jbp123/hello · Datasets at Hugging Face

instruction stringlengths 1 84	input stringlengths 1 85	output stringlengths 1 83
3. to faithfully and conscientiously discharge the duties of his	office, and	4. to do right to all manner of people in accordance with the
Constitution and the law, without fear or favour, affection or	ill will.	In his oath of secrecy, the minister swears that he will not
directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person(s) any	matter that is brought under his consideration or becomes known	to him as a Union minister except as may be required for the due
discharge of his duties as such minister.	In 1990, the oath by Devi Lal as deputy prime minister was	challenged as being unconstitutional as the Constitution provides
only for the Prime Minister and ministers. The Supreme Court	upheld the oath as valid and stated that describing a person as	Deputy Prime Minister is descriptive only and such description
does not confer on him any powers of Prime Minister. It ruled that	the description of a minister as Deputy Prime Minister or any other	type of minister such as minister of state or deputy minister of
which there is no mention in the Constitution does not vitiate the	oath taken by him so long as the substantive part of the oath is	correct.
The salaries and allowances of ministers are determined by	Parliament from time to time.2 A minister gets the salary and	allowances that are payable to a member of Parliament.
Additionally, he gets a sumptuary allowance (according to his	rank), free accommodation, travelling allowance, medical facilities,	etc. In 2001, the sumptuary allowance for the prime minister was
RESPONSIBILITY OF MINISTERS	Collective Responsibility	The fundamental principle underlying the working of parliamentary
system of government is the principle of collective responsibility.	Article 75 clearly states that the council of ministers is collectively	responsible to the Lok Sabha. This means that all the ministers
own joint responsibility to the Lok Sabha for all their acts of	ommission and commission. They work as a team and swim or	sink together. When the Lok Sabha passes a no-confidence
motion against the council of ministers, all the ministers have to	resign including those ministers who are from the Rajya Sabha.3	Alternatively, the council of ministers can advise the president to
dissolve the Lok Sabha on the ground that the House does not	represent the views of the electorate faithfully and call for fresh	elections. The President may not oblige the council of ministers
that has lost the confidence of the Lok Sabha.	The principle of collective responsibility also means that the	Cabinet decisions bind all cabinet ministers (and other ministers)
even if they differed in the cabinet meeting. It is the duty of every	minister to stand by cabinet decisions and support them both	within and outside the Parliament. If any minister disagrees with a
cabinet decision and is not prepared to defend it, he must resign.	Several ministers have resigned in the past owing to their	differences with the cabinet. For example, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
resigned because of his differences with his colleagues on the	Hindu Code Bill in 1953. C.D. Deshmukh resigned due to his	differences on the policy of reorganisation of states. Arif
Mohammed resigned due to his opposition to the Muslim Women	(Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986.	Individual Responsibility
Article 75 also contains the principle of individual responsibility. It	states that the ministers hold office during the pleasure of the	president, which means that the President can remove a minister
even at a time when the council of ministers enjoys the confidence	of the Lok Sabha. However, the President removes a minister only	on the advice of the Prime Minister. In case of a difference of
opinion or dissatisfaction with the performance of a minister, the	Prime Minister can ask him to resign or advice the President to	dismiss him. By exercising this power, the Prime Minister can
ensure the realisation of the rule of collective responsibility. In this	context, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar observed:	“Collective responsibility can be achieved only through the
instrumentality of the Prime Minister. Therefore, unless and	until we create that office and endow that office with statutory	authority to nominate and dismiss ministers, there can be no
collective responsibility.”4	No Legal Responsibility	In Britain, every order of the King for any public act is
countersigned by a minister. If the order is in violation of any law,	the minister would be held responsible and would be liable in the	court. The legally accepted phrase in Britain is, “The king can do
no wrong.” Hence, he cannot be sued in any court.	In India, on the other hand, there is no provision in the	Constitution for the system of legal responsibility of a minister. It is
not required that an order of the President for a public act should	be countersigned by a minister. Moreover, the courts are barred	from enquiring into the nature of advice rendered by the ministers
