jbp123/hello · Datasets at Hugging Face

instruction stringlengths 1 84	input stringlengths 1 85	output stringlengths 1 83
President is unable to discharge his functions due to absence, illness	or any other cause, the Vice-President discharges his functions until	the President resumes his office.
In case the office of Vice-President is vacant, the Chief Justice of	India (or if his office is also vacant, the seniormost judge of the	Supreme Court available) acts as the President or discharges the
functions of the President8 .	When any person, ie, Vice-President, chief justice of India, or the	seniormost judge of the Supreme Court is acting as the President or
discharging the functions of the President, he enjoys all the powers	and immunities of the President and is entitled to such emoluments,	allowances and privileges as are determined by the Parliament.
POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE PRESIDENT	The powers enjoyed and the functions performed by the President can	be studied under the following heads.
1. Executive powers	2. Legislative powers	3. Financial powers
4. Judicial powers	5. Diplomatic powers	6. Military powers
7. Emergency powers	Executive Powers	The executive powers and functions of the President are:
(a) All executive actions of the Government of India are formally	taken in his name.	(b) He can make rules specifying the manner in which the orders
and other instruments made and executed in his name shall be	authenticated.	(c) He can make rules for more convenient transaction of business
of the Union government, and for allocation of the said business	among the ministers.	(d) He appoints the prime minister and the other ministers. They
hold office during his pleasure.	(e) He appoints the attorney general of India and determines his	remuneration. The attorney general holds office during the
pleasure of the President.	(f) He appoints the comptroller and auditor general of India, the chief	election commissioner and other election commissioners, the
chairman and members of the Union Public Service Commission,	the governors of states, the chairman and members of finance	commission, and so on.
(g) He can seek any information relating to the administration of	affairs of the Union, and proposals for legislation from the prime	minister.
(h) He can require the Prime Minister to submit, for consideration of	the council of ministers, any matter on which a decision has been	taken by a minister but, which has not been considered by the
(i) He can appoint a commission to investigate into the conditions of	SCs, STs and other backward classes.	(j) He can appoint an inter-state council to promote Centre-state and
inter-state cooperation.	(k) He directly administers the union territories through	administrators appointed by him.
(l) He can declare any area as scheduled area and has powers with	respect to the administration of scheduled areas and tribal areas.	Legislative Powers
The President is an integral part of the Parliament of India, and enjoys	the following legislative powers.	(a) He can summon or prorogue the Parliament and dissolve the Lok
Sabha. He can also summon a joint sitting of both the Houses of	Parliament, which is presided over by the Speaker of the Lok	Sabha.
(b) He can address the Parliament at the commencement of the first	session after each general election and the first session of each	year.
(c) He can send messages to the Houses of Parliament, whether	with respect to a bill pending in the Parliament or otherwise.	(d) He can appoint any member of the Lok Sabha to preside over its
proceedings when the offices of both the Speaker and the	Deputy Speaker fall vacant. Similarly, he can also appoint any	member of the Rajya Sabha to preside over its proceedings
when the offices of both the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman	fall vacant.	(e) He nominates 12 members of the Rajya Sabha from amongst
persons having special knowledge or practical experience in	literature, science, art and social service.	(f) He can nominate two members to the Lok Sabha from the Anglo-
Indian Community.	(g) He decides on questions as to disqualifications of members of	the Parliament, in consultation with the Election Commission.
(h) His prior recommendation or permission is needed to introduce	certain types of bills in the Parliament. For example, a bill	involving expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India, or a
(i) When a bill is sent to the President after it has been passed by	the Parliament, he can:	(i) give his assent to the bill, or
(ii) withhold his assent to the bill, or	(iii) return the bill (if it is not a money bill) for reconsideration of	Parliament.
However, if the bill is passed again by the Parliament, with or	without amendments, the President has to give his assent to the	bill.
(j) When a bill passed by a state legislature is reserved by the	governor for consideration of the President, the President can:	(i) give his assent to the bill, or
(ii) withhold his assent to the bill, or	(iii) direct the governor to return the bill (if it is not a money bill)	reconsideration of the state legislature. It should be noted h
that it is not obligatory for the President to give his assent eve	the bill is again passed by the state legislature and sent agai	him for his consideration.
