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A right angle is a 90 degree angle that forms where perpendicular 180 degree lines meet or cross. Proving that a polygon such as a square, rectangle or triangle has a right angle requires knowledge of shape properties, lines, sides, congr
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A right angle is a 90 degree angle that forms where perpendicular 180 degree lines meet or cross. Proving that a polygon such as a square, rectangle or triangle has a right angle requires knowledge of shape properties, lines, sides, congruency, symbols and measurement tools. Proving right angles is a geometry technique that can help you solve problems where you have to find the measurement of other angles within a shape.
Find an angle that is labelled 90 degrees. Knowing that a right angle is worth 90 degrees is proof that you have identified a right angle. Look at a diagram of a shape to see if it has an angle with a small square drawn in it. The small square symbolises that an angle is worth 90 degrees, proving a right angle.
Study the types of lines so that you can identify perpendicular lines, which always meet or cross at a right angle. Prove that the angles of squares and rectangles are made by perpendicular lines and that perpendicular lines create right angles. Draw a small square in the angles of squares and rectangles to prove they have four right angles, each worth 90 degrees.
Learn the properties of quadrilaterals as having 360 degrees and that a geometry rule of squares and rectangles is that they have four equal angles. Divide 360 total degrees by four angles in rectangles and squares to prove that each angle is 90 degrees; hence a right angle.
Identify and prove a right angle in an isosceles right triangle by understanding that an isosceles triangle has two legs of the same measurements and a base of a different measurement. The two legs provide the same angle measurement. Find the measurement of one leg as 45 degrees, which means that congruent leg is 45 degrees. Add the leg measurements to get 90 degrees. Subtract 90 degrees from a total of 180 degrees, to prove that the base angle is a 90 degree right angle.
Identify and prove a scalene right angle by adding the two different angle measurements given and subtracting the total from 180 to find a right angle. Scalene triangles have three different angle measurements. Look at a straight leg and the base to see if they connect at a 90 degree angle.
Measure an angle with a protractor to prove that it is a right angle. Place the hole of the protractor, found on the straight edge of the tool, in the centre of the vertex of the right angle in question. Look at the numbers lining the curved edge of the protractor. Prove a right angle by showing that the angle lines up to the 90 degree marking on the protractor.
Things you need
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Statue of Nellie McClung. Nellie Letitia McClung, was a Canadian feminist, politician, author, and social activist. She was a part of the social and moral reform movements prevalent in Western Canada in the early
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Statue of Nellie McClung. Nellie Letitia McClung, was a Canadian feminist, politician, author, and social activist. She was a part of the social and moral reform movements prevalent in Western Canada in the early 1900s. In 1927, McClung and four other women: Henrietta Muir Edwards, Emily Murphy, Louise McKinney and Irene Parlby, who together came to be known as "The Famous Five" launched the "Persons Case," contending that women could be "qualified persons" eligible to sit in the Senate. The Supreme Court of Canada ruled that current law did not recognize them as such. However, the case was won upon appeal to the Judicial Committee of the British Privy Council—the court of last resort for Canada at that time.
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In a first-of-its-kind study, researchers at Columbia University have found a link between exposure to phthalates and depressed thyroid function in young girls.
Phthalates are a class of chemicals known to disrupt the endocrine system and are found
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In a first-of-its-kind study, researchers at Columbia University have found a link between exposure to phthalates and depressed thyroid function in young girls.
Phthalates are a class of chemicals known to disrupt the endocrine system and are found in numerous consumer products, including plastic toys, shampoos and household building materials.
The study is the first to assess the link between phthalate exposure and thyroid function in children over time. Results appear the journal Environment International.
Thyroid problems are more prevalent in women than in men, which may explain the link between phthalate exposure and depressed thyroid function in girls.
Prior studies have found an association between prenatal exposure to phthalates and a risk of lower IQ at age 7, mental and motor development delays in preschool children, and childhood asthma.
“The thyroid acts as the master controller of brain development,” Pam Factor-Litvak, a professor of Epidemiology at the Mailman School, said in a press release. “Thyroid hormones set the schedule, and if the timing is out of synch, there may be later consequences in the brain. The thyroid disruptions we see in this study, although they fall within the normal range, could explain some of the cognitive problems we see in children exposed to phthalates and we are currently investigating that. As we know from lead, even small exposures can make a big difference.”
Researchers at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health measured the levels of five phthalates and two thyroid hormones from 229 women during pregnancy and 229 children at age 3 enrolled in the Mothers and Newborns Study at the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health.
Lower levels of the active thyroid hormone free thyroxin, or FT4, were associated with metabolites of mono-n-butyl phthalate, or MnBP, mono isobutyl phthalate, or MiBP, monobenzyl phthalate, or MBzP, and monoethyl phthalate, or MEP, in girls.
Researchers found that prenatal exposure to phthalates did not significantly affect thyroid function at age 3, but that maternal thyroid function could have played a role since the fetus gets thyroid hormones through the mother.
The study did show prenatal exposure to a metabolite of Di (2- ethylhexyl) phthalate was associated with elevated levels of FT4, a finding they say suggests phthalates affect thyroid function differently depending on age of exposure.
“Going forward, it's important to learn what phthalates do to harm children, as well as the route by which this harm is inflicted
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What exactly does networking mean?
It is an organized way to link contacts together to form a "net" of people who can give you support and information. It is important to contact both people that you already know and those you should know.
Sp
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What exactly does networking mean?
It is an organized way to link contacts together to form a "net" of people who can give you support and information. It is important to contact both people that you already know and those you should know.
Spreading the word that you are looking for work increases your chances of hearing about unadvertised positions.
Ask people for advice, information and referrals.
There is no limit to the number of people you contact — the more the better!
Think about it. As an employer, would you rather go through the entire hiring process, or simply have an applicant recommended to you? You could save time and energy by drawing on contacts for referrals. This same process can be used in your job search.
What can ne
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Recent research has revealed that the most crucial development in a child’s brain takes place in the first three years of its life. As a result, developing country governments have increasingly paid attention to the need for stronger early childhood education.
Studies have shown that
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Recent research has revealed that the most crucial development in a child’s brain takes place in the first three years of its life. As a result, developing country governments have increasingly paid attention to the need for stronger early childhood education.
Studies have shown that the brain’s most vital organizational, as well as social and emotional, development occurs several years before the intervention of most government-run education systems. The potential result: as early as age three, a child that goes without proper stimulation and development in their brain’s architecture could demonstrate limited mental capabilities. Addressing this essential aspect of childhood development has become the focus of governments seeking to serve the future of their countries by investing in the futures of their citizens.
In a new World Bank Studies book, economists David Evans and Katrina Kosec uncover the big decisions policymakers in Brazil must make to develop an effective early childhood education initiative in the country. The book, “Early Child Education: Making Programs Work for Brazil’s Most Important Generation,” lays out the most cost-effective policy options with the highest potential that changemakers in Brazil could adopt.
“This volume brings together all available evidence on the returns to early child education in Brazil, both in terms of access and quality,” said Evans, an economist at the World Bank.
Added Kosec, a post-doctoral fellow at IFPRI: “We highlight not only the importance of early child education, but also the importance of making sure that it is high-quality in the dimensions that matter, and targeted at the right set of children.”
Based on the research highlighted in the book, Evans and Kosec recommend that the Brazilian government targets the most vulnerable children—those who are poor and live in rural areas. In the book, they write that poorer and less-educated families tend to provide their children with less cognitive stimulation than their wealthy counterparts. Rural families struggling with poverty also tend to lack access to proper educational facilities for their young because they either cannot afford the schooling or it simply does not exist. In contrast, the majority of wealthier families can afford access to private institutions to educate their 0-3 year olds. “The gap in access between rich and poor and across parts of Brazil is enormous,” Evans said.
In 2009, policymakers in Brazil ratified a Constitutional amendment that reduced the mandatory school age to four years old. Since then, policymakers have sought to determine the best tools they could adopt to achieve universal early childhood education by 2016. With this goal—and the need to expand access to daycare—Evans said that “this book explores how to prioritize beneficiaries, alternative forms of financing, and the political economy behind quality early child education for the most vulnerable children.”
Adds Kosec: “Public investment must be strategic and creative. Scarce funds should go into instructing teachers about the best activities for cognitive stimulation, and targeting public spaces at poor and underprivileged children, who stand to benefit the most.”
The scope of the book is laid out in the latest World Bank Quarterly Knowledge Report by Brazil’s Economic team. (See page 13-15).
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Over time, you store plenty of data on your computers. If you wish to sell them, you should never sell them as such. There are dangers of data theft and misuse. At least, you will have people know about you and your secrets
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Over time, you store plenty of data on your computers. If you wish to sell them, you should never sell them as such. There are dangers of data theft and misuse. At least, you will have people know about you and your secrets. At most, you may land up in jail because someone used your identity based on the data you left back on your computer hard drive. But you did delete all the data on the hard drive before selling off your old computer, or before donating it to a charity, right?! So how can anyone steal data that does not exist?
Dispose Of Old Computers Securely
If you decide to throw away, get rid of, donate, sell or dispose of your old computer, laptop or any device, you need to follow a few guidelines for keeping your identity and your data safe. In this article, we will talk about how to recycle or dispose of old computers, laptops or other computing devices.
Delete Command Will Not Help
Data deleted using the Windows delete option is not data deleted in real. Neither does the DOS nor Powershell “Delete” command, or “Erase” command can remove data from your hard disk. Windows maintains a log file (file system) to know where it stored a particular file. This file was called FAT in MS-DOS, FAT32 up till Windows XP and from XP onwards, it is called NTFS. Whatever operating system you use, it uses a filing system – that allows it to check out where a particular file is stored – when you initiate an open or write operation. The same file is consulted before storing a new file or when the material is added to an existing file. When you initiate a write or save operation, Windows checks the file system for free space (kind of – what is the address of next available free sector on what track of which disk)!
When
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Summer begins to wind down during the month of August. Head outdoors to hear the music of the katydids, animals preparing for upcoming cooler weather, and view nature in the parks.
Here are some things to look and listen for during the month
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Summer begins to wind down during the month of August. Head outdoors to hear the music of the katydids, animals preparing for upcoming cooler weather, and view nature in the parks.
Here are some things to look and listen for during the month:
- Royal terns will be feeding and flying about Sandy Hook Bay. See if you can get a glimpse of them at Bayshore Waterfront Park, Port Monmouth.
- Many transient fish that arrive following the Gulf Stream enter our bay waters that are between 74-78°F (ex. butterfly fish, bigeyes, or angel fish).
- Katydids are in full chorus. Enjoy their summer music while camping at Turkey Swamp Park, Freehold.
- Tent caterpillar eggs are deposited as globs on cherry twigs. They will survive in an antifreeze solution of sweet glycerol.
- Look for praying mantis around your home; they eat flies, bees, wasps, and caterpillars.
- Chipmunks hoarding food for winter. Some have observed up to 31 large corn kernels or 60-70 sunflower seeds in a chipmunks cheek pouches.
- Tupelos and red maples turn red.
- Rose mallow
- Sweet pepperbush
During this month:
- Bird and hawk migration begins. Birds prepare to migrate south to Florida and the Golf Coast.
- This is the time of greatest bird abundance as this year's fledging are added to the adults, before the losses of migration.
- Bats return to their wintering caves/mines during the fourth week.
- Normally considered a dry month, August is when droughts are most likely to occur.
- Seawater is warm enough in southern New England to support hurricanes.
January | February | March | April | May | June | July | August | September | October | November | December
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Growing Green: Stinging Insects Put a Damper on Summer Fun
While enjoying these glory days of summer, keep an eye out for one of the season’s most notorious party crashers – stinging wasps and bees. These insects build
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Growing Green: Stinging Insects Put a Damper on Summer Fun
While enjoying these glory days of summer, keep an eye out for one of the season’s most notorious party crashers – stinging wasps and bees. These insects build nests underground, in trees, shrubs, overhangs, eaves, utility poles, tires, houses, sheds and other structures. People often mistakenly call all stinging insects “bees”, however, wasps and bees look and behave differently. It is important to distinguish between these insects because different methods may be necessary to control them if they become a nuisance.
Wasps have a slender body with a narrow waist, and appear smoothed-skinned and shiny. Yellowjackets, baldfaced hornets, and paper wasps are the most common types seen in Minnesota. In contrast, bees are full-bodied and very hairy.
Wasps and bees sting to defend themselves.Wasps and bumblebees can sting more than once because they are able to pull out their stinger without injury to themselves. Honey bees have barbs on their stinger which remain hooked in the skin. The stinger is torn out of the abdomen as the bee attempts to fly away. As a result, the bee soon dies. If you are stung by a honey bee, scratch out the stinger with a credit card or your fingernail as soon as possible. Do not try to pull out the stinger between two fingers. Doing so only forces more venom into your skin, causing greater irritation.
The best time of the day to control wasp nests is at night, when they are less active. Wasps have difficulty flying at temperatures below 50° F. If you see a wasp nest, but it doesn’t interfere with your ac
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Grade exam resource
This product is a useful resource for graded music exams. Select a grade to view the full list of syllabus-supporting resources.
|Trinity College London Singing 2013-2017||5||6||7
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Grade exam resource
This product is a useful resource for graded music exams. Select a grade to view the full list of syllabus-supporting resources.
|Trinity College London Singing 2013-2017||5||6||7||8|
The Language of Folk: Grades 5 to 8 offers a wealth of folk repertoire from around the British Isles and further afield, carefully selected and arranged to develop the key skills and vocal styles integral to folk song. Produced in association with The Sage Gateshead and its nationally renowned folk music programme, these books provide a wealth of material both for established folk singers and those new to the world of folk.
16 varied folk songs, progressing from Grade 5 to Grade 8
Includes both unaccompanied songs and songs arranged with piano accompaniment
Informative contextual notes and practice tips for every song
Chord names provided for all songs, offering performers the freedom to add their own accompaniment
Helpful introduction to the folk song genre, including a beginner’s guide to ornamentation
CD with authentic performances of every song by young folk singers, along with backing tracks for the accompanied pieces
Complete lyric sheets available as PDFs to print on the CD
All unaccompanied songs feature on the current Trinity singing syllabus (‘Technical Work’ section).
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It's been thought of, by many prior to the 20th century, including Jules Verne. But it hasn't actually been invented yet, as we currently envision "spaceships". What we have now are "capsules" such
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It's been thought of, by many prior to the 20th century, including Jules Verne. But it hasn't actually been invented yet, as we currently envision "spaceships". What we have now are "capsules" such as Apollo, Soyuz, the Space Shuttle, and whatever the Chinese call their crewed vehicles. These "spacecraft" require monster rockets to put them into low Earth orbit, an orbit that can be ended by retro-rockets, but not modified by more than a few degrees. The Buck Rogers/Star Wars types of "spaceships" that can turn on a dime, go from one star system to the next, and seemingly never use or require fuel, have not yet been invented.
The Soviet Union created the first "capsule" that was placed into space with a person in it, but it wasn't exactly a "spaceship".
Even my "Discovery" was not a real "spaceship" because it was incapable of massive redirection of its trajectory without the use of a near pass with a planet. Fuel was definitely an issue. Our little "pods" were more like spaceships but fuel was definitely a serious factor in how long they could "fly" before they had to come back in for refueling.
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What does utopia look like for mice? According to a researcher who did most of his work in the 1950s through1970s, it might include limitless food (of course!), multiple levels and secluded little rodent condos. These
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What does utopia look like for mice? According to a researcher who did most of his work in the 1950s through1970s, it might include limitless food (of course!), multiple levels and secluded little rodent condos. These were all part of John Calhoun’s experiments to study the effects of population density on behavior. But what looked like rat utopias and mouse paradises at first quickly spiraled into out-of-control overcrowding, eventual population collapse and seemingly sinister behavior patterns.
The mice were not nice.
For io9, Esther Inglis-Arkell writes about Calhoun’s twenty-fifth habitat and the experiment that followed:
At the peak population, most mice spent every living second in the company of hundreds of other mice. They gathered in the main squares, waiting to be fed and occasionally attacking each other. Few females carried pregnancies to term, and the ones that did seemed to simply forget about their babies. They'd move half their litter away from danger and forget the rest. Sometimes they'd drop and abandon a baby while they were carrying it.
The few secluded spaces housed a population Calhoun called, "the beautiful ones." Generally guarded by one male, the females—and few males—inside the space didn't breed or fight or do anything but eat and groom and sleep. When the population started declining the beautiful ones were spared from violence and death, but had completely lost touch with social behaviors, including having sex or caring for their young.
Calhoun’s experiments, which started with rats an outdoor pen and moved on to mice at the National Institute of Mental Health during the early 1960s, were interpreted at the time as evidence of what could happen in an overpopulated world. The unusual behaviors he observed he dubbed "behavioral sinks."
After Calhoun wrote about his findings in a 1962 issue of Scientific American, that term caught on in popular culture, according to a paper published in the Journal of Social History. The work tapped into the era’s feeling of dread that crowded urban areas heralded the risk of moral decay — and events like the murder of Kitty Genovese (though it was misreported) only served to intensify the worry. A host of science fiction works — books like Soylent Green, comics like 2000AD — played on Calhoun’s ideas and those of his contemporaries. The work also inspired the 1971 children’s book Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH, which was also made into a 1982 film The Secret of NIMH, notes the National Institutes of Health.
Now, interpretations of Calhoun’s work has changed. Inglis-Arkell explains that the habitats he created weren’t really overcrowded, but that isolation enabled aggressive mice to stake out territory and isolate the beautiful ones. She writes, "Instead of a population problem, one could argue that Universe 25 had a fair distribution problem."
But we can take comfort in the face that humans are not mice. The NIH Record spoke to medical historian Edmund Ramsden about Calhoun’s work:
Ultimately, “[r]ats may suffer from crowding; human beings can cope," Ramdsen says. "Calhoun’s research was seen not only as questionable, but also as dangerous.” Another researcher, Jonathan Freedman, turned to studying actual people — they were just high school and university students, but definitely human. His work suggested a different interpretation. Moral decay could arise “not from density, but from excessive social interaction,” Ramsden says. “Not all of Calhoun’s rats had gone berserk. Those who managed to control space led relatively normal lives.”
Calhoun’s work didn’t give us answers, but it is rare that any single study or series of studies can draw definite conclusions. Instead we have ideas and some strange footage of old experiments about mouse utopias:
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Ready to Read–Some Ideas 🙂
By: Angela Gerber
Library Media Specialist
Mark Twain Elementary
As a library media specialist, I thought I could give a different, yet appropriate perspective on the types of programming that would be effective
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Ready to Read–Some Ideas 🙂
By: Angela Gerber
Library Media Specialist
Mark Twain Elementary
As a library media specialist, I thought I could give a different, yet appropriate perspective on the types of programming that would be effective for small public libraries for READY TO READ. My library serves a school of 400 students–120 of which are pre-K and kindergarten. Mark Twain Elementary School in Tulsa, Oklahoma ( I used to teach-be a librarian in Ohio several years ago) also has 2 headstart classes. So here’s my take on what small public libraries can learn from teachers that are also librarians…
Before I get ahead of myself, lets review what the Ohio READY TO READ program is for those that do not know or who want to know more.
Thousands of kindergarteners in Ohio have been going to school wholly unprepared to learn what is expected of them. Studies have shown that reading to/with a child at an early age will help them succeed. The Ohio Library Council and the State Library of Ohio have paired up to provided training for librarians to adress the literacy needs of young readers and to help their parents to develop the skills they need to read and learn. Preschool children need to learn the 6 literacy skills (incorporated into storytime) which are:
Print Motivation—interest & enjoyment of books
Phonological Awareness–ability to hear & play with smaller sounds in words
Volcabulary–knowing the names of things
Print Awareness—noticing print, handling a book, and following the words on a page
Narrative Skills—describe things & events to tell stories
Letter Knowledge—learn to nam
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I had this one project where the device was supposed to speak out the
output. And I was too Lazy to actually go and build a PC based application and not that lazy to make it on a micro controller. So here is some of my
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I had this one project where the device was supposed to speak out the
output. And I was too Lazy to actually go and build a PC based application and not that lazy to make it on a micro controller. So here is some of my research where i am gonna show you how to do speech synthesis for your Embedded Project.
Why I am Implementing it on a Microcontroller?
-Its Easy ( Yes! Once you Port it on your platform, it is)
Step 1: Things you need to gather
What do we need here.
-A Micro controller with PWM generation possible and lots of memory ( We are using Atmega128)
-A low power Speaker (8 Ohm one will match the impedence)
=A low pass filter adjusted on 8Khz Band.
-A display maybe, if you need it for debugging.
-Supply for your controller
Step 2: Overview of its Working
here is one Warning before implementing this project. This will eat up lots of memory from your Micro controller so if you need larger syntax’s as speeches. Buy a micro controller with larger memories or interface external memories as even smaller words takes KB’s of memory
okay, now let me give you an overview of this. What we are gonna do here is we will take some Voice files, store into our Micro controllers and then put it out on a speaker. Simple right? well it is’nt took me days to implement this.
The audio files are sampled into 8bits of values and are Put out throu
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Cracking the SAT
How to Crack the Math Section
While high school geometry can be amazingly complex and involve numerous proofs and theorems, SAT geometry is limited to testing a few basic rules. In fact, many of the rules the SAT
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Cracking the SAT
How to Crack the Math Section
While high school geometry can be amazingly complex and involve numerous proofs and theorems, SAT geometry is limited to testing a few basic rules. In fact, many of the rules the SAT tests are ones you learned in middle school. The SAT even provides you with most of the formulas you need at the beginning of each Math section. In this chapter you will learn how to apply these rules and formulas to the questions in the test. You will also learn that harder questions don’t test harder geometry; rather these questions simply are tricker or involve more steps.
SAT GEOMETRY: CRACKING THE SYSTEM
About a third of the math problems on the SAT will involve geometry. Fortunately, you won’t have to prove theorems or memorize tons of terms and formulas. That’s right, most of the geometric formulas you’ll need are on the first page of each Math section on the test, in the box entitled, “Reference Information.”
ETS Tries to Be Helpful
Not only do you not need any advanced geometric knowledge, but ETS helps you by giving you some basic geometric formulas in the front of each Math section.
Why would ETS give you all these geometric formulas? Because the SAT is not a geometry test like the ones you might see in school. ETS doesn’t care about proofs because it doesn’t want to spend the time and money to grade proofs. You need to know some rules of geometry, but not the way you do in a real geometry class.
Don’t be afraid to look back to grab a formula that you need!
The Princeton Review Way
The key to cracking SAT geometry is to gather all the available information in the problem. The best way to do that is to follow these simple steps:
1. Know the rules! The SAT doesn’t require any advanced geometric knowledge, but you will have to know the basics backward and forward.
2. Fill in the missing info. SAT geometry problems almost always leave out important information. Fill it in! Don’t forget to draw any missing pictures.
3. Write down any formulas required. All the area and volume formulas that you need will be provided. Write ’em down and fill in the values that you know.
4. Solve for any missing info. After you fill in the formula, solve.
Some problems won’t require you to work through all the steps. For easier geometry problems, you might need only steps 1 and 2. For harder problems, you may need all four steps. Either way, get in the habit of looking for missing information and filling it into the diagram.
Let’s get started with step 1: learning the basic rules.
BASIC PRINCIPLES: FUNDAMENTALS OF SAT GEOMETRY
The SAT doesn’t test any really difficult geometry, but you will need a thorough knowledge of several fundamental rules. You will use these fundamentals in applying the techniques that we will teach you later in the chapter. You don’t need to linger over these rules if you have already mastered them. But be sure you understand them completely before you move on. Some of these rules will be provided in the instructions on your SAT, but you should know them before you go to the test center. Consulting the instructions as you work is a waste of time. (On the other hand, if the Pythagorean theorem suddenly vaporizes from your brain while you are taking the test, don’t hesitate to peek back at the instructions.)
We divide SAT geometry into five basic topics:
· Degrees and angles
· Rectangles and squares
· Odds and ends
Degrees and Angles
1. A circle contains 360 degrees.
Every circle contains 360 degrees. Each degree is of the total distance around the outside of the circle. It doesn’t matter whether the circle is large or small; it still has exactly 360 degrees.
2. When you think about angles, remember circles.
An angle is formed when two line segments extend from a common point. If you think of the point as the center of a circle, the measure of the angle is the number of degrees enclosed by the lines when they pass through the edge of the circle. Once again, the size of the circle doesn’t matter; neither does the length of the lines.
Please refer to the figure on the next page for clarification.
3. A line is a 180-degree angle.
You probably don’t think of a line as an angle, but it is one.
Think of it as a flat angle. The following drawings should help:
4. When two lines intersect, four angles are formed.
The following diagram should make this clear. The four angles are indicated by letters.
5. When two lines intersect, the angles opposite each other will have the same measures.
Such angles are called vertical angles. In the following diagram, angles a and c are equal; so are angles b and d.
a + b + c + d = 360°
a = c, b = d
The measures of these four angles add up to 360 degrees. (Remember
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The cognitive revolution (or better, information processing revolution) rejected the idea that behavior could be understood without reference to a contribution from the mind/brain. Through decades of experimentation and theory development, we have come to appreciate that the mind/brain works
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The cognitive revolution (or better, information processing revolution) rejected the idea that behavior could be understood without reference to a contribution from the mind/brain. Through decades of experimentation and theory development, we have come to appreciate that the mind/brain works by computing (or better, transforming) information available in the environment (or stored in the mind/brain itself) as a means to control behavior. Call this the computational theory of mind. Models in this framework often abstract away from particular instances (tasks, experiences, actions) and develop abstract models of how the brain computes (transforms information). These often use mathematical symbols or other representational notation.
