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Director of Cognition, Brain and Behavior Program
Associate Professor of Psychology
Areas of Expertise
Spoken language production and comprehension, smart robots, psycholinguistics
The art of conversation also is a science to Eberhard, a
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Director of Cognition, Brain and Behavior Program
Associate Professor of Psychology
Areas of Expertise
Spoken language production and comprehension, smart robots, psycholinguistics
The art of conversation also is a science to Eberhard, a psycholinguist who studies the mental processes underlying the production and comprehension of fluent speech. Her research investigates the processes by which two people communicate in face-to-face dialogue and also informs a related line of query that aims to equip robots with more natural language capabilities. Eberhard is part of a team of researchers from Notre Dame and Indiana, Arizona State and Stanford Universities that is working to improve robotic technology, “trying to create more autonomous, decision-making robots that can think, plan and prioritize, without being completely controlled by humans,” she explains. She also has studied the interaction between bilinguals’ knowledge of their first and second languages.
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A school laboratory is important in the teaching of science subjects such as biology, chemistry and physics. Students get an opportunity to perform practical experiments, which help them better understand the principles they have learnt in science theory. However, a school science laboratory has
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A school laboratory is important in the teaching of science subjects such as biology, chemistry and physics. Students get an opportunity to perform practical experiments, which help them better understand the principles they have learnt in science theory. However, a school science laboratory has potential hazards because of the chemicals and instruments students use to perform experiments.
The risk fire in a school laboratory is very high. Fire can break out because of chemical reactions during experiments. Another common cause of fire accidents in a laboratory is flammable liquids, such as gasoline, if they come close to a source of fire, such as a Bunsen burner. If a fire breaks out in a laboratory, there are several ways to put it out, depending on the cause of the fire. These include throwing dry sand onto the fire and using a fire extinguisher. A fire caused by flammable liquids can be smothered with carbon dioxide.
The chemicals that are used in a laboratory can cause harm to students if there is accidental contact. This includes the danger of the chemicals splashing into the students' eyes during the experiments. To reduce the risk, students should wear safety goggles, long sleeves and lab coats when conducting experiments. Some of the chemicals, such as iodine and hydrogen fluoride, are poisonous. These chemicals should be used in very small amounts, and students should be under strict supervision by a teacher when handling them. The chemicals should be taken away for storage immediately after use. All chemicals should be stored under lock and key.
Much of the equipment used in laboratory experiments has traditionally been made of glass, and glass is prone to breakage. Glass chips can injure students, and hazardous contents can be spilt. To prevent this, schools should consider using plastic containers whenever possible. In cases where glassware must be used, such as when it is needed to heat substances, the heated glass items should not be kept near water, because if water comes into contact with heated glass, the glass can break. Glassware should also be kept away from younger students before and after experiments. If glassware breaks, the chips should immediately be picked up and the floor swept thoroughly.
Electricity is used in many appliances in a school laboratory, such as for lighting and heating. It poses a potential hazard of short circuiting if negative and positive wires come into contact. This can happen if students accidentally pour water or
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In 2009, the Department of transportation began partnering with a number of organizations to launch ad campaigns warning drivers about the dangers of distracted driving. The Ad councils campaign “Stop the Texts. Stop The Wrecks” targets young adults through
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In 2009, the Department of transportation began partnering with a number of organizations to launch ad campaigns warning drivers about the dangers of distracted driving. The Ad councils campaign “Stop the Texts. Stop The Wrecks” targets young adults through Public Service Advertising in TV, radio, outdoor and web, as well as integrated digital and social media platforms. All of the the advertising specifically directs drivers to the website StopTextsStopsWrecks.org for additional tips. The message has also appeared in popular places such as Seventeen Magazine and in a Disney public service announcement featuring the characters of the Cars 2 movie shown in 12 countries.
However after reading a recent article Government Evaluating Cell Phone Disablers in Cars I have to wonder how happy they are with the results of that ad campaign. The article contends that many feel legislation will never change behavior and deaths are on the rise, so the DOT began researching available disabling technology. Devices like the one below require the driver to plug the phone in before the car will start. While moving the driver can make or receive calls with Bluetooth, but if the phone is removed it sets off an alarm that notifies the system administrator which could be a parent or manager.
I agree that the pervasive use of cell phones make this a tough message to get across, but all ad campaigns hope to change a behavior, so like all the rest of the advertisers the DOT will have find a way to get our attention. People are always going to find a way around technology so I cast my vote for education!
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A Good Network – Important for Brain Activity
Berlin researchers discover switchboard that connects nerve cells
Speech, sensory perception, thought formation, decision-making processes and movement are complex tasks that the brain only masters when individual nerve cells (neurons) are
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A Good Network – Important for Brain Activity
Berlin researchers discover switchboard that connects nerve cells
Speech, sensory perception, thought formation, decision-making processes and movement are complex tasks that the brain only masters when individual nerve cells (neurons) are well connected. Berlin neuroscientists have now discovered a molecular switch that regulates this networking of nerve cells. The scientists from Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, the NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) have published their work in the journal Genes and Development.
The dendritic tree, a highly branched structure of neurons, plays an important role in these brain functions. The dendrites act like antennae to receive signals from other cells and send them on to the nerve cell body. Congenital neurological conditions, like mental retardation, are often associated with errors in dendritic tree development.
Marta Rosário’s research team, in cooperation with Victor Tarabykin from Charité and Walter Birchmeier from MDC, has now discovered how this branching process is controlled during development. In living mice, it could be shown that the NOMA-GAP protein serves as a switch in this process. Maturing neurons produce this switch protein, which then starts a chain of signals in cells that leads to dendritic branching. A central element of this signal chain is a protein, called Cdc42. It plays an important role in the first developmental stages of neurons, but inhibits the branching of the dendritic tree in later developmental stages. When NOMA-GAP becomes active, it turns off Cdc42 allowing maturing neurons to form complex dendritic trees. The correct deployment of the switch protein and control of the signal chain regulated by Cdc42 are thus essential for the proper dendritic branching of neurons and thus for the development of the neocortex (the cerebral cortex) that steers sensory perception, memory, speech and movement, among other functions.
“Errors in this signal cascade lead to an incompletely developed dendritic tree. The result is a risk of mental limitations as signals in the brain cannot be adequately processed,” explains Marta Rosário. “For us the study forms an important foundation for researching various conditions, like mental retardation, schizophrenia or depression, that will hopefully point out new therapeutic avenues.”
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Fungal organisms can grow and multiply wherever suitable conditions of moisture and a food source exist. Common sources of indoor moisture that may lead to mold problems include flooding, leaky roofs, plumbing leaks, overflow from sinks or sewers and damp basements
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Fungal organisms can grow and multiply wherever suitable conditions of moisture and a food source exist. Common sources of indoor moisture that may lead to mold problems include flooding, leaky roofs, plumbing leaks, overflow from sinks or sewers and damp basements or crawl spaces. Warping floors and discoloration of walls and ceilings can be indications of moisture problems. Unchecked moisture problems can lead to extensive mold contamination in your home, workplace or school.
- American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) Proficient Mold Laboratory
- Preliminary Indoor Mold and Bacterial Assessments
- Post Remediation Mold and Bacterial Assessments
- Black Water/Sewage Screen Assessments
- Cause and Origin Insurance Assessments
- Remediation Project Management/Oversight
- Remediation/Design Specifications
- Food Service Assessments
If mold spore concentrations are high, people can become sensitized and develop allergic reactions. Symptoms of mold-overexposure include respiratory problems, eye irritation and skin rashes. In addition, if mold growth is left unchecked, structural damage to the facility can occur.
Safety, Environmental Laboratories and Consulting Services, Inc. specializes in assessing mold growth and contamination. We have performed indoor air quality assessments for residences, businesses and schools throughout the United States. In addition, we can make recommendations for the remediation of your mold problem and perform turnkey project management to insure the problem is corrected.
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Many people are scared to use Metrorail, even though they have never used it.
This is according to Pieter Onderwater, who presented ‘Influence Factors for Passenger Train Use’ during the 2017 Southern African Transport Conference and
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Many people are scared to use Metrorail, even though they have never used it.
This is according to Pieter Onderwater, who presented ‘Influence Factors for Passenger Train Use’ during the 2017 Southern African Transport Conference and Exhibition (SATC) in Pretoria.
Onderwater’s presentation investigated different influence factors for passenger train use. These factors were clustered into three groups: socio-economic aspects; internal train system aspects, and other transport systems’ aspects.
He believes the response to these influence factors are different for different travel purposes: work / education (peak trips), and social / leisure (mainly off-peak trips).
He explained that train passengers have three budgets to consider: time, money and effort, with the latter budget more difficult to measure.
“Effort relates to how easy it is for train passengers to get onto a passenger rail service. Most of South Africa's public transport systems are not accessible to people with disabilities. And some have to walk three to five kilometres just to find public transport,” he stated.
He said people won't use public transport if they don't know how the system works or are not familiar with the timetables. In addition, the amount of mental effort required to use a public transport service is proportionate to the level of use thereof.
Lower-income ‘captive’ passengers would rather spend money on housing and food than on transport. Therefore, commuter trips are made with the least financial burden; even if it has to take more time or effort, he said.
For ‘Choice Users’, time is a more important budget (“time is money”). This is also indicated by the ‘Value of Time’, which, for higher-income people, is significantly higher than for lower-income people.
Generally, if prices or travel times increase, ridership decreases, he said.
Captive travelers are also very price-sensitive; if train fares rise, they tend to opt for other transport modes such as buses or mini-bus taxis. Social travelers will visit family and friends less frequently when fares increase.
Onderwater said passenger train services very seldom realise time improvements in their services, with trip times and station-to-station times not changing much. The exception is Gautrain, which has decreased train-to-train times from 12 minutes to 10 minutes.
He said train comfort is more important to leisure train travelers than captive users, with seated passengers feeling greater discomfort levels in crowded trains than standing passengers.
Onderwater explained that road tolling is not a major factor influencing passenger train use, due to the high levels of non-compliance.
Onderwater says South Africa could expect 5% passenger rail growth, although this figure is capped because current train services cannot meet the demand.
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A colony-level response to disease control in a leaf-cutting ant
- 134 Downloads
Parasites and pathogens often impose significant costs on their hosts. This is particularly true for social organisms, where the genetic structure of groups and the accumulation
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A colony-level response to disease control in a leaf-cutting ant
- 134 Downloads
Parasites and pathogens often impose significant costs on their hosts. This is particularly true for social organisms, where the genetic structure of groups and the accumulation of contaminated waste facilitate disease transmission. In response, hosts have evolved many mechanisms of defence against parasites. Here we present evidence that Atta colombica, a leaf-cutting ant, may combat Escovopsis, a dangerous parasite of Atta's garden fungus, through a colony-level behavioural response. In A. colombica, garden waste is removed from within the colony and transported to the midden – an external waste dump – where it is processed by a group of midden workers. We found that colonies infected with Escovopsis have higher numbers of workers on the midden, where Escovopsis is deposited. Further, midden workers are highly effective in dispersing newly deposited waste away from the dumping site. Thus, the colony-level task allocation strategies of the Atta superorganism may change in response to the threat of disease to a third, essential party.
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Please answer the following questions regarding the poem "Bright Star" by John Keats:
1. what are the qualities of the star that he would not want to emulate?
2. why would these qualities be wrong for him in his situation?
In
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Please answer the following questions regarding the poem "Bright Star" by John Keats:
1. what are the qualities of the star that he would not want to emulate?
2. why would these qualities be wrong for him in his situation?
In addition to not wanting to be alone like the star, the speaker of John Keats's "Bright Star," while wishing for the eternity of the star, does not desire the star's task of watching the earth
with eternal lids apart/Like Nature's patient sleepless Eremite
The static quality of the star is expressed in the speaker's oxymoron:
a sweet unrest,/Still, still to hear her tender-taken breath/And so live ever--....
The tension of this poem is similar to that of Keats's "Ode to a Grecian Urn" in that the speaker admires the eternity of beauty as he does the eternity of the star, but he does not desire the static quality which allows no further action just as he realizes that the lovers painted upon the urn cannot consummate their love. In short, while the speaker wishes to transcend human life and its finiteness, he still does not want to lose his humanity.
In this poem, Keats is wishing that he could have things both ways. He wants to be immortal like the star, to be "steadfast." At the same time, however, he does not want to be "in lone splendor" up in the sky.
So, the quality of the star that he doesn't want to emulate is its aloofness. He doesn't want to be separated from the human world the way it is.
This would be wrong for him in this situation because it would not allow him to feel love. The speaker still wants to feel love both physical (pillowed on his love's breast) and emotional. So being away from humanity would not be good for him.
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- New materials have the potential to change the world we live in by enabling paradigm shifting new products. Bandgap invests in advanced materials that exploit thermal, electrical, optical, chemical, and mechanical properties to address market needs that can fundamentally change entire
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- New materials have the potential to change the world we live in by enabling paradigm shifting new products. Bandgap invests in advanced materials that exploit thermal, electrical, optical, chemical, and mechanical properties to address market needs that can fundamentally change entire industries.
- Clean technology and the energy industry must work hand in hand to create a sustainable energy ecosystem. Bandgap invests in technologies that make production and consumption of energy more efficient and profitable.
- As the world become more interconnected, distributed sensing, signal processing, and process control become a critical component of the internet of things. Bandgap invests in smart sensors and other instrumentation that make digitization of information more ubiquitous.
- “Moore’s Law” governing computing power and miniaturization continually drives new market opportunities. Bandgap invests in components and devices, computer systems and peripherals, mobile and machine-to-machine communications, and hardware technologies for consumers and businesses.
- Businesses constantly strive to reduce manufacturing costs and gain efficiencies, which drives new innovations that can leapfrog industry incumbents. Bandgap funds 3D printing and printed electronics, roll-to-roll mass production, and nano-scale manufacturing technologies, which enable products that were not possible using traditional manufacturing techniques.
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The trickster deity breaks the rules of the gods or nature, sometimes maliciously (for example, Loki) but usually with ultimately positive effects (though the trickster's initial intentions may have been either positive or negative). Often, the bending/b
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The trickster deity breaks the rules of the gods or nature, sometimes maliciously (for example, Loki) but usually with ultimately positive effects (though the trickster's initial intentions may have been either positive or negative). Often, the bending/breaking of rules takes the form of tricks (e.g. Eris) or thievery. Tricksters can be cunning or fool
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The list of units
Workers can stack on a single tile, and all work on the same task, completing it much faster than a single worker.
Building a WorkerEdit
Workers can improve the countryside to make it more productive. The efficiency of
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The list of units
Workers can stack on a single tile, and all work on the same task, completing it much faster than a single worker.
Building a WorkerEdit
Workers can improve the countryside to make it more productive. The efficiency of a worker (how quickly it works) depends upon its government type.
Joining a CityEdit
A worker may also be used to increase the population of an existing city; when the worker is active on a city, click the "Join City" button. The worker disappears and the city's population gains one citizen.
Note that workers may be captured and used by rival civilizations.
In primitive, hunter-gatherer cultures, there was no division of labor. But every civilization since has had a worker "class," devoted to the production of goods and the unskilled tasks necessary for the maintenance of society. In most early societies, slaves and peasants fulfilled this role. With the coming of the Middle Ages, the more specialized workers organized themselves into craft guilds. The technological advances of the Industrial Age gave rise to a new class of semi-skilled workers: wage laborers, most of which worked in factories and offices. Continuing trends in the specialization and professionalism of labor during the late 20th century has not altered the fact, however, that civilization still rests upon the shoulders of those who till the fields and build the roads.
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Turing and the Computer (The Big Idea)
Paul StrathernISBN: 038549243X;
Few concepts in the history of 20th-century thought are as rich with both philosophical and practical implications as the computer. And few people
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Turing and the Computer (The Big Idea)
Paul StrathernISBN: 038549243X;
Few concepts in the history of 20th-century thought are as rich with both philosophical and practical implications as the computer. And few people in the history of computing are as intellectually and personally complex as Alan Turing, the man whose brilliant mathematical imagination laid the foundation for computers as we know them. You could easily spend the rest of the millennium reading up on Turing and his ideas, but if you've only got an afternoon, this engaging, pamphlet-length summary of the man's life and work should get you nicely up to speed. Author Paul Strathern sets Turing's accomplishments in their historical context. He starts with the long prehistory of the computer--its roots in devices such as the abacus, the slide rule, and CharlesBabbage's remarkably sophisticated 19th-century "difference engine." Strathern then moves deftly through the great mathematical debates that led to Turing's formulation of the abstract "universal computing machine" in the mid-1930s....
- OZON.ru 10118
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Britain = England = Redcoats = Bad Guys
13 British Colonies = United States = Continental Army = Good Guys
Threatened with an attack on the U.S. Capital (which was located in Philadelphia at that time), Congress had
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Britain = England = Redcoats = Bad Guys
13 British Colonies = United States = Continental Army = Good Guys
Threatened with an attack on the U.S. Capital (which was located in Philadelphia at that time), Congress had to withdraw from the city. During this time, Washington traversed Southeastern Pennsylvania to an area just South of New Hope, PA. Today the town is called Washington's Crossing. This is where George planned the infamous attack on Trenton, New Jersey. On Christmas night, 1776, Washington crossed the Delaware River, surprised the British troops, and captured the city of Trenton.
But in September and October of 1777, Washington's troops suffered serious losses throughout the Greater Philadelphia Region including the Battle of Brandywine in Chester County and the Battle of Germantown in Philadelphia.
After his loss in Germantown, Washington retreated through Montgomery County to an area now known as Fort Washington and Militia Hill. Fort Washington turned out to be an excellent place for protecting the Colonial position, watching British troop movements, and preparing for the winter in Valley Forge.
It was after the Battle of Germantown on October 4, 1977 that the Continental Army moved toward the Whitemarsh area. By the beginning of November, Washington had setup his camp on Fort Hill. On December 6, 1777, General Howe marched his British troops out of Philadelphia to attack Washington. However, Washington's position proved too strong. Though a contingent of Redcoats made it as far as Church Hill, they were unable to overtake Washington's Fort Hill.
Washington had managed to turn the British back with very little bloodshed. This American victory has become known as The Redoubt on Fort Hill.
As the winter weather turned more severe, Washington started moving his troops to Chester County. He hoped Valley Forge would offer the army a better place to build log cabins and supply the troops. On December 11, 1777, Washington pulled out of the Whitemarsh area. By December 18th, they had arrived in Valley Forge.
At the end of the deck, a special "wildlife area" is being nurtured. Though I'd visited the park dozens of times, I had never taken the time to visit the end of the deck. Much to my surprise, there was an extraordinary variety of birds and butterflies. In fact, a public log showed sightings of nearly 60 different species of butterflies. The same holds true with birds. The end of the deck reveals a spectrum of song and humming birds numbering near 200.
The part of the park that encompasses Militia Hill, has become increasingly active with raptors. Raptors? Yes, raptors. Even though the elevation is only 330 feet... and there is no large body of water, all sixteen species of raptors that migrate along the east coast have been spotted over Militia Hill. A group of raptor watchers has formed and now monitors the raptor migration in conjunction with The Hawk Migration Association of North America. Every Fall, the Militia Hill Hawk Watch spots an average of more than 10,000 raptors including the: Bald Eagle, Black Vulture, Broad-winged Hawk, Cooper's Hawk, Golden Eagle, Goshawk, Kestrel, Merlin, Northern Harrier, Osprey, Peregrine Falcon, Red-shouldered Hawk, Red-tailed Hawk, Rough-legged Hawk, Sharp-shinned Hawk, and Turkey Vulture.
The 493 acre State Park offers a simple way to experience nature and history. Over 190 types of birds, 30 mammal species, 16 types of fish, 300 vanities of wildflowers, 37 types of trees (some over 375 years old), and the park's visitors help to keep the memories of our forefathers alive.
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Understanding Black Male Learning Styles, by Unknown
Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9781934155387 | 1934155381
- Cover: Trade Paper
- Copyright:
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Understanding Black Male Learning Styles, by Unknown
Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9781934155387 | 1934155381
- Cover: Trade Paper
- Copyright: 1/12/2011
Offering information for use inside and outside of the classroom, this educational resource delineates how black males learn differently from other students and what can be done to most effectively reach them. Outlining the differences as both behavioural (attention span, aggression, maturation, energy level, and pressure from peers) and educational (verbal skills, organisation, gross and fine motor skills, and reading interests) among others, this proposal provides real-world experiences alongside theories, making this an essential guide for educators, parents, counsellors, psychologists, and others involved with black male adolescents. A section on how the majority of teachers, who are non-black and female, can extend their education to overcome differences within the normal classroom setting, and help to reduce the number of black males in special education, is also provided.
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The Introduction to Pastoral Care of the Dying continues in these two sections with a brief mention of the ministries, both clerical and lay.
The pastoral role of the priest is coordination of the minsitry to the dying and catechesis
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The Introduction to Pastoral Care of the Dying continues in these two sections with a brief mention of the ministries, both clerical and lay.
The pastoral role of the priest is coordination of the minsitry to the dying and catechesis on the rites:
162. Priests with pastoral responsibilities are to direct the efforts of the family and friends as well as other ministers of the local Chur
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Caribbean music is dear to me, and I thought I would impart a little background and history of the genre, particularly the Calypso.
Calypso’s catchy rhythms and unmistakable style have become widely popular. It originated in Trinidad and
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Caribbean music is dear to me, and I thought I would impart a little background and history of the genre, particularly the Calypso.
Calypso’s catchy rhythms and unmistakable style have become widely popular. It originated in Trinidad and Tobago, islands in the southern Caribbean Sea. Along with the steel drums, calypso melodies include such instruments as the guitar, trumpet, saxophone, and drums. It is music that compels you to move your feet, get up from your chair, and stand up and sway your hips to the rhythmical beat.
Calypso can refer to any song that was sung after 1898 at Carnival time in Trinidad. It may have been inspired by storytelling tradition that was brought to Trinidad by African slaves. It has since been influenced by African song and dance along with French, Hispanic, English, and other ethnic influences.
The smooth tropical songs made by the Calypsonian includes witty rhymes that are often made up at the time of the singing on stage. The words included humor and spicy tales, sometimes with a double meaning. This was done because the Calypsonians made the upper classes of society the objects of their ridicule and composed such stinging words and critiques that the colonial government tried to ban the tradition. Double meanings were created to camouflage the actual meaning of the songs. In fact, Calypsonians have made a heavy contribution to the vocabulary of West Indian speech. Many people, even some politicians, often quoted Calypsonians to emphasize a point.
In the early days, the Calypsonians were mainly Afro-Trinidadian, but today they can be found in every race, color, and class. Many genres of calypso have now been developed that appeal to varying musical tastes.
The next time you hear steel orchestras and a lively, catchy, rhythmical sound, with picture lyrics, you may be experiencing calypso music. Like me, you will be compelled to get up from your chair and dance!
See my retro and modern fashion accessories and creations for the home at
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INFORMATION FOR CONSUMERS
FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION
CENTER FOR VETERINARY MEDICINE
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for ensuring that animal drugs and medicated feeds are safe and effective for animals
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INFORMATION FOR CONSUMERS
FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION
CENTER FOR VETERINARY MEDICINE
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for ensuring that animal drugs and medicated feeds are safe and effective for animals, and that food from treated animals is safe for humans to eat. Certain steroid hormones have been approved for use at very low concentrations to increase the rate of weight gain and/or improve feed efficiency in beef cattle. No steroid hormones are approved for use in poultry. All of the steroid hormonal growth-promoting drugs are available for over-the-counter purchase in the U.S., and are generally administered by the livestock producer at specific stages of production. Residue levels of these hormones in food have been demonstrated to be safe, as they are well below any level that would have a known effect in humans.
Estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone are naturally-occurring (endogenous) steroid hormones produced in significant quantities throughout the lifetime of every man, woman, and child, and are required for the proper physiological functioning and maturation of every mammal. All endogenous steroid hormone products marketed in the U.S. for beef growth-promotion are formulated as implantable pellets and are designed to deliver the hormones at a slow, constant rate when injected subcutaneously under the skin of the animal's ear. Numerous scientific studies have demonstrated that, when these drugs are used in accordance with their approved conditions of use, concentrations of the hormones in edible tissues remain within the normal physiological range that has been established for untreated animals of the same age and sex. Because of the slow release of very small amounts of the hormone and a short average half-life (approximately 10 minutes), it has been determined that no pre-slaughter withdrawal time is necessary to protect the public health. Consumers are not at risk from eating food from animals treated with these compounds because the amount of added hormone is negligible compared to the amount normally found in the edible tissues of untreated animals and that are naturally produced by the consumerís own body.
Unlike naturally-occurring steroid hormones, there is no natural production of the synthetic compounds, trenbolone acetate, zeranol, and melengestrol acetate (MGA). These compounds are not metabolized as quickly as the naturally-occurring steroid hormones. Therefore, the FDA required, prior to their approval, extensive toxicological testing in animals to determine safe levels in edible tissues for these compounds. Furthermore, FDA required that the manufacturers demonstrate that the amount of hormone left in each edible tissue after treatment is below the appropriate safe level.
Information about approved hormone products can be found in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 21, Parts 522, 556, and 558. Copies of the CFR may be found at your local public or university library and are for sale from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. In addition, the Code of Federal Regulations may be found on the Internet.
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Earning your high school diploma from home requires a skill set that doesn’t always come naturally to students. For homeschooled students earning their high school diploma, it is vital to develop strong study skills. Use these six study tips for homescho
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Earning your high school diploma from home requires a skill set that doesn’t always come naturally to students. For homeschooled students earning their high school diploma, it is vital to develop strong study skills. Use these six study tips for homeschooled students to help you maintain focus and make the grade even when you’re not sitting in a traditional classroom.
1. Develop a good study routine. When you’re at home all day, it can be easy to get a little sloppy with your study routine. However, that casual attitude can come back to bite you when you turn in subpar work. Establish a good study routine of hitting the books in a distraction-free place before you play video games, meet friends for lunch, or chat online.
2. Stay organized. When your classroom is your bedroom, your school materials can end up jumbled in with your other stuff. The amazing paper that you wrote for an English class does you no good if you can’t find it. If you don’t stay organized, you may spend as much time looking for your learning materials and paper than you do working. Streamline your daily school routine by having a single place where you store your books, notes, and school supplies.
3. Manage your time. As you reach your junior and senior years of high school, you’ll need to budget your time wisely each day so that you can get it all done. This takes self-discipline, but you can use online tools like timers and scheduling apps to help you stay on track. Here is a list of 25 time management resources to help you balance life with your classwork and fine-tune your time management skills.
4. Take advantage of tutors. Some people struggle with learning certain topics on their own. If you are having a hard time learning something, don’t hesitate to seek outside help. A great tutor can help you wade through that difficult subject and finally make sense of it all.
5. Use online study groups. If you are having trouble maintaining your motivation or you just need to discuss things with other students learning the same lessons, use online study groups to help you stay interested in school and avoid learning snags. At Penn Foster, you can use our online Student Community to connect with others in your chosen program and form study groups using tools like Google Hangouts and Skype.
6. Keep your eyes on the prize. Your long-term educational plan may include a high school diploma, an Associate degree, a Bachelor's degree, or some other kind of certification to prepare you for the work force. As you work, remember that each day’s lesson brings you one step closer to your ultimate goal.
Many colleges are currently seeking to enroll homeschooled students because these students already understand how to work hard on their own without parents and teachers breathing down their necks. Developing good study skills will help you throughout college and even in adulthood since habits like time management, organization, and good self-care will add to your life and make you a valuable employee.
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It was not tax cuts, lack of funding, or anything similar that brought that bridge down. It was a slightly faulty design that was adequate under normal circumstances at the time of construction to hold the estimated load, but between pavement that was two inches
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It was not tax cuts, lack of funding, or anything similar that brought that bridge down. It was a slightly faulty design that was adequate under normal circumstances at the time of construction to hold the estimated load, but between pavement that was two inches thicker than it should have been (adding a lot to the load the bridge had to carry) and having 289 tons of construction equipment on it, some of the gusset plates (the large plates used to fasten girders together at joints) in the main span failed, which increased the load on the remaining ones, which then failed and eventually the bridge collapsed. There wasn't a problem with maintenance, inspections, or any other continuing expense that wasn't met that contributed to this accident.
The intention of the cartoon is not just about one case, but about the deterioration of our national infrastructure, a reality that is beyond debate.
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Lives of the Saints, by Alban Butler, Benziger Bros. ed., at sacred-texts.com
ST. FRANCIS, the son of a merchant of Assisi, was born in that city in 1182. Ch
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Lives of the Saints, by Alban Butler, Benziger Bros. ed., at sacred-texts.com
ST. FRANCIS, the son of a merchant of Assisi, was born in that city in 1182. Chosen by God to be a living manifestation to the world of Christ's poor and suffering life on earth, he was early inspired with a high esteem and burning love of poverty and humiliation. The thought of the Man of Sorrows, Who had not where to lay His head, filled him with holy envy of the poor, and constrained him to renounce the wealth and worldly station which he abhorred. The scorn and hard usage which he met with from his father and townsmen when he appeared among them in the garb of poverty were delightful to him. "Now," he exclaimed, "I can say truly, 'Our Father Who art in heaven.'" But divine love burned in him too mightily not to kindle like desires in other hearts. Many joined themselves to him, and were constituted by Pope Innocent III. into a religious Order, which spread rapidly throughout Christendom. St. Francis, after visiting the East in the vain quest of martyrdom, spent his life like his Divine Master—now in preaching to the multitudes, now amid desert solitudes in fasting and contemplation. During one of these retreats he received on his hands, feet, and side the print of the five bleeding wounds of Jesus. With the cry, "Welcome, sister Death," he passed to the glory of his God October 4, 1226.
Reflection.—"My God and my all," St. Francis’ constant prayer, explains both his poverty and his wealth.
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Great Grammar Practice: Grade 4, by Beech, Linda
Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9780545794244 | 0545794242
- Cover: Paperback
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Great Grammar Practice: Grade 4, by Beech, Linda
Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9780545794244 | 0545794242
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 6/1/2015
This resource features ready-to-go reproducible pages that target key grade-level grammar topics—parts of speech, verb tenses, capitalization, punctuation, types of sentences, and more! Each activity includes quick teacher tips, but because most students will be able to complete these exercises independently, they are perfect for seat work or homework. Solid practice that helps reinforce the grammar skills students need to succeed—and meet higher standards. For use with Grade 4.
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Muscles & Nerves
Dr. D.R.Johnson, Centre for Human Biology
Having looked at the bones of the skeleton and the joints
between them we logically move on to consider the muscles which
move the bones and then the
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Muscles & Nerves
Dr. D.R.Johnson, Centre for Human Biology
Having looked at the bones of the skeleton and the joints
between them we logically move on to consider the muscles which
move the bones and then the nerves which control them. Muscle,
however does other things besides moving bones. It is a contractile
tissue, divided on histological structure into three types:
- skeletal or striated. Under direct (Voluntary) nervous control
- cardiac, also striated but specialised and confined to the
- smooth or visceral. Not under direct (voluntary) nervous
control. In walls of alimentary tract, blood vessels, arrector
pili - slow and sustained response.
Form and function
- Smooth muscle usually occurs in flat sheets, sometimes wrapped
around a viscus like a gut in circular and longitudinal layers,
or arranged as a sphincter to close off a tube (as in the anus).
- Skeletal: so called because often attached to bone, but not
invariably. This is what the layman thinks of as a muscle. Muscle
means little mouse in Latin, from the fancied resemblance of
the muscle body contracting beneath the skin. This contractile
body, the muscle proper, is usually attached to two bony points.
Attachments may be
Tendons are an integral part of muscle, virtually invariable
in length. Made of collagen fibres with occasional flattened
fibroblasts it is wonderfully boring stuff which resists stretch
and is flexible, so it can turn corners. Because it is so avascular
it appears white in life and heals very slowly: this is why damage
to the large tendon in the heel, the Achilles tendon is so crippling
for a sportsman (as it was, incidentally, for Achilles).
Tendons take the form of cords or strips, circular in cross section,
oval or flattened. They are made up of bundles (fascicles) of
collagen fibres, mainly parallel and often large enough to see
with the naked eye, and striated in appearance. Around the outside
is an epitendineum with elastic fibres, which obviously causes
a little drag as tendons run through connective tissue. Where
they have to move independently of other tissues various friction
reducing devices are used. The tendon may run over cartilage,
or over a sesamoid bone such as the patella, or a bursa may be
interposed. This bursa may be elongated and folded around the
tendon to form a sheath. A very flattened tendon is often called
an aponeurosis neurosis because it is white like nervous tissue.
This usually has the appearance of a flattened sheet of collagen
fibres, or often several sheets running on each other in different
directions like plywood.
A fleshy insertion is what it says, muscle joined to bone without
the intervention of a frank collagenous tendon or aponeurosis.
The collagen is still there, but in amongst the muscle fibres,
or forming a very short tendon
Origins and insertions
Muscles are often said to have an origin at one end and an insertion
at the other. The origin (the one that moves least on contraction)
is often proximal, the insertion distal. Often a muscle arises
from more than one place: it is then said to have two or more
heads (biceps, triceps). In some circumstances origin and insertion
can be interchanged, so it is easier to talk of attachments.
Forms of muscles
Wide functional variation in terms of size and shape according
to job done. The size of the functional component, the muscle
fibre varies from 10-60*m in diameter, and mm to 15-30 cm in
length. Diameter, length and arrangement of fascicles (bundles
of fibres) varies from muscle to muscle: fine bundles in precision
muscles, coarse ones in power muscles. Fascicles may be parallel,
or oblique or spiral according to position of attachments. Lets
look at some variants and see if we can explain them.
The simplest is probably the strap muscle which has a
fleshy, wide attachment at each end. We can make this long and
narrow, so long as the maximum length of the muscle fibre is
not exceeded. If it is, we need fibres in parallel, with tendinous
insertions between groups. The range of contraction depends on
the length of a muscle but its power depends on how many fibres
we can pack in. Strap muscles thus have a good range but low
power: to get more power we make the muscle fusiform i.e. three
dimensional. This often transforms the flat attachment into a
tendon with a circular cross section. The muscle fibres are often
concentrated at one end, but will work just as well if they are
digastric i.e. have two bellies. another way to increase power
is to produce more heads, in effect two or three or four muscles
pulling the same tendon.
Having more than one head results in muscle fibres pulling obliquely
on the tendon. This can often balance out, but in a unipennate
muscle, where fibres insert all along one side of a tendon the
resultant force is the
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Ira Jan (the professional name of Esphir Yoselevitch), a painter and writer, was the first Hebrew artist in pre-State Palestine. She was born on February 2, 1868 in Kishinev, the
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Ira Jan (the professional name of Esphir Yoselevitch), a painter and writer, was the first Hebrew artist in pre-State Palestine. She was born on February 2, 1868 in Kishinev, the capital of Moldavia. Her father, Yosef Yoselevitch, was a well-known lawyer in the city, active in Zionist causes, and a member of the Hebrew Language Association.
At the age of sixteen, Ira Jan, who displayed talent as an artist and writer at an early age, was sent to the Institute of the Arts in Moscow, which was founded in the nineteenth century and considered an innovative, revolutionary institution compared to the State Academy in St. Petersburg. Her teachers included leaders of The Wanderers movement, who sought to bring art to the masses by holding traveling exhibitions throughout Russia. The Wanderers studied works of folklore and populist motifs, painted, sculpted, and composed music for and about the people. Among Yoselevitch’s teachers was Vasily Polenov (1844–1927), one of the first artists in Russia to call for painters to leave the confines of the studio and create in the midst of nature.
Painting in a natural setting was a new form of art in the late nineteenth century, requiring different techniques from painting in the studio, and it was these techniques that Yoselevitch learned from Polenov. At the Arts Institute she also studied paintings of still lifes and models. She may also have studied under the painter Leonid Pasternak (1862–1945), who was living and teaching at the Institute at the time. Ira Jan received various awards for her work, among them first prize from the Institute for her painting “Faded as a Dream,” which portrays a wealthy old woman unraveling her bridal veil and observing life with a sober expression while her granddaughter plays beside her. (This painting was acquired by King Ferdinand of Bulgaria and displayed at the Bulgarian National Museum for Foreign Art as part of an exhibition entitled “The Influence of Russian Painting on Bulgarian Painting” in honor of Vladimir Putin’s visit to Sofia in 2003.)
After graduating, Ira Jan traveled to Paris for additional studies; among her teachers there was Raphael Collin (1850–1916), an art collector who specialized in painting models. It was apparently with him that she learned to paint portraits and nudes. Collin was the friend of such renowned contemporary artists as Fernand Cormon, who opened a modernist art studio in Paris in the mid–1890s where several major artists studied, among them Vincent Van Gogh and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. Boris Schatz (1866–1932) also continued his studies at Cormon’s studio, and it is there that he may first have met Ira Jan. Alternatively, it is possible that she was introduced to Schatz at the studio of Russian sculptor Mark Antokolsky (1842–1902), where Schatz studied sculpture. She was friendly with Antokolsky, later writing a biography of him that remained in manuscript form and was apparently lost during World War I.
In Paris her work impressed art collector Gustave Dreyfus (1837–1914), one of the great collectors of Renaissance art. He commissioned paintings from her duri
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First Words in French, by Grée, Alain
Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9781908985798 | 1908985798
- Cover: Paperback
-
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First Words in French, by Grée, Alain
Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9781908985798 | 1908985798
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 5/16/2017
Help your child to learn their first words in French with this beautifully presented, interactive learning resource. Packed with more than 300 key words, this book makes the perfect companion, whether your child is learning the language at home, at school or preparing for a holiday. Shown alongside colorful and appealing illustrations, the words are grouped into child-friendly themes such as colors, numbers, animals, food, holidays and shopping. A dictionary-style listing of all the words is compiled at the back of the book along with the phonetic pronunciation of each word, for easy reference. Also included are learning tips and notes for parents, carers and teachers to give essential back-up information and ideas for activities to try.
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The beautiful Sierra Madre Range extends from Divide Peak (in Wyoming) southeastward to the Rabbit Ears Pass area, a distance of some 70 miles. The Sierra Madres make up the northern portion of the much larger and more extensive Park
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The beautiful Sierra Madre Range extends from Divide Peak (in Wyoming) southeastward to the Rabbit Ears Pass area, a distance of some 70 miles. The Sierra Madres make up the northern portion of the much larger and more extensive Park Range which also incorporates the Gore Range to the south. The Sierra Madre, Park, and Gore Ranges are all cut from the same cloth. They all share a similar composition and history, being composed of ancient Precambrian basement rock and having been uplifted and formed at the same time in Earth's history.
The core of this uplifted chain of mountains is mostly composed of ancient Precambrian metasediments and metavolcanics intruded by slightly younger orogenic granites. These ancient crystalline rocks are exposed as a result of uplift and erosion. The younger sedimentary rocks which once covered the Precambrian core are now exposed only along the flanks of the range and in some isolated spots along the crest.
Just west of the Sierra Madres, near Hahns Peak, a scattering of much younger Tertiary-age intrusives occur. These small Tertiary stocks crop out in a semicircle around Steamboat Lake. The Hahns Peak Mining District was founded on gold deposits hosted in these younger intrusives.
The Continental Divide between the headwaters of Bear Creek (which flows eastward to the North Platte River) and the headwaters of Gold Creek (which flows westward to the Elk River) forms the heart of the area of interest for the lost Sierra Madre mine.
This part of the mountain range consists almost entirely of ancient Precambrian metamorphic rock. This ancient basement rock crops out along much of the Divide in the Sierra Madre Range and forms the country rock into which Precambrian granite has intruded. The northern slopes of Mount Zirkel are made up of this ancient granite as are the mountains near Devils Peak, a few miles to the nort
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Definition of Cyrtidae
: a family of two-winged flies with small head and greatly enlarged convex thorax whose larvae are parasitic on spiders
Love words? You must — there are over 200,000 words in our free online
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Definition of Cyrtidae
: a family of two-winged flies with small head and greatly enlarged convex thorax whose larvae are parasitic on spiders
Love words? You must — there are over 200,000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that’s only in the Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary.
Start your free trial today and get unlimited access to America's largest dictionary, with:
- More than 250,000 words that aren't in our free dictionary
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Origin and Etymology of cyrtidae
New Latin, from Cyrtus, type genus (from Greek kyrtos bulging, convex) +
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Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD)
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a result of jaw-related problems. These disorders are sometimes incorrectly called TMJ, which stands for temporomandibular joint.
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Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD)
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a result of jaw-related problems. These disorders are sometimes incorrectly called TMJ, which stands for temporomandibular joint.
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the hinge joint. It connects the lower jaw (mandible) to the temporal bone of the skull. Muscles attached to and surrounding the jaw joint control the position and movement of the jaw.
Causes of TMJ / TMD
The causes are not clear, but dentists believe that symptoms originate from problems with the muscles of the jaw or with the parts of the joint itself.Other possible causes include:
- Grinding or clenching the teeth
- Dislocation of the soft cushion or disc between ball and socket
- Presence of osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis in the TMJ
Symptoms of TMD
Severe pain and discomfort can be temporary or last for many years. More women than men experience TMD / TMJ. It most commonly affects those between the ages of 20 and 40.
- Pain or tenderness in the face, jaw joint area, neck and shoulders, and in or around the ear
- Limited ability to open the mouth
- Jaws th
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Childhood Cancer Statistics – Graphs and Infographics
Childhood Cancer Statistics – Important Facts
Each year, the parents of approximately 15,700 kids will hear the words “your child has cancer.” Across all ages, ethnic groups and socio
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Childhood Cancer Statistics – Graphs and Infographics
Childhood Cancer Statistics – Important Facts
Each year, the parents of approximately 15,700 kids will hear the words “your child has cancer.” Across all ages, ethnic groups and socio-economics, this disease remains the number one cause of death by disease in children. Despite major advances – from an overall survival rate of 10 percent just fifty years ago to nearly 90 percent today, for many rare cancers, the survival rate is much lower. Furthermore, the number of diagnosed cases annually has not declined in nearly 20 years.
- Every day, 43 children are diagnosed with cancer.
- 12% of children diagnosed with cancer do not survive.
- Children’s cancer affects all ethnic, gender and socio-economic groups.
- The average age of children diagnosed is six.
- More than 40,000 children undergo treatment for cancer each year.
- 60% of children who survive cancer suffer late-effects, such as infertility, heart failure and secondary cancers.
- There are approximately 375,000 adult survivors of children’s cancer in the United States.
- That equates to 1 in 530 adults ages 20-39.
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New York, November 9, 2001 - Manhattan Scientifics, Inc. (MHTX) announced today that it has completed initial testing of an environmentally friendly electric scooter powered by the company's 3000 watt fuel cell originally unveiled
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New York, November 9, 2001 - Manhattan Scientifics, Inc. (MHTX) announced today that it has completed initial testing of an environmentally friendly electric scooter powered by the company's 3000 watt fuel cell originally unveiled last July. The vehicle is pollution-free and nearly silent in use. It is suitable for driving in noise-free areas and would be of great value in areas of urban pollution. Fueled by hydrogen, production models are expected to be capable of covering 120 miles with a single fueling and a top speed of at least 35 miles an hour.
The scooter is the second fuel cell powered concept vehicle developed by Manhattan Scientifics. Last year the company announced the Hydrocycle™ - a fuel cell powered bicycle.
The company developed the vehicle to interest manufacturers and other parties in the advantages of fuel cell powered personal transportation. The company said it believes that in production, the fuel cell scooter will be highly competitive with battery powered electric scooters. It should also be competitive with gasoline powered scooters, particularly when environmental and noise issues are factored in.
The concept vehicle uses Manhattan Scientifics' unique and proprietary fuel cell technology developed by its German unit NovArs GmbH. The fuel cell is a hydrogen/air system using advanced materials and unique technologies to minimize size and weight. It is a scaled up version of the standard NovArs design built for various applications over the last year. The system operates under ambient conditions without additional ancillary equipment such as pumps or special cooling. The fuel cell system, including all electronic, valves and fans, weighs slightly less than 6 kg. The weight of the fuel vessel is only 4.3 kg.
Marvin Maslow, CEO of Manhattan Scientifics, said, "This fuel cell powered scooter is a continuation of our efforts to introduce practical, alternative energy power for personal transportation. There are an estimated 100 million motorized two-wheel vehicles in use world wide with the greatest number concentrated in the crowded cities of Asia. Worldwide scooter production is estimated to be above 17 million a year and use is expanding globally. For instance, the scooter market in the UK grew by 40% last year, despite that country's poor weather as people turned to scooters to deal with heavy traffic or to avoid overcrowded and unreliable public transportation. Simil
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|The Artchive needs EVERYONE to help!|
If you enjoy this site, please click here
to find out how YOU can help to keep it online.
Buy Baroque Art
Baroque Art"An art-historical term used
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|The Artchive needs EVERYONE to help!|
If you enjoy this site, please click here
to find out how YOU can help to keep it online.
Buy Baroque Art
Baroque Art"An art-historical term used both as an adjective and a noun to denote, principally, the style that originated in Rome at the beginning of the 17th century superseding Mannerism. The Council of Trent (1545-63) had strongly advocated pictorial clarity and narrative relevance in religious art and to a degree Italian artists such as Santi di Tito (1536-1603) had responded with a more simplified style which has been called 'Anti-Mannerism'. Yet it was not until the 17th century, with the groundswell of renewed confidence and spiritual militancy in the Counter-Reformation Catholic Church that a radical new style, the Baroque, developed. Rome was the most important centre of patronage at this period and the return to compositional clarity was facilitated by a renewed interest in the antique and the High Renaissance in the work of Annibale Carracci and his Bolognese followers, Domenichino, Guido Reni and Guercino. Their work is characterized by a monumentality, balance and harmony deriving directly from Raphael. Carracci's great rival, Caravaggio, by contrast modified his Classic style with an early naturalism, using for his strongly-felt religious subjects characters who appeared to have walked in straight from the streets, the spiritual meaning of the narrative heightened by dramatically theatrical chiaroscuro.
"The era known as High Baroque covered the period c1625-75 and is best represented by its leading artist, Gianlorenzo Bernini. In High Baroque all the visual arts - painting, sculpture and architecture - are forged together to make ensembles intended to exert an overwhelming emotional impact (e.g. the crossing of St. Peter's and the Cor
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29 July 1770–21 July 1840
Moses Waddel, educator and Presbyterian minister, the son of William and Sarah Morrow Waddel, was born in a settlement located along the South Yadkin River in Rowan
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29 July 1770–21 July 1840
Moses Waddel, educator and Presbyterian minister, the son of William and Sarah Morrow Waddel, was born in a settlement located along the South Yadkin River in Rowan County, an area that became part of Iredell. The Waddels had emigrated from County Down, Ireland, landed in Charles Town, S.C., in early 1767, and from there moved immediately to the South Yadkin region where land was cheap and could be purchased on easy terms.
Moses Waddel appears to have been a frail child, yet this did not deter his parents from sending him, at age six, to a neighborhood school, where he made good progress in reading and writing. In 1778 the Reverend James Hall founded Clio's Nursery as a grammar school, and young Waddel enrolled; his teachers were James McEwen and Francis Cummins, both candidates for the ministry. The invasion of the backcountry by British soldiers caused a suspension of the school in 1780, but when it reopened two years later Waddel was again a pupil. He remained at Clio's Nursery until 1784; his studies included Latin, Greek, arithmetic, geometry, and ethics.
