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We review our current knowledge of the atmospheric dynamics of Venus prior to the Akatsuki mission, in the altitude range from the surface to approximately the cloud tops located at about 100 km altitude. The three-dimensional structure of the wind field in this region has been determined with a variety of techniques over a broad range of spatial and temporal scales (from the mesoscale to planetary, from days to years, in daytime and nighttime), spanning a period of about 50 years (from the 1960s to the present). The global panorama is that the mean atmospheric motions are essentially zonal, dominated by the so-called super-rotation (an atmospheric rotation that is 60 to 80 times faster than that of the planetary body). The zonal winds blow westward (in the same direction as the planet rotation) with a nearly constant speed of ∼ 100 m s^{-1} at the cloud tops (65-70 km altitude) from latitude 50°N to 50°S, then decreasing their speeds monotonically from these latitudes toward the poles. Vertically, the zonal winds decrease with decreasing altitude towards velocities ∼ 1-3 m s^{-1} in a layer of thickness ∼ 10 km close to the surface. Meridional motions with peak speeds of ∼ 15 m s^{-1} occur within the upper cloud at 65 km altitude and are related to a Hadley cell circulation and to the solar thermal tide. Vertical motions with speeds ∼1-3 m s^{-1} occur in the statically unstable layer between altitudes of ∼ 50 - 55 km. All these motions are permanent with speed variations of the order of ∼10%. Various types of wave, from mesoscale gravity waves to Rossby-Kelvin planetary scale waves, have been detected at and above cloud heights, and are considered to be candidates as agents for carrying momentum that drives the super-rotation, although numerical models do not fully reproduce all the observed features. Momentum transport by atmospheric waves and the solar tide is thought to be an indispensable component of the general circulation of the Venus atmosphere. Another conspicuous feature of the atmospheric circulation is the presence of polar vortices. These are present in both hemispheres and are regions of warmer and lower clouds, seen prominently at infrared wavelengths, showing a highly variable morphology and motions. The vortices spin with a period of 2-3 days. The South polar vortex rotates around a geographical point which is itself displaced from the true pole of rotation by ∼ 3 degrees. The polar vortex is surrounded and constrained by the cold collar, an infrared-dark region of lower temperatures. We still lack detailed models of the mechanisms underlying the dynamics of these features and how they couple (or not) to the super-rotation. The nature of the super-rotation relates to the angular momentum stored in the atmosphere and how it is transported between the tropics and higher latitudes, and between the deep atmosphere and upper levels. The role of eddy processes is crucial, but likely involves the complex interaction of a variety of different types of eddy, either forced directly by radiative heating and mechanical interactions with the surface or through various forms of instability. Numerical models have achieved some significant recent success in capturing some aspects of the observed super-rotation, consistent with the scenario discussed by Gierasch (J. Atmos. Sci. 32:1038-1044, 1975) and Rossow and Williams (J. Atmos. Sci. 36:377-389, 1979), but many uncertainties remain, especially in the deep atmosphere. The theoretical framework developed to explain the circulation in Venus's atmosphere is reviewed, as well as the numerical models that have been built to elucidate the super-rotation mechanism. These tools are used to analyze the respective roles of the different waves in the processes driving the observed motions. Their limitations and suggested directions for improvements are discussed. | 9 |
The survey of radio-loud active galaxies is an extremely challenging task mainly due to their low sky density; this prevents complete statistical analyses and constrains the validity of conclusions. Fundamental knowledge regarding powerful radio sources, their nature, and their environments have been achieved thanks to the Third Cambridge Catalog (3C). However, this catalog has some limitations: most of the data were collected with now relatively old astronomical facilities, and were only rarely updated; it lists radio sources lying in the northern hemisphere, where there is limited access to observations that can be performed with modern astronomical facilities, and from the 298 extragalactic radio sources in the 3C, ∼80% possess redshifts z < 1 and less than 10% possess redshifts z > 1.5, which does not allow for a full study of cosmological evolution. To mitigate these limitations, we present a new catalog of powerful radio sources visible in the southern hemisphere, extracted from the GaLactic and Extragalactic All-sky Murchison Widefield Array survey and the G4Jy sample and based on equivalent selection criteria as the 3CR. This new catalog, named G4Jy-3CRE (where "E" stands for "equivalent") lists a total of 264 extragalactic radio sources. We explored archival radio maps obtained with different surveys and compared them with optical images available in the Pan-STARRS, DES, and DSS databases to search for optical counterparts of their radio cores. We compared mid-infrared counterparts, originally associated in the G4Jy, with the optical ones identified here. We carried out an extensive literature search to collect redshift estimates for all G4Jy-3CRE sources, resulting in a total of 145 reliable z measurements. Additionally, we show the results of the optical spectroscopic campaign on which we embarked as a first step to characterize the sample. These optical spectroscopic observations are crucial to provide redshift estimates for those sources without redshift and to classifying them. This step is fundamental to derive luminosities and sizes and to plan multifrequency observations to fully characterize this new sample. | 9 |