(k) He can promulgate ordinances when the Parliament is not in	session. These ordinances must be approved by the Parliament	within six weeks from its reassembly. He can also withdraw an
ordinance at any time.	(l) He lays the reports of the Comptroller and Auditor General, Union	Public Service Commission, Finance Commission, and others,
before the Parliament.	(m) He can make regulations for the peace, progress and good	government of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep,
Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu and Ladakh. In the	case of Puducherry also, the President can legislate by making	regulations but only when the assembly is suspended or
dissolved.	Financial Powers	The financial powers and functions of the President are:
(a) Money bills can be introduced in the Parliament only with his	prior recommendation.	(b) He causes to be laid before the Parliament the annual financial
statement (ie, the Union Budget).	(c) No demand for a grant can be made except on his	recommendation.
(d) He can make advances out of the contingency fund of India to	meet any unforeseen expenditure.	(e) He constitutes a finance commission after every five years to
recommend the distribution of revenues between the Centre and	the states.	Judicial Powers
The judicial powers and functions of the President are:	(a) He appoints the Chief Justice and the judges of Supreme Court	and high courts.
(b) He can seek advice from the Supreme Court on any question of	law or fact. However, the advice tendered by the Supreme Court	is not binding on the President.
(c) He can grant pardon, reprieve, respite and remission of	punishment, or suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any	person convicted of any offence:
(i) In all cases where the punishment or sentence is by a c	martial;	(ii) In all cases where the punishment or sentence is for an offe
against a Union law; and	(iii) In all cases where the sentence is a sentence of death.	Diplomatic Powers
The international treaties and agreements are negotiated and	concluded on behalf of the President. However, they are subject to the	approval of the Parliament. He represents India in international forums
and affairs and sends and receives diplomats like ambassadors, high	commissioners, and so on.	Military Powers
He is the supreme commander of the defence forces of India. In that	capacity, he appoints the chiefs of the Army, the Navy and the Air	Force. He can declare war or conclude peace, subject to the approval
of the Parliament.	Emergency Powers	In addition to the normal powers mentioned above, the Constitution
following three types of emergencies9 :	(a) National Emergency (Article 352);	(b) President’s Rule (Article 356 & 365); and
VETO POWER OF THE PRESIDENT	A bill passed by the Parliament can become an act only if it receives	the assent of the President. When such a bill is presented to the
President for his assent, he has three alternatives (under Article 111 of	the Constitution):	1. He may give his assent to the bill, or
2. He may withhold his assent to the bill, or	3. He may return the bill (if it is not a Money bill) for reconsideration	of the Parliament. However, if the bill is passed again by the
Parliament with or without amendments and again presented to	the President, the President must give his assent to the bill.	Thus, the President has the veto power over the bills passed by the
Parliament10 , that is, he can withhold his assent to the bills. The	object of conferring this power on the President is two-fold–(a) to	prevent hasty and ill-considered legislation by the Parliament; and (b)
to prevent a legislation which may be unconstitutional.	The veto power enjoyed by the executive in modern states can be	classified into the following four types:
1. Absolute veto, that is, withholding of assent to the bill passed by	the legislature.	2. Qualified veto, which can be overridden by the legislature with a
higher majority.	3. Suspensive veto, which can be overridden by the legislature with	an ordinary majority.
4. Pocket veto, that is, taking no action on the bill passed by the	legislature.	Of the above four, the President of India is vested with three–
absolute veto, suspensive veto and pocket veto. There is no qualified	veto in the case of Indian President; it is possessed by the American	President. The three vetos of the President of India are explained
below:	Absolute Veto	It refers to the power of the President to withhold his assent to a bill
passed by the Parliament. The bill then ends and does not become an	act. Usually, this veto is exercised in the following two cases:	(a) With respect to private members’ bills (ie, bills introduced by any
(b) With respect to the government bills when the cabinet resigns	(after the passage of the bills but before the assent by the	President) and the new cabinet advises the President not to give
his assent to such bills.	In 1954, President Dr. Rajendra Prasad withheld his assent to the	PEPSU Appropriation Bill. The bill was passed by the Parliament
when the President’s Rule was in operation in the state of PEPSU.	But, when the bill was presented to the President for his assent, the	President’s Rule was revoked.
Again in 1991, President R Venkataraman withheld his assent to	the Salary, Allowances and Pension of Members of Parliament	(Amendment) Bill. The bill was passed by the Parliament (on the last
