation is a totally analytic maximization procedure. It applies to every form of censored or multicensored data, and it is even possible to use the technique across several stress cells and estimate acceleration model parameters at the same time as life distribution parameters. Moreover, MLE's and Likelihood Functions generally have very desirable large sample properties:
|With small samples, MLE's may not be very precise and may even generate a line that lies above or below the data points||There are only two drawbacks to MLE's, but they
are important ones:
|Likelihood equation for censored data||Likelihood
Function Examples for Reliability Data:
Let f(t) be the PDF and F(t) the CDF for the chosen life distribution model. Note that these are functions of t and the unknown parameters of the model. The likelihood function for Type I Censored data is:
The likelihood function for readout data is:
In general, any multicensored data set likelihood will be a constant times a product of terms, one for each unit in the sample, that look like either f(ti), [F(Ti)-F(Ti-1)], or [1-F(ti)], depending on whether the unit was an exact time failure at time ti, failed between two readouts Ti-1 and Ti, or survived to time ti and was not observed any longer.
The general mathematical technique for solving for MLE's involves setting
partial derivatives of ln L (the derivatives are taken with respect
to the unknown parameters) equal to zero and solving the resulting (usually
non-linear) equations. The equation for the exponential model can easily
be solved, however.
|MLE for the exponential model parameter turns out to be just (total # of failures) divided by (total unit test time)||MLE's
for the Exponential Model (Type I Censoring):
Note: The MLE of the failure rate (or repair rate) in the exponential case turns out to be the total number of failures observed divided by the total unit test time. For the MLE of the MTBF, take the reciprocal of this or use the total unit test hours divided by the total observed failures.
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Home > Health Library > Gastroesophageal Reflux in Babies and Children
reflux happens when food and stomach acid flow from the stomach back into the
esophagus. The esophagus is the tube that carries food
from
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Home > Health Library > Gastroesophageal Reflux in Babies and Children
reflux happens when food and stomach acid flow from the stomach back into the
esophagus. The esophagus is the tube that carries food
from the mouth to the stomach. In adults, reflux is often called heartburn or
Reflux is common in babies and children, and it is
usually not a sign of a serious problem. Most babies stop having reflux around
1 year of age. A child who continues to have reflux may need treatment.
Reflux happens because of a
problem with the ring of muscle at the end of the esophagus. The ring of muscle is called the
lower esophageal sphincter, or LES. The LES acts like
a one-way valve between the esophagus and the stomach. When you swallow, it
lets food pass into the stomach. If the LES is weak, stomach contents can flow
back up into the esophagus.
In babies, this problem happens
digestive tract is still growing. Reflux usually goes away as a baby matures.
It is common for babies to
spit up (have reflux) after they eat. Babies
with severe reflux may cry, act fussy, or have trouble eating. They may not
sleep well or grow as expected.
An older child or teen may have
the same symptoms as an adult. He or she may cough a lot and have a burning feeling in
the chest and throat (heartburn). He or she may have a sour or bitter taste in
If stomach acid goes up to the throat or into the
airways, a child may get hoarse or have a lasting cough. Reflux can also cause
wheezing, and it may hurt to swallow.
To find out if a child
has reflux, a doctor will do a physical exam and ask about symptoms. A baby who
is healthy and growing may not need any tests. If a teen is having symptoms,
the doctor may want to see if medicines help before doing tests.
If a baby is not growing as expected or treatment doesn't help a teen,
the doctor may want to do tests to help find the cause of the problem. Common
Most babies stop having
reflux over time, so the doctor may just suggest that
you follow some steps to help reduce the problem until it goes away. For
example, it may help to:
For older children and teens, it may help to:
If these steps don't work, the doctor may suggest
medicine. Medicines that may be used include:
Before you give your child any
over-the-counter medicine for reflux
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The Science Mission Directorate's Input to the President's Space and Aeronautics Report 2010
NASA’s Science Mission Directorate (SMD) successfully launched three new space and Earth science missions designed to improve our understanding of solar processes, Earth
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The Science Mission Directorate's Input to the President's Space and Aeronautics Report 2010
NASA’s Science Mission Directorate (SMD) successfully launched three new space and Earth science missions designed to improve our understanding of solar processes, Earth system change, the nature of the universe, and the history of the solar system. The Science Mission Directorate in FY 2010 had five program divisions: Astrophysics, Planetary Science, Heliophysics, Earth Science and the Joint Agency Satellite Division.
On December 14, 2009, NASA launched the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) spacecraft. From a vantage points 500 km above Earth’s surface, WISE surveyed the entire sky at infrared wavelengths, creating a cosmic clearinghouse of hundreds of millions of objects that will be catalogued and provide a vast storehouse of knowledge about the solar system, the Milky Way, and the universe. By the end of its six-month mission, WISE acquired nearly 1,500,000 images covering the entire sky. The mission has uncovered objects never seen before, including the coolest stars, near-Earth asteroids, and comets. Its vast catalogs will be studied for years to come to help answer fundamental questions about the origins of planets, stars and galaxies, and provide a feast of data for astronomers to analyze for decades to come. WISE data will also reveal new information about the composition of near-Earth objects and asteroids – are they fluffy like snow or hard like rocks, or both? WISE is an Astrophysics Division mission.
On January 5, 2010, NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope's new infrared camera, the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), broke the distance limit for galaxies and uncovered a primordial population of compact and ultra-blue galaxies that have never been seen before. The deeper Hubble looks into space, the farther back in time it looks, because light takes billions of years to cross the observable universe. This makes Hubble a powerful “time machine” that allows astronomers to see the most distant galaxies as they were 13 billion years ago, just 600 million to 800 million years from the Big Bang. The existence of these newly found galaxies push back the time when galaxies began to form. The deep observations also demonstrates the progressive build up of galaxies and provides further support for the hierarchical model of galaxy assembly where small objects accrete mass, or merge, to form bigger objects over a smooth and steady but dramatic process of collision and agglomeration. This is analogous to streams merging into tributaries and then into a bay. Hubble Space Telescope is an Astrophysics Division mission.
On January 28, 2010, the Cassini spacecraft made its 67th flyby of Titan, Saturn’s largest moon. Titan’s peculiar surface includes lakes of liquid hydrocarbons and other features that puzzle planetary scientists. In this flyby, Cassini spacecraft passed over the surface at an altitude of about 7,490 kilometers (4,654 miles); by contrast, other flights brought it as close as a few hundred miles. The relatively large distance flyby between the Cassini spacecraft and Titan gave Cassini’s instruments the ability to observe the context of specific features seen on closer passes. The Cassini spacecraft was launched in 1997, and entered Saturn’s orbit in 2004. Since then, the spacecraft has been providing scientists with groundbreaking discoveries on the gas giant, and also on its many moons. The spacecraft has helped shape our understanding of the various influences that the entire Saturnian system exerts within itself. Hence, the correlations between the planet, its moons, and the rings, also became clearer. The Planetary Science Division manages the Cassini spacecraft.
On February 11, 2010, NASA launched the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) spacecraft. SDO is revealing the processes inside the Sun, on the Sun's surface, and in its corona that result in solar variability. This variability, when experienced on Earth, is called space weather.Space weather affects not only our lives on Earth, but also the Earth itself, and everything outside its atmosphere (astronauts and satellites out in space and even the other planets). By better understanding the Sun and how it works, scientists are better able to predict and better forecast the “weather out in space” providing earlier warnings to protect our astronauts and satellites in their journeys through space. SDO is designed to operate for five years, and collects huge amounts of data every day. SDO produces enough data to fill a single CD every 36 seconds. Because SDO has no recording system and collects so much data, the SDO mission uses a dedicated ground station. SDO is in a geosynchronous orbit so that the SDO spacecraft revolves around the Earth at the same rate as the Earth rotates and is thus always be directly above and in constant communication with its ground station in New Mexico. SDO is a Heliophysics Division mission.
On March 3, 2010, the Cassini spacecraft did a targeted flyby and made its closest approach of the mission to Helene (a moon) at about 1,800 kilometers (1,131 miles). (A “targeted flyby” refers to the times when the navigation team is anchoring the trajectory design to the flyby – tweaking the spacecraft’s path to take full advantage of the opportunity. Usually targeted flybys are closer, and are therefore reveal greater surface detail.) Helene, a small moon,
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Using a 17-foot-long helium-filled blimp, four propellers and sophisticated electronics, three Johns Hopkins undergraduates have built a model airship that will aid professional engineers who are designing a military craft to conduct surveillance at the outer edge of the
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Using a 17-foot-long helium-filled blimp, four propellers and sophisticated electronics, three Johns Hopkins undergraduates have built a model airship that will aid professional engineers who are designing a military craft to conduct surveillance at the outer edge of the Earth’s atmosphere.
The similar but much larger unmanned airship is being developed by engineers at Johns Hopkins University’s Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Md., to provide visual and communications support from an altitude of about 100,000 feet above sea level. To help test and refine the guidance, navigation and control system for such a craft, APL engineers asked students in the university’s Engineering Design Project class to devise a smaller version of the airship.
During the two-semester course, offered by the Department of Mechanical Engineering, the student team built a model airship that can fly autonomously, following computer commands to move itself to a predetermined location. The craft can also be steered manually through a wireless remote controller. The onboard equipment also includes a video camera that can transmit real-time images from about 50 feet above the ground.
“We’re trying to see how these systems would work, using commercial off-the-shelf equipment,” said Vincent F. Neradka, an APL engineer who worked with the undergraduates. “The model aircraft works very well. The students met almost all of our objectives. We’re delighted with what they did.”
The student inventors were Ben Jackson, 22, a double-degree major in mechanical engineering and trumpet performance from Wilmette, Ill.; Nicholas Keim, 21, a mechanical engineering major from Ellicott City, Md.; and Michael K. Chin, 22, a mechanical engineering major from Brookline, Mass.
To watch an animated view of how the HARVe airship might be launched and deployed, follow these links:
To learn more about this, read the press release.
Go to Headlines@HopkinsHome Page
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Finding out your child has congenital heart disease, commonly called a congenital “heart defect,” can be frightening. You’re probably worried, stressed, and filled with questions about what the diagnosis really means. Nemours’ top-notch pediatric cardiologists
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Finding out your child has congenital heart disease, commonly called a congenital “heart defect,” can be frightening. You’re probably worried, stressed, and filled with questions about what the diagnosis really means. Nemours’ top-notch pediatric cardiologists will help ease your concerns and give you the congenital heart defect answers you need.
Congenital heart disease is actually fairly common. In fact, more than 35,000 babies are born with a heart defect each year in the United States. Most (about two-thirds of) children with heart disease have a “congenital” heart defect, when a baby is born with a heart problem because the heart didn’t develop normally or completely in the early weeks of pregnancy. Other
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Engineers at Harvard have created a device that may make it easier to isolate and study tiny particles such as viruses.
Their plasmonic nanotweezers, revealed this month in Nature Communications, use light from a laser to trap nanos
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Engineers at Harvard have created a device that may make it easier to isolate and study tiny particles such as viruses.
Their plasmonic nanotweezers, revealed this month in Nature Communications, use light from a laser to trap nanoscale particles. The new device creates strong forces more efficiently than traditional optical tweezers and eliminates a problem that caused earlier setups to overheat.
“We can get beyond the limitations of conventional optical tweezers, exerting a larger force on a nanoparticle for the same laser power,” says principal investigator Ken Crozier, Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering at the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS).
“Until now, overheating has been a major problem with tweezers based on surface plasmons. What we’ve shown is that you can get beyond that limitation by building a plasmonic nanotweezer with an integrated heat sink.”
Visualization of the calculated electric field intensity around a gold pillar in Crozier's plasmonic nanotweezers. The top image is a side view; the bottom image is a view from above. Scale bar 200nm. Image courtesy of Ken Crozier.
Optical tweezers have been an essential tool in biophysics for several decades, often used for studying cellular components such as molecular motors. Researchers can trap and manipulate the proteins that whip a flagellum, for example, and measure the force of its swimming motion.
But optical tweezers have drawbacks and limits, so researchers like Crozier are perfecting what might be called the “next-generation” model: plasmonic nanotweezers.
To create conventional optical tweezers, which were invented at Bell Labs in the 1980s, scientists shine a laser through a microscope lens, which focuses it into a very tight spot. The light, which is made up of electromagnetic waves, creates a gradient force at that focused spot that can attract a tiny particle and hold it within the beam for a short period of time—until random motion, radiation pressure, or other forces knock it out.
The trouble with these optical tweezers is that a lens cannot focus the beam any smaller than half the wavelength of the light. If the targeted particle is much smaller than the focal spot, the trapping will be imprecise.
At the same time, the focal size limit places an upper limit on the gradient force that can be generated. A stronger force is necessary for trapping nanoscale particles, relative to larger, microscopic particles, so conventional optical tweezers must use a very high-powered laser to trap the tiniest targets.
To overcome these problems, researchers in applied physics discovered a few years ago that they could enhance the trapping field by focusing the laser onto an array of nanoscale gold disks. The light excites the electrons at the surface of the metal, creating rapid waves of electromagnetic charge called plasma oscillations, resulting in “hot spots” of enhanced fields around the edges of the disk.
In other researchers' designs, the tiny gold disks were arrayed on a sheet of glass, and the whole setup was submerged in water with the target particles. In tests with those devices, one problem was that the brightest hotspots were at the base of the pillars, partially inside the glass, where the particles could never be trapped. A bigger problem, as Crozier's team discovered, was that unless they kept the laser power very low, the water boiled.
The Harvard team has solved both problems by replacing the glass with a piece of silicon coated in copper and then gold, with raised gold pillars. These materials are much more thermally conductive than glass, so they act as a heat sink.
"The gold, copper, and silicon under the pillars act just like the heat sink attached to the chip in your PC, drawing the heat away," says lead author Kai Wang (Ph.D. '11), who completed the work at SEAS and is now a postdoctoral fellow at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
The new device reduces the water heating by about 100-fold and produces hotspots at the top edges of the pillars, where Crozier's team was able to trap polystyrene balls as small as 110 nanometers.
In an unusual twist, the team discovered that they were able to rotate the trapped particles around
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My book of the week for you this week is one of my all time favorites - "Little Cloud" by Eric Carle.
"Little Cloud" is somewhat similar to "It Looked Like Spilt Milk" by Charles G. Shaw in
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My book of the week for you this week is one of my all time favorites - "Little Cloud" by Eric Carle.
"Little Cloud" is somewhat similar to "It Looked Like Spilt Milk" by Charles G. Shaw in that both stories feature cloud shapes. The main difference is that, in "Little Cloud," you know from the beginning that the shapes are created by a cloud. Whereas in "It Looked Like Spilt Milk," you don't.
Because of the similarity between the two books, the extension activities I'm going to share could easily be adapted to either story.
1. Cloud Shapes: I used the die-cut machine in my last school to create various shapes out of white paper. I made sure to include all of the shapes from the story in addition to other shapes. After we read the story, we work on naming the other cloud shapes. You can use the shapes for a simple naming task, category naming, descriptions, articulation etc. You can also lay them on the floor and work on receptive language (find a kind of food, find something that swims, etc.). Since there's a line in the book "A sheep and a cloud sometimes look alike," I took advantage of this and asked the students to compare two of the objects (e.g., shark and octopus, duck and sheep, plane and butterfly, etc.)
2. Cloud Sorting: I didn't take a picture of this, but once my groups named all of the cloud shapes we sorted into shapes that were in the book vs. shapes that were not in the book. I've done this using 2 hula hoops, placing the book in one hoop so that all of the shapes featured in the book go in the same hoop. I've also done a graph using masking tape (make a T-shape with the tape and sort the shapes).
3. Matching/Lotto Game: I created this game in Boardmaker (and they don't allow me to share with you, so sorry about that!). Basically, I used black and white images on cells with a blue background. I then created the little cards in the same manner, adding "lose a turn" and "try again" cards. After printing and laminated, I realized that I should have made the game boards and draw cards in different colors so the contrast was easier to see, but the kids still liked the game and it was a great way to reinforce the vocabulary and work on increasing MLU (e.g., "I picked a shark cloud").
4. Play Dough Clouds: When I can find it, I like to give kids a piece of white play dough on laminated sheets of blue construction paper. Then they smoosh the play dough and make a shape in their clouds.
5. Cornstarch Clouds: I can no longer use food items in my therapy sessions, but when I could, I sometimes mixed cornstarch and water in a large tray and have the kids draw shapes in the "clouds" by using their fingers. For kids with sensory issues, I also place some in a plastic ziplock bag (you may want to double bag). They can use their fingers through the baggie.
6. Free Printable Story Patterns: After I originally published this post, Alicia from Chalk Talk Speech Therapy directed me to these free printable story patterns from KizClub. Thank you Alicia!!!
Do you use either of these books in therapy? What's your favorite activity to accompany the book?
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Iridescent is a science-education nonprofit that helps engineers, scientists and high-tech professionals bring cutting edge science, technology and engineering to high school girls, and underprivileged minority children and their families. Three unique aspects are:
the rigorous training mentors
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Iridescent is a science-education nonprofit that helps engineers, scientists and high-tech professionals bring cutting edge science, technology and engineering to high school girls, and underprivileged minority children and their families. Three unique aspects are:
the rigorous training mentors undergo to communicate research and advancements to the public;
the emphasis on parents learning science with their children;
the mutual learning model in which both the students and mentors benefit from "doing science" together.
The model has been successfully implemented by Iridescent over three years at 80 sites in California, reaching 4500 Hispanic and African-American children and adults. Iridescent's programs increase participants' interest in science, content knowledge and self-efficacy. Our objectives are to:
bring exciting science directly to underprivileged communities;
ensure the program has long term impact by involving the parent
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It is of Hebrew origin, the short form of Susannah. Its meaning is "lily". Susan is the English form of this name, Suzanne is French, and Susana is Spanish.
Susan B. Anthony was an American civil rights leader
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It is of Hebrew origin, the short form of Susannah. Its meaning is "lily". Susan is the English form of this name, Suzanne is French, and Susana is Spanish.
Susan B. Anthony was an American civil rights leader. She was one of the foremost activists who secured womens suffrage in America.
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Zetkin, Klara (kläˈrä tsĕtˈkĭn) [key], 1857–1933, German Communist leader and feminist. A teacher, she early joined the Social Democratic party
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Zetkin, Klara (kläˈrä tsĕtˈkĭn) [key], 1857–1933, German Communist leader and feminist. A teacher, she early joined the Social Democratic party and together with Rosa Luxemburg, became prominent in its radical wing. She was a founder and theoretician of the Socialist woman's movement, and established the party's paper for women, Gleichheit, which she edited until 1916. A member of the Spartacus party, in 1919 she was one of the chief founders of the German Co
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Har Navami is observed during the Shukla Paksha or waxing phase of moon in the month of Ashada or Har (June – July). Har Navami 2013 date is July 17. It is believed that Mata Shar
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Har Navami is observed during the Shukla Paksha or waxing phase of moon in the month of Ashada or Har (June – July). Har Navami 2013 date is July 17. It is believed that Mata Sharika appeared on the earth on the day. The day is observed as the birthday or Jayanti of Goddess Sharika. The ritual and festival is great significance in
. Jammu and Kashmir
The most famous temple dedicated to Goddess Sharika is located at Hari Parbat in
. The fourth month in a traditional Hindu calendar is Ashada and this is also known as Har. Jammu and Kashmir
Mata Sharika is also worshipped as Maha Tripurasundari. She is also known as Chakrishwar as she is worshipped in the form of Sri Chakra at Hari Parbat.
The day is observed as Bhadali Navami in some regions in
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Richard Henry Dana, Jr. (18151882). Two Years before the Mast. The Harvard Classics. 190914.
Cracking onProgress HomewardA Pleasant SundayA Fine SightBy-Play
IT is usual, in voyages round
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Richard Henry Dana, Jr. (18151882). Two Years before the Mast. The Harvard Classics. 190914.