COMPOSITION OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS	The council of ministers consists of three categories of ministers,	namely, cabinet ministers, ministers of state,5 and deputy
ministers. The difference between them lies in their respective	ranks, emoluments, and political importance. At the top of all	these ministers stands the Prime Minister–the supreme governing
authority of the country.	The cabinet ministers head the important ministries of the	Central government like home, defence, finance, external affairs
and so forth. They are members of the cabinet, attend its	meetings and play an important role in deciding policies. Thus,	their responsibilities extend over the entire gamut of Central
government.	The ministers of state can either be given independent charge	of ministries/ departments or can be attached to cabinet ministers.
In case of attachment, they may either be given the charge of	departments of the ministries headed by the cabinet ministers or	allotted specific items of work related to the ministries headed by
cabinet ministers. In both the cases, they work under the	supervision and guidance as well as under the overall charge and	responsibility of the cabinet ministers. In case of independent
charge, they perform the same functions and exercise the same	powers in relation to their ministries/departments as cabinet	ministers do. However, they are not members of the cabinet and
do not attend the cabinet meetings unless specially invited when	something related to their ministries/ departments are considered	by the cabinet.
Next in rank are the deputy ministers. They are not given	independent charge of ministries/departments. They are attached	to the cabinet ministers or ministers of state and assist them in
their administrative, political, and parliamentary duties. They are	not members of the cabinet and do not attend cabinet meetings.	It must also be mentioned here that there is one more category
of ministers, called parliamentary secretaries. They are the	members of the last category of the council of ministers (which is	also known as the ‘ministry’). They have no department under
their control. They are attached to the senior ministers and assist	them in the discharge of their parliamentary duties. However,	since 1967, no parliamentary secretaries have been appointed
except during the first phase of Rajiv Gandhi Government.	At times, the council of ministers may also include a deputy	prime minister. The deputy prime ministers are appointed mostly
COUNCIL OF MINISTERS VS CABINET	The words ‘council of ministers’ and ‘cabinet’ are often used	interchangeably though there is a definite distinction between
ROLE OF CABINET	1. It is the highest decision-making authority in our politico-	administrative system.
2. It is the chief policy formulating body of the Central	government.	3. It is the supreme executive authority of the Central
government.	4. It is chief coordinator of Central administration.	5. It is an advisory body to the president and its advice is
binding on him.	6. It is the chief crisis manager and thus deals with all	emergency situations.
7. It deals with all major legislative and financial matters.	8. It exercises control over higher appointments like	constitutional authorities and senior secretariat
administrators.	9. It deals with all foreign policies and foreign affairs.	Table 20.1 Distinction Between Council of Ministers and Cabinet
Council of ministers Cabinet	1. It is a wider body consisting 1. It is a smaller body	of 60 to 70 ministers. consisting of 15 to 20
ministers.	2. It includes all the three 2. It includes the cabinet	categories of ministers, that ministers only. Thus, it is a
is, cabinet ministers, part of the council of	ministers of state, and ministers.	deputy ministers.
3. It does not meet, as a body, 3. It meets, as a body,	to transact government frequently and usually once	business. It has no in a week to deliberate and
collective functions. take decisions regarding	the transaction of	government business.
Thus, it has collective	functions.	4. It is vested with all powers 4. It exercises, in practice, the
but in theory. powers of the council of	ministers and thus, acts for	the latter.
5. Its functions are 5. It directs the council of	determined by the cabinet. ministers by taking policy	decisions which are binding
on all ministers.	6. It implements the decisions 6. It supervises the	taken by the cabinet. implementation of its
decisions by the council of	ministers.	7. It is a constitutional body, 7. It was inserted in Article
dealt in detail by the 352 of the Constitution in	Articles 74 and 75 of the 1978 by the 44th	Constitution. Its size and Constitutional Amendment
classification are, however, Act. Thus, it did not find a	not mentioned in the place in the original text of	Constitution. Its size is the Constitution. Now also,
determined by the prime Article 352 only defines the	minister according to the cabinet saying that it is ‘the	exigencies of the time and council consisting of the
requirements of the prime minister and other	situation. Its classification ministers of cabinet rank	into a three-tier body is appointed under Article 75’
based on the conventions and does not describe its	of parliamentary powers and functions. In	government as developed other words, its role in our