day before dissolution of Lok Sabha) without obtaining the previous	recommendation of the President.	Suspensive Veto
The President exercises this veto when he returns a bill for	reconsideration of the Parliament. However, if the bill is passed again	by the Parliament with or without amendments and again presented to
the President, it is obligatory for the President to give his assent to the	bill. This means that the presidential veto is overridden by a re-	passage of the bill by the same ordinary majority (and not a higher
majority as required in USA).	As mentioned earlier, the President does not possess this veto in	the case of money bills. The President can either give his assent to a
money bill or withhold his assent to a money bill but cannot return it for	the reconsideration of the Parliament. Normally, the President gives	his assent to money bill as it is introduced in the Parliament with his
previous permission.	Pocket Veto	In this case, the President neither ratifies nor rejects nor returns the
bill, but simply keeps the bill pending for an indefinite period. This	power of the President not to take any action (either positive or	negative) on the bill is known as the pocket veto. The President can
exercise this veto power as the Constitution does not prescribe any	time-limit within which he has to take the decision with respect to a bill	presented to him for his assent. In USA, on the other hand, the
Hence, it is remarked that the pocket of the Indian President is bigger	than that of the American President.	In 1986, President Zail Singh exercised the pocket veto with
respect to the Indian Post Office (Amendment) Bill. The bill, passed by	the Rajiv Gandhi Government, imposed restrictions on the freedom of	press and hence, was widely criticised. After three years, in 1989, the
next President R Venkataraman sent the bill back for reconsideration,	but the new National Front Government decided to drop the bill.	It should be noted here that the President has no veto power in
respect of a constitutional amendment bill. The 24th Constitutional	Amendment Act of 1971 made it obligatory for the President to give	his assent to a constitutional amendment bill.
Presidential Veto over State Legislation	The President has veto power with respect to state legislation also. A	bill passed by a state legislature can become an act only if it receives
the assent of the governor or the President (in case the bill is reserved	for the consideration of the President).	When a bill, passed by a state legislature, is presented to the
governor for his assent, he has four alternatives (under Article 200 of	the Constitution):	1. He may give his assent to the bill, or
2. He may withhold his assent to the bill, or	3. He may return the bill (if it is not a money bill) for reconsideration	of the state legislature, or
4. He may reserve the bill for the consideration of the President.	Table 17.2 Veto Power of the President At a Glance	Central Legislation State Legislation
With Regard to Ordinary Bills	1. Can be ratified 1. Can be ratified	2. Can be rejected 2. Can be rejected
3. Can be returned 3. Can be returned	With Regard to Money Bills	1. Can be ratified 1. Can be ratified
With Regard to Constitutional Amendment Bills	Can only be ratified (that is, Constitutional amendment bills	cannot be rejected or returned) cannot be introduced in the state
legislature.	When a bill is reserved by the governor for the consideration of the	President, the President has three alternatives (Under Article 201 of
the Constitution):	1. He may give his assent to the bill, or	2. He may withhold his assent to the bill, or
3. He may direct the governor to return the bill (if it is not a money	bill) for the reconsideration of the state legislature. If the bill is	passed again by the state legislature with or without
amendments and presented again to the President for his	assent, the President is not bound to give his assent to the bill.	This means that the state legislature cannot override the veto
power of the President. Further, the Constitution has not	prescribed any time limit within which the President has to take	decision with regard to a bill reserved by the governor for his
consideration. Hence, the President can exercise pocket veto in	respect of state legislation also.	Table 17.2 summarises the discussion on the veto power of the
ORDINANCE-MAKING POWER OF THE PRESIDENT	Article 123 of the Constitution empowers the President to promulgate	ordinances during the recess of Parliament. These ordinances have
the same force and effect as an act of Parliament, but are in the	nature of temporary laws.	The ordinance-making power is the most important legislative
power of the President. It has been vested in him to deal with	unforeseen or urgent matters. But, the exercises of this power is	subject to the following four limitations:
1. He can promulgate an ordinance only when both the Houses of	Parliament are not in session or when either of the two Houses of	Parliament is not in session. An ordinance can also be issued when
only one House is in session because a law can be passed by both	the Houses and not by one House alone. An ordinance made when	both the Houses are in session is void. Thus, the power of the