Cracking onProgress HomewardA Pleasant SundayA Fine SightBy-Play
IT is usual, in voyages round the Cape from the Pacific, to keep to the eastward of the Falkland Islands; but as it had now set in a strong, steady, and clear south-wester, with every prospect of its lasting, and we had had enough of high latitudes, the captain determined to stand immediately to the northward, running inside the Falkland Islands. Accordingly, when the wheel was relieved at eight oclock, the order was given to keep her due north, and all hands were turned up to square away the yards and make sail. In a moment, the news ran through the ship that the captain was keeping her off, with her nose straight for Boston, and Cape Horn over her taffrail. It was a moment of enthusiasm. Every one was on the alert, and even the two sick men turned out to lend a hand at the halyards. The wind was now due south-west, and blowing a gale to which a vessel close hauled could have shown no more than a single close-reefed sail; but as we were going before it, we could carry on. Accordingly, hands were sent aloft, and a reef shaken out of the top-sails, and the reefed foresail set. When we came to masthead the topsail yards, with all hands at the halyards, we struck up Cheerily, men, with a chorus which might have been heard half-way to Staten Land. Under her increased sail, the ship drove on through the water. Yet she could bear it well; and the captain sang out from the quarter-deckAnother reef out of that fore-topsail, and give it to her! Two hands sprang aloft; the frozen reef-points and earings were cast adrift, the halyards manned, and the sail gave out her increased canvas to the gale. All hands were kept on deck to watch the effect of the change. It was as much as she could well carry, and with a heavy sea astern, it took two men at the wheel to steer her. She flung the foam from her bows; the spray breaking aft as far as the gangway. She was going at a prodigious rate. Still, everything held. Preventer braces were reeved and hauled taught; tackles got upon the backstays; and each thing done to keep all snug and strong. The captain walked the deck at a rapid stride, looked aloft at the sails, and then to windward; the mate stood in the gangway, rubbing his hands, and talking aloud to the shipHurrah, old bucket! the Boston girls have got hold of the tow-rope! and the like; and we were on the forecastle, looking to see how the spars stood it, and guessing the rate at which she was going,when the captain called outMr. Brown, get up the topmast studding-sail! What she cant carry she may drag! The mate looked a moment; but he would let no one be before him in daring. He sprang forwardHurrah, men! rig out the topmast studding-sail boom! Lay aloft, and Ill send the rigging up to you!We sprang aloft into the top; lowered a girt-line down, by which we hauled up the rigging; rove the tacks and halyards; ran out the boom and lashed it fast, and sent down the lower halyards, as a preventer. It was a clear starlight night, cold and blowing; but everybody worked with a will. Some, indeed, looked as though they thought the old man was mad, but no one said a word. We had had a new topmast studding-sail made with a reef in it,a thing hardly ever heard of, and which the sailors had ridiculed a good deal, saying that when it was time to reef a studding-sail, it was time to take it in. But we found a use for it now; for, there being a reef in the topsail, the studding-sail could not be set without one in it also. To be sure, a studding-sail with reefed topsails was rather a new thing; yet there was some reason in it, for if we carried that away, we should lose only a sail and a boom; but a whole topsail might have carried away the mast and all.
While we were aloft, the sail had been got out, bent to the yard, reefed, and ready for hoisting. Waiting for a good opportunity, the halyards were manned and the yard hoisted fairly up to the block; but when the mate came to shake the catspaw out of the downhaul, and we began to boom-end the sail, it shook the ship to her centre. The boom buckled up and bent like a whip-stick, and we looked every moment to see something go; but, being of the short, tough upland spruce, it bent like whalebone, and nothing could break it. The carpenter said it was the best stick he had ever seen. The strength of all hands soon brought the tack to the boom-end, and the sheet was trimmed down, and the preventer and the weather brace hauled taught to t
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Rabbits are small mammals in the family Leporidae, found in many parts of the world.
They are sometimes affectionately known as bunnies, especially by children.
There are seven different genera in the family classified as rabbits, including
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Rabbits are small mammals in the family Leporidae, found in many parts of the world.
They are sometimes affectionately known as bunnies, especially by children.
There are seven different genera in the family classified as rabbits, including the European Rabbit cottontail rabbits, and the Amami Rabbit.
For more information about the topic Rabbit, read the full article at Wikipedia.org, or see the following related articles:
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There are two types of ultramarathon events: those that cover a specified distance, and events that take place during specified time (with the winner covering the most distance in that time). The most common distances are 50 and 100 miles,
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There are two types of ultramarathon events: those that cover a specified distance, and events that take place during specified time (with the winner covering the most distance in that time). The most common distances are 50 and 100 miles, or 50 and 100 kilometers.
The "100 kilometers" is an official IAAF event as can be seen at http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/records/inout=o/discType=5/disc=100K/detail.html.
Other distances/times include double marathons, 24-hour races, and multiday races of 1000 miles or even longer. The format of these events and the courses vary, ranging from single or multiple loops (some as short as a 400-me
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Most environmental problems result from
complex, interrelated problems
Which of the following is not an example of how statistics are used?
determining the context of how data was gathered
Biocentric preservationists, first led by John Muir
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Most environmental problems result from
complex, interrelated problems
Which of the following is not an example of how statistics are used?
determining the context of how data was gathered
Biocentric preservationists, first led by John Muir, advocate saving natural areas for their
beauty and wildlife habitat.
At the end of the twentieth century, ____________________ has/have been added to environmental thinking.
One of the first steps in critical thinking is to
identify premises and conclusions
The world's poorest people _______________ environmental degradation.
both cause and suffer from
When testing a new drug to treat arthritis what method should be used to avoid bias in the data?
Places in the world where indigenous people live tend to have high biodiversity.
Of the following statements and questions, which is the best example of deductive reasoning?
If all insects have six legs, then butterflies have six legs.
Random samples are used
to eliminate bias from a study
The statement, "Since every insect I have examined so far has six legs, I conclude that all insects must have six legs." is an example of
In reading a claim by an atmospheric scientist that ozone depletion is not an actual environmental problem, a critical thinker would
look for evidence of the source's reliability.
Proponents of sustainable development argue that
development can proceed with minimal costs to the environment.
What is the probability of getting tails 4 times in a row when you flip a coin?
1 in 16
Parsimony is one of the basic principles of science.
On Apo Island, a history of destructive fishing habits had the affect of
All of the above
Environmental science is a
systematic approach learning about the environment.
In explaining your choice of an environmental science major in college to your roommate, you would probably emphasize the fact that environmental science is a(n)
applied interdisciplinary field with an emphasis on solving problems
is methodical and logical.
Utilitarian conservationists, including Gifford Pinchot and Theodore Roosevelt, supported forest conservation in order to provide
homes, jobs, and recreation for people
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Minimal Genome Designer
1-1. Predicting Essential Genes
1) Need of the Analysis of Essential Genes
It is thought that today, Synthetic Biology has reached a plateau. Since the success of the experiment that re-synthes
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Minimal Genome Designer
1-1. Predicting Essential Genes
1) Need of the Analysis of Essential Genes
It is thought that today, Synthetic Biology has reached a plateau. Since the success of the experiment that re-synthesizes the genome and insert it into the cell, it seems that Synthetic Biology is not developing. But if somebody can design a genome and synthesize it, synthetic biology can take off again. Then what do we need to design a genome? First, we need information about essential genes. An essential gene is a gene that is critical for survival. If you have the information about the essential gene, you are in a superior state in making human artificial cell in a true sense. Because it means that you already have the ability to make the brick. All you have to do is make a brick with our program developed for you according to the sequence of the essential genes, and conduct experiments.
2) The Present of the Analysis of Essential Genes
Essential genes are being analyzed in many places, such as in DEG or PATRIC.
3) The Problem of the Analysis of Essential Genes
Essential genes known today are mostly discovered with in vitro experiments. As seen in the chart above, the result of the experiment can vary according to conditions and methods. We bring forth a problem about this. We believe that to give meaning to a result, it has to be accurate. Also the analysis method of essential genes used today takes a lot of time and labor. To address this we use a bio-informatics way and find essential genes.
1-2. Analysis of Essential Genes
1) Definition of Essential Genes
As we are using the computer to find essential genes, we can't use the existing method to analogize essential genes with experiments. We assume that if essential genes are critical to living, every organism must have it. So we approached the problem with the assumption that an essential gene is a gene that every living thing will has.
2) Significance of the Analysis of Essential Genes
We are proud of our analysis methods. You will see that our analysis result is not that different from that proved with experiments. Our analysis results do more than finding essential genes. With this, you can understand the metabolic process and furthermore have a good chance to synthesize an artificial cell.
1-3. Developing of the Minimal Genome Designer
1) The Purpose of Minimal Genome Designer
The purpose of our program is fundamentally to understand the structure and the principle of the genome. However, we will not stop at understanding the information about genome, but hope that you can go on to build your own genome by using the brick in your experiment.
2) Advantages of Minimal Genome Designer
Minimal Genome Designer will make you easily understand the genome, by showing you the structure. Providing various information about the gene and the genome, our program will shorten your time to design the experiment. This also means that you can save money as well. We have tried and verified so that Minimal Genome Designer can procure reliability. The results made by Minimal Genome Designer can be used as a new background information for your experiment.
1) The program is installed and run in a local computer. The local database isn't included in the program, and to see the database you should have access to the server that we constructed.
2) The program consists of the circular viewer on the upper left, and the linear viewer below, and a Genome list on the right.
3) First, select a gene in the Genome List on the right. You may select it on the Tree View, or by searching the gene that you want. After selection, the information of the gene will be shown in graphic. You can see more information about the relevant gene and the genome on the Genome Information in the middle.
4) If you move the reading glass image of the circular viewer, you can see the relevant location in linear graphic. By using the linear scroll bar, you can change the linear location. If you click the relevant square image in the linear viewer, you can see more information about the gene(Like sequences, length, location, Synb_id, function, product and more).
5) With the check box on the lower right-hand corner of the circular viewer, you can check the gene of your choice.
6) By checking the By COG check box, you can see each of the COG functions of each gene. Choose the COG function in the scroll box that appears after you check, then you can see the genes including that function.
7) If you check the DEG Only check box, you can see the informations that DEG has found in vitro in visual.
8) If you check the EG Only check box, you can see the information on essential genes that we gain through analysis in visual.
9) Select 'History' in the Genome List menu, then you can see all the genes that have seen all along easily.
2-2. Unique Genome Designer
1) Shows the information of essential genes that can exist in each section.(Function, Product, COG number etc.)
2) Shows the frequency of the essential genes in each section that are analyzed using 82 different species.
3) Shows the frequency of the COG of each section that is analyzed using 82 different species.
4) By choosing each section of 20 in the screen, the essential genes that can be inserted in the relevant area will be listed.
5) The user can put the wanted essential gene In each section and see the processing situation. When the whole 47
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|Solid figures have faces on them.
A face is the flat surface on solid figures.
|Faces can be in different shapes. made with more than 1 shape.
edges? - Where the faces meet
vertex? - The corners where the
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|Solid figures have faces on them.
A face is the flat surface on solid figures.
|Faces can be in different shapes. made with more than 1 shape.
edges? - Where the faces meet
vertex? - The corners where the edges meet
Algebra - Ele
Odd & Even
|A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H
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A project pairing BGSU and Case Western Reserve University has been cited as an example of an emerging technology by the New Media Consortium.
Dr. Larry Hatch
Pocket Virtual Worlds, a three-dimensional, photographic virtual space that can be explored on the
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A project pairing BGSU and Case Western Reserve University has been cited as an example of an emerging technology by the New Media Consortium.
Dr. Larry Hatch
Pocket Virtual Worlds, a three-dimensional, photographic virtual space that can be explored on the screen of a handheld device, is an application of mobile broadband technology—one of six described as emerging by the consortium in the 2008 Horizon Report.
The report is an annual collaboration between the EDUCAUSE Learning Initiative and the consortium, an international group of learning-focused organizations, including BGSU, that are dedicated to exploration and use of new media and technology.
The report predicts that the six technologies—also including grassroots video, collaboration webs, data “mashups” (a combination of data from multiple sources in one tool), collective intelligence and social operating systems—will likely enter mainstream use in higher education and similarly focused organizations within the next five years.
Time-to-adoption of mobile broadband is listed as two to three years. But the developers of Pocket Virtual Worlds, Dr. Larry Hatch, visual communication and technology education, and Jared Bendis of Case Western Reserve, are working to push the pace of their technology, whose goal is to enable classroom-bound students to take virtual field trips.
“We were very delighted to have it selected as one of the new technologies to watch,” said Hatch, who is spending this academic year at the University of Applied Sciences in Salzburg, Austria. Four students from his Digital Media Research Group at BGSU also went to Salzburg last summer, and while they have returned to Bowling Green, three are continuing to work with Hatch and his Austrian colleagues through the Internet.
Hatch noted that he and Bendis, the creative director for new media at Case Western Reserve, have made presentations about Pocket Virtual Worlds to New Media Consortium members for the last two years.
The technology allows for navigation of virtual environments while actually walking around and exploring them. Photos create panoramas in which people can navigate by using a handheld device. That originally meant a personal digital assistant, but “we are currently moving the technology to work in the much larger market of mobile phones,” Hatch said.
Underlying the technology is the premise that if a panorama represents a single point in space, then an array of panoramas is a virtual world. In the photographic environment, navigation mode allows users to walk on a map that, like a Global Positioning System (GPS), moves under the person to provide a real-world connection and physical sense of scale. At key areas of the map, the system switches to panorama mode, allowing a 360-degree view, and unlike GPS, it works indoors or outdoors.
“Just yesterday (Feb. 5) I took dozens of panoramas at St. Mark’s Square in Venice during Carnival,” said Hatch, adding that he has also completed documenting a castle near the Austrian university where he’s working. “Both of these data sets will be used with our mapping program.”
Those locations could thus become destinations for the desired virtual field trips, with classroom projects and discussion stemming from what students “see” around them. Since the technology can use digitally created images as well as photographs, students could also theoretically explore outer space or locations in history. Hatch and Bendis took about 230 panoramic photos at the Alamo to create the working prototype for Pocket Virtual Worlds.
The technology has also been expanded into a Pocket Mobile Gaming system that, in the gaming mode, can help children learn colors and shapes, sign language or another spoken language, according to Hatch.
“Mobile devices have come a long way in the past few years,” the Horizon Report points out in its assessment of mobile broadband technology. “Now they are video players, Web browsers, document editors, news readers and more. The technology and infrastructure have developed to the point where mobile devices are becoming essential tools, bringing the whole of the Internet and all your social connections to the palm of your hand.”
The report describes the continuing work of the New Media Consortium’s Horizon Project, a five-year research effort that has distilled the viewpoints of more than 175 project advisory board members from business, industry and education, as well as drawing on extensive published resources, current research and practice, and the expertise of the consortium and EDUCAUSE communities.
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On This Day - 16 November 1918
Theatre definitions: Western Front comprises the Franco-German-Belgian front and any military action in Great Britain, Switzerland, Scandinavia and Holland. Eastern Front comprises the German-Russian,
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On This Day - 16 November 1918
Theatre definitions: Western Front comprises the Franco-German-Belgian front and any military action in Great Britain, Switzerland, Scandinavia and Holland. Eastern Front comprises the German-Russian, Austro-Russian and Austro-Romanian fronts. Southern Front comprises the Austro-Italian and Balkan (including Bulgaro-Romanian) fronts, and Dardanelles. Asiatic and Egyptian Theatres comprises Egypt, Tripoli, the Sudan, Asia Minor (including Transcaucasia), Arabia, Mesopotamia, Syria, Persia, Afghanistan, Turkestan, China, India, etc. Naval and Overseas Operations comprises operations on the seas (except where carried out in combination with troops on land) and in Colonial and Overseas theatres, America, etc. Political, etc. comprises political and internal events in all countries, including Notes, speeches, diplomatic, financial, economic and domestic matters. Source: Chronology of the War (1914-18, London; copyright expired)
Allied troops begin to move towards Germany.
German troops leave Finland.
Polish officers demand surrender of Posen.
Polish President (M. Pilsudski) proclaims Poland an Independent and Sovereign State.
Baku re-occupied by British and Russian troops.
Appeal of Dr. Solf to President Wilson to allow German Commissioners to leave for U.S.A.
Reply of U.S.A. Government to
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Significant new method developed for characterizing density wave features and Calculating Morphological Transformation Rates in Galaxies
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- News Releases
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Significant new method developed for characterizing density wave features and Calculating Morphological Transformation Rates in Galaxies
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In a paper published in The Astronomical Journal (133:2584-2606, June 2007) Dr. Xiaolei Zhang, of the Naval Research Laboratory, and Dr. Ronald J. Buta, of the University of Alabama, report that they have developed an accurate and widely-applicable method for characterizing density wave features in galaxies. These density waves appear as high-density regions in galaxies in the forms of spirals, bars, and rings. Orbiting stars and gas stream in and out of these features much like in a traffic jam. Density wave in galaxies has been an active area of study among astronomers and mathematicians since the early 1960s. A popular account of the history of the development of density wave theory can be found in the September 2002 issue of Sky and Telescope magazine.
The density waves in the different regions of a galaxy's disk often appear as intricately nested segments of patterns (bars within bars, or bars within spirals, see the figure at the end of this article), each segment rotating rigidly with a fixed pattern speed. Using near-infrared light as a mass-density tracer, the new method allows the pattern speeds of the different nested density wave patterns to be determined empirically by calculating the gravitational potential field produced by these density patterns.
Using a related approach, Drs. Zhang and Buta have also confirmed that a previously proposed internal physical process termed "secular dynamical evolution," which is driven by these density waves, can transform the shapes of galaxies over their lifetime. This provides an important link to our understanding of how galaxies in the universe were formed and how they evolve.
Observed galaxies can be roughly grouped into two kinds: highly flattened disk-shaped galaxies, such as the Milky Way, and ell
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Ruined health, early death and diminished health are all results of cancer. It really is a devastating ailment that is no respector of person. Any individual, anyplace can be afflicted with this horrible illness. Cancer appears to be rising as
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Ruined health, early death and diminished health are all results of cancer. It really is a devastating ailment that is no respector of person. Any individual, anyplace can be afflicted with this horrible illness. Cancer appears to be rising as the number clinically diagnosed rises yearly. Over 1/2 million people annually are told they've got some form of cancer. Combine this with the unbelievable statistic from 2007 of over eight million deaths the prognosis isn't looking great. Over 2 hundred kinds of cancer have been discovered. These include things like the commonly recognized ones such as breast, lung and prostate cancer.
The variables that can easily cause cancer are varied however there some reaccuring issues which make it more probable such as diet and exposure to tobacco smoke. Sporadic cancers are typically the explanation for the majority of cancers, not those passed down from family genetics Aboutbonecancer.com. Whenever cancer happens cells have mutated and usually formed a tumor. As the cancer grows the cancer spreads through the body by means of both the lymphatic system and also the blood stream.
Depending on the type of cancer the symptoms will vary. Early cancer frequently is undetectable. Important check-ups are important to prevent cancer from going unnoticed. The majority of the time by the time the signs or symptoms are seen the cancer is advanced.
Listed below are a list of diagnostic tools that can help detect cancer:
- Genetic testing
- CAT Scan
- Other imaging test
WIth early detection cancer is usually treated with surgical procedure first of all. Other standard treatments include things like chemotherapy, hormone therapy, radiation, along with experimental treatments. Non-traditional methods can be used along side of these as well.
Cancer prognosis varies with respect to the stage of the cancer. These stages provide medical doctors with objective metrics to better evaluate the seriousness of the cancer within the body. The higher the stage the more the prognosis decreases. This is the reason early detection is so critical. It can truly help towards treatment aboutbonecancer.
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When a giant earthquake and tsunami ripped through Japan last March, many husbands and fathers lost their families. Japan is now having to tackle a family crisis – one that is not accustomed to seeing and supporting single fathers.
In a country where gender roles are
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When a giant earthquake and tsunami ripped through Japan last March, many husbands and fathers lost their families. Japan is now having to tackle a family crisis – one that is not accustomed to seeing and supporting single fathers.
