jbp123/hello · Datasets at Hugging Face

instruction stringlengths 1 84	input stringlengths 1 85	output stringlengths 1 83
National Small Industries Corporation, Handloom Board,	Handicrafts Board, Coir Board, Silk Board and so on have	been set up for the development of cottage industries in rural
areas.	8. The Community Development Programme (1952), Hill Area	Development Programme (1960), Drought-Prone Area
Programme (1973), Minimum Needs Programme (1974),	Integrated Rural Development Programme (1978), Jawahar	Rozgar Yojana (1989), Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar
Yojana (1999), Sampoorna Grameena Rozgar Yojana	(2001), National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme	(2006) and so on have been launched for raising the
standard of living of people.	9. The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and the Forest	(Conservation) Act, 1980, have been enacted to safeguard
the wildlife and the forests respectively. Further, the Water	and Air Acts have provided for the establishment of the	Central and State Pollution Control Boards, which are
engaged in the protection and improvement of environment.	The National Forest Policy (1988) aims at the protection,	conservation and development of forests.
Various steps have also been taken to organise animal	husbandry on modern and scientific lines.	11. Three-tier panchayati raj system (at village, taluka and zila
levels) has been introduced to translate into reality	Gandhiji’s dream of every village being a republic. The 73rd	Amendment Act (1992) has been enacted to provide
constitutional status and protection to these panchayati raj	institutions.	12. Seats are reserved for SCs, STs and other weaker sections
in educational institutions, government services and	representative bodies. The Untouchability (Offences) Act,	1955, which was renamed as the Protection of Civil Rights
Act in 1976 and the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled	Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, have been	enacted to protect the SCs and STs from social injustice and
exploitation. The 65th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1990	established the National Commission for Scheduled Castes	and Scheduled Tribes to protect the interests of SCs and
STs. Later, the 89th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2003	bifurcated this combined commission into two separate	bodies, namely, National Commission for Schedule Castes
and National Commission for Schedule Tribes.	12a. Various national-level commissions have been established	to promote and protect the social, educational and economic
interests of the weaker sections of the society. These include	the National Commission for Backward Classes (1993), the	National Commission for Minorities (1993), the National
Commission for Women (1992) and the National	Commission for Protection of Child Rights (2007). Further,	the 102nd Amendment Act of 2018 conferred a constitutional
status on the National Commission for Backward Classes	and also enlarged its functions.	12b. In 2019, the central government issued orders providing
10% reservation to the Economically Weaker Sections	(EWSs) in admission to educational institutions and civil	posts and services in the Government of India. The benefit
schemes of reservations for SCs, STs and OBCs. This	reservation was facilitated by the 103rd Amendment Act of	2019.
13. The Criminal Procedure Code (1973) separated the judiciary	from the executive in the public services of the state. Prior to	this separation, the district authorities like the collector, the
sub-divisional officer, the tehsildar and so on used to	exercise judicial powers along with the traditional executive	powers. After the separation, the judicial powers were taken
away from these executive authorities and vested in the	hands of district judicial magistrates who work under the	direct control of the state high court.
14. The Ancient and Historical Monument and Archaeological	Sites and Remains Act (1951) has been enacted to protect	the monuments, places and objects of national importance.
15. Primary health centres and hospitals have been established	throughout the country to improve the public health. Also,	special programmes have been launched to eradicate
widespread diseases like malaria, TB, leprosy, AIDS, cancer,	filaria, kala-azar, guineaworm, yaws, Japanese encephalitis	and so on.
16. Laws to prohibit the slaughter of cows, calves, and bullocks	have been enacted in some states.	17. Some states have initiated the old age pension schemes for
people above 65 years.	18. India has been following the policy of non-alignment and	panchsheel to promote international peace and security.
In spite of the above steps by the Central and state	governments, the Directive Principles have not been implemented	fully and effectively due to several reasons like inadequate
DIRECTIVES OUTSIDE PART IV	Apart from the Directives included in Part IV, there are some other	Directives contained in other Parts of the Constitution. They are:
1. Claims of SCs and STs to Services: The claims of the	members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled	Tribes shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the
maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of	appointments to services and posts in connection with the	affairs of the Union or a State (Article 335 in Part XVI).
2. Instruction in mother tongue: It shall be the endeavour of	every state and every local authority within the state to	provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother-
tongue at the primary stage of education to children	belonging to linguistic minority groups (Article 350-A in Part	XVII).
3. Development of the Hindi Language: It shall be the duty of	the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language and	to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression
for all the elements of the composite culture of India (Article	351 in Part XVII).	The above Directives are also non-jus-ticiable in nature.
However, they are also given equal importance and attention by	the judiciary on the ground that all parts of the constitution must	be read together.
Table 8.2 Articles Related to Directive Principles of State Policy at	a Glance	Article No. Subject Matter
36. Definition of State	37. Application of the principles contained in this	part
38. State to secure a social order for the promotion	of welfare of the people	39. Certain principles of policy to be followed by the
State	39A. Equal justice and free legal aid	40. Organisation of village panchayats
41. Right to work, to education and to public	assistance in certain cases	42. Provision for just and humane conditions of
work and maternity relief	43. Living wage, etc., for workers	43A. Participation of workers in management of
industries	43B. Promotion of co-operative societies	44. Uniform civil code for the citizens
45. Provision for early childhood care and	education to children below the age of six years	46. Promotion of educational and economic
interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled	Tribes and other weaker sections	47. Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition
and the standard of living and to improve public	health	48. Organisation of agriculture and animal
husbandry	48A. Protection and improvement of environment	and safeguarding of forests and wildlife
49. Protection of monuments and places and	objects of national importance	50. Separation of judiciary from executive
1. Actually, Directive Principles are mentioned in Articles	38 to 51. Article 36 deals with the definition of State	while Article 37 deals with the nature and significance of
Directive Principles.	2. Granville Austin, The Indian Constitution–Cornerstone	of a Nation, Oxford, 1966, P. 75.
3. A ‘Police State’ is mainly concerned with the	maintenance of law and order and defence of the	country against external aggression. Such a restrictive
concept of state is based on the nineteenth century	theory of individualism or laissez-faire.	4. This second provision was added by the 44th
Constitutional Amendment Act of 1978.	5. The last point (f) was modified by the 42nd	Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976.
6. This Directive was added by the 42nd Constitutional	Amendment Act of 1976.	7. ‘Living wage’ is different from ‘minimum wage’, which
includes the bare needs of life like food, shelter and	clothing. In addition to these bare needs, a ‘living wage’	includes education, health , insurance, etc. A ‘fair wage’
is a mean between ‘living wage’ and ‘minimum wage’.	8. This Directive was added by the 42nd Constitutional	Amendment Act of 1976. 8a. This Directive was added
by the 97th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2011.	9. This Directive was changed by the 86th Constitutional	Amendment Act of 2002. Originally, it made a provision
for free and compulsory education for all children until	they complete the age of 14 years.	10. This Directive was added by the 42nd Constitutional
Amendment Act of 1976.	11. Constituent Assembly Debates, volume VII, P. 476.	12. M.P. Jain, Indian Constitutional Law, Wadhwa, Third
Edition (1978), P. 595.	13. Constituent Assembly Debates, volume VII, P. 470.	14. N. Srinivasan, Democratic Government in India, P. 182.
16. Journal of Constitutional and Parliamentary Studies,	June 1975.	17. M.C. Chagla, An Ambassador Speaks, P. 35.
18. Granville Austin, The Indian Constitution–Cornerstone	of a Nation, Oxford, 1966, P. 50–52.	19. P.B. Gajendragadker, The Constitution of India (Its
Philosophy and Postulates), P. 11.	20. State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan, (1951).	21. Golak Nath v. State of Punjab, (1967).
22. Article 39 (b) says: The State shall direct its policy	towards securing that the ownership and control of the	material resources of the community are so distributed
as best to subserve the common good.	23. Article 39 (c) says: The state shall direct its policy	towards securing that the operation of the economic
system does not result in the concentration of wealth	and means of production to the common detriment.	24. Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, (1973).
9 Fundamental Duties	T	hough the rights and duties of the citizens are correlative