Radical embodied cognition rails against this view and makes arguments along these lines:
Computational/symbolic/mathematical models are descriptions of some phenomenon. For example, a falling apple doesn't actually compute the gravitational force as understood mathematically. The mind is the same. Just because you can describe, say, aspects of movement according to Fitt's law doesn't mean the brain actually computes the formula. And by generalization, just because we can describe lots of mental functions using computational/symbolic/mathematical models doesn't mean the brain computes or processes symbols. Therefore, the mind doesn't compute; computational models are barking up the wrong tree; we need a new paradigm.
Putting aside debates about what counts as computation, here's why these sorts of arguments don't change the computational cognitive scientist's research program one bit.
Falling apples don't compute, but an abstract mathematical description of the force behind the behavior led to great scientific progress. It is the abstract mathematical descriptions that has pushed physics to such heights of understanding. If physicists rejected their theories just because apples don't compute, we probably would be too busy tending the farm to debate this silliness. Therefore, modeling cognition using abstract computational systems can (has!) lead (led!) to great scientific progress. Even if the mind isn't literally crunching X's and Y's, there is great value in modeling it this way.
No computational cognitive scientist (that I know) actually believes the mind works precisely, literally as their models hold. Chomskians don't believe neuroscientists will find linguistic tree structures lurking in dendritic branching patterns nor do Bayesians expect to find P(A|B) spelled out by collections of neurons doing Y-M-C-A dance moves. Rather, we understand that these ideas have to be implemented by massive, complex neural networks structured into a hierarchy of architectural arrangements bathed in a sea of chemical neuromodulators and modified according principles such as spike-timing-dependent plasticity. No one (that I know) is foolhardy enough to believe that the relation between our computational models and neural implementation is literal, transparent, or simple. In short, computational cognitive scientists use their models in exactly the same way physicists use math. To reject this approach because mathematical symbols aren't literally lurking in the brain is foolish.
Cognitive neuroscientists, also disparaged by the embodieds, are working on the linking theories, asking how tree structures or prior probabilities might be implemented in neural networks. Not surprisingly, the neural implementation models don't literally contain symbols. Instead they contain units (e.g., neurons) arranged into architectures, with particular connection patterns, nested oscillators, modulators, and so on, and often modeled after real brain circuits as best we understand them. We are doing well enough at neurocomputational modeling to simulate all kinds of complex behaviors.
I respect that radical embodieds want to see how much constraint on cognitive systems the environment and the body can provide and that they want a more realistic idea of how the mind physically works (in which case I suggest st
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Build a Mini Van de Graaff Generator - Individual Kit
By: The Flinn Staff
Item #: AP7277
Build a Mini Van de Graaff Generator for physical science and physics offers a hair-raising experience that most never forget.
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Build a Mini Van de Graaff Generator - Individual Kit
By: The Flinn Staff
Item #: AP7277
Build a Mini Van de Graaff Generator for physical science and physics offers a hair-raising experience that most never forget. Building a mini Van de Graaff is a memorable event that increases understanding of the physics involved.
The Van de Graaff generator offers a hair-raising experience that most students never forget! Having students physically build a mini Van de Graaff generator will be an even more memorable event that will give them a better understanding of the physics concepts involved in this device. The mini Van de Graaff generator stands about 18 cm tall and will generate enough charge to make the hair on a piece of animal fur stand up! As the static charge on the generator increases, various materials such as small paper pieces and tinsel can also be sent flying off its dome. A very small shock may even be felt when a fingertip is brought near the generator.
Student kit comes complete with all the necessary materials to construct one mini Van de Graaff generator. The classroom set contains enough materials to construct eight mini Van de Graaff generators. Each kit includes detailed instructions, teacher notes, and student activity sheets. A 3-volt power supply is needed but not included.
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[BiO BB] Database schema
junding at yahoo.com
Mon Feb 24 13:32:24 EST 2003
I'm a database expert, but I'm confused by the term
"schema". The schema in
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[BiO BB] Database schema
junding at yahoo.com
Mon Feb 24 13:32:24 EST 2003
I'm a database expert, but I'm confused by the term
"schema". The schema in database usually mean general
database struction. Like in Oracle, schema is like:
This term also used to refer the relational database
design structure of an application database in IT
area(Which is tables and the relationships between
them). Like the Oracle's HR application database
example, you may have at least two tables: employee
and department, with the following relationship: one
employee must work in one and only one department, one
department may have one or more employees. And each
table have some attributes(columns), like in employee
table, there are employee number, employee name,
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Born: c. 470 AD
Died: c. 540 AD
Location of death: Rome, Italy
Cause of death: unspecified
Religion: Roman Catholic
Race or Ethnicity: White
Occupation: Religion,
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Born: c. 470 AD
Died: c. 540 AD
Location of death: Rome, Italy
Cause of death: unspecified
Religion: Roman Catholic
Race or Ethnicity: White
Occupation: Religion, Historian
Nationality: Ancient Rome
Executive summary: 6th century chronologer
Dionysius Exiguus, one of the most learned men of the 6th century, and especially distinguished as a chronologist, was, according to the statement of his friend Cassiodorus, a Scythian by birth, "Scytha natione." This may mean only that he was a native of the region bordering on the Black Sea, and does not necessarily imply that he was not of Greek origin. Such origin is indicated by his name and by his thorough familiarity with the Greek language. His surname "Exiguus" is usually translated "the Little", but he probably assumed it out of humility. He was living at Rome in the first half of the 6th century, and is usually spoken of as abbot of a Roman monastery. Cassiodorus, however, calls him simply "monk", while Bede calls him "abbot." But as it was not unusual to apply the latter term to distinguished monks who were not heads of their houses, it is uncertain whether Dionysius was abbot in fact or only by courtesy. He was in high repute as a learned theologian, was profoundly versed in the Holy Scriptures and in canon law, and was also an accomplished mathematician and astronomer. We owe to him a collection of 401 ecclesiastical canons, including the apostolical canons and the decrees of the councils of Nicaea, Constantinople, Chalcedon and Sardis, and also a collection of the decretals of the popes from Siricius (385) to Anastasius II (498). These collections, which had great authority in the West, were published by Justel in 1628. Dionysius did good service to his contemporaries by his translations of many Greek works into Latin; and by these translations some works, the originals of which have perished, have been handed down to us. His name, however, is now perhaps chiefly remembered for his chronological labors. It was Dionysius who introduced the method of reckoning the Christian era which we now use. His friend Cassiodorus depicts in glowing terms the character of Dionysius as a saintly ascetic, and praises his wisdom and simplicity, his accomplishments and his lowly-mindedness, his power of eloquent speech and his capacity of silence. He died at Rome, some time before AD 550.
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The Grey Falcon, Falco hypoleucos, is a rare medium-sized falcon, one of the enigmatic "?mystery' birds of Australia, neither easily nor predictably seen.
Mainly grey upperparts and white underparts;
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The Grey Falcon, Falco hypoleucos, is a rare medium-sized falcon, one of the enigmatic "?mystery' birds of Australia, neither easily nor predictably seen.
Mainly grey upperparts and white underparts; darker on the tips of the flight feathers; yellow cere. Body length 30-45 cm; wingspan 85-95 cm; weight 350-600 g. Females larger.
Distribution and habitat
The Grey Falcon is an Australian endemic, usually confined to the arid inland. Open country: Triodia grassland, Acacia shrubland, and lightly timbered arid woodland.
It is found at very low densities, numbering only 1,000 breeding pairs, and the population may be stable. Continued high levels of grazing in arid zone rangelands and clearance of the semi-arid zone for marginal farming is degrading habitat.
It is considered to be Near Threatened. Listed on CITES Appendix II.
Grey Falcon are not listed as threatened on the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.
State of Victoria, Australia
- The Grey Falcon is listed as threatened on the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act (1988). Under this Act, an Action Statement for the recovery and future management of this species has been prepared.
- On the 2007 advisory list of threatened vertebrate fauna in Victoria, The Grey Falcon is listed as endangered.
Mainly birds, especially parrots; also small mammals, reptiles and insects.
Nests in trees, utilising stick nests of other species. Clutch size 2-3.
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Firework Designs and How They Work
March 24, 2017
Dazzling, fiery designs are a relatively new phenomenon with firework shows. We used to be captivated by the simplicity and grandiose display of fireworks of
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Firework Designs and How They Work
March 24, 2017
Dazzling, fiery designs are a relatively new phenomenon with firework shows. We used to be captivated by the simplicity and grandiose display of fireworks of the past. As time has gone by, our taste and desires to be awed have evolved as well. Today, awe-inspiring displays are becoming more common in fantastic firework shows, leaving audiences with a sense of childhood wonder.
But how did these intricate designs come to exist and how do they work? Alamo Fireworks will take a closer look at the evolution of these stunning displays.
Before we begin diving into the technicalities of design, we have to know which fireworks we’re working with and how they function.
The designs of today comes down to the construction of the aerial shells, or commonly called artillery shells, we use. The shells, typically spherical in shape, explode symmetrically and utilize pyrotechnic pellets, or exploding stars, to achieve their mesmerizing effect.
The combustible pyrotechnic pellets make up the firework’s dots, which when ignited, jettison into the air and burst into their wondrous display.
For patterned fireworks, the key is in the construction. Cardboard inserted into the shell during its creation allows the exploding stars to be arranged in a pattern that forces the pellets to explode outward in that pattern. Sometimes, manufacturers will use multi-break shells that utilize different compartments inside of the aerial shell. Placed and fused in a specific order, the multi-break shells will explode sequentially to create the recognizable pattern and shapes in the sky.
How did they come to be? Well in truth, no one person is officially recognized as the creator of patterned fireworks. They’re thought to have originated as a joint effort between different firework manufacturers, likely from China–the world’s largest creator and exporter of fiery festivities.
The first and most notable use of patterned pyrotechnics was in the early 1990s to greet Desert Storm troops returning home from their deployment. “The patterns that were used there were purple hearts and yellow bows,” recalled Julie Heckman, executive director of the American Pyrotechnics Association in an interview with Live Science.
Though they seem mysterious and wondrous, patterned fireworks are becoming common themes in today’s mesmerizing shows. As the march of pyrotechnic progress continues, there’s sure to be a flurry of new, dazzling innovations that will improve on the ancient festivity, instilling us with that child sense of wonder they always seem to leave.
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The Human Rights Crisis in Mexico
Dr Par Engstrom
Institute of the Americas, University College London
Remarks prepared for a panel on “The Struggle for a Better Life: A Context for Understanding the Enforced Disappearance of Rural Students
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The Human Rights Crisis in Mexico
Dr Par Engstrom
Institute of the Americas, University College London
Remarks prepared for a panel on “The Struggle for a Better Life: A Context for Understanding the Enforced Disappearance of Rural Students in Guerrero, Mexico”
UCL Institute of the Americas, 15 October 2014
Thank you for the invitation.
I have been asked by the organisers to address the question of whether, and in what ways, the situation in Mexico, as demonstrated by the disappeared students, amounts to a human rights crisis.
Let me start with some caveats however. First, as many of you know, I am not a specialist on Mexican politics. Nor am I an international lawyer. Second, facts are as elusive as ever when it comes to the violence that characterise contemporary Mexico. But from what I can gather from news reporting there appears to be a fundamental agreement around the main facts of the events that are the focus of our discussions this evening.
This being said, I would like to contribute with four points to the conversation.
- Mexico’s human rights crisis
First point: what does Mexico’s human rights crisis consist of? Let me present some headline figures.
In terms of the central topic of today’s event: enforced disappearances, according to Human Rights Watch:
“In February 2013, Human Rights Watch published “Mexico’s Disappeared: The Enduring Cost of a Crisis Ignored,” documenting nearly 250 “disappearances” during the administration of President Felipe Calderón, including 149 cases in which there was compelling evidence of enforced disappearances involving state agents from all branches of the country’s security forces.
Following the report’s release, the Interior Ministry acknowledged the existence of a list, compiled by the previous administration, of over 26,000 people reported disappeared or missing, and promised to examine these cases and clarify the precise scope of the problem.
In May 2014, Interior Minister Osorio Chong said that the number of people missing or disappeared had dropped to 8,000. In June, the then-deputy prosecutor for human rights in the Attorney General’s Office stated that the 8,000 number only included people who had gone missing during the Peña Nieto administration. Later that month, Osorio Chong announced at a news conference that the whereabouts of 16,000 people remained unknown. In August, the government said that the actual number of “people not found” was more than 22,000, including people who had been reported missing during both the Calderón and Peña Nieto presidencies.
The administration reports that the number of people who were reported missing during the Calderón presidency and remain missing has dropped by 17,000 (from 29,000 to 12,000), while the number for those missing since Peña Nieto took office has dropped by 13,000 (from 23,000 to 10,000). Yet the administration has not provided a list either of the people who remain missing or of those who have been found. Instead, it has merely created an online database that allows people to determine the status of specific individuals, but tells them virtually nothing about the cases themselves.”
Second, in terms of torture, Amnesty International reports:
“1. Torture and other ill-treatment is out of control in Mexico – the number of reported complaints in 2013 (1,505) was 600 per cent higher compared to 2003, according to the National Human Rights Commission. Even that increase is probably an underestimate of the true figures.
2. Between 2010 and the end of 2013 the National Human Rights Commission (CNDH) received more than 7,000 complaints for torture and other ill-treatment. The CNDH has seen a recent reported drop in complaints in 2014, but rates are still far higher than a decade ago.
3. Fear of torture is widespread. 64 per cent of Mexicans are scared of being tortured if taken into custody, according to a recent survey commissioned by Amnesty International.
4. Reports of torture and other ill-treatment increased as violence spiralled in Mexico after 2006, as a result of the government’s “war on drugs”.
5. Impunity for those who torture is rife. According to the Federal Judicial Council, federal courts dealt with 123 prosecutions for torture between 2005 and 2013; just seven resulted in convictions under the federal law.”
Now, behind these numbers and statistics are people as victims, perpetrators, and bystanders – and many located somewhere in between these sometimes misleading categories.
It is in this sense that Mexico could be considered to be in a human rights crisis, and has been for some time in the context of its very own “war on drugs”. And, please note that I have not even referred to the many other challenges facing Mexican society that could be characterised as human rights challenges, from entrenched socio-economic inequalities to gender violence, through to discrimination of indigenous communities, to name a few.
So what does Mexico’s human rights crisis consist of then? Put simply, as a definitional matter a crisis has at least two meanings:
First, “a time of intense difficulty or danger”, which we can perhaps all agree that Mexican society is facing, although it is important to highlight that this ‘danger’ is not evenly distributed across the count
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ARTIFICIAL crystals based on an alternative chemistry of DNA-bonded nanoparticles, rather than chemically bonded atoms, can now be created on demand.
In nature, the sizes and properties of the atoms that make up a crystal – a regular array
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ARTIFICIAL crystals based on an alternative chemistry of DNA-bonded nanoparticles, rather than chemically bonded atoms, can now be created on demand.
In nature, the sizes and properties of the atoms that make up a crystal – a regular array of bonded atoms – determine its structure. That’s why each sodium atom in sodium chloride is surrounded by six chlorines and vice versa, whereas in gallium arsenide, each atom has only four nearest neighbours.
To create crystal structures that do not depend on the size and nature of the component atoms, Chad Mirkin of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, and colleagues used gold nanoparticles instead of atoms. To these, they attached dozens of DNA molecules that stuck out like hairs. Their ends were single-stranded DNA and so could form a bond to a complementary section of DNA attached to another gold particle. As more connections developed, a crystal formed.
The researchers then devised rules relating the structure of the resulting crystals to factors that are independent of the composition of the particles, such as the overall size of the nanoparticle, including its DNA coating. This size can be tailored by using either different lengths of DNA or different-sized nanoparticles (Science, DOI: 10.1126/science.1210493).
The rules could lead to artificial crystals with combinations of properties that would never arise in nature. These might have novel applications, says Mirkin, such as improving solar cell efficiency.
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Digital rights entitled to European citizens are at a constant risk. Information technology is growing at an unprecedented pace. Now more than ever are people’s daily lives entwined with this technology. Privacy is a relic of the past. Personal information is available
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Digital rights entitled to European citizens are at a constant risk. Information technology is growing at an unprecedented pace. Now more than ever are people’s daily lives entwined with this technology. Privacy is a relic of the past. Personal information is available in databases collected by corporate entities for profit. Intellectual property in digital format is easily obtained and misused. There is a rise in the need for regulation of the usage of electronic data. Bureaucrats can not foresee what legislation is necessary to ensure future protection. The advancement of technology is out-pacing these policy makers. Any misguided attempt to regulate said advancements would be detrimental to European citizens.
The rights of creators and businesses alike need protection. To protect these rights, IP and Copyright laws are amendable. These rights change according to how new technology integrates into aspects of society. As technology creates new ways for sharing information, new legislation will follow. Legislation that is passed as protection for a liberty that yesterday did not exist. Such new laws create rights for digital privacy and intellectual property. They attempt to prevent the abuse of information. Other policies put forth, are set as a guide for future legislation to follow. It is an attempt to protect digital rights that are not yet known, relative to what citizens are entitled to today.
European Parliament created a plan to protect digital properties with the Copyright Directive (Directive 2001/29/EC, also known as the Information Society Directive). The directive’s purpose is to harmonize information laws among all EU member states. It has since been up to individual states to install the directive into their current law. The homogenization of European Copyright laws makes it easier to understand intellectual ownership. The rights for individual EU states are more in line with each other, in turn protecting all involved parties from potential abuse.
Copyright legislation between individual European Union member states is similar for a reason. Directives issued for members to follow make them not only alike to each other. EU countries are part of 189 member states in the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Most countries that are part of WIPO have adopted the WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT). This treaty ensures more protections for copyright, necessary due to advancements in information technology. Thus European Parliament issued the directives currently in place today. They are as a means to assimilate Copyright laws within Europe, and for Copyright laws to be in tune with the rest of the world. Making laws more similar globally allows information sharing with fewer obstacles. Information shared in a local circle can be as easily seen globally. Using services via the Internet often requires users to provide personal information, especially in cases of Internet banking, shopping, social media, etc. The personal information collected by these entities should not be misused for purposes of crime or profit.
A growing majority of EU citizens are connected to each other and the world via the Internet. Never before seen has there been this vast amount of collecting and exchanging personal information. Entities collecting this data are prone to misuse it for financial and criminal gains. However, there are organizations advocating the regulation and protection of such information use. European Digital Rights (EDRi) is a nonprofit organization, made up of a collective of 27 civil rights organizations across E
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Massimo Banzi shows how the Third Industrial Evolution is inspiring imagination in this Open Source Keynote. Banzi is the co-founder of Arduino, an affordable open-source microcontrollers that is used around the world for interactive projects. The tool is used
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Massimo Banzi shows how the Third Industrial Evolution is inspiring imagination in this Open Source Keynote. Banzi is the co-founder of Arduino, an affordable open-source microcontrollers that is used around the world for interactive projects. The tool is used for a variety of projects from art installations to satellite gear to toys, and can be picked up by anyone. The open source hardware and maker movement are thriving due to their openness.
The world is seeing a turbocharged DIY community who believe in c
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The long, narrow bay of Taipivai, Nuku Hiva; the place that inspired Herman Melville to write his famous novel, “Taipi”. The word “taipivai” literally means “water full of sea”
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The long, narrow bay of Taipivai, Nuku Hiva; the place that inspired Herman Melville to write his famous novel, “Taipi”. The word “taipivai” literally means “water full of sea” (tai=ocean; pi=full; vai=fresh water), describing what happens when the tide comes in and the ocean floods into the lower portion of the river, creating a semi-salty home for a variety of fish and plants.
Te ka’avai o Taipivai–the valley written about by Herman Melville in his book, Taipi. 2011.
A giant tohua, or ceremonial dance platform, that was restored for a Marquesan festival in 2011 has now become a tourist attraction in the valley of Taipivai, Nuku Hiva. Beautifully restored with reconstructed platforms, new locally carved stone tikis and traditional homes, the site stands as testament to the Marquesan cultural renaissance.
See more photos here.
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Snapping shots of fireworks can be challenging, but it's not impossible! Check out these tips from the National Geographic photo team to help you best capture the lights in the night sky.
Photograph by Peregrine Falcon, NG Kids My Shot
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Snapping shots of fireworks can be challenging, but it's not impossible! Check out these tips from the National Geographic photo team to help you best capture the lights in the night sky.
Photograph by Peregrine Falcon, NG Kids My Shot
Turn off your flash and set your camera to manual mode. This allows you to control the exposure and aperture yourself. A good starting place for your settings is ISO 100, f/11, at 1/2 second. If the photos are looking too dark, change the shutter speed while keeping the aperture the same.
Arrive early to scout out your location and choose the best place to set up. Before the show begins, think about all the elements of the scene and how you might want to include them in your pictures. Manually set the focus before it gets dark. Focus on an area of sky where the fireworks will be, or on an object the same distance away. Once the fireworks start, you’ll be ready to start shooting.
Photograph by melqwe, NG Kids My Shot
Photograph by KateBith, NG Kids My Shot
Use a Tripod
The long exposures required for firework photography mean slow shutter speeds. Keep your camera motionless by using a sturdy tripod and a shutter release cord. When shooting a scene that includes not just the sky but also other things like a cityscape, keeping the horizon line straight is particularly important. Make sure your camera is level on the tripod.
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image: an 18th-century French knotting shuttle with case [credit: AnticStore]
"[Knotting] is so little used that a description seems almost unnecessary." --Florence Hartley, The ladies' hand book of fancy
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image: an 18th-century French knotting shuttle with case [credit: AnticStore]
"[Knotting] is so little used that a description seems almost unnecessary." --Florence Hartley, The ladies' hand book of fancy and ornamental work, 1859
By the time that Florence Hartley wrote these words, the practice of knotting--or creating a string of ornamental knots using a shuttle--had fallen so far out of use that it was only worth three sentences in a book otherwise stuffed with descriptions, patterns, and step by step diagrams of all sorts of ornamental needlework. Yet knotting was once a staple of ornamental needlework practiced by upper class women, who would spend hours creating delicate knots with their beautifully adorned shuttles.
Knotting was done through the use of a knotting shuttle, which allowed the user to wind thread which could be gradually turned into long strings of decorative knots. Most women would keep drawstring bags on their wrists so that the strings could be pushed inside as they knotted. After they were finished, the knotted strings were then couched or sewn onto dresses, linen, chair backings, and other types of fabric material. Knotting shuttles for upper class women were typically made from high end materials, including porcelain, ivory, tortoiseshell, or even gold, while shuttles for lower classes were more often made of bone.
The easy nature of knotting made it something women, once well-practiced, could keep themselves occupied with while barely needing to look at their hands. Knotting could be done during long coach rides, while sitting in drawing rooms and salons, while sitting in the theater, and any number of occasions. The practice was so popular with Queen Mary of England during her downtime that that Sir Charles Sedley made a ditty of it: ‘For here’s a Queen now thanks to God!/Who when she rides in coach abroad/Is always knotting threads.’
The widespread popularity of knotting in the 17th and 18th century made it a popular subject in women's portraiture of the period. I've compiled ten of the many portraits from this period showcasing women using knotting shuttles, which I've shared below. (You can find many more portraits online--a great number of hem are mislabeled as women with tatting shuttles; however, tatting did not develop until the 19th century and the shuttles featured in these 18th century portraits are all designed for knotting.)
A portrait of Mme Georges Gougenot de Croissy by Jean-Baptiste Greuze, 1757
A portrait of Marie Antoinette of Austria by Jean-Etienne Liotard, 1762
A portrait of Princess Charlotte of Hesse-Philippsthal or Maria Anna Sophia of Saxony from the workshop of Georg Desmarées, circa 1764.
A portrait of Maria Kunigunde of Saxony by Pietro Rotari, circa 1755
A portrait of Madame Adelaide de France by Jean-Marc Nattier, 1756.
A portrait of Madame Dange by Louis Tocque, 1753.
A portrait of François de Jullienne and his wife Marie Elisabeth by Charles Antoine Coypel, 1743.
A portrait of Mrs. Abney by Joseph Wright, circa 1780s-90s.
A portrait of Queen Charlotte and Charlotte, Princess Royal by Benjamin West, 1776.
A portrait of Elizabeth de la Vallee de la Roche by Michel Pierre Hubert Descourts, 1771.
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Full page view
also known as
Pentecost is, as the name denotes, the fiftieth day (Greek: pentēkostē) of Easter, the last day of the Great Fifty Days. Although it does
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Full page view
also known as
Pentecost is, as the name denotes, the fiftieth day (Greek: pentēkostē) of Easter, the last day of the Great Fifty Days. Although it does, like Ascension Day, commemorate its own major event in the history of salvation (i.e., the coming of the Holy Spirit), it cannot stand alone. Properly speaking, it is not the beginning of a new season of the Church year. Rather, it is the end of a season, the last hurrah, as it were, of the celebration of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ.