In a country where gender roles are traditional, mothers tend to do the care-giving while fathers are in the workforce, bringing home money for the household. When Japanese men operate outside of this model, by choice or by chance, society doesn’t support them.
In November of 2009, a group called Single Father Japan was started to bring together and help these men living outside this gender norm. In June of 2011, Single Father Japan went to the Ministry of Health and Welfare to discuss an extension of bereavement pensions for men who lost family in the March 2011 earthquake. Evidently, these benefits are currently available to mothers.
And benefits are available to women because there are fewer in the workplace and typically have lower salaries than men. Oh snap!
If you want to read more, get your sauce on below.
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Who's Who - Prince Louis of Battenberg
Prince Louis of Battenberg (1854-1921), of Polish-German descent, was born in Graz, Austria. He became a naturalised British citizen in 1868 and
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Who's Who - Prince Louis of Battenberg
Prince Louis of Battenberg (1854-1921), of Polish-German descent, was born in Graz, Austria. He became a naturalised British citizen in 1868 and thereafter joined the Royal Navy, which he eventually rose to command as First Sea Lord in the immediate pre-war years from 1912-14.
He married, in 1884, Victoria Alberta Elisabeth Mathilde Marie of Hesse, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. They had two sons, the youngest of whom was Lord Louis Mountbatten, subsequently Earl Mountbatten of Burma; a grandson was Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.
Among other roles in the navy, Prince Louis served successfully (and admired by luminaries such as Admiral Fisher) as Director of Naval Intelligence in 1902 and thereafter as rear admiral, admiral and part commander of the Home Fleet, before his appointment as Second Sea Lord in 1911. The following year he was made First Sea Lord.
Reporting to First Lord
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John Lockes Social Contract Theory Philosophy Essay
The agreement of the society to surrender its rights partially or entirely to the ruling government or authority is a social contract. The social contract is the basis of society’s moral values today because it gives government the
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John Lockes Social Contract Theory Philosophy Essay
The agreement of the society to surrender its rights partially or entirely to the ruling government or authority is a social contract. The social contract is the basis of society’s moral values today because it gives government the liberty to decide what is right and wrong depending on each society’s socialization structure, all in the name of the rule of law. The social contract theory has been in existence for a very long time, right from the days of Plato (380BC) to John Rawls of the 20th century. The social contract bears the responsibility of both citizen and government and is introduced to protect an already peaceful society, or to form one. It is associated with modern political theory. Idealists and liberalist such as Thomas Hobbes, Jean Jacques-Rousseau and John Locke have influenced constitutions around the world a great deal especially the West with their theories.
The social contract is generally supposed to provide justice and security to citizens within its boundaries. The state of nature is a place envisioned by a philosopher, prior to the existence of the social contract. The social contract is preceded after a philosopher has given his view of the state of nature. The state of nature does not have any moral or physical structures in place. It has to be envisioned. In the state of nature, there are no laws in place and no civilization. Man is either described as one who lives in harmony with his fellow men or fights for his survival. Idealist philosophers such as Immanuel Kant and Jean Jacques Rousseau argue that, since man is rational, in his state of nature there would be co-operation in existence and therefore his social contract must embody laws that are rational. On the other hand, realist philosophers such as Niccolo Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes disagree with the optimistic notion of human beings. They argue that human beings are self-centred and would promote their interest first in all situations; therefore their state of nature would be chaotic and disorganised. The survivors of such a place would be only the strong or swift ones, therefore his social contract should allow irrational decisions to be taken by the head of state for the greater good of the people. The social contract simply implies that the people give up some rights to a government and/or other authority in order to accept or jointly preserve social order.
John Locke, a liberal philosopher of the 18th century and the author of the famous and influential book, ‘The Second Treatise of Government’ pioneered the need for the respect of human rights. Locke begins his theory by visualizing a state of nature that human beings live in before agreeing to the social contract. In Locke’s state of nature, there is freedom, but not entirely because he claims that the law of nature governing this estate is from God. Rights and liberties are respected because he views human beings as rational. In the event where human beings react irrationally to negative human behavior, Locke suggests the need for a social contract, an agreement between the people of the state of nature to have an authority that would ensure justice and equality. One may react irrationally when meting out a punishment to an offender; another person may also intervene and punish the offender. To prevent a biased form of justice being carried out, Locke suggests an agreement among the people to form
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Slaves in George Washington’s house
I never made it to the excavation of the spot on Independence Mall in Philadelphia a couple years ago where the first president had a home back in the 18th century.
As a newspaper online editor at the
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Slaves in George Washington’s house
I never made it to the excavation of the spot on Independence Mall in Philadelphia a couple years ago where the first president had a home back in the 18th century.
As a newspaper online editor at the time, I dispatched two interns to the site pretty often to get video footage of the progress of the work and to do interviews. The excavation was immensely popular. More than 300,000 people showed up that summer of 2007 to watch, to engage in debate, to learn – and maybe not to learn.
This site was sacred ground for many – either because it was the temporary “White House” where two presidents lived as the real one was being built or where the slaves of one of them were kept in bondage and toiled for free. It was here – near what is now the home of the Liberty Bell – that Washington housed nine slaves. (Photo above of the 2007 excavation is by dnkbdotcom.)
On Wednesday, the story of Washington’s slaves will be told as part of an exhibit of the President’s House, a project that over the past decade spurred much debate, controversy and enmity. It’s truth-be-told-history about a president who was a slaveholder – not something to be proud of but also not something to hide. He was a typical man of his day, except for being the leader of the United States.
Eight years after the project started, the exhibit – called “President’s House: Freedom and Slavery in Making a New Nation” – will open with a ribbon-cutting ceremony and dedication. My local newspaper, the Philadelphia Inquirer, which covered every demonstration and fiery meeting and press conference, wrote about the upcoming event in Sunday’s paper.
This new display not only encompasses the house at Sixth and Market Streets where Washington and President John Adams lived (it was the official residence from 1790-1800), but it also recounts the lives of Washington’s slaves. The nine – Oney Judge, Christopher Sheels, Joe, Giles, Hercules, Paris, Moll, Richmond and Austin – are commemorated in a glass/wood/steel enclosure near the entrance to the Liberty Bell. Adams had no slaves.
Judge, the personal servant of Martha Washington, escaped from the couple in 1796 ”while they were eating dinner.” After learning that she was in New Hampshire, Washington sent officials to force her to come back. It didn’t work and she lived out her years as a free woman until she died in 1848. She was interviewed twice by newspapers in the 1840s. (Photo at right is a copy of an ad for the return of Judge to the president. It was published in the Pennsylvania Gazette in Philadelphia in 1796.)
The president’s chef, Hercules, left a year later and disappeared into a new life. (Hercules is in the photo below at right.) In all, Washington had more than 300 enslaved people, most of whom were on his plantation in Mount Vernon, VA.
How these nine people took their rightful place in the telling of the story of the President’s House goes back to 2002 when Independence Park was building a new home for the Liberty Bell. A local historian wrote about how visitors to the site would be walking over the place where Washington held slaves. That aroused an outcry, and Independence Park was forced to revamp its plan. An evacuation of the site came some years later.
Now, Judge, Hercules and the others are finally out of the kitchen and sitting at the big table.
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Using relative dating principles and the position of
layers within rock, it is possible to reconstruct the
sequence of geologic events that have occurred at a
site. In the image below, cliffs along the Snake River
show signs of volcanic activity
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Using relative dating principles and the position of
layers within rock, it is possible to reconstruct the
sequence of geologic events that have occurred at a
site. In the image below, cliffs along the Snake River
show signs of volcanic activity and deposition. The
thick, dark, gray layer at the bottom is made of basalt.
Red-colored layers are sandstone.
the cliffs in the photograph below
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In an apple seed-sized pellet of glass, Univ. of Michigan engineering researchers have packed seven devices that together could potentially provide navigation in the absence of the satellite-based Global Positioning System (GPS.)
Space-based GPS—convenient for civilians and essential
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In an apple seed-sized pellet of glass, Univ. of Michigan engineering researchers have packed seven devices that together could potentially provide navigation in the absence of the satellite-based Global Positioning System (GPS.)
Space-based GPS—convenient for civilians and essential for the military—is far from fail-proof. It doesn't work indoors, near tall buildings or in heavy cloud cover; and it's relatively easy to jam, researchers say.
"In some cases, there is no good solution for that yet," said Khalil Najafi, the Schlumberger Prof. of Engineering and chair of electrical and computer engineering. "That's one of the reasons there's interest in developing this technology."
So-called "timing and inertial measurement units" similar to this new one are used nowadays as motion sensors in cell phones, game controllers and automotive systems, but the performance of these silicon sensors isn't good enough for navigation, positioning and guidance across larger distances or long times. Inertial sensors have been used to navigate ships and aircraft since long before GPS. Those still in use today in these vehicles are much larger.
"In the smallest commercial inertial systems, the volume is about the size of an apple, and most are larger—about the volume of four apples," Najafi said. "The volume of our device is less than an apple seed. The main breakthrough is that the technology we developed is hopefully going to allow us to build very high performing devices in extremely small sizes."
At 13 cubic millimeters, the package contains a highly-precise master clock and six sensors that detect movement in six different axes.
To make their advanced inertial measurement unit, Najafi and his research group developed special fabrication processes that allows them to stack and bond the seven different devices in layers. And to make their unit more robust, they built it out of fused silica—a high-quality glass—rather than silicon, which is commonly used for these types of devices.
Timing and inertial measurement units track a path by measuring speed, time, direction and distance from a starting point. "In order to measure position, you need to know where you are and then how far you've moved in so much time and in what direction," Najafi said.
GPS receivers, on the other hand, calculate location based on their movement in relation to a network of satellites. The satellites continuously ping the receiver. Najafi envisions that the two approaches could be combined so navigation systems would have a backup component and seamless operation both outdoors and indoors. But that, he believes, is at least five years away.
Source: Univ. of Michigan
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Talking about the characteristics of the population is what we do best at.id. However, the most basic demographic question of all is just “What is our population?”. With the recent release of Regional Population Growth (3218.0) by
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Talking about the characteristics of the population is what we do best at.id. However, the most basic demographic question of all is just “What is our population?”. With the recent release of Regional Population Growth (3218.0) by the ABS I just did a quick ranking to see what the biggest cities in Australia are.
Pretty straightforward, but always interesting. Everyone wants to know where their area ranks.
While Sydney and Melbourne are by far the two biggest cities, some of the smaller state capitals are eclipsed in population by some of the larger regional centres. Here is the official list of the top 33 centres for 2010-11. Why 33? The list includes all centres down to 50,000 population.
AUSTRALIA’S LARGEST CITIES, JUNE 2011
|6||Gold Coast – Tweed (QLD/NSW)||600,475|
|8||Canberra – Queanbeyan (ACT/NSW)||417,860|
|10||Sunshine Coast (QLD)||254,650|
|17||Albury – Wodonga (NSW/VIC)||107,086|
|23||Burnie – Devonport (TAS)||82,913|
|24||Latrobe Valley (VIC)||81,572|
|28||Hervey Bay (QLD)||61,691|
|29||Wagga Wagga (NSW)||59,005|
|30||Coffs Habour (NSW)||53,798|
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics: Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2010 – 11 (Cat. No. 3218.0)
Note that the boundaries used for this list include the main and outlying urban areas of the town or city, not necessarily based on local government boundaries. For example, the LGAs of Wagga Wagga and Bendigo have larger populations than the centres as listed here, while Albury-Wodonga’s definition extends beyond the LGA to encompass a wider district.
Some interesting points:
- The two largest cities account for 39% of all the nation’s population. The five largest make up 61%.
- Of the list of centres over 50,000, 11 are (all or part) in Queensland, while only 8 are (all or part) in NSW (to be fair, the next 4, just under 50,000 are all in NSW!).
- Though a state capital, Hobart sits well behind the non-capital cities of Gold Coast, Sunshine Coast, Newcastle and Wollongong, as our 11th largest city.
- The Gold Coast, just a few scattered coastal villag
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Note: This message is displayed if (1) your browser is not standards-compliant or (2) you have you disabled CSS. Read our Policies for more information.
Hand washing is the single most effective means of preventing the spread of infections.
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Note: This message is displayed if (1) your browser is not standards-compliant or (2) you have you disabled CSS. Read our Policies for more information.
Hand washing is the single most effective means of preventing the spread of infections. Many diseases, such as the common cold, influenza (flu), ear infections, strep throat, diarrhea, and other intestinal infections, can be spread by unwashed or improperly washed hands.
Bacteria and viruses that cause disease can get on your hands in many ways, such as handling food or animals, touching doorknobs, shaking hands, using phone receivers or computer keyboards, and using the toilet. You can reduce the spread of many bacteria and viruses by properly washing your hands with soap and water.
Always wash your hands:
Keeping your hands clean is one of the most important ways you can avoid getting sick and spreading germs to others. Germs that cause colds, eye infections, and other illnesses can spread to the hands by sneezing, coughing, or rubbing the eyes and then can be transferred to others. Food-borne illness outbreaks often are caused by poor hygiene, usually unwashed or poorly washed hands on the part of the food handler. Many diarrheal illnesses, such as: salmonellosis, hepatitis A, and shigellosis can be spread from person to person when someone does not wash their hands after using the toilet and then passes the bacteria or virus by handling food, shaking hands, or touching other objects. If the bacteria or virus gets into another person’s mouth then that person becomes sick. Unwashed or poorly washed hands are responsible for 1 in 4 food-borne illnesses.
Proper hand washing is everyone’s responsibility:
All information presented is intended for public use. For more information, please refer to:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
This page was last reviewed July 17, 2009.
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Carla Huck, former TeachNet
Director, New York, NY
9 - 12
Students of foreign language
are always interested in learning about customs related to food –
a favorite topic for teens and adults alike! In this unit,
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Carla Huck, former TeachNet
Director, New York, NY
9 - 12
Students of foreign language
are always interested in learning about customs related to food –
a favorite topic for teens and adults alike! In this unit,
students will visit web sites with text primarily in English to
explore French cheeses. This activity can be adapted for higher
levels of proficiency by using web sites in the target language.
Students will learn how cheese is made, identify different
types of French cheese, understand the role cheese plays in French meals; and
gain gustatory appreciation for French cheeses. They will also be able to write
and speak simple sentences in French about their findings.
1. Write this well-known quote from general de
Gaulle on the board: “La france est aussi diverse que ses fromages.”
(France is as diverse as its cheese). Ask students to interpret.
Q: How many types of cheese does France
(A: Over 365). Direct students to KWLH chart
and have them fill in K and W individually. Share results with
the class and combine onto one sheet.
2. Direct students to the following web sites
to research the information they indicated a desire to learn. They
should be able to find most answers; any remaining questions may
have to be answered by the teacher or e-mailed to a French native
or college professor.
3. After completing the L section of their charts, direct students
to complete lower half and write three sentences in French about
their findings. Circulate to check spelling/grammar. Review orally
to check pronunciation.
4. As a group, brainstorm ideas for H - “How can we learn more?” A
cheese-tasting party will be the culminating event for this
Using the attached KWLH chart,
student prior knowledge of the subject will be activated;
throughout the research step students will be working on their
charts and writing sentences in French. Students will orally
respond to the H as one student fills in chart on the board based
on responses of classmates. The culminating activity will be a
cheese-tasting party; each student must relate orally in French
one fact they learned from this project to the guests (principal,
parents, faculty, community members).
Come across an outdated link?
Please visit The Wayback Machine to find what you are looking for.
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KORAPUT IS a district with Maoist infestation and many other problems; which surrounds the un-divided Koraput throughout the year. One of the most serious problems is child labour in this backward region. Though the
state government
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KORAPUT IS a district with Maoist infestation and many other problems; which surrounds the un-divided Koraput throughout the year. One of the most serious problems is child labour in this backward region. Though the
state government had decided to eradicate child labour till 2014, and had also stepped in various programmes regarding the same. But the state is witness to a large number of poor tribal children working in various hotels, road sides and market places.
Till date there is no proper record of how many child labourers are there in the state. The child labour brings a negative picture towards the visitors. In a democratic state, it is shameful that this problem is increasing day by day and growing to become a vast problem.
Looking forward to eradicate child labour from Orissa, government has taken various steps. The state government has joined hands with various departments of state, such as; Women and Children Welfare Department, Revenue Department, Employment Department, etc. These departments will identify the child labours and also calculate the same. They will also work for the welfare and development of the child labour and its eradication.
Along with the above plans and programmes, the state government has also decided to take help from the Central government. It is also been decided to open at least two transit homes in district level. All these plans and programmes of the state government are welcome but how far all these will be fruitful remains a big question.
Poverty and poor standard of living is the main reason for the increased child labour in Koraput. Around 72 per cent of the population is below the poverty level in the area. To earn their day to day livelihood they put their poor children to work. Poor tribal children working in garage, workshops, shops, hotels, road side, grazing animals, collecting dry woods for fuel at home, etc can be seen every.
The government should properly plan to eradicate poverty from these areas. If only each and every family set out of poverty then only eradicating child labour till 2014 would be possible.
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Seven Reasons to Compost
2. A higher yield of crops is produced when using compost.
3. Contaminated, compacted, and marginal soils can be amended by using compost to restore wetlands and forests.
4. Composting is
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Seven Reasons to Compost
2. A higher yield of crops is produced when using compost.
3. Contaminated, compacted, and marginal soils can be amended by using compost to restore wetlands and forests.
4. Composting is cost-effective.
5. Compost can capture almost all industrial volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) in contaminated air.
6. Compost can remove solids, oils, and grease from storm water runoff.
7. A savings of 50% can be provided when using compost opposed to soil.
Craft Idea with Recycled Paper
Old newspaper isn’t just for wrapping presents and paper mache isn’t just for grade school kids! Check out these cool crafty ideas for ways to use old newspaper, junk mail, magazines, or cereal boxes!
If you’re looking for unique ways to recycle check out our blog at RecycleYourCity.com. You can also find your local recycling center, information on hazardous recycling, and information electronic recycling.
Women’s Day Magazine shared an article with some great ways to get kids started recycling with unique ideas. Teaching kids to recycle can start early with these ideas:
Swap Stuff: Instead of buying new things teach kids to sort through their stuff and pick out some things they don’t use anymore and then trade with friends and neighbors. Everyone likes to get new things and someone else’s things are just as good as new things!
One Napkin a Week: Rather than use paper napkins have each member of the family use a cloth napkin. Wash as necessary and one week may turn into a permanent habit.
Create less Waste: Use reusable sandwich containers, water bottles, and lunch bags. Using less plastic bags and water bottles will greatly reduce the amount of waste produced each week.
Green Birthday: Ask your kids to commit to a green birthday party and let them help with sending invitations via email. The kids can help with washable plates rather than disposable. Maybe they can even help bake an organic cake!
Visit RecycleYourCity.com to find your local recycling center and other recycling ideas!
Guess how many aluminum cans are used each year…
1. Recycling aluminum cans uses less than 5% of the energy it takes to create a new can.
2. The energy saved by recycle an aluminum can could run a TV for three hours.
3. Every minute 350,000 aluminum cans are made and only 113,204 cans are recycled.
4. It takes 80-100 years for an aluminum can to decompose.
Facts found at RecyclingFacts.org.
Tires and Oil – Please Dispose Properly
Did you know that tires in stockpiles can serve as a breeding ground for mosquitoes and a habitat for rodents? Rubber tires retain heat, these piles easily ignite, creating toxin-emitting, hard-to-extinguish fires that can burn for months. In 2004, the Rubber Manufacturers Association estimated that 275 million tires were in stockpiles.
Did you know the oil from just one oil change is enough to contaminate one mill
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Electroacoustics / Music
Whenever a PARAMETER of a sound or audio SIGNAL called the CARRIER is varied systematically, the signal is said to be modulated. The signal whose WAVEFORM is being used to control the carrier is
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Electroacoustics / Music
Whenever a PARAMETER of a sound or audio SIGNAL called the CARRIER is varied systematically, the signal is said to be modulated. The signal whose WAVEFORM is being used to control the carrier is called the modulator or program signal. Modulation is a standard technique for both radio TRANSMISSION and SOUND SYNTHESIS, although the frequencies used are in very different RANGEs. See: RADIO SPECTRUM.