and inseparable, the original constitution contained only the	fundamental rights and not the fundamental duties. In other	words, the framers of the Constitution did not feel it necessary to
incorporate the fundamental duties of the citizens in the	Constitution. However, they incorporated the duties of the State in	the Constitution in the form of Directive Principles of State Polity.
Later in 1976, the fundamental duties of citizens were added in	the Constitution. In 2002, one more Fundamental Duty was	added.
The Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution are inspired	by the Constitution of erstwhile USSR. Notably, none of the	Constitutions of major democratic countries like USA, Canada,
France, Germany, Australia and so on specifically contain a list of	duties of citizens. Japanese Constitution is, perhaps, the only	democratic Constitution in world which contains a list of duties of
citizens. The socialist countries, on the contrary, gave equal	importance to the fundamental rights and duties of their citizens.	Hence, the Constitution of erstwhile USSR declared that the
SWARAN SINGH COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS	In 1976, the Congress Party set up the Sardar Swaran Singh	Committee to make recommendations about fundamental duties,
the need and necessity of which was felt during the operation of	the internal emergency (1975–1977). The committee	recommended the inclusion of a separate chapter on fundamental
duties in the Constitution. It stressed that the citizens should	become conscious that in addition to the enjoyment of rights, they	also have certain duties to perform as well. The Congress
Government at Centre accepted these recommendations and	enacted the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act in 1976. This	amendment added a new part, namely, Part IVA to the
Constitution. This new part consists of only one Article, that is,	Article 51A which for the first time specified a code of ten	fundamental duties of the citizens. The ruling Congress party
declared the non-inclusion of fundamental duties in the	Constitution as a historical mistake and claimed that what the	framers of the Constitution failed to do was being done now.
Though the Swaran Singh Committee suggested the	incorporation of eight Fundamental Duties in the Constitution, the	42nd Constitutional Amendment Act (1976) included ten
Fundamental Duties.	Interestingly, certain recommendations of the Committee were	not accepted by the Congress Party and hence, not incorporated
in the Constitution. These include:	1. The Parliament may provide for the imposition of such	penalty or punishment as may be considered appropriate for
any non-compliance with or refusal to observe any of the	duties.	2. No law imposing such penalty or punishment shall be called
in question in any court on the ground of infringement of any	of Fundamental Rights or on the ground of repugnancy to	any other provision of the Constitution.
LIST OF FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES	According to Article 51A, it shall be the duty of every citizen of	India:
(a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and	institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem;	(b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the
national struggle for freedom;	(c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of	India;
(d) to defend the country and render national service when	called upon to do so;	(e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood
amongst all the people of India transcending religious,	linguistic and regional or sectional diversities and to	renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;
(f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of the country’s	composite culture;	(g) to protect and improve the natural environment including
forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for	living creatures;	(h) to develop scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of
inquiry and reform;	(i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;	(j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and
collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher	levels of endeavour and achievement; and	(k) to provide opportunities for education to his child or ward
FEATURES OF THE FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES	Following points can be noted with regard to the characteristics of	the Fundamental Duties:
1. Some of them are moral duties while others are civic duties.	For instance, cherishing noble ideals of freedom struggle is	a moral precept and respecting the Constitution, National
Flag and National Anthem is a civic duty.	2. They refer to such values which have been a part of the	Indian tradition, mythology, religions and practices. In other
words, they essentially contain just a codification of tasks	integral to the Indian way of life.	3. Unlike some of the Fundamental Rights which extend to all
persons whether citizens or foreigners1 , the Fundamental	Duties are confined to citizens only and do not extend to	foreigners.
4. Like the Directive Principles, the fundamental duties are also	non-justiciable. The Constitution does not provide for their	direct enforcement by the courts. Moreover, there is not legal