President is unable to discharge his functions due to absence, illness

or any other cause, the Vice-President discharges his functions until

the President resumes his office.

In case the office of Vice-President is vacant, the Chief Justice of

India (or if his office is also vacant, the seniormost judge of the

Supreme Court available) acts as the President or discharges the

functions of the President8 .

When any person, ie, Vice-President, chief justice of India, or the

seniormost judge of the Supreme Court is acting as the President or

discharging the functions of the President, he enjoys all the powers

and immunities of the President and is entitled to such emoluments,

allowances and privileges as are determined by the Parliament.

POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE PRESIDENT

The powers enjoyed and the functions performed by the President can

be studied under the following heads.

1. Executive powers

2. Legislative powers

3. Financial powers

4. Judicial powers

5. Diplomatic powers

6. Military powers

7. Emergency powers

Executive Powers

The executive powers and functions of the President are:

(a) All executive actions of the Government of India are formally

taken in his name.

(b) He can make rules specifying the manner in which the orders

and other instruments made and executed in his name shall be

authenticated.

(c) He can make rules for more convenient transaction of business

of the Union government, and for allocation of the said business

among the ministers.

(d) He appoints the prime minister and the other ministers. They

hold office during his pleasure.

(e) He appoints the attorney general of India and determines his

remuneration. The attorney general holds office during the

pleasure of the President.

(f) He appoints the comptroller and auditor general of India, the chief

election commissioner and other election commissioners, the

chairman and members of the Union Public Service Commission,

the governors of states, the chairman and members of finance

commission, and so on.

(g) He can seek any information relating to the administration of

affairs of the Union, and proposals for legislation from the prime

minister.

(h) He can require the Prime Minister to submit, for consideration of

the council of ministers, any matter on which a decision has been

taken by a minister but, which has not been considered by the

(i) He can appoint a commission to investigate into the conditions of

SCs, STs and other backward classes.

(j) He can appoint an inter-state council to promote Centre-state and

inter-state cooperation.

(k) He directly administers the union territories through

administrators appointed by him.

(l) He can declare any area as scheduled area and has powers with

respect to the administration of scheduled areas and tribal areas.

Legislative Powers

The President is an integral part of the Parliament of India, and enjoys

the following legislative powers.

(a) He can summon or prorogue the Parliament and dissolve the Lok

Sabha. He can also summon a joint sitting of both the Houses of

Parliament, which is presided over by the Speaker of the Lok

Sabha.

(b) He can address the Parliament at the commencement of the first

session after each general election and the first session of each

year.

(c) He can send messages to the Houses of Parliament, whether

with respect to a bill pending in the Parliament or otherwise.

(d) He can appoint any member of the Lok Sabha to preside over its

proceedings when the offices of both the Speaker and the

Deputy Speaker fall vacant. Similarly, he can also appoint any

member of the Rajya Sabha to preside over its proceedings

when the offices of both the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman

fall vacant.

(e) He nominates 12 members of the Rajya Sabha from amongst

persons having special knowledge or practical experience in

literature, science, art and social service.

(f) He can nominate two members to the Lok Sabha from the Anglo-

Indian Community.

(g) He decides on questions as to disqualifications of members of

the Parliament, in consultation with the Election Commission.

(h) His prior recommendation or permission is needed to introduce

certain types of bills in the Parliament. For example, a bill

involving expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India, or a

(i) When a bill is sent to the President after it has been passed by

the Parliament, he can:

(i) give his assent to the bill, or

(ii) withhold his assent to the bill, or

(iii) return the bill (if it is not a money bill) for reconsideration of

Parliament.

However, if the bill is passed again by the Parliament, with or

without amendments, the President has to give his assent to the

bill.

(j) When a bill passed by a state legislature is reserved by the

governor for consideration of the President, the President can:

(i) give his assent to the bill, or

(ii) withhold his assent to the bill, or

(iii) direct the governor to return the bill (if it is not a money bill)

reconsideration of the state legislature. It should be noted h

that it is not obligatory for the President to give his assent eve

the bill is again passed by the state legislature and sent agai

him for his consideration.

(k) He can promulgate ordinances when the Parliament is not in

session. These ordinances must be approved by the Parliament

within six weeks from its reassembly. He can also withdraw an

ordinance at any time.