We present near-infrared emission line counts and luminosity functions from the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 Infrared Spectroscopic Parallels (WISP) program for 29 fields (0.037 deg<SUP>2</SUP>) observed using both the G102 and G141 grism. Altogether we identify 1048 emission line galaxies with observed equivalent widths greater than 40 Å, 467 of which have multiple detected emission lines. We use simulations to correct for significant (>20%) incompleteness introduced in part by the non-dithered, non-rotated nature of the grism parallels. The WISP survey is sensitive to fainter flux levels ((3-5) × 10<SUP>-17</SUP> erg s<SUP>-1</SUP> cm<SUP>-2</SUP>) than the future space near-infrared grism missions aimed at baryonic acoustic oscillation cosmology ((1-4) × 10<SUP>-16</SUP> erg s<SUP>-1</SUP> cm<SUP>-2</SUP>), allowing us to probe the fainter emission line galaxies that the shallower future surveys may miss. Cumulative number counts of 0.7 < z < 1.5 galaxies reach 10,000 deg<SUP>-2</SUP> above an Hα flux of 2 × 10<SUP>-16</SUP> erg s<SUP>-1</SUP> cm<SUP>-2</SUP>. Hα-emitting galaxies with comparable [O III] flux are roughly five times less common than galaxies with just Hα emission at those flux levels. Galaxies with low Hα/[O III] ratios are very rare at the brighter fluxes that future near-infrared grism surveys will probe; our survey finds no galaxies with Hα/[O III] < 0.95 that have Hα flux greater than 3 × 10<SUP>-16</SUP> erg s<SUP>-1</SUP> cm<SUP>-2</SUP>. Our Hα luminosity function contains a comparable number density of faint line emitters to that found by the Near IR Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer near-infrared grism surveys, but significantly fewer (factors of 3-4 less) high-luminosity emitters. We also find that our high-redshift (z = 0.9-1.5) counts are in agreement with the high-redshift (z = 1.47) narrowband Hα survey of HiZELS (Sobral et al.), while our lower redshift luminosity function (z = 0.3-0.9) falls slightly below their z = 0.84 result. The evolution in both the Hα luminosity function from z = 0.3-1.5 and the [O III] luminosity function from z = 0.7-2.3 is almost entirely in the L <SUB>sstarf</SUB> parameter, which steadily increases with redshift over those ranges. | 9 |
a method is disclosed for decompressing in - place an adjusted monotone compressed file having a first portion containing compression codewords and a second portion containing plain text , into a decompressed file having a size and containing plain text . the method comprising the following steps . first , a memory buffer is allocated having the size of the decompressed file . then the adjusted monotone compressed file is stored in the bottom of the buffer . finally , the compression codewords in the first portion of the adjusted monotone compressed file are decompressed to produce plain text of a corresponding portion of the decompressed file in the top of the buffer . a method is also disclosed for compressing a source file into an adjusted monotone compressed file . the method comprises the following steps . first , the source file is monotone compressed into a compressed file containing compression codewords . then the compressed file is adjusted to produce an adjusted monotone compressed file having a first portion containing compression codewords and a second portion containing plain text . | 7 |
The chemical composition of the Sun is an essential piece of reference data for astronomy, cosmology, astroparticle, space and geo-physics: elemental abundances of essentially all astronomical objects are referenced to the solar composition, and basically every process involving the Sun depends on its composition. This article, dealing with the intermediate-mass elements Na to Ca, is the first in a series describing the comprehensive re-determination of the solar composition. In this series we severely scrutinise all ingredients of the analysis across all elements, to obtain the most accurate, homogeneous and reliable results possible. We employ a highly realistic 3D hydrodynamic model of the solar photosphere, which has successfully passed an arsenal of observational diagnostics. For comparison, and to quantify remaining systematic errors, we repeat the analysis using three different 1D hydrostatic model atmospheres (marcs, miss and Holweger & Müller 1974, Sol. Phys., 39, 19) and a horizontally and temporally-averaged version of the 3D model (⟨ 3D ⟩). We account for departures from local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) wherever possible. We have scoured the literature for the best possible input data, carefully assessing transition probabilities, hyperfine splitting, partition functions and other data for inclusion in the analysis. We have put the lines we use through a very stringent