Nevertheless, Pentecost (or Whitsunday as it has been known in England) has traditionally been treated as a new feast. In effect, the pre-Vatican II Roman Catholic Church observed an octave of the feast, appointing propers that focused on the work of the Holy Spirit for the weekdays between Pentecost and the following Sunday. (Curiously, though, the week was still described as being part of Eastertide.) This was also reflected in older Anglican practice where The Book of Common Prayer used to provide propers for the Monday and Tuesday in Whitsun Week. Furthermore, the Ember Days which were observed at the end of the week also focused implicitly on the work of the Holy Spirit. Now, however, Ember Days have become a liturgical footnote and most modern Anglican use no longer explicitly connects the week to the feast day that begins it. On the day after Pentecost, ferial (non-festal) time begins. The numbered Sundays after Pentecost do not constitute a season of Pentecost. Rather, Pentecost, the last day of the previous season, is just a convenient marker to begin counting from. Oddly enough, if Pentecost has a season at all, it consists of the nine days that precede it. Both biblically and liturgically, the novena which is properly Ascensiontide is a period of preparation for Pentecost.
Even without all of this confusion about the status of Pentecost, it does at times seem to be on the verge of going the way of the dodo, or at least the way of Ascension Day. It has traditionally been regarded as equal to the two principal feasts of our Lord: Christmas and Easter Day. It is, along with those feast days, one of the three days each year on which the faithful were expected to receive Communion in order to maintain their status as communicants in good standing in the Church. But it is no longer a day on which one can expect church attendance to spike. Indeed, it is a day which has become much like any other Sunday, distinguished only by the red vestments of the clergy, but with no other customs or traditions to distinguish it.
It was not always so. There are both liturgical and non-liturgical customs that once characterized Whitsunday and some of them are worth reviving in our ongoing effort to restore a truly homely divinity to Anglican practice.
Liturgy is drama. It is not playacting, but it is a dramatic presentation of the Gospel, replete with script, costumes, choreography, and a stage. Every Eucharist is a presentation of the essential drama of the Gospel of Jesus Christ. That service enacts his Incarnation at Christmas (and throughout the year). That service enacts his Resurrection presence at Easter (and throughout the year). That service enacts the indwelling of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost (and throughout the year). Whether the ceremonial is simple or elaborate, humble or grand, that service enacts the drama of salvation through the year. Often, the essential drama is enriched with action that calls to mind a particular occasion or theme: the procession to the crèche at Christmas, the imposition of ashes at the beginning of Lent, the Palm Sunday procession, the lighting of the Paschal Candle at Easter, and so forth. Pentecost, too, has had its unique liturgical expressions.
The particular events of Pentecost are described in the Acts of the Apostles: When the day of Pentecost had come, they were all together in one place. And suddenly from heaven there came a sound like the rush of a violent wind, and it filled the entire house where they were sitting. Divided tongues, as of fire, appeared among them, and a tongue rested on each of them. All of them were filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in other languages, as the Spirit gave them ability. (Acts 2:1-4) This is a story full of action and symbol, and one with tremendous potential for dramatic expression.
In some ways, the technology of the middle ages may seem primitive to us--until we stop and think for a moment about the tremendous accomplishments of medieval architects, building massive stone edifices without the benefit of modern machinery. Liturgists were equally ingenious in their use of these buildings. Visitors to medieval churches will be familiar with the elaborately carved keystones (or "bosses"), such as this Green Man from Canterbury Cathedral, that look down from the center of the stone vaulting of the church ceiling.
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Introduction to italian for everybody
Would you like to learn Italian? Do you love the italian culture and language? Do you want to visit Italy and be able to understand what the people say to you? Take a look at this video tutorial!
It
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Introduction to italian for everybody
Would you like to learn Italian? Do you love the italian culture and language? Do you want to visit Italy and be able to understand what the people say to you? Take a look at this video tutorial!
It is the language of culture, of bel canto, of opera. It is the language of Dante.
It is the language of great artists, painters, poets, writers and philosophers.
It is also the Pope's language, being the official language, along with Latin, of the Vatican City.
The Italian language is so musical, open, varied and redundant that you can't help but be fascinated!
Italian is still one of the five languages most studied abroad, after the most dominant English, the italian languages in race with the French, Spanish and German, and before the Chinese language, that is in strongly increasing.
A survey sponsored by the Ministry of Foreign, it appears that the Italian took the first place among the third-most studied foreign language in the world!
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ATLANTA, Feb. 22 (UPI) -- States where the sale of raw milk was legal had more than twice the rate of outbreaks of illness than states where it was illegal, U.S. health officials said.
A study by the
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ATLANTA, Feb. 22 (UPI) -- States where the sale of raw milk was legal had more than twice the rate of outbreaks of illness than states where it was illegal, U.S. health officials said.
A study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found the rate of outbreaks caused by unpasteurized milk, also called raw milk, and products made from it was 150 times greater than outbreaks linked to pasteurized milk.
Study co-author Dr. Barbara Mahon of the CDC, and colleagues reviewed dairy product outbreaks from 1993 to 2006 in all 50 states. The study authors compared the amount of milk produced in the United States during the 13-year study period -- about 2.7 trillion pounds -- to the amount that CDC estimated was likely consumed raw --1 percent, or 27 billion pounds. Raw milk products include cheese and yogurt.
The study, published in the journal Emerging Infectious Diseases, found 121 dairy-related disease outbreaks, which caused 4,413 illnesses, 239 hospitalizations and three deaths. In 60 percent of the outbreaks state health officials determined raw milk products were the cause, the study said. Nearly all of the hospitalizations, 200 of 239, involved raw milk, the study sai
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- Today after the initial test we can start talking about syllabus
The 1st unit we work infomàtics systems. You know some of these things should be working more and more specifically how to install software and operating systems installed.
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- Today after the initial test we can start talking about syllabus
The 1st unit we work infomàtics systems. You know some of these things should be working more and more specifically how to install software and operating systems installed.
1.1 Operating SystemsSystem Functions operatiu.Tipus operating systems..The operating system is the set of different programs that control the operation of a computer. Its functions, among others, are to manage the transfer of information internally, to ensure communication with the computer operators monitor the implementation of programs to detect errors, automatically chaining tasks, optimize resources (memory, arithmetic unit, etc.), upload and download programs automatically depending on memory space and the various peripheral
The operating system software is responsible for managing resources in a terminal. The operating system acts as a host of different application programs that normally run on a machine. One of the main functions is to manage the details of the operation of the hardware, so that several programs will not be overturned de
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The world is changing so fast and this can be seen by the rise of sea levels, flooding, draught, CO2 emissions and the melting of the glaciers(Macalister, 2015). What we as a people going to do
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The world is changing so fast and this can be seen by the rise of sea levels, flooding, draught, CO2 emissions and the melting of the glaciers(Macalister, 2015). What we as a people going to do about it and what actions are we going to take?
We as a people need to address our social norms by reducing energy consumptions, cut down on driving, plant more trees, and encourage corporations to cut down on the use of green houses and the use of coal which releases CO2 and contributes to acid rain.
It will be a wakeup call when the world runs out of land to grow their crops and this will create an international conflict. A strong legal frame work is required in order for the people to be motivated to contribute to self- control of the environment. We need a long term approach to curb carbon emissions and reduce deforestation which has increased or contributed to the change in the weather pattern which has contributed to hurricanes and flooding.
The Paris Climate Change Conference (COP21), which starts from 30th November to 11th of December 2015 190 nations, will gather to discuss a new global agreement. Spear and her colleagues at the Paris Climate Change Conference to “will be working to forge and sign a new agreement that will ensure meaningful action on climate change” (Spear, S./EcoWatch)
Environmental campaigner George Monbiot has criticised the famers for causing the floods in Cumbria by not doing enough through using the safe farming methods. In the article for the Guardian, Mr Monbiot suggested that rivers “that have been dredged and canalised to protect farmland rush the water instead into the nearest town.” (Isbel Davies, Tuesday 8 December 2015)
Changes affect 70 percent of the world’s poor who live in rural areas and are reliant on agriculture as their source of income, livelihood and employment. “Food security will be affected: A 2014 report (http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/) published by the intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates that climate change will reduce the production of staple food crops such as rice, wheat and corn by 50 percent in some parts of the world by 2050” (Politzer, M. 2015).
Governments have an important role to play in protecting its’ citizens and keeping them safe and they have to work with NGOs, local communities, and private sectors simultaneously in order to tackle climate change issues.
NGOs, such as Greenpeace, play an important role in International Relations. “NGOs are also primary actors at the grassroots level in mobilizing individuals to act. For example, during the 1990 meeting to revise the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, NGOs criticized the UN Environment Program Secretary-general, Mostafa Tolba for not advocating more stringent regulations on ozone-destroying chemicals. Friends of the Earth International, Greenpeace International and the Natural Resources Defence Council held press conferences and circulated brochures to the public, media, and officials complaining of the weak regulations” (Mingst, K. A, Arreguin-Toft, I. M. 2014 Essentials of International Relations, 6th Edition pp.235-236).
As individuals, we need to do more by changing approaches to farming that are slower and are much more beneficial long-term and also by monitoring what is effective on the ground. We should treat climate change seriously rather than a distant problem of the future. Let’s provide cleaner air for our future generation by cutting pollution by 2% as it will help them live a cleaner and healthier life.
Davies, I. (2015) “Farmers hit back at George Monbiot flood claims”, on Farmers Weekly by Reed Business Information Limited, available at http://www.fwi.co.uk/news/farmers-hit-back-at-george-monbiot+flood-claims.htm <Accessed on 9/12/2015>
Macalister. T, (2015) “Major energy U-turn needed to meet Paris targets, government warned” on The Guardian, available at http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/13/conservatives-energy-green-cuts-policies-paris-deal <Accessed on 9/12/2015>
Mingst, K. and Arreguin-Toft, I. (2014) Essentials of International Relations, W. W. Norton and Company: New York, pp. 235-236.
Politzer, M. (2015) “Resilient livelihood strategies in the face of climate change: What works and what doesn’t”, in Devex, available at https://www.devex.com/news/resilient-livelihood-strategies-in-the-face-of-climate-change-what-works-and-what-doesn-t-87348 <Accessed on 9/12/2015>
Spear, S. and EcoWatch (2015) Bernie Sanders: “Climate Change Is Directly Related to the Growth of Terrorism”, from Alternet, available at http://www.alternet.org/environment/bernie-sanders-climate-change-directly-related-growth-terrorism <Accessed on 9/12/2015>
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How I see it is anger isn’t an emotion in the same way that happiness or sadness are emotions. Happiness and sadness arise from deep inner experiences of trust, while anger, at least from my perspective, is attached to the belief of rightness
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How I see it is anger isn’t an emotion in the same way that happiness or sadness are emotions. Happiness and sadness arise from deep inner experiences of trust, while anger, at least from my perspective, is attached to the belief of rightness; trust and belief are distinctive, and their exploration is something that we will explore at another time.
What I mean by, the belief of rightness, is that anger is more of a reaction anchored in the thought “(blank) is wrong!” That “blank” can be another person, a group of people, a country, a politician, or even one’s self. Anger arises from some thought that is connected to a belief that someone holds as right. However, thoughts do not arise singularly, for the second half of that belief of rightness looks a little like this: if, “(blank) is wrong!” then something other than (blank), “is right!” In this way, anger can easily be attached to the idea of fairness, rightness, righteousness, justice, but more often than not, anger is simply regarded as justified.
It is those two sides, that for something to be wrong another thing must be right, that has led to what I think is part of the problem with anger: it is inherently justified by the person that is angry. When a person is in the right, and they believe themselves to be, the anger that is there can seem unending, ever growing, and unquestioned.
Yes, there is a utility to anger and understanding the wrongness of an act. However, and this to me is the key, justifying anger, only seeing one’s rightness and only seeing the wrongness of others, denies the emotions and experiences of other parties for one’s own way.
When anger is justified, it bears a hint of entitlement as well. As an example, “I am angry! Why? Because you’re wrong! I am right and you know better! You can’t see how wrong you are! I’m overreacting? I know better than you to not be that stupid! My reaction is completely normal! You should feel the same way as me! You don’t? You’re a bigger idiot! I’m angrier!” That’s an abridged version of many arguments and disagreements I have experienced over the years, and in each, the same sense of justification cyclically furthers the disagreement and the divide between parties.
This cycle of anger continues, and the justification of anger furthers the divide between two people or parties, and for some, anger is a long road that does not end, with no signs saying stop. It cannot end, so long as someone is right.
(Originally written September 6, 2012)
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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
(1) Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a method of manufacturing a 3D micromirror, and more particularly, to a method of manufacturing a 3D micromirror using
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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
(1) Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a method of manufacturing a 3D micromirror, and more particularly, to a method of manufacturing a 3D micromirror using a silicon micro-machining process.
(2) Description of the Prior Art
Micromirror devices based on MEMS technology had a humble debut in the late eighties as display devices. However, a spurt in research activities took place in the mid to late nineties after they were identified as most promising candidates for futuristic all-optical communication networks. There are two basic configurations for micromirror arrays based on MEMS technology, namely 2D in-plane and 3D free space out of plane. This division is based on MEMS silicon process technology. The 3D free space switching array is more efficient than the 2D configuration because it requires a smaller number of mirrors for a similar cross switching function. However, it is more challenging from a packaging and fiber coupling alignment point of view. The requirement for other parameters such as surface reflectivity, curvature, switching speed, cross talk, etc., is similar in both configurations.
There has been some recent work on 3D free space MEMS micromirror technology. Single crystal silicon material is a natural choice for high reliability, very good polished surface, and better flatness. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,563,106 to Bowers et al and 6,556,737 to Miu et al disclose mirrors fabricated from thick single crystal silicon and actuators fabricated from thin single crystal silicon. The actuators of Bowers et al are electrostatic and parallel plate actuators requiring high voltage. Miu's actuators are electromagnetic. U.S. Pat. No. 6,504,643 to Peeters et al has a single crystal silicon mirror and MoCr electrostatic and parallel plate actuators requiring high voltage. U.S. Pat. No. 6,480,320 to Nasiri describes thick single crystal silicon mircomirrors and silicon-on-insulator (SOI) single crystal silicon electrostatic and parallel plate actuators requiring high voltage. Other materials can be used to fabricate micromirrors. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,386,716 to Hagelin et al shows polysilicon micromirrors and electrostatic actuators requiring high voltage.
- SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The article “Micromirrors for Adaptive-optics Arrays” by Michael A. Helmbrecht et al, Transducers '01 Eurosensors XV, June 2001, describes micromirrors built using wafer bonding techniques. The article “Three-dimensional structures obtained by double diffusion and electrochemical etch stop” by S. Marco et al, Journal of Micromech. Microeng. 3 (1993) pp. 141-142, shows a two-step silicon layer method of forming non-uniform diaphragms and bridges. This disclosure does not anticipate using the two-step silicon method to build a 3D micromirror device. There is no recognition of the need to prevent breakage by cutting thick silicon having thinner edges.
A principal object of the present invention is to provide an effective and very manufacturable method of fabricating a 3D free space micromirror device.
Another object of the invention is to provide a 3D free space micromirror device having a thick silicon micromirror and thin silicon springs and thermal actuators.
A further object of the invention is to provide a method for fabricating a 3D free space micromirror device monolithically from a single crystal silicon substrate.
In accordance with the objects of this invention a single crystal silicon micromirror device is achieved. The three-dimensional free space micromirror device comprises a single crystal silicon micromirror, single crystal silicon thermal actuators, and single crystal silicon flexible springs connecting the thermal actuators to the micromirror.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Also in accordance with the objects of this invention a method of fabricating a single crystal silicon micromirror device is achieved. A p-doped single crystal silicon substrate wafer is provided having a frontside and a backside. First and second n-doped regions are formed at a surface of the substrate wherein the first n-doped regions have a first thickness and the second n-doped regions have a second thickness larger than the first thickness. A hard mask is formed on the backside of the wafer. An oxide layer is formed on the frontside of the wafer. An aluminum layer is formed on the thermal oxide layer and patterned to leave aluminum overlying some of the second n-doped regions to form thermal actuators and to form an oxide mask for actuator springs over portions of the first n-doped regions. A dielectric layer is deposited overlying the patterned aluminum layer and the thermal oxide layer. A metal layer is deposited overlying the dielectric layer and patterned to form bond pads to the thermal actuators contacting the patterned aluminum layer through openings in the dielectric layer and to form reflecting mirror surfaces overlying others of the second n-doped regions not covered by the patterned aluminum layer to form micromirrors. The substr
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College is actually a great time for you to start implementing green living habits. Whether you're participating in a campus recycling program or practicing conservation in your dorm room, there are lots of ways students can be environmentally friendly. Because you have an education,
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College is actually a great time for you to start implementing green living habits. Whether you're participating in a campus recycling program or practicing conservation in your dorm room, there are lots of ways students can be environmentally friendly. Because you have an education, a job, and a social life to maintain, we've compiled a list of the quickest and easiest ways you can be good to the planet from campus.
Eco-Friendly College Student Tips
- The University of Maryland estimated that 34 percent of its total greenhouse gas emissions in 2008 were from transportation. Evidently, students who live off campus and drive to and from class several times throughout the day are making a huge environmental impact. Shuttle buses, carpools, and bicycles are all great alternatives to single-driver cars. If you live on campus, however, make sure you keep your car parked and walk or bike to class instead.
- Breaking down wood fiber to make paper consumes a lot of energy, which usually comes from coal plants. Therefore, the production of brand new textbooks contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. New textbooks also cost an arm and a leg! If some of your courses don't require a new edition, take advantage of used bookstores or websites that specialize in used textbooks, such as Half.Com or Amazon's textbook department. Both of these sites also offer easy-to-use options for selling back your old textbooks. Don't forget to borrow, trade, and sell textbooks among friends and acquaintances as well.
- College courses depend on a lot of paper: syllabi, study guides, test outlines, notes, term papers, blue book exams, handouts, etc, Fortunately, more and more colleges are beginning to utilize online course management systems to post class materials and save paper. If your professors haven't already caught on to this practice, encourage them to do so.
- For your own work, learn to proofread essays and term papers on your computer as much as possible instead of printing out multiple copies. And to save even more paper, ask your professors if you can turn your homework in on double-sided pages. If they prefer one-sided copies, make sure you print them on recycled paper.
- If you're buying a new laptop for college, look for one that's Energy Star qualified. These computers use 70 percent less electricity and come with a sleep mode that uses 4 watts or less of electricity, which helps the computer last longer.
- Why not take your laptop to class with you and take notes that don't require any paper? In addition to saving waste, electronic notes don't require any physical space and are usually harder to lose in your dorm room. Most students can type faster than they write so taking notes on your computer might even help you get more out of your professors' lectures.
- Be sure to utilize your dorm's recycling program and recycle items like unusable textbooks, old class handouts, and that tower of beer cans in your room. If your dorm doesn't have a recycling program in place, however, help start one.
- When you leave your dorm for the summer, get rid of your old items through sites like Craigslist and Freecycle, or take them to your local Goodwill or thrift store.
- If you're moving into your first dorm room, you might be tempted to buy disposable plates and cups in order to save time. But a semester's worth of Styrofoam, plastic, or paper dishes will only accumulate unnecessary waste and expense. Buying inexpensive dishes from a secondhand store and washing them in your dorm's kitchen is a more practical option for students and a more responsible choice for the environment.
- College students eat out a lot, which inevitably means a lot of paper napkins. The easiest way you can decrease unnecessary waste when dining out, bringing fast food back to your dorm, or eating in your school's cafeteria is to simply use fewer paper napkins. In fact, just one will probably do the trick. Dishtowels and cloth
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Disocactus is a genus of epiphytic cacti in the tribe Hylocereeae found in Central America, the Caribbean and northern South America. It should not be confused with Discocactus, which is a different genus.
Species
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Disocactus is a genus of epiphytic cacti in the tribe Hylocereeae found in Central America, the Caribbean and northern South America. It should not be confused with Discocactus, which is a different genus.
Species of Disocactus grow in tropical regions either on trees as epiphytes or on rocks as lithophytes. They have two distinct growth habits. Species such a
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(A summary of Internet links to alternative viewpoints on vaccines)
Where there is smoke, there is fire. A growing body of evidence indicates that vaccines are not safe and that they can injure, permanently maim, or even kill you or a family
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(A summary of Internet links to alternative viewpoints on vaccines)
Where there is smoke, there is fire. A growing body of evidence indicates that vaccines are not safe and that they can injure, permanently maim, or even kill you or a family member. The damage caused by vaccines can no longer be ignored, nor can it be dismissed as a necessary evil. By 2010, the U.S. Court of Claims had awarded nearly $2 billion dollars to vaccine victims for their catastrophic vaccine injuries. Currently, this number is believed to now be $3 billion dollars.
The information and resources provided below indicates that vaccines contain questionable, if not dangerous additives, and in some cases, may be dangerously contaminated (see Vaccine Ingredient and Manufacturer Information and other resources below).
Not only that, the efficacy of vaccines has been called into serious scientific debate based on reviewing the data of over 50 years of increasing vaccine use which indicates that vaccinations are ineffective after ten years, do not impart herd immunity, and —based on statistical population data— do not stop the diseases they were originally supposed to eradicate (see Herd Immunity resources below).
If you choose to avoid vaccinating yourself and your family, that is your choice, and it should always remain your choice. To force others to vaccinate themselves and their families is a violation of our basic human right to protect ourselves and our families from danger. The basic and important logic is this: If you and/or your child are vaccinated, then you and your child are supposedly safe, so you shouldn’t be concerned with violating the basic humans rights of another family and their children by forcing them to comply with vaccine serums supplied by transnational pharmaceutical corporations with products made in China (see Made In China section below).
Basic Human Rights: The right to protect oneself and one’s children from being injected with a vaccine cocktail containing potentially harmful preservatives, heavy metals, animal tissue cultures, aborted human fetal tissue, gelatin, sucrose, MSG, etc. manufactured by a transnational pharmaceutical corporation is a basic human right that cannot be violated by any government or corporation. Nobody should be forced to play vaccine roulette.
Many vaccines (if not all) contain animal tissues of one type or another. These may include: sheep blood, pig blood, horse blood, rabbit brain, dog kidney, monkey kidney, chick embryo, chicken egg, duck egg, calf (bovine) serum, porcine (from pigs), casein from animal milk, hydrolyzed gelatin, GMO insect cells, and/or aborted human fetal tissue (see Vaccine Ingredients and Manufacturer Information resources below). This means that these vaccines are not vegan.*
*Vegans avoid foods and products that contain animals.
Vaccine Ingredients and Manufacturer Information
Some vaccine ingredients (listed by Dr. Mercola) include the following (however, more ingredients as listed by the vaccine manufacturer’s themselves) may be found at www.vaccine.procon.org:
animal tissues: pig blood, horse blood, sheep blood, rabbit brain, dog kidney, monkey kidney, chick embryo, chicken egg, duck egg, calf (bovine) serum, fetal bovine serum, casein, porcine (pig pancreas), hydrolyzed gelatin
human diploid cells (originating from human aborted fetal tissue)
monosodium glutamate (MSG)
phenol red indicator
MRC5 proteins (from human cells)
thimerosal (ethyl mercury)
tributyl phosphate (a plasticizer)
Gelatin made with human DNA fragments is already being used in pharmaceutical drugs and vaccines:
GMO vaccines from insects? A vaccine for influenza has hit the market, and it is the first ever to contain genetically-modified (GMO) proteins derived from insect cells:
Aluminum in Vaccines:
Exposure to Mercury and Aluminum in Early Life: Developmental Vulnerability as a Modifying Factor in Neurologic and Immunologic Effects:
This documentary clearly exposes a long history of deception by the United State’s CDC (Center for Disease Control) regarding the issue of mercury in vaccines. This film also explores the CDC’s connection to pharmaceutical companies. If you believe that the CDC has proved Ethyl Mercury does not cause autism, guess again.
“Summing up: Rigorous and replicable studies (in different animal species) have shown evidence of EtHg (Ethyl Mercury), and of Al (Aluminum) toxicities. More research attention has been given to EtHg and findings have showed a solid link with neurotoxic effects in humans; however, the potential synergic effect of both toxic agents has not been properly studied. Therefore, early life exposure to both EtHg and Al deserves due consideration.”
“There is no such thing as a safe vaccine.”
Movie: Silent Epidemic; The Untold Story of Vaccines by Gary Null https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJGyN3gCsBg
(50 Vaccine Facts): http://vaccinationdanger.blogspot.ae/2012/10/50-vaccine-facts.html
Peer-Reviewed Papers on Dangers of Vaccines:
How the Vaccine Debate is distorted and the Dangers covered up:
The flu vaccine is dangerous: http://vactruth.com/2014/04/21/nyc-flu-vaccine-mandate/
The Virus and the Vaccine: A simian virus known as SV40 (Simian 40 Virus) has been associated with a number of rare human cancers. This same virus contami
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Differential Equations: Math 2326
This course will use computer
software to illustrate methods of solving differential equations and
systems of differential equations. The course will be taught in the
"Calculus Reform" spirit, explaining the new
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Differential Equations: Math 2326
This course will use computer
software to illustrate methods of solving differential equations and
systems of differential equations. The course will be taught in the
"Calculus Reform" spirit, explaining the new concepts numerically,
graphically and symbolically. Particular emphasis will be put on
modeling of differential equations, the study of systems of
differential equations, and the fundamental difference in the behavior
of linear and non-linear differential equations.