(l) He lays the reports of the Comptroller and Auditor General, Union

Public Service Commission, Finance Commission, and others,

before the Parliament.

(m) He can make regulations for the peace, progress and good

government of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep,

Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu and Ladakh. In the

case of Puducherry also, the President can legislate by making

regulations but only when the assembly is suspended or

dissolved.

Financial Powers

The financial powers and functions of the President are:

(a) Money bills can be introduced in the Parliament only with his

prior recommendation.

(b) He causes to be laid before the Parliament the annual financial

statement (ie, the Union Budget).

(c) No demand for a grant can be made except on his

recommendation.

(d) He can make advances out of the contingency fund of India to

meet any unforeseen expenditure.

(e) He constitutes a finance commission after every five years to

recommend the distribution of revenues between the Centre and

the states.

Judicial Powers

The judicial powers and functions of the President are:

(a) He appoints the Chief Justice and the judges of Supreme Court

and high courts.

(b) He can seek advice from the Supreme Court on any question of

law or fact. However, the advice tendered by the Supreme Court

is not binding on the President.

(c) He can grant pardon, reprieve, respite and remission of

punishment, or suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any

person convicted of any offence:

(i) In all cases where the punishment or sentence is by a c

martial;

(ii) In all cases where the punishment or sentence is for an offe

against a Union law; and

(iii) In all cases where the sentence is a sentence of death.

Diplomatic Powers

The international treaties and agreements are negotiated and

concluded on behalf of the President. However, they are subject to the

approval of the Parliament. He represents India in international forums

and affairs and sends and receives diplomats like ambassadors, high

commissioners, and so on.

Military Powers

He is the supreme commander of the defence forces of India. In that

capacity, he appoints the chiefs of the Army, the Navy and the Air

Force. He can declare war or conclude peace, subject to the approval

of the Parliament.

Emergency Powers

In addition to the normal powers mentioned above, the Constitution

following three types of emergencies9 :

(a) National Emergency (Article 352);

(b) President’s Rule (Article 356 & 365); and

VETO POWER OF THE PRESIDENT

A bill passed by the Parliament can become an act only if it receives

the assent of the President. When such a bill is presented to the

President for his assent, he has three alternatives (under Article 111 of

the Constitution):

1. He may give his assent to the bill, or

2. He may withhold his assent to the bill, or

3. He may return the bill (if it is not a Money bill) for reconsideration

of the Parliament. However, if the bill is passed again by the

Parliament with or without amendments and again presented to

the President, the President must give his assent to the bill.

Thus, the President has the veto power over the bills passed by the

Parliament10 , that is, he can withhold his assent to the bills. The

object of conferring this power on the President is two-fold–(a) to

prevent hasty and ill-considered legislation by the Parliament; and (b)

to prevent a legislation which may be unconstitutional.

The veto power enjoyed by the executive in modern states can be

classified into the following four types:

1. Absolute veto, that is, withholding of assent to the bill passed by

the legislature.

2. Qualified veto, which can be overridden by the legislature with a

higher majority.

3. Suspensive veto, which can be overridden by the legislature with

an ordinary majority.

4. Pocket veto, that is, taking no action on the bill passed by the

legislature.

Of the above four, the President of India is vested with three–

absolute veto, suspensive veto and pocket veto. There is no qualified

veto in the case of Indian President; it is possessed by the American

President. The three vetos of the President of India are explained

below:

Absolute Veto

It refers to the power of the President to withhold his assent to a bill

passed by the Parliament. The bill then ends and does not become an

act. Usually, this veto is exercised in the following two cases:

(a) With respect to private members’ bills (ie, bills introduced by any

(b) With respect to the government bills when the cabinet resigns

(after the passage of the bills but before the assent by the

President) and the new cabinet advises the President not to give

his assent to such bills.

In 1954, President Dr. Rajendra Prasad withheld his assent to the

PEPSU Appropriation Bill. The bill was passed by the Parliament

when the President’s Rule was in operation in the state of PEPSU.

But, when the bill was presented to the President for his assent, the

President’s Rule was revoked.

Again in 1991, President R Venkataraman withheld his assent to

the Salary, Allowances and Pension of Members of Parliament

(Amendment) Bill. The bill was passed by the Parliament (on the last

day before dissolution of Lok Sabha) without obtaining the previous

recommendation of the President.