Three common types of modulation are FREQUENCY MODULATION, AMPLITUDE MODULATION, and ring modulation, all of which are non-LINEAR approaches to sound synthesis.
Modulation at AUDIO rates (i.e. greater than 20 Hz) produce audible SIDEBANDs. Modulation at SUBAUDIO rates (i.e. less than 20 Hz) produce effects such as TREMOLO and VIBRATO.
See: GRAIN, HETERODYNE, MODULATED CARRIER, MODULATION DEPTH, PERIODIC.
Sound Example: Amplitude modulation.Sound Example: Frequency modulation.
Sound Example: Ring modulation, where the sidebands are the sum and difference of the two inputs, one of which is held constant at 100 Hz, the other swept from 0 Hz to 300 Hz.
Modulation also refers to the signal LEVEL on a recording, transmission or reproduction system. Full modulation or 100% modulation refers to the maximum permissible (i.e. distortion-free) level of such a system. Many radio stations design their signals to ride near full modulation a great deal of the time by means of compression (see diagrams under COMPRESSION).
Over-modulation occurs when this maximum level is exceeded, and the result is DISTORTION, or even equipment damage. LIMITERs are used to prevent over-modulation and PEAK CLIPPING. Percentage of modulation is measured on a VU METER. See: ZERO LEVEL VU.
In music, modulation refers to harmonic change from one key or tonality to another. See: EQUAL TEMPERAMENT, HARMONY.
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Saturday, July 06, 2013
July 6, 2013 - Healing Bubbles
Researchers at Oxford are investigating ways of treating cancer with bubbles.
It’s a new way of delivering chemo drugs: inside tiny bubbles injected
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Saturday, July 06, 2013
July 6, 2013 - Healing Bubbles
Researchers at Oxford are investigating ways of treating cancer with bubbles.
It’s a new way of delivering chemo drugs: inside tiny bubbles injected into the bloodstream.
Now, before you start quoting your favorite Agatha Christie novel featuring some nefarious murderer whose m.o. is injecting air bubbles into the victim’s blood, let me make clear that these are very tiny bubbles — so small as to cause no difficulty as they pass through blood vessels.
The goal of this novel treatment is to reduce chemo’s side effects. If the toxic chemicals are carried inside bubbles, the researchers at Oxford’s Biomedical Ultrasonics, Biotherapy and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory (BUBBL) reason, they’re less likely to do harm to healthy tissue.
(Yes, that acronym was “BUBBL.
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The new five-a-day recommendations.
Do five simple things a day to stay sane, say scientists - Times Online Connect Be active Be curious Learn Give
A “five-a-day” programme of social and personal activities can improve mental wellbeing, much as
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The new five-a-day recommendations.
Do five simple things a day to stay sane, say scientists - Times Online Connect Be active Be curious Learn Give
A “five-a-day” programme of social and personal activities can improve mental wellbeing, much as eating fruit and vegetables enhances physical health, according to Foresight, the government think-tank. Its Mental Capital and Wellbeing report, which was compiled by more than 400 scientists, proposes a campaign modelled on the nutrition initiative, to encourage behaviour that will make people feel better about themselves.
Developing relationships with family, friends, colleagues and neighbours will
enrich your life and bring you support
Sports, hobbies such as gardening or dancing, or just a daily stroll will make
you feel good and maintain mobility and fitness
Noting the beauty of everyday moments as well as the unusual and reflecting on
them helps you to appreciate what matters to you
Fixing a bike, learning an instrument, cooking – the challenge and
satisfaction brings fun and confidence
Helping friends and strangers links your happiness to a wider community and is
Critics of the recommendation said that the Government and health professionals ought not to be prescribing individual behaviour in this way. “The implication is that if you don’t do these banal things, you could get seriously mentally ill,..."
Five-a-day fruit, three-a-day cereals, or is that five-a-day carbs? I'm lost already in the "recommendations" that are being pushed at us. I'm assuming if you fail to satisfy the triage nurse you have been following them then the chances of being allowed to see a doctor are "reduced" in our brave new world. But even in my most satirical moments never did I think I would see a five-a-day for thinking happy thoughts and helping little old ladies across the road. Traa-la-la-la what happy bunnies we must all be.
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<programming, operating system> The predefined input/output channels which every Unix process is initialised with. Standard input is by default from the terminal, and standard output and standard error are to the terminal. Each of these channels (controlled via a file descriptor
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<programming, operating system> The predefined input/output channels which every Unix process is initialised with. Standard input is by default from the terminal, and standard output and standard error are to the terminal. Each of these channels (controlled via a file descriptor 0, 1, or 2 - stdin, stdout, stderr) can be redirected to a file, another device or a pipe connecting its process to another process. The process is normally unaware of such I/O redirection, thus simplifying prototyping of combinations of commands.
The C programming language library includes routines to perform basic operations on standard I/O. Examples are "printf", allowing text to be sent to standard output, and "scanf", allowing the program to read from standard input.
Try this search on W
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Return to glossaries main page.
Text Box Mini-Glossary Maker for Teachers
Goal: This form allows you to submit a text file and have my Perl program turn it into a functional mini-glossary like the following examples:
101 Terms
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Return to glossaries main page.
Text Box Mini-Glossary Maker for Teachers
Goal: This form allows you to submit a text file and have my Perl program turn it into a functional mini-glossary like the following examples:
101 Terms Used in European Christian Art
Characters in the Iliad
Instructions: Prepare your glossary material in the correct format (!!!) and type or paste it into the box below. Then hit "submit," and (God willing) it will be turned into a glossary HTML page. You should then save the page onto your own hard disk and put it into your own web site. My program does not keep a copy of your input or of the output it creates, so if you do not save it, it is gone.
Be sure to proof your finished glossary and to try all features of it. You may wish to modify it yourself before placing it on your web site.
Form to Submit Data:
Absolutely Compulsory Format Rules:
- Glossary items must be separated by two percent signs. A carriage return doesn't cut it.
- The first item will be used as the onscreen title of the glossary and as the content for the title bar.
- The second item will be used as the text that appears when the "credits" button is clicked.
- Additional lines must have the format: Term-for-Definition | definition. (The divider is a "pipe" symbol; the "pipe" is located above the backslash \ symbol on most computer keyboards.) Spaces beside the %% or | dividers are ignored.
- All multiple spaces and all carriage returns are converted to single spaces.
The following (blue) text passages are both correctly formatted. (Remember that the distribution of carriage returns is irrelevant.)
As an experiment, I suggest that you "cut and paste" one of these examples into the text box and have a look at the result; try saving the result on your own computer and viewing it independently of my web site. You might even try uploading it to your own web site to see how it works on your server. I
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Submitted to: Scanning Microscopy
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: September 23, 1996
Publication Date: N/A
Interpretive Summary: Composting municipal solid waste(MSW) is becoming
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Submitted to: Scanning Microscopy
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: September 23, 1996
Publication Date: N/A
Interpretive Summary: Composting municipal solid waste(MSW) is becoming a popular method to deal with the immense problem of waste disposal currently facing society. If handled properly, composted MSW can convert trash into useful material for agricultural production. Direct evaluation of biological solid waste material(biosolids), clippings from turf and ornamental vegetation(yardwastes) and pine bark were performed using conventional light microscopy(CLM), scanning electron microscopic(SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray analysis(EDXA). Microscopic plastic film residues were identified using CLM, SEM and EDXA from composted MSW produced by a specific process that screened particles of 4mm or less in size although the latter appeared to be free of plastics when observed with the unaided eye. Plastic particles were not detected in sources from composted yardwastes and pine bark. The amount of plastic film residue and other potentially problem materials can be quantified with SEM and EDXA previously not available. Composition of composted wastes is significantly determined by source, waste separation and composting methods and equipment.
Technical Abstract: The relative quantity and composition of plastic films and other inerts in composts prepared from municipal solid wastes(MSW), biosolids, yardwastes, and pine bark were evaluated utilizing light and scanning microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis. MSW compost samples screened through a 4 mm screen contained significant but highly variable quantities of plastic film residues that escaped detection with the unaide eye. The other composts were free of such small particulate man-made inerts even though the raw products from which some were prepared contained plastic film. It was concluded that waste separation and the system of composting used significantly affected the quantity of plastic film residues recovered from composts.
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Blue-footed Boobies, Sula nebouxii
Taxonomy Animalia Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Sulidae Sula nebouxii
Description & Behavior
Blue-footed boobies, Sula nebouxii
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Blue-footed Boobies, Sula nebouxii
Taxonomy Animalia Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Sulidae Sula nebouxii
Description & Behavior
Blue-footed boobies, Sula nebouxii (Milne-Edwards, 1882), are famous for two reasons: their link to Charles Darwin's expedition to the Galapagos Islands, and their name. The appellation does in fact have a somewhat silly meaning: The word "booby" comes from the Spanish "bobo," meaning "stupid fellow," and was probably inspired by the bird's clumsiness on land and apparently unwarranted bravery. (They are extremely vulnerable to human visitors because they do not appear to fear us.) A tropical seabird with famous bright blue webbed feet, a brown and white-streaked head, blue-gray facial skin, and a solid white body, they may approach 1.5 m in wingspan. The bird itself is a little under a meter long (about the size of a goose), with a long curved neck and can live as long as 17 years.
World Range & Habitat
Though best-known as a Galapagos inhabitant, blue-footed boobies can be found on several other arid islands off the western coasts of tropical America, Mexico, and northern South America, from the coast of California to southern Peru.
Feeding Behavior (Ecology)
A skilled hunter in the air and on water despite its awkward gait on land, blue-footed boobies dine solely on fish. Flying over the water, generally no higher than 25 m, they keep their bill pointed downward, poised for action. When they spot a fish they break into a graceful dive, making almost no splash as they enter the water like an arrow, then popping up on the surface a few feet away with their prize. These birds are such accurate dive bombers that they have even been known to catch flying fish mid-leap. Unlike other boobies, blue-footed boobies can also dive from a floating position on the surface of the water as well.
Blue-footed boobies prefer to eat alone, but they are not entirely opposed to group dining and occasionally hunts cooperatively in flocks. When a member of the flock spots a fish, they will whistle to alert the others, and the entire flock descends, perfectly synchronized, on its unlucky prey. Males are smaller, and thus tend to stick with shallow dives closer to shore, while heavier females make deeper dives offshore.
Even if the name doesn't make you laugh, a blue-footed booby's elaborate courtship rituals might. Breeding may occur at any time of year. First the male flaunts his brilliant blue feet with an exaggerated high-stepping strut. Then he presents nest materials to the female. A brief courtship flight follows, after which the male proudly flashes his blue feet to the female once more. Then, both male and female tilt their bills upward, giving respectively a piercing whistle and a series of groans. Mating follows.
Female blue-footed boobies usually lay two or three blue-green eggs in shallow depressions on flat ground, far away from other nests. The blue-footed booby lacks "brooding patches" of skin to keep the eggs warm, so instead it uses its feet to incubate them. (Despite their blue appearance, the feet have an excellent blood supply.) The eggs take about 45 days to hatch, after which time the female will balance them on top of her feet for a month. Both parents feed the chicks continuously with regurgitated fish through their bills. In the event of a famine, the parents will feed only the largest chick, sacrificing the others. Chicks stay with their parents for about two months.
Conservation Status & Comments
Blue-footed boobies are legally protected on the Galapagos Islands, where breeding pairs number under 20,000. The other populations around the world (numbering about 20,000 total) are slightly threatened by egg collectors.
References & Further Research
Research Sula nebouxii » Barcode of Life ~ BioOne ~ Biodiversity Heritage Library ~ CITES ~ Cornell Macaulay Library [audio / video] ~ Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ~ ESA Online Journals ~ FishBase ~ Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department ~ GBIF ~ Google Scholar ~ ITIS ~ IUCN RedList (Threatened Status) ~ Marine Species Identification Portal ~ NCBI (PubMed, GenBank, etc.) ~ Ocean Biogeographic Information System ~ PLOS ~ SCIRIS ~ SIRIS ~ Tree of Life Web Project ~ UNEP-WCMC Species Database ~ WoRMS
Feedback & Citation
Start or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page. We greatly appreciate all feedback!
Help Protect and Restore Ocean Life
Help us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community-centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world, raising a balanced awarenes
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Tangier Tourist Attractions
Tangier has been called the Gateway to Morocco and has been designated as the country's summer capital by King Hassan II. Overlooking the Straits of Gibraltar with a view of Spain's southern coast,
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Tangier Tourist Attractions
Tangier has been called the Gateway to Morocco and has been designated as the country's summer capital by King Hassan II. Overlooking the Straits of Gibraltar with a view of Spain's southern coast, Tangier is set on a bay and has been a magnet for travelers for millennia.
According to Greek mythology Tangier, or Tingi, was founded by the giant Anteus. Tingi is mentioned by Carthagenian travelers as early as 500 B.C. and is known to have been visited earlier by Phoenician sailors. After the destruction of Carthage, Tingi was affiliated with the Berber kingdom of Mauretania. It then became an autonomous state under Roman protection, eventually becoming a Roman colony in the A.D. third century during the reign of Diocletian, and ending as the capital of Mauretania Tingitana. In the fifth century Vandals conquered and occupied Tingi and from here swept across North Africa.A century later Tingi became part of the Byzantine Empire and gradually fell into obscurity until the city's capture by Moussa bin Nasser during the first years of the eighth century. The city's inhabitants were converted to Islam but many Berber tribes joined the schismatic Kharijite rebellion and seized the port city in 739. When Moulay Idris I established his kingdom at Volubilis in 788, Tangier became a focal point in the struggle between the Idrissid dynasty and the Umayyads. This struggle continued until the Fatimid dynasty from Tunisia assumed power in 958.Tangier came under the successive sway of the Almoravides and Almohades, after which the city fell under the influence of the Tunisian Hafsid dynasty before passing into the hands of the Merinids. By the 14th century Tangier became a major Mediterranean port frequented by European trading vessels bringing cloth, spices, metals and hunting birds in exchange for leather, wool, carpets, cereals and sugar. After an unsuccessful attempt to seize Tangier in 1437 the Portuguese finally conquered and occupied the city in 1471, converting the great mosque into a cathedral. For nearly three centuries the town was passed back and forth between the Spanish, Portuguese and finally the English, when it was given to Charles II as part of the dowry from Catherine of Braganza.The English granted Tangier a charter which made the city equal to English towns. In 1679 Moulay Ismail made an unsuccessful attempt to seize the town but maintained a crippling blockade which ultimately led to a British retreat. However, the British destroyed the town and its port facilities prior to their departure. Under Moulay Ismail the city was reconstructed to some extent but the city gradually declined until by 1810 the population was no more than 5,000. Tangier began to revive from the mid-19th century when European colonial governments fought for influence over Morocco.
Museum of Moroccan Arts
The Museum of Moroccan Arts is housed in the prince's apartments of Dar el Makhzen. Built in the 17th century in the Tangier kasbah, it was originally the governor's palace.The north of the country is represented by firearms decorated with marquetry and pottery bearing motifs of flowers or feathers.The Fes room contains silks and illustrated manuscripts as well as centuries-old dishes decorated from golden yellow to the famous "Fes blue".
Address: Dar el Makhzen, Place de la Kasbah, Morocco
Opening hours: 9:30am-12pm, 1pm-5:30pm; Closed: Tue
Museum of Antiquities - The Voyage of Venus
The Museum of Antiquities is home to the famous mosaic known as the "The Voyage of Venus" which depicts a goddess with a group of nymphs on a ship. The museum also includes Moroccan bronzes and mosaics from the Roman sites of Lixus, Cotta, Banasa and Volubilis.In room III, which is devoted to antique funeral rites, stands an amazing life-size model of a Carthaginian tomb, along with a group of small lead sarcophagi and a child's tomb buried in a clay jar.An Andalusian garden has a reproduction of an antique necropolis.
Museum of Antiquities - Bronzes and Mosaics
The former kitchens of the Dar El Makhzen palace contain bronzes and mosaics from the Roman sites of Lixus, Cotta, Banasa and Volubilis. The last was where the famous mosaic "The Voyage of Venice" was found.The history of Tangier and region is told on the first floor. In Room III stands a life-size model of a Carthaginian tomb, amid small lead sarcophagi and a child's tomb in a clay jar.
United States Legation
This museum traces the history of the relationship between the United States and Morocco. As Morocco was one of the first countries to recognize its independence, the U.S. established its legation in Tangier in 1821. It is the only historical monument to have remained in American possession since the birth of the American nation. On display is a letter from George Washington to Mouilay Abdallah, a collection of mirrors and works by Lecouteux and Ben Ali R'Bati, the first Moroccan "na
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The structure of molecular cloud cores
The interstellar medium is composed of material in various thermal and chemical phases, including cool atomic gas inside, or mixed with cold molecular clouds; cool and warm atomic gas on the envelopes of molecular clouds; cold molecules
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The structure of molecular cloud cores
The interstellar medium is composed of material in various thermal and chemical phases, including cool atomic gas inside, or mixed with cold molecular clouds; cool and warm atomic gas on the envelopes of molecular clouds; cold molecules in dark, dense or translucent clouds; warm molecules in dense clouds near embedded luminous sources; dense photoionised gas near O- and B-stars; and hot, shocked gas near supernova remnants and molecular outflow sources.
Most workers have used either observations of interstellar dust, or of interstellar molecules, to estimate the properties of interstellar material. For interstellar dust, the seminal work of Hildebrand (QJRAS, 24, 267, 1983), led to a'standard' relationship widely used to estimate interstellar dust masses. Converting from submm flux to dust mass depends on the submm opacity at various wavelengths, an adopted benchmark 400 mm opacity, k400 and a power law dependence of the dust opacity b, as well as making corrections for spectral line contamination and the dust temperature. The absolute values of k 400 and b are each uncertain by factors of at least 2 (Gear et al MNRAS 231, 55p, 1988, Richardson et al A&A 221, 95, 1995, Goldsmith et al ApJ 491, 615, 1997, Visser et al, MN, 585, 1998, ), and many regions are known to have strong temperature gradients and to suffer line contamination - all often poorly constrained.
For interstellar gas, two methods are widely used to infer gas masses i) by the use of a luminosity-mass relationship (Solomon et al ApJ 319, 730, 1987), and ii) by indirect inference of H2 column densities by scaling 13CO or in some cases C18O or C17O observations or even the dust continuum intensity. ii) is the most commonly used for individual clouds, but is highly questionable, despite the literature ibeing permeated with 'authoritative' values of molecular cloud masses based on such data. In reality, problems with isotope selective photodissociation (ISP), depletion, fractionation, and the interpretation of a complex radiative transfer situation for combinations of lines with varying degrees of opacity are scantily treated, rendering the derived masses to be of limited reliability (Minchin et al A&A 301, 894, 1995, Minchin & White A&A 302, 25, 1995, White & Sandell A&A 299, 179, 1995). Many workers also adopt a 'canonical' gas to dust ratio (typically 100 - 200) to infer the total masses of molecular clouds. Such multiplicative factors, although widely used, are also poorly constrained. A further (uncertain) multiplicative factor, the molecular abundance, is then used to convert from the column density of the trace molecule to that of molecular hydrogen. Because the determination of interstellar masses is fundamental to almost all investigations of the ISM, we wish to start a programme to put the measurement techniques on a more rigorous footing, using a combination of ISO, IRAS, SCUBA, FCRAO, JCMT, CSO, Nobeyama and VLA data which sample the full SED's of SF regions to constrain radiative transfer modelling techniques we have already developed. The availability of large format, multi-transition molecular maps give data well suited to understanding these problems - and importantly, to constraining the modelling techniques.