National Small Industries Corporation, Handloom Board,

Handicrafts Board, Coir Board, Silk Board and so on have

been set up for the development of cottage industries in rural

areas.

8. The Community Development Programme (1952), Hill Area

Development Programme (1960), Drought-Prone Area

Programme (1973), Minimum Needs Programme (1974),

Integrated Rural Development Programme (1978), Jawahar

Rozgar Yojana (1989), Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar

Yojana (1999), Sampoorna Grameena Rozgar Yojana

(2001), National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme

(2006) and so on have been launched for raising the

standard of living of people.

9. The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and the Forest

(Conservation) Act, 1980, have been enacted to safeguard

the wildlife and the forests respectively. Further, the Water

and Air Acts have provided for the establishment of the

Central and State Pollution Control Boards, which are

engaged in the protection and improvement of environment.

The National Forest Policy (1988) aims at the protection,

conservation and development of forests.

Various steps have also been taken to organise animal

husbandry on modern and scientific lines.

11. Three-tier panchayati raj system (at village, taluka and zila

levels) has been introduced to translate into reality

Gandhiji’s dream of every village being a republic. The 73rd

Amendment Act (1992) has been enacted to provide

constitutional status and protection to these panchayati raj

institutions.

12. Seats are reserved for SCs, STs and other weaker sections

in educational institutions, government services and

representative bodies. The Untouchability (Offences) Act,

1955, which was renamed as the Protection of Civil Rights

Act in 1976 and the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled

Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, have been

enacted to protect the SCs and STs from social injustice and

exploitation. The 65th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1990

established the National Commission for Scheduled Castes

and Scheduled Tribes to protect the interests of SCs and

STs. Later, the 89th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2003

bifurcated this combined commission into two separate

bodies, namely, National Commission for Schedule Castes

and National Commission for Schedule Tribes.

12a. Various national-level commissions have been established

to promote and protect the social, educational and economic

interests of the weaker sections of the society. These include

the National Commission for Backward Classes (1993), the

National Commission for Minorities (1993), the National

Commission for Women (1992) and the National

Commission for Protection of Child Rights (2007). Further,

the 102nd Amendment Act of 2018 conferred a constitutional

status on the National Commission for Backward Classes

and also enlarged its functions.

12b. In 2019, the central government issued orders providing

10% reservation to the Economically Weaker Sections

(EWSs) in admission to educational institutions and civil

posts and services in the Government of India. The benefit

schemes of reservations for SCs, STs and OBCs. This

reservation was facilitated by the 103rd Amendment Act of

2019.

13. The Criminal Procedure Code (1973) separated the judiciary

from the executive in the public services of the state. Prior to

this separation, the district authorities like the collector, the

sub-divisional officer, the tehsildar and so on used to

exercise judicial powers along with the traditional executive

powers. After the separation, the judicial powers were taken

away from these executive authorities and vested in the

hands of district judicial magistrates who work under the

direct control of the state high court.

14. The Ancient and Historical Monument and Archaeological

Sites and Remains Act (1951) has been enacted to protect

the monuments, places and objects of national importance.

15. Primary health centres and hospitals have been established

throughout the country to improve the public health. Also,

special programmes have been launched to eradicate

widespread diseases like malaria, TB, leprosy, AIDS, cancer,

filaria, kala-azar, guineaworm, yaws, Japanese encephalitis

and so on.

16. Laws to prohibit the slaughter of cows, calves, and bullocks

have been enacted in some states.

17. Some states have initiated the old age pension schemes for

people above 65 years.

18. India has been following the policy of non-alignment and

panchsheel to promote international peace and security.

In spite of the above steps by the Central and state

governments, the Directive Principles have not been implemented

fully and effectively due to several reasons like inadequate

DIRECTIVES OUTSIDE PART IV

Apart from the Directives included in Part IV, there are some other

Directives contained in other Parts of the Constitution. They are:

1. Claims of SCs and STs to Services: The claims of the

members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled

Tribes shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the

maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of

appointments to services and posts in connection with the

affairs of the Union or a State (Article 335 in Part XVI).