Though only fourteen at the time he left Clio's, Waddel was offered the position of teacher in a school located a short distance from his home. There he instructed seven pupils in Latin and "twenty or more in the ordinary English branches." In 1786 he made a trip to Greene County on the Georgia frontier where for a brief time he was engaged as a teacher, relinquishing the post when threats from the Creek Indians became serious. For the next few years he taught in several other Georgia schools. By 1787 his parents had also moved to Greene County, being convinced that the land offered good opportunities for farming. Religion played a minor part in Waddel's life until he was a young man of nineteen. At that time Presbyterian missionaries who had been sent from North Carolina awakened his interest and led him to unite with the church; a decision to enter the ministry soon followed. In September 1790 Waddel left for Prince Edward County, Va., where he applied for admission to Hampden-Sydney and entered the senior class the following January. He was graduated in September 1791 and the following May received from Hanover Presbytery his license to preach. At his own request Waddel was dismissed from the care of Hanover and received by South Carolina Presbytery, where he served in an interim capacity as minister to the people of James Island, John's Island, Wadmalaw Island, and Dorchester. In April 1794 he accepted the call to a charge in Georgia, identified only as Carmel Church, and there was ordained as a Presbyterian minister. The Reverend Francis Cummins, one of his first teachers, preached the ordination sermon.
But Waddel could not long resist the classroom, for soon he had organized a school outside the village of Appling in Columbia County. In 1801 he moved to Vienna, across the Savannah River in Abbeville District, S.C., where he opened a school and continued his preaching ministry. Three years later he moved the school to Willington, about six miles away, and there began an academy for boys that became one of the better-known institutions of the antebellum South. Its location was on a high ridge near the river, in a community that had been settled by Scots-Irish and Huguenots. The first building was a two-room log structure that was soon replaced by one with four classrooms and a chapel. Students obtained board and lodging in the homes of nearby residents and studied in small brick or log huts clustered around the main building. The curriculum was heavily weighted in favor of the classics, and the quality of instruction resulted in a remarkable number of graduates who, for their day, were well educated. Estimates of enrollment ranged from 180 to 250 students per year, with the total number of students coming under Waddel's influence at Willington being perhaps as many as 4,000.
Willington Acade
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ONE of the most philosophical statements from Max Müller is to this effect: "Whatever we know of early religion, we always see that it presupposes vast periods of an earlier development." This is exhibited in the history of all peoples that have progressed in
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ONE of the most philosophical statements from Max Müller is to this effect: "Whatever we know of early religion, we always see that it presupposes vast periods of an earlier development." This is exhibited in the history of all peoples that have progressed in civilization, though we may have to travel far back on the track of history to notice transformations of thought or belief. When the late Dr. Birch told us that a pyramid, several hundreds of years older than the Great Pyramid, contained the name of Osiris, we knew that at least the Osirian part of Egyptian mythology was honoured some six or seven thousand years ago What the earlier development of religion there was, or how the conception of a dying and risen Osiris arose, at so remote a period, may well excite our wonder.
Professor Jebb writes--"There was a time when they (early man) began to speak of the natural powers as persons, and yet had not forgotten that they were really natural, powers, and that the persons' names were merely signs? Yet this goes on the assumption that religion--or rather dogmas thereof--sprang from reflections upon natural phenomena. In this way, the French author of Sirius satisfied himself, particularly on philological grounds, that the idea, of God sprang from an association with thunder and the barking of a dog.
We are assured by Max Müller, that religion is a word that has changed from century to century, and that "the word rose to the surface thousands of years ago." Taking religion to imply an inward feeling of reverence toward the unseen, and a desire to act in obedience to the inward law of right, religion has existed as long as humanity itself. What is commonly assumed by the word religion, by writers in general, is dogma or belief.
The importance of this subject was well put forth by the great Sanscrit scholar in the phrase, "The real history of man is the history of religion." This conviction lends interest and weight to any investigations into the ancient religion of Ireland; though Plowden held that" few histories are so charged with fables as the annals of Ireland."
It was Herder who finely said, "Our earth owes the seeds of all higher culture to a religious tradition, whether literary or oral." In proportion as the so-called supernatural gained an ascendancy, so was man really advancing from the materialism and brutishness of savagedom. Lecky notes "the disposition of man in certain stages of society towards the miraculous." But was Buckle quite correct in maintaining that "all nature conspired to increase the authority of the imaginative faculties, and weaken the authority of the reasoning ones"?
It is not to be forgotten in our inquiry that, as faiths rose in the East, science has exerted its force in the West.
Fetishism can hardly be regarded as the origin of religion. As to those writers who see in the former the deification of natural objects, Max Müller remarks, "They might as well speak of primitive men mummifying their dead bodies Before they had wax to embalm them with."
Myth has been styled the basis of religion not less than of history; but how was it begotten?
Butler, in English, Irish, and Scottish Churches, writes--
"To separate the fabulous from the probable, and the probable from the true, will require no ordinary share of penetration and persevering industry." We have certainly to remember, as one has said, that "mythic history, mythic theology, mythic science, are alike records, not of facts, but beliefs." Andrew Lang properly calls our attention to language, as embodying thought,, being so liable to misconception and misinterpretation. Names, connected with myths, have been so variously read and explained by scholars, that outsiders may well be puzzled.
How rapidly a myth grows, and is greedily accepted, because of the wish it may be true, is exemplified in the pretty story, immortalized by music, of Jessie of Lucknow, who, in the siege, heard her deliverers, in the remote distance, playing "The Campbells are coming." There never was, however, a Jessie Brown there at that time; and, as one adds, Jessie has herself "been sent to join William Tell and the other dethroned gods and goddesses."
In the Hibbert Lectures, Professor Rhys observes, "The Greek myth, which distressed the thoughtful and pious minds, like that of Socrates, was a survival, like the other scandalous tales about the gods, from the time when the ancestors of the Greeks were savages." May it not rather have been derived by Homer, through the trading Phnicians, from the older mythologies of India and Egypt, with altered names and scenes to suit the poet's day and clime?
It would scarcely do to say with Thierry, "In legend alone rests real history--for legend is living tradition, and three times out of four it is truer than what we call History." According to Froude, "Legends grew as
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Question: A particle in box is constrained to move in one
A particle in box is constrained to move in one dimension, like a bead on a wire, as illustrated in Fig. 28.16. Assume that no forces act on the
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Question: A particle in box is constrained to move in one
A particle in box is constrained to move in one dimension, like a bead on a wire, as illustrated in Fig. 28.16. Assume that no forces act on the particle in the interval 0 < x < L and that it hits a perfectly rigid wall. The particle will exist only in states of certain kinetic energies that can be determined by analogy to a standing wave on a string (Section 13.5). This means that an integral number n of half-wavelengths “fit” into the box’s length
Using this relationship, show
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Privacy & Individual Rights
Commerce, Security, & the Law
Net Culture, Art, & Literature
International Affairs & National Security
Ethics, Rhetoric, & Metaphysics
Science Fiction Other Resources
Other Book Review Sites
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Privacy & Individual Rights
Commerce, Security, & the Law
Net Culture, Art, & Literature
International Affairs & National Security
Ethics, Rhetoric, & Metaphysics
Science Fiction Other Resources
Other Book Review Sites
In Building a Bridge to the 18th Century, Neil Postman weaves an interesting tale on the development of a new "conversation" that Americans should commence. His book was an enjoyable read, and it re-ignites debate over policy questions and knowledge claims in the process of decision making. However, in formulating his arguments, he ran afoul, as so many do, in misconstruing the meaning of social construction and the manner in which society constructs knowledge. At the same time, Postman correctly articulates 'a crisis in narrative' (p.113). His story is best understood in the context of a manifesto that sees current narratives as inadequate for the future development of a healthy society. He sees a loss of meaning in our stories and reminds us that the 18th century is a social location that provides a foundation from which to launch a new conversation in order to restore a more meaningful social life. His manifesto does not seem to be interested in contemplation or conversation as he implies. Instead, I will argue that Postman is looking for efficiency and efficacy, and advocating his perspective from an ethnocentric foundation. I will attempt to provide the notion that there are multiple stories to be told, and that retelling one can be another form of advocating the status quo. In this review, I will focus on Postman's arguments for healthy skepticism, some of his contradictions, the notion of individualism and egoism, and the misconstruction of postmodern thought.
Postman articulates the need for critical thinking and skepticism. Robert K. Merton was instrumental in bringing out this point earlier in the century. However, Merton had other problems including circular arguments and a refusal to question scientists as knowing best. Regardless, Postman isn't the first to talk about skepticism. This issue is rather, what type of skepticism? Does Postman advocate that future scientists be skeptical? Or, by chance, would he prefer the general public be better'skepticizers' over the scientific enterprise? The latter is quite important. However, if Neil Postman means the former, he has been misled into believing that science can be separated from society. In this book, he put the need for critical thinking and skepticism in the context of education, and he assumes that the teachers in pre-college schools do not have the abilities to correctly teach science in schools, I posit that his policy suggestion for teaching critical thinking and skepticism are impossible at worst, and improbable at best. This is another reason I argue that his work is a manifesto with little chance of making it to the policy-making stages. In other words, it is not a "real problem."
By asking serious questions about the education, information, childhood, narratives, and democracy, Postman is advocating the use of already told stories from the 18th century to help guide Americans through the 21st century. He does have some compelling arguments. For instance, he notes that the "cheerleaders" of technology advancement are not concerned with the slower-paced knowledge acquisition of the printed word. I agree with his characterization of the digit-heads. However, at the same time, there are contradictions in his argument. Do I want to revert to a typewriter? Do I want to search the library racks several times a week on a research project, when I can review current literature on-line, in the comfort of my home office? These are important questions. At the same time, they do not address the central theme of the present book, which carries the assumption that we don't need a narrative such as postmodernism to help solve our "problems." Instead, going back to the 18th century will suffice. "Right" and "Wrong" may become essential questions. However, they are meaningless unless we ask for whom something is "right" or "wrong"?
I also think that Postman missed a critical aspect of his own study. He uses Tocqueville to illuminate individualism and egoism as divergent cultural systems that epitomize the "right" and "wrong" directions, respectively, that our culture has taken. I see Postman's characterization here as lacking any sociological context. He totally misses what Emile Durkheim (1901) claimed was essential -- a social fact! For instance, couldn't anomie be more important than both individualism and egoism? I would argue that normlessness plays a more central role in the lack of meaning, if this lack of meaning exists in society at all. To Postman, "good science" appears to
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Field symptoms of rootstock blight in apples
Fire blight in apples can cause rootstock blight in apple trees, a serious infection that’ll leave trees dead the following season.
A significant economic detriment of fire blight is the ability of
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Field symptoms of rootstock blight in apples
Fire blight in apples can cause rootstock blight in apple trees, a serious infection that’ll leave trees dead the following season.
A significant economic detriment of fire blight is the ability of the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora to kill trees. Tree death is due to rootstock blight, a fire blight infection that kills the rootstock, killing the scion as well.
Apple trees of any age can be killed by rootstock blight if they are grafted on a fire blight-susceptible rootstock. However, rootstock blight is most common in younger trees (less than 8 years old).
Apple trees with rootstock blight exhibit a characteristic “look” in the weeks following bloom (see photos). The tree shows little to no growth and leaves are sparse and look sickly and yellow. Most characteristic, the branches exhibit a golden color that is quite distinct when compared to neighboring, healthy trees. Often, there are no visible fire blight strikes on the scion at the time a rootstock infection is diagnosed. Trees exhibiting these telltale symptoms will be dead the following season.
Trees with visible rootstock blight should be removed as soon as possible to reduce any chance of further spread of the pathogen. The scions of these trees should be cut off and removed from the orchard. Leave enough scion to enable the roots to be pulled out. Leave the remaining trunk piece and roots on the ground and let these roots dry out prior to removal from the orchard to limit the risk of further spread of the pathogen.
Dr. Sundin’s work is funded in part by MSU’s AgBioResearch.
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ASD and Literacy : Characteristic Styles or (Specific) Deficits
These summaries explore, firstly, the nature of decoding and of comprehension abilities among children with ASD; and, secondly, the matter of visual impairments or over-s
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ASD and Literacy : Characteristic Styles or (Specific) Deficits
These summaries explore, firstly, the nature of decoding and of comprehension abilities among children with ASD; and, secondly, the matter of visual impairments or over-sensitivity, and the reported benefits of coloured overlays for use when reading passages of text.
(In the context of sensory performance, a brief mention is also made of auditory stress or processing difficulties for which benefits from auditory integration therapy have been claimed, but empirical research continues to find little valid evidence in support of the claims.)
M.J.Connor March 2007
[ This set of notes might usefully be read along with the earlier papers “ Pupils with ASD : Teaching Approaches and Literacy ” August 2004; “ Scotopic sensitivity and Reading ” September 1991; and “ Auditory Integration Training ” April 1995)
Patterns of Reading in ASD
The paper by Nation et al (2006) begins by citing what the authors to be a common assumption that reading is a relative strength among children with autistic spectrum disorders, but they note that there is actually a lack of systematic evidence concerning reading abilities among the ASD population.
Their review of existing literature demonstrates two contrasting themes.
Firstly, it is generally accepted that poor oral language skills carry an enhanced risk for poor or minimal written language skills (see, for example, Bishop and Snowling 2004). Given that language impairments or weaknesses are a common concomitant of ASD, it is logical to assume that many children diagnosed with ASD will experience problems in learning to read.
Secondly, and conversely, there are various studies which have demonstrated very high levels of reading skill (accuracy) among children with autism and ASD.
However, caution is advised when it comes to interpreting the significance of single case studies or in seeking to generalise the findings across children who cover a wide spectrum of cognitive and linguistic capacities.
This advice is all the more appropriate when it is recognised that reading is a complex skill involving a range of interlocking components from the ability to decode an (unfamiliar) word to extracting the salient content of a passage of text and understanding its meaning.
Successful reading involves the skilful deployment of word identification strategies and of language processing mechanisms which combine to ensure a comprehension of the material. However, these two processes can show variable development and an imbalance so that determining reading competence requires an assessment of both areas of functioning.
A further review of studies concerning accuracy, conducted by these present authors, indicates that reading accuracy is commonly satisfactory or better among samples of children or adults with ASD … sometimes in advance of what would be predicted from age and IQ.
One specific question has concerned the “style” of young readers with ASD … ie it might have been expected (see Frith and Snowling 1983) that the apparently common preference for, or strengths in, the visual modality would be reflected in strategies emphasising whole word memory or the use of decoding cues linked to word shape or pattern. However, assessment of performance in reading non-words
(which would depend upon phonological-decoding strategies) did not differentiate children with ASD from control children.
The complexity of this whole area is increased as a result of noting the question, following this above outcome, whether or not one could generalise findings from an ASD sample which included only children with satisfactory reading competence to the whole population of children with ASD who would cover a range of levels of reading competence … and Nation (1999) had already demonstrated the wide variation in word and non-word reading capacities among children with ASD.
Nevertheless, it can be accepted that a significant number of children with ASD are poor at dealing with non-words, despite their skill at reading actual words. In other words, for such children reading accuracy is not based upon phonological decoding skills as is commonly the case in typical reading development.
Meanwhile, there is a general acceptance that the comprehension capacities of children with ASD can often be poor.
For example, even among a high-functioning sample of children, Minshew et al (1994) found a significantly lower mean level of reading comprehension compared to the mean of a control group matched for cognitive ability.
This pattern (adequate or better reading accuracy level, but relatively poor comprehension of material read) may be described as a form of hyperlexia … and there does appear to be a frequent association between ASD and hyperlexia (and, many children identified as hyperlexic may also be shown to have ASD or, at least, some of the characteristic features of autism).
In her earlier paper (Nation 1999, op. cit) it was speculated that this finding could reflect a number of possible factors including a focus upon local rather than global features or specific patterns of linguistic strengths and weaknesses.
Nation et al then return to their theme of problems over generalising, and ponder whether
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Lake Buena Vista, Florida, USA
October 1, 1982
Epcot is an amusement park located in Lake Buena Vista, Florida.
Already an entertainment master, Walt Disney wanted to expand the Disney name further. He
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Lake Buena Vista, Florida, USA
October 1, 1982
Epcot is an amusement park located in Lake Buena Vista, Florida.
Already an entertainment master, Walt Disney wanted to expand the Disney name further. He accomplished this by opening Disneyland, a one-of-a-kind park in Anaheim, California in 1955. The park was divided into different themed lands to create the theme park environment. The park was a huge success, more so than Walt ever dreamed. It continued to grow but the growth was limited by the small amount of land the park sat on. Walt was determined a way to fix this.
The search for a new resort location began only four years after the opening of Disneyland. Initially a population survey was conducted to see where the best area of the United States would be to build this new resort. Early on, Walt decided that he wanted it to be located on the eastern end of the Mississippi River where the majority
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Web2.0 is also known as cloud computing, and I think that's a pretty apt image of what it is. In my head, I picture a giant cloud of information hovering above me, and that cloud contains all of the applications and
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Web2.0 is also known as cloud computing, and I think that's a pretty apt image of what it is. In my head, I picture a giant cloud of information hovering above me, and that cloud contains all of the applications and information that I'm accessing on my computer. Of course, the information isn't actually floating over me, it's stored on a remote server, but the idea is the same: I can't see where my data is being stored. It used to be that my data was stored on the hard drive of my computer, but now it's stored on the web and I access it through the internet.
A great Web2.0 tool I just learned about is called Delicious. Delicious is a place for you to save links to various websites, much as we use the "bookmarks" tab in Firefox or "favorites" in Internet Explorer. However, because Delicious is Web2.0, those links are saved on the internet, not on your computer, so you have access to them on any computer that you use.
Also, you have the opportunity to create stacks, which are collections of different links all dealing with the same theme. You can organize these stacks, add descriptions of the links and images to represent them, and then publish them so that other people can browse the collection you've put together.
Here's an example of a stack about legos.
And another about comedy shows in Japan.
Although the advantages to saving your bookmarks remotely so that you can access them from anywhere are obvious, I think the stack feature could be especially useful for education. If students are working on a research project together, they could share links to useful websites they found about their topic. You could also have them create a stack about any theme you wished and publish it on the internet. If you're teaching them how to conduct successful Google searches (kind of like a scavenger hunt on the internet), the students could collect their findings in their Delicious account. Also, Delicious has a great feature where you can tag your links with key words, so it's easier to find all of the useful sites for a particular topic.
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How Artificial Intelligence is Changing the World
The World Of Computing And Business
As more funds are flowing into artificial intelligence, we are going to see the continued evolution of artificial intelligence. For one it is going to get smarter and smarter and become more
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How Artificial Intelligence is Changing the World
The World Of Computing And Business
As more funds are flowing into artificial intelligence, we are going to see the continued evolution of artificial intelligence. For one it is going to get smarter and smarter and become more useful.
Amazon is investing on Alexa, IBM is investing $1 billion in its Watson, while Facebook, Google, and Microsoft are all using their research labs to AI and robotics. Salesforce.com is adding artificial intelligence into their business processes. They call it Einstein. Salesforce.com CEO Mark Benioff, said, “The value of Einstein will be in helping people do the things that people are good at and turning more things over to machines.”
When machines start to do some “deep learning” which means it can process sophisticated information on its own, it will be able to perform complex functions like facial recognition and maybe even speech.
As Big Data continues to permeate our lives, it will also continue to speed up the improvement of artificial intelligence.
In the stock market, many brokerages and investment houses are using artificial intelligence programs like Kensho to crunch numbers and sift massive amounts of data daily. Kensho automatically analyses portfolio performance and predict market changes.
Arria uses natural language generation software that simplifies and humanizes the analysis of data-heavy reports. Arria’s Chief Technology Officer Robert Dale, said, “By emulating human behavior in software, you get technology that can carry out tasks that are more than just straightforward number crunching, with the machine exhibiting real intelligence. But you get all the benefits of this being done by software: it is incredibly fast, it is incredibly consistent, and it does not need to sleep or take vacations, so it is available 24/7.”
Artificial intelligence can also businesses dealing with massive amounts of data save time by scanning historical reports and compiling results efficiently.
Work and Job threat
Regarding work, artificial intelligence will now be the ones deciding whom to recruit. Instead of a human being combing through thousands of resumes, a program can
process massive amounts of information and comb through it to come up with a list of shortlisted candidates. A lot of time and effort will be saved and artificial intelligence might even lessen the human risk of choosing the wrong candidates for interview.
Juergen Mueller, SAP’s chief innovation officer, said, “Recruiters spend 60% of their time reading CVs. Why should a person read 300 resumes if a machine can propose the top 10?”
Artificial intelligence can also play a positive role in helping the employees remain engaged with their work. Programs can analyze the emails of workers and figure out if they are unhappy with their jobs so that management can intervene and help workers get out of the unproductive and negative state.
Programs can also analyze how employees spend their time online. It can raise red flags if the employee visits sites unrelated to work. T
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What I mean by remote idea is words or phrases in the Bible text that are talking about things that aren’t part of our culture any more. In other words, you don’t know the meaning of words because of historical and cultural differences between our
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What I mean by remote idea is words or phrases in the Bible text that are talking about things that aren’t part of our culture any more. In other words, you don’t know the meaning of words because of historical and cultural differences between our world and the world of the Bible.
“Whose fan is in his hand, and he will throughly purge his floor, and gather his wheat into the garner; but he will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire.” (Mat 3:12)
This statement by John the Baptist creates some strange mental images if you’re not familiar with the activities he was referring to. The word wheat might give you a hint of what John is talking about. It seems like it has something to do with harvesting grain. It would be helpful, though, to get a little more information. The New Manners & Customs of Bible Times offers this explanation under the topic winnowing:
“In the evening, when the breeze developed, the separated grain and straw was gathered into a pile in the center of the threshing floor for winnowing. For this the farmer used a five-pronged fork called a winnowing fan and a spade that was called a winnowing shovel. The fork was first used by putting it into the pile and throwing the mixture of grain and straw into the air. The heavier grain fell back, while the straw was blown away by the wind. When the remainder was too small to be picked up by the fork, the shovel was used for the same purpose. If there was no wind it was possible, while winnowing small quantities, to create wind by wafting a piece of matting. The chaff was gathered up and used to fire the domestic stoves; the straw was collected for the animals.” (p. 101)
Understanding how grain was harvested in Bible times helps you understand what John was saying about the Lord Jesus.
“Wherefore the law was our schoolmaster to bring us unto Christ, that we might be justified by faith. But after that faith is come, we are no longer under a schoolmaster.” (Gal 3:24-25)
When you read this passage, you probably get the general idea that the purpose of the Old Testament Law was to point us to Jesus Christ. That’s true. Getting a little background on who the schoolmaster was and what he did makes the picture even more vivid.
“G3807 pahee-dag-o-gos’ = a boy leader, that is, a servant whose office it was to take the children to school; (by implication [figuratively] a tutor [“paedagogue”]) (Strong’s Hebrew and Greek Dictionaries)”
The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (available in eSword) gives the following background information:
“This paidagogos was not a teacher but a slave, to whom in wealthy families the general oversight of a boy was committed. It was his duty to accompany his charge to and from school, never to lose sight of him in public, to prevent association with objectionable companions, to inculcate moral lessons at every opportunity, etc.”
Sources of Cultural and Historical Background
There are many resources you can use to find background information for your Bible reading. A good study Bible will offer historical and cultural insights, and so will a good Bible commentary. Here are some of the Bible commentaries and dictionaries eSword offers:
- Scofield Reference Notes (1917 Edition)
- Adam Clarke’s Commentary on the Bible
- John Gill’s Exposition of the Entire Bible
- Matthew Henry’s Commentary on the Whole Bible
- A Commentary on the Old and New Testaments by Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset and David Brown
- Keil & Delitzsch Commentary on the Old Testament
- Easton’s Bible Dictionary
- Fausset’s Bible Dictionary
- International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
- Smith’s Bible Dictionary
A good Bible dictionary is an essential resource for every Bible student. Here are two that I use:
Read more about it
Read Mat 25:1-13 and then research the wedding customs of that period. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (ISBE) available for eSword is a good starting place. (The ISBE is also available online at Sear
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Incomplete, please do not edit!