A first objective for our programme is to measure the properties of dust. In particular we will use the data to study the power law dependence of the dust opacity b. This is important since the flux from an object, Fn µ nb Bn(Td) is conventionally used to estimate dust masses through the relationship Md = Fn D2 / (kn Bn(Td ). The masses of interstellar clouds are however still estimated by assuming a dust-to-gas mass ratio, despite few real measurements of the ratio. The reality is that solving for dust masses in real sources is a non-trivial inverse problem which is frequently glossed over. Recent observations with SCUBA use maps at several wavelengths to make first order estimates of b values, however determining this factor, which is principle should be calculable from the ratios of fluxes at two wavelengths, is riddled with hazards for the data analyst, because of the difficulty of accurately correcting for the error pattern of the telescope. We have studied the observational difficulties of this inverse problem, and convincingly show systematic variations to dust emissivity throughout two test star formation regions.
To accurately estimate b we have a) developed a technique which accurately allows b to be estimated across SCUBA submm maps, and b) using a 2D radiative transfer code (a ray tracing technique we have developed for the solution of the frequency dependent radiative transfer equation [Men'shchikov et al A&A, 318, 879, 1997, White et al L1551 2001]). This has allowed us to accurately constrain, for arbitrary geometries, the measured fluxes, to derive accurate b's, and hence dust masses. The mass errors are checked by estimating the self-consistent energy conservation in the model, and are believed to be at the 5 - 10% level - providing us with the most accurate determinations of interstellar dust masses currently available. An objective of our work will be to measure reliable clump-mass distrib
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The Wakool River System is renowned as one of the major anabranches of the Murray River. The system is a highly braided complex mix of rivers, creeks and wetlands made up of approximately 1100kms of watercourses
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The Wakool River System is renowned as one of the major anabranches of the Murray River. The system is a highly braided complex mix of rivers, creeks and wetlands made up of approximately 1100kms of watercourses that supply water to around 600 households and businesses, as well as providing water and refuge for countless numbers of stock and native fauna. The Wakool River meanders its way through the middle of the system creating amazing biodiversity and a “continuous real wetland” for some 300 kilometres. The system is regarded as the “lungs” of the Murray with the deep holes supporting vital natural ecosystems. The Wakool System is also a famous breeding ground for hundreds of native flora and fauna including the iconic Murray Cod.
Unfortunately, the current management strategy of the Wakool system is to disconnect it from the main Murray/Edward system and use a stop-start policy to provide essential stock and domestic requirements only. This ad-hoc management has lead to things such as:
- Prolonged drying out of the river bed;
- Nil, or poor quality, Stock and Domestic water;
- Increased salinity levels;
- Stress on native flora and fauna;
- Most recently, huge native fish kills.
- After three years of drying out deep holes, acid sulphate soils are now being identified as another environmental disaster for parts of the system.
- Increased vegetative congestion by flood runners including the main channels.
The Wakool River Association
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For over 2500 years Thailand has been
under the peaceful shelter of Buddhism. The Buddha's teachings
(Dharma) colour almost every aspect of life within the
kingdom, uniting the people into a harmonious, peace-loving
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For over 2500 years Thailand has been
under the peaceful shelter of Buddhism. The Buddha's teachings
(Dharma) colour almost every aspect of life within the
kingdom, uniting the people into a harmonious, peace-loving
Images of the Buddha were originally
created as an object of worship and as a means of spreading
the Buddha's message. Accordingly
the images were designed not simply to represent the Buddha's
physical characteristics but his teachings too.
Overtime, and in different locations
within the kingdom, the specific form of Buddha images
has undergone subtle changes, creating visibly different
characteristics that reflect the cultural values, craftsmanship
and the influences of neighbouring countries of the period.
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Open a jar and discover a plant specimen from pre-revolutionary Cuba, part of a plant that is now inaccessible to scientists outside of Cuba. On another shelf find a plant specimen from a 1950s African rain forest -- a plant that
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Open a jar and discover a plant specimen from pre-revolutionary Cuba, part of a plant that is now inaccessible to scientists outside of Cuba. On another shelf find a plant specimen from a 1950s African rain forest -- a plant that may now be extinct.
In a collection that surpasses the breadth of the Smithsonian in its class, pickled plants from Cuba, New Zealand, Australia, Africa and the United States, some dating back to the 1930s and all carefully collected and documented by the late Vernon Cheadle, botanist and former chancellor of the University of California, Santa Barbara, reside in the university's Museum of Systematics and Ecology as part of the permanent collections.
Unfortunately, the entire collection could quietly recede into history, that is, unless a certain tenacious researcher attains her goal of raising funds to preserve the collection and publishing documents from it on the I
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Weight bias is the last acceptable form of discrimination. As a result of the assertions by the media, researchers and the healthcare system that we must end the obesity epidemic as the only way to manage chronic disease, we have become obsessed with weight loss and
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Weight bias is the last acceptable form of discrimination. As a result of the assertions by the media, researchers and the healthcare system that we must end the obesity epidemic as the only way to manage chronic disease, we have become obsessed with weight loss and the prevalence of weight discrimination has increased 66% over the past 10 years, as reported 5 years ago.
What is Weight Stigma?
Weight stigma includes assumptions that larger people are lazy, undisciplined, unintelligent and not healthy. In the medical field weight bias is characterized by the belief that overweight people should always lose weight, body weight is a simple matter of choice and that overweight people should eat less and move more to improve their health.
“Weight stigma depends upon three basic suppositions: thin is always preferable, thin is always possible, and thin people are better people.”
How does Weight Stigma affect us?
Weight bias from health care practitioners has been documented to contri
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YOUTH unemployment is blighting a whole generation of youngsters. The International Labour Organisation estimates there are 75m 15-to-24-year-olds looking for work across the globe. But this figure excludes a large number of youngsters who do not participate
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YOUTH unemployment is blighting a whole generation of youngsters. The International Labour Organisation estimates there are 75m 15-to-24-year-olds looking for work across the globe. But this figure excludes a large number of youngsters who do not participate in the labour market at all. Among the 34 members of the OECD, a club of rich nations, it is estimated there are 26m youths not in education, employment or training (so-called NEETs). Similarly, across the developing countries, the World Bank estimates that there are 262m such youths. All told, there are perhaps as many as 290m 15-to-24-year-olds not participating in the labour market— almost a quarter of the world’s youth, and a group almost as large as the population of America. More young people are idle than ever before. Why?
Some of these youths choose not to work. About a quarter of the 290m are south Asian women who do not work for cultural reasons. And under-24s who are working are disproportionately engaged in informal or temporary employment. In the rich world, it is estimated that a third of under-24s are on temporary contracts; in developing countries a fifth are unpaid labourers or work in the informal sector. That is better than not working at all, but is hardly cause for celebration. In total, nearly half of the world’s young are contributing to the labour market less effectively than they could be.
This is not simply the result of the financial crisis, though that is part of the explanation, having affected young people in the rich world particularly badly. Youth unemployment has incre
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Chip carving or chip-carving, kerbschnitt in German, is a style of carving in which knives or chisels are used to remove small chips of the material from a flat surface in a single piece. The style became important in Migration
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Chip carving or chip-carving, kerbschnitt in German, is a style of carving in which knives or chisels are used to remove small chips of the material from a flat surface in a single piece. The style became important in Migration Period metalwork, mainly Animal style jewellery, where the faceted surfaces created caught the light to give a glinting appearance. This was very probably a transfer to metalworking of a technique already used in woodcarving, but no wooden examples have survived. Famous Anglo-Saxon examples include the jewellery from Sutton Hoo and the Tassilo Chalice, though the style originated in mainland Europe. In later British and Irish metalwork, the same style was imitated using casting, which is often called imitation chip-carving, or sometimes just chip carving (authors are not always careful to distinguish the two), a term also sometimes applied to pottery decorated in a similar way.
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New York: The mere presence of a cell phone can affect your conversation with people even if it never rings or vibrates, a new study has found.
Mobile phones don't disrupt casual conversation much but when people were asked to discuss something meaningful,
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New York: The mere presence of a cell phone can affect your conversation with people even if it never rings or vibrates, a new study has found.
Mobile phones don't disrupt casual conversation much but when people were asked to discuss something meaningful, they reported less trust, empathy and lower relationship quality when a cell phone was in the room, the study has found.
The presence of a mobile phone can also make a meeting between two strangers more stilted, 'LiveScience' reported.
"What the work does is highlights one potential downside to mobile phones being so ubiquitous," said study researcher Andrew Przybylski, a psychologist at the University of Essex.
Przybylski got the inspiration for the study after noticing daters and bar-goers in Manhattan leaving their phones out on the bar or table.
He wondered how the phone's presence might be influencing face-to-face interactions.
He and his University of Essex colleague Netta Weinstein designed two simple experiments in which two strangers were told to talk for 10 minutes.
In the first scenario, 74 undergraduates were paired up and asked to talk about an interesting event in the last month.
Some of them happened to have this conversation in a room with a mobile phone sitting unobtrusively on a nearby table. For others, the mobile phone was replaced by a black notebook.
A second experiment used the same setup with 68 students. This time, some of the students were told to ha
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by Anura Guruge
This is in response to a recent query.
The minimum age to be pope is probably 25, that being the minimum age to be a Catholic priest or deacon, but that needs to be qualified and justified.
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by Anura Guruge
This is in response to a recent query.
The minimum age to be pope is probably 25, that being the minimum age to be a Catholic priest or deacon, but that needs to be qualified and justified.
Contrary to what some believe current Canon Law [i.e., the 1983 code] does not address this, or for that matter any other eligibility criteria as to who could be elected pope. Canon 349, under the chapter “The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,” is in reality the only canon that even touches upon papal eligibility. It basically states that the cardinals of the Church make up a special [i.e., exclusive] college that has the prerogative to elect the pope — which, however, will be done per the ‘norm of special law’ [i.e., one that is not included in the canons].
Some Essential Background
By inference, as well as practice, the ‘special law’ that governs papal elections is specified by apostolic constitutions and papal edicts. John Paul II’s, February 22, 1996 apostolic constitution, Universi Dominici Gregis (the Lord’s whole flock), modified by Benedict XVI’s June 11, 2007 Motu proprio (‘an edict’) that ratified the need for a two third majority for election at all times, constitute the current ‘standing orders’ for the next conclave — and hence the next election.
John Paul II’s constitution, though it states that the electors will be cardinals under the age of 80, does not, in anyway, address who should or could be considered for election. The last papal edict that addressed papal eligibility was Nicholas II’s In Nomine Domini papal bull of 1059. This stated that the electors (just the cardinal bishops at that juncture) should make their choice from within the Roman church [i.e., Roman cardinal priests and deacons] — but could chose from ‘another church’ if a suitable candidate could not be found from within the Ro
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A History of Japanese Americans in California:
Courtland Bates Oriental School Site
In August 1921, the California legislature amended the School Law of California so that "The governing body of a school district shall have power to exclude children of filthy or
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A History of Japanese Americans in California:
Courtland Bates Oriental School Site
In August 1921, the California legislature amended the School Law of California so that "The governing body of a school district shall have power to exclude children of filthy or vicious habits, or children suffering from contagious or infectious diseases, and also to establish separate schools for Indian children and for children of Chinese, Japanese or Mongolian parentage. When such schools are established, Indian children or children of Chinese, Japanese or Mongolian parentage must not be admitted into any other school."
The Florin School District responded by building a new structure for White children, while the older Florin East School became the "Oriental School." Asian children in Florin attended separate schools until 1939, when the local Japanese American Citizens League persuaded the school board to terminate its segregationist policy.
Three other school districts in Sacramento County (Courtland, Isleton, and Walnut Grove) also practiced de facto segregation before the legislative amendment of 1921. In the office of the River Delta Unified School District, the first Register for Public School for Walnut Grove in September 1908 lists a teacher, I.M.C. Smith, who had 16 Asian children in her classroom. By September 1920, a year before the amendment was passed, the Register was labeled "Oriental School." Ten years later, 62 students attended the White school, 29 attended the Migratory School, and 222 attended the Oriental School. Segregated schools in Walnut Grove continued until 1942, when all Japanese Americans in California were interned, leaving Filipino and Chinese students in the Oriental School. Financial considerations were apparently the deciding factor in desegregating the schools in 1943.
In Isleton, a decision was made to segregate Asian children after the Christmas holiday of the school year beginning in September 1909. All Asian names disappeared from rosters of the previously integrated classrooms in January 1910, and segregated class lists appeared. Similarly, the Courtland Bates Oriental School was built around 1922, although segregated classrooms had been in effect for years before.
After the World War II internment, a Japanese family challenged the constitutionality of California's separate school provision. The Los Angeles County Superior Court concurred that segregation on the basis of race or ancestry violated the Fourteenth Amendment. In 1947, the California legislature repealed the amendment that provided for separate schools for Chinese, Indians, and Japanese.
The Florin East School is the only extant structure that was used as an oriental school in Sacramento County. The other three were razed more than 25 years ago. The Florin School, a one-story, U-shaped, green stucco structure with a tarpaper roof, is located in an area where Japanese resided and operated small stores. On the site of the Courtland Bates Oriental School, a new elementary school now stands. The former school sites in Walnut Grove and Isleton are vacant.
NEXT> Sei Fujii Property
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H205: Theory of the Earth
H205: Theory of the Earth (3 cr.) NMNS Examination of how progressively increasing knowledge about the interior of the earth and planetary bodies is shaping the understanding of mechanisms of earth processes. Inferences of
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H205: Theory of the Earth
H205: Theory of the Earth (3 cr.) NMNS Examination of how progressively increasing knowledge about the interior of the earth and planetary bodies is shaping the understanding of mechanisms of earth processes. Inferences of earth processes from properties of earth materials. For non-science majors.
The foundation of the modern Theory of the Earth (Hutton, 1788-95) came into being
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Encyclopedia of Electronic Components Volume 1: Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Switches, Encoders, Relays, Transistorsby Charles Platt
Synopses & Reviews
Want to know how to use an electronic component? This first book of a three-volume set includes key information on electronics parts for your projects—complete with photographs, schematics, and diagrams. Youll learn what each one does, how it works, why its useful, and what variants exist. No matter how much you know about electronics, youll find fascinating details youve never come across before.
Convenient, concise, well-organized, and precise
Perfect for teachers, hobbyists, engineers, and students of all ages, this reference puts reliable, fact-checked information right at your fingertips—whether youre refreshing your memory or exploring a component for the first time. Beginners will quickly grasp important concepts, and more experienced users will find the specific details their projects require.
Electronics is once again a popular topic. Today, students, hobbyists, DIY enthusiasts, artists, and engineers are pushing the limits by making all sorts of cool devices. But when you want to learn about a particular electronic component, where do you go? To the Encyclopedia of Electronic Components, Volume 1.
This handy full-color reference guide provides everything you need to know: how a component works, its typical uses, and how you can use it in your project. Forget the manufacturers datasheets and turn to a source that offers accessible information and straightforward advice you can use.
About the Author
Charles Platt became interested in computers when he acquired an Ohio Scientific C4P in 1979. After writing and selling software by mail order, he taught classes in BASIC programming, MS-DOS, and subsequently Adobe Illustrator and Photoshop. He wrote five computer books during the 1980s.
What Our Readers Are Saying
Other books you might like
Computers and Internet » Artificial Intelligence » Robotics
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Panoramas Of Lost London : Wealth, Work. Poverty and Change 1870-1945
Philip Davies's best-selling Lost London 1870-1945 has been described as a publishing phenomenon. Opening windows on a vanished past it
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Panoramas Of Lost London : Wealth, Work. Poverty and Change 1870-1945
Philip Davies's best-selling Lost London 1870-1945 has been described as a publishing phenomenon. Opening windows on a vanished past it captivated modern audiences and was described by John Carey in The Sunday Times as a 'haunting portal into the bygone life of the capital'. Like its predecessor, Panoramas of Lost London reproduces historic photographs commissioned by London County Council - many of them in the early days of photography - to capture individual buildings and streets that, along with their entire neighbourhood, were on the threshold of redevelopment.
Lost London's portrayal of whole buildings, entire streets and skylines was achieved by scaling the images which often made invisible the wealth of pin-sharp detail contained within the historic photographs. Changes in scale and cropping have have brought to light an astonishing depth of detail: haunting faces from the forgotten past live again, hoardings and shopfronts reveal their wares while architectural details and textures leap into focus - reinforcing the sense of "shock and awe" that Marcus Binney identified when reviewing Lost London in The Times. The result is a series of breathtaking visual revelations.
This product has not yet been reviewed.
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Key: "S:" = Show Synset (semantic) relations, "W:" = Show Word (lexical) relations
Display options for sense: (gloss) "an example sentence"
- S: (n) impact (the striking
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Key: "S:" = Show Synset (semantic) relations, "W:" = Show Word (lexical) relations
Display options for sense: (gloss) "an example sentence"
- S: (n) impact (the striking of one body against another)
- S: (n) impact, wallop (a forceful consequence; a strong effect) "the book had an important impact on my thinking"; "the book packs a wallop"
- S: (n) impingement, encroachment, impact (influencing strongly) "they resented the impingement of American values on European culture"
- S: (n) shock, impact (the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat) "the armies met in the shock of battle"
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Animals as Independent Thinkers
Anyone who lives with pets or watches animals in nature knows that they are independent thinkers. Animals have their own ways of viewing the world.
Animals make decisions that often are incomprehensible to humans. Yet if
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Animals as Independent Thinkers
Anyone who lives with pets or watches animals in nature knows that they are independent thinkers. Animals have their own ways of viewing the world.
Animals make decisions that often are incomprehensible to humans. Yet if we’re observant and reflect upon animals’ choices, we can learn a lot about our own mental, emotional, and spiritual processes.
In our family of animals and humans, we often look at our animal companions and appreciate the friendship, unconditional love, and sense of family that they provide in our home. We’ve made the mistake, at times, of presuming to know their routines, needs, and moods. Humans are funny that way.
But the animals teach us that although they are in our care, their independence and sense of self are totally intact. These traits keep them unpredictable and immensely interesting to live with.
For example, our yellow cockatiel, Sunshine, decides when he is ready to go to the mantel each morning. His flight from the cage to the mantel, where he struts back and forth and looks out the windows on either side, is always on his terms and timetable.
Sunshine regards our act of opening the door to his cage as simply an invitation, not a command performance. When he is ready, he ventures out.
We say, “Sunshine, you’ve been cooped up all night. It is time to fly around.” He ignores human reasoning, though. If we try to assist by offering to give him a finger-ride to the mantel, Sunshine opens his beak threateningly and squawks.
Sunshine is quick to let us know that he’s in charge of the decision about if and when to fly. To us humans, Sunshine’s refusal of instant freedom is illogical. So we’ve settled for labeling our curmudgeon bird’s behavior as “independent thinking.”
As an aside, one of Sunshine’s old tricks, before we had broadband, was to make the sound of uploading AOL on the computer. He would sing every beat of it perfectly. When he sat on Linda’s shoulder in the morning, he’d remind her to check her e-mail by turning on his version of AOL.
How do your pets or animals in nature show their independent thinking?
We welcome you to answer this question and the “Something to Think About” question at our blogs and forums, so everyone can see your comments.
Note: Horse with a Mission and Angel Dogs with a Mission are half price at shop.angelanimals.net until December 14th.
Allen and Linda Anderson
Angel Animals Network
***To subscribe to the Angel Animals Story of the Week newsletter send a blank e-mail message to [email protected]. Visit http://archive.mail-list.com/angelanimals to read past Angel Animals newsletters.
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Developing a strong vocal technique involves consistent vocal training over the period of about two years. This assumes that the person takes at least one voice lesson a week. Of course this process can be accelerated by taking more frequent lessons. However one should be
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Developing a strong vocal technique involves consistent vocal training over the period of about two years. This assumes that the person takes at least one voice lesson a week. Of course this process can be accelerated by taking more frequent lessons. However one should be careful not to overwork the voice. This would only lead to vocal problems.