2. Instruction in mother tongue: It shall be the endeavour of

every state and every local authority within the state to

provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother-

tongue at the primary stage of education to children

belonging to linguistic minority groups (Article 350-A in Part

XVII).

3. Development of the Hindi Language: It shall be the duty of

the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language and

to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression

for all the elements of the composite culture of India (Article

351 in Part XVII).

The above Directives are also non-jus-ticiable in nature.

However, they are also given equal importance and attention by

the judiciary on the ground that all parts of the constitution must

be read together.

Table 8.2 Articles Related to Directive Principles of State Policy at

a Glance

Article No. Subject Matter

36. Definition of State

37. Application of the principles contained in this

part

38. State to secure a social order for the promotion

of welfare of the people

39. Certain principles of policy to be followed by the

State

39A. Equal justice and free legal aid

40. Organisation of village panchayats

41. Right to work, to education and to public

assistance in certain cases

42. Provision for just and humane conditions of

work and maternity relief

43. Living wage, etc., for workers

43A. Participation of workers in management of

industries

43B. Promotion of co-operative societies

44. Uniform civil code for the citizens

45. Provision for early childhood care and

education to children below the age of six years

46. Promotion of educational and economic

interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled

Tribes and other weaker sections

47. Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition

and the standard of living and to improve public

health

48. Organisation of agriculture and animal

husbandry

48A. Protection and improvement of environment

and safeguarding of forests and wildlife

49. Protection of monuments and places and

objects of national importance

50. Separation of judiciary from executive

1. Actually, Directive Principles are mentioned in Articles

38 to 51. Article 36 deals with the definition of State

while Article 37 deals with the nature and significance of

Directive Principles.

2. Granville Austin, The Indian Constitution–Cornerstone

of a Nation, Oxford, 1966, P. 75.

3. A ‘Police State’ is mainly concerned with the

maintenance of law and order and defence of the

country against external aggression. Such a restrictive

concept of state is based on the nineteenth century

theory of individualism or laissez-faire.

4. This second provision was added by the 44th

Constitutional Amendment Act of 1978.

5. The last point (f) was modified by the 42nd

Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976.

6. This Directive was added by the 42nd Constitutional

Amendment Act of 1976.

7. ‘Living wage’ is different from ‘minimum wage’, which

includes the bare needs of life like food, shelter and

clothing. In addition to these bare needs, a ‘living wage’

includes education, health , insurance, etc. A ‘fair wage’

is a mean between ‘living wage’ and ‘minimum wage’.

8. This Directive was added by the 42nd Constitutional

Amendment Act of 1976. 8a. This Directive was added

by the 97th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2011.

9. This Directive was changed by the 86th Constitutional

Amendment Act of 2002. Originally, it made a provision

for free and compulsory education for all children until

they complete the age of 14 years.

10. This Directive was added by the 42nd Constitutional

Amendment Act of 1976.

11. Constituent Assembly Debates, volume VII, P. 476.

12. M.P. Jain, Indian Constitutional Law, Wadhwa, Third

Edition (1978), P. 595.

13. Constituent Assembly Debates, volume VII, P. 470.

14. N. Srinivasan, Democratic Government in India, P. 182.

16. Journal of Constitutional and Parliamentary Studies,

June 1975.

17. M.C. Chagla, An Ambassador Speaks, P. 35.

18. Granville Austin, The Indian Constitution–Cornerstone

of a Nation, Oxford, 1966, P. 50–52.

19. P.B. Gajendragadker, The Constitution of India (Its

Philosophy and Postulates), P. 11.

20. State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan, (1951).

21. Golak Nath v. State of Punjab, (1967).

22. Article 39 (b) says: The State shall direct its policy

towards securing that the ownership and control of the

material resources of the community are so distributed

as best to subserve the common good.