POD: Lee's Lost Order is not hidden within a cigar case, McClellan never finds Lee's plans and troop positions.
Lee and McClellan spent almost the whole of September 186
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Incomplete, please do not edit!
POD: Lee's Lost Order is not hidden within a cigar case, McClellan never finds Lee's plans and troop positions.
Lee and McClellan spent almost the whole of September 1862 looking for each other, with Lee dispatching troopers.
At this moment of national indecision the Confederates received a final piece of luck. Whilst riding home from the White House, his Soldier's Home retreat, on the evening of August 15th Abraham Lincoln was shot. Despite doctors best efforts he died later that evening (it is still unclear who shot him and why).
Lincoln had already been nominated by the Republican-War Democrat alliance that had been called the National Union Party for another term as president, although there was much doubt as to whether he could have won the election. Vice President Hannibal Hamlin assumed the Presidency, although it was clear he would not serve a full term (he had been dropped as Lincoln's running mate in favour of War Democrat Andrew Johnson of Tennessee). With less than four months before the election and only one month after the National Union convention, the party was left without a clear presidential nominee and without Lincoln, any sense of leadership. The party splintered into various factional nominations with Ulysses S. Grant, Hannibal Hamlin, Salmon P. Chase and William H. Seward all being hailed as nominees. Andrew Johnson became the party's official nominee, with Hannibal Hamlin as his running mate (without his consent).
With the National Unionists in disarray it was little surprise that the Democrats won the November 1864 election, with Horatio Seymour becoming the 18th President of the United States. Seymour, with Secretary of State Clement Vanlandingham negotiated a truce with the Confederates in April 1865, and in July the Treaty of London was signed, making peace official.
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Computer simulation modeling is a restraint gaining popularity in both government and industry. Computer simulation modeling can give assistance in the design, creation, and evaluation of complex systems. Designers, program directors, analysts, and engineers use computer simulation modeling to understand and
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Computer simulation modeling is a restraint gaining popularity in both government and industry. Computer simulation modeling can give assistance in the design, creation, and evaluation of complex systems. Designers, program directors, analysts, and engineers use computer simulation modeling to understand and assess ‘what if’ case scenarios. It can model a real or proposed system using computer software and is advantageous when changes to the actual system are difficult to implement, that involve high costs, or are unrealistic. Some instances of computer simulation modeling acquainted to
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Skills to Develop
- Describe how Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler contributed to our understanding of how planets move around the Sun
- Explain Kepler’s three laws of planetary motion
At about the time that Galileo was beginning his experiments with falling
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Skills to Develop
- Describe how Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler contributed to our understanding of how planets move around the Sun
- Explain Kepler’s three laws of planetary motion
At about the time that Galileo was beginning his experiments with falling bodies, the efforts of two other scientists dramatically advanced our understanding of the motions of the planets. These two astronomers were the observer Tycho Brahe and the mathematician Johannes Kepler. Together, they placed the speculations of Copernicus on a sound mathematical basis and paved the way for the work of Isaac Newton in the next century.
Tycho Brahe’s Observatory
Three years after the publication of Copernicus’ De Revolutionibus, Tycho Brahe was born to a family of Danish nobility. He developed an early interest in astronomy and, as a young man, made significant astronomical observations. Among these was a careful study of what we now know was an exploding star that flared up to great brilliance in the night sky. His growing reputation gained him the patronage of the Danish King Frederick II, and at the age of 30, Brahe was able to establish a fine astronomical observatory on the North Sea island of Hven (Figure). Brahe was the last and greatest of the pre-telescopic observers in Europe.
(a) A stylized engraving shows Tycho Brahe using his instruments to measure the altitude of celestial objects above the horizon. The large curved instrument in the foreground allowed him to measure precise angles in the sky. Note that the scene includes hints of the grandeur of Brahe’s observatory at Hven. (b) Kepler was a German mathematician and astronomer. His discovery of the basic laws that describe planetary motion placed the heliocentric cosmology of Copernicus on a firm mathematical basis.
At Hven, Brahe made a continuous record of the positions of the Sun, Moon, and planets for almost 20 years. His extensive and precise observations enabled him to note that the positions of the planets varied from those given in published tables, which were based on the work of Ptolemy. These data were extremely valuable, but Brahe didn’t have the ability to analyze them and develop a better model than what Ptolemy had published. He was further inhibited because he was an extravagant and cantankerous fellow, and he accumulated enemies among government officials. When his patron, Frederick II, died in 1597, Brahe lost his political base and decided to leave Denmark. He took up residence in Prague, where he became court astronomer to Emperor Rudolf of Bohemia. There, in the year before his death, Brahe found a most able young mathematician, Johannes Kepler, to assist him in analyzing his extensive planetary data.
Johannes Kepler was born into a poor family in the German province of Württemberg and lived much of his life amid the turmoil of the Thirty Years’ War (see Figure). He attended university at Tubingen and studied for a theological career. There, he learned the principles of the Copernican system and became converted to the heliocentric hypothesis. Eventually, Kepler went to Prague to serve as an assistant to Brahe, who set him to work trying to find a satisfactory theory of planetary motion—one that was compatible with the long series of observations made at Hven. Brahe was reluctant to provide Kepler with much material at any one time for fear that Kepler would discover the secrets of the universal motion by himself, thereby robbing Brahe of some of the glory. Only after Brahe’s death in 1601 did Kepler get full possession of the priceless records. Their study occupied most of Kepler’s time for more than 20 years.
Through his analysis of the motions of the planets, Kepler developed a series of principles, now known as Kepler’s three laws,which described the behavior of planets based on their paths through space. The first two laws of planetary motion were published in 1609 in The New Astronomy. Their discovery was a profound step in the development of modern science.
The First Two Laws of Planetary Motion
The path of an object through space is called its orbit. Kepler initially assumed that the orbits of planets were circles, but doing so did not allow him to find orbits that were consistent with Brahe’s observations. Working with the data for Mars, he eventually discovered that the orbit of that planet had the shape of a somewhat flattened circle, or ellipse. Next to the circle, the ellipse is the simplest kind of closed curve, belonging to a family of curves known as conic sections (Figure).
The circle, ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola are all formed by the intersection of a plane with a cone. This is why such curves are called conic sections.
You might recall from math classes that in a circle, the center is a special point. The distance from the center to anywhere on the circle is exactly the same. In an ellipse, the sum of the distance from two special points inside the ellipse to any point on the ellipse is always the same. These two points
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Delaware Geological Survey is installing two new research and monitoring wells for northern Kent County and southern New Castle County. The project, which will take about two years, calls for eight new wells, including Smyrna, the Woodland Beach, Midd
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Delaware Geological Survey is installing two new research and monitoring wells for northern Kent County and southern New Castle County. The project, which will take about two years, calls for eight new wells, including Smyrna, the Woodland Beach, Middletown and Townsend areas, two sites in Blackbird State Forest, Cedar Swamp and a location near Odessa National Country Club.
Delaware Geological Survey improving groundwater monitoring efforts with new wells, sampling. Scientists are digging for answers about the amount and quality of water available underground in central Delaware, where ongoing development will put increasing demands on water supplies in the coming decade.
The Delaware Geological Survey (DGS) is installing 7,700 feet of wells at eight sites in southern New Castle and northern Kent counties to improve groundwater-monitoring efforts, supported by a $600,000 grant from the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC). Groundwater is the primary source of drinking water south of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, and populations there are projected to continue expanding.
To understand the effects of projected increased demands on groundwater for water supply, a finite-difference, steady-state, groundwater flow model was used to simulate groundwater flow in the Coastal Plain sediments of southern New Castle County, Delaware. The model simulated flow in the Columbia (water table), Rancocas, Mt. Laurel, combined Magothy/Potomac A, Potomac B, and Potomac C aquifers, and intervening confining beds.
An explanation is suggested for the origin of thin, laterally persistent pebble beds commonly found in the Columbia Formation of Delaware. The pebbles in the thin beds are usually less than 16 mm in diameter, well rounded, spherical, and composed mainly of resistant material: chert, vein quartz, and quartzite. The process thought to be responsible for the origin of these beds is a combination of erosion and transport of sand and pebbles in suspension by highly turbulent streams resulting in selective deposition of pebbles in thin, laterally persistent layers.
Columbia sediments in the Middletown-Odessa area are composed of boulders, gravels, sands, silts and clays. These sediments are exposed in four gravel pits where their structures and textures were studied. Subsurface geology was interpreted on the basis of the well-log data from 40 holes drilled in the area of study. Colum
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When a patient's brain falls completely silent, and electrical recordings devices show a flat line, reflecting a lack of brain activity, doctors consider the patient to have reached the deepest stage of a coma. However, new findings suggest there can be a coma
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When a patient's brain falls completely silent, and electrical recordings devices show a flat line, reflecting a lack of brain activity, doctors consider the patient to have reached the deepest stage of a coma. However, new findings suggest there can be a coma stage even deeper than this flat line — and that brain activity can ramp up again from this state.
In the case of one patient in a drug-induced coma, and in subsequent experiments on cats, the researchers found that after deepening the coma by administering a higher dose of drugs, the silent brain started showing minimum but widespread neural activity across the brain, according to the study published today (Sept. 18) in the journal PLOS ONE.
The findings were based on measures of the brain's electrical activity, detected by electroencephalography (EEG), which shows various waveforms. In comatose patients, depending on the stage of their coma, the waveforms are altered. As the coma deepens, the EEG device will eventually show a flat line instead of a wave – this stage is considered to be the turning point between a living brain and a deceased brain.
"Flat line was the deepest known form of coma," said study researcher Florin Amzica, neurophysiologist at Université de Montréal.
The new study shows "there's a deeper form of coma that goes beyond the flat line, and during this state of very deep coma, cortical activity revives," Amzica said. He noted the findings apply to patients in a medically induced coma with healthy brains that are receiving blood and oxygen. The conclusions may not extend to cases of comatose patients who have suffered major brain damage, he said.
The newly discovered coma state is characterized by electrical waves called Nu-complexes that are unlike other waveforms generated by the brain during known coma states, sleep or wakefulness. These waves originate in a deep brain region called the hippocampus, and then spread across the cortex (the brain’s outermost layer), according to the study.
The new findings came from a serendipitous observation in a patient who was in a deep coma, and receiving powerful epilepsy medication required to control his convulsions. EEG recordings of his brain's electrical activity showed peculiar and unexplainable waveforms, the researchers said. [10 Things You Didn't Know About the Brain]
Using anesthetic drugs, the researchers recreated the patient's state in cats. When the cats reached the flat-line coma stage, the researchers increased the anesthetic's dose, and observed brain activity re-emerging in cats.
It is still unclear how the activity in neurons in the hippocampus can spread throughout the brain, the researcher said. One possible scenario is that silencing the brain even more may ease the control over neurons in the hippocampus that other brain areas normally maintain.
"The more the brain is unconscious, the less this activity is disturbed," Amzica said. The activity in the hippocampus then has more potential to become strong enough to spread into other areas, he said.
The findings may have therapeutic potential, the researchers said. Sometimes a coma is induced in patients who are at high risk of brain injury from incidents such as physical trauma, drug overdose or life-threatening seizures. By reducing the activity in the brain and slowing its metabolism, an induced coma can help protect the neural tissue.
However, it's plausible that long periods of complete inactivity could result in loss of connections between neurons. A coma state such as the one discovered in the new experiments may better protect neural tissue, as it maintains some minimum activity throughout the brain, the researchers said.
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Zhou Fenying, one of the many Chinese women who had been abducted by the Japanese invaders to serve as their wartime sex slaves, commonly known as “comfort women”, believed until drawing her final breath in 2008 that the Japanese owed her
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Zhou Fenying, one of the many Chinese women who had been abducted by the Japanese invaders to serve as their wartime sex slaves, commonly known as “comfort women”, believed until drawing her final breath in 2008 that the Japanese owed her an apology.
“How could I forgive those Japanese devils after all the insults I have suffered?” said Zhou when recalling memories of enslavement in her home town of Baipu, Rugao in east China’s Jiangsu province.
A news report running in the Nanjing-based Yangtse Evening Post on 26 April 2007 triggered Zhou's revelation of those tragic memories that had been locked away for more than 70 years.
'I was a comfort woman, too'
The newspaper published an article about the death of Lei Guiying, Nanjing’s last living “comfort woman” and witness to the dark history. Lei died of a cerebral hemorrhage at Jiangsu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine at the age of 79.
Lei was the only surviving “comfort woman” in Nanjing to have stood up and testified against the outrage of the Japanese Imperial Army during World War II, and her death marked the passing of the last local woman with the courage to accuse her abusers.
Tears brimmed over Zhou Fenying’s blind eyes and trickled down her cheek when she heard Lei’s story read by her son. Zhou, 91 years old then, sobbed out the truth: “I was a ‘comfort woman’, too.”
Zhou was only 22 years old when she and her cousin were captured by Japanese soldiers and tied up, after they were found hidden behind a millstone in a villager’s courtyard in 1938.
Zhou was not the only “comfort woman” still alive at that time, but most survivors were unwilling to disclose their identities and openly accuse the Japanese army.
No 1 Shijia Alley
In June 2007, Zhou, who was being carried by her son, pointed to the alley where she and other good-looking women were unloaded from a wheelbarrow in 1938 and forced into sex slavery by Japanese aggressors.
According to Yang Chunhe, the president of Baipu Historical and Cultural Studies Association, the place used to be the Zhongxing Hotel and was converted into a "comfort station".
After the death of Lei, Zhou picked up the baton to become the only living wartime “comfort woman” in Jiangsu province to openly admit to her past. Her courageous action fills the void of the records of surviving witnesses at the Memorial Hall of the Victims in the Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders.
Only a one year after the disclosure of her identity, Zhou passed away at home, aged 92.
Eight years later, Zhou’s story is still widely spread and respected. Yang, who has contributed to local historical and cultural studies for years, said that people should always remember what had happened on this land.
'History is history'
No one can change history. Japan’s Prime Minister Shinzo Abe called wartime “comfort women” victims of “human trafficking” in a question-and-answer session after addressing Harvard University in Boston, Massachusetts, US, in April.
His evasion of the politically heated issue and adherence to Japan’s unapologetic attitude have aroused an uproar in international media.
“It is ridiculous that Abe called Japan’s anti-human crime ‘local prostitution trade’. If this can be tolerated, what cannot be?” said Yang, who was furious at Japan’s right-wing comments on the issue of “comfort women”.
Abe, like
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Help support New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more all for only $19.99...
The sixth book of the Old Testament; in the
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Help support New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more all for only $19.99...
The sixth book of the Old Testament; in the plan of the critics, the last book of the Hexateuch (see PENTATEUCH). In the Fathers, the book is often called "Jesus Nave". The name dates from the time of Origen, who translated the Hebrew "son of Nun" by uìòs Nauê and insisted upon the Nave as a type of a ship; hence in the name Jesus Nave many of the Fathers see the type of Jesus, the Ship wherein the world is saved.
The Book of Josue contains two parts: the conquest of the promised land and the division thereof. (a) The Conquest (i- xii). Josue enters the land of promise, after being assured by spies that the way is safe. It is the tenth day of the first month, forty-one years since the Exodus. The channel of the Jordan is dry during the passage of Israel (i-iii) A monument is erected in the midst of the Jordan, and one at Galgal, to commemorate the miracle. Josue camps at Galgal (iv). The Israelites born during the wandering are circumcised; the pasch is eaten the first time in the land of promise; the manna ceases to fall; Josue is strengthened by the vision of an angel (v). The walls of Jericho fall without a blow; the city is sacked; its inhabitants are put to death; only the family of Rahab is spared (vi). Israel goes up against Hai. The crime of Achan causes defeat. Josue punishes that crime and takes Hai (vii-viii, 29); sets up an altar on Mount Hebal; subjugates the Gabaonites (viii, 30-ix), defeats the kings of Jerusalem, Hebron, Jerimoth, Lachis, and Eglon; captures and destroys Maceda, Lebna, Lachis, Eglon, Hebron, Dabir, and the South even to Gaza; marches North and defeats the combined forces of the kings at the waters of Meron (x-xii). (b) The Division of the Land among the Tribes of Israel (xiii-xxii). Epilogue: last message and death of Josue (xxiii and xxiv).
(a) In the Jewish canon Josue is among the Early Prophets Josue, Judges, and the four Books of Kings. It was not grouped with the Pentateuch, chiefly because, unlike Exodus and Leviticus, it contained no Torah, or law; also because the five books of the Torah were assigned to Moses (see PENTATEUCH). (b) In the Christian canon Josue has ever held the same place as in the Jewish canon.
Non-Catholics have almost all followed the critics in the question of the "Hexateuch"; even the conservative Hastings, "Dict. of the Bible", ed. 1909, takes it for granted that Josue (Joshua) is a post-Exile patchwork. The first part (i-xii) is made up of two documents, probably J and E (Jehovistic and Elohistic elements), put together by J E and later revised by the Deuterocanonical editor (D); to this latter is assigned all of the first chapter. Very little of this portion is the work of P (the compiler of the Priestly Code). In the second part (xiii-xxii) the critics are uncertain as to whether the last editing was the work of the Deuteronomic or the Priestly editor; they agree in this that the same hands those of J, E, D, and P are at work in both parts, and that the portions which must be assigned to P have characteristics which are not at all found in his work in the Pentateuch. The final redaction is post-Exilic a work done about 440-400 B.C. Such in brief is the theory of the critics, who differ here as elsewhere in the matter of the details assigned to the various writers and the order of the editing, which all assume was certainly done. (See G. A. Smith and Welch in Hastings, "Dict. of the Bible", large and small editions respectively, s.v. "Joshua"; Moore in Cheyne, "Encyc. Bibl."; Wellhausen, "Die Composition des Hexateuchs und der historischen Bücher des A. T.", Berlin, 1889; Driver, "Introd. to Lit. of O.T.", New York, 1892, 96.)
The Jews knew no such Hexateuch, no such six books set together by a final editor; they always kept a marked distinction between the Pentateuch and Josue, and rather linked Josue with Judges than with Deuteronomy. The well-known preface to Ecclesiasticus (Septuagint) separates the "Law" from the "Prophets". The Samaritans have the Torah entirely separate from the recently discovered Samaritan Josue.
Catholics almost universally defend the unity of Josue. It is true that before the decree of the Biblical Commission on the question of the multiple authorship
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Liberal Party won the general election in 1868 with a big majority. Also, marked Gladstone's first term as Prime Minister.
After 1846, politics settled down into a two party contest ( Liberals and Conservatives) and a personal
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Liberal Party won the general election in 1868 with a big majority. Also, marked Gladstone's first term as Prime Minister.
After 1846, politics settled down into a two party contest ( Liberals and Conservatives) and a personal rivalry between the two leaders (Gladstone and Disraeli).
Gladstone's nickname- 'The People's William'
The Principles of Gladstonian Liberalism (Not views of the Liberal Party)
- Christian morality- Gladstone had a very moral attitude to politics. He was a devout Anglican, so was his Christian morality. To him religion and politics were closely releated. His politics were determined by what as moral, fair and right.
- Equality of Opportuity and the abolition of privilege- Gladstone was not a believer in equality but he did believe in equality of opportunity. He tried to get rid of special privileges in the army, civil service and universities.
- Efficient and Active government- Gladstone thought it was important for a governement to actively govern the country which meant reforms should be passed where necessary.
- Economy and Retrenchment- Gladstone loathed waste and believed it was the duty of the governements to use money entrusted. Low expenditure and low taxation would help the government 'balance the book'.
- Religious Toleration- Gladstone himself was very religious, but he believed in toleration of other religions and beliefs. He felt no-one should force their beliefs/views on anyone else.
- Self Help- Gladstone did not believe in the necessity of social reform to improve living and working conditions. Thought it was too expensive but he also thought too much government intervention would damage the'moral fibre' of the nation. Instead, he believed in Self Help: the government would create the right environment in which the individual could make the best of the circumstances.
- Free Trade and Laisser Faire- Gladstone continued to believe in freeing trade from duties and restrictions. He also believed there should be little government intervention in the economy.
- Foreign Affairs- Gladstone favoured a policy of peace. Wars were expensive and to be avoided. He also respected the rights of other countries.
One of the problems Gladstone faced was that the Liberal Party was a 'coalition of interest groups'- not everyone agreed with these principles.
Elementary Education Act (Fosters Act) 1870 By the late 1860s, it was clear that schools provided by religious volunteering societies was inadequate and unable to cope with the rapidly increasing population. The act established a system of elected school boards which had the power to levy rates locally and use the funds to build schools and emply teachers. Increased education by having more schools. Supporters= Industrialists. Opponents= Upper classes and Religious groups. Liberal Principles= Equality of Opportunity, Efficient & Active government, Retrenchment
University Test Act 1871 …
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This is Black History Month. I wonder who picked the coldest, wettest, shortest month of the year to remember the history of African people and their descendants in America? How did we come to have Black History Month in February?
Why not
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This is Black History Month. I wonder who picked the coldest, wettest, shortest month of the year to remember the history of African people and their descendants in America? How did we come to have Black History Month in February?
Why not remember the history of Black people during January for the month Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation and the birthday of Dr. King? Perhaps, we could recognize it during December for the make-believe holiday of Kwanzaa. How about June in recognition of "Juneteenth," the liberation of slaves in Texas?
Why February? Slavery was abolished by Congress in April 1862; the thirteenth amendment was ratified in December of 1865. Why not one of these months? The modern history of Africans in America began with the arrival of Columbus; slavery began in August 1619 at Jamestown, Virginia.
It seems to me that recognition of Black History was chosen with no recognition of history. However, the real question should not be what month, but why. Why do we celebrate or commemorate the history of one race of Americans with a special month? I understand the pride Black Americans have in our history and contributions to this country. However, I fail to understand why we insist upon government recognition, news specials and public acknowledgment of our contributions.
The history of Africans in America as well as that of Black Americans should be maintained privately within the culture, not paraded out every February. When we allow the government, the schools, media and others to lead the remem
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Does your child repeat words and phrases over and over? This doesn’t necessarily mean he has a stutter.
Learning to speak is a remarkable feat. Even more remarkable is that it’s accomplished within the first few years of life. But as with mastering
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Does your child repeat words and phrases over and over? This doesn’t necessarily mean he has a stutter.
Learning to speak is a remarkable feat. Even more remarkable is that it’s accomplished within the first few years of life. But as with mastering any new task, speech can have its stumbling blocks. Normal non-fluency is one of them. While to the untrained ear it sounds a lot like stuttering, it is really very different. Speech & language pathologist Donna Seedorf-Harmouth explains that normal non-fluency occurs when children “are trying to express so many ideas about all of the things they’re learning.”
Sometimes their muscles aren’t coordinated to say words as quickly as their mind is thinking them, and when this happens it’s called normal non-fluency, which means, for example that “they may trip up on little words in their sentences, or they just get words stuck on the tip of their tongue and they aren’t able to get them out as quickly as they’d like.”
Although children outgrow normal non-fluency, Donna says parents still need to be patient when it happens. “When you hear normal non-fluency in a child, it’s important to maintain eye contact so that you can tell your child with your body language that you’re still interested in what he’s saying and that you’ll wait as long as it takes for him to express his ideas to you. With that you are giving him is the gift of all of your attention so that he knows you value his ideas that they have to share with you.”
As for stuttering, it may be suspected “when we see the child beginning to struggle with speech, break his words up, fragment his speech”, says Dr. Bob Kroll, a language fluency expert. Kroll says there’s a distinct difference between the child going through a phase of normal non-fluency and the child who stutters. “Instead of hearing the repetitive “mommy, mommy, mommy” we might hear things like “m-m-mommy, m-m-mommy, c-c-can I have some juice”. That would indicate much more of a struggle and tension with the speech process.”