Table of Content of the Textbook: Fourth
Homework: Fourth Edition
Some of my old tests
Slope Field Calculator
Vector Field for 2D ODE
Interactive Differential Equations
"ODE Phase Portraits 1.1"
by Richard Mansfield and Frits Beukers
If you use this for first order DEQs, x is the independent variable; y is the dependent variable: Set x '=1.
If you have any questions or comments about this web page, please
contact M. A. Khamsi
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In a world of a perfectly circular economy, everything is in its place and everything has a place. New resources are conserved while old resources are reused, remanufactured and repaired to prolong its life cycle. And when the product reaches its
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In a world of a perfectly circular economy, everything is in its place and everything has a place. New resources are conserved while old resources are reused, remanufactured and repaired to prolong its life cycle. And when the product reaches its deathbed, it is “phoenix-ed” into another existence. The principle of cradle to cradle is the intelligent direction of a world whose raw materials are clearly depleting fast. Most of the manufacturing world has realized this and are taking the necessary steps.
The world produced around 175 million metric tons of sugar in a 2014/2015 statistic. Asia was tagged as the region which produced the largest supply. While Russia and France use sugar beets, Asia uses Sugar Cane juice to produce the sweet crystal. Philippines belong to the top 10 sugarcane producers of the world in 2015. After the cane has been pressed and the juice extracted, the remaining by-product called bagasse is then burned to fertilize the next season’s cuttings. That was the old school way of the Industrial Revolution; wasting around 90% of the resource.
Research and development found a way to breathe life into bagasse for making paper and boards, pulp composites for construction, dietary fiber supplements, creating biodegradable cups and containers, ethanol production for fuel, down to innovative clothing lines. Without the added cost of fertilizers, water and energy for growing new raw materials.
The fashion biosphere has caught on and fabrics with a heart are fast becoming chic. Take for example sugar cane. Saccharum officinarum is one of the tall grasses with versatile uses.
In 2013, textile company Carnegie took fabrics to another level. After 7 years of research, the company released BioBased Xorel, a plant-based textile, specifically from 65 to 80% sugar cane—claimed to be first in the world. Although in 1975, Sugar Cane and Co., a Japan-based company, already produced their world famous jeans made from 50/50 sugar cane and cotton ratio. A well-kept secret, the Sugar Cane Denim does not exactly say whether the fiber comes from leaves or from the stalk, but for sure it sequestered tons of carbon from the environment since the 70’s with its eco-forward fashion.
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Astronomers working with South Africa’s MeerKAT radio telescope just discovered 1,300 galaxies in a patch of sky that researchers previously thought only contained about 70.
While this massive discovery is enough to get astronomers excited across the globe
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Astronomers working with South Africa’s MeerKAT radio telescope just discovered 1,300 galaxies in a patch of sky that researchers previously thought only contained about 70.
While this massive discovery is enough to get astronomers excited across the globe, the really impressive part is that MeerKAT isn’t even operating at full power yet because the telescope isn’t all the way built.
"So, right now, with only 16 of the eventual 64 dishes in place, MeerKAT is already better than anything equivalent in the Southern Hemisphere," South Africa’s science and technology minister Naledi Pandor told local media.
"This is astounding because we were supposed to reach that goal only with 32 dishes. We can now expect that when the full 64 dishes are in place at the end of next year, it will be the best telescope of its kind in the world."
While it’s important to note that Hubble and other telescopes are able to pick up a massive amount of galaxies in a single image, too, MeerKAT is a radio galaxy specialist, making it a vital tool if we ever want to study (and potentially photograph) supermassive black holes, because it can peer through the thick layers of dust at surround such galaxies.
"In some cases, the radio galaxy can have a great deal of obscuring dust, and you wouldn’t be able to see anything – or almost anything – with an optical telescope," astronomer Michael Rich, from the University of California, Los Angeles who was not a part of the new study, told Mark Strauss from National Geographic.
"But with radio, which goes right through the dust, there’s no problem in seeing it."
MeerKAT is scheduled for completion in late-2017, and when its full 64 dishes are in place it will take up a whopping 17,651 square metres (190,000 square feet) in the Northern Cape of South Africa, which lies just far enough from Cape Town to allow astronomers a clear view of the sky, but close enough to make construction less of a hassle, reports Strauss.
"It is all beginning to come together but there is a great deal of work to be done. This place is going to look very different in five or so years," Pandor told media about the telescope’s progress. "I am really thrilled that we got to this point and that now we are beginning to be recognised as a country that can offer world-class science to the world."
MeerKAT isn’t the only new telescope that will be completed soon. One of the most exciting is NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), which is scheduled to launch in 2018 and replace Hubble.
"What the Webb will really be doing is looking at the first galaxies of the Universe," project scientist Mark Clampin said of the telescope back in April 2015. "We will also be able, with these capabilities, to look in very dark parts of the Universe where stars are being born."
On the other side of the globe, Chinese astronomers have recently finished installing the biggest 'alien-hunting' telescope in the world – a 500-metre (1,640-foot) device that officials are calling the Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) – which will hopefully bring us a step closer to finding alien life somewhere in the Universe.
As our ability to make better and better telescopes improves, astronomers will eventually have the tools they need to understand some of the fundamental mysteries of the Universe, such as how it all began, how dark energy and matter works, and what’s up with black holes.
We can't wait.
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|“||It was surely one thing to speak of the Dark Arts as a worthy enemy, another thing to speak of them, as Snape was doing, with a loving caress in his voice?||„|
|~ Harry Potter's views
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|“||It was surely one thing to speak of the Dark Arts as a worthy enemy, another thing to speak of them, as Snape was doing, with a loving caress in his voice?||„|
|~ Harry Potter's views of the Dark Arts.|
The Dark Arts are the collective term for the most evil forms of magic in the Harry Potter book series. Unlike normal magic, it is used for selfish or malevolent purposes.
Magic seems to be channelled through emotions, such as one can produce a Patronus through positive and pleasant emotions. The practictioners of the Dark Arts, namely the Death Eaters, are unable to make Patronuses, because they do not need good memories.
The Dark Arts originated in ancient Greece, about 30,000 years ago. It was practiced by wizards full of hatred and anger, channelled into bitterness and deadly precision, which made it all the more deadly.
The first use of the Dark Arts was a Basilisk being bred by Dark Lord Herpo the Foul.
The Dark Arts come in many forms, the most famous is the Aveda Kedavra, the Killing Curse, 2 of the the 3 aspects of the deadly sorcery known as the Unforgivable Curse
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Lifestyle and home remedies
The following measures can help keep your skin moist and healthy:
Moisturize. Moisturizers provide a seal over your skin to keep water from escaping. Apply moisturizer several times a day and after bathing.
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Lifestyle and home remedies
The following measures can help keep your skin moist and healthy:
Moisturize. Moisturizers provide a seal over your skin to keep water from escaping. Apply moisturizer several times a day and after bathing. Thicker moisturizers work best, such as over-the-counter brands Eucerin and Cetaphil.
You may also want to use cosmetics that contain moisturizers. If your skin is extremely dry, you may want to apply an oil, such as baby oil, while your skin is still moist. Oil has more staying power than moisturizers do and prevents the evaporation of water from the surface of your skin.
Another possibility is ointments that contain petroleum jelly (Vaseline, Aquaphor). These may feel greasy, so you might want to use them only at night.
- Use warm water and limit bath time. Long showers or baths and hot water remove oils from your skin. Limit your bath or shower to five to 10 minutes and use warm, not hot, water.
- Avoid harsh, drying soaps. It's best to use cleansing creams or gentle skin cleansers and bath or shower gels with added moisturizers. Choose mild soaps that have added oils and fats. Avoid deodorant and antibacterial detergents, fragrance, and alcohol.
- Apply moisturizers immediately after bathing. Gently pat your skin dry with a towel so that some moisture remains. Immediately moisturize your skin with an oil o
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Caries of infant teeth most often occurs inChildren with malformations of the tooth tissue, which are laid in the intrauterine period. The reason for this condition is the insufficient mineralization of dental bookmarks during pregnancy.
In addition, tooth
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Caries of infant teeth most often occurs inChildren with malformations of the tooth tissue, which are laid in the intrauterine period. The reason for this condition is the insufficient mineralization of dental bookmarks during pregnancy.
In addition, tooth decay in early teethAge can be triggered by hereditary predisposition, lack of certain vitamins and minerals in the child's body, non-compliance with the rules of oral hygiene.
Coping with caries is quite difficult, soThe main task of parents is to halt the destructive process. An obligatory condition for maintaining the health of children's teeth is regular visits to the dentist. The specialist will clean the sick teeth, eliminate the carious defects, cover the enamel with a special lacquer that will stop the caries spreading, give advice on oral care. To visit the dentist should be at least once a quarter.
To prevent the development of caries it is necessary toTo teach the baby to take care of baby teeth. Together with your child, clean your teeth twice a day (morning and evening). Use a special baby brush with soft bristles and a toothpaste suitable for age.
Watch for the right and varied dietCrumbs. Especially important are products containing microelements for the formation of the dentition (magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, manganese). In the menu of the child there should be cheese of hard varieties (magnesium) - sour-milk products, radish, pumpkin, beans, peas (calcium and phosphorus) - meat, sea fish (zinc) - oats, wheat, rye, onions (manganese).
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Aaron Latkin remembers that April day 70 years ago when the order came down for the 281st Combat Engineers Battalion to suddenly change course.
“The Germans were in full retreat and we were moving pretty fast,” recalls the 92-year-old Liver
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Aaron Latkin remembers that April day 70 years ago when the order came down for the 281st Combat Engineers Battalion to suddenly change course.
“The Germans were in full retreat and we were moving pretty fast,” recalls the 92-year-old Livermore resident. “As we were going toward Berlin, we were ordered to drop everything we were doing and go to another area.”
Latkin’s battalion and Gen. George C. Patton’s Third Army, which had taken part in the Battle of the Bulge only a few months before, abruptly turned south toward Ohrdruf. The subcamp of Buchenwald was the first concentration camp to be liberated by the U.S. Army, and Latkin had arrived a week after the liberators.
He never forgot what he saw there. In recent years, the retired Lawrence Livermore Lab engineer has spent much time talking to students, veterans and other groups about his experience.
“We were in shock seeing what had happened there,” Latkin recalls. “As the Army moved in, the Germans running the camp, mostly SS, tried to hide what was going on. They tried to kill all the inmates and burn the remains. We got there beforehand. There were probably thousands still there. Bodies stacked like cordwood.”
Ohrdruf, located in a Berlin suburb, had been built in late 1944 as a prisoner-of-war and forced labor camp. It had housed up to 20,000 foreign nationals from across Europe, as well as Jews. As the Allies closed in, the SS running the camp tried to kill as many inmates as possible before fleeing.
The camp was liberated on April 4, 1945, with Patton’s Army coming a week later.
Raised in a Jewish home in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Latkin had been aware of the Nazi persecution. But seeing Hitler’s death machine up close was a life-changing experience for the former Army private.
“I had a camera with me in the camp,” Latkin says. “Patton ordered the [German] residents of the town to go through the entire camp. The women were crying, and the men were ordered to dig the dead inmates out of the mass graves and put them in individual graves. I have pictures of some of the men doing that.”
He still has the 1937 Argus camera he carried across Europe.
“The reaction of the townspeople was mixed,” he added. “Some were crying, others walked in stoic silence and others pleaded innocence of any knowledge of the activities in this nearby camp. Our thoughts were, how could they not know?”
In another indelible moment, an emaciated inmate dressed in striped rags approached Latkin and motioned him over to a barracks. Lying on the ground was the battered corpse of a much-hated SS guard who had been spotted in a nearby town by liberated inmates, dragged back to camp and stabbed to death.
“[The inmate] told me that after the guards left, this was one guard who was particularly vicious to the inmates,” Latkin recounts.
Ohrdruf proved important in Holocaust history. Gen. Dwight Eisenhower toured the camp, writing to Gen. George Patton: “The things I saw beggar description. … I made the visit deliberately in order to be in a position to give firsthand evidence of these things if ever, in the future, there develops a tendency to charge these allegations merely to propaganda.”
Eisenhower anticipated Holocaust denial on the very day its proof became certain to the Allies.
Latkin remained in Germany until February 1946 as part of America’s occupying Army. He says the day at Ohrdruf left him with feelings of shock, disbelief and anger at Germany. But he also remembers the thrill of victory once the war was officially over.
“It was a good feeling,” he says. “I was alive, we won, and we were on our way home after three years. It was unconditional surrender.”
Latkin eventually moved to California with his wife, Myra, first to Pleasanton, where they became charter members of Congregation Beth Emek, and then Livermore. The couple has two sons, four grandchildren and two great-grandchildren.
When Latkin gives public lectures, he stresses his belief that World W
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In a move seen as likely to aggravate already tense relations between the two neighboring countries, India plans to accelerate its building of new hydropower plants along three rivers that flow into Pakistan.
Disagreements over how to share the waters of rivers
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In a move seen as likely to aggravate already tense relations between the two neighboring countries, India plans to accelerate its building of new hydropower plants along three rivers that flow into Pakistan.
Disagreements over how to share the waters of rivers such as the Indus have plagued relations between the nuclear-armed archrivals since their independence in 1947.
On September 26, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi told officials that India should use more resources from the Indus River. His comments came a week after the Sept. 18 attack on an army base in the disputed region of Kashmir, which New Delhi has blamed on Pakistan.
India promised a response to the raid, which saw at least 18 of its soldiers killed, but some officials have called for a diplomatic offensive over any military option.
On September 24, Modi said India would mount a global campaign to isolate Pakistan, including through the United Nations, where Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj spoke on September 26.
India accuses its neighbor of supporting militant groups that operate in the Himalayan state of Jammu as well as Kashmir. Several of the rivers shared by the two countries flow through these areas.
Pak
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Jacob's ladder. William Blake. c. 18th C. Hill of Tara, Liath Faill. Photo by: Przemysław Sakrajda.
According to legend, the Stone of Destiny, or Liath Fail, is
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Jacob's ladder. William Blake. c. 18th C. Hill of Tara, Liath Faill. Photo by: Przemysław Sakrajda.
According to legend, the Stone of Destiny, or Liath Fail, is the sacred stone on which Jacob rested his head. At some point after Jacob anointed it, the stone was moved to the Temple of Jerusalem. In 602 BC, traditional myth holds that the prophet Jeremiah removed the Stone to prevent its loss to King Nebuchadnezzar. The
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harmonium see reed organ.
Harmonium-The harmonium, developed in the early 19th century from experiments in the last quarter of the century before, is a keyboard instrument that produces
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harmonium see reed organ.
Harmonium-The harmonium, developed in the early 19th century from experiments in the last quarter of the century before, is a keyboard instrument that produces its sounds by means of air from bellows passing through free reeds, metal tongues that are made to vibrate. The instrument has a relatively small classical repertoire, its use either domestic or as a cheap substitute for the church organ. Dvorák wrote Bagatelles for two violins, cello and harmonium, and Schoenberg made some use of the harmonium in chamber arrangements of works of his own and in versions of two waltzes by Johann Strauss.
harmonization. the choice of chords to accompany a melodic line, chosen so that the melody notes are contained in the chords.
harmony singing in the singing of older songs, the harmony is usually very simple. Groups might sing most of a line in unison and/or octaves, and then switch to a parallel fourth or fifth for the closing cadence. Despite its simplicity, the effect can be powerful. In more recent songs, the unison and octave harmonies might also have some added thirds or sixths. See also parts of music.
harmony whenever two or more notes sound together, thats harmony. Whether or not youre pleased with the sound depends on contemporary taste, your preferences and so on. In medieval times they had an enormous list of shall-nots for harmonies (see tritone). They would have been shocked at our blues and ragtime harmonies. See also parts of music. Consonance and dissonance, the prime properties of harmony, are properly defined in terms of the musics horizontal motion (melody), and not the pleasant/unpleasant common definition. Consonance is stable ( thirds, fifths, octaves), while the instability of the dissonance (all other intervals) urges a resolution to a consonance. However, folk music likes things simpler: If the sound is currently said to be pleasant, the harmony is consonant. If the sound is jarring, its dissonant. However, even dissonance is acceptable, since it makes for nice musical contrasts. For instance, the minor second in a chord (eg, a C major chord containing C-G-Eb-E, where the minor second is Eb and E) played by itself is rather sour sounding, but used in a ragtime progression, it nicely kicks off the next chord change. See also anticipation, bitonal, parallel, tritone.
harmony. the sound of tones in combination. The study of harmony makes up a large part of theory classes due to its importance and complexity in our traditional music. It is sometimes considered synonymous with the study of chords; Harmony describes the simultaneous sounding of two or more notes and the technique governing the construction of such chords and their arrangement in a succession of chords. Following the convention of writing music from left to right on a horizontal set of lines (staff or stave), harmony may be regarded as vertical, as opposed to counterpoint, which is horizontal. In other words harmony deals with chords, simultaneous sounds, and counterpoint with melody set against melody.
harp 1. An instrument thats more-or-less triangular in shape and has a sound board at the bottom; the strings are plucked directly and can be reached from either side. There are many different sizes, from tiny handheld to the giant orchestral versions. 2. When used in the context of the blues, it always means the harmonica. 3. See also sacred harp. 4. The metal frame around the periphery of a piano or other instrument to take the strain of the string tension.
harpeggio (archaic) see arpeggio.
harpsichord (also "cembalo") much like a piano, but the keys pluck the strings with leather thongs (or "jacks", which is the rod holding the thong) instead of hitting them with hammers. The sound is abrupt and bright, but control of the loudness is difficult. Most of the harpsichords repertoire is from classical music, but it is played in folk music. Synthesizers usually have a setting for the harpsichord sound, and this is used to good effect in traditional song performances; The harpsichord is a keyboard instrument with strings running from front to back of its wing-shaped horizontal box and soundboard. Unlike the piano and the earlier clavichord with its hammers that strike the strings, the harpsichord has a mechanism by which the strings are plucked. The instrument seems to have existed in a simple form in the 14th century and assumed considerable importance from the early 16th until the fuller development of the pianoforte towards the end of the 18th century. Variations of dynamics on the harpsichord are possible through the use of stops that activate different lengths of string and by the use of a muting buff stop and of the two manuals o
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There are no symptoms directly associated with dyslipidemia, explains MyHIVClinic.org. However, the condition can increase the risk of developing peripheral arterial disease, which can produce numbness, pain or a sensation of heaviness in the
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There are no symptoms directly associated with dyslipidemia, explains MyHIVClinic.org. However, the condition can increase the risk of developing peripheral arterial disease, which can produce numbness, pain or a sensation of heaviness in the legs while moving. Peripheral arterial disease can also cause cramps in the legs, feet or buttocks.Continue Reading
Dyslipidemia also places patients at an increased risk of coronary artery disease, which has symptoms such as shortness of breath and chest pain, notes MyHIVClinic.org. Although dyslipidemia patients with either peripheral arterial disease or coronary artery disease may exhibit the common symptoms of those diseases, it is also possible for patients to have either disease without experiencing any symptoms.
Dyslipidemia is a medical term for high cholesterol, explains Johns Hopkins Medicine. The condition occurs when patients have an unfavorable balance of low-density lipoprotein, or LDL, high-density lipoprotein, or HDL, and triglycerides in their blood. LDL is commonly known as the "bad cholesterol" because it is the type of cholesterol responsible for arterial plaque buildup. HDL, on the other hand, is the "good cholesterol" because it transports harmful cholesterol to the liver so it can exit the body. Triglycerides exist in animal fats and vegetable oils, and high levels of them can also cause plaque to accumulate inside of the arteries.Learn more about Conditions & Diseases
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Q.2 (a) “The Charter Act of 1833 rung down the curtain on the company’s trade and introduced a new concept of government in India.” Substantiate.
The Charter Act of 1833 was passed by the British
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Q.2 (a) “The Charter Act of 1833 rung down the curtain on the company’s trade and introduced a new concept of government in India.” Substantiate.
The Charter Act of 1833 was passed by the British Parliament when the Charter Act of 1813 ran out in 1833. It extended the royal Charter granted to the East India Company for 20 more years. This Act is considered as a landmark in the constitutional development in India as it pit end to the Company’s trade and introduced a new concept of government.
The Charter Act of 1833 rung down the curtain on the company’s trade
The Charter ended the Commercial activities of East India company and it became a purely administrative body and no longer a commercial body. Company was to rule over India in the name of British crown as the Act provided that the company’s territories in India were held by it ‘in trust for His Majesty’.
The Company lost its monopoly on trade with China and trade with tea. With this, monopolies in trade were eliminated and other British Companies were allowed to trade freely with India in all commodities along with other Far East countries.
The Charter Act of 1833 introduced a new concept of government in India
1. Centralization of government
The Centralisation of government occured in financial, legislative and administrative matters.
The Governor General of Bengal was made the Governor General of India with all the civil and military powers. Governor Generals of Madras and Bombay presidencies were made subordinate to him and they were limited in or deprived of their legislative power, financial power, and comtrol over military and civil affairs.
Thus, the act created, for the first time, a Government of India having authority over the entire territorial area possessed by the British in India.
2. Separation of power
For the first time executive and legislative function of the Governor General Council were separated. Extra six members were added to the council for legislative purpose. This is to function as mini-parliament for law making. The laws made under the previous acts were called as Regulations while laws made under this act were called as Acts.
3. Inclusion of law member in he council and Codification of Law
A law member, Lord Mcaulay, was included in Governor-General’s council as fourth member. The 4th member was not entitled to act as a member of the council except for legislative purposes.
Law commission was established under Macaulay to codify all Indian laws which later culminated into Indian Penal Code.
4. Non discrimination provision and Reform in Civil Services
Hence, the Act of 1833 attempted to introduce a system of open competition for selection of civil servants, and stated that the Indians should not be debarred from holding any place, office and employment under the company by reason of religion, place of birth, descent, colour or any of them. However, this provision was negated after opposition from the Court of Directors.
5. Steps towards the abolition of Slavery
The Act of 1833 enjoined the Government of India to take measures for amelioration of the conditions of slaves and ultimate abolition of slavery in India. Slavery was finally abolished in 1843.
6. Legalisation of the British Colonisation
The Act of 1833 legalized the British colonization of India and the territorial possessions of the company were transferred to Government of India. All restrictions on European immigration into India and acquisition by them of land and property in India were removed.
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- Cellular adaptation is an alteration that enables the cell to maintain a steady state despite adverse conditions.
- Atrophy is a decrease in cellular size caused
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Home > Preview
The flashcards below were created by user
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
- Cellular adaptation is an alteration that enables the cell to maintain a steady state despite adverse conditions.
- Atrophy is a decrease in cellular size caused by aging, disuse, or lack of blood supply, hormonal stimulation, or neural stimulation. The amounts of endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and microfilaments decrease.
- Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells caused by increased work demands or hormonal stimulation. The amounts of protein in the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, microfilaments, and mitochondria increase.
- Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells caused by an increased rate of cellular division. Normal hyperplasia is stimulated by hormones of the need to replace lost tissues.
- Dysplasia, or atypical hyperplasia, is an abnormal change in the size, shape, and organization of mature tissue cells.
- Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature cell type.
- Cellular injury occurs if the cell is unable to maintain homeostasis. Injured cells may recover (reversible injury) or die (irreversible injury). Injury is caused by lack of oxygen (hypoxia), free radicals, caustic or toxic chemicals, infectious agents, inflammatory and immune responses, genetic factors, insufficient nutrients, or physical trauma from many cases.
- Four biochemical themes are important to cell injury: (a) ATP depletion, (b) oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals, (c) intracellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state, and (d) defects in membrane permeability.
- The sequence of events leading to cell death is commonly decreased ATP production, failure of active-transport mechanisms (the sodium-potassium pump), cellular swelling, detachment of ribosomes from the endoplasmic reticulum, cessation of protein synthesis, mitochondrial swelling as a result of calcium accumulation, vacuolation, leakage of digestive enzymes from lysosomes, autodigestion of intracellular structures, lysis of the plasma membrane, and death.
- The initial insult in hypoxic injury is usually ischemia (the cessation of blood flow into vessels that supply the cell with oxygen and nutrients).
- Free radicals cause cellular injury because they have an unpaired electron that makes the molecule unstable. To stabilize itself, the molecule gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one. Therefore it forms injurious chemical bonds with proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates-key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
- The damaging effects of free radicals, especially activated oxygen species (O2-, OH-, H2O2), include (a) lipid peroxidation, (b) alteration of ion pumps and transport mechanisms, (c) fragmentation of DNA and (d) damage to mitochondria-releasing calcium into the cytosol.
- Restoration of oxygen, however, can cause additional injury called reperfusion injury.
- The initial insult in chemical injury is damage or destruction of the plasma membrane; Examples of chemical agents that cause cellular injury are carbon tetrachloride, lead, carbon monoxide, and ethyl alcohol.
- Unintentional and intentional injuries are an important health problem in the United States. Death as a result of these injuries is more common for men than women and higher among blacks than whites and other racial groups.
- Injuries by blunt force are the result of the application of mechanical energy to the body, resulting in tearing, shearing, or crushing of tissues. The most common types of blunt-force injuries include motor vehicle accidents and falls.