in Britain. It has, however, politico-administrative	got a legislative sanction. system is based on the	Thus, the Salaries and conventions of
Allowances Act of 1952 parliamentary government	defines a ‘minister’ as a as developed in Britain.	‘member of the council of
name called, and includes	a deputy minister’.	8. It is collectively responsible 8. It enforces the collective
to the Lower House of the responsibility of the council	Parliament. of ministers to the Lower	House of Parliament.
ROLE DESCRIPTIONS	The various comments made by the eminent political scientists	and constitutional experts on the role of cabinet in Britain holds
good in the Indian context also. These are mentioned below.	Ramsay Muir	“The Cabinet is the steering wheel of the ship of the state.”
Lowell	“The Cabinet is the keystone of the political arch”.	Sir John Marriott
“The Cabinet is the pivot around which the whole political	machinery revolves”.	Gladstone
“The Cabinet is the solar orb around which the other bodies	revolve”.	Barker
“The Cabinet is the magnet of policy”.	Bagehot	“The Cabinet is a hyphen that joins, the buckle that binds the
executive and legislative departments together”.	Sir Ivor Jennings	“The Cabinet is the core of the British Constitutional System. It
provides unity to the British system of Government”.	L.S. Amery	“The Cabinet is the central directing instrument of Government”.
The position of the Cabinet in the British Government has	become so strong that Ramsay Muir referred to it as the	‘Dictatorship of the Cabinet’. In his book ‘How Britain is
Governed’, he writes “A body which wields such powers as these	may fairly be described as ‘omnipotent’ in theory, however,	incapable it may be of using its omnipotence. Its position,
whenever it commands a majority, is a dictatorship only qualified	by publicity. This dictatorship is far more absolute that it was two	generations ago”. The same description holds good in the Indian
KITCHEN CABINET	The cabinet, a small body consisting of the prime minister as its	head and some 15 to 20 most important ministers, is the highest
decision-making body in the formal sense. However, a still smaller	body called the ‘Inner Cabinet’ or ‘Kitchen Cabinet’ has become	the real centre of power. This informal body consists of the Prime
Minister and two to four influential colleagues in whom he has	faith and with whom he can discuss every problem. It advises the	prime minister on important political and administrative issues and
assists him in making crucial decisions. It is composed of not only	cabinet ministers but also outsiders like friends and family	members of the prime minister.
Every prime minister in India has had his ‘Inner Cabinet’–a	circle within a circle. During the era of Indira Gandhi, the ‘Inner	Cabinet’ which came to be called the ‘Kitchen Cabinet’ was
particularly powerful.	The prime ministers have resorted to the device of ‘inner	cabinet’ (extra-constitutional body) due to its merits, namely:
1. It being a small unit, is much more efficient decision-making	body than a large cabinet.	2. It can meet more often and deal with business much more
expeditiously than the large cabinet.	3. It helps the Prime Minister in maintaining secrecy in making	decisions on important political issues.
However, it has many demerits also. Thus,6	1. It reduces the authority and status of the cabinet as the	highest decision-making body.
2. It circumvents the legal process by allowing outside persons	to play an influential role in the government functioning.	The phenomenon of ‘kitchen cabinet’ (where decisions are
cooked and placed before the cabinet for formal approval) is not	unique to India. It also exists in USA and Britain and is quite	powerful in influencing government decisions there.
Article Subject Matter	No.	74. Council of Ministers to aid and advise President
75. Other provisions as to Ministers	77. Conduct of business of the Government of India	78. Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of
information to the President, etc.	88. Rights of Ministers as respects the Houses.	NOTES AND REFERENCES
1. This Article was amended by the 42nd Constitutional	Amendment Act of 1976 to the effect that the president	shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance
with the advice rendered by the council of ministers.	The 44th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1978 further	added a proviso to this article to the effect that the
president may require the council of ministers to	reconsider such advice and the president shall act in	accordance with the advice tendered after such
reconsideration.	2. The Salaries and Allowances of Ministers Act, 1952,	has been passed for this purpose.
3. Each minister need not resign separately; the	resignation of the prime minister amounts to the	resignation of the entire council of ministers.
4. Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume VIII, p. 1160	5. In 1952, the minister of state was given the new	designation of ‘Minister of Cabinet Rank’. But in 1957,
the earlier designation was restored.	6. Avasthi and Avasthi, Indian Administration, Laksmi	Narain Agarwal, First Edition, 1993, p. 79.