23. Article 39 (c) says: The state shall direct its policy

towards securing that the operation of the economic

system does not result in the concentration of wealth

and means of production to the common detriment.

24. Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, (1973).

9 Fundamental Duties

T

hough the rights and duties of the citizens are correlative

and inseparable, the original constitution contained only the

fundamental rights and not the fundamental duties. In other

words, the framers of the Constitution did not feel it necessary to

incorporate the fundamental duties of the citizens in the

Constitution. However, they incorporated the duties of the State in

the Constitution in the form of Directive Principles of State Polity.

Later in 1976, the fundamental duties of citizens were added in

the Constitution. In 2002, one more Fundamental Duty was

added.

The Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution are inspired

by the Constitution of erstwhile USSR. Notably, none of the

Constitutions of major democratic countries like USA, Canada,

France, Germany, Australia and so on specifically contain a list of

duties of citizens. Japanese Constitution is, perhaps, the only

democratic Constitution in world which contains a list of duties of

citizens. The socialist countries, on the contrary, gave equal

importance to the fundamental rights and duties of their citizens.

Hence, the Constitution of erstwhile USSR declared that the

SWARAN SINGH COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS

In 1976, the Congress Party set up the Sardar Swaran Singh

Committee to make recommendations about fundamental duties,

the need and necessity of which was felt during the operation of

the internal emergency (1975–1977). The committee

recommended the inclusion of a separate chapter on fundamental

duties in the Constitution. It stressed that the citizens should

become conscious that in addition to the enjoyment of rights, they

also have certain duties to perform as well. The Congress

Government at Centre accepted these recommendations and

enacted the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act in 1976. This

amendment added a new part, namely, Part IVA to the

Constitution. This new part consists of only one Article, that is,

Article 51A which for the first time specified a code of ten

fundamental duties of the citizens. The ruling Congress party

declared the non-inclusion of fundamental duties in the

Constitution as a historical mistake and claimed that what the

framers of the Constitution failed to do was being done now.

Though the Swaran Singh Committee suggested the

incorporation of eight Fundamental Duties in the Constitution, the

42nd Constitutional Amendment Act (1976) included ten

Fundamental Duties.

Interestingly, certain recommendations of the Committee were

not accepted by the Congress Party and hence, not incorporated

in the Constitution. These include:

1. The Parliament may provide for the imposition of such

penalty or punishment as may be considered appropriate for

any non-compliance with or refusal to observe any of the

duties.

2. No law imposing such penalty or punishment shall be called

in question in any court on the ground of infringement of any

of Fundamental Rights or on the ground of repugnancy to

any other provision of the Constitution.

LIST OF FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES

According to Article 51A, it shall be the duty of every citizen of

India:

(a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and

institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem;

(b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the

national struggle for freedom;

(c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of

India;

(d) to defend the country and render national service when

called upon to do so;

(e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood

amongst all the people of India transcending religious,

linguistic and regional or sectional diversities and to

renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;

(f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of the country’s

composite culture;

(g) to protect and improve the natural environment including

forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for

living creatures;

(h) to develop scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of

inquiry and reform;

(i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;

(j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and

collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher

levels of endeavour and achievement; and

(k) to provide opportunities for education to his child or ward

FEATURES OF THE FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES

Following points can be noted with regard to the characteristics of

the Fundamental Duties:

1. Some of them are moral duties while others are civic duties.

For instance, cherishing noble ideals of freedom struggle is

a moral precept and respecting the Constitution, National

Flag and National Anthem is a civic duty.

2. They refer to such values which have been a part of the

Indian tradition, mythology, religions and practices. In other

words, they essentially contain just a codification of tasks

integral to the Indian way of life.

3. Unlike some of the Fundamental Rights which extend to all

persons whether citizens or foreigners1 , the Fundamental

Duties are confined to citizens only and do not extend to

foreigners.

4. Like the Directive Principles, the fundamental duties are also

non-justiciable. The Constitution does not provide for their

direct enforcement by the courts. Moreover, there is not legal