Within the vocal technique terminology there are often many terms that are used either interchangeable or incorrectly. For example the word 'chest voice': what does that mean? So it is very important to know exactly what a singer means when they say something, in order to determine what it means to them. It is dangerous to just assume one thing when they mean another. Many times the same term means different things to different singers. Singing is experiential and therefore a singer will associate a term with a feeling. This is the reason that singing is one of the hardest instruments to teach. You can't see it, you can't touch it, but you can feel it. Sometimes there is confusion around vocal technique for a singer. Some of the finest singers of our time will define terms differently.
A vocal-technique is developed through vocal exercises. It is very complex and developing a good technique takes time and careful practice. Good posture and breathing technique are the foundations of a strong vocal technique. But it does not stop there. Vocal exercises are the best way to develop vocal technique. Each vocal exercise may focus on one aspect of singing, however all aspects of singing are inextricably interrelated. One vocal exercise can focus on one or more of the following: phonation, flexibility, range, vowel modification, resonance, projection, strength. However it is important not only to do the exercise but to do it in the proper way so that the voice can develop freely. The goal of vocal exercises is to free and develop the voice in all ways, so that the singer can reach his/her full innate vocal potential.
For the musical theatre and popular singer blending the "chest" and "head" voices is a major goal. Vocal exercises will build the bridge between these two placements. The bridge is the transition notes; they are called the passage or "passagio" in Italian. Every voice has the potential to do this, but it is important to listen to the voice and nuture it carefully.
The irony is that singing with a strong vocal technique ultimately feels easy around the vocal mechanism, because everything is coordinating well: the vocal chords are vibrating correctly and the air flow is correct. It seems easy and it truly is once you put the effort into finding the way and consistency into lessons.
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Bosawas Bioreserve Nicaragua
Civil war in Nicaragua has had a serious effect on that country's rainforest.
The Bosawas Biosphere Reserve is the largest piece of intact rainforest north of Amazonia. It's bigger than the
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Bosawas Bioreserve Nicaragua
Civil war in Nicaragua has had a serious effect on that country's rainforest.
The Bosawas Biosphere Reserve is the largest piece of intact rainforest north of Amazonia. It's bigger than the forests of Costa Rica or Panama. The reserve plays an integral role in preserving biodiversity in Central America.
Robyn Williams: An inspirational project is underway in Nicaragua where civil war has had its own lasting effects on the forest. Gerardo Camilo is working with people at many levels to save what's left.
Gerardo Camilo: We're working in the Bosawas Biosphere Reserve in Nicaragua. This is the largest piece of intact rainforest north of Amazonia, so it actually has more continuous primary rainforest than anywhere in Panama or Costa Rica which have longer, more prestigious conservation traditions and conservation research entities. So this area in Nicaragua represents corazon, the heart of the Mesoamerican corridor. It really is an integral part of maintaining and preserving biodiversity in Central America, as well as for that biodiversity to persist into the future.
Robyn Williams: It must be pretty big if it's the biggest north of Amazonia. How big is this one in Nicaragua?
Gerardo Camilo: We have 8,000 square kilometres of forest, of which 5,000 are primary rainforest and the indigenous people themselves will not live in that area, it is sacred land for them. Once you add the various adjacent areas, some of them do include conflict with native Nicaraguans, with Mestizos, other areas are under significant threat of illegal mahogany harvesting and illegal harvesting of animals, but in general once you add all the contiguous lands around it, we're talking about 12,000 square kilometres.
Robyn Williams: That's very impressive because in the old days...well, they're not that distant, when
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How to Write Great Story Beginnings
Aside from the title, the beginning of your piece is the first chance you have to grab the reader’s attention. Unfortunately, it’s also where many writers go wrong. So how do you write an effective
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How to Write Great Story Beginnings
Aside from the title, the beginning of your piece is the first chance you have to grab the reader’s attention. Unfortunately, it’s also where many writers go wrong. So how do you write an effective and compelling story beginning?
- Begin a story in the middle: begin right in the middle of the action. This gets your audience’s attention right away. If there are details or back-story you need to fill in, you can weave that information throughout your story so as to avoid getting off to a nondramatic start.
- Begin a story with your inciting incident: if you are sharing a story about how your marriage survived the world’s worst vacation complete with both sets of in-laws, seven days of rainy weather, and an infant with colic, don’t begin your story with your wedding, your first date, etc. Begin with you almost missing your shuttle to the airport, checking into your awful hotel, or finding out that the pool is closed for the week, etc. A story is only a story if it focuses on one incident or a series of closely-related incidents!
- Use a great setting/backdrop for your story beginning: Your reader should be able to close his or her eyes and see what you saw on the day or days your story takes place. This is only possible if you ground your story in a place and time. Your story will differ greatly if you fell in love at a USO dance during World War II versus a speed dating night in early 2010. Capitalize on the setting of your story by including telling and interesting details.
For more writing tips, check out our downloadable online writing workshops today!
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When innovative green design meets a dedication to patients that never ends, amazing things start to happen. In December of 2010, they began happening on every floor.
- 25% of all construction material is made from recycled content.
- Building
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When innovative green design meets a dedication to patients that never ends, amazing things start to happen. In December of 2010, they began happening on every floor.
- 25% of all construction material is made from recycled content.
- Building recycles heat energy to reduce heating costs.
- Patient rooms provide expanses of natural exterior light known to shorten length of stay.
- Landscaping uses 50% less water than traditional designs.
- Advanced construction techniques saved time, waste material and fuel.
The 12-story, 484,000 square-feet Heart and Orthopedic Centers is the largest construction project in the history of Dayton. Miami Valley Hospital is making sure it’s one for the record books by striving to make the addition as “green” as possible.
In April of 2009, Miami Valley Hospital became an Energy Star Partner®, making a fundamental commitment to protect the environment through continuous improvement of our energy performance.
What is LEED?
Adding to the scope of this monumental project is Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification. Miami Valley Hospital is seeking LEED certification for the Heart and Orthopedic Centers, demonstrating the hospital’s focus on creating an environmentally friendly facility.
LEED certification is awarded by the United States Green Building Council, a thir
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Makalu, at 8475m the fifth highest mountain in the world, rises high above the main Himalayan mountain chain.
click to enlarge map
In 1884 the Survey of India topographers named the mountain "Khamba Lung
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Makalu, at 8475m the fifth highest mountain in the world, rises high above the main Himalayan mountain chain.
click to enlarge map
In 1884 the Survey of India topographers named the mountain "Khamba Lung an", a name linked to the Khamba region in Tibet. The mountain was renamed Makalu only after several exploratory expeditions to the area.
To date the meaning of this name remains unclear, but the most probable hypothesis is that it is a mutation of Maha kala (deceased God), an appeal to the Hindu Divinity Shiva for whom for the Tibetans Makalu represents the throne.
A literal translation of the Sanskrit "Maha kala" (solemn weather) indicates the God who controls the weather. Tibetan literature attributes the meaning to "the Great Black One", referring to the colour of the mountain's rock. Another meaning could be connected to the neighbouring valleys to the north. In 1921 Mallory in one of his guides talks about two summits, Everest and Makalu.
The Makalu La pass separates Makalu from Kangchuntse, while to the south it separates the South Col from the low but significant crest that rises up from the Arun Valley. Two short crests leave to the west into the Sakyetan valley and to the east into the Barun valley. There are two secondary summits besides Makalu's main summit, namely Makalu SE and Makalu Shar.
The first ascent of Makalu dates back to May 1955, when a strong French expedition reached the summit after having been forced to turn back the previous year after having reached 7800m. Lionel Terray and Jean Couzy summited on 15 May, J. Franco, G. Magnone and the Sherpa Gyalzen summited the following day and J. Bouvier, S. Coupè, P. Leroux and A. Vialatte summited on 17 May. For the first time in Himalayan history all members of an expedition reached the summit.
The first Italian expedition to successfully climb Makalu dates back to October 1985. The expedition was composed of Sergio Martini, Fabio Stedile, Fausto De Stefani and Almo Giambisi.
by Marco Benedetti
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Oct. 12, 2011 An international team -- led by researchers at McMaster University and the University of Tubingen in Germany -- has sequenced the entire genome of the Black Death, one of the most devastating epidemics in human history.
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Oct. 12, 2011 An international team -- led by researchers at McMaster University and the University of Tubingen in Germany -- has sequenced the entire genome of the Black Death, one of the most devastating epidemics in human history.
This marks the first time scientists have been able to draft a reconstructed genome of any ancient pathogen, which will allow researchers to track changes in the pathogen's evolution and virulence over time. This work -- currently published online in the journal Nature -- could lead to a better understanding of modern infectious diseases.
Geneticists Hendrik Poinar and Kirsten Bos of McMaster University and Johannes Krause and Verena Schuenemann of the University of Tubingen collaborated with Brian Golding and David Earn of McMaster University, Hernán A. Burbano and Matthias Meyer of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and Sharon DeWitte of the University of South Carolina, among others.
In a separate study published recently, the team described a novel methodological approach to pull out tiny degraded DNA fragments of the causative agent of the Black Death, and showed that a specific variant of the Yersinia pestis bacterium, was responsible for the plague that killed 50 million Europeans between 1347 and 1351.
After this success, the next major step was to attempt to "capture" and sequence the entire genome, explains Poinar, associate professor and director of the McMaster Ancient DNA Centre and an investigator with the Michael G. DeGroote Institute of Infectious Disease Research, also at McMaster University.
"The genomic data show that this bacterial strain, or variant, is the ancestor of all modern plagues we have today worldwide. Every outbreak across the globe today stems from a descendant of the medieval plague," he says. "With a better understanding of the evolution of this deadly pathogen, we are entering a new era of research into infectious disease."
"Using the same methodology, it should now be possible to study the genomes of all sorts of historic pathogens," adds Krause, one of the lead authors of the study. "This will provide us with direct insights into the evolution of human pathogens and historical pandemics."
The direct descendants of the same bubonic plague continue to exist today, killing some 2,000 people each year.
"We found that in 660 years of evolution as a human pathogen, there have been relatively few changes in the genome of the ancient organism, but those changes, however small, may or may not account for the noted increased virulence of the bug that ravaged Europe," says Poinar. "The next step is to determine why this was so deadly."
Major technical advances in DNA recovery and sequencing have dramatically expanded the scope of genetic analysis of ancient specimens, opening new horizons in the understanding of emerging and re-emerging infections.
DeWitte, Bos and Schuenemann analyzed skeletal remains from victims buried in the East Smithfield "plague pits" in London, located under what is now the Royal Mint. By targeting promising specimens -- which had been pre-screened for the presence of Y. pestis -- from the dental pulp of five bodies, they were able to extract, purify and enrich specifically for the pathogen's DNA, thereby decreasing the background DNA consisting of human, fungal and other non-plague DNA.
Linking the 1349-1350 dates of the skeletal remains to the
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Last updated by chinatravel at 2013-10-22
International Working Women's Day
March.8th was confirmed as the Women's Day in December of 1949.
March, 12th is Arbor Day. On
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Last updated by chinatravel at 2013-10-22
International Working Women's Day
March.8th was confirmed as the Women's Day in December of 1949.
March, 12th is Arbor Day. On this day, people go out and plant trees. This Day was confirmed on the 6th meeting of 5th National People's Congress Standing Committee with Deng Xiaoping's suggestion.
International Labor's Day
May 4th Movement connected Marxism and labor movements tightly. On May 1st of 1920, commemorating activities were held in Shanghai, Beijing and Gunagzhou. Li Dazhao published an article on the magazine of The Youth. In this article, he introduced the Labor's Day and how this day be memorized in America and France.
May 1st was confir
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Why Does a Yemeni Woman Have Pictures of Gandhi, King, and Mandela?
As I read Sudarsan Raghavan's Washington Post article yesterday on Yemen's women activists, I was reminded that America's very best export is the civil rights
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Why Does a Yemeni Woman Have Pictures of Gandhi, King, and Mandela?
As I read Sudarsan Raghavan's Washington Post article yesterday on Yemen's women activists, I was reminded that America's very best export is the civil rights movement.
Take Action on This Issue
Tawakkol Karman sat in front of her laptop, her Facebook page open, planning the next youth demonstration. Nearby were framed photos of her idols: the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., Mahatma Gandhi and Nelson Mandela. These days, though, Karman is most inspired by her peers. 'Look at Egypt,' she said with pride. 'We will win.'
There is an intellectual and spiritual lineage from the 20th century that is being played out on the streets of Cairo, Sanaa, Riyad, and elsewhere today.
In the 1850s, Russian aristocrat Leo Tolstoy became disgusted with violence after doing tours of duty in Chechnya and after seeing a public execution in Paris. His conversion toward nonviolence and Christianity led him to write The Kingdom of God Is Within You (published in 1894).
In 1908, Tolstoy wrote A Letter to the Hindoo laying out a plan for a massive nonviolent civil resistance campaign to free India from British imperialism. The letter fell into the hands of Mohandas Gandhi who was working as a lawyer in South Africa at the time and in the beginnings of becoming an activist. This prompted an exchange of letter between the two that was foundational for Gandhi's nonviolent strategy. Gandhi listed Tolstoy's seminal work The Kingdom of God is Within You as one of the top three influences on his life. He called Tolstoy "the greatest apostle of nonviolence that the present age has produced."
Less than 10 years after Gandhi was assassinated, a young American conscientious objector named James Lawson went as a Methodist missionary to Nagpur, India, where he studied satyagraha, the principles of nonviolent resistance that Mohandas Gandhi and his followers had developed.
In 1955, Lawson returned to the United States and was introduced to Martin Luther King Jr., who had also studied Gandhi's principles of nonviolent resistance. King told Lawson to come South, telling him "Come now. We don't have anyone like you down there." Lawson began implementing large-scale strategic nonviolent civil resistance training that was deeply rooted in Christian faith and spiritual principles. The Civil Rights Movement in the United States became the most massive civil resistance movement in U.S. history.
When Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated on April 4, 1968, South African freedom leader Nelson Mandela was entering his fourth year of his life-sentence for "sabotage." It took awhile for the news of King's murder to reach Mandela in prison. Over the course of his 27 years in prison, Mandela studied deeply the work of Gandhi and King. Mandela was uncertain that the tactics of either would work in the South African context.
But the church leaders leading South African freedom movement outside of prison -- particularly Archbishop Desmond Tutu -- were highly motivated by both Gandhi and King. South Africa's freedom struggle became known for taking the power of song to the streets. It became an image iconic of the freedom movement to hear South African children singing "We Shall Overcome" -- an anthem of the American civil rights movement -- and dancing the toyi-toyi.
Thirty-one years after being imprisoned, Mandela was elected president of a free South Africa. Coretta Scott King was in the audience for Mandela's acceptance speech as the new president. He looked at her and said: "This is one of the most important moments in the history of our country. I stand here before you filled with deep pride and joy
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The first mention of the church was in the late 12th century. It was named "Staining", which means stone, to distinguish it from the other churches of All Hallows in the City of London, which were wooden.
The old
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The first mention of the church was in the late 12th century. It was named "Staining", which means stone, to distinguish it from the other churches of All Hallows in the City of London, which were wooden.
The old church survived the Great Fire of London in 1666 but collapsed five years later in 1671. It was thought its foundations had been weakened by too many burials in the churchyard close to the church walls. The church was rebuilt in 1674.
The parishes of All Hallows Staining and nearby St Olave Hart Street were combined in 1870. At that time All Hallows Staining was demolished, leaving only the tower.
St Olave Hart Street was badly damaged by bombs in 1941, during the Second World War. Between 1948 and 1954, when the restored St Olave's was reopened, a prefabricated church stood on the site of All Hallows Staining. This was known as St Olave Mark Lane. The tower of All Hallows Staining was used as the chancel of the temporary church.
The tower of All Hallows Staining is maintained by the Worshipful Company of Clothworkers, one of the livery companies of the City of London. In 1957 the Clothworkers' Company built a church hall for St Olave Hart Street on the site of All Hallows Staining. The old tower now stands at the back of a small courtyard next to the new hall.
All Hallows Staining was an Anglican church located on Mark Lane, close to Fenchurch Street railway station in the City of London. All that remains of the church is the tower, built around 1320 as part of the second church on the site.
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Times have really changed. We have come to a place in life where it was deemed necessary to set aside a special day to encourage families to have dinner together. This year it is Monday, Sept. 22.
According to a press release from
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Times have really changed. We have come to a place in life where it was deemed necessary to set aside a special day to encourage families to have dinner together. This year it is Monday, Sept. 22.
According to a press release from Sherri Martindale of the Gila County Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA) program, the first Family Day was proclaimed by the president in 2002 following the release of a 2001 Columbia University study that showed families eating dinner together is a simple measure to prevent tobacco, alcohol and drug use among teens.
According to the study, "teens who eat dinner with their parents twice a week or less are four times more likely to smoke cigarette, three times more likely to smoke marijuana and nearly twice as likely to drink as those who eat dinner with their parents six or seven times a week... teens who frequently eat family dinners are at less risk for teen sex, fights and suicide, and are more likely to do better in school."
Martindale and Christine Rocha, also of the CASA program, were at the Sept. 9 meeting of the board of supervisors in Payson, where the commissioners adopted a proclamation declaring Sept. 22 as National Family Day -- A Day to Eat Dinner With Your Children.
Martindale included a variety of tips for celebrating Family Day in her release:
- Look at everyone's schedules for the week and pick the nights that will work for a family dinner, set a time, put it on the schedule and make your best attempt to keep the appointment -- these are the most important people in your life.
- If you can't eat dinner together, try having breakfast together or a "midnight supper" or engaging in another family activity.
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Many children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in fact have a malady that is quite different. About 1 out of 5 insomniacs also have this problem. It is also common among pregnant women and dialysis patients. And
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Many children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in fact have a malady that is quite different. About 1 out of 5 insomniacs also have this problem. It is also common among pregnant women and dialysis patients. And if you get fidgety sitting or lying down and have to get up and walk around, you probably have it, too.
What they all have in common is that creepy, crawly, tingling, burning, itchy, prickly, pulling, pins-and-needles feeling called restless leg syndrome, which may affect as many as 1 in 4 people, according to a new study reported in the current issue of the Archives of Internal Medicine.
"The bottom line is that this is an underdiagnosed and undertreated condition that causes lost sleep and fatigue," said Dr. Clete Kushida, director of the Stanford Center for Human Sleep Research, and a co-author of the study. "It's a classic case of patients don't tell, and physicians don't ask. If more did they would find out that it is fairly prevalent."
The new finding, if confirmed by further research, would greatly exceed previous estimates of the prevalence of RLS, which ranged between 2 percent and 15 percent of the population.
"The position of the Restless Leg Syndrome Foundation is that about 8 percent of the population have RLS, but that's probably extremely conservative," said Georgianna Bell, foundation executive director.
"There are a lot of people with RLS who don't know they have it," she said.
The number of people diagnosed with RLS is increasing as awareness of the condition grows, said Dr. Anthony Proske of Rush University Medical Center's Sleep Disorders Research Center. "I'm seeing it very frequently," he said.
"This used to be called growing pains in kids, and older people thought it was just one of the things that happens as you age," Proske said. "We now have newer medications that makes RLS a very treatable condition."
The most commonly prescribed drugs for RLS are the same ones used to treat Parkinson's patients but in
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Wikipedia has begun piloting a service that sends articles via text message, primarily aimed at users in Africa.
The online encyclopaedia has partnered with mobile operator Airtel to offer the free initiative which is being tested out in Kenya
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Wikipedia has begun piloting a service that sends articles via text message, primarily aimed at users in Africa.
The online encyclopaedia has partnered with mobile operator Airtel to offer the free initiative which is being tested out in Kenya. The service aims to reach those with little or no internet service.
The trial will be active for three months, said Dan Foy, technical partner manager for the Wikimedia Foundation.
"Throughout most of the developing world, data-enabled smartphones are the exception, not the rule," he said.
"That means billions of people currently cannot see Wikipedia on their phones."
To 'Wikipedia Zero', users need to dial *515#, after which they will receive a text message prompting them to search for articles.
Western technology companies see the region as a major source of future growth.