3. to faithfully and conscientiously discharge the duties of his

office, and

4. to do right to all manner of people in accordance with the

Constitution and the law, without fear or favour, affection or

ill will.

In his oath of secrecy, the minister swears that he will not

directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person(s) any

matter that is brought under his consideration or becomes known

to him as a Union minister except as may be required for the due

discharge of his duties as such minister.

In 1990, the oath by Devi Lal as deputy prime minister was

challenged as being unconstitutional as the Constitution provides

only for the Prime Minister and ministers. The Supreme Court

upheld the oath as valid and stated that describing a person as

Deputy Prime Minister is descriptive only and such description

does not confer on him any powers of Prime Minister. It ruled that

the description of a minister as Deputy Prime Minister or any other

type of minister such as minister of state or deputy minister of

which there is no mention in the Constitution does not vitiate the

oath taken by him so long as the substantive part of the oath is

correct.

The salaries and allowances of ministers are determined by

Parliament from time to time.2 A minister gets the salary and

allowances that are payable to a member of Parliament.

Additionally, he gets a sumptuary allowance (according to his

rank), free accommodation, travelling allowance, medical facilities,

etc. In 2001, the sumptuary allowance for the prime minister was

RESPONSIBILITY OF MINISTERS

Collective Responsibility

The fundamental principle underlying the working of parliamentary

system of government is the principle of collective responsibility.

Article 75 clearly states that the council of ministers is collectively

responsible to the Lok Sabha. This means that all the ministers

own joint responsibility to the Lok Sabha for all their acts of

ommission and commission. They work as a team and swim or

sink together. When the Lok Sabha passes a no-confidence

motion against the council of ministers, all the ministers have to

resign including those ministers who are from the Rajya Sabha.3

Alternatively, the council of ministers can advise the president to

dissolve the Lok Sabha on the ground that the House does not

represent the views of the electorate faithfully and call for fresh

elections. The President may not oblige the council of ministers

that has lost the confidence of the Lok Sabha.

The principle of collective responsibility also means that the

Cabinet decisions bind all cabinet ministers (and other ministers)

even if they differed in the cabinet meeting. It is the duty of every

minister to stand by cabinet decisions and support them both

within and outside the Parliament. If any minister disagrees with a

cabinet decision and is not prepared to defend it, he must resign.

Several ministers have resigned in the past owing to their

differences with the cabinet. For example, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

resigned because of his differences with his colleagues on the

Hindu Code Bill in 1953. C.D. Deshmukh resigned due to his

differences on the policy of reorganisation of states. Arif

Mohammed resigned due to his opposition to the Muslim Women

(Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986.

Individual Responsibility

Article 75 also contains the principle of individual responsibility. It

states that the ministers hold office during the pleasure of the

president, which means that the President can remove a minister

even at a time when the council of ministers enjoys the confidence

of the Lok Sabha. However, the President removes a minister only

on the advice of the Prime Minister. In case of a difference of

opinion or dissatisfaction with the performance of a minister, the

Prime Minister can ask him to resign or advice the President to

dismiss him. By exercising this power, the Prime Minister can

ensure the realisation of the rule of collective responsibility. In this

context, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar observed:

“Collective responsibility can be achieved only through the

instrumentality of the Prime Minister. Therefore, unless and

until we create that office and endow that office with statutory

authority to nominate and dismiss ministers, there can be no

collective responsibility.”4

No Legal Responsibility

In Britain, every order of the King for any public act is

countersigned by a minister. If the order is in violation of any law,

the minister would be held responsible and would be liable in the

court. The legally accepted phrase in Britain is, “The king can do

no wrong.” Hence, he cannot be sued in any court.

In India, on the other hand, there is no provision in the

Constitution for the system of legal responsibility of a minister. It is

not required that an order of the President for a public act should

be countersigned by a minister. Moreover, the courts are barred

from enquiring into the nature of advice rendered by the ministers

COMPOSITION OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS

The council of ministers consists of three categories of ministers,

namely, cabinet ministers, ministers of state,5 and deputy

ministers. The difference between them lies in their respective

ranks, emoluments, and political importance. At the top of all

these ministers stands the Prime Minister–the supreme governing

authority of the country.