- A contusion is bleeding into the skin or underlying tissues as a consequence of a blow. A collection of blood in soft tissues or an enclosed space may be referred to as a hematoma.
- An abrasion (scrape) results from removal of the superficial layers of the skin caused by friction between the skin and injuring object. Abrasions and contusions may have a patterned appearance that mirrors the shape and features of the injuring object.
- Lacerations are a tear or rip resulting when the tensile strength of the skin or tissue is exceeded.
- An incised wound is a cut that is longer than it is deep. A stab wound is a penetrating sharp-force injury that is deeper than it is long.
- Gunshot wounds may be either penetrating (bullet retained in the body) or perforating (bullet exists). The most important factors determining the appearance of a gunshot injury are whether it is an entrance or an exit wound and the range of fire.
- Asphyxial injuries are caused by a failure of cells to receive or utilize oxygen. These injuries can be grouped into four general categories: suffocation, strangulation, chemical, and drowning.
- Activation of inflammation and immunity, which occurs after cellular injury or infection, involves powerful biochemicals and proteins capable of damaging normal (uninjured and uninfected) cells.
- Genetic disorders injure cells by altering the nucleus and the plasma membrane’s structure, shape, receptors, or transport mechanisms.
- Deprivation of essential nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins) can cause cellular injury by altering cellular structure and function, particularly of transport mechanisms, chromosomes, the nucleus, and DNA.
- Injurious physical agents include temperature extremes, changes in atmospheric pressure, ionizing radiation, illumination, mechanical stress (e.g., repetitive body movements), and noise.
Manifestations o
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The William J. Clinton Federal Building is part of the Federal Triangle government complex in Washington D.C., USA. A total restoration of the facade was included on the phase 2 of the renovation project. Built in 1934 in Classical Revival
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The William J. Clinton Federal Building is part of the Federal Triangle government complex in Washington D.C., USA. A total restoration of the facade was included on the phase 2 of the renovation project. Built in 1934 in Classical Revival architecture style, the building was designed with a monumental semicircular facade facing the grand plaza. The building is part of the Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site. In 1993, the U.S. General Services Administration began a building restoration and upgrade. Historic features were kept, specially those in the facades, while state-of-the-art environmental systems were added.
The building has an unusual footprint that is essentially two semicircles back to back with side wings, resulting in a dramatic sweeping facade. The facades display
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Thyroid: The butterfly shaped gland over the Adam’s apple of the neck.
Hypothyroidism: When the thyroid is underactive.
Hyperthyroidism: When the thyroid is overactive.
Antigen: Any substance that causes
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Thyroid: The butterfly shaped gland over the Adam’s apple of the neck.
Hypothyroidism: When the thyroid is underactive.
Hyperthyroidism: When the thyroid is overactive.
Antigen: Any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it.
Antibody: An antibody is an immune protein produced by the body’s immune system when it detects harmful substances, called antigens.
Autoimmune Disorder: A condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. Hashimoto’s thyroid is an example.
According to the American Association of Endocrinologists, more than 27 million Americans suffer from thyroid dysfunction and an estimated half or 13.5 million go undiagnosed. Of the detected cases of hypothyroidism, more than half are due to an autoimmune disorder called Hashimoto’s disease; where the immune system attacks and destroys tissue of the thyroid gland. All too often, the question of why the thyroid gland quit working never comes up.
Thyroid replacement hormones are a first line defense for many doctors, prescribed with the promise of wiping out a number of symptoms with one tiny pill. But taking that approach is turning a blind eye to what caused the thyroid gland to become depressed in the first place. A number of conditions such as: irregular immune function, poor blood sugar metabolism, gut infections, adrenal gland problems and hormonal imbalances can all significantly depress thyroid function. While prescription thyroid hormones might bring thyroid levels in the blood into a normal range, the hormone replacement doesn’t address what caused the thyroid to flounder in the first place. The drugs may make some people feel better, but for many others the relief is short lived, if it occurs at all…even when they have normal blood tests.
The better course may be to investigate and address the conditions that caused the thyroid gland to slow down in the first place. Be prepared though: the conditions creating they hypothyroid symptoms may likely call for lifestyle changes and lasting nutritional support. If the check engine light illuminates on your car’s dash, which is the smarter course: to investigate the engine or remove/mask the light? Failing to ask what the thyroid symptoms are trying to communicate and prescribing levothyroxine sodium (Synthroid, Armour, or Levoxyl) is like simply removing or masking the light.
While the concept that environmental factors, in particular infectious agents, may cause severe thyroid disorders has been in medical literature since the 1940’s; many clinicians rely on antibody levels and elevations in thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) while giving little attention to factors involved in thyroid autoimmunity (ex: Hashimoto’s). Posing the question: “Why does the human body react to its own antigens, resulting in the production of potentially harmful autoantibodies?” Then investigating the likely underlying factors driving autoimmunity and addressing them can open the door to greater overall health along with relief of symptoms.
Many patients begin to enjoy not only relief of symptoms, but also true health when addressing the underlying causes of hypothyroidism.
Why is the thyroid so important? If your cold the thyroid steps on the gas to create more heat. If you’ve got a virus, the thyroid revs up the engine of your immune system. The most important thing to remember about the thyroid is that it is highly sensitive to the slightest alterations in the body.
Common symptoms of low thyroid function:
- Weight gain despite adhering to a low calorie diet
- Hypersensitivity to cold weather
- Poor circulation or numbness in the hands and feet
- Muscle cramps while at rest
- Increased susceptibility to colds and other viral or bacterial infections and difficulty recovering from them
- Slow wound healing
- Excessive amounts of sleep to function properly
- Chronic digestive problems, such as lack of stomach acid (hypochlorhydria)
- Itchy, dry skin
- Dry or brittle hair
- Hair falls out easy
- Dry Skin
- Low auxiliary (body-heat) temperature
- Edema, especially facial swelling
- Loss of outermost portion of eyebrows.
Signs that can indicate Autoimmune Hashimoto’s Disease:
- Heart Palpitations
- Inward trembling
- Increased pulse rate, even at rest
- Feelings of nervousness and emotional distress
- Night sweats
- Difficulty gaining weight
Why is good thyroid function so important? Many of the below body functions can become impaired due to faulty thyroid function.
- Bone Metabolism
- Gastrointestinal Function
- Male Reproductive Health
- Gallbladder & Liver Function
- Growth Hormones
- Fat Burning
- Insulin and Glucose Metabolism
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In the 1920s in California,
astronomer Edwin Hubble
observed distant galaxies using an extremely
powerful telescope. He made two mind-boggling discoveries.
Hubble figured out that the Milky Way isnt the only galaxy
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In the 1920s in California,
astronomer Edwin Hubble
observed distant galaxies using an extremely
powerful telescope. He made two mind-boggling discoveries.
Hubble figured out that the Milky Way isnt the only galaxy.
He realized that faint, cloud-like objects in the night sky are
actually other galaxies far, far away. The Milky Way is just one
of billions of galaxies.
Hubble discovered that the galaxies are constantly moving away from
each other. In other words, the universe is expanding. The biggest thing that
we know about is getting bigger all the time.
few years later,
Belgian astronomer Georges Lemaître used Hubbles amazing
discoveries to suggest an answer to a big astronomy question: How
did the universe
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1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ultramontanism
ULTRAMONTANISM (Lat. ultra, beyond, montes, the mountains), the name given to a certain school of opinion in the Roman Catholic Church.
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1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ultramontanism
ULTRAMONTANISM (Lat. ultra, beyond, montes, the mountains), the name given to a certain school of opinion in the Roman Catholic Church. The expression ultramontane was originally no more than a term of locality, characterizing the persons so described as living—or derived from—“beyond the mountains.” The “mountains” in this case are the Alps, so that, from the Italian standpoint, Germans and French for instance were “ultramontane.” In this sense the word was applied in the later middle ages to the Germans studying at Italian universities and—to take a particular example—to the French cardinals at the election of Clement V. (1305). North of the Alps, however, the term seems never to have been restricted to the sense implying locality; for from the very beginning we find it used as a party appellation to describe those who looked “beyond the mountains” in order to obtain a lead from Rome, who represented the papal point of view and supported the papal policy. Thus, as early as the 11th century, the partisans of Gregory VII. were styled ultramontanes, and from the 15th century onwards the same name was given to the opponents of the Gallican movement in France.
It was not until the 19th century that “ultramontane” and “ultramontanism” came into general use as broad designations covering the characteristics of particular personalities, measures and phenomena within the Roman Catholic Church. At the present time they are applied to a tendency representing a definite form of Catholicism within that Church; and this tendency, in spite of the individual forms it has assumed in different countries, everywhere displays the same essential features and pursues the same ends. It follows, to be sure, from the very nature of Ultramontanism, and from the important position to which it has attained, that the official organs of the Church and all the people interested in the continuance of the actual state of affairs deny that it exists at all as an independent tendency, and seek to identify it with any proper interpretation of Roman Catholicism. Numerous Catholics, on the other hand, well qualified to form a judgment, themselves protest against this obliteration of the dividing lin
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It's difficult to believe that an airplane flying in the tropics in the summer could have an engine fill up with ice, freeze, and shut down. But the phenomenon, known as engine core ice accretion, has happened more than
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It's difficult to believe that an airplane flying in the tropics in the summer could have an engine fill up with ice, freeze, and shut down. But the phenomenon, known as engine core ice accretion, has happened more than 150 times since 1988 — frequently enough to attract the attention of NASA aviation safety experts, who are preparing a flight campaign in northern Australia to learn more about this occasional hazard and what can be done to prevent it.
"It's not happening in one particular type of engine and it's not happening on one particular type of airframe," said Tom Ratvasky, an icing flight research engineer at NASA's Glenn Research Center in Cleveland. "The problem can be found on aircraft as big as large commercial airliners, all the way down to business-sized jet aircraft." And it has happened at altitudes up to 41,000 feet.
No accident has been attributed to the phenomenon in the 23 years since it was identified, but there have been some harrowing moments in the air. In most of the known cases, pilots have managed to restore engine power and reach their destinations without further problems. According to the Federal Aviation Administration, there have been two forced landings. For example, in 2005, both engines of a Beechcraft business jet failed at 38,000 feet above Jacksonville, Fla. The pilot glided the aircraft to an airport, dodging thunderstorms and ominous clouds on the way down. Engine core ice accretion was to blame.
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Wernicke encephalopathy is a brain disorder. It can be associated with a variety of symptoms such as confusion, lack of muscle coordination, and eye movement difficulties.
|Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
Wern
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Wernicke encephalopathy is a brain disorder. It can be associated with a variety of symptoms such as confusion, lack of muscle coordination, and eye movement difficulties.
|Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
Wernicke encephalopathy is caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. The deficiency may be caused by poor nutrition, problems absorbing vitamins, or both.
Vitamin B deficiency is common in those with alcohol use disorder
(AUD). Excessive intake of alcohol is associated with poor diets and damage to the intestines that make it difficult to absorb vitamins. However, not everyone with AUD develops Wernicke encephalopathy. A combination of genes and diet may play a role.
Factors that may increase your risk of Wernicke encephalopathy include:
- Poor nutrition or fasting
- A diet rich in carbohydrates
- Gastrointestinal disorders and surgical procedures
- Severe vomiting
Systemic diseases, such as
AIDS, renal diseases, infections, and thyroid disease
- Eating disorders
- Certain medications
Symptoms may include:
- Mental status changes, including confusion, poor concentration, lack of emotion, and memory loss
- Vision problems
- Poor coordination
- Difficulty walking and sitting
- Nausea and vomiting
You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done.
The level of thiamine in your blood will be measured. This can be done with a blood test.
Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Options include:
- Thiamine supplements—To treat the thiamine deficiency that is causing your Wernicke encephalopathy.
- Dietary changes—You may be referred to a dietitian to help with meal planning, especially if your diet is high in carbohydrates.
If Wernicke encephalopathy is associated with AUD or an eating disorder, you may be referred to a rehabilitation facility.
To help reduce your chance of getting Wernicke encephalopathy, take these steps:
Ensure that you are getting enough thiamine in your diet.
- Daily goals are 1.1 mg a day for women and 1.2 mg a day fo
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Arcadia was founded by Elias Jackson “Lucky” Baldwin in 1903. He was the Southern California city’s first mayor, and the direction the city took in its early development was under his watchful eye and approval.
Arcadia was
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Arcadia was founded by Elias Jackson “Lucky” Baldwin in 1903. He was the Southern California city’s first mayor, and the direction the city took in its early development was under his watchful eye and approval.
Arcadia was known as being “wide open,” with entertainment available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Its reputation was of lawlessness and political turmoil.
The city’s second decade was one of change, both in reputation and real estate development. Large land holdings were subdivided and on the smaller lots, poultry raising became the largest business. Many large poultry ranches supplied eggs and meat to the Los Angeles markets. City streets were graded and paved, street lights were erected and the sleepy city took on the look of an urban community.
Alcohol was outlawed, saloons were closed, retail business was encouraged and a bank opened. Arcadians, however had to go to Pasadena or Monrovia for necessities. Toward the end of the World War I, Ross Field, the “Balloon School,” was established in the center of Arcadia. This brought in thousands of servicemen and strained the resources of Arcadia, notably water and police protection.
In the third decade, Arcadia became known as a poultry-raising capital, and poultry men had significant influence in the policy-making and civic decisions of the city. Ten to 12 hatcheries were located within the city limits as well as a cannery. The businesses along First Avenue slowly developed and spread to Huntington Drive. Business began in West Arcadia along Baldwin Avenue and this gave competition to the “downtown” merchants.
Arcadia developed in a random way, with businesses scattered widely and without a plan. Eventually, a Planning Commission was established in 1925, but Arcadia never had a significant business district until after the Second World War and the “Mall” came into existence.
Fire and flood control were in the forefront of public concern for many years and plans were reviewed with Los Angeles County to curtail the ravages of periodic flooding. In 1927 a dam was constructed in Santa Anita Canyon to control the flood-waters. Arcadia regularly contributed its funds for fire breaks in the mountains behind the city. It wasn’t until the late 1950s that flood control was dealt with effectively.
Following World War II, Arcadia experienced phenomenal growth that changed the city completely. In a period of six years (1946-1952), Arcadia’s population increased from 15,523 to 28,722. In 1960 the population was 41,005. In the years 1947 to 1966, seven elementary schools, two middle schools and a high school were constructed.
Arcadia residents adapted to the 210 Freeway’s path cut through the northern section of the city in 1971, voted for a shopping mall in 1975, and in 2007, voted to end “eminent domain.” Very little vacant land exists in Arcadia, and all land is at a premium.
- Related content: About the Arcadia Historical Society.
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Dates of Project: January–August 2012
Field of Work: Addressing childhood obesity and diabetes among Native American youth
Problem Synopsis: Overweight, obesity, and type 2 diabetes are rampant in Native American communities, including those in
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Dates of Project: January–August 2012
Field of Work: Addressing childhood obesity and diabetes among Native American youth
Problem Synopsis: Overweight, obesity, and type 2 diabetes are rampant in Native American communities, including those in New Mexico, where Native Americans account for more than 10 percent of the population. In 2011, a report from the New Mexico Department of Health found that 42.7 percent of Native American kindergartners were overweight or obese, and that 49.7 percent of Native American third-graders were obese.
Synopsis of the Work: The project team worked with partners to report on obesity and type 2 diabetes among Native American youth and interview 23 key stakeholders in New Mexico, including representatives from tribes, tribal health programs, and state agencies. The project team also held four meetings with such stakeholders to identify challenges and opportunities in reducing obesity and type 2 diabetes among Native American children in New Mexico.
- Many tribes in New Mexico lack the infrastructure and resources to provide good data on the incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes among their youth.
- Native American populations face unique risk factors and social determinants of obesity and type 2 diabetes among youth, including family medical history and genetics, high poverty rates, historical trauma, and cultural disintegration.
- Federal and state agencies, tribes, and foundations have not provided clear an
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Tessa Meyer Santiago
2001 First Place Winner
Between 1920 and the late 70’s, the all white city council in Houston (a city with no zoning laws), sites eight out of every ten solid waste sites in black neighborhoods
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Tessa Meyer Santiago
2001 First Place Winner
Between 1920 and the late 70’s, the all white city council in Houston (a city with no zoning laws), sites eight out of every ten solid waste sites in black neighborhoods even though blacks comprised no more than twenty five percent of the city’s population at any one time. In 1983, the government officially realizes that three out of four hazardous waste off-site landfills in one Environmental Protection Agencies Region are situated in majority black communities. The dirtiest zip code in California belongs to a mostly black and Latino neighborhood. Over seventy one percent of blacks and fifty percent of Latinos in the Los Angeles basin live in the areas with the most polluted air. Only thirty four percent of the white population do. The Louisiana Energy Services proposes the nation first priv
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gives a televised address from the Oval Office
, outlining his plan for tax reductions in July 1981 (excerpt)
This timeline of modern American conservatism lists important events, developments and occurrences which have significantly affected conservatism in the United States. With
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gives a televised address from the Oval Office
, outlining his plan for tax reductions in July 1981 (excerpt)
This timeline of modern American conservatism lists important events, developments and occurrences which have significantly affected conservatism in the United States. With the decline of the conservative wing of the Democratic Party after 1960, the movement is most closely associated with the Republican Party (GOP). Economic conservatives favor less government regulation, lower taxes and weaker labor unions, while social conservatives focus on moral issues and neoconservatives focus on democracy worldwide. Conservatives generally distrust the United Nations (UN) and Europe and, apart from the libertarian wing, favor a strong military and give enthusiastic support to Israel.
Although conservatism has much older roots in American history, the modern movement began to gel in the mid–1930s when intellectuals and politicians collaborated with businessmen to oppose the liberalism of the New Deal, led by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR), newly energized labor unions, and big city Democratic machines. After World War II that coalition gained strength from new philosophers and writers who developed an intellectual rationale for conservatism.
Richard Nixon's victory in the 1968 presidential election is often considered a realigning election in American politics. From 1932 to 1968, the Democratic Party was obviously the majority party. During that time period, the Democrats had won seven out of nine presidential elections, and their agenda gravely affected that undertaken by the Republican Eisenhower administration. The election of 1968 reversed the situation completely. The Vietnam war split the Democratic Party. White ethnics in the North and white Southerners felt the national Democratic Party had deserted them. The white South has voted Republican at the presidential level since the mid-1960s, and at the state and local level since the 1990s.
In the 1980s President Ronald Reagan solidified conservative Republican strength with tax cuts, greatly increased defense spending, deregulation, a policy of rolling back communism (rather than just containing it), a greatly strengthened military, and appeals to family values and conservative Judeo-Christian morality. His impact has led historians to call the 1980s the "Reagan Era". The Reagan model remains the conservative standard for social, economic and foreign policy issues. In recent years social issues such as abortion, gun control, and gay marriage have become important. Since 2009 the Tea Party Movement has energized conservatives at the local level against the policies made by the presidency of Barack Obama, leading to a Republican landslide in 2010 and again in 2014, eventually culminating in the election of Republican Donald Trump as president in 2016.
Chronology of events
As the nation plunges into its deepest depression ever, Republicans and conservatives fall into disfavor in 1930, 1932 and 1934, losing more and more of their seats. Liberals (mostly Democrats with a few Republicans and independents) come to power with the landslide 1932 election of liberal Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt. In his first 100 days Roosevelt pushes through a series of dramatic economic programs known as the New Deal.
The major metropolitan newspapers generally opposed the New Deal, as typified by William Randolph Hearst and his chain (Hearst had supported FDR in 1932 but parted ways in 1934.) Robert R. McCormick, owner of the Chicago Tribune, compared the New Deal to communism. He was also an America First isolationist who strongly opposed entering World War II to rescue the British Empire. McCormick also railed against the League of Nations, the World Court, socialism and communism.
- Former President Herbert Hoover develops his critique of New Deal liberalism based on the values of liberty, limited government, and constitutionalism.
1937 cartoon by Joseph L. Parrish in the Chicago Tribunes
warning FDR's executive branch reorganization plan is a power grab.
- President Roosevelt calls his opponents "conservatives" as a term of abuse, they reply that they are "true liberals".
- Most publishers favor Republican moderate Alf Landon for president. In the nation's 15 largest cities the newspapers that editorially endorsed Landon represented 70% of the circulation, while Roosevelt won 69% of the actual voters.
- FDR carries 46 of the 48 states and liberals gain in both the House and the Senate, thanks to newly energized labor unions, city machines, and the WPA. Since 1928 the GOP has lost 178 House seats, 40 Senate seats, and 19 governorships; it retains a mere 89 seats in the House and 16 in the Senate.
- Roosevelt's plan to pack the Supreme Court alienates conservative Democrats; most newspapers which supported FDR in 1936 oppose the plan, with many warning it was a prelude to dictatorship.
- Conservative Republicans (nearly all from the North) and conservative Democrats (most from the South), form the Conserva
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Bromelain is a group of protein-digesting enzymes obtained from the fruit and stem of pineapple. These enzymes are useful for treating a wide range of health conditions, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center. As an herbal remedy,
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Bromelain is a group of protein-digesting enzymes obtained from the fruit and stem of pineapple. These enzymes are useful for treating a wide range of health conditions, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center. As an herbal remedy, bromelain is available in tablets and capsules, and it also can be applied topically. Consult with a qualified health care provider before beginning any herbal therapy.
Bromelain is particularly beneficial for decreasing inflammation, explains the UMMC. Commission E, the German regulatory agency for herbs, has approved bromelain to treat swelling and inflammation following surgery. These enzymes also may reduce healing time, swelling and pain caused by injuries, including sprains and muscle strains. Bromelain may relieve the pain of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, bromelain may decrease symptoms of sinusitis and hay fever. As a group of protein-digesting enzymes, bromelain may relieve upset stomach and heartburn. Topically, it can decrease swelling from insect stings and bites and help remove damaged tissue from severe burns.
Because you may experience side
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LUND, Sweden, May 25 (UPI) -- Daily intake of lactic acid bacteria -- Lactobacillus plantarum HEAL19 -- may help prevent obesity and reduce low-level inflammation, Swedish researchers say.
"Rats
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LUND, Sweden, May 25 (UPI) -- Daily intake of lactic acid bacteria -- Lactobacillus plantarum HEAL19 -- may help prevent obesity and reduce low-level inflammation, Swedish researchers say.
"Rats who were given this specific lactic acid bacterium from their time in the uterus up to adult age put on significantly less weight than other rats," Caroline Karlsson, a researcher in food hygiene at Lund University, Sweden, says in a statement. "Both groups (of rats) ate the same amount of high-energy (high-calorie) food."
The study, published in the British Journal of Nutrition, found the rats, given lactobacilli had a richer and better composition of the bacteria which occur naturally in the intestines.
A healthy gut flora should contain a large proportion of "good bacteria," such as lactic acid bacteria -- found in yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, pickles, beer, wine, cider, chocolate and other fermented foods -- to keep the inflammation-causing bacteria in check, the study says.
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During the Vietnam War, the U.S. military sprayed approximately 20 million gallons of herbicides across 5.5 million acres of Vietnamese jungle and countryside, an area roughly the size of New Jersey, according to The New York Times. U
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During the Vietnam War, the U.S. military sprayed approximately 20 million gallons of herbicides across 5.5 million acres of Vietnamese jungle and countryside, an area roughly the size of New Jersey, according to The New York Times. U.S. soldiers sprayed these herbicides to flush out Vietcong soldiers, who used the foliage for cover.
The main herbicide, nicknamed Agent Orange, consisted of two
herbicides, one of which had been tainted with a toxic strain of
dioxin, according to The Times. Dioxins are a group of chemical
compounds that have similar structures; the World Health Organization has called thes
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On most new motorcycle launch stories we have carried, for example the new KTM Duke 390 showcased at EICMA or the MV Agusta Brutale 800 RR, we have mentioned a term called 'ride-by-wire' technology under
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On most new motorcycle launch stories we have carried, for example the new KTM Duke 390 showcased at EICMA or the MV Agusta Brutale 800 RR, we have mentioned a term called 'ride-by-wire' technology under the features sub-title.
Most enthusiasts would understand what ride-by-wire means, but there are also some who would the technology is all about. So here's a detailed look at what's ride-by-wire, how it works, and what are the advantages of having such a system.
What is ride-by-wire technology?
Ride-by-wire technology eliminates any mechanical linkage/ connection between the accelerator and the throttle. Physical linkage is replaced by sensors connected by wires, that decide how much air fuel mixture should enter the motorcycle's engine.
Who came up with ride-by-wire technology?
Yamaha pioneered the ride-by-wire technology on a motorcycle first — the 2006 YZF-R6. The YCC-T ride-by-wire throttle was part of the upgrade by the Japanese manufacturer, which also featured a new engine management control.
Why ride-by-wire technology?
Ride-by-wire technology was used on large capacity motorcycles by manufacturers that were designed to be used on race tracks. Now, the technology is found on smaller capacity road-legal motorcycles too.
One of the main aspects of using the ride-by-wire technology is that motorcycle manufacturers can stick to stringent emission norms, while
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Measuring Without Using a Ruler
These easy ways to estimate measurement based on parts of your body or items you almost always have with you will help you get a measure for almost anything without needing a ruler. We've all done it, looked
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Measuring Without Using a Ruler
These easy ways to estimate measurement based on parts of your body or items you almost always have with you will help you get a measure for almost anything without needing a ruler. We've all done it, looked carefully at something on a sales table then brought it home only to find out it is too large or too small. Learn the size of the items on the list below that you use most frequently and you won't have that problem anymore.