Suspensive Veto

The President exercises this veto when he returns a bill for

reconsideration of the Parliament. However, if the bill is passed again

by the Parliament with or without amendments and again presented to

the President, it is obligatory for the President to give his assent to the

bill. This means that the presidential veto is overridden by a re-

passage of the bill by the same ordinary majority (and not a higher

majority as required in USA).

As mentioned earlier, the President does not possess this veto in

the case of money bills. The President can either give his assent to a

money bill or withhold his assent to a money bill but cannot return it for

the reconsideration of the Parliament. Normally, the President gives

his assent to money bill as it is introduced in the Parliament with his

previous permission.

Pocket Veto

In this case, the President neither ratifies nor rejects nor returns the

bill, but simply keeps the bill pending for an indefinite period. This

power of the President not to take any action (either positive or

negative) on the bill is known as the pocket veto. The President can

exercise this veto power as the Constitution does not prescribe any

time-limit within which he has to take the decision with respect to a bill

presented to him for his assent. In USA, on the other hand, the

Hence, it is remarked that the pocket of the Indian President is bigger

than that of the American President.

In 1986, President Zail Singh exercised the pocket veto with

respect to the Indian Post Office (Amendment) Bill. The bill, passed by

the Rajiv Gandhi Government, imposed restrictions on the freedom of

press and hence, was widely criticised. After three years, in 1989, the

next President R Venkataraman sent the bill back for reconsideration,

but the new National Front Government decided to drop the bill.

It should be noted here that the President has no veto power in

respect of a constitutional amendment bill. The 24th Constitutional

Amendment Act of 1971 made it obligatory for the President to give

his assent to a constitutional amendment bill.

Presidential Veto over State Legislation

The President has veto power with respect to state legislation also. A

bill passed by a state legislature can become an act only if it receives

the assent of the governor or the President (in case the bill is reserved

for the consideration of the President).

When a bill, passed by a state legislature, is presented to the

governor for his assent, he has four alternatives (under Article 200 of

the Constitution):

1. He may give his assent to the bill, or

2. He may withhold his assent to the bill, or

3. He may return the bill (if it is not a money bill) for reconsideration

of the state legislature, or

4. He may reserve the bill for the consideration of the President.

Table 17.2 Veto Power of the President At a Glance

Central Legislation State Legislation

With Regard to Ordinary Bills

1. Can be ratified 1. Can be ratified

2. Can be rejected 2. Can be rejected

3. Can be returned 3. Can be returned

With Regard to Money Bills

1. Can be ratified 1. Can be ratified

With Regard to Constitutional Amendment Bills

Can only be ratified (that is, Constitutional amendment bills

cannot be rejected or returned) cannot be introduced in the state

legislature.

When a bill is reserved by the governor for the consideration of the

President, the President has three alternatives (Under Article 201 of

the Constitution):

1. He may give his assent to the bill, or

2. He may withhold his assent to the bill, or

3. He may direct the governor to return the bill (if it is not a money

bill) for the reconsideration of the state legislature. If the bill is

passed again by the state legislature with or without

amendments and presented again to the President for his

assent, the President is not bound to give his assent to the bill.

This means that the state legislature cannot override the veto

power of the President. Further, the Constitution has not

prescribed any time limit within which the President has to take

decision with regard to a bill reserved by the governor for his

consideration. Hence, the President can exercise pocket veto in

respect of state legislation also.

Table 17.2 summarises the discussion on the veto power of the

ORDINANCE-MAKING POWER OF THE PRESIDENT

Article 123 of the Constitution empowers the President to promulgate

ordinances during the recess of Parliament. These ordinances have

the same force and effect as an act of Parliament, but are in the

nature of temporary laws.

The ordinance-making power is the most important legislative

power of the President. It has been vested in him to deal with

unforeseen or urgent matters. But, the exercises of this power is

subject to the following four limitations:

1. He can promulgate an ordinance only when both the Houses of

Parliament are not in session or when either of the two Houses of

Parliament is not in session. An ordinance can also be issued when

only one House is in session because a law can be passed by both

the Houses and not by one House alone. An ordinance made when

both the Houses are in session is void. Thus, the power of the