The cabinet ministers head the important ministries of the

Central government like home, defence, finance, external affairs

and so forth. They are members of the cabinet, attend its

meetings and play an important role in deciding policies. Thus,

their responsibilities extend over the entire gamut of Central

government.

The ministers of state can either be given independent charge

of ministries/ departments or can be attached to cabinet ministers.

In case of attachment, they may either be given the charge of

departments of the ministries headed by the cabinet ministers or

allotted specific items of work related to the ministries headed by

cabinet ministers. In both the cases, they work under the

supervision and guidance as well as under the overall charge and

responsibility of the cabinet ministers. In case of independent

charge, they perform the same functions and exercise the same

powers in relation to their ministries/departments as cabinet

ministers do. However, they are not members of the cabinet and

do not attend the cabinet meetings unless specially invited when

something related to their ministries/ departments are considered

by the cabinet.

Next in rank are the deputy ministers. They are not given

independent charge of ministries/departments. They are attached

to the cabinet ministers or ministers of state and assist them in

their administrative, political, and parliamentary duties. They are

not members of the cabinet and do not attend cabinet meetings.

It must also be mentioned here that there is one more category

of ministers, called parliamentary secretaries. They are the

members of the last category of the council of ministers (which is

also known as the ‘ministry’). They have no department under

their control. They are attached to the senior ministers and assist

them in the discharge of their parliamentary duties. However,

since 1967, no parliamentary secretaries have been appointed

except during the first phase of Rajiv Gandhi Government.

At times, the council of ministers may also include a deputy

prime minister. The deputy prime ministers are appointed mostly

COUNCIL OF MINISTERS VS CABINET

The words ‘council of ministers’ and ‘cabinet’ are often used

interchangeably though there is a definite distinction between

ROLE OF CABINET

1. It is the highest decision-making authority in our politico-

administrative system.

2. It is the chief policy formulating body of the Central

government.

3. It is the supreme executive authority of the Central

government.

4. It is chief coordinator of Central administration.

5. It is an advisory body to the president and its advice is

binding on him.

6. It is the chief crisis manager and thus deals with all

emergency situations.

7. It deals with all major legislative and financial matters.

8. It exercises control over higher appointments like

constitutional authorities and senior secretariat

administrators.

9. It deals with all foreign policies and foreign affairs.

Table 20.1 Distinction Between Council of Ministers and Cabinet

Council of ministers Cabinet

1. It is a wider body consisting 1. It is a smaller body

of 60 to 70 ministers. consisting of 15 to 20

ministers.

2. It includes all the three 2. It includes the cabinet

categories of ministers, that ministers only. Thus, it is a

is, cabinet ministers, part of the council of

ministers of state, and ministers.

deputy ministers.

3. It does not meet, as a body, 3. It meets, as a body,

to transact government frequently and usually once

business. It has no in a week to deliberate and

collective functions. take decisions regarding

the transaction of

government business.

Thus, it has collective

functions.

4. It is vested with all powers 4. It exercises, in practice, the

but in theory. powers of the council of

ministers and thus, acts for

the latter.

5. Its functions are 5. It directs the council of

determined by the cabinet. ministers by taking policy

decisions which are binding

on all ministers.

6. It implements the decisions 6. It supervises the

taken by the cabinet. implementation of its

decisions by the council of

ministers.

7. It is a constitutional body, 7. It was inserted in Article

dealt in detail by the 352 of the Constitution in

Articles 74 and 75 of the 1978 by the 44th

Constitution. Its size and Constitutional Amendment

classification are, however, Act. Thus, it did not find a

not mentioned in the place in the original text of

Constitution. Its size is the Constitution. Now also,

determined by the prime Article 352 only defines the

minister according to the cabinet saying that it is ‘the

exigencies of the time and council consisting of the

requirements of the prime minister and other

situation. Its classification ministers of cabinet rank

into a three-tier body is appointed under Article 75’

based on the conventions and does not describe its

of parliamentary powers and functions. In

government as developed other words, its role in our

in Britain. It has, however, politico-administrative

got a legislative sanction. system is based on the

Thus, the Salaries and conventions of

Allowances Act of 1952 parliamentary government

defines a ‘minister’ as a as developed in Britain.