If you need to estimate the size of patterns on wallpaper or fabrics, you might want to carry a simple viewfinder of cardboard or an empty photo slide mount to estimate the size of items similar to the way photographers do.
Common Measurements Based on Your Body.
One Inch (2.5 cm) - is roughly the measure from the top knuckle on your thumb to your thumb tip. Measure yours to see how close it is to one inch. You should always have a thumb handy for a guide for measuring items under 6 inches (15cm)! In miniatures, 1 inch = roughly 1 foot in standard dollhouse scale (1:12) and it is quite close to the size used for standard 28mm gaming figures for wargaming. One inch is also close to the height of figures in 1:64 or "S" railway scale,which also relates to gaming figures. The 28mm size is a 'heroic" figure in 1:64, where the "normal" figure would be roughly 1 inch or 25mm tall.
Four Inches (10cm) or one hand for measuring horses is roughly the width of most people's hands measured across your bottom knuckles (without the thumb).
One Yard (36 inches or 92cm) is roughly the distance from your nose to the bent fingers on your outstretched hand. Measure you arm to see how close this measurement is to one yard if you use that measurement often.
One Meter (39 inches) is a similar measurement to the yard above, just use your arm with fingers extended.
This is an easy way to estimate yards and meters of cord, fabric or ribbon. Check the length of your arm against a ruler or measuring tape to find out how long a length you can measure easily this way.
One Elbow Length From your bent elbow to the tips of your fingers is between 15 and 18 inches (35- 48 cm) for most people.
Measure With Your Foot A woman's size 9 foot (US and Canada) is usually ten inches (25cm) long. In Europe, this is a size 40 and in the UK size 6 1/2
Measurements based on common papers you might be carrying.
A standard business card is 3 1/2 inches long and 2 inches high ( 9 x 5 cm)
Standard credit and Id cards are 3 3/8 inches by 2 1/8 inches. ( 8.5 x 5.4 cm)
Use Coins and Bills to Measure
A US dollar bill is 2 7/12 inches tall by 6 1/6 inches long. (6.5cm x 15.5 cm) Canadian bills are 6 inches long by 2 3/4 inches tall. (15.2 x 7cm) A one cent coin is 3/4 of an inch (2 cm) across. A quarter is just under one inch (2.5 cm) across.
Standard Furniture Measurements use these to check for rough scale or size against other objects, or when buying pieces of furniture or accessories for model buildings / dollhouses. The sizes below are the sizes of the real items, in 1:12 scale, a six-foot door would be 6 inches tall (15cm)
Standard modern doors are six foot six (198 cm) to six foot eight inches (203 cm) high
A dining room table surface is usually 30 inches (76 cm) from the ground.
The seat of a dining room chair is usually 15-17 inches (38 -43 cm) from the floor.
Using Miniature Printed People to Check Model / Miniature Size and Scale
It is easiest to estimate scale for models and miniatures if you take along a person sized to the correct scale. Carry one from this printable set and you'll be able to see if that motorbike or car is close to the right scale for your collection. If th
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IBM and Stanford University have set up a research facility to pursue development of “spintronics”, a technology that has already been used to advance the capacity of hard drives.
The two research bodies have formed the IBM-Stanford Spintronic Science and
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IBM and Stanford University have set up a research facility to pursue development of “spintronics”, a technology that has already been used to advance the capacity of hard drives.
The two research bodies have formed the IBM-Stanford Spintronic Science and Applications Center, known as “SpinAps” for short. SpinAps, which will be funded by both IBM and Stanford, will employ a half-dozen Stanford professors, a similar number of IBM scientists, up to 10 graduate students working at both IBM Almaden and Stanford, three or more postdoctoral researchers and two or more visiting faculty.
When asked to comment on the amount of money IBM dedicated to the SpinAps facility, IBM fellow Stuart Parkin declined to comment, saying the funding was “significant.”
In some sense, spintronics is the study of magnetism on a particle level. Electrons have two spin states characterized as either “up” or “down”. Aligning the spin states in a material creates a magnetic polarity.
Carefully manipulating magnetic fields is a priority in magnetic storage, where the alignment of magnetic “gains” on a hard disk drive platter can be interpreted as a “1” or “0”, i.e., data. The ability to detect and align, or “write” the data to a magnetic head determines whether disk drive densities will constantly increase or reach what’s known as the superparamagnetic limit, where the magnetic fields will be too closely packed together that e
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Question: Lobsters vary in sizes The bigger the size the more
Lobsters vary in sizes. The bigger the size, the more valuable the lobster per pound (a 6-pound lobster is more valuable than two 3-pound ones).
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Question: Lobsters vary in sizes The bigger the size the more
Lobsters vary in sizes. The bigger the size, the more valuable the lobster per pound (a 6-pound lobster is more valuable than two 3-pound ones). Lobster merchants will sell entire boatloads for a certain price. The boatload has a mixture of sizes. Suppose the distribution is as follows:
What is a fair price for the shipload?
Answer to relevant QuestionsA large shipment of computer chips is known to contain 10% defective chips. If 100 chips are randomly selected, what is the expected number of defective ones? What is the standard deviation of the number of defective chips?...A computer
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GRADE PERCENTAGE CALCULATOR. PERCENTAGE CONVERSION CALCULATOR. STANDARD FORM ONLINE CALCULATOR.
Grade Percentage Calculator
- An amount, such as an allowance or commission, that is a proportion of a larger sum of money
- Any
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GRADE PERCENTAGE CALCULATOR. PERCENTAGE CONVERSION CALCULATOR. STANDARD FORM ONLINE CALCULATOR.
Grade Percentage Calculator
- An amount, such as an allowance or commission, that is a proportion of a larger sum of money
- Any proportion or share in relation to a whole
- share: assets belonging to or due to or contributed by an individual person or group; “he wanted his share in cash”
- In mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a number as a fraction of 100 (per cent meaning “per hundred” in Latin). It is often denoted using the percent sign, “%”, or the abbreviation “pct”. For example, 45% (read as “forty-five percent”) is equal to 45/100, or 0.45.
- A rate, number, or amount in each hundred
- a proportion in relation to a whole (which is usually the amount per hundred)
- Something used for making mathematical calculations, in particular a small electronic device with a keyboard and a visual display
- a small machine that is used for mathematical calculations
- an expert at calculation (or at operating calculating machines)
- A calculator is a small (often pocket-sized), usually inexpensive electronic device used to perform the basic operations of arithmetic. Modern calculators are more portable than most computers, though most PDAs are comparable in size to handheld calculators.
- A mark indicating the quality of a student’s work
- A level in a salary or employment structure
- rate: assign a rank or rating to; “how would you rank these students?”; “The restaurant is rated highly in the food guide”
- a relative position or degree of value in a graded group; “lumber of the highest grade”
- class: a body of students who are taught together; “early morning classes are always sleepy”
- A particular level of rank, quality, proficiency, intensity, or value
grade percentage calculator – Calculator with
The story behind these awards (I got one per year in HS) is that they choose the top performing student in each science area (geometry through calculus, biology, chemistry, physics) at the end of the year and give them a plaque and a hearty pat on the back.
The drama here is that I was the frontrunner for both the biology and geometry awards (by a long shot– the grade percentages were public and I was an outlier on both) and they didn’t know what to do. They wouldn’t give me both, so they ended up swearing me to secrecy and letting me pick. I chose the sciences figuring math didn’t matter (footnote: I got a BS in math…)
I don’t recall who got the geometry award. I know I never said a word for the last 10 years.
Later, my geometry teacher (or perhaps the ‘department’, don’t know who paid for it) gave me a graphing calculator around the last day of school. I’ve always struggled to graciously accept gifts, and the whole thing made me feel tremendously guilty– back then those things were really expensive. I never used it; the following year I got a better model and used that through college.
o lencol de grades…
| tecido, linha e feltro | tam. grades|
| 100% algodao | lavar com cuidado |
| tratar com carinho 🙂 |
grade percentage calculator
REA … Real review, Real practice, Real results.
Take your teaching career to the head of the class.
PRAXIS II Middle School Mathematics (0069)
For Teacher Certification
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*The comprehensive review guides candidates through all the content and process categories on the official test, which is required in most states for certification. Content categories include: Algebra and Basic Algebra; Geometry and Measurement; Functions and Their Graphs; Data, Probability, and Statistical Concepts; Discrete Mathematics; Problem-Solving Exercises.
* Lessons reinforce necessary skills
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REA books and software have proven to be the extra support teacher candidates need to pass their challenging test for state licensure. Our comprehensive study guides are teacher-recommended and written by educators who have mastered the test and the related program of study.
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Climate change is coming; what can we do about it? TV’s “Science guy” has some answers.
Nye (Undeniable: Evolution and the Science of Creation, 2014, etc.) begins with the central point that Earth is
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Climate change is coming; what can we do about it? TV’s “Science guy” has some answers.
Nye (Undeniable: Evolution and the Science of Creation, 2014, etc.) begins with the central point that Earth is our home, and we need to treat it as such—not as if it’s a rented property we can let the landlord fix when we leave. If we take that view, he argues, we should be looking for ways to keep the planet livable for those who come after us. He outlines the science behind the greenhouse effect, with particular emphasis on thermodynamics. We are in our current situation due to thermodynamics, but we can use thermodynamics to avoid the worst of the problems we face. Nye then proceeds to look for answers—some big, some small, some ingenious. Many are familiar to anyone paying attention: get off fossil fuels, increase the use of renewable energy, expand mass transit, find more efficient ways to store energy. Others are a bit quixotic—e.g., changing the culture of NASCAR to promote more efficient racing engines. The discussion of moving some of our population off the planet may also strike some as far-fetched. Nye draws on his personal experience, such as the way his own garden grows, to bring the scientific points into everyday perspective, and he lightens the tone of a vitally important topic with humorous examples. His reputation as a straight talker about science undoubtedly helps him resist the temptation to take simplistic stands. His discussion of nuclear energy, for example, recognizes both the potential and the difficulties of the technology. Nye also takes a close look at dwindling water supplies, already a critical issue in the American West. Desalinization technologies, such as diffusion through membranes, are promising, though breakthroughs are still needed. Nye’s folksy sty
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SummaryIn this second LP on monopolies, we learn about a few more types of monopolies, quite particular ones. We learn about discriminating monopolies, how the implement different prices in order to extract all consumer surplus. We also learn about
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SummaryIn this second LP on monopolies, we learn about a few more types of monopolies, quite particular ones. We learn about discriminating monopolies, how the implement different prices in order to extract all consumer surplus. We also learn about natural monopolies, which are tricky since they are actually good for society.
Price discrimination, also referred to as price differentiation, occurs when a firm sells the same product at different prices, either to the same or different consumers. The study of this strategy comes naturally when dealing with monopolies as these seek to sell additional output to consumers without lowering the price of the units that are already being sold so as to maximise their profits. Good examples of price discrimination are transportation or storage costs. To optimise price discrimination, firms will have to control and prevent reselling, and they will also have to sort consumers depending on their willingness to pay. The former does not generally imply complications, but sorting consumers is a more complex process.
Arthur C. Pigou made a distinction between different levels of price discrimination in his book “The Economics of Welfare”, 1920. The first degree or perfect discrimination is given when the monopolist charges each unit with a price that is equal to the consumer’s maximum willingness to pay for that unit. The second degree or nonlinear price fixing is given when price depends on the amount bought by the consumer as in quantity discounts. Finally, the third degree or market segmentation of price discrimination occurs when there are several differentiated market segments to which the firm will apply different prices, e.g. student or third age discounts.
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Introduction: Peach along with its smooth-skin mutant, the nectarine, is a temperate juicy fruit of excellent appearance and quality. It comes to the market early in the season, particularly the low chilling peaches and growers get remuner
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Introduction: Peach along with its smooth-skin mutant, the nectarine, is a temperate juicy fruit of excellent appearance and quality. It comes to the market early in the season, particularly the low chilling peaches and growers get remunerative prices. Peaches originated in China, some traders carried over the stones of peaches from China to Kashmir. Peaches were introduced by Mr. Alexander Coutts in Himachal Pradesh in 1870. Some low chilling varieties of peach were also introduced at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 1968 from California.
AREA AND PRODUCTION The major peach producing countries are Italy, USA, Spain, China, France, Greece and Japan. In India, peach is grown on a commercial scale in mid hills of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, as well as in a limited scale in north-eastern states. In Himachal Pradesh, peaches are commercially grown in Rajgarh area of District Sirmour, which is also known as peach bowl of India. Low chill varieties of peaches are commercially grown in Punjab, Haryana and Eastern U.P. In India, peach occupies an area of 35531 hectares with a total production of 237921 MT ( FAO,2010-11). In Himachal Pradesh the area under this fruit is 5195 ha and production is 5162 MT (Annon. 2010).
Morphological characters of plant: Peach is a small to medium sized upright spreadingdeciduous tree. The trunk bark is dark brown, rough and young shoots are smooth and pinkish in colour. The leaves are simple, oblong lanceolate, glabrous above, pubescent beneath. Vegetative and flower buds are borne in the axil of leaves. Flower are numerous, sessile, white or pink appearing before leaves. The floral configuration is : five sepals, five petals, 30 stamens and single ovary. Fruits are fuzzy with free or cling stone, however, the nectarines are fuzzless peaches. Plate 1.Peach treePlate 2.Flower and leaf bud Plate 3. Flowers
Climate and Soil Peaches require humid climate with cold winter and dry summer. It is moderately winter hardy and swelling buds are injured at -6.5°C. Peach needs about 500 to 800 hours of chilling. Chilling requirement is easily met in areas located between 900 to 1600 m above mean sea level. Low chilling varieties, which require 250 to 300 chilling hours The limiting factors in peach cultivation are : 1.the minimum winter temperature 2. chilling hours, spring frosts, 3.hailstorms, high humidity 4. desiccating winds during summer. Deep sandy loam soil rich in organic matter is best Highly susceptible to water logging. The pH of the soil 5.8 and 6.8.
StateEarlyMid seasonLate Himachal Pradesh Alton, World’s Earliest, Early White Giant, Redhaven, May Fire and Silver King (Nectarine) July Elberta, Kanto 5, Simizu Hakuto, Sunhaven, Snow Queen (Nectarine) J H Hale Uttarakhand Early Candor, Redhaven, Sunhaven July Elberta, Alexander, Crawford Early Parrot Deluxe, J H Hale, Peregrine Jammu and Kashmir Peshwari, July Elberta,,, Prabhat J H Hale, Alexander, C O Smith - PunjabShan-i-Punjab, Flordasun, Prabhat, Sun Red, Florda Red Sharbati Table 1. Promising varieties of peach recommended for different states
Propagation and rootstock Seedling Rootstocks: Wild peach seedlings Plum, apricot and almond seedlings can also be used. Clonal rootstocks: GF677 Siberian C ( cold hardy), St. Julien hybrid No.1 and 2 Damas GF677 Nemagaurd and Shalil ( nematode resistant). Plate 8.Wild peach Plate 9 Wild Apricot Plate10. Grafted plants
Planting/ Planting Density: The plantation operation is carried out in the winter season. Before planting, the site of an orchard should be leveled, bushes and weeds are cut down and proper planning of layout is adopted. In plains, square system of planting is common, while in hills layout of an orchard is done with contour and terrace system. Planting distance of 4.5 x 4.5m in hills 6.5 x 6.5m in the plains. In high density planting, 3x 3 m. and 5 x 1 m in tatura trellis (2000 trees /ha). Plate 11.High density planting
Fig. 1.Pruning at plantingFig. 2.Shoot development during first year Fig.3. First year dormant pruning Fig. 4.Second year dormant pruning Fig. 5.Third year dormant pruning Figures 1-5: Open centre system of Training Fig.3. First year dormant pruningFig. 4.Second year dormant pruning e 5.Third year dormant pruning
Plate 12.Pruning at planting Plate 13. First year training Plate14. After 1 st year pruning Plate 15. Second year training
Pruning Bearing peach require heavy and regular pruning because it bear fruits laterally on the previous season growth. In peach pruning, thinning and heading back of shoots are two basic components. Pruning should be done so as to produce 30-70
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Male - The male Rosybill Pochard has a distinctive red beak with a black tip, a red basal knob above the beak, red eyes, dark glossy black-purple head, black upperparts and breast, black wings with a
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Male - The male Rosybill Pochard has a distinctive red beak with a black tip, a red basal knob above the beak, red eyes, dark glossy black-purple head, black upperparts and breast, black wings with a broad white stripe which can be seen when flying, light-grey flanks and underparts, and yellow-orange legs and feet.
Female - The female Rosybill has a slate-grey beak, and is mostly brown with a white face and brown eyes.
Size: - Typical Adult is 55-56cm (22in).
Food: - Mainly aquatic vegetation, seeds, grasses and sedges.
Habitat/Range: - Freshwater swamps in South America:- Argentina, central Chile, Paraguay, Bolivia, Uruguay and southern Brazil. The population in southern Argentina migrates northwards during the austral winter, reaching Brazil and southern Bolivia. It is a vagrant to the Falkland Islands.
Breeding Season: - October to December.
Eggs: - 8 to 12 (cream or greenish white colour).
Notes: - The Rosybill is classified as a diving duck but usually feeds by dabbling or grazing. These ducks are easily tamed and are commonly kept in aviaries. This is one of the most common ducks in South America.
Conservation status (IUCN 3.1):
Classification: - Family: Anatidae,
Subfamily: Aythyinae, Genus: Netta.
A-B C-F G-L M
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The front room of Joglo is used for guests, meeting, and ritual or cultural celebration. The back room consists of many rooms and kitchen. And, in the middle is the main room. Main room consists of three rooms: left room (
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The front room of Joglo is used for guests, meeting, and ritual or cultural celebration. The back room consists of many rooms and kitchen. And, in the middle is the main room. Main room consists of three rooms: left room (sentong kiwo), middle room (sentong tengah), and right room (sentong kanan).
The main room of Joglo, for Javanese people, is sacred room. In this room the owner provides bed with pillow, mirror, and comb made from horn. There are also some lamps in this room which are always on night and day and a carving (ukiran). This carving has spiritual lessons.
On the left side of Joglo there is a room for the old family members. This room connected to the terrace behind. This
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What is the shape in slow motion?
A video was floating around on social media that caught my attention and served as the subject matter of this blog post. Shown below is a short video (less than 40 seconds) of a golf ball
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What is the shape in slow motion?
A video was floating around on social media that caught my attention and served as the subject matter of this blog post. Shown below is a short video (less than 40 seconds) of a golf ball hitting a steel plate at 150 miles per hour:
Does the video seem strange to you? The video is in'slow-motion.' The video has been'sliced up' into 70,000 frames per second. I realize that the reader (you) might be confused by'slicing up' a video into thousands of frames per second. The process is referred to as changing the 'frame rate.' The process is accomplished by filming the event (in this case using a 'high-speed' camera) with a special camera. Traditional film (movie film) is viewed at around 24 frames per second. To understand the concept further, see the diagram below. I found this diagram off of a 'branching' search.
The basic idea is to'slice up' time into smaller pieces. In the diagram above, the bottom line could represent 1 second of film. The next line up would divide the 1 second of film (represented by 1 frame) into two frames -- line 2. Further dividing the film would result in line 3 with the original 1 second (1 frame) divided into 4 frames (still 1 second in total time duration). In the very top line, the maximum divisions is now 8 frames in 1 second. Are you confused yet by my choice of diagram and description? I understand completely.
How about another route (diagram) to convey the same concept of changing the 'frame rate.' Below is a more appropriate representation taken from a animation website:
In the diagram above, one second of animation is expanded into 60 frames. Some people (opinions) think that the video above of the golf ball hitting the plate is fake. Specifically, that the motion (deformation) of the the golf ball throughout the flight is unbelievable. More specifically, that the deformation upon rebound is not possible. Is the opinion possible? Sure, why not. But.
As a chemist, I would reserve my judgment until I can absolutely disprove the video with further evidence. On a different note but similar in concept, every day matter (molecules, bulk material) appears to be 'rigid' and'sturdy'. If the same material was viewed on a different length scale, 'perturbations' might be visible that were not evident at the previously viewed scale. One of the many beautiful aspects of science is that molecules (or bulk matter) is not static as it appears on the 'classical scale'. (More about this in a later post!!!)
I looked for another video to confirm the above motion. I found one -- which is shown below of a golf ball hitting a metal golf club at 150 mph filmed with a frame rate of 40,000 frames per second:
Regardless of whether the golf ball deforms to the extent upon impact as shown in the first video, the fact that the visualization is possible is amazing. Technology has advanced tremendously and allowed golf ball research to advance 'leaps and bounds.' Is any motion other than a 'rigid' ball possible during a golf game. And yes, their ar
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Blockchain-based sharing services: What blockchain technology can contribute to smart cities
© The Author(s). 2016
Received: 7 November 2016
Accepted: 24 November 2016
Published: 13 December 2016
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Blockchain-based sharing services: What blockchain technology can contribute to smart cities
© The Author(s). 2016
Received: 7 November 2016
Accepted: 24 November 2016
Published: 13 December 2016
The notion of smart city has grown popular over the past few years. It embraces several dimensions depending on the meaning of the word “smart” and benefits from innovative applications of new kinds of information and communications technology to support communal sharing.
By relying on prior literature, this paper proposes a conceptual framework with three dimensions: (1) human, (2) technology, and (3) organization, and explores a set of fundamental factors that make a city smart from a sharing economy perspective.
Using this triangle framework, we discuss what emerging blockchain technology may contribute to these factors and how its elements can help smart cities develop sharing services.
This study discusses how blockchain-based sharing services can contribute to smart cities based on a conceptual framework. We hope it can stimulate interest in theory and practice to foster discussions in this area.
KeywordsSmart city Blockchain Sharing economy Internet of Things (IoT) Smart contract
Nowadays, cities face complex challenges to improve their citizens’ quality of life. According to the 2014 United Nations (UN) World Urbanization Prospects report (UnitedNations 2014), more than half of the global population now lives in urban areas, and an additional 2.5 billion people are predicted to move to cities by 2050. Due to urban concentration, people’s living conditions have been impacted by increased traffic jams, carbon dioxide, greenhouse gas emissions, and waste disposal.
The notion of “smart city” is a response to these problems; it has gained popularity over the past few years. Many cities define themselves as “smart” when they identify some of their own characteristics as being so (such as broadband connectivity, digital inclusion, and knowledge workforce). A common underlying fact is that these smart cities benefit from innovative applications of new kinds of information and communications technology (ICT) to support communal sharing (Agyeman and McLaren 2014).
In the literature, smart city is a broad idea that includes many aspects of urban life (Chourabi et al. 2012) and is also a fuzzy concept that has been used in ways that are not always in accordance with each other (Cocchia 2014). The notion embraces several different dimensions depending on the meaning attributed to the word “smart” and the label “smart city.” Some examples include digital city (Couclelis 2004), intelligent city (Komninos 2006), knowledge city (Ergazakis et al. 2004), and ubiquitous city (Anthopoulos and Fitsilis 2010). The ambiguity of the concept causes difficulty in understanding how information technology (IT) adoption impacts smart cities’ development (Komninos et al. 2013).
As such, to grasp the effects of emerging blockchain technology on the growth of smart cities, it calls forth the use of an observation perspective to identify their essential elements. To address this problem, we propose a triangle framework of human, technology, and organization to identify the features of smart cities from the angle of the sharing economy. We apply this framework to analyze the influence of blockchains on building smart cities. The rest of the paper is arranged as follows. In Section Smart cities and the sharing economy, we explore the relationship between the sharing economy and smart cities. We propose the aforementioned triangle framework in Section A conceptual framework of smart cities from a sharing economy perspective. In Section Blockchain-based sharing services: Toward smart cities, we analyze the features of the management and computing of blockchain-based sharing services within the framework and consider what blockchains may contribute to smart city development. In Section Conclusions, we draw our conclusions.
Smart cities and the sharing economy
A city cannot adequately be called “smart” using specific or limited sectoral improvements. A “smart” city involves horizontally cumulative elements such as smart governance, smart mobility, smart living, the smart use of natural resources, smart citizens, and smart economy, all taken together (Gori et al. 2015). Nevertheless, because of space constraints and the population density of urban living, cities are naturally designed to be sharing economies with consumption involving access to shared resources over asset ownership (Sundararajan 2014). There are various ways of using modern technologies to create efficient economies and societies, yet sharing is one of the most important characteristics of smart cities (Agyeman and McLaren 2014).
The sharing economy can be defined as an economic/social model that broad sectors of the population can employ to collaboratively make use of under-utilized assets, in which supply and demand are interacting for the supply side to directly provide products/services. The overall aim of a sharing business, which can be both profit-oriented and non-profit oriented, is to improve the use of under-utilized assets and reduce transaction costs (Gori et al. 2015). On the supply side, individuals can offer things such as short-term rentals of their idle vehicles, or spare rooms in their apartments or houses. On the demand side, consumers can benefit from renting goods at lower cost or with lower transactional overhead than buying or renting through a traditional provider (Economist 2013).