If you suspect that your child may be a stutterer, check with your child’s doctor so that a referral to a speech and language pathologist can be made. Kroll explains that a speech pathologist “would look to see how chronic that problem is, whether it’s just an episode or occurring on a daily basis. The more chronic it is the more concerned we become, and the more likely we are to label it as stuttering.”
Adapted from The Parent Report Radio Show. Any advice or information contained herein should never be a substitute for professional and/or medical advice, diagnosis and treatment. For more information please review Terms of Service.
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BODHGAYA, India — There is no shortage of Buddha statues in Bodhgaya.
Given that it’s the most important of the four Buddhist pilgrimage sites, it’s not surprising. But I was still unprepared for the sheer number
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BODHGAYA, India — There is no shortage of Buddha statues in Bodhgaya.
Given that it’s the most important of the four Buddhist pilgrimage sites, it’s not surprising. But I was still unprepared for the sheer number of beautiful and varied depictions of the Enlightened One.
The first one most visitors see is the Great Buddha statue. Built by the Daijokyo Buddhist Temple and unveiled in 1989, it depicts the Enlightened One sitting, legs crossed and eyes closed, at the end of a tree-lined colonnade, setting a tone of quiet repose for many a pilgrim.
It was also a starting point for learning about mudras, or hand positions, each of which carries a distinct meaning or relevance.
The Gautama Buddha is depicted by Bodhgaya’s temples and monasteries in various forms, some lavishly ornamented with gold, while others were more straightforward, carved from stone or made of concrete.
Most of the statues I found outside the Mahabodhi Vihar complex were sponsored by a country’s Buddhists, such as the Bangladesh monastery or the Thai temple, each with a common goal — to honor the teachings of the Buddha.
The diverse collection of Buddha statues coexisted and even complemented each other, and to see so many depictions within a day of walking around the city was a pleasant surprise.
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Major sources of Renewable Energy World are:
The most common renewable energy source is either directly or indirectly from the sun. The energy from solar power can be directly be used for home uses. In fact, many of homemade renewable energy systems are built based
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Major sources of Renewable Energy World are:
The most common renewable energy source is either directly or indirectly from the sun. The energy from solar power can be directly be used for home uses. In fact, many of homemade renewable energy systems are built based on solar power system. The solar power has been widely uses as the alternative power source to generate electricity, and for hot water heating, solar cooling and to power a variety of home appliances.
Besides the sun, the wind is another commonly use renewable energy source. The movement of wind is captured with the blades of wind turbines to be converted into electric energy, and then turn into electricity via transformers.
Biomass is a renewable energy source, derived from living organisms such as plants, wood and waste. Although the Biomass has not been commonly used like the sun and the wind, mainly due to the complexity involved. However, scientists are making a good progress toward generating electricity and producing transportation fuels.
Hydropower is a power generated by taking advantage of gravity when water falls from one level to another. Usually, the kinetic energy of water is captured with water turbines and turns into electric energy to generate electricity.
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Let’s face it, most people are self conscious about how they look and feel. The bottom line is that food can either make you feel great or make you feel a lot worse. Eating the right amount of calories is truly the key to making
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Let’s face it, most people are self conscious about how they look and feel. The bottom line is that food can either make you feel great or make you feel a lot worse. Eating the right amount of calories is truly the key to making you feel awesome about yourself and also making sure you stay healthy. The recommended calorie diet for an average person is about 2000 calories a day. Believe it or not, but there are some people that eat way less than that and others who eat a lot more, but you need to figure out what caloric intake is right for you.
Do you exercise? If you exercise, then you should be in-taking a lot more calories than usual. Some experts recommend adding those calories onto your average daily intake. You want your body to stay strong and you don’t want it to falter while you are trying to stay healthy. Decide if you will be exercising regularly before you come to a conclusion on how many calories you should eat each day.
Do you want to lose weight? Losing weight will also put you into a different caloric intake category. Depending on what you weigh, most people intake 1200-1500 calories a day when they are trying to lose weight. Some experts recommend in taking the amount of calories that you want to weigh. For example; if you want to weigh 150 pounds, then you would eat 1500 calories. If you want to weigh 200 pounds,
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continued from the previous post…
Less than a year after J.P Morgan bought 130 acres of riverfront property from the ransacked Harmony Society, his new conglomerate – the American Bridge Company went into operation. Opening in 1903,
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continued from the previous post…
Less than a year after J.P Morgan bought 130 acres of riverfront property from the ransacked Harmony Society, his new conglomerate – the American Bridge Company went into operation. Opening in 1903, the company set out to distinguish Ambridge from older steelmaking communities by promising it would be “smokeless”—inviting only manufacturers that shaped and assembled the steel made in dirtier precincts around Pittsburgh. The company put out a call for workers, and they flocked in from the rural South, Europe, Canada and Mexico. The incoming immigrants who passed Economy’s outlying orchards and vineyards looked upon the German enclave at the northwest corner of town with awe, inspired that they, too, could build heaven on Earth in this land. And what was true in 1804 would be true in 1904: the new arrivals invested their own vision of Utopia in powerful men who courted their belief.
The Bridge Company’s real estate arm, Liberty Land Corporation, laid out a prototypical company town. After completing the American Bridge office building—a brick monstrosity where my father worked as a draftsman for thirty years—the company laid out a leafy park that ran beside the river. Along the park, American Bridge built spacious houses for its executives. One block back sat smaller houses for foremen and supervisors. Farther back were row houses for laborers.
Construction hit a feverish pitch, matching the company’s instant success. Demand for bridges and buildings climbed every day, and American Bridge trained its laborers and steelworkers to fabricate segments of structures that could be loaded on rail lines and barges. The company made its own barges to transport its finished pieces.
But the rush into operation demanded that Liberty Land throw up tenements for new workers. At the southernmost edge of town, nearest the Bridge Company, these four-story structures soon overflowed with immigrants, most of them Greeks. First Street stood as the counterpoint to idyllic Economy, thirteen blocks north. The crush of humanity situated on First Street, its chaos and nascence, made it seem like a world away, yet it thrived with the same determination the Harmonists possessed when they arrived. For decades, this avenue of tenements held its distinction as the town’s oldest ghetto, the place most workers wanted to leave as soon as possible. Some striking scenes of life on First Street hang in museums throughout the country, captured by noted Works Progress Administration photographer, Arthur Rothstein.
Residents of the lower numbered streets of town could reach the mill within minutes on foot. New factories followed closely behind the Bridge company — H.K. Porter Locomotive Company, National Metal Molding Company (eventually, National Electric) and The Central Tube Company, makers of pipe for transporting oil. It was hard to imagine a more hospitable place for heavy industry – with oil and gas wells operating on the site and hopeful laborers lining up at the gates. At Economy’s peak in the 1850s, roughly 900 residents lived there under the care of the Harmony Society. By 1900, their numbers had fallen to 620. Once the industries and speculators got going, the population of Ambridge shot to 5,205 by 1910.
More houses were built as the new immigrants poured in and staked themselves by mortgage, credit, new babies, and old-fashioned loyalty to their employers. They established toeholds, and later brought in their families, friends, and their fellow countrymen. Several families lived under one roof until each could buy a house of their own, often within sight of one another. Ethnic islands formed and churches grew in their midst.
Ten new congregations formed before 1910—Baptists, Jews, Protestants, Roman Catholics and Greek Orthodox. Soon, Ambridge became notable for the density of its churches and bars.
By 1920, the population more than doubled, to 12,730. The gentle hills that once shimmered with barley and wheat, the smart orchards of the Harmonists, were stripped and decked with massive brick and metal factories, smokestacks and gantry cranes. Forges and sheet metal plants, more makers of pipe and rails and machinery snapped up inexpensive land. Their loading docks and railroad sidings formed tributaries that snaked toward the river where barges and freight trains carried away megatons of metal.
Amid the fury of this building boom on the east bank of the Ohio, two steelmaking magnates joined in erecting a massive integrated steel mill on the opposite side of the river. The Jones & Laughlin Steel Works gobbled up mile after mile of shoreline, producing beams, billets, bars, cans, wire, sheets, rolled steel—nearly every imaginable finished product—upwind from Ambridge, smothering the claim of “smokeless.”
The town of Aliquippa grew up around J&L, but couldn’t grow fast enough. Workers were needed from the Ambridge side of the river. With a bridge-maker for a neighbor, the J&L forged the steel for a bridge that would connect it to Ambridge, and shipped the beams and girders one mile up the river to
American Bridge for fabrication. The two companies finished the Woodlawn Bridge in December of 1927, allowing the communities to draw on each other’s labor pool by making the crossing over the Ohio River a five-minute walk.
I could see all of the Ame
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Geographic distribution – This herb is found in all over parts of country. Ashwagandha is also cultivated in various botanical gardens of India due to its medical importance
- Size – This herb is small woody shrub which can grow
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Geographic distribution – This herb is found in all over parts of country. Ashwagandha is also cultivated in various botanical gardens of India due to its medical importance
- Size – This herb is small woody shrub which can grow from 150-200 cm in height.
- Leaves – Leaves are simple, alternate or sub opposite and ovate, up to 10 cm long.
- Flowers – Flowers are greenish- yellow, found in flowered clustered in axils and 4-6mm in diameter.
- Fruits – Red berries enclosed in a green enlarged calyx.
- Roots – Roots are stout, long tuberous, fleshy, whitish brown and aromatic.
- Sanskrit names – Ashwagandha, Balada, Kamrupini, Gandhpatri, Vajini
- Common names – Winter cherry, Indian ginseng
- Scientific name – Withania somnifera
- Family – Solanaceae
- Plant parts used – Whole plant parts
Ashwaganhda benefits – Ashwaganhda is loaded with amazing properties which are quite useful to treat the various health complication. In ayurveda, Ashwagandha helps to pacify the vata dosha and also considered as the brain tonic. By knowing health benefits of Ashwagandha this herb is used in formulation of Ashwagandha powder. Ashwagandha powder is an amazing formulation of Planet Ayurveda. This herbal powder is completely safe for use and free from any color, preservatives, starch and chemicals.
Anti – cancerous properties – Ashwagandha is considered as the anti-cancer herb. Component present in the Ashwagandha helps to slow down growth of several type of cancer cells. Use of this herb is good in the treatment of breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, leukemia and sarcoma. It is good to reduce the adverse effects of radiation and chemotherapy without interference with tumor cell killing activities. It helps to stop the angiogenesis – in which there is formation of new blood vessels that feed cancer. It also protects the normal cells from damage of conventional cancer therapy.
Anti-stress properties – Aswagandha is considered as nerve tonic. It helps to maintain the both physical health and mental health. According to Ayurveda, Ashwagandha helps to pacify the the vata dosha which is related to brain health. It helps to calm the nervous system thus provides the relief in anxiety, stress, depression and various other mental disorders. It is good to treat the insomnia and sleeping disorders in people.
Increases the body’s stamina and strength – Ashwagandha helps to enhance the body’s stamina as it helps to balance the adrenal hormones which are involved in the physical activities. These hormones help to reduce muscles and joints pains while doing physical activities so as it helps to maintain the same energy levels. This is reason use of Ashwagandha is quite good for athletes.
Antimicrobial activities – Ashwagandha is a loaded with antimicrobial activities. It helps to increase the body’s immunity to fight against the foreign bacteria, viruses and fungal infections. It is quite good in the treatment of various infections like respiratory tract infections, skin infections, gastrointestinal and urogenital infections.
Cardio – protective properties – This herb is known to be quite good to support the good heart heath due its cardiovascular properties. It helps to strengthen the heart muscles. It helps to maintain the healthy blood pressure and good cholesterol levels in body. Moreover Ashwagandha helps to dilate the vessels and maintain the proper blood flow in body.
Anti-diabetic properties – Ashwagandha also packed the anti-diabetic properties because its helps to maintain the good blood sugar levels. It has been found that regular use of Ashwagandha is quite effective to manage the problem of diabetes.
Anti-inflammatory properties – Ashwagandha possesses anti-inflammatory properties.It helps to provide the relief in al
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All the block-ee children sat
and heard of the builder who made them to rule the toy mat!
She built some from round blocks in orange and red
their names will be “Jellels” was what she said.
Others were
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All the block-ee children sat
and heard of the builder who made them to rule the toy mat!
She built some from round blocks in orange and red
their names will be “Jellels” was what she said.
Others were made from squares of wood in green,
those she called “Bootles”, and the builder was keen
to tell how those blockees what she had to say:
She said she made block-ees to be like her in some way
She wants them to rule, and together defend
the toy mat. She made Jellels as the Bootle’s strong friends.
When the toys came alive, they ran around everywhere
at first they did what the builder said, about her rules they did care
Then they got naughty, they push and they slap
(They even broke the goo slime jar’s big white cap.)
[Picture: Blockees running around, being naughty, things get dirty.]
The builder saw how everything was messed up
She saw how they were dented, and the slime running out of the cup.
“Oh”, she said: “On a play mat like this, everything will be grimy
The block-ees will be dirty, and hurting, and slimy.
Bootles will boss Jellels around,
there will be loads of sadness until I clean this ground!”
“Wow”, said Benny – he was a Bootle boy.
“Bootles will boss Jellels around, what a joy!
Jerry, you should
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History of Russia
Geography of Russia
Russia is an immense territorial state and is the northernmost large and populous country in the world with less than 150 million people. It has an area of 10672000 sq.miles.it is
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History of Russia
Geography of Russia
Russia is an immense territorial state and is the northernmost large and populous country in the world with less than 150 million people. It has an area of 10672000 sq.miles.it is a multicultural nation comprising of few ports. It is divided into longitudinal and latitudinal extents where by the northern (Rudolf Island in France josephs land) and southern points (Grozny in west and Vladivostok in east) make up for the latitudinal extent. Basically it is divided into; the core region-has most of Russia’s population and most industries, the eastern frontier-is a region of planned cities, industrial plants and raw material processing centers, Siberia-it refers to Russian Ural mountains,the far east-located across the strait from Japan, Southern Russia-is a region dominated by the Caucasus mountains and others.
Climate of Russia
Russian climate is highly continentally influenced. It has warm to hot dry summers and very cold winters with temperatures of -30c and lower and sometimes there is a marked heavy snowfall. There are so many natural resources in Russia some of them being scenic features for tourist attraction. This put Russia in a better position among the developed countries. These resources account for 95.7% of Russia’s national affluence.
Natural Resources in Russia
There are large deposits of fuel and natural resources namely; natural gas, oil, coal and uranium, nickel, platinum, tin tungsten and others.
Tourist Attraction in Russia
Russia has top 10 locations which also serve as major tourist attraction sites. These are:
- St.petersburg (the cultural northern Palmyra)
- Moscow(magnificence and poverty the Russian way)
- Kazan(oldest capital city)
- The golden ring(onion domed churches)
- Novgorod veliky(its own architect)
- Volga cruise(music playing on board)
- Lake Baikal(the pearl of Siberia)
- Yekaterinburg(traditional churches and soviet anti-grade)
- Sochi(from all union health to the Olympic capital)
- Trans-Siberian railway(I will come back)
Famous Hotels in Russia
Among the most well known restaurants in Russia are: the Ritz-Carlton(Moscow),hotel baltschug Kaminski(Moscow),Ararat park Hyatt Moscow, Hilton Moscow leningradskaya,corinthia hotel st.petersburg,barvikha hotel and spa, hotel Astoria st.petersburg,four seasons hotel lion palace st.petersburg,grand hotel europe,w st.petersburg.
Russians have a rich culture history. They as well have strong traditions and influential arts, especially literature, philosophy, classical music, ballet, archtecture, painting, cinema and animation. There are four major Russian festivals:
1. Flying in to Russia,
2. Novyy god/new year,
3. Maslenitsa (pancake week) and,
Air transport in Russia is offered by federal air transport agency. There are different airports in Russia:
Posted By : All Places Map Last Updated: August 08, 2015
Facts about Russia
|Independence Day||October 22, 1721|
|Climate||Humid Continental, Subarctic and Tundra|
|Area||17,075,400 sq km|
|Neighbours||Azerbaijan, Belarus, China, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Kazakhstan, North Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Mongolia, Norway, Poland, Ukraine|
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Popular Science Monthly/Volume 68/January 1906/The Geologic Survey of Alaska
|THE GEOLOGIC SURVEY OF ALASKA|
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
A DECADE ago the United
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Popular Science Monthly/Volume 68/January 1906/The Geologic Survey of Alaska
|THE GEOLOGIC SURVEY OF ALASKA|
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
A DECADE ago the United States Geological Survey began its work in Alaska by sending a party of only three men to the territory, whereas in the past summer twelve parties, with an aggregate membership of fifty odd men, were there engaged in geologic surveys. Even this rapid expansion is hardly commensurate with the size of the territory and the importance of the mineral resources, the development of which the geologic investigations aim to aid. Alaska's 600,000 square miles are much spread out, stretching to a width of 2,400 miles and to a north and south length of 1,100 miles. Were this vast area, which is equal to two and a half times that of Texas, the cold, barren waste so often pictured it would be of small practical import as to when it should be surveyed. But Alaska has large and constantly growing mining interests, and it is the demand of these which has influenced congress to increase the appropriation for geologic surveys from $5,000 in 1895 to $80,000 in 1905.
Even the present appropriation is less than one per cent, of the annual gold production, which has increased from $1,866,645 in 1895 to $9,300,000 in 1904, and is far from having reached its maximum. Nor does the gold production tell the whole story; the value of the copper and silver annually mined now exceeds half a million dollars, and the output of the former is rapidly increasing. There is in Alaska also some coal mining, though this industry has not yet attained its rightful importance. The territory contains some very valuable bituminous coal fields. Prospective mineral wealth also lies in Alaska's tin ores, oil fields and gypsum beds, which have all been sufficiently exploited to indicate their probable commercial importance. The time will come when iron and zinc ores are mined in Alaska, and its immense granite areas will yield building stone to the Pacific coast.
Applied geology touches the activities of mankind at many places, but primarily, of course, in the vocation of mining. It is on the basis of geologic knowledge that soils must be classified, and this, in turn, together with the topography, determines the distribution of animal and vegetable life. In the Alaskan work of the geological survey, practically only the needs of the miner have to be considered. The agricultural and allied interests of the territory are being investigated by other governmental bureaus.
The attitude of the public towards the science of applied geology has so materially changed during the last decade that its practical value is now generally recognized, though a few still remain skeptical as to the commercial importance of the results. This attitude exists partly because geology (not being an exact science) has often been brought into disrepute by dilettantism, if not downright charlatanism. Among technicians, however, it has become generally accepted that with the increase of geologic knowledge of a given region comes a decrease of the element of chance in the discovery of ore bodies. Intelligent prospecting should and can be based upon scientific principles, for a properly executed geologic map will define the areas within which there is a probability of finding a given kind of mineral deposit. The veriest tyro need hardly be told not to seek coal in a granite, nor would he ordinarily prospect for gold in a region of coal-bearing rocks. The geologist carries this classification of the rocks still farther, and may thereby prophesy the occurrence of ore deposits in a region which he has mapped. The actual discovery of ore is no part of the work of the geologist; this demands detailed examinations and often excavation, such as only individual property-owners can make. This point is emphasized because, even among the well-informed, the question is often raised why the geologist does not more often discover mineral deposits. Lack of appreciation of the relation of applied geology to mining is traceable in part to the stories current of the bonanzas discovered by an accident to a mule, the luck of a tenderfoot or the appetite of birds, which are in the popular mind so interpreted as to throw discredit upon geologic science.
The intelligent prospector has learned that even at best his chance of success is small; but is much increased by a knowledge of the geology of a region he intends to explore. With a better understanding of the laws which govern the occurrence, origin and distribution of mineral deposits the old-fashioned, picturesque haphazard prospector, to whom it must be admitted we owe the discovery of most of our mineral wealth, will disappear, and the technician will take his place. This is probably the last field where the specialist wil
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Pompeii has the best press, but the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD also buried the town of Herculaneum. Charred scrolls were recovered from the town library in 1752, and Italian scientists just
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Pompeii has the best press, but the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD also buried the town of Herculaneum. Charred scrolls were recovered from the town library in 1752, and Italian scientists just discovered it might be possible to use X-ray technology to read them. Their
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Death of Ibn Saud
The founder of Saudi Arabia died on November 9th, 1953. In his last years he was one of the richest men on earth.
Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdul-Rahman al F
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Death of Ibn Saud
The founder of Saudi Arabia died on November 9th, 1953. In his last years he was one of the richest men on earth.
Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdul-Rahman al Faisal al Saud, founder of Saudi Arabia, was in his last years one of the richest men on earth. Born in 1880 into the ruling dynasty of Riyadh when it was still an obscure little mud-walled town in the middle of the desert, Ibn Saud grew up in an Arabia which was part of the Ottoman Empire, largely both hidden from and ignorant of the outside world and torn by tribal quarrels. He came to dominate it by shrewdness, audacity and the huge force and charm of his personality. His family were driven into exile in Kuwait when he was ten, but in 1902 he returned to storm Riyadh under his green battle-flag with a mere sixty or so desert Bedouin mounted on camels.
From there he went on to subdue the rest of Central Arabia. He
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The Government meetings are convened and are led by the Prime Minister.
The Government meets weekly or whenever necessary to debate domestic and foreign policy issues or aspects of general leadership of public administration.
The Government meeting’s agenda includes:
-draft legislative acts (draft
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The Government meetings are convened and are led by the Prime Minister.
The Government meets weekly or whenever necessary to debate domestic and foreign policy issues or aspects of general leadership of public administration.
The Government meeting’s agenda includes:
-draft legislative acts (draft laws, draft ordinances and decisions)
-notes, mandate notes
-information and other documents, depending on the needs and requests.
Government agenda is divided into two parts and may also contain additional lists, with the approval of the Prime Minister.
What legislative acts are adopted by the Government?
-The Government adopts decisions and ordinances. (Ordinances are simple and emergency ones);
-Decisions are issued to organize the laws enforcement;
-Ordinances are issued under a special enabling law, within the limits and conditions specified therein.
Which is the decision-making circuit?
The decision- making circuit of draft public policy documents and draft legislative acts is structured in two phases:
a) preparatory meeting of the Government meeting which ensures the coordination of the process of elaboration, consultation and approval for public policy documents and legislative acts at inter-ministerial level;
b) government meeting marking the end of decision-making process through the adoption / approval or rejection of such draft laws.
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"Some people have told me they don't think a fat penguin really embodies the grace of Linux, which just tells me they have never seen an angry penguin charging at them in excess of 100mph. They'd be a lot more careful
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"Some people have told me they don't think a fat penguin really embodies the grace of Linux, which just tells me they have never seen an angry penguin charging at them in excess of 100mph. They'd be a lot more careful about what they say if they had." — Linus Torvalds.
Here are a couple of answers to Frequently Asked Questions about penguins I received from kids and penguin lovers. My answers apply mainly to the two kinds of penguins I know best, the Adelie penguins and the Emperor penguins. Just remember that although I've lived with penguins for more than a year, I'm no substitute for a real ornithologist... IANAO, I just impersonate one on the Internet! Before you read the FAQ, have you read the FACTS about Antarctic penguins?
Right: A racing penguin... No, seriously, it's an adelie penguin which has been tagged by biologists so they can recognize him.
What's a penguin?
A short-legged flightless bird of cold southern regions (Antarctica and sub-antarctic islands) having webbed feet and wings evolved as flippers.
Who discovered the Adelie or Emperor penguins?
Nobody knows. The first discoverers of Antarctica saw many on the shores, but it's also possible to see them farther north, resting on floating pieces of ice, so even explorers of southern seas who didn't reach Antarctica saw many in the 18th century. And sometimes penguins get lost and end up in the wrong places. There was an Emperor penguin spending the winter in Tasmania, alone, a few years ago. Antarctica itself was thus discovered much later than the penguins that live on it.
Adelie penguins are named after Adelie Land which was named by French discoverer Dumont d'Urville after his wife, Adèle, in 1840. So even if people had seen Adelie penguins before him, they did not give them a specific name.