‘member of the council of

name called, and includes

a deputy minister’.

8. It is collectively responsible 8. It enforces the collective

to the Lower House of the responsibility of the council

Parliament. of ministers to the Lower

House of Parliament.

ROLE DESCRIPTIONS

The various comments made by the eminent political scientists

and constitutional experts on the role of cabinet in Britain holds

good in the Indian context also. These are mentioned below.

Ramsay Muir

“The Cabinet is the steering wheel of the ship of the state.”

Lowell

“The Cabinet is the keystone of the political arch”.

Sir John Marriott

“The Cabinet is the pivot around which the whole political

machinery revolves”.

Gladstone

“The Cabinet is the solar orb around which the other bodies

revolve”.

Barker

“The Cabinet is the magnet of policy”.

Bagehot

“The Cabinet is a hyphen that joins, the buckle that binds the

executive and legislative departments together”.

Sir Ivor Jennings

“The Cabinet is the core of the British Constitutional System. It

provides unity to the British system of Government”.

L.S. Amery

“The Cabinet is the central directing instrument of Government”.

The position of the Cabinet in the British Government has

become so strong that Ramsay Muir referred to it as the

‘Dictatorship of the Cabinet’. In his book ‘How Britain is

Governed’, he writes “A body which wields such powers as these

may fairly be described as ‘omnipotent’ in theory, however,

incapable it may be of using its omnipotence. Its position,

whenever it commands a majority, is a dictatorship only qualified

by publicity. This dictatorship is far more absolute that it was two

generations ago”. The same description holds good in the Indian

KITCHEN CABINET

The cabinet, a small body consisting of the prime minister as its

head and some 15 to 20 most important ministers, is the highest

decision-making body in the formal sense. However, a still smaller

body called the ‘Inner Cabinet’ or ‘Kitchen Cabinet’ has become

the real centre of power. This informal body consists of the Prime

Minister and two to four influential colleagues in whom he has

faith and with whom he can discuss every problem. It advises the

prime minister on important political and administrative issues and

assists him in making crucial decisions. It is composed of not only

cabinet ministers but also outsiders like friends and family

members of the prime minister.

Every prime minister in India has had his ‘Inner Cabinet’–a

circle within a circle. During the era of Indira Gandhi, the ‘Inner

Cabinet’ which came to be called the ‘Kitchen Cabinet’ was

particularly powerful.

The prime ministers have resorted to the device of ‘inner

cabinet’ (extra-constitutional body) due to its merits, namely:

1. It being a small unit, is much more efficient decision-making

body than a large cabinet.

2. It can meet more often and deal with business much more

expeditiously than the large cabinet.

3. It helps the Prime Minister in maintaining secrecy in making

decisions on important political issues.

However, it has many demerits also. Thus,6

1. It reduces the authority and status of the cabinet as the

highest decision-making body.

2. It circumvents the legal process by allowing outside persons

to play an influential role in the government functioning.

The phenomenon of ‘kitchen cabinet’ (where decisions are

cooked and placed before the cabinet for formal approval) is not

unique to India. It also exists in USA and Britain and is quite

powerful in influencing government decisions there.

Article Subject Matter

No.

74. Council of Ministers to aid and advise President

75. Other provisions as to Ministers

77. Conduct of business of the Government of India

78. Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of

information to the President, etc.

88. Rights of Ministers as respects the Houses.

NOTES AND REFERENCES

1. This Article was amended by the 42nd Constitutional

Amendment Act of 1976 to the effect that the president

shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance

with the advice rendered by the council of ministers.

The 44th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1978 further

added a proviso to this article to the effect that the

president may require the council of ministers to

reconsider such advice and the president shall act in

accordance with the advice tendered after such

reconsideration.

2. The Salaries and Allowances of Ministers Act, 1952,

has been passed for this purpose.

3. Each minister need not resign separately; the

resignation of the prime minister amounts to the

resignation of the entire council of ministers.

4. Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume VIII, p. 1160

5. In 1952, the minister of state was given the new

designation of ‘Minister of Cabinet Rank’. But in 1957,

the earlier designation was restored.

6. Avasthi and Avasthi, Indian Administration, Laksmi

Narain Agarwal, First Edition, 1993, p. 79.