The sharing economy has created a number of opportunities for smart cities in ter
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Hall effect flow sensor provides low cost solution for water flow measurement. Hall effect water flow sensor is mainly used for small pipe size and usually below DN30mm/DN40mm. It supports hall effect pulse output and can output pulse to PLC,
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Hall effect flow sensor provides low cost solution for water flow measurement. Hall effect water flow sensor is mainly used for small pipe size and usually below DN30mm/DN40mm. It supports hall effect pulse output and can output pulse to PLC, oscilloscope, or other pulse counter device.
Hall effect water flow sensors include 3 main parts: flow body, hall effect and paddle wheel. There are 3 kinds of material for the flow sensors. They are stainless steel, copper and POM plastic. Stainless steel is expensive, so it is not main selling item. Thus, we will mainly introduce copper and POM. If you require stainless steel, please feel free to contact.
- Low cost solution
- Pulse
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You'll excuse this bit of historical indulgence: I've been curious about this for years, and realized I had the tools to accomplish it quickly. In 1784, just after the US had established the Mississippi River as its western border by
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You'll excuse this bit of historical indulgence: I've been curious about this for years, and realized I had the tools to accomplish it quickly. In 1784, just after the US had established the Mississippi River as its western border by treaty, Thomas Jefferson submitted a proposal to the Continental Congress to divide the Northwest Territory, then Indian land almost entirely unsettled by Europeans, into ten states, mostly as blocks by lines of latitude and longitude. To these he gave mostly Latinate-Indian names. With this proposal there exists a map, mostly but not entirely congruent with the proposal, but encompassing the entire trans-Appalachian region, including south of the Ohio River.
Jefferson's proposal was shelved, and in the event, the Northwest Territory became 5 1/2 states (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota) larger and slightly less regular in shape. What I was wondering was: if the proposal had been adopted, and nothing else had changed, where would his states be on today's maps, and what would be their populations?
I found an adapted modern map of the Northwest Territory showing Jefferson's states. Note that the map has moved the northern boundary of the southmost tier north by half a degree of latitude. Without doing so, the state of Pelisipia, which in Jefferson's map lies south of the Ohio, would in its Northwest Territory incarnation be reduced to almost nothing.
It was a brief task to measure these lines on more detailed maps, normalize them to the nearest county boundaries, tag the counties on a 2010 census database, and add up the results. Because Jefferson had ten states where we only have 5 1/2, only two of his states are as populous as any of the actual states. From north to south, they are:
Sylvania: NE Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, and the UP of Michigan; urban centers Duluth and the northern suburbs of St. Paul; population 2023 th.
Michigania: central Wisconsin plus St. Paul; urban centers Milwaukee, Madison, and St. Paul; population 5013 th.
Cherronesus: northern parts of the Michigan Lower Peninsula; urban centers Flint, Saginaw, Muskegon; population 2486 th.
Assenisipia: northern Illinois and associated bits of Wisconsin, Indiana, and SW Michigan; urban centers Chicago and South Bend; by far the most popul
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1906: 1 Troy Ounce platina (Colombian ore, Spot, Est. 80%) = USD$ 18.
1906: 1 Troy Oz. Pt (Colombian export,.999) = USD
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1906: 1 Troy Ounce platina (Colombian ore, Spot, Est. 80%) = USD$ 18.
1906: 1 Troy Oz. Pt (Colombian export,.999) = USD$ 22.50
1906: 1 Troy Ounce Platinum (NYC: Refined, Spot) = USD$ 28.211906: 1 Troy Oz. Platinum (NYC Bid: Scrap) = USD$ 22.
Citation: The Jewelers' Circular, Vol. 81, Issue 2 p.89 (9/3/1920)
In 1906, Colombia reportedly exported 211.205 Kgs. platina
1906-7 Price Spike:
Citation: Mining American, Vol. 56, 11/14/1907 p.449
In 1906 (as 100 years before) free negroes were still bartering platina for presumably poor-quality and overpriced clothes and cheap trinkets. "They sometimes received money."
Citation: Mineral resources of the United States, Part 1 ; Geological Survey p.545
In 1906, the gold-platina yield was only ~10% platina.
The placer mining technology was still pre-Colombian.
Platina had been worthless for hundreds of years; even in periods of 19th Century European demand is was not aggressively sought after.
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SUMMER FINDS AT FAIRMEAD LANDFILL
Jeff Anglen serves as a lecturer in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at California State University, Fresno. His contribution of the material for todays article is appreciated.
As my
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SUMMER FINDS AT FAIRMEAD LANDFILL
Jeff Anglen serves as a lecturer in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at California State University, Fresno. His contribution of the material for todays article is appreciated.
As my spring geology classes at CSU-Fresno were coming to a close, I was presented with the opportunity of being the head paleontology monitor at the Fairmead Landfill this past summer. I worked at the landfill as a part-time
paleontology monitor in the summer of 2006, so I was somewhat familiar with the site and its fantastic fossil resources. I specialized in the study of dinosaurs and crocodiles in the past so fossil mammals are not exactly my cup of tea, but the idea of several thousand fossil vertebrates within a half-hour drive from my house was just too tempting to pass up. I also suspected that if enough dirt was removed over the course of the summer, there might be a “mother lode” of fossils to be collected by summers end. I chose to study paleontology because of my love for fossils and field work and Fairmead Landfill provided both.
In the summer, part-time monitor Blake Bufford and I were finding fossils nearly every day, even if many of them were in poor condition. Mammal teeth are made of very hard materials, so they are among the most common fossils at the landfill and are preserved rather well. We found quite a few teeth from horses, camels, and mammoths. We also found several bone fragments from the lower limbs of horses and camels. There bones correspond to the ankle and wrist bones of people. I also found a proximal femur fragment from a mammoth, this is the upper end of the thigh bone where it inserts into the hip joint. We found two occipital condyles from horses, these are skull fragments that are located around the hole where the spinal cord enters the base of the skull.
Blake made the best discoveries of
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Month: March 2012
In December 1777, Moroccan Sultan Muhammad III also known as Sidi Muhammad ibn Abdallah included America in a list of countries to which Morrocco’s ports were open. With that message to foreign
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Month: March 2012
In December 1777, Moroccan Sultan Muhammad III also known as Sidi Muhammad ibn Abdallah included America in a list of countries to which Morrocco’s ports were open. With that message to foreign consuls for communications to European capitals, Morrocco became the first country whose head of state publicly recognized the new United States. Relations were formalized with the Morroccan-American Treaty of Friendship negotiated by Thomas Barclay, and signed by Thomas Jefferson, John Adams and Sidi Muhammad III. The treaty signed by Barclay and the Sultan, then Jefferson and Adams, was ratified by the Confederation Congress in July 1787. it has withstood transalantic stresses and strains for more than 220 years, making it the keystone of the longest unbroken treaty relationship in United States history.
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Do you have a sweet tooth, but cringe in pain every time you enjoy a sweet treat? If you have teeth sensitive to sugar, you may wonder if there’s any way to get relief. Fortunately, for those who suffer from teeth sensitive
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Do you have a sweet tooth, but cringe in pain every time you enjoy a sweet treat? If you have teeth sensitive to sugar, you may wonder if there’s any way to get relief. Fortunately, for those who suffer from teeth sensitive to sugar, there are solutions to help you enjoy your favorite foods and avoid discomfort.
Identifying the Cause of Teeth Sensitive to Sugar
While we often hear about sensitive teeth being caused by extreme temperatures, there are other things that can trigger teeth sensitivity as well. Many people suffer from teeth sensitive to sweet foods. Tooth sensitivity, regardless of the cause, can result from the loss of enamel on your teeth. There are many causes of teeth sensitive to sugar, but common causes include brushing too hard or enjoying too many highly acidic foods. (1) Both of these activities cause damage to the enamel of your teeth and can expose the sensitive inner layer of your teeth. Once the outer layer of enamel is damaged, sugary foods, hot or cold beverages, or other irritants have easier access to the nerve center of your teeth, which can cause sharp pain.
If you experience teeth sensitive to sugar, you may want to try using a desensitizing toothpaste such as Crest Pro-Health Sensitive Plus Enamel Shield Toothpaste. It features the active ingredient stannous fluoride, which is clinically proven to protect teeth from sensitivity. By protecting your teeth from sensitivity, you can enjoy the foods you love and experience less painful sensitivity. All Crest Pro-Health toothpastes are triclosan free.
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Kevlar is an extremely strong polyamide from the nylon family of materials that is being used in an increasingly large number of industries. It was first developed in a Dupont laboratory when a strong and heat resistant material was needed for use in automobile
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Kevlar is an extremely strong polyamide from the nylon family of materials that is being used in an increasingly large number of industries. It was first developed in a Dupont laboratory when a strong and heat resistant material was needed for use in automobile tires. It is now being used everywhere from space industries to boats to aircraft in a variety of ways.
Aircraft and Space
Kevlar is currently used in a variety of applications in both airlines and spacecraft. It is used as a protective material in airplane cockpits in case of debris or an emergency landing. It is used in fuel systems to create stronger lines that will not break as easily. Kevlar has many uses in commercial airlines in a variety of parts as well as in high-speed aircraft used by the U.S. government.
Kevlar was initially created as a material to be used in automobile tires to prevent damage along with wear and tear. The material is still used in this application, as well as in many engine parts that need to have a high heat resistance and tensile strength. Kevlar is also used in engines and fuel lines in high performance race cars that require strength and heat resistance.
Many boats have parts made out of Kevlar. It is used in boat hulls of many types of watercraft, as well as in some canoes made entirely out of the material. These canoes are resistant to being punctured by rocks are other elements in nature. Windsurfing vessels and sailboats often have sails made out of Kevlar due to the fact that it is difficult to tear, even in high winds.
Kevlar is used in many other industries to make such items as badminton and tennis rackets, helmets and bulletproof vests. It can also be used to make gloves that are extremely strong and resistant to being torn or cut. Blankets made out of Kevlar are used to protect individuals from blasts from explosions or fire. As Kevlar continues to gain in popularity, it will likely be used in many other industrial applications.
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Public debt is the amount of debt owed by a sovereign government to its creditors. There are different types of public debt, but the majority of the debt is from government-issued debt securities. Gross public debt and net public debt terms are very similar
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Public debt is the amount of debt owed by a sovereign government to its creditors. There are different types of public debt, but the majority of the debt is from government-issued debt securities. Gross public debt and net public debt terms are very similar. The difference between gross public debt and net public debt is simply that the value of assets owned by the government is subtracted from the gross debt amount to arrive at the net figure.
Debt Held by the Public
When a country wants to raise money, the primary resource available is for the country to issue debt securities to the public. Public debt securities are items such as Treasury notes, Treasury bills and long-term Treasury bonds. Public debt securities issued by the government can be held by domestic or foreign interests, and the government has an obligation to repay the debt securities when they mature.
Debt held insid
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This week, the moon will be very full and bright with June 18th bringing us a full moon. On June 20th, we will mark the summer solstice, the start of summer in the northern hemisphere. That may interfere with
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This week, the moon will be very full and bright with June 18th bringing us a full moon. On June 20th, we will mark the summer solstice, the start of summer in the northern hemisphere. That may interfere with all the nice, bright evening iridium flares.
There will not be any visible evening ISS (International Space Station) evening passes this week, but on Friday, June 20th, you might want to see a couple of iridium flares – light reflecting from one of Earth’s satellites.
The first one is a bright (Mag -7) that will become visible 10:27 p.m. at 19 degrees altitude, SWS (251 degrees) and the second (Mag -3) will be 10:40 at 13 degrees altitude also at SWS. (See the Heavens-above.com Web site for more times and location info.)
- Mars (Mag 1.6) continues to slowly dim as it now is over 186 million miles away in constellation Cancer. It is best seen early in the evening before it falls into the city light sky glow and sets about 11:30 p.m.
- Saturn, (Mag 0.8) sets about midnight and is about 897 million miles from Earth and still moving below the body of Leo the Lion, inching ever farther from bright star Regulus (Mag 1.35).
- The rings still look magnificent and brightest moon Titan (Mag 8.3) is now moving from the west toward the planet and will pass behind Saturn on Saturday, June 21.
- Jupiter (Mag -2.5) rises about 9:39 p.m. in constellation Sagittarius, creeping closer to Earth and now about 395 million miles away.
- Venus will be on the far side of the sun and lost in the solar glare all month long.
- Mercury rises now in the morning at 5:40 a.m. but is too dim to see until the end of this month. Uranus (Mag 5.9) doesn’t rise until 12:52 a.m. in constellation Aquarius this week and Neptune (Mag 7.9) rises at 11:32 p.m. in constellation Capricornus.
Last week, I suggested looking at globular star cluster M53 in constellation Coma Bernices near the Alpha star.
But just a 5 degree binocular view away, more in the center of that constellation, is the Black-Eye Galaxy M64. Since this is a very sparse region of the sky, the dim Mag 8.5 galaxy pops up and stands out well, even in binoculars under dark skies. Its name is due to a dust lane that gives the illusion of a black eye but that can only be seen in a large 8″ or bigger telescope.
French astronomer Messier reported its position back in 1779 but had no idea it was a whole spiral galaxy of stars at least 31,000 light years in diameter. It is estimated to be over 12 million light years from Earth.
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The Order of Languages of Dictionaries to Show?
About This Website
This site is online Pāḷi Dictionary (Pāli to Chinese, Pāli to English, Pāli to Japanese, Pāli-Viet
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The Order of Languages of Dictionaries to Show?
About This Website
This site is online Pāḷi Dictionary (Pāli to Chinese, Pāli to English, Pāli to Japanese, Pāli-Vietnamese, Pāli-Burmese). The source of the dictionaries come from Pali Canon E-Dictionary Version 1.94 (PCED). The source code of this website is at pali repository on GitHub, and the data of this website is at data repository on GitHub. Any suggestion or questions? Welcome to contact me.
|Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names by G P Malalasekera|
|Abhidhamma Pitaka：The third division of the Pitakas. It consists of seven books：the
Dhammasanganī， Vibhanga， Kathāvatthu， Puggalapaññatī， Dhātukathā， Yamaka and Patthāna，all designated by the name of Pakarana. Only in the Chronicles and the Commentaries is the word used as the title of a third Pitaka （See the discussion of this in DA.i.15，18f）. In the Canon itself （E.g.，Vin.i.64； iii.144； iv.344） the word means ”special dhamma，” i.e. the Doctrine pure and simple （without admixture of literary treatment or personalities，etc.），and is sometimes coupled with the word abhivinaya （E.g.，D.iii.267； M.i.272）.
It has been suggested （New Pāli Dict. s.v.） that，as the word abhidhamma standing alone is not found either in the Sutta Nipāta，the Samyutta，or the Anguttara，and only once or twice in the Digha and Majjhima，it probably came into use only towards the end of the period in which the four great Nikāyas grew up （See Dial.iii.199 on a possible origin of the Adhidhamma）.
The Mahāsanghikas refused to include the Abhidhamma in the Pitakas at all，as they did not regard it as the word of the Buddha. （Dpv.v.32-8）.
According to the Dighabhānakas the Abhidhamma Pitaka also included the whole of the Khuddaka Nikāya except the Cariyāpitaka，Apadāna and Buddhavamsa （DA.i.15）.
According to another division，the five Nikāyas are not divisions of the Dhamma but of the whole Canon，and in the fifth are included both the Vinaya and the Abhidhamma （DA.i.28）.
There is a legend recorded by Buddhaghosa that the Abhidhamma was first preached by the Buddha in Tāvatimsa at the foot of the Pāricchataka tree，when he was seated on Sakka’s throne，during his visit to his mother in Tāvatimsa. Later it was taught by him to Sāriputta on the banks of the Anotatta Lake，whither Sāriputta had gone to minister to the Buddha during the latter’s visit to Tāvatimsa （VibhA. p.1； AA.i.71，etc.）.
The legend further relates that after the Enlightenment the Buddha spent the fourth week in the Ratanaghara，revolving in his mind the intricate doctrines of the Abhidhamma in all their details （J.i.78）.
According to the Cullavagga version of the Councils （Chaps. xi. and xii； but see DA.i.15 contra） the Abhidhamma Pitaka was not rehearsed at either Council.
The fact that the Abhidhamma is not mentioned in the suttas and that only Dhamma and Vinaya are usually referred to，only proves that at one time the Abhidhamma did not form a separate Pitaka. As a matter of fact，it is not held even by the commentators to be the word of the Buddha in the same sense as the suttas. One section of it，the Kathāvatthu （but see Kathāvatthu），was taught only at the Third Council.
As far as we know，the seven books of the Abhidhamma are peculiar to the Theravādins，though there is evidence that other schools，chiefly the Vaibhāsikas （Sarvāstivādins） and the Sautrāntikas，held the Abhidhamma books sacred. See Tārānātha：Geschichte des Buddhismus （56） 156 （296）.
As far as the contents of the Abhidhamma are concerned，they do not form a systematic philosophy，but are a special treatment of the Dhamma as found in the Sutta-Pitaka. Most of the matter is psychological and logical； the fundamental doctrines mentioned or discussed are those already propounded in the suttas and，therefore，tak
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The function of imagery in everyday speech or writing is, primarily, to explain some point, or to make more vivid an idea or sentiment. Imagery helps to heighten the atmosphere and to develop a theme. Many of these images may symbolise
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The function of imagery in everyday speech or writing is, primarily, to explain some point, or to make more vivid an idea or sentiment. Imagery helps to heighten the atmosphere and to develop a theme. Many of these images may symbolise for the author some significant occasion or thought that is not so easy to grasp by the reader. The following ideas may help in developing a deeper understanding of the events and characters which make up this novel.
In ‘Silas Marner’ nature imagery is used extensively. Eliot compares the Lantern Yard sect and its interminable discussions on salvation to ‘young, winged things fluttering forsaken in the twilight’. It is a vivid image of the misguided young people who seek without success a way to God.
Silas’s life in Raveloe is compared to a spider weaving ‘from pure impulse, without reflection’. This conjures up a vision of a creature in mental semi-darkness working to a fixed pattern without joy or without understanding of what he is doing. Later, his life is described as an ‘insect-like existence’: he sits weaving ‘towards the end of his web’. The spider image suggests an unlived-in, musty, dusty, soul-less house. In the Rainbow Inn the farrier tells him that his eyes are like an insect’s so that he can’t see much at a time.
Godfrey, should the Squire disinherit him, would be ‘as helpless as an uprooted tree’. We are given the idea of dead wood, useless for anything but burning, unable to grow or develop.
In Chapter II Eliot contrasts the rich world of Raveloe with the frugality of Lantern Yard: ‘orchards looking lazy with neglected plenty’, ‘careless abundance’.
Silas’s love of his earthenware pot shows that ‘the sap of affection is not all gone’. He gives life to the pot; it has been ‘his companion’, ‘always lending its handle to him’, wearing an expression of ‘willing helpfulness’. This personification sadly emphasises how starved of human affection Silas is.
The presence of a wife and mother in the home is described as ‘the fountain of wholesome love and fear in parlour and kitchen’. This suggests the continuous outpouring of love and fear of God given as a kind of nourishing food.
Nancy Lammeter is equated with the sun – the Lammeter household is ‘sunned’ by her smile. She would have drawn Godfrey safe to the green banks where it was easy to step firmly, but he allows himself to be dragged back ‘into the mud and slime’ by his association with Molly. The contrast is vivid.
The loss of Silas’s gold left his soul ‘like a forlorn traveller on an unknown desert’. The desert may be associated by contrast with the plant images – growth and fruitfulness – that occur regularly in the story.
In relation to Silas’s first visit to the Rainbow Inn and his involvement with the villagers, Eliot says, ‘Our consciousness rarely registers the beginning of a growth within us any more than without us; there have been many circulations of the sap before we detect the smallest sign of the bud.’
In connection with Godfrey’s reliance on Chance, Eliot says of Chance that ‘the evil principle deprecated in that religion (i.e. Chance) is the orderly sequence by which the seed brings forth a crop after its kind’. This is an image of the Biblical notion that bad seed brings forth bad fruit.
Eliot introduces the notion of Eppie’s mind growing into knowledge and Silas’s mind growing into memory. This is a striking image of the future and the past growing towards one another; she clings to him, he to her.
The Squire’s anger is compared to ‘fiery volcanic matters that cool and harden into rock’. It is an excellent image of a man who decides explosively in anger and will not change his decisions even though reason tells him he is wrong.
In spite of Dolly’s efforts to befriend him, Silas is still the ‘shrunken rivulet’ with only this difference, ‘that its little groove of sand was blocked up, and it wandered confusedly against dark obstruction’. This is an excellent image as it helps us to see him in terms of the rise and fall of a river. It also points to the flood that will be released with Eppie’s coming.
The story of Eppie’s arrival and Silas’s new relations with the villagers is shown by Dolly in the imagery of Nature: ‘…..It’s like the night and the morning, the sleeping and the waking, and the rain and the harvest – one goes and the other comes, and we know nothing how or where.’
In Chapter XVII when Nancy’s attention has been drawn to the people heading towards the Stone-pit, she looks out on the churchyard. Her uneasiness is compared to the raven ‘flapping its slow wing across the sunny air’. It is a realistic image; the raven is a symbol of death and disaster.
There are some remarkably descriptive natu
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BANANA (Musa spp) are grown in 122 countries, with a cultivated area of 3.8 million hectares and a total production of 56.4 million metric tonnes. In Malaysia, banana is the second most widely cultivated
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BANANA (Musa spp) are grown in 122 countries, with a cultivated area of 3.8 million hectares and a total production of 56.4 million metric tonnes. In Malaysia, banana is the second most widely cultivated fruit, covering about 26,000 ha with a total production of 530,000 metric tonnes. About 50% of the banana growing land is cultivated with Pisang Berangan and the Cavendish type, and the remaining popular cultivars are Pisang Mas, Pisang Rastali, Pisang Raja, Pisang Awak, Pisang Abu, Pisang Nangka and Pisang Tanduk. Bananas are cultivated for local consumption by smallholders, and only about 12% of the total production is exported, mainly to Singapore, Brunei, Hong Kong and the Middle East. However, banana production in Malaysia has decreased because of an increasing threat of diseases (particularly Fusarium wilt), high labour costs and marketing issues.The present research program was initiated with the objective of improving the important dessert bananas in Malaysia. This includes production of resistance or tolerance to Fusarium wilt or Panama disease, short plant stature, early fruiting, and high bunch weight. Banana cultivars are vegetatively propagated clones and are generally triploids and sterile. Tissue culture techniques have been exploited for (a) propagation of selected lines or natural variants; (b) generation of somaclones; (c) production of meristem pieces for in vitro mutagenesis and polyploidy induction; and (d) zygotic embryo culture to generate seed progenies for genetic and molecular studies.
Banana is the second most commonly grown fruit crop in Malaysia. Overall banana production has decreased due to the increasing threat of Fusarium wilt disease, high labour costs and marketing issues. This program was initiated to improve banana cultivars by induced mutations and biotechnology, especially to produce mutant varieties with improved traits such as Fusarium tolerance, short stature plants, early fruiting and high bunch weight. Banana shoot-tip cultures were most suitable for micropropagation for large-scale plant production. Commercial companies have adopted this method, and they produce 1.3 million plants annually, with approximately 0.5% somaclonal variation. However, the cost of production of in vitro plants could be reduced by low-cost micropropagation. Somaclonal variation has been effective in banana for the selection of useful somaclones, e.g. early flowering and tolerance to Fusarium wilt. In Novaria, an early flowering mutant, 7% of the plants survived in the Fusarium 'hot spot' for 3 years. Consequently, somaclonal variation is being used as a strategy to select usefu
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About Queensland Beaches
Other Travel Guides
Queensland Coastal Climate
The climate along the Queensland coast ranges from hot and humid in the far north, to comfortable cool temperatures in the southeast. The region never suffers from the chilly cold like many
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About Queensland Beaches
Other Travel Guides
Queensland Coastal Climate
The climate along the Queensland coast ranges from hot and humid in the far north, to comfortable cool temperatures in the southeast. The region never suffers from the chilly cold like many other places around the world, which makes Queensland an ideal beach location. You can swim at every beach along the entire 7400 kms of coastline at all times during the year!
Beaches in the south of Queensland such as Surfers Paradise, Noosa Heads and Fraser Island, enjoy some of the most comfortable temperatures in all of Australia.
During summer, this region has highs of 28 degrees and lows of 20 degrees. These temperatures drop to 20 degrees and 9 degrees in the winter. Water temperature during summer is approximately 25 degrees, and 19 degrees in winter.
In contrast, temperatures in the northern region of Queensland are hotter and much more humid. In Cairns, summer temperatures reach over 31 degrees during the day. However the true temperatures experienced by people in the tropical region is higher than this due to the humidity levels that often reach over 75%. It is common for 35-degree days over the Christmas period in Cairns. The nighttime temperatures in Cairns during summer drop to a balmy 24 degrees. During winter, days reach 26 degrees and drop to 17 degrees at night. The water temperature during summer is a bathtub resembling 29 degrees. During winter the water temperature drops slightly to 25 degrees.
The changes of seasons follow this manner:
Summer (Wet Season): December - February
Autumn: March - May
Winter: June - August
Spring: September - November
|Queensland Beaches of Australia | Beach Information & Safety | Contact Queensland Beaches|
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Guest Post by Geoff Russell.