Captain Cook saw many King Penguins during his 1775 trip. The biologist of the expedition, Forster, made many drawings. 69 years later, Gray studied those drawings and noticed one that was different: it was the first Emperor penguin, thus the latin name Aptenodytes Forsteri.
Where does the word 'penguin' come from?
The first animal called penguin was a flightless bird of the Arctic sea, also known as the Great Auk, which was very similar to a penguin in anatomy, although from a different order of birds. It was hunted to extinction in the 1600s. Then when later explorers discovered similar animals in the southern seas, they named them the same way. The word itself has muddy origin; it originally seemed to mean 'fat one' in spanish/portuguese, and may come from either the Welsh 'pen gwyn' (white head), from the Latin 'pinguis' (fat) or from a corruption of 'pin-wing' (pinioned wings).
Where do penguins come from?
The earliest known fossils of penguins were found in Peru. The 80cm tall Perudyptes devriesi living 42 million years ago and the more impressive but more recent Icadyptes salasi, 150cm 36 million years ago.
Right: Emperor penguins on the edge of the ice shelf, ready for departure in spring. This image is actually used in Al Gore's presentation An Inconvenient Truth
How many species of penguins are there?
There are currently 17 species of Penguins (some scientists divide them in 18 or even 19 species). Fossil records indicate that there used to be more in the past. The current ones, all living in the southern hemisphere, are: Adelie, African, Chinstrap, Emperor, Erect Crested, Fairy, Fjordland, Galapagos, Gentoo, Humboldt, King, Macaroni, Magellanic, Rockhopper, Royal, Snares Island and Yellow Eyed. Some have multiple names (royal=king, little blue=fairy...). The current species are divided into 6 genus: Aptenodytes, Eudyptes, Eudyptula, Megadyptes, Pygoscelis and Spheniscus. I know well only the Adelie and Emperor which lived in the vicinity of Dumont d'Urville, but I have a few pictures of the Fairy (aka Little Blue) and Yellow Eyed penguins on my Tasmanian and New Zealand pages.
Many more species of fossil penguins are known.
Are new species of penguins still being discovered?
Amazingly the answer is yes... but not living species. In 2008 New-Zealand researchers announced the discovery of bones belonging to a previously unknown specie, the Waitaha penguin, w
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It remains the most distinctive image that we have of the dodo. Painted by the Dutch artist Roelandt Savery in around 1626, the picture shows the extinct bird as having a large head, curved neck, short stumpy
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It remains the most distinctive image that we have of the dodo. Painted by the Dutch artist Roelandt Savery in around 1626, the picture shows the extinct bird as having a large head, curved neck, short stumpy legs and a big rump. The poor creature looks faintly absurd, which probably explains the inclusion of the image in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
The image is of special scientific importance, too, because the Natural History Museum's first superintendent, Professor Richard Owen, used it to scientifically describe the bird. Owen placed the bones over the painting and his interpretation, published in 1866, became the dodo's recognised description.
Now Savery's original painting is to go on display in a newly renovated gallery at the museum in South Kensington, which opens this week. The permanent exhibition Images of Nature will showcase highlights from the museum's extensive collection of prints, watercolours and oil paintings.
Also included will be an important addition to Savery's work. A second painting, made last year by museum palaeontologist Julian Hume, will be hung beside the 17th-century original and this time the dodo will be shown in a distinctly different way, as Judith Magee, the new gallery's curator, explains.
"Savery claimed he had painted the dodo from real life but there is a lot of evidence today to suggest he only saw preserved specimens," says Magee. "These would not necessarily have represented the dodo in its proper original form. By examining the skeletons of dodos, we have produced this new image of the bird which depicts it in a different, and we believe more realistic way. The painting shows it having longer legs, a straighter neck, a less bulky body and a smaller head."
The dodo – Raphus cucullatus – was a flightless bird found only on Mauritius in the Indian Ocean. It stood about a metre tall, weighed about 20kg and lived on fruit. The bird was said to be fearless of humans and was therefore easily caught and killed. However, its flesh apparently had an unpleasant taste and it's thought the main cause of its extinction was the introduction to Mauritius of pigs and other domestic animals which rooted up dodo nests.
Whatever the cause of its eradication, the bird has become one of the world's best-known extinct animals and its image is used by many environmental organisations, such as the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, to symbolise the ecological dangers posed by humanity today. The dodo also appears on the coat of arms of Mauritius and now, as a star item, in the new gallery at the Natural History Museum.
"We have hundreds of thousands of drawings, watercolours and oil paintings in our collection and the new exhibition gives us a chance to show them off to the public for the first time," adds Magee. "The permanent part of the exhibition will be taken up by oil paintings. Apart from the dodos, we have works by some of the greatest natural history painters such as Henrik Gronvold and Robert Havell. By displaying works by these painters, we want to demonstrate the close relationship there is between art and science. Art was important for scientists in those days – as it is today."
Contemporary images will include film from a camera as it has passed through the skull of a shark and photographs taken with electron microscopes. "The medium for recording science has changed over the years but not the sense of excitement that images can generate," says Magee.
Images of Nature opens at the Natural History Museum on 21 January. Entrance is free.
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America is not simply a democracy. Nor is it simply a republic. It is both. It is meant to balance both. Too much republic, and the leaders become tyrannical. Too much democracy, and you’ve only really got an och
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America is not simply a democracy. Nor is it simply a republic. It is both. It is meant to balance both. Too much republic, and the leaders become tyrannical. Too much democracy, and you’ve only really got an ochlocracy. That’s why it was originally a House of Representatives elected by popular vote, and a Senate elected by state legislatures. That’s why there is an Electoral College.
It’s definitely true that you can’t put too much power in the hands of the general masses. Anendotal example: In English class we were supposed to give a “present” to a character in the novel The Grapes of Wrath. After everyone presented, we were to vote on the best one. Now, some people had some well-thought out gifts, but ones that weren’t too appealing to the general masses. What did appeal to the general masses were breast pumps. People voted, and that’s what won.
Not everyone is a politician, not everyone is informed enough to make important decisions. That’s why we elect representatives. Many people aren’t willing to sacrifice in the short-term to achieve a long-term goal.
Would you rather have a well-educated or an uneducated person lead you? Or, let me put it this way, would you rather have an informed person lead you, or an uninformed person lead you? Not everyone can be trusted to lead. Not everyone is fit to lead. It does make a difference who leads us.
Now, this doesn’t mean that there’s an elite class to rule us, it just means that some people are better leaders than others. And those that are better should be leading. There are less people who can lead than those who can’t. That’s why we can’t just let the general public decide everything.
I’m not going to go into the dangers of lending to much power to the republic side. We all know about the dangers of dictatorship. I just wanted to explain that an ochlocracy is also dangerous.
Let me apply this to the recent successful California governor recall. According to what I said, perhaps you’d think I would’ve been against the recall. Not so. This is because it was at the state level. States are more local and should be influenced more by the general public. The federal government has more distance. States should be able to decide whether a popular vote can recall a state official. California did decide that. The recall was good. As long as the standards are set high enough, it keeps democracy and republic balanced.
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A national gathering of mathematics educators later this month will lay the groundwork for preparing students to use graphing calculators on the Advanced Placement calculus test, an innovation expected to begin in 1995.
Under the direction of John Kenelly, Clemson University
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A national gathering of mathematics educators later this month will lay the groundwork for preparing students to use graphing calculators on the Advanced Placement calculus test, an innovation expected to begin in 1995.
Under the direction of John Kenelly, Clemson University's Alumni Distinguished Professor of Mathematics, the 250 teachers who gather for two days in mid-June to score this year's tests will remain on the South Carolina campus to receive instruction from 18 "lead teachers'' on how to use the machines to replace pencil-and-paper calculations.
The College Board, which administers the national examination, supports the project and is considering allowing students to use the devices on the examination, Mr. Kenelly said.
"This is not training on how to use a calculator,'' he said. "This is an educational experience [about] how mathematics must change to reflect a new, technological era.''
Supported by a four-year, $900,000 grant from the National Science Foundation, the Clemson project is designed to build a network of trained teachers over the next three years who will in turn train the approximately 7,000 A.P. calculus teachers to use the machines.
Graphing calculators--hand-held machines with roughly the same power as the earliest microcomputers--allow students to plot functions on a built-in screen. Researchers at Ohio State University have been actively building a national cadre of teachers dedicated to their use. (See Education Week, April 10, 1991.)
John Dickinson, a California teacher who spent six months in a military prison for refusing to serve with his Air Force Reserve unit in the Persian Gulf war, will be allowed to keep his teaching credentials. (See Education Week, April 8, 1992.)
A committee of the California Commission on Teacher Credentialing late last month closed Mr. Dickinson's case, which means he will not be sanctioned for his military offense. The committee could have recommended revocation of his license on grounds of "moral turpitude.''
Early last month, the American Civil Liberties Union, which represented Mr. Dickinson, sent the committee a brief that included 400 l
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The newly established IUCN drylands programme stepped out in style for the first time at the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development in New York by convening a Learning Centre on the ecosystem approach. It was the first outreach engagement of the programme at
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The newly established IUCN drylands programme stepped out in style for the first time at the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development in New York by convening a Learning Centre on the ecosystem approach. It was the first outreach engagement of the programme at a large international meeting of the United Nations.
The Learning Centre on “The ecosystem approach for sustainable development made easy” used case studies from dryland areas in East and West Africa to illustrate the complexities or dryland ecosystems.
In line with this year’s CSD thematic focus areas of agriculture, Africa, drought, desertification, rural development and land use, participants debated the challenges of managing unpredictable climates and reinforcing adaptive capacities of drylands communities.
The objectives of the session were to provide a tool to analyse the functioning of agro-ecosystems, equip participants for better evaluation of sustainable development suggestions and formulate in semi-arid regions. and
increase k
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• Frank introduces the reader to his parents, Malachy McCourt and Angela Sheehan.
• Malachy had fought for the Irish Republican Army before coming to America, and Angela had come to America after difficulty finding a job in Ireland
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• Frank introduces the reader to his parents, Malachy McCourt and Angela Sheehan.
• Malachy had fought for the Irish Republican Army before coming to America, and Angela had come to America after difficulty finding a job in Ireland.
• Malachy and Angela meet at a party, and are married when Angela becomes pregnant with Frank.
• The couple struggle because Malachy has a drinking problem and spends most of what he earns in the pubs.
• Angela gives birth to Malachy, Oliver, Eugene, and Margaret over the next four years.
• Margaret becomes ill and dies, sending Angela into a great depression.
• Angela becomes very depressed after Margaret dies and the family, with the help of Angela's mother in Ireland, put together enough money to move back to Ireland.
• Angela's aunts write to Angela's mother, requesting she send help so that the family can move back to Ireland.
• The McCourts arrive...
This section contains 2,041 words
(approx. 7 pages at 300 words per page)
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Written by Wendell Ingram in 1974, the year he was a senior in high school.
Hebrews 10:1 states that the law is a shadow of good things to come. This shows that by a study of the Old
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Written by Wendell Ingram in 1974, the year he was a senior in high school.
Hebrews 10:1 states that the law is a shadow of good things to come. This shows that by a study of the Old Testament, we can better understand the way we are to serve God today. We can also read and see how god dealt with His people when they didn't obey His law and how that God kept His promises.
Very little is said about the personality of God the Father in the New Testament. It mainly deals with Christ and the Holy Spirit. Thus we need a deep study of the Old Testament that we might know the love that God had for His people, the wrath He had toward those who disobeyed Him, His mercy, His justice and His reaction toward sin.
Romans 15:4 states that the Old Testament was written for our learning. Through a study of the Old Testament, we have the examples of righteous men such as Noah, Abraham and Moses. We have the examples of those who disobeyed the word of God, and how they were dealt with. We can better know the personality of God the Father and we can even better understand the sacrifice of Christ and the working of the Holy Spirit.
Without a study of the Old Testament we cannot fully understand the New.
©Wendell Ingram, 1974
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Power and privilege are interchangeable as the ladder and the wall that allows some to climb higher than others. Sometimes, the support is the wall of power that defends the ladder that infers license to wield additional power. My array of pretentious permits;
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Power and privilege are interchangeable as the ladder and the wall that allows some to climb higher than others. Sometimes, the support is the wall of power that defends the ladder that infers license to wield additional power. My array of pretentious permits; race, gender, age, education, confidence, place of birth, time of birth, wealth all conveys unearned and unwarranted perceptions (both internal and external) of where I fit in relation to others. I can deny, ignore, undermine, or accept the condition and/or choose to deny, ignore, undermine, or accept the responsibility that comes with the state. Power and privilege can be a destructive and abusive force but it can also be an equity building mechanism if used as a strength to strengthen others. If someone with power agrees to either use their influence to reshape the landscape or willingly demonstrates that they are able to share power or is compelled to cede to authority (a different brand of power, equally susceptible to corruption), then the dynamic can create a semblance of equity.
Education and intrinsic knowledge are the great levelers and are the most difficult to distribute across birthright barriers (or any other concession advantage). Can we go much beyond creating infrastructure? Public education serves as a conduit to the egalitarian expression of opportunity but genetics, socioeconomic realities, parental involvement, peer influence, resource availability, familial and kinship experiences, and expectations have an impact on the how widely the opportunity is accepted and exploited. Imagine that two students of equal ability but from widely different homes are provided with the necessities of learning; same school, same teacher, same curriculum and same cohort. They have the same attendance (nearly perfect) and the same disposition towards classroom learning. One student has parents that have attended and graduated from university who work white color jobs and are home for supper every evening. The household is relatively quiet, well appointed, and has an Internet-ready computer. The second student’s parents both work two part-time jobs in the service sector and struggle to earn enough to maintain their rental accommodations and pay all their bills. While they try to provide a good model, they are usually working before the student rises and don’t get home until 8 or 9 pm. The home has an older computer without the ability to connect to the Web.
While the public playing field is level, the private has barriers and embedded disadvantages.
One child will likely acquire more knowledge, better grades, and have a richer understanding of the importance of post-secondary education. He will have access to better employment opportunities and his knowledge (and society’s admiration) will add to a power imbalance.
This wandering, wondering post began when a question about knowledge popped into my head a week ago. Is epistemology always privileged? The summary of my meanderings is above and my conclusion is that always is too strong a qualifier. But, there is a definite advantage to having knowledge and the ability to learn. The imbalance magnifies through each life-stage and may be insurmountable by high school.
Under our current equality frame, I can’t imagine a solution. In an equitable model, where each student received what they need, we may be able to offset disadvantages but populist pressures seem opposed to anything resembling equitable treatment.
I can only do what I can do, we can only do what we can do. What I have figured out is that I have some skills and abilities (as do you) that would be an asset to one student. I have or could easily acquire mobile Internet access. I can read and comprehend difficult material and can share my understanding in one-on-one volunteer tutor sessions. I can encourage the young people in my life to demonstrate that they care by ‘helping’ a fellow student.
Is this a perfect solution? No, or at least not yet. Would or could a bureaucracy create and sustain a better solution? Likely not. Would we be a better community, city, country if we cared enough to involve ourselves in each other’s lives? Definitely.
Make Today Remarkable for someone else,
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In a media-saturated society, it’s important to know how digital media work. For one thing, we are all becoming media creators to some degree, as we post on Facebook, write blogs, comment, upload photos and videos, and so
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In a media-saturated society, it’s important to know how digital media work. For one thing, we are all becoming media creators to some degree, as we post on Facebook, write blogs, comment, upload photos and videos, and so much more. Moreover, solid communications skills are becoming critically important for social and economic participation—and we’re not just talking about the reading and writing of the past.
Every journalism student I’ve taught has been required to create and operate a blog, because it is an ideal entry point into serious media creation. A blog can combine text, images, video and other formats, using a variety of “plug-in” tools, and it is by nature conversational. It is also a natively digital medium that adapts easily over time. Over a lifetime, most of us will pick up many kinds of newer media forms, or readapt older ones; a personal blog, for example, is a lot like an old-fashioned diary, with the major exception that most blogs are intended to be public.
Media-creation skills are becoming part of the educational process for many children in the developed world (less so for other children). In the U.S. an
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Vast Antarctic iceberg 'could threaten shipping'
UK researchers have been awarded an emergency grant to track a vast iceberg in Antarctica that could enter shipping lanes.
Latest images show several kilometres of water between the iceberg, estimated to be about 700 sq km
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Vast Antarctic iceberg 'could threaten shipping'
UK researchers have been awarded an emergency grant to track a vast iceberg in Antarctica that could enter shipping lanes.
Latest images show several kilometres of water between the iceberg, estimated to be about 700 sq km (270 sq miles), and the glacier that spawned the block.
The £50,000 award will fund a six-month project that will also predict its movement through the Southern Ocean.
The icy giant broke away from the Pine Island Glacier (PIG) in July.
"From the time it had been found that the crack had gone all the way across in July, it had stayed iced-in because it was still winter (in Antarctica)," explained principal investigator Grant Bigg from the University of Sheffield.
"But in the last couple of days, it has begun to break away and now a kilometre or two of clear water has developed between it and the glacier.
"It often takes a while for bergs from this area to get out of Pine Island Bay but once they do that they can either go eastwards along the coast or they can… circle out into the main part of the Southern Ocean.
Prof Bigg told BBC News that one iceberg was tracked going through The Drake Passage - the body of water between South America's Cape Horn and Antarctica's South Shetland Islands.
If the iceberg did follow this trajectory, it would bring the Singapore-size ice island into busy international shipping lanes.
Eyes in the sky
The team of scientists from Sheffield and the University of Southampton will use data from a number of satellites, including the German TerraSAR-X, which first alerted researchers at the Alfred Wegener Institute to the July calving.
PIG is described as the longest and fastest flowing glacier in the Antarctic, with vast icebergs being calved from ice shelf every 6-10 years. Previous notable events occurred in 2007 and 2001.
Scientists first noticed a spectacular crack spreading across the surface of the PIG in October 2011.
As well as tracking the movement of the iceberg, Prof Bigg explained that the team also planned to predict its path through the Southern Ocean.
"Part of the project is to try to simulate what we think the berg might do, given the... wind fields being experiencing in the region recently.
He added that the team would attempt
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Adequate feed bunk space for heifers is important in any group-housed heifer facility, and even more so when managing heifers in a precision-feeding system.
Jud Heinrichs, dairy science professor at Penn State University, recommends
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Adequate feed bunk space for heifers is important in any group-housed heifer facility, and even more so when managing heifers in a precision-feeding system.
Jud Heinrichs, dairy science professor at Penn State University, recommends heifers in a precision-feeding program be given 14 to 24 inches of bunk space as they progress from 4 months of age to pre-calving or 22 months of age.
However, there are situations when feed bunk space can become an issue in a precision-feeding program, such as when heifers are fed 30% to 40% concentrate diets and feed access is limited to 6 to 8 hours per day.
"Overly aggressive and timid heifers are very susceptible to over- or under-nutrition when feed bunk space is limited," Heinrichs said.
Two strategies can be used when feed bunk space is limited. The first is to simply group animals with peers of similar body weight. The second strategy is to limit heifers from moving about freely at the feed bunk. Headlocks or closely placed divider posts can help with this.
Feeding twice daily is not recommended in a precision-feeding program as this can increase heifer competition and weight gain variability within a pen.
"Use common sense to see if all heifers are satisfied and are growing uniformly when using these feeding systems," Heinrichs said.
For more information, read "Precision-Feeding Dairy Heifers" at DAIReXNET.
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One of the strengths of photography is the ability for images to provide a new perspective on something familiar. If images of the Earth from the Moon have become a little ho-hum, how about an image of the Earth and the Moon from Mars?
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One of the strengths of photography is the ability for images to provide a new perspective on something familiar. If images of the Earth from the Moon have become a little ho-hum, how about an image of the Earth and the Moon from Mars? Courtesy of the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), we have a new view of our home planet and its nearest neighbor.
Taken at a distance of around 127 million miles (205 million km) from Earth, the images were taken to calibrate data collected by HiRISE using the reflectance of the Moon's Earth-facing side, which is well known. So that the Earth doesn't appear too bright or the Moon too dull, the composite image brings together the best Earth image and best Moon image from four sets of images snapped on November 20, last year.
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In the image, the Moon appears much closer to the Earth than the roughly 30 times the diameter of the Earth it actually is. This is because the images were collected when the Moon was almost directly behind the Earth so as to capture the Earth-facing side of the Moon. However, the sizes and positions of the Earth and the Moon are correct relative to each other in the composite image.
Despite the distances involved, the images have a high enough resolution to make out continents on Earth. The bright white at the bottom of the Earth is Antarctica, while Australia can be made out as the large reddish feature in the middle.
This isn't the first image of Earth and the Moon snapped by the HiRISE camera. In October, 2007, it captured the above image from a distance of 88 million miles (142 million km). But due to the phase angle of 98 degrees, less than half the disks of the Earth and the Moon are directly illuminated.
The only time it would be possible to capture images of the Earth and Moon at full illumination is when the Earth and Mars are on opposite sides of the Sun, which would result in much less detail due to the much greater distances involved.
Source: NASAView gallery - 2 images
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Getting Smart About Antibiotic Resistance
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has proclaimed November 15-21, 2010 as "Get Smart About Antibiotics Week." This event is an opportunity for Americans to learn about the importance
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Getting Smart About Antibiotic Resistance
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has proclaimed November 15-21, 2010 as "Get Smart About Antibiotics Week." This event is an opportunity for Americans to learn about the importance of these life-saving drugs.
Too often, we take antibiotics for granted. These essential drugs save untold numbers of human lives every day. Modern medicine depends on the ability of health care providers to treat and prevent infections. But our ability to count on antibiotics to save lives may be threatened.
Drug-resistant bacteria are spreading in our hospitals, our communities and our food supply. Resistance is fueled by injudicious use of existing drugs and compounded by a failure to invest adequately in the development of new ones. Bacteria with the NDM-1 gene are the world's newest "superbugs," now appearing in newspaper headlines alongside MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus).
The Pew Charitable Trusts joins the CDC in recognizing that 'no single strategy can solve the antibiotic resistance problem; a multi-pronged solution is required,' including a national investment in the development of new antibiotics. As the CDC notes:
We must eliminate all non-judicious uses of antibiotics -- in human medicine, animal medicine, and industrial food animal production.
New and safe antibiotics are not easy to discover and develop.
There are not enough new antibiotics being researched or developed, and we must promote the development of new antibiotics to treat serious and life-threatening infections.
Because it will be many years before new antibiotics are available to treat some resistant infections, we must do a better job of emphasizing appropriate use of the antibiotics that are currently available.
Patients, families, doctors, hospitals, the pharmaceutical industry and our nation's leaders must work together not only to protect and preserve the antibiotics we have today, but also to develop the new antibiotics we will need tomorrow.
The Antibiotics and Innovation Project is an initiative of the Pew Health Group, the health and consumer-product safety arm of The Pew Charitable Trusts, a non-governmental organization that applies a rigorous, analytical approa
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Dear Digg, no, this article and press release do not mean that Scientists Invent Room Temperature Superconducting Material. It means that scientists have put molecular silane under hundreds of giga-Pascals presures (for comparison, atmospheric pressure
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Dear Digg, no, this article and press release do not mean that Scientists Invent Room Temperature Superconducting Material. It means that scientists have put molecular silane under hundreds of giga-Pascals presures (for comparison, atmospheric pressure is 100 kilo-Pascals) at a temperature of around 20 Kelvin, and gotten it to superconduct. While this is certainly cool, it is not “room temperature” as far as I can tell.
One day I was driving down the road and listening to AM radio when Paul Harvey came on and did his schtick (“and now you know, the rest of the story.”) At one point in the show, Harvey made a statement that physicists had recently discovered how to get superconductivity at room temperature. I almost drove off the road hearing this and ran home to see if it was true. Unfortunately it was not, and I will never, ever, forgive Paul Harvey for making me think this amazing discovery had been made. And now you know the rest of the…ah, whatever.