Facebook, for example, is looking at expanding into these markets with their Internet.org initiative.
Tom Jackson, who edits African technology news website HumanIPO, said Wikipedia's initiative would be warmly welcomed.
"There has been a steady move towards putting educational material online in many African countries, led mainly by the private sector rather than governments, but access to the internet remains a problem given that most Africans surf on their phon
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|Easton's Bible Dictionary|
A stream, a descendant of Cain, and brother of Jubal; "the father of such as dwell in tents and have cattle" (Genesis 4:20). This description indicates that he led a wandering
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|Easton's Bible Dictionary|
A stream, a descendant of Cain, and brother of Jubal; "the father of such as dwell in tents and have cattle" (Genesis 4:20). This description indicates that he led a wandering life.
Int. Standard Bible Encyclopedia
ja'-bal (yabhal, meaning uncertain): In Genesis 4:20, a son of Lamech by Adah. He is called `the father of those who dwell in t
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The preferred way of setting up your network connection is through the use of the netconfig program. Run this as root and you will presented with a series of questions to answer. The program will then create the rc.inet1 file. You will
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The preferred way of setting up your network connection is through the use of the netconfig program. Run this as root and you will presented with a series of questions to answer. The program will then create the rc.inet1 file. You will also need kernel support for your network card. The netconfig program can probe your system for a network card and enable it. Or you can edit /etc/rc.d/rc.modules and select your card. You can, of course, edit the network configuration files by hand. They are /etc/rc.d/rc.inet1 and /etc/rc.d/rc.inet2, which are discussed in greater detail below.
rc.inet1's role is simple: it configures your networking devices and sets up your routing. Essentially, rc.inet1 is the file that gives you a network in the first place.
Sample of rc.inet1
# Edit for your setup.
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Disneynature’s soon to be released film Chimpanzee is a true life adventure that introduces moviegoers to a lovable young chimpanzee named Oscar. The story reflects the importance of family bonds and individual triumph. Disneynature
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Disneynature’s soon to be released film Chimpanzee is a true life adventure that introduces moviegoers to a lovable young chimpanzee named Oscar. The story reflects the importance of family bonds and individual triumph. Disneynature in connection with the Jane Goodall Institute is working to raise awareness and protect the chimpanzee as part of the film's release. Explore the wonderful world of Chimpanzee with Disneynature's Educator Guide which includes over 100 pages of lessons and activities targeted to grades 2 through 6. The lessons are aligned to National Science Education Standards and integrate interactive elements, including ready-to-go PowerPoint presentations to help engage your students. Additional educational resources include audio and video clips from the feature film and are available free of charge. Chimpanzee is in theaters April 20, 2012, in time for Earth Day!
Related Tools & Resources
Disneynature’s “Wings of Life” presents a stung celebration of life, showcasing the unsung heroes of our planet – butterflies, hummingbirds, bees, and bats. The movie and accompanying educational materials targets grades 2 – 4.
"Survivorman" Les Stroud seeks out the last indigenous tribes in the most remote corners of the planet to learn their techniques, experience their rituals, and share the secrets of how they've survived in the wild for thousands of years.
Animal Planet site explores sport fishing and sustainability issues through video clips, links to related resources, and more.
Discovery Channel website explores how T-Rex utilized its expanded cranial control center.
Third-graders learn about science and teamwork through Annette Jankowski’s 2006 Cable's Leaders in Learning Award winning Hurricane House project.
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Beekeeping For Dummies
Your spring, winter, and routine beekeeping inspections vary. The spring inspection starts or revives your bee colony, the winter inspection prepares your beehive for the cold weather, and your routine beekeeping inspections
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Beekeeping For Dummies
Your spring, winter, and routine beekeeping inspections vary. The spring inspection starts or revives your bee colony, the winter inspection prepares your beehive for the cold weather, and your routine beekeeping inspections help maintain a healthy hive.
Spring Beekeeping Inspection
Spring is a busy time for bees and beekeepers. Your spring beekeeping inspection is the first of the season. It’s time to start bee colonies or bring your colonies back to life. Here’s your spring inspection chores list:
As winter crawls to an end, pick the first mild sunny day with little or no wind to inspect your bees (50 degrees Fahrenheit or warmer).
Observe the hive entrance. Are many dead bees around the entrance? A few dead bees are normal, but finding more casualties than that may indicate a problem.
Is there brown spotting on the hive? These are bee feces, which indicate the presence of nosema disease. Even if you don’t see the brown spotting, your first spring inspection is time to medicate your bees with Fumigilin-B (antibiotic) by adding it to the first two gallons of sugar syrup you feed them.
Lightly smoke and open the hive. Do you see the cluster of bees? Can you hear the cluster?
Remove a frame or two from the center of the top deep-hive body. Do you see any brood? Look for eggs (eggs mean you have a queen). If you see no eggs or brood, consider ordering a new queen from your supplier.
Does the colony have honey? If not, or if they’re getting low, immediately begin feeding syrup to the bees.
Feed your colony a pollen substitute to boost brood production.
Use a screened bottom board or the sugar roll method to determine Varroa mite population. Medicate if needed.
Place a packet of menthol crystals on top of the brood nest to control tracheal mites. Putting this on a small sheet of aluminum foil will prevent the bees from covering the packet with propolis.
Dust the frame’s top bars with a mixture of Terramycin (antibiotic) and powdered sugar to prevent foulbrood.
Reverse the deep hive bodies to better distribute the brood pattern. Use this opportunity to clean the bottom board.
Later in the spring, add a queen excluder and honey supers (all medication must be off the hive at this time).
Routine Beehive Inspections
The mechanics of routine beekeeping will become habit the more you visit the hive. Look for these specific things and follow these procedures while inpecting your bees and their hive:
Observe the comings and goings of bees at the entrance. Do things look normal, or are bees fighting or stumbling around aimlessly?
Smoke the hive (at entrance and under the cover).
If you’re using a screened bottom board, check the slide-out tray for varroa mites. Determine if treatment is needed. Clean the tray and replace it.
Open the hive. Remove the wall frame and set it aside.
Work your way through the remaining frames.
Do you see the queen? If not, look for eggs. Finding eggs means that you have a queen. If you are 100% certain there are no eggs (and thus no queen) consider ordering a new queen from your bee supplier.
Look at uncapped larvae. Do they look bright white and glistening (normal) or are they tan or dull?
How’s the brood pattern? Is it compact (with few empty cells) and does it cover most of the frame? This is excellent.
Is the brood pattern spotty (with many empty cells)? Are cappings sunken in or perforated? If yes, you may have a problem.
Do you see swarm cells? Provide the colony with more room to expand. Check for adequate ventilation.
Anticipate the colony’s growth. Add additional honey supers before it’s obvious that the bees need more room.
Replace all frames and close up the hive.
Winter Beekeeping Inspection
The beekeeping cycle slows in the winter. After you’ve prepared your bee colony for the cold weather in your area, do these things in your winter beehive inspection:
Smoke the hive at the entrance and under the cover as usual.
Open the hive for inspection.
Confirm that you have a queen. Either find her, or look for eggs. If you are 100% certain you have no queen, consider ordering a new queen from your bee supplier.
Does the colony have enough honey for its use during the winter? Bees in cold northern states need eight to ten frames of capped honey (less for bees in warm southern states).
Feed bees syrup and medicate your colony with Fumigilin (to prevent Nosema).
Place a sugar-and-grease patty on the top bars of the upper deep.
Provide adequate ventilation.
Install a metal mouse guard at the hive’s entrance.
Wrap hive in black tarpaper (if you are a cold climate).
Clean, repair and store surplus equipment.
Fumigate stored honey supers with paradichlorobenzene (PDB) crystals or place supers in deep freeze to kill wax moths.
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A few years ago, Robert Hodgson, a retired oceanographer and now wine grower in California, wrote a devastating paper on the concordance of judgments in 13 wine competitions that took place in California. Hodgson (2009)
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A few years ago, Robert Hodgson, a retired oceanographer and now wine grower in California, wrote a devastating paper on the concordance of judgments in 13 wine competitions that took place in California. Hodgson (2009) concludes that “there is almost no consensus among the 13 competitions regarding wine quality; for wines receiving a Gold medal in one or more competitions, it is very likely that the same wine received no award at another; and the likelihood of receiving a Gold medal can be statistically explained by chance alone”.
Hodgson is not the only critic of wine-tasting competitions. Davy Derbyshire (2013) wrote a paper in the Guardian entitled ‘Wine Tasting: It's Junk Science’ that describes several similar results.
Our point of departure is that wine tasting consists of two main building blocks: judges, and a rating method. Hence, perhaps it is not the judges who are ‘bad’ the problem may lie in the rating method.
The problem lies with how we rate wine
Rating methods almost invariably have the same structure: M judges sit in front of N glasses of wine. They taste them (without any information), and have to either rate them (say, on a scale between zero and 20) or order-rank them (first, second, and so on). The rates or ranks are then added, and the totals yield a rating or ranking of the wines.
Some judges are generous, others are less so, and the ranges of marks used by the judges may vary as well. As noted by Ashenfelter and Quandt (1999), this “may give greater weight to judges who put a great deal of scatter in their numerical scores and thus express strong preferences by numerical differences”. Borda, 1781, had already pointed to similar problems. Therefore, the ratings given by each judge should always be transformed into ranks before adding. Note that adding rates or ranks does not necessarily lead to a ‘social’ ordering in the absence of a dictator.
But still, rating as well as order ranking is complicated. Those who had or still have to grade students know this well (and there is not even a glass of wine to grab).
A new way to rank wines
We suggest a new game theory-based rating and ranking method for wines, in which the Shapley value of each wine is computed, and wines are ranked according to their Shapley values. Judges should find it simpler to use, since they are not required to rank-order or grade all the wines, but merely to choose the group of those that they find ‘worthy’ (for a medal). This ranking method is based on the set of reasonable axioms that determine the Shapley value as the unique solution of an underlying cooperative game. Unlike in the general case where computing the Shapley value could become very complex, here the Shapley value and hence the final ranking, are straightforward to compute.
We assume that each judge has just one vote, and that she can vote for any (sub) group of the N wines. By voting for such a group, she indicates that she favours any wine belonging to this group over wines excluded from the group, and that, as far as she is concerned, every wine chosen is a candidate for the first place or a medal, while non-chosen wines are not. Note that a group can consist of a single wine, or of all the N wines; it can be empty (no vote). When a judge votes for a group, her single vote is split equally among the wines in the group. If she voted, say, for five wines, then each of them gets a score of one out of five. Judges vote simultaneously so that none is aware of other’s choices, and no judge can vote twice for the same wine. The final score of each wine is the sum of the scores it received from all judges. This turns to be each wine's Shapley value.1 Wines are then ranked (and rated) by decreasing Shapley values – the higher the better, and the wine with the highest Shapley value wins the gold medal.
This is very similar to some versions of approval voting systems, where a voter can vote for as many candidates as he wants. Still, one might be concerned about the possibility that a judge who chooses to vote for a large number of candidate wines exercises more power or influence than a judge who votes for, say, one wine only. This poses no problem here, as each judge is endowed with one vote only. If she chooses many wines as being worthy, her single vote is divided by the number of wines chosen, and thus becomes diluted, while the judge who votes for one wine only, assigns to it a full score of one.
It should be clear that such a method is considerably easier to apply than traditional wine ranking or rating approaches, since each judge has only to point to the wines she finds worthy (any number between zero and N), and ignore the others. This may well make judges feel more comfortable, and make their choices easier and consistent. Of course, there is need for some experimentation employing the various approaches (ranking, rating and Shapley-ranking), if only to convince ourselves that Shapley-ranking leads to results comparable to those of other methods.
Ashenfelter, Orley and Richard Quandt (1999), "Analyzing a wine tasting statistically", Chance 12.
Borda, Jean-Charles de (1781), "Mémoire sur les élections au scrutin", in Mémoires de l’Académie des Sciences, 657-664.
Derbyshire, Davy (2013), “Wine tast
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United States Capitol, © Corbisthe meeting place of the United States Congress and one of the most familiar landmarks in Washington, D.C. It is situated on Capitol Hill at the eastern end of Pennsylvania Avenue. The Washington Monument and the Lincoln
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United States Capitol, © Corbisthe meeting place of the United States Congress and one of the most familiar landmarks in Washington, D.C. It is situated on Capitol Hill at the eastern end of Pennsylvania Avenue. The Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial lie to the west, and the Supreme Court and the Library of Congress lie to the east. The Supreme Court held sessions in the Capitol until its own building was completed in 1935.
Pierre Charles L’Enfant, who had designed the basic plan of Washington, was also expected to design the Capitol. Claiming that the plan was “in his head,” however, L’Enfant refused to submit drawings or work with local commissioners, and President George Washington was forced to dismiss him. A plan by William Thornton, a versatile physician with no formal architectural training, was eventually accepted, though it was submitted months after the closure of a design competition held in 1792. Thomas Jefferson, who was then secretary of state, was impressed with Thornton’s design, writing that it
so captivated the eyes and judgment of all as to leave no doubt…of its preference over all which have been produced.…It is simple, noble, beautiful, excellently distributed and moderate in size.
The cornerstone was laid by Washington on September 18, 1793.
Because Thornton had no knowledge of building technology, the construction was initially supervised by the runner-up in the competition, Stephen Hallet. Hallet attempted to alter many of Thornton’s plans and was quickly replaced, first by George Hadfield and later by James Hoban, the architect who designed the White House.
The north wing, containing the Senate chamber, was completed first, and Congress convened there in November 1800. The following year Jefferson became the first president to be inaugurated at the Capitol, a tradition that has been observed in all subsequent inaugurations. The remainder of the building was completed by Benjamin Latrobe, whom Jefferson appointed Surveyor of Public Buildings in 1803. Latrobe followed Thornton’s conception of the exterior closely but used his own designs for the interior. Perhaps Latrobe’s best-known additions were the unique Corinthian-style columns, whose capitals depicted tobacco leaves (symbolizing the nation’s wealth) and corn cobs (symbolizing the country’s bounty).
The south wing, containing the chamber of the House of Representatives, was completed in 1807. During the War of 1812 the Capitol was looted and burned by British troops, though rain prevented the building’s complete devastation. Latrobe began reconstruction in 1815 but resigned two years later. By 1827 his successor, the distinguished Boston architect Charles Bulfinch, had joined the two wings and built the first copper-sheathed dome, again adhering to Thornton’s original design. In January 1832 the French historian Alexis de Tocqueville visited the Capitol and observed that it was “a magnificent palace,” though he was less impressed with the sessions of Congress, writing that they were “frequently vague and perplexed” and that they seemed to “drag their slow length along rather than to advance towards a distinct object.”
© Photos.com/JupiterimagesIn order to provide more space for the increasing numbers of legislators from new states, in 1850 Congress approved a competition for a design to expand both wings of the Capitol. The winner, the Philadelphia architect Thomas Ustick Walter, finished the extension of the south wing in 1857 and the north wing in 1859. The new additions did not seem to alter the behaviour of the members, however. Aleksandr Lakier, a Russian visitor to the United States, wrote that everyone
wears a black frock-coat or tails and sits where he pleases. Had I not felt regret for the nice new furniture and carpet in the House of Representatives, I would not even have noticed the rude, but perhaps comfortable, position of the feet raised by a son of the plains above the head of his neighbor, and the nasty habit many Americans have of chewing tobacco.
Hisham Ibrahim/Getty ImagesThe major architectural change to the Capitol during Walter’s tenure was the replacement of the old Bulfinch dome with a 287-foot- (87-metre-) high cast-iron dome, which Walter modeled after the dome of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome, designed by Michelangelo. At the onset of the American Civil War, the dome remained unfinished, surrounded by scaffolding and cranes. In 1861 the Capitol was used temporarily to bivouac federal soldiers who had been hastily dispatched to protect Washington from an attack by the Confederacy. These soldiers set up camp in the House and Senate chambers and in the unfinished Rotunda, occupying their free time by holding mock sessions of Congress and freely helping themselves to franked stationery. At the insistence of President Abraham Lincoln, work on the dome continued, despite the war, as an important symbol of national unity. On December 2, 1863, Freedom, a bronze statue 19.5 feet (6 metres) high by Thomas Crawford, was installed on top of the dome’s crowning cupola. Crawford’s first drawings in the 1850s had adorned the statue with a liberty cap—the symbol of freed slaves—but after objections from Jefferson Davis, then the secretary of war an
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The Bactrian Contract fragment, circa 467 CE, executed on parchment, or vellum (animal skin scraped repeatedly until white), is one of the most exceptional pieces in the De Gregorio collection. From 1-900 CE,
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The Bactrian Contract fragment, circa 467 CE, executed on parchment, or vellum (animal skin scraped repeatedly until white), is one of the most exceptional pieces in the De Gregorio collection. From 1-900 CE, Bactrian, a Middle Iranian form of speech, was one of the most important languages in the world, believed to have been widely known throughout Afghanistan, northern India, and parts of Central Asia.
At the crossroads of Eastern and Western trade routes, Bactria was situated on the Silk Road in what are now Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. The capital, Bactra, was the greatest city in Iran [native name of the country].
Bactrian represents the transmission of cultures, most pronounced in 9th-century inscriptions in Pakistan, and manuscript fragments found in Western China. Written in Greek script after the conquest of Bactria by Alexander the Great in 328 BCE, Bactrian is unique among Iranian languages.
From the description-translation of Bruce Ferrini: "Any examples of Bactrian script are of the greatest rarity. This item is among a small number of recently discovered documents dating from a period of this culture for which there was previously no direct evidence." Prior to these recent discoveries, the only known examples of Bactrian were inscriptions on rock, on a single 8th- or 9th-century Manichean text [often considered heretical, Manichean sects believed in two gods, one evil, one good], and on coins and seals.
The text on the fragment reads: "Has been [written in parchment]. And whosoever may dissent from this Statement and (commit) deceit [shall pay a fine to the royal treasury] Of a hundred dinars of struck gold (and) the same to the opposite parties. [And…]"
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|man pages section 2: System Calls Oracle Solaris 11 Express 11/10|
- get time
#include <sys/types.h> #include <time.h> time_t time
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|man pages section 2: System Calls Oracle Solaris 11 Express 11/10|
- get time
#include <sys/types.h> #include <time.h> time_t time(time_t *tloc);
The time() function returns the value of time in seconds since 00:00:00 UTC, January 1, 1970.
If tloc is non-zero, the return value is also stored in the location to which tloc points. If tloc points to an illegal address, time() fails and its actions are undefined.
Upon successful completion, time() returns the value of time. Otherwise, (time_t)-1 is returned and errno is set to indicate the error.
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
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|The period 1960-61 saw several changes in the
structure of the Iceland Defense Force. All Army units returned to the United States in
1960, as a result of the implementation of new concepts in rapid deployment by air,
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|The period 1960-61 saw several changes in the
structure of the Iceland Defense Force. All Army units returned to the United States in
1960, as a result of the implementation of new concepts in rapid deployment by air, thus making the stationing of ground forces in Iceland
unnecessary. The Iceland Air Defense Force was redesignated Air Forces Iceland on January 1, 1960.
In 1955, Barrier Force, Atlantic had been established in Argentia, Newfoundland, flying radar early-warning missions using the WV-2 (EC-121) "Warning Star" aircraft in the North Atlantic from 1957. These aircraft made frequent deployments to Keflavík.
On July 1, 1961, Commander Barrier Force, Atlantic moved from Argentia to Keflavík and, as a result -- for better logistical and operational control together with the increased emphasis on maritime strategy in the region -- the Navy relieved the Air Force as host military service in Iceland and Naval Station Keflavík was established. The duties of Commander, Iceland Defense Force were assumed by the rear admiral commanding Barrier Force Atlantic.
The 1960s saw considerable increase in Soviet military activity in the Iceland area. With the conversion of the 57th FIS from F-89D "Scorpion" to F-102A "Delta Dagger" aircraft in 1962, interceptions of Soviet military aircraft within Iceland's Military Air Defense Identification Zone
(MADIZ) became frequent.