Geoff is a mathematician and computer programmer and is a member of Animal Liberation SA.
Barry has already published a blog on Australia’s biggest climate forcing, livestock. This has prompted some debate about whether to use
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Guest Post by Geoff Russell.
Geoff is a mathematician and computer programmer and is a member of Animal Liberation SA.
Barry has already published a blog on Australia’s biggest climate forcing, livestock. This has prompted some debate about whether to use the warming due to methane (its climate forcing) or its global warming potential (GWP), the forcing averaged over 100 years. Even if you use the smaller factor, then livestock emissions are huge and about the same size as the entire transport sector.
Before getting to this blog post’s topic, its worth clarifying a couple of mistakes that crop up with regular monotony. First is the feeling that grass fed cattle are the answer, this was the response of a Guardian journalist today. If only cattle ate grass like they did when he studied Ag Science in the 60s, and like most Aussie cattle … apart from the ones that ate 5.7 million tonnes of grain in 2005-6, then everything would be alright. The problem is that it isn’t alright because grass fed cattle produce much more methane than grain fed cattle. Every time I see this on the media/internet, I send the author an email, but rarely get a reply and have never seen a correction.
The second usually appears in letters to editors in daily papers. This mistake is to think that because the methane from cattle doesn’t introduce new carbon into the carbon cycle, then it is harmless. This, like the former mistake, is just part of the general argument that meat is natural, so whatever problems it is causing can’t be real. It is true that cattle don’t (directly) introduce new carbon, so methane from cattle is better than methane leaking from a coal seam. But consider a swimming pool … dive in … it offers little resistance. Now freeze the pool … and dive in … ouch, that smarts! You haven’t added any new water, you have just changed some chemical bonds. Ditto methane. Take the carbon from CO2 (carbon dioxide) and turn it into CH4 (methane) and the forcing … the amount of warming it causes goes up dramatically. Even if we weren’t adding new carbon we could easily cook the planet by just changing the ratio of methane to carbon dioxide.
Lets get back to those grass-fed cattle. We can easily reduce the methane by switching to grain feeding. Why don’t we? We are … but there just isn’t enough grain. We now feed about 12 million tonnes of grain to livestock annually in this country. It’s up a little from the ABARE report I linked to earlier … because we imported about 2 million tonnes of mainly soy-meal in 2006/7 (this is data direct from ABARE).
How do we grow grain in Australia? These days we get huge yields (in a good year) with nitrogenous fertiliser … just like the rest of the planet. If people went to Barry’s ccqa3 talk last week, one of Peter Hayman’s slides showed a big kick upward when we started using nitrogen fertiliser in Australia in a big way.
Now we are getting to the tofu of the subject, nitrogen. Nitrogen maketh protein and protein maketh the man. Feed the man meat. One in every 7 households has a diet book (the CSIRO Total Wellbeing Diet) telling them how wonderful protein is. Gyms sell protein powders by the bucket load promising everything from flat stomachs to bulging muscles. This is sales hype, but I may not get time to deal with that in this post.
Nitrogen has a cycle, just like carbon and there are small armies of scientists who study it. To the left is a little image redrawn from a remarkable 2003 paper which traces the impacts of nitrogen through the eco-system. Well worth a read and there was an update on some of the issues in “Science” (320, 889 (2008)) recently.
Take some time to study that image. It is global nitrogen flows in megatonnes.
On the left is the Haber-Bosch process. This sucks nitrogen out of the sky and breaks its tough N2 bond so that we can use it. This is a very energy intensive process. It takes place at high temperature and pressure. It takes about 65 giga joules (18000 kWh) to make a tonne of nitrogenous fertiliser. Getting data on nitrogen fertiliser production in Australia is tough. The AGO these days just publishes ratios of how much is used by which industry.
Without the Haber-Bosch process, about 3 billion people wouldn’t be around today.
We will get to the climate change bit shortly. Be patient, this isn’t the 6 o’clock TV news.
Note in the above figure, how much of the total nitrogen that comes out of crops and goes into animals comes out as human food. Very little. The wasted nitrogen is a problem. Some of it goes into the air as nitrogen oxide(s) … yes, this is one of the big greenhouse gas groups that gets a mention in emission trading schemes. As you can see from the figure, the waste, the greenhouse emissions from crop fertilisation is largely attributable to meat production, because that’s where the crops go.
The stuff that doesn’t go into the air is also a rather serious problem, but
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In fact, many people actively choose to eat chicken over red meat because they believe it’s healthier. It is very popular because of its lower price than most pork or beef, ease of preparation, availability of convenience products, lack of religious constraints,
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In fact, many people actively choose to eat chicken over red meat because they believe it’s healthier. It is very popular because of its lower price than most pork or beef, ease of preparation, availability of convenience products, lack of religious constraints, and particularly for its recognized health benefits.
But as a result of changing practices in poultry farming, it turns out chicken is no longer as good for us as it once was.
WHAT ARE THOSE WHITE STRIPES ON CHICKEN BREASTS?
According to The Italian Journal of Animal Science, there is an increasing of what’s called “white-striping” in conventionally-grown chicken breasts. This is a defect in which white striations appear parallel to the muscle fibers, and result in a drastic change in the nutritional quality of the meat.
White-stripping lowers the protein content of chicken breast while increasing the fat content by up to 224%.
However, the exact reason of this poultry epidemic is not known, it is likely a result of the intense genetic selection towards increased growth rate and breast size of conventional chickens, connected with the conditions in which they are raised and the diets that they are fed.
Problems with Conventional Poultry
- Living Conditions
A new video by Compassion in World Farming has been released, aiming to educate the public about ‘white striping’ in chicken.
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Facets Academy's Film Innovation Lab is a professional development course that gives teachers 21st century tools to integrate film viewing, filmmaking, and other media literacy activities into their classrooms.
What will teachers learn?
Built on our four decades of experience
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Facets Academy's Film Innovation Lab is a professional development course that gives teachers 21st century tools to integrate film viewing, filmmaking, and other media literacy activities into their classrooms.
What will teachers learn?
Built on our four decades of experience, the Film Innovation Lab will transform your classroom to enable all students to compete in an increasingly sophisticated educational landscape. We give teachers the knowledge, materials, and tools to enhance their educational opportunities with film-based learning modules.
- Create. Get step-by-step instruction on how to use film production in your classroom and even make your own film along the way
- Collaborate. Learn how to use film to explore different cultures, encourage creativity, and make connections between the arts and other core subjects
- Innovate. Align your classroom with the latest trends in media education and ensure your students gain important 21st century skills
- Watch. Learn how to teach active viewing and film analysis by better understanding film language and story composition
Who should enroll?
Teachers of any subject and grade will benefit from the course, not just humanities and media teachers.
How much does it cost?
$395 per teacher or $350 if you are a Facets Member.
We urge you to look into financial assistance from your school, district, or other financial aid sources. We will work with you to provide any documentation needed to assist the financial aid process.
Dates & Times: July 1014, 2017; 9:00 a.m.4:30 p.m.
Credits: 30 Clock Hours (formerly CPDUs)
Meals: Breakfast and coffee provided
Day 1: 21st Century Learning. We start out by focusing on the role of media in the classroom and how active viewing, film analysis, and filmmaking can be used to teach top-level critical thinking skills.
- The exciting possibilities of media-based learning
- Why it is important to teach film and media literacy
- How understanding film analysis can teach critical thinking
- Film as the intersection of pop-culture, history, politics, and industry
Day 2: The Impact of Filmmaking. We then dive deeper into film and how to integrate it into subject-based curriculum by exploring film language, vocabulary, story composition, and media literacy concepts.
- How film language, narrative, and composition effects meaning
- The filmmaking process, including preproduction, production, and postproduction
- Using film as a bridge to explore different cultures, view points, and core subjects
Day 3: Making Films pt. 1: Lights, Camera, Action! Now it's time to break a sweat with a hands-on filmmaking workshop to learn how films are made. In the fir
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Adaptation: Taking actions to avoid, benefit from, or deal with current and future climate change. Adaptation can take place in advance (by planning before an impact occurs) or in response to changes that are already occurring.
Aerosol
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Adaptation: Taking actions to avoid, benefit from, or deal with current and future climate change. Adaptation can take place in advance (by planning before an impact occurs) or in response to changes that are already occurring.
Aerosol: A collection of tiny solid or liquid particles in the atmosphere that can come from natural sources (such as wildfires, dust storms, and volcanoes) or people’s activities (such as burning fossil fuels). Some aerosols make the atmosphere warmer because they absorb energy. Others have a cooling effect because they reflect sunlight back to space. Aerosols also influence cloud formation.
Allergen: A substance, such as pollen, mold, and dust mites, that causes allergies.
Asthma: A disease that affects a person’s lungs and can make it difficult to breathe. Many factors can trigger an asthma attack. For some people, these triggers may include air pollution, allergens, heavy exercise, or certain weather conditions.
Atmosphere: A mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other gases that surrounds the Earth. The atmosphere is critical to supporting life on Earth.
Atom: The basic building block of all the matter in the universe. Every element (for example, carbon or oxygen) represents a unique type of atom. Atoms combine together to make molecules such as carbon dioxide.
Barometer: An instrument that measures the air pressure of the atmosphere. Differences in air pressure are responsible for wind and weather patterns, and low pressure is generally associated with storms.
Biodiesel: A type of biofuel typically made from soybean, canola, or other vegetable oils; animal fats; or recycled grease. Biodiesel can be blended with regular diesel fuel and used in most diesel engines. Some engines can also be modified to run on pure biodiesel.
Biofuel: A type of fuel produced from plants or other forms of biomass. Examples of biofuels include ethanol, biodiesel, and biogas.
Biogas: A type of biofuel that contains methane from landfills, animal waste, sewage, or other decomposing waste materials. Biogas can be burned to produce heat or electricity.
Biomass: Material that comes from living things, including trees, crops, grasses, and animals and animal waste. Some kinds of biomass, such as wood and biofuels, can be burned to produce energy.
Carbon: A chemical element that is essential to all living things. Carbon combines with other elements to form a variety of different compounds. Plants and animals are made up of carbon compounds, and so are certain minerals. Carbon combines with oxygen to make a gas called carbon dioxide.
Carbon cycle: The movement and exchange of carbon through living organisms, the ocean, the atmosphere, rocks and minerals, and other parts of the Earth. Carbon moves from one place to another through various chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes.
Carbon dioxide: A colorless, odorless greenhouse gas. It is produced naturally when dead animals or plants decay, and it is used by plants during photosynthesis. People are adding carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, mostly by burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. This extra carbon dioxide is the main cause of climate change.
Carbon dioxide equivalent: A unit of measurement that can be used to compare the emissions of various greenhouse gases based on how long they stay in the atmosphere and how much heat they can trap. For example, over a period of 100 years, 1 pound of methane will trap as much heat as 21 pounds of carbon dioxide. Thus, 1 pound of methane is equal to 21 pounds of carbon dioxide equivalents.
Carbon footprint: The total amount of greenhouse gases that are emitted into the atmosphere each year by a person, family, building, organization, or company. A person’s carbon footprint includes greenhouse gas emissions from fuel that he or she burns directly, such as by heating a home or riding in a car. It also includes greenhouse gases that come from producing the goods or services that the person uses, including emissions from power plants that make electricity, factories that make products, and landfills where trash gets sent.
Carbonic acid: An acid that forms when carbon dioxide dissolves in water. As people add more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, the world’s oceans absorb some of the extra carbon dioxide and it turns into carbonic acid. Extra carbonic acid is making the oceans more acidic, which can make it harder for corals and shellfish to build their skeletons and shells.
Climate: The average weather conditions in a particular location or region at a particular time of the year. Climate is usually measured over a period of 30 years or more.
Climate change: A significant change in the Earth’s climate. The Earth is currently getting warmer because people are adding heat-trapping greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. The term “global warming” refers to warmer temperatures, while “climate change” refers to the broader set of changes that go along with warmer temperatures, including changes in weather patterns, the oceans, ice and snow, and ecosystems around the world.
Climate model: A series of calculations run on a computer that simulates how the atmosphere, oceans, land, living things, ice, and energy from the sun affect each other and the Earth's climate. Scientists use these models to study the Earth’s climate and predict how it might respond to changing conditions, such as an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Coal: A dark-colored solid fossil fuel that can be mined from the Earth. Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel produced in
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The term 'chalk stream' is generally applied to all watercourses originating from chalk hills, including rivers as well as streams and also winterbournes, which are streams that can dry out in summer months.
Chalk streams have many characteristics which
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The term 'chalk stream' is generally applied to all watercourses originating from chalk hills, including rivers as well as streams and also winterbournes, which are streams that can dry out in summer months.
Chalk streams have many characteristics which set them apart from watercourses associated with other rock types. The main ones being consistent temperature, consistent flow, clarity of water, and lack of sandy debris.
Chalk rock is porous and rain falling onto chalk hills soaks directly into the ground, where the chalk acts as an aquifer. The water is filtered through the chalk, re-emerging lower down the slope in springs. The chalk acts as a reservoir, regulating the amount of water supplied to the springs, so that its flow varies little day-to-day.
The temperature of the water scarcely varies either, because the spring rarely deviates from 10°C. On cold winter mornings, it can look as though steam is rising above the relatively warm river.
Chalk is soluble in rainwater because rainwater is naturally slightly acidic. Because the products of chalk weathering are dissolved in rainwater, chalk streams transport little suspended material (unlike most rivers) but are instead mineral-rich. The water runs clear and the river bed is covered by angular flinty gravel, derived from flints found within the chalk itself.
All these characteristics of chalk streams contribute to their very particular ecology. The rich insect life and clear shallow water make the rivers particularly suited to fly fishing and in particular provide ideal conditions for the dry fly enthusiast, especially in the May fly season.
River Avon at Salisbury
The chalk streams hold a good number of wild brown trout and grayling as well as stocked brown trout and the odd rainbow trout. Some of the larger rivers also have salmon and other species in their lower reaches.
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The first 3D printers were developed in the 1980’s. They were very large, expensive machines that were able to create a 3D prototype from a digital file. The process called Stereolithography was used to test a
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The first 3D printers were developed in the 1980’s. They were very large, expensive machines that were able to create a 3D prototype from a digital file. The process called Stereolithography was used to test a product before manufacturing it. Charles Hull invented this process in 1984.
Click on this link to view an infographic timeline that shows a brief history of 3-D printing.
History of 3D printing - infographic
(T. Rowe Price Connections)
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In Pakistan, women are considered the vulnerable groups with a status in society. The biggest factor behind their backwardness is lack of education whose literacy rate in overall country is 40 %. According to a report, 80539 women have been victimized
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In Pakistan, women are considered the vulnerable groups with a status in society. The biggest factor behind their backwardness is lack of education whose literacy rate in overall country is 40 %. According to a report, 80539 women have been victimized including their rape murders, suicidal, acid attack and killing in the name of honor, among them 13 %were 15 years girls.
The health sector again provides critical findings because most of the women have no access to free medical sources and guidance as they even can’t be taken in hospital at the time of the emergency cases, and therefore, the ratio of mortality is increasing day by day. Some women work as housewives who don’t have the source of income. The other hand they have no right taking decision in big families.
The critical problems with the women in Pakistan is that they suffer from several violence such as mental or physical torture, discrimination and brutality from male members of their families. In multiple ways, several disturbances are occurring with women in Pakistan. Respecting the women and their rights is the moral responsibility of the social society and society members.
Therefore, women have high status according to Islam; it is must to respect women. The government especially the organizations against women violence should be serious.
Guljan Shay Abrahim, Kech
Published in the Balochistan Point on September 22, 2016
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Nearly two million Americans are treated for eye injuries per year, with males experiencing twice the rate of injury than that of females, according to a study in the July issue of Archives of Ophthalmology, one of the JAMA/Archives journals
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Nearly two million Americans are treated for eye injuries per year, with males experiencing twice the rate of injury than that of females, according to a study in the July issue of Archives of Ophthalmology, one of the JAMA/Archives journals
Because eye injuries are rarely serious enough to require hospitalization, to understand the extent of eye injuries in the U.S., inpatient and outpatient facilities, in addition to other settings, must be considered, according to background information in the article.
Gerald McGwin, Jr., M.S., Ph.D., from the University of Alabama at Birmingham, and colleagues combined data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, and the National Hospital Discharge Survey for 2001, to estimate eye injuries in the U.S. Eye injuries treated in emergency departments, inpatient and outpatient facilities, and private physicians offices, as well as their causes and characteristics, were included in the study.
The researchers found that in 2001 an estimated 1,990,872 individuals (6.98 per 1,000) experienced an eye injury in the U.S. Most of the eye injuries were treated in emergency departments (50.7 percent); 38.7 percent were treated in private physicians offices, 8.1 percent in outpatient facilities, and 2.5 percent in inpatient facilities. Overall, males had more than twice the eye injury rate than that of females (9.5 injuries per 1,000 compared with 4.5 injuries per 1,000). White males in their 20s had the highest rate of eye injury (more than 20 injuries per 1,000). Injury rates were highest for superficial injuries, foreign bodies, contusions, and open wounds.
Bob Shepard | EurekAlert!
Obstructing the ‘inner eye’
07.07.2017 | Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
Drone vs. truck deliveries: Which create less carbon pollution?
31.05.2017 | University of Washington
Physicists have developed a new technique that uses electrical voltages to control the electron spin on a chip. The newly-developed method provides protection from spin decay, meaning that the contained information can be maintained and transmitted over comparatively large distances, as has been demonstrated by a team from the University of Basel’s Department of Physics and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute. The results have been published in Physical Review X.
For several years, researchers have been trying to use the spin of an electron to store and transmit information. The spin of each electron is always coupled...
What is the mass of a proton? Scientists from Germany and Japan successfully did an important step towards the most exact knowledge of this fundamental constant. By means of precision measurements on a single proton, they could improve the precision by a factor of three and also correct the existing value.
To determine the mass of a single proton still more accurate – a group of physicists led by Klaus Blaum and Sven Sturm of the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear...
The research team of Prof. Dr. Oliver Einsle at the University of Freiburg's Institute of Biochemistry has long been exploring the functioning of nitrogenase....
A one trillion tonne iceberg - one of the biggest ever recorded -- has calved away from t
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: Eth. Phintiensis
), a city on the S. coast of Sicily, situated at the mouth of the river Himera, about midway between Agrigentum and Gela.
It was not an ancient city, but
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: Eth. Phintiensis
), a city on the S. coast of Sicily, situated at the mouth of the river Himera, about midway between Agrigentum and Gela.
It was not an ancient city, but was founded about 280 B.C. by Phintias, tyrant of Agrigentum, who bestowed on it his own name, and laid it out on a great scale, with its walls, temples, and agora.
He then peopled it with the inhabitants of Gela, which he utterly destroyed, compelling the whole population to migrate to his newly founded city. (Diod. 22.2
, p. 495.) Phintias, however, never rose to a degree of importance at all to be compared to that of Gela: it is mentioned in the First Pun
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Published: 2015-04-21 10:06:05
Updated: 2015-04-21 10:06:05
Posted April 21, 2015
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST
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Published: 2015-04-21 10:06:05
Updated: 2015-04-21 10:06:05
Posted April 21, 2015
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) turns 25 this week. Mononyms are usually the stuff of entertainers: Beyoncé, Madonna, Cher, Fishel, but Hubble has risen to that level in its first quarter century.
Launched April 24, 1990 at 8:33:51 a.m. aboard STS-31 from the Kennedy Space Center, Hubble was released into orbit the following day, at 19:38 UTC. But it started a long time before that.
Hermann Oberth wrote about the benefits of putting a telescope in orbit in 1923. Twenty-three years later, astronomer Lyman Spitzer agreed in a paper he wrote. Spitzer would later be the namesake for space telescope focused on the infrared range. Congress approved funds for the construction of a “Large Space Telescope” in 1977. Construction began on the primary mirror in 1979, and the Hubble Space Telescope was completed in 1985 with a launch planned for the following year.
The Challenger disaster put the space shuttle program on hold, along with Hubble, in 1986. The project would have to wait until 1990 for launch, where deployment from the shuttle's cargo bay went off without any problems. Teams back on the ground awaited “first light,” a momentous occasion for any telescope, but there was a problem.
While still providing clearer images than ground based telescopes of the time, Hubble had a spherical aberration. A tiny flaw in the primary mirror, about 1/50th the thickness of a sheet of paper, effectively rendering the telescope nearsighted. A November 1990 report on the failure concluded sub-contractor Perkin-Elmer repeatedly ignored data provided by it’s own quality control measurements and polished the mirror into the wrong shape. A fix was created in the form of Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR), essentially glasses for the telescope. Astronauts spent nearly a year training for the repair, the first of five servicing missions. COSTAR was installed in December 1993, along with an upgraded Wide Field/Planetary Camera and various other tuneups were performed (solar panels, fuses, etc.) A better than new Hubble capable of seeing five times sharper than ground based telescopes was released from the shuttle bay. Results of the mission were released about a month later, but NASA wasn’t done improving Hubble.
Servicing missions returned in 1997, 1999, 2002, and 2009 with improved instruments that could see beyond visible light into ultraviolet and infrared, data switching, power systems and the reaction control wheels which orient the telescope. That last mission, STS-125 was originally scheduled for 2004 but nearly didn’t happen after the loss of the space shuttle Columbia. Columbia made it clear that crews needed some way to get home should their orbiter be crippled. While missions building the International Space Station (ISS) could stay there while help was sent, Hubble's orbit 150 km above that prevented the ISS from being used as a life boat. A suitable procedure was created and Space shuttle Endeavour was rolled out alongside Atlantis for a launch in May 2009. Thankfully, Endeavour was rolled back unused to the massive vehicle assembly building after Atlantis successfully returned from Hubble’s most challenging servicing missions.
Astronaut Drew Feustel who, along with crew mates Michael Massimino (also of “Big Bang Theory” fame), John Grunsfeld (who would later lead the Space Telescope Science Institute which manages Hubble), and Michael “Beuno” Good, conducted five space walks, including installing grappling points for a future robotic mission to attach to when the time comes to deorbit Hubble safely. I had the chance to sit down with Feustel when he spoke at January’s Astronomy Days. We talked about the intense training for servicing missions underwater in the 40-foot deep Neutral Buoyancy Lab at the Johnson Space Center in Texas. Crews practice each move they’ll make in space over and over on a full size mockup of Hubble. When asked if it felt very different working without resistance in the vacuum of space after training for so long under water, he responded “muscle memory really takes over there.
"You’re so focused on the job at hand, you don’t notice little things like that," he added. "I really wish I had more time out there just to look at the Earth below.”
Shuttle missions to Hubble’s have been well documented for the really big screen. Astronauts used a specially designed IMAX camera to document the mission that deployed HST, STS-31, as well as the final servicing mission, STS-125. The results compiled into Hubble 3D, narrated by Leonardo DiCaprio. In addition to stunning images of astronauts working with the telescope in orbit, the film takes audiences on a fly-through the Orion Nebula based on real Hubble images.
I recently spoke with Dr. Summers about Hubble and h
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Cultural Anthropology (6th Edition)
Successfully integrating attention to culture change, gender, class, race, ethnicity, and the environment, Barbara Miller's Cultural Anthropology engages students with compelling ethnographic examples, and demonstrates the relevance of anthropology in
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Cultural Anthropology (6th Edition)
Successfully integrating attention to culture change, gender, class, race, ethnicity, and the environment, Barbara Miller's Cultural Anthropology engages students with compelling ethnographic examples, and demonstrates the relevance of anthropology in today's world. Faculty and students praise the book’s proven ability to generate class discussion, increase faculty-student engagement, and enhance student learning! Through clear writing, a balanced theoretical approach, and engaging examples, Barbara Miller stresses the importance of social inequality and human rights, the environment, culture change and applied aspects of anthropology. Rich examples of gender, ethnicity, race, class, and age thread through the topical coverage of economic systems, the life-cycle, health, kinshi
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A segment of the 9.5-kilometer-long stone wall that was built in 369 BC to protect the ancient city of Messini. We walked sections of the circuit wall between three of its lookout towers.
The circuit wall was built
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A segment of the 9.5-kilometer-long stone wall that was built in 369 BC to protect the ancient city of Messini. We walked sections of the circuit wall between three of its lookout towers.
The circuit wall was built with two gates — one on the east side of Ancient Messini and one on the west. This toppled stone lintel is a striking sight at the western portal known as the Arcadian Gate.
The Arcadian Gate has two entrances, each at opposite ends of a large circular courtyard. This is a view of one of the curved walls inside the courtyard.
Part of the extensive archaeological grounds at Ancient Messini, which is described as “one of the most important cities of antiquity” in a listing on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites webpage.
Mavromati is a small village that overlooks Ancient Messini from the lower slopes of Mount Ithomi. We stayed here for one night during our brief visit to the area in May.
Wall walking: Suffering from jet lag and lack of sleep after a 9.5-hour overnight flight to Athens, we didn’t expect to see or do much during the first day of our vacation in the western Peloponnese region of Greece in late May. We definitely didn’t anticipate walking around a village and historic sites for a few hours in hot temperatures and blazing sunshine. But since we had less than 24 hours to see Ancient Messini, we resisted the urge to take a nap in our hotel room, choosing instead to explore as much of the area as we could while our energy and enthusiasm lasted.
Our early afternoon arrival gave us an oppor
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