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Most of us are creatures of habit, following the same few routes when we run. Perhaps it’s three laps of the park, the usual river path or a circuit around the houses. Whatever the surface, if you run on it often, it
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Most of us are creatures of habit, following the same few routes when we run. Perhaps it’s three laps of the park, the usual river path or a circuit around the houses. Whatever the surface, if you run on it often, it will have a powerful impact on your body and if you’re not fit, that impact could be a negative one.
“Your joints are not designed to receive repetitive loading,” says physiotherapist Holly King at Ocean Physio & Rehab, in Devon. “If they’re not looked after, these joints can become worn or painful. Running on tough surfaces, such as roads, can be good for you, but if you don’t have the muscle strength or control to protect your joints, you could be asking for injuries.”
“Training on different surfaces if you’re doing a marathon is not essential, but it can reduce the impact on your joints,” says personal trainer and ultra runner Anne-Marie Lategan. “For experienced runners, I would recommend a variety of surfaces because you know your running style and will know how to adapt to different surfaces. But for beginners, I would say practise on the surface that matches your race.”
“Running solely on roads can become monotonous,” says Peta Bee, runner and author of fitness books, including Wild Gym: 50 Ways to Get Fit Outdoors (Guardian Newspapers Ltd). “I believe your muscles and ligaments should be tested in a variety of ways; changing terrain forces you to adapt your running speed accordingly. My old coach used to get us running up log steps in nearby woods instead of doing gym work once a week. Of course, the majority of your training runs should be on the road or trails, but by adding at least two different types of training a week, the roads will suddenly seem a lot easier.”
Well-exercised muscles do their job – contracting and lengthening as you run to offload the impact of your feet hitting the ground when you run. With each footstrike your body is subject to impact forces that amount to several times your weight. This impact travels into the foot, then the knee, then to the hip, then the lower back and so on; if problems occur, it will be in the weakest area.
In general, roads or pavements are the worst surfaces to run on. But each type of terrain affects the body in a different way and your individual weak spots and fitness levels will respond accordingly. For example, uneven off-road conditions can be problematic for anyone with poor stabilising muscles and weak ankles.
Whatever your chosen surface, make sure you protect yourself against injuries by wearing the right shoes. Some trainers absorb a huge amount of impact from the ground; others offer less protection. Choose what feels right, not what looks best.
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Lab 6. Agglutination
When antibodies are mixed with their corresponding antigens on the surface of large, easily sedimented particles such as animal cells, erythrocytes, or bacteria, the antibodies cross-link the particles, forming
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Lab 6. Agglutination
When antibodies are mixed with their corresponding antigens on the surface of large, easily sedimented particles such as animal cells, erythrocytes, or bacteria, the antibodies cross-link the particles, forming visible clumps. This reaction is termed agglutination. Agglutination is a serological reaction and is very similar to the precipitation reaction we learnt last week. Both reactions are highly specific because they depend on the specific antibody and antigen pair. The main difference between these two reactions is the size of antigens. For precipitation, antigens are soluble molecules, and for agglutination, antigens are large, easily sedimented particles. As you will see from this lab exercise, agglutination is more sensitive than precipitation reaction because it takes a lot of more soluble antigens and antibody molecules to form a visible precipitation. To make the detection of soluble antigen and antibody reaction more sensitive, a precipitation reaction can be transformed into an agglutination reaction by attaching soluble antigens to large, inert carriers, such as erythrocytes or latex beads.
Agglutination reactions have many applications in clinical medicine. Agglutination reactions can be used to type blood cells for transfusion, to identify bacterial cultures, and to detect the presence and relative amount of specific antibody in a patient’s serum. Agglutination has been commonly used to determine whether a patient had or has a bacterial infection. For example, if a patient is suspected of having typhoid fever, the patient’s serum is mixed with a culture of Salmonella typhi. If an agglutination reaction occurs, shown as clumping of the bacteria, the patient either had or has an S. typhi infection. Since certain antibodies can persist in a patient’s blood for years after the patent has recovered from the infection, a positive reaction does not mean that the patient currently has the infection. To determine whether a patient is currently suffering from typhoid fever, the amount or titer of the antibody will be determined at the onset of illness and two weeks later. If the titer of antibody in the patient’s serum has increased at least four-fold between the two tests, the patient is currently fighting off the infection, and the pathogen causing the illness is confirmed.
In this lab exercise, you will learn two different methods of employing agglutination reactions, rapid slide agglutination and microtiter test. These two tests are valuable methods commonly used in clinical laboratories. Applications of agglutination include A-B-O blood typing tests and rapid bacterial identification. The microtiter test is used to quantify the amount of antibody in patient’s blood.
Part 1. Rapid Slide Agglutination
In this lab exercise, you will learn how to use rapid slide agglutination to determine your blood type. The surface of blood cells of each type expresses a unique oligosaccharide structure that is called A or B antigens. The A and B antigen are inherited. Each person carries anti-A and/or anti-B antigen in his or her blood dependent on his or her blood type. Presence in the blood of anti-A and/or anti-B antibodies is not inherited, but is the result of (1) prior exposure to A- and B-like antigens in the environment, such as bacterial surface molecules; or (2) an immunological response to nonself molecules. When a person receives unmatched blood, these antibodies will either agglutinate blood cells or induce complement-mediated cytolysis. Typing blood to match donor and recipient with respect to ABO antigens is an important and widely used procedure.
SAFETY NOTE: This lab uses your own blood for ABO blood typing. After obtaining your drops of blood, put on gloves. Dispose of waste in the biohazard container.
1. Label three slides A, B and A+B.
2. Spray your left “ring “ finger with 70% ethanol or wipe it with an alcohol wiper and let it air dry.
3. Take a sterile lancet and puncture your fingertip. If you have calluses, aim a little to the side. DO NOT LANCET ANYONE OTHER THAN YOURSELF. When finished with your lances, place them in the BIOHAZARD CONTAINER.
4. Place a small drop of blood on each of three microscope slides. At this point, put on GLOVES. DO NOT TOUCH ANYONE ELSE’S BLOOD.
5. On the A slide, place a 20 ml of anti-A antiserum. Place ant
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During the War of 1812, the Treasury Department required revenue cutters, such as the Connecticut-based Eagle, to enforce tariffs and trade laws, and protect American maritime commerce. Connecticut native Frederick Lee (left), one of the most noted revenue
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During the War of 1812, the Treasury Department required revenue cutters, such as the Connecticut-based Eagle, to enforce tariffs and trade laws, and protect American maritime commerce. Connecticut native Frederick Lee (left), one of the most noted revenue cutter captains at the time, commanded Eagle out of her homeport of New Haven.
Born in 1766, Lee was too young to see action in the Revolution. Instead, he became a shipmaster and received a cutter master's commission in 1809, at the ripe age of 43.
Built in New Haven in 1809, the topsail schooner-rigged Eagle was the third revenue cutter to bear that name. She had dimensions of 60 feet in length on deck and 18 feet wide, with small arms of muskets, pistols and cutlasses, and ordnance of four 4-pound and two 2-pound cannon. During the War of 1812, her primary mission was to apprehend British merch
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Teach children using games
Many teachers believe that using games in the classroom is inappropriate. Games are for fun, not for learning. At best a teacher might use a game occasionally as a reward to the class for good behaviour. This is such
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Teach children using games
Many teachers believe that using games in the classroom is inappropriate. Games are for fun, not for learning. At best a teacher might use a game occasionally as a reward to the class for good behaviour. This is such a shame since using language games motivates children, improves learning, makes lessons more dynamic and fun, and creates a bond between teacher and students. Motivated, engaged children make teaching more satisfying. This article looks at the whys and hows to teach children using games to make your classroom a better place.
Creating enthusiasm for English
Children love to play and do so naturally. Using play in class makes learning English fun and exciting. Consequently, pupils enjoy lessons more and are more interested and motivated to learn English. A teacher may have a beautiful textbook but find the class sleepy and disinterested. An English proverb states that ‘you can take a horse to water but you can’t make it drink’. You cannot force your pupils to learn if they are not motivated. Using games will turn your pupils into ‘thirsty horses’!
Repetition is the mother of skill
Children need repetition to learn. In some classrooms this means the teacher saying a phrase which students repeat over and over again until they are literally yelling out the phrase at the teacher, as if to say, “We’ve said this ten times and you are driving us crazy asking us to say it again.” But the next day students have forgotten the phrase completely. How so? Because to remember something it has to be meaningful to you. Teaching parrot fashion requires no thought. No thought, no effort, no retention.
Repetition is however essential for language acquisition since children need to hear a word and use it many times before it becomes part of their knowledge bank. Drilling is necessary but it needs to be fun in order to engage pupils and have them participating actively. Without this participation words go in one ear and out the other.
Games give the opportunity for repetition but also, when used correctly, will force a student to think rather than repeat parrot-fashion. This is the secret to being able to build vocabulary and grammar and remember it.
Tapping into different learning styles
There are many types of language games including listening drills, speaking drills, spelling, reading and writing drills. There are also games for fluency in listening, speaking, reading and creative writing. The sheer variety of approaches means teachers inevitably tap into different learning styles and as a consequence reach more pupils. Games involving looking at things, such as pictures and movement, appeal to those who learn visually. Listening games appeal to those who learn through audio. Moving the body and touching things appeals to kinaesthetic learners. Good teachers need to use variety if they are to achieve the greatest success.
Creating a bond and supportive learning environment
When students enjoy a particular topic they usually like the teacher. A teacher who is fun and effective is seen as “cool” by students. Students will respect a teacher they like and pay more attention in class. This leads to better results, which lead to confidence in learning. A teacher using games is making more effort than the one who just opens the textbook. This effort is rewarded by a bond between teacher and pupils. This is the true reward of being a teacher.
It’s not all about competition
Bear in mind that a game does not have to be competitive. Highly competitive games will not appeal to all students. Some competition is beneficial to create excitement but the learning environment should not be pressurized. Some children who are bad losers will cry if their team loses a game. Award points sometimes, but not always, and never make a big deal out of the winners or draw attention to the losers. The younger the children the more delicate you need to be with regards to competition. As for children aged six or younger, never use it.
Games can get children over-excited and that is a challenge. Good classroom management is crucial to success when using games. Helpful tactics are to mix up quiet games with more active ones, insist on silence during listening games, deduct points from a team if anyone in that team is noisy, use attention grabbers and always calm the class down before the end of the lesson. An excellent attention grabber is to play a song children know and have actions for. They will join in and at the end of the song you have their attention. Another attention grabber is to start a wave such as those performed by the crowd at a football match. Children who are distracted will see it and join in.
Examples of Games
To introduce new vocabulary try a simple listening game such as Jump the Line:
Group size: 2 to a big class
Level: Beginner to Intermediate
Materials: Picture or word flashcards and/or a classroom board
Age: 4 to 12
Pace: Wake up
This game is ideal to present new vocabulary. Ideally play in a space on the floor. Designate an imaginary line and place pictures or words either side of that line, to the left and to the r
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Action research and inquiry are an integral part of education and is necessary in order to improve practice on a continuing basis. Teachers collect evidence to inquire into their practices, assess their effectiveness, identify the reasons for difficulties and successes, and plan how to improve
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Action research and inquiry are an integral part of education and is necessary in order to improve practice on a continuing basis. Teachers collect evidence to inquire into their practices, assess their effectiveness, identify the reasons for difficulties and successes, and plan how to improve and make interventions as a result.
Principals, learning teams, and supervisors go through their schools with checklists, on instructional rounds and walkthroughs looking for visible evidence in classroom artifacts of what the data have been suggesting to them. Armed with all these data, Professional learning communities examine spreadsheets of achievement and attendance data together looking for gaps and shortfalls (places where they can quickly intervene).
Its good to have data to help you make better, more-informed decisions and to allow you to intervene before it's too late. It's good to be able to learn more, in real time, about how your students are doing. Here are just a few reminders to consider when collecting and analyzing data to best meet the needs of all students:
- Be evidence-informed, not data-driven.
- Don’t overload yourself with data
- The point of data is to help you know your students
- Remember that there are children behind the numbers and if the data aren’t helping us know our children better, or if we are so busy analyzing data that we have less time to be with the children, then we are getting sidetracked on the wrong path.
- When data are used to promote progress for all and not only to track those who might be falling behind, this benefits learning and achievement for all students and strengthens feelings of professional success.
- Don't limit data to just benchmarks and standardized tests.
- Data need to be supplemented by other kinds of data, on other aspects of learning, and by knowledge of children and learning that is also based on shrewd experience and not easily quantifiable at all.
As educators, we need to remember that data are only numbers on a page, or a spreadsheet on a screen. They only measure what has been tested. And people often only test what they can measure. The challenge for schools is to understand the data available and get behind the figures to explore the strengths and weaknesses they indicate about our students!
In short, we can't forget that there are faces behind the data.
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- Hargreaves, A. & Fullan, M. (2012). Professional capital: Transforming teaching in every school. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
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Saturday, March 5, 2016
The microbial environment and its influence on asthma prevention in early life
It’s a tale of two farming communities: one run by the Amish, who retain very traditional farming practices with horses for field
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Saturday, March 5, 2016
The microbial environment and its influence on asthma prevention in early life
It’s a tale of two farming communities: one run by the Amish, who retain very traditional farming practices with horses for field work, and other run by Hutterites, who have embraced modern farming technologies. Despite coming from the same genetic background and having otherwise similar lifestyles, the Hutterites have a greater than 40% rate of allergen sensitization, while the Amish have a rate lower than 7.5%. What can account for such a difference? As Dr. von Mutius outlines in this month’s issue of JACI, it’s likely in the billions of bacteria that colonize the skin, gut, and respiratory passages as well as those that live all over your house, workplace, and everywhere in between (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137(3): 680-689).
Believe it or not, it’s only been within the past few years that we’ve even found out about all these bacteria. New technology has enabled scientists to take a closer look at the microbiome, the collection of microbes that colonize virtually everything around and within us. These microbiomes are diverse and dynamic; and can provide fingerprints about the world around us. Cat and dog ownership can be predicted by the presence of certain bacteria. More significantly, the presence of certain bacteria, like H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, and S. pneumoniae in the throats of 1 month old infants, and somewhat predict the development of persistent wheeze and asthma by age 6.
This is seen in larger epidemiologic studies. Children who enter daycare before their first birthday are at much lower risk of developing allergen sensitization compared to those who enter after their second birthday. And, as mentioned above, upbringing on a farm with animal husbandry, especially around dairy animals, confers significant protection. This is extended to urban environments as well, where exposure to high levels of cockroach, mouse, and cat allergens in the presence of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes bacteria actually conferred some protection against asthma.
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|Language in use||
English Language & Linguistics
This title and many others describe the language variety of black Americans or black English speakers. This is bound to be contentious because there is no logical relationship between skin colour and language. However it is
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|Language in use||
English Language & Linguistics
This title and many others describe the language variety of black Americans or black English speakers. This is bound to be contentious because there is no logical relationship between skin colour and language. However it is accepted that African American Vernacular English (AAVE) or Black English Vernacular (BEV) is a distinct variety of English (rather than a dialect). The variety is also known as "ebonics" though this is not a term used by linguists.
AAVE has its roots in the slave trade where people captured in various parts of Africa and with a variety of languages were forced to create a pidgin or creole - a common language composed of fragments of their native languages. Eventually this incorporated elements of English so it could also be used to communicate with the slave owners.
Its characteristics are given in greater detail in Wikipedia.
British Black English (BBE) has some similar origins but is based on a Jamaican creole spoken by Caribbean communities, mainly in London but also in large cities such as Manchester, Bristol, Birmingham, Leeds and Nottingham.
There is a history of British sugar planters in Jamaica, which was a British colony until 1948, after which in the 1950's there was significant immigration to London as England welcomed workers in its post war expansion and rebuilding. Jamaican Creole is recognised as an independent variety with its own grammar-system and vocabulary and details are explained here.
Increasingly British Black English speakers are finding their own voice in literature such as rap poetry and song, with Benjamin Zephaniah a respected name. There is no standard form of orthography so much of the language is written semi-phonetically - "yuhself" for "yourself" "dat" and "dem" for "that" and "them", "nuff" for "enough", "respek" for "respect".
Some of their culture appeals to young native English speakers who in turn adopt features of BBE speech mixed with their native Cockney.
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Failure is merely a matter of opinion, time, and attitude.
Opinion: Failure is bad. Whenever something happens—especially if it doesn’t conform to what society and we think is the optimal scenario—we judge it as bad and look for someone
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Failure is merely a matter of opinion, time, and attitude.
Opinion: Failure is bad. Whenever something happens—especially if it doesn’t conform to what society and we think is the optimal scenario—we judge it as bad and look for someone to blame. The one who usually gets the brunt of it in the end is the one who has “failed.” For instance, if you were to get fired from your job, even if economic conditions and the state of your company were responsible, chances are that at some point you and others would blame you, especially if some people kept their jobs.
Time: We never know how time will transform events. What is thought of as bad can often turn out to be good after some time passes. Example: After being fired from your job, you go on to pursue the career of your dreams, which would not have happened without the job loss.
Attitude: Keep it positive because you never know. Rather than falling into negative thinking—“I’m no good, I’ll never work again, how will this look on my resume?”—engage in positive thinking by seeing the “failure” as an opportunity. For example, “Now I can take that class, start my own business, or change my career focus.” When one door closes, another one opens.
When confronted by an event you would normally define as failure, the practice is, don
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A new report warns that people could be in danger from superbugs if they eat rare and undercooked meat. The report is called the Review on Antimicrobial Resistance. Researchers looked into how antibiotics in food are making bugs stronger. The report said
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A new report warns that people could be in danger from superbugs if they eat rare and undercooked meat. The report is called the Review on Antimicrobial Resistance. Researchers looked into how antibiotics in food are making bugs stronger. The report said the use of antibiotics in agriculture is making bugs stronger and more resistant to our medicines. The researchers said the huge amount of antibiotics in farming could be dangerous to people's health around the world. They suggested that farmers reduce the amount of antibiotics they give to their animals. The leader of the research, Jim O'Neill, said this was important if we wanted to make sure that our life-saving medicines still work effectively.
Make sure you try all of the online activities for this reading and listening - There are dictations, multiple choice, drag and drop activities, crosswords, hangman, flash cards, matching activities and a whole lot more. Please enjoy :-)
The researchers are calling for strict targets to reduce the number of antibiotics given to farm animals. Mr O'Neill said this was necessary because of the huge amount of antibiotics farmers give their animals. He said: "I find it [unbelievable] that in many countries, most of the consumption of antibiotics is in animals, rather than humans. This creates a big risk for everyone." He added that the public could get ill from superbugs if they ate meat that was rare or undercooked. He said: "My advice to consumers is that they have to make sure they cook meat properly. If you are going to choose to cook it a
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Are you a Christian?
VINCENT'S NEW TESTAMENT PREVIOUS - Matthew 8 - ROBERTSON - GRK NT - HELP - FACEBOOK
3. Beholdest (blepeiv). Staring at from without, as one
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Are you a Christian?
VINCENT'S NEW TESTAMENT PREVIOUS - Matthew 8 - ROBERTSON - GRK NT - HELP - FACEBOOK
3. Beholdest (blepeiv). Staring at from without, as one who does not see clearly.
Considerest (katanoeiv). A stronger word, apprehendest from within, what is already there.
Mote (karfov). A.V. and Rev. The word mote, however, suggests dust; whereas the figure is that of a minute chip or splinter, of the same material with the beam. Wyc. renders festu, with the explanation, a little mote. In explaining the passage it is well to remember that the obstruction to sight is of the same material in both cases. The man with a great beam in his eye, who therefore can see nothing accurately, proposes to remove the little splinter from his brother's eye, a delicate operation, requiring clear sight. The figure of a splinter to represent something painful or annoying is a common oriental one. Tholuck ("Sermon on the Mount") quotes from the Arabic several passages in point, and one which is literally our Lord's saying: "How seest thou the splinter in thy brother's eye, and seest not the cross-beam in thine eye?"
Beam (dokon). A log, joist, rafter; indicating a great fault.
5. See clearly (diableyeiv). The preposition dia, through, giving the sense of thoroughness. Compare the simple verb blepeiv (beholdest), ver. 3. With the beam in thine eye thou starest at thy brother's little failing. Pull out the beam; then thou shalt see clearly, not only the fault itself, but how to help thy brother get rid of it.
6. That which is holy (to agion). The holy thing, as of something commonly recognized as sacred. The reference is to the meat offered in sacrifice. The picture is that of a priest throwing a piece of flesh from the altar of burnt-offering to one of the numerous dogs which infest the streets of Eastern cities.
Pearls before swine (margaritav emprosqen twn coirwn). Another picture of a rich man wantonly throwing handfuls of small pearls to swine. Swine in Palestine were at best but half-tamed, the hog being an unclean animal. The wild boar haunts the Jordan valley to this day. Small pearls, called by jewellers seed-pearls, would resemble the pease or maize on which the swine feed. They would rush upon them when scattered, and, discovering the cheat, would trample upon them and turn their tusks upon the man who scattered them.
Rend (rhxwsin). Lit., break; and well chosen to express the peculiar character of the wound made by the boar's tusk, which is not a cut, but a long tear or rip.
13. Strait gate (stenhv pulhv). Rev., narrow. A remarkable parallel to this passage occurs in the "Pinax" or "Tablet" of Cebes, a writer contemporary with Socrates. In this, human life, with its dangers and temptations, is symbolically represented as on a tablet. The passage is as follows: "Seest thou not, then, a little door, and a way before the door, which is not much crowded, but very few travel it? This is the way which leadeth into true culture."
22. Have we not (ou). That form of the negative is used which expects an affirmative answer. It therefore pictures both the self-conceit and the self-deception of these persons. "Surely we have prophesied," etc.
23. Profess (omologhsw). The word which is used elsewhere of open confession of Christ before men (Matt. x. 32; Rom. x. 9); of John's public declaration that he was not the Christ (John i. 20); of Herod's promise to Salome in the presence of his guests (Matt. xiv. 7). Hence, therefore, of Christ's open, public declaration as Judge of the world. "There is great authority in this saying," remarks Bengel.
24 sqq. I will liken him, etc. The picture is not of two men deliberately selecting foundations, but it contrasts one who carefully chooses and prepares his foundation with one who builds at hap-hazard. This is more strongly brought out by Luke (vi. 48): "Who digged and went deep, and
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Oranges and Lemons
Oranges and lemons, say the bells of St. Clement's
You owe me five farthings, say the bells of St. Martin's
When will you pay me? say the bells of Old Bailey
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Oranges and Lemons
Oranges and lemons, say the bells of St. Clement's
You owe me five farthings, say the bells of St. Martin's
When will you pay me? say the bells of Old Bailey
When I grow rich, say the bells of Shoreditch
When will that be? say the bells of Stepney
I do not know, says the great bell of Bow
Here comes a candle to light you to bed,
And here comes a chopper to chop off your
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'Frack' process to unlock gas raises concerns
Process to ‘frack' for gas draws debate
Does natural gas extraction pollute water, or is method safe?
Published 6:30 am, Thursday, December 10,
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'Frack' process to unlock gas raises concerns
Process to ‘frack' for gas draws debate
Does natural gas extraction pollute water, or is method safe?
Published 6:30 am, Thursday, December 10, 2009
In March 1949, Halliburton pumped millions of gallons of water, sand and chemicals into an oil well site near Duncan, Okla. It was the first use of a technique for increasing oil and natural gas production called hydraulic fracturing.
Sixty years and many thousands of “frack jobs” later, the process has become a flash point in communities throughout the country, particularly where natural gas drilling is a relatively new industry.
Some environmental advocates say it's a dangerous method that pollutes drinking water with hazardous chemicals. Many are calling for more federal oversight of the process, and some have called for an outright ban.
The industry argues hydraulic fracturing has a decades-long track record of safety and that opponents are exaggerating the risks. They argue state laws are enough to ensure public safety and that more regulations would lead to a major curtailment of domestic natural gas production.