The two radar sites in northwest and northeast Iceland were closed in 1960 and 1961 because they were too difficult to maintain and the Barrier Force Atlantic was deactivated in 1965. Thus, as Soviet penetrations of the Iceland MADIZ showed a marked increase in 1968, a permanent deployment of Air Force EC-121 "Warning Star" early warning aircraft from the 551st AEW&C Wing, Otis Air Force Base, was established at Keflavík. In September 1978, this mission was assumed by the new Boeing E-3A "Sentry" Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft.
This was their first operational deployment outside the United States. The F-102A aircraft of the 57th FIS were replaced by F-4C "Phantom II" aircraft in 1973 which, in turn, were relieved by the F-4E model in 1978. The current McDonnell Douglas F-15C/D "Eagle" aircraft took over the intercept role in 1985.
Naval aviation has always played a large role in the operation at Keflavík, especially with regard to the enormous build-up of the Soviet Navy. Deployment of patrol squadron detachments, and later entire squadrons, started as early as 1951, with the P-2 "Neptune" maritime patrol aircraft succeeded by the Lockheed P-3 "Orion" in the mid-1960s. Fleet Air, Keflavík was established at the deactivation of Barrier Force Atlantic for command of naval operations in Iceland.
Upon the arrival of the Defense Force in Iceland in 1951, housing and support facilities were quite limited. At the peak of the Second World War, thousands of troops were stationed at Keflavík in temporary Quonset huts camps. During 1947-51, while the base was operated by a U. S. civilian contractor company (Lockheed Aircraft Overseas Service) as an international airport, most of these temporary structures were salvaged or badly deteriorated.
The airfield complex, one of the largest in the world during the war, also required upgrading to accommodate modern aircraft. The contractor company had extended one runway, constructed a new passenger terminal and hotel building, one aircraft hangar, a hospital, housing units and other facilities for the staff. But this was not sufficient for the new Defense Force, so additional facilities had to be provided quickly. A crash reconstruction program was initiated and temporary housing was erected during the construction of permanent housing. The airfield was extended and two new aircraft hangars were constructed. Most of this work was completed by 1957.
A U. S. contractor company undertook this project using Icelandic subcontractors at first. Later, as the Icelandic contractors acquired the experience and know-how required for military construction, it was agreed that the work would be assumed completely by Icelanders with the formation of the Iceland Prime Contractors (IPC) in 1954 and the Keflavík Contractors (KC) in 1957. These contractor companies operate under a single source arrangement with allocation of new construction projects to IPC and most major maintenance projects unde
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Great Expectations is Charles Dickens's thirteenth novel. It is his second novel, after David Copperfield, to be fully narrated in the first person. Great Expectations is a bildungsroman, or a coming-of-age novel,
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Great Expectations is Charles Dickens's thirteenth novel. It is his second novel, after David Copperfield, to be fully narrated in the first person. Great Expectations is a bildungsroman, or a coming-of-age novel, and it is a classic work of Victorian literature. It depicts the growth and personal development of an orphan named Pip. The novel was first published in serial form in Dickens' weekly periodical All the Year Round, from 1 December 1860 to August 1861. In October 1861, Chapman and Hall published the novel in three volumes.
Great Expectations was to be twice as long, but constraints imposed by the management of All the Year Round limited the novel's length. Collected and dense, with a conciseness unusual for Dickens, the novel represents Dickens' peak and maturity as an author. According to G. K. Chesterton, Dickens penned Great Expectations in "the afternoon of [his] life and fame." It was the penultimate novel Dickens completed, preceding Our Mutual Friend.
A period piece is a work of art set in, or reminiscent of, an earlier time period.
In the performing arts, a period piece is a work set in a particular era. This informal term covers all countries, all periods and all genres. It may be as long and general as the medieval era or as limited as one decade—the Roaring Twenties, for example.
The United Kingdom has had a significant film industry for over a century. While film production reached an all-time high in 1936, the 'golden age' of British cinema is usually thought to have occurred in the 1940s, during which the directors David Lean, Michael Powell, and Carol Reed produced their most highly acclaimed work. Many British actors have achieved international fame and critical success, including Michael Caine, Sean Connery and Kate Winslet. Some of the films with the largest ever box office returns have been made in the United Kingdom, including the two highest-grossing film series (Harry Potter and James Bond). The identity of the British industry, and its relationship with Hollywood, has been the subject of debate. The history of film production in Britain has often been affected by attempts to compete with the American industry. The career of the producer Alexander Korda was marked by this objective, the Rank Organisation attempted to do so in the 1940s, and Goldcrest in the 1980s. Numerous British-born directors, including Alfred Hitchcock and Ridl
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Though rich in mineral and energy resources, Bolivia is one of South America's poorest countries. Wealthy urban elites, who are mostly of Spanish ancestry, have traditionally dominated political and economic life, whereas most Bolivians are low-income subsistence farmers
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Though rich in mineral and energy resources, Bolivia is one of South America's poorest countries. Wealthy urban elites, who are mostly of Spanish ancestry, have traditionally dominated political and economic life, whereas most Bolivians are low-income subsistence farmers, miners, small traders or artisans.
The country has the second-largest reserves of natural gas in South America, but there have been long-running tensions over the exploitation and export of the resource. Indigenous groups say the country should not relinquish control of the reserves, which they see as Bolivia's sole remaining natural resource.
AT A GLANCE
Politics: Differences over the exploitation of energy resources underlie recurring political crises; Evo Morales is the first indigenous president
Economy: Poverty is rife and there are regional disparities in wealth distribution; Mr Morales opposes free-trade policies and has tightened state control over the economy, nationalising the energy sector and key utilities
International: Mr Morales is a strong critic of the US, which in turn is concerned about Bolivian coca cultivation; Bolivia has close ties with communist Cuba and Venezuela's Hugo Chavez
Before President Evo Morales came to power the political fallout from the issue had helped to topple two presidents and had led to calls for regional autonomy, including in prosperous, oil-producing Santa Cruz.
In May 2006 President Morales delighted his supporters but sent shockwaves through the energy world when he put the energy industry under state control.
Bolivia underwent further radical change in January 2009, when voters backed President Morales' project for a new constitution that aimed to give greater rights to the indigenous majority population.
In the 1980s Bolivia experienced a deep economic recession. The tin market collapsed, with the loss of about 21,000 jobs, inflation was rampant and the national currency was in severe crisis.
While strict austerity measures, the introduction of a new currency and tax reform succeeded in curbing inflation and restoring foreign confidence, these policies also widened the already huge wealth gap and generated great social unrest.
Bolivia is one of the world's largest producers of coca, the raw material for cocaine. A crop-eradication programme, though easing the flow of conditional US aid, has incensed many of Bolivia's poorest farmers for whom coca is often the only source of income.
Socialist leader Evo Morales, a figurehead for Bolivia's coca farmers, was elected in 2005, in a major historical shift for his country. Describing himself as the candidate "of the most disdained and discriminated against", he was the first member of the indigenous majority to be elected president of Bolivia.
President Morales pledged to redistribute wealth to the poor
He was re-elected with a convincing majority over his conservative opponents in December 2009; his party also gained two-thirds majorities in both houses of parliament.
Mr Morales made poverty reduction, the redistribution of wealth, land reform favouring poorer peasants and public control over Bolivia's oil and gas resources his main priorities. He has nationalised much of the energy sector.
The president draws his support mainly from the poor indigenous majority, concentrated in the western highlands. Middle class voters and the eastern provinces, where most of the resource wealth lies, worry that his policies are too radical.
In 2009, voters overwhelmingly approved a new constitution drafted largely by Mr Morales' supporters, despite strong - and at times violent - opposition, mainly from in the eastern provinces.
The new basic law accords more rights to the indigenous majority, gives greater autonomy to the states and enshrines government control over key resources. It also allowed the president stand for a second five-year term in a row.
However, in 2011 Mr Morales' popularity plummeted after he scrapped fuel subsidies only to perform a U-turn in response to protests, pushed ahead with a controversial Amazon road project and was then accused of excessive force against indigenous demonstrators protesting against the plan - a charge he denies.
Voters punished Mr Morales in elections to choose Bolivia's top judges in October, with about 60% spoiling their ballots.
Himself a former coca farmer, Mr Morales defends the traditional uses of coca leaf among the indigenous population, as distinct from its use as the raw material for cocaine.
His promise to relax restrictions on growing coca irritated the US, which has bankrolled the fight against drugs in the country. In 2008, he ordered US drug enformcement officials to leave Bolivia.
He has also alarmed the US by forging strong links with Venezuela's left-wing firebrand president, Hugo Chavez.
Born in 1959, Evo Morales is an Aymara Indian from an impoverished family. In his youth he was a llama herder and a trumpet player. The form
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by Paul Gilster
Are habitable planets the best places to look for life? The question seems odd, because we’re assuming life has to have clement conditions to emerge and survive. But step beyond the question of life’s formation and the
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by Paul Gilster
Are habitable planets the best places to look for life? The question seems odd, because we’re assuming life has to have clement conditions to emerge and survive. But step beyond the question of life’s formation and the issue can be framed differently. Where beyond its birthplace might life migrate? In SETI terms, where might we look for the signature of a civilization advanced enough to move beyond its home world and expand between the stars?
A lot of ideas seem to be converging here. In Huntsville, Ken Roy (whose description at the recent interstellar conference was ‘an engineer living and working amidst the relics of the Manhattan Project in Oak Ridge, Tennessee’) described potential habitats stretching far out into the Solar System and beyond. Roy has been working for some time with Robert Kennedy and David Fields on colonization scenarios.
My own talk covered the kind of places where we might extract resources, ranging from icy dwarfs like Pluto to cometary objects and ‘rogue’ planets without any star. And science fiction author Karl Schroeder, in a recent blog post called A Tale of Two Worlds, also brought the topic up. Let me quote Schroeder, because I want to return to his post in a day or so:
…it’s important to bear in mind that habitability and colonizability are not the same thing. Nobody seems to be doing this; I can’t find any term but habitability used to describe the exoplanets we’re finding. Whether a planet is habitable according to the current definition of the term has nothing to do with whether humans could settle there. So, the term applies to places that are vitally important for study; but it doesn’t necessarily apply to places we might want to go.
Both Schroeder and Roy are assuming not near-term projects but the kind of settlement and terraforming that draw on huge resources of energy. The premise, in other words, is that we’re talking about a culture that ranges freely through its own system, having mastered fusion or other technologies and being capable of large-scale building projects in space and on planetary or other surfaces. Grant that premise and then think about what kind of structures it might make sense to build when exploiting local resources and looking out toward the stars.
Pluto and the Ice Dwarfs
Pluto is a case in point. Here we have a surface that appears to be a shell of nitrogen ice covering water ice. When New Horizons gets to the Pluto/Charon binary in 2015, one thing to look for is an equatorial bulge that could have been left over from the early days of Pluto’s formation. No bulge makes the case for stretching of the ice shell over Pluto’s lifetime, strengthening the possibility some are noting that the ice dwarf could contain an ocean beneath about 165 kilometers of crust, an ocean that may be just as deep as the crust is thick (see The Case for Pluto’s Ocean for more).
As Roy told the crowd in Huntsville, icy worlds like Pluto are rich in volatiles, and of the tens, if not hundreds of thousands of Kuiper Belt objects out there between 30 and 50 AU, several hundred may be Pluto-size. Such worlds are doubtless common not just here in our own system but as rogue planets in interstellar space and perhaps circling brown dwarfs, those dim objects that blur the distinction between gas giants like Jupiter and true stars like Proxima Centauri.
Image: This artist’s conception of the ‘scattered disk’ object Sedna reminds us that even beyond the Kuiper Belt and as we move into the Oort Cloud, vast numbers of icy objects are thought to exist. Can we exploit these as we move outward toward another star?
Build a settlement on an ice dwarf in the outer system and you are not only creating space for living and doing science, but also building the technologies that will one day be used in interstellar colonization missions. But Roy noted that the science fictional image of a domed city in a harsh landscape just won’t work here. Induce Earth-class atmospheric pressure inside such a dome and even a small one (1000 feet in radius) would require a four-inch thick layer of steel to keep the dome intact. Moreover, ice dwarfs have but feeble gravity, creating medical issues from muscle atrophy to bone problems, loss of body mass, sleep disturbance and more. A better choice, then, is to move inward, creating the colony deep within the ice dwarf itself.
At 160 meters, the ceiling of a colony hollowed out within Pluto would be fully supported by the air pressure inside. Artificial light would be essential, of course, and we still have a gravity problem, for Pluto’s gravity is only 6.7 percent that of the Earth — a 200 pound person on Earth weighs but 14 pounds on Pluto. Roy suggests a rotating torus in this setting could provide living and working spaces at 1 Earth gravity. At 1 revolution per minute, a 1790-meter torus supported by maglev rails could accommodate, by Roy’s estimation, 10,000 people
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A BRIEF HISTORY
MORRIS COUNTY, NEW JERSEY
Highlighting the Villages of Drakeville and Succasunna
From Trails to Highways
No footprints of the early highway makers can now be
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A BRIEF HISTORY
MORRIS COUNTY, NEW JERSEY
Highlighting the Villages of Drakeville and Succasunna
From Trails to Highways
No footprints of the early highway makers can now be found in New Jersey, but without doubt the elk with his wide spreading antlers became the state’s first road builder as he crashed through brushxx and forest. From Marjorie Kaschewski’s description of early roads (Tercentenary Edition of Morristown Daily Record, 12 May 1964): “The elk was the state’s first road builder. All the larger animals had a part in deciding travel arteries, but the elk was the primary trail blazer. The Indians followed in his tracks, because he was a great source of food – there was so much of him and his meat was so succulent – and because where he could pass man could follow.
“Other road determinants were the war paths the Indians took en route to battle, and more pleasantly, the routes which they chose in their early summer trips to the shell fisheries on the coast. One of the most famous of these was the Minnisink, considered a real thoroughfare because in some places it was three feetxx wide. It wound like a snake from Lake Hopatcong; it split intoxx two parts – one going through Parsippany and Hanover to Spxxringfield, the other through Morristown, Madison and Chatham – became one again at Springfield and continued on south through the state to the south.
“The first white men to follow this and the other Indian paths were the Dutch fur traders.
“They were followed in time by the farmer, who traveled not only with musket, but with an ax for hacking his way through the wilderness.
“The earliest settlers went ‘shanks mare’, on foot, until they began to acquire horses for riding and pack horses for their belongings. Next steps toward civilized travel were oxcarts and covered wagons. The first carts were real do-it-yourself projects, the wheels being simply a section of a tree trunk without tire or metal parts.
“Farmers used the Jersey wagon, with cloth covered top, enormous wheels and a team of four to six horses.
“Popular with early freighters and with families moving their household goods was the Conestoga. I
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New maps mean new possibilities for gardeners
The U.S. Department of Agriculture updated this map on plant hardiness zones which is referenced for planting.
Kai Ryssdal: There's news today for all you backyard gardeners out there.
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New maps mean new possibilities for gardeners
The U.S. Department of Agriculture updated this map on plant hardiness zones which is referenced for planting.
Kai Ryssdal: There's news today for all you backyard gardeners out there. That shrub in the backyard that died this past spring? The tomato plants that went nowhere last summer? Well, maybe it wasn't you after all.
The Department of Agriculture has a new map out today showing appropriate seasonal planting times. They've changed because average winter temperatures have risen in a lot of places. And that could change what gardeners grow and what nurseries sell.
From the Marketplace Sustainability Desk, Eve Troeh reports.
Eve Troeh: What do gardeners do in winter, when the ground is frozen? They lust after new plants to grow in the spring.
Catherine Woteki at the Department of Agriculture says the new map will let them plan better than ever. Online, you can drill down to the microclimates.
Catherine Woteki: Where you can see either heat islands or cool islands, slope of land elevation and nearness to bodies of water.
In North Carolina, Blair Durant just mailed the 2012 catalogs for the company Niche Gardens. He says northern customers may be tempted by new options.
Blair Durant: It's just warm enough so that there are a few tropical plants that you can grow -- that you couldn't grow 10 years ago. You know, grow bananas in Ohio now if they want.
But, the new map is no guarantee. One hard winter will wipe
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National Bullying Prevention Awareness Week
Today, October 4, 2009, begins a week of education, participation and awareness in bullying prevention across America. Statistics show that everyday over 100,000 children in the U.S. stay home
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National Bullying Prevention Awareness Week
Today, October 4, 2009, begins a week of education, participation and awareness in bullying prevention across America. Statistics show that everyday over 100,000 children in the U.S. stay home to avoid bullying. Up to one-third of the nation’s students are bullied during the school year and more than 60% everyday at school.
Watch the following video and see Demi Lovato take a stand against bullying.
Join the fight against all forms of bullying including cyberbullying. The Internet and cell phones have contributed to the problem. Many teenagers believe that their postings are private and will remain so. However their comments and photos may spread to millions causing irreparable harm. ”Bullycide” has become an all-too-common consequence here at home and across the globe.
Take a look at the following sites for more information about bullying and cyberbullying. Take a stand against bullying and become active in its eradication.
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Total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) are the two nutrients primarily responsible for algae growth. Measuring these nutrients provides an estimate of the potential for algal growth. In lakes, the concentrations of these nutrients are typically highest at
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Total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) are the two nutrients primarily responsible for algae growth. Measuring these nutrients provides an estimate of the potential for algal growth. In lakes, the concentrations of these nutrients are typically highest at the end with the inflowing stream and decrease toward the lower end of the lake. On May 7, we found a different result.
In the Little Niangua River concentrations of both nutrients were highest at the uppermost site (near Tunas). By the next site, 18 miles downstream, concentrations dropped significantly and remained fairly constant until the lake arm, where both nutrients increased considerably (more than 4-fold for phosphorus and 6-fold for nitrogen). Niangua River nutrient concentrations were also highest in the upper reaches and had approximately double the nutrients found in the upper Little Niangua. Unlike the Little Niangua, nutrients did not increase dramatically in the lake arm. Tributaries tended to have somewhat less phosphorus but similar amounts of nitrogen compared to the Niangua and Little Niangua Rivers.
The high nutrient levels at the upper sites of both the Niangua and Little Niangua probably reflect surface runoff following the rain that fell on the morning of the sampling day. The increased phosphorus in the lake arm of the Little Niangua is likely either backflow from the Niangua River or runoff from heavy rainfall event in mid-April.
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A bibliography is a list of works (books, articles, films, web sites, etc.) on a particular topic, usually in alphabetical order.
The standard bibliography details the citation information of the sources: author(s), date of publication, title,
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A bibliography is a list of works (books, articles, films, web sites, etc.) on a particular topic, usually in alphabetical order.
The standard bibliography details the citation information of the sources: author(s), date of publication, title, and publisher's name and location (and for articles: journal title, volume, issue and page numbers).
An annotated bibliography includes a paragraph following each citation that describes and evaluates the work and may be either descriptive or critical of the contents of the item.
The annotation should include the complete bibliographic information of the work (citation). In addition, a descriptive annotation may summarize:
- The main purpose or idea of the work
- The contents of the work
- The author’s conclusions
- The intended audience
- The author’s research methods
- Special features of the work such as illustrations, maps, tables, etc.
A critical annotation includes the same information as a descriptive annotation, but will also include value judgments or comments on the effectiveness of the work. When writing a critical annotation, include some of the these features:
- The importance of the work’s contribution to the literature of the subject
- The author’s bias or tone
- The author’s qualifications for writing the work
- The accuracy of the information in the source
- Limitations or significant omissions
- The work’s contribution to the literature of the subject
- Comparison with other works on the topic
Purpose of Bibliographies
The primary purpose of bibliographic citations is to assist the reader in finding the sources used in the writing of a work. An annotated bibliography may serve other purposes as well:
- a review of the literature on a particular subject
- illustrate the quality of research that you have done
- provide examples of the types of sources available
- describe other items on a topic that may be of interest to the reader
- explore the subject for further research
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