The heightened awareness and conflict is about more than just hydraulic fracturing, according to Jim Marston, head of the Environmental Defense Fund's energy program. His group has concerns about the process, but he notes many recent accidents involved other parts of drilling construction and operations.
“The increased attention to drilling problems also comes from the intensiveness of drilling in shale fields located near more populated areas,” Marston said. “People have sensitivities to any new effects on land or water.”
Opening the shale
Hydraulic fracturing involves drilling into a formation and injecting water mixed with sand and chemicals under high pressure. The mixture cracks open the shale while the sand holds open the fractures, allowing the natural gas to flow more freely to the surface.
The chemicals make up a small part of the overall mix — less than 0.5 percent by volume — but often they include hazardous substances such as acids and chemicals found in cleaners and antifreeze.
While fracturing has been used for decades, concerns about its environmental effects have risen in recent years after it was found to be a cost-effective way to draw large quantities of natural gas from prolific shale formations throughout the country.
In 2007, natural gas seeped into a Bainbridge, Ohio, home near a recently fracked gas well that had been plugged, leading to an explosion but no injuries. An emergency room nurse in Durango, Colo., said she became sick in 2008 after treating an oil field worker who had fracking fluid on his clothes and boots. And in Dimock, Pa., drinking water in a number of homes was tainted by chemicals from a gas well operated by a Houston company.
But industry officials say few such incidents have been tied conclusively to hydraulic fracturing and that they are more likely isolated accidents involving other parts of drilling operations.
Daniel Steinway, an attorney with Baker Botts who represents the industry, says fracturing is safe. Chemicals are heavily diluted, much of the injected fluid is recovered from the wells and disposed of in compliance with federal laws, and fracturing usually occurs many thousands of feet below groundwater.
“There are no risks to public health and the environment and no science to support their view,” he said.
Muddy water, dead cows
Such blanket statements are of little comfort to people who feel their communities are in danger.
Darlene Lipp, a resident of Caddo Parish in Louisiana, said her rural water supply has run dry for days at a time and then come back on looking muddy in the two years since companies started drilling natural gas wells in the area.
Earlier this year, a mixture of fracking fluids spilled at a drill site near Lipp's home and flowed into a pasture, where more than a dozen cows drank it and died.
John Veil, manager of the water policy program at Argonne National Laboratory in Washington, D.C., says many of the recent concerns are related to isolated accidents such as above-ground spills, which are easy for drilling opponents to make symbolic of other problems that will follow.
“But anybody who tells you there's absolutely no risk to hydraulic fracturing or drilling is simply not paying attention to the facts,” Veil said.
Democratic members of Congress have proposed a law — nicknamed the “frack act” — forcing companies to disclose the chemical content of their fracking fluids. But industry-funded studies say that would add drilling costs of as much as $100,000 per well and might prompt companies to stop using fracking fluids rather than risk giving competitors the secrets.
But Charles Stanley, chief operating officer of Questar Corp., an exploration company, said the content of fracking fluids isn't as secret as others in the industry claim.
“The casing design and cementing of wells are orders of magnitude more important than knowing what's in the secret sauce at fracturing companies,” he said.
That's why the American Petroleum Institute has issued two of four planned papers on recommended best practices for hydraulic fracturing, including well cementing standards and water disposal practices, giving companies guidelines to follow.
Working to be ‘green
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Creator(s): Havergal College Archives
Founded in 1894, Havergal College remains one of Toronto's most well-known high school for girls. What may be unfamiliar, however, are the evangelical roots of the school- an emphasis
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Creator(s): Havergal College Archives
Founded in 1894, Havergal College remains one of Toronto's most well-known high school for girls. What may be unfamiliar, however, are the evangelical roots of the school- an emphasis on a gendered sense of empire and foreign missionary activity. In Girls on the Homefront, snapshots of daily life at Havergal from the beginning of the First World War to the end of the Second World War show how students were ingrained with a sense of duty to the British Empire and to Canada during war efforts. As a school that was first established on Toronto's fashionable Jarvis Street then later moved to the growing suburb of North Toronto, Havergal is also a study in the evolution of Toronto's upper middle class. This Community Memories Exhibit explores the nineteenth-century roots of the school, the development of North Toronto and comparative war-time educational practices of other local schools.
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The effect of AIDS on the aging continues taking its toll on those who support children of mothers and fathers who’ve died of the disease. In South Africa, an organization called Grandmothers Against Poverty and AIDS (GAPA) is actively trying to
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The effect of AIDS on the aging continues taking its toll on those who support children of mothers and fathers who’ve died of the disease. In South Africa, an organization called Grandmothers Against Poverty and AIDS (GAPA) is actively trying to improve the quality of life for these older women who have little or no resources for raising these children.
Kathleen Broderick is the director of GAPA which serves townships near Cape Town. She says GAPA gets basic government financial aid to help run its educational and peer support programs. She says as recently as five years ago family members were dying from AIDS but nobody would admit it because “the stigma was absolutely awful and families turned within themselves.” Broderick says grandmothers were left to care for orphans and sick people without any community support. She says because the older and younger generations were not talking to each other about sexual activity, both ignorance and stigma became rampant.
Broderick says GAPA educates 30 new grandmothers every month in three day workshops where “they learn the basics about what the disease is, how to cope with it, and various other skills which help them and their families.” As examples, she mentions food gardening, the issue of making wills, how to deal with bereavement, and human rights which she says is emphasized.
Broderick says after the workshops the grandmothers join 10 member peer support groups that meet once a week to council and comfort each other. Broderick says that her own occupational therapy skills – which the project manager also has -- work well in the form of productive activities for GAPA’s mission: “you heal yourself through doing something, becoming a new person through your own enterprises.”
She says that women over 60 are eligible for a small state pension of about 800 rand [approximately $100 a month] and statistics reveal that for every grandmother getting a pension, 20 people are supported. However, she says virtually half the grandmothers are under age 60, and because they don’t get the pension, find themselves in dire poverty. She adds that the younger grandmothers’ actual handicraft skills are very important for survival because it increases their household income.
She says GAPA “is a wonderful project; it’s made such a difference: ”even though grandmothers have always looked after children, they’ve never had to be the sole breadwinners 24/7… but now they are.”
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Social workers fall into two general categories: direct service and clinical. Direct service social workers help clients deal with social problems. They refer their clients to government resources, create intervention plans and goals improve their quality-of-life and advocate for them at social service
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Social workers fall into two general categories: direct service and clinical. Direct service social workers help clients deal with social problems. They refer their clients to government resources, create intervention plans and goals improve their quality-of-life and advocate for them at social service or government agencies. Clinical social workers diagnose and treat mental, social and emotional disorders such as addiction, depression and anxiety.
Child, Family and School
Child, family and school social workers handle the needs of children and families. They might arrange adoptions, find foster homes, address teenage pregnancy or help new parents find government resources. They may also counsel students who show learning, developmental or behavioral problems in school. Such social workers need to have at least a bachelor’s degree, though many have master’s degrees, or MSW, in the field. Social workers in this category earned an average of $3,700 per month as of May 2011, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly income is calculated by dividing the annual income by 12.
Healthcare social workers provide support to individuals and families with chronic or terminal illnesses. They educate patients, refer them to medical resources and advise family caregivers. Such social workers evaluate the progress of their clients and can modify treatment plans. About 85 percent of those in this field have master’s degrees and 4 percent have doctoral or professional degrees. Healthcare social workers earned approximately $4,208 per month.
Mental Health and Substance Abuse
Mental health and substance abuse social workers treat those with mental, emotional or addiction problems such as alcoholism or drug abuse. Methods include individual or group therapy, case management and prevention education. They might also help family members understand a loved-one's addiction or mental health struggle. About 72 percent of such social workers have master’s degrees and 23 percent have bachelor’s degrees. Mental health and substance abuse social workers earned $3,554 per month.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics sees job prospects and wages for social workers growing at a rate of 25 percent through 2020. Job growth for the profession coincides with the growing demand for healthcare and social services. However, growth percentages vary among the specialties. Healthcare social workers, for example, show the fastest job growth at 34 percent, followed mental health and substance abuse social workers at 31 percent. Child, family and school social workers show the slowest growth at 20 percent.
- Jupiterimages/liquidlibrary/Getty Images
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Old Town, Skopelos, Sporades Islands, Greece
The Mediterranean area is one of the cradles of civilization:
Egyptians, Phoenicians, Minoans, Greeks, and Romans are some of the
ancient
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Old Town, Skopelos, Sporades Islands, Greece
The Mediterranean area is one of the cradles of civilization:
Egyptians, Phoenicians, Minoans, Greeks, and Romans are some of the
ancient cultures that inhabited the region.
In the middle ages, crusaders controlled a number of Mediterranean islands, the Turks
conquered the eastern Mediterranean; the Spanish later evicted the Arabs from the west; Italian
trading cities, particularly Venetians, colonized the central mediterannean.
In more recent times, French and British fought major land and sea
battles to gain influence.
Today, the Mediterranean islands are generally stable politically: Greece
regained its independence from the Turks in the 18th and 19th centuries; the British colonies of
Malta and Cyprus were given their independence after the second world war, but Northern Cyprus is
a separate state recognized only by Turkey; Sardinia and Sicily remain part of Italy; Corsica
has its own culture and limited autonomy but remains part of France; Spain retains the
which have considerable regional autonomy; in the east, Croatia
and its islands are becoming major travel destinations.
More about the Mediterranean islands
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A knot is a unit of speed, equal to one nautical mile per hour.
Something traveling at one knot is going about 1.151 land miles per hour.
A mile per hour is a unit of speed commonly used in the United States
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A knot is a unit of speed, equal to one nautical mile per hour.
Something traveling at one knot is going about 1.151 land miles per hour.
A mile per hour is a unit of speed commonly used in the United States.
It is equal to to exactly 1.609344 kilometers per hour.
Centimeters per Second
Feet pe
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Here’s the thing, people. Before the Golden Age of Greece, there was Sumeria and India. We don’t know a whole lot about Sumeria, but because the beliefs in India have been preserved to the present day, we
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Here’s the thing, people. Before the Golden Age of Greece, there was Sumeria and India. We don’t know a whole lot about Sumeria, but because the beliefs in India have been preserved to the present day, we can use them to draw speculative conclusions.
Atlantis was supposed to be a worldwide culture, right. The Maya themselves say they came from a land ‘across the water.’ We’ve got researcher Danny Wilten who has tentatively connected Atlantis with both the Egyptian and Maya pyramids. Recently, I’ve come across an Indian researcher who has found parallels between India’s Tamil culture and the Maya.
Here is where my theory comes in; if the Golden Age of Greece was a time when people were super spiritual, and if ancient India was super spiritual in the ancient past, which it was, I think that Tamil culture has a strong chance of being a pre-Flood or pre-Ice Age civilization, circa 11,500 BCE. In fact, that same Indian researcher saw hints that some Sumerian mythology came from Tamil as well. To get a better idea of what I’m talking about, search this blog for Tamil, and for more on the Maya, see my previous post:
Graham Hancock was most likely right:
YT description: The human mind is not created by our brains, but emerges as a result of resonance with a Global Mind. This Global Mind in turn is created through waves of creation emanating from the center of the universe. These nine waves, which were the underlying basis of the ancient Mayan calendar system are sequentially activated in such a way that an evolution of the human mind results. Critical for our own time is the activation in 2011 of the ninth and highest frequency wave, which holds the potential of fostering a state of unity consciousness and Kundalini experiences. Ancient peoples looked upon serpents (sometimes plumed serpents) as symbols of these creation waves as well as of Kundalini experiences and the Mayan calendar can serve to explain how these phenomena manifest in both the microcosmos and macrocosmos.
Title: Kundalini And The Mayan Calenda | Carl Calleman (YT link) Uploaded by The Emerging Sciences Foundation.
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Background of the Gipsy.
The Gipsy, on which the Boykett family travelled to Adelaide as cabin passengers, was a vessel of 426 tons built at Dundee in 1853, according to the account at Gips
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Background of the Gipsy.
The Gipsy, on which the Boykett family travelled to Adelaide as cabin passengers, was a vessel of 426 tons built at Dundee in 1853, according to the account at Gipsy1853. Her master was Captain Allan Bolton. She left Southampton on 15 May 1853, and cast anchor within 5 miles of Port Adelaide on 15 August, 1853, without any sight of land for the whole distance. According to the S.A. Ships Register, although it departed as early as May, it was "the 10th ship from England to S.A. with government passengers for 1853." The passenger list, with a mention of the Boykett family, is at The Ships List, and totals about 150 individuals, not counting crew. That is a real wave of migration!
On 13 July of the
following year, 1854, again with Allan Bolton as master, she left the
Isle of Wight for New Zealand, arriving at Auckland on 25 October,
giving a voyage of about 3 months, similar to the Boyketts' trip.
Another trip to New Zealand followed in 1856, then she appears to have
been used for carrying cargo. On about 16 March, 1857, on a run
from Batavia (Jakarta) to Singapore, she struck a reef in the Java Sea
off the coast of
Borneo, and sank so quickly that the captain and crew barely had time
to take to the boats. All 22 of them, in three open boats,
reached Batavia on 21 March. (Repor
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The name hog deer arises from its habit of crushing through the under growth with its head down like a wild pig or running through the forest with its head held low rather than leaping over obstacles like other deers. It is also known by Nep
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The name hog deer arises from its habit of crushing through the under growth with its head down like a wild pig or running through the forest with its head held low rather than leaping over obstacles like other deers. It is also known by Nepali name’ Laguna’.
Hog deer is in cool rest under the bushes in Bardia National Park.
Hog deer is a small, low, heavily built and compact animal, which reaches a shoulder height approximately 60-75 cm (2-2.5 ft), Counted amongest the smallest deer of the world, it weights somewhere between 36-50 kg ( 79-110 lb). Where as the body length ranges between 105-115 cm ( 3.5-3.8 ft) and tail length is 20 cm (8 inch). The coat is an ochre-brown colour although adult males generally darken with age. The young are spotted with white freckles and reminiscent faint spots may be visible in the summer coat of adults. There is a darker band running down the spine. Build as a creeper, the hog deer has relatively short legs and a stocky figure which is lower in the front than the back. The face is short and wedge shaped. A male hog deer has beautiful antlers, with three points formation, mounted on short pedicels on the forehead. Shed is spring sea
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This unit provides a flexible investigative structure for the study of selected themes in U.S. history and culture using the American Memory collections and related resources. Core goals are the development of relationships between selected themes and resources, refinement of student skills in interpretation,
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This unit provides a flexible investigative structure for the study of selected themes in U.S. history and culture using the American Memory collections and related resources. Core goals are the development of relationships between selected themes and resources, refinement of student skills in interpretation, analysis, and evaluation of primary sources, and the creation of multimedia projects drawing upon different modes of expression.
Students will be able to:
- demonstrate an understanding of patterns of change and continuity in the history of the United States;
- identify the unique qualities of different types of primary sources;
- interpret, analyze, and evaluate primary and secondary sources related to core historical themes and topics;
- create questions for investigation related to core historical themes and specific time periods;
- develop original conclusions which illustrate connections between core historical themes and topics; and
- refine writing and presentation skills using oral and visual communication tools and techniques.
- Nine weeks
Recommended Grade Level
- Immigration & Ethnic Heritage
- American History
- Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929
- Great Depression and WWII, 1929-1945
William R. Fernekes and Harlene Rosenberg
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The obesity epidemic isn’t just a growing problem in the U.S. One-third of the entire world population is now overweight or obese, regardless of social or economic class, finds new research.
Since 1980, the number of obese or overweight
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The obesity epidemic isn’t just a growing problem in the U.S. One-third of the entire world population is now overweight or obese, regardless of social or economic class, finds new research.
Since 1980, the number of obese or overweight people in the world has steadily climbed from 857 million to a staggering 2.1 billion in 2013.
According to the study, published in the recent issue of the journal The Lancet, “the proportion of men who were overweight or obese rose from 28.8% in 1980 to 36.9% in 2013, while the proportion of women in that category increased from 29.8% to 38% during the same period,” reported the Los Angeles Times.
Tonga, the small Polynesian island, ranked at the top of the list, having the most obese people per capita. Kuwait, Kiribati, the Federated States of Micronesia, Libya, Qatar and Samoa all had obesity rates above 50 percent for women, reports the Times.
The U.S. weighed in with 31.6 percent of men and 33.9 percent of women as obese, and has 13 percent of the world’s total obese individuals—more than any other country.
Researchers all around the world participated in the study, which was funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, compiling the data from 183 countries. “Overweight” was defined as a body mass index of 25 or higher and “obesity” was defined as having a body mass index of at least 30.
Developed countries including the U.S. saw a rise in children from less than 17 percent of both boys and girls overweight or obese in 1980 to more than 22 percent of girls and nearly 24 percent of boys in 2013. In developing countries, the numbers rose from 8.1 percent among girls to 12.9 percent and 8.4 percent in boys up to 13.4 percent.
A 2010 study also published in The Lancet found a connection between 3.4 million deaths around the world and the obesity epidemic.
“A few extra pounds may seem harmless, but their cumulative effect is serious, public health experts say,” reports the Times. “The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention warns that being overweight or obese will increase your risk of such life-threatening conditions as coronary heart disease, Type 2 diabetes, stroke and certain types of cancer, among other problems.”
Find Jill on Twitter @jillettinger
Related on Organic Authority
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Hunting record of endangered Marbled Cat Pardofelis marmorata in the Ziro Valley of Lower Subansiri, Arunachal Pradesh, India
K. Muthamizh Selvan 1, Govind
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Hunting record of endangered Marbled Cat Pardofelis marmorata in the Ziro Valley of Lower Subansiri, Arunachal Pradesh, India
K. Muthamizh Selvan 1, Govindhan Veeraswami Gopi 2, Bilal Habib 3 & Salvador Lyngdoh 4
1,2,3,4 Wildlife Institute of India, Post Box 18, Chandrabani, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001, India
1 [email protected], 2 [email protected] (corresponding author), 3 [email protected], 4 [email protected]
Recently, we photo documented, for the first time, the occurrence of two rare felids, namely, the Marbled Cat Pardofelis marmorata and Asiatic Golden Cat Catopuma temminckii from a protected area in western Arunachal Pradesh (Lyngdoh et al. 2011). The Marbled Cat is distributed across the tropical forests of South East Asia. The Marbled Cat morphologically resembles the Clouded Leopard with a long tail, cloudlike pelage pattern, and elongated canines (Pocock 1932; Sunquist & Sunquist 2002), however, there are considerable differences between the two species in skull morphology and the Marbled Cat along with the Asiatic Golden Cat and bay cats have been reported to have originated from a common lineage of bay cats (Pocock 1932; Johnson et al. 2006). This seemingly miniature version of the Clouded Leopard is mainly found in moist and mixed deciduous-evergreen tropical forest and in hill forests (Nowell & Jackson 1996; Duckwo
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Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: Aboriginal
- First according to historical or scientific records; original; indigenous; primitive. [First attested in the mid 17th century.]
- Living in a land before
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Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: Aboriginal
- First according to historical or scientific records; original; indigenous; primitive. [First attested in the mid 17th century.]
- Living in a land before colonization by the Europeans. [First attested in the late 17th century.]
- Alternative letter-case form of [First attested in the late 18th century.]
- (indigenous to a place): native, indigenous, autochthonous, endemic, original, first, earliest, primitive, ancient, primordial, primeval
living in a land before colonization
aboriginal (plural aboriginals)
- An animal or plant native to a region. [First attested in the mid 18th century.]
(Can we date this quote?), Charles Darwin, (Please provide the book title or journal name):
- It may well be doubted whether this frog is an aboriginal of these islands.
- Alternative letter-case form of [First attested in the mid 18th century.]
animal or plant native to a region
- The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout#Translations.
Translations to be checked
- Using uncapitalized aboriginal to refer to people or anything associated with people may cause offence.
- In Canada, style manuals recommend against using the noun Aboriginal for a person or people.
- See also the usage notes under Aboriginal.
- “aboriginal” in Lesley Brown, editor-in-chief; William R. Trumble and Angus Stevenson, editors, The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles, 5th edition, Oxford; New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-19-860457-0, page 6.
aboriginal m, f (plural aboriginales)
- Aborigine (original inhabitant of Australia)
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Who Are the Fungi?
Just like the term ambrosia beetles, the term ambrosia fungi does not refer to a monophyletic group of fungi. There are a number of fungal clades that were adopted by the beet
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Who Are the Fungi?
Just like the term ambrosia beetles, the term ambrosia fungi does not refer to a monophyletic group of fungi. There are a number of fungal clades that were adopted by the beetles during the evolution of their xylo-mycetophagy as nutritional symbionts. Most of commonly reported and confirmed nutritional mutualists of ambrosia beetles are polymorphic asexual anamorphs from the genera Ambrosiella, Raffaelea, Ambrosiozyma (strange filamenotus yeasts), and Dryadomyces (polyphyletic, Ophiostomatales and Microascales), occasionally Fusarium (Hypocreales). The most comprehensive phylogeny showing multiple origins of the ambrosia ecology in different fungi is by Sepideh Alamouti et al. (2009).
That is what is known about temperate ambrosia systems. The composition of ambrosia communities in the tropics may be quite different. The first few explorations of tropical ambrosia systems yielded not only the expectable Ambrosiella and Raffaelea, but also highly evolved ambrosial Geosmithia (M. Kolarik, in press.), bunch of unidentifiable Ceratocystis-like strains (Hulcr & Cognato,2010), or even Gondwanamyces (Hulcr et al., 2007).
There are three basic features that define ambrosia fungi:
- there are mechanisms assuring that the fungi remain predominant associates of a given ambrosia beetle, transmitted horizontally between generations in mycangia,
- the fungi are polymorphic, producing filaments in the wood and a yeast-like morphology (or “monilioid” stage) in mycangia, and
- the fungi provide nutrition to the beetles.
There are significant question marks around all these features, especially the first one, since the mechanisms of fungus-beetle specificity are a complete mystery.
Originally it was thought that two other features define an ambrosia fungus – the fact that it is not capable of living independently of the beetles, and that they are asexual anamorphs only. Although majority of the traditionally recognized ambrosia fungi fit these definitions, many significant nutritional symbionts may not (for example, Fusarium or Geosmithia (M. Kolarik, in prep.)).
The yeasts in ambrosia beetle galleries have often been the elephant in the room. Every comprehensive study of the ambrosia fungi community always reports and abundance of yeasts (Ganter, 2006). In my own experience, yeasts are some of the most abundant organisms inside ambrosia beetle mycangia (the pockets used for fungus transport). However, to my knowledge, no study has ever been done on their function in the ambrosia symbiosis. The pattern emerging from many incidental studies suggests, that yeasts are omnipresent in the environment that scolytine beetles create, but any evolutionarily stable feedback from the yeasts to the beetles is hypothetical at best.
There is one exception to the uncertainty about the role of yeasts in ambrosia beetle life history. Non-scolytine ambrosia beetles from the family Lymexylidae, or ship-worm beetles, practice “yeast agriculture”. Just like regular ambrosia beetles, they bore tunnels in dead trees and rely on fungal symbionts for nutrient provisioning, except in the lymexylid symbiosis, the fungal partners are yeasts from the genus Ascoidea.
Alamouti, S.M., Tsui, C.K.M., & Breuil, C. (2009) Multigene phylogeny of filamentous ambrosia fungi associated with ambrosia and bark beetles. Mycological research, 113, 822-835.
Ganter, P.F. (2006). Biodiversity and Ecophysiology of Yeasts. In The Yeast Handbook, pp. 303-370. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg.
Hulcr, J., Kolarik, M., & Kirkendall, L.R. (2007) A new record of fungus-beetle symbiosis in Scolytodes bark beetles (Scolytinae, Curculionidae, Coleoptera). Symbiosis, 43, 151-159.
Hulcr, J. & Cognato, A.I. (2010) Repeated evolution of crop theft in fungus
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