quality check in terms of their observed profiles and atomic data, and discarded all that we suspect to be blended. Our final recommended 3D+NLTE abundances are: log ɛ<SUB>Na</SUB> = 6.21 ± 0.04, log ɛ<SUB>Mg</SUB> = 7.59 ± 0.04, log ɛ<SUB>Al</SUB> = 6.43 ± 0.04, log ɛ<SUB>Si</SUB> = 7.51 ± 0.03, log ɛ<SUB>P</SUB> = 5.41 ± 0.03, log ɛ<SUB>S</SUB> = 7.13 ± 0.03, log ɛ<SUB>K</SUB> = 5.04 ± 0.05 and log ɛ<SUB>Ca</SUB> = 6.32 ± 0.03. The uncertainties include both statistical and systematic errors. Our results are systematically smaller than most previous ones with the 1D semi-empirical Holweger & Müller model, whereas the ⟨ 3D ⟩ model returns abundances very similar to the full 3D calculations. This analysis provides a complete description and a slight update of the results presented in Asplund et al. (2009, ARA&A, 47, 481) for Na to Ca, and includes full details of all lines and input data used. <P />Tables 1-4 and Appendix A are available in electronic form at <A href="http://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201424109/olm">http://www.aanda.org</A> | 9 |
disclosed is an encoder for forming electronic watermark information which allows detecting tampering of a digital content based on an electronic watermark embedded in the digital content , and limiting said tampered part . this encoder comprises means for dividing a subject digital content into multiple blocks , and means for independently forming the electronic watermark information in the individual blocks . | 6 |
an air ride suspension assembly or kit is provided for converting a leaf spring suspension arrangement on a motor vehicle having a solid rear axle to one supported by an air ride suspension assembly is disclosed in order to leverage the benefits of such air ride suspension systems to the conversion suspension assembly is disclosed . a leaf spring is removed and replaced with an upper support arm which is secured to the pre - existing leaf spring attachment sites on the chassis . a mount is then attached to the rear solid axle to which multiple connections are made from the upper support arm including an air bladder . the air ride conversion system can be supplied as a kit for installation by owners of vehicles where they routinely move heavy loads directly with the vehicle or by towing . | 1 |
To use this artifact, use the TACAS22 VM [0]. Copy the archive into the VM, unpack it, and then follow the instructions in Readme.txt to replicate the results in the paper. [0] https://zenodo.org/record/5562597 | 9 |
an intelligent multiprobe tip comprising a mounting member comprised essentially of piezoelectric material wherein , through appropriately locating metalized areas , the characteristics of the piezoelectric material are employed to insulate selected regions from each other while providing an appropriate force - induced output signal responsive to the contact of an attached tip with a movable work piece . | 8 |
Context. X-ray reflection is a very powerful method to assess the spin of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in active galactic nuclei (AGN), yet this technique is not universally accepted. Indeed, complex reprocessing (absorption, scattering) of the intrinsic spectra along the line of sight can mimic the relativistic effects on which the spin measure is based. <BR /> Aims: In this work, we test the reliability of SMBH spin measurements that can currently be achieved through the simulations of high-quality XMM-Newton and NuSTAR spectra. <BR /> Methods: Each member of our group simulated ten spectra with multiple components that are typically seen in AGN, such as warm and (partial-covering) neutral absorbers, relativistic and distant reflection, and thermal emission. The resulting spectra were blindly analysed by the other two members. <BR /> Results: Out of the 60 fits, 42 turn out to be physically accurate when compared to the input model. The SMBH spin is retrieved with success in 31 cases, some of which (9) are even found among formally inaccurate fits (although with looser constraints). We show that, at the high signal-to-noise ratio assumed in our simulations, neither the complexity of the multi-layer, partial-covering absorber nor the input value of the spin are the major drivers of our results. The height of the X-ray source (in a lamp-post geometry) instead plays a crucial role in recovering the spin. In particular, a success rate of 16 out of 16 is found among the accurate fits for a dimensionless spin parameter larger than 0.8 and a lamp-post height lower than five gravitational radii. | 9 |
disclosed herein is a method , a computer program product , and a carrier for indicating one - way latency in a data network between a first node and a second node , wherein the data network lacks continuous clock synchronization , comprising : a pre - synchronisation step , a measuring step , a post - synchronisation step , an interpolation step , and generating a latency profile . the present invention also relates to a computer program product incorporating the method , a carrier comprising the computer program product , and a method for indicating server functionality based on the first aspect . | 7 |
Gaseous flows inside and outside galaxies are key to understanding galaxy evolution, as they regulate their star formation activity and chemical enrichment across cosmic time. We study the interstellar medium (ISM) kinematics of a sample of 330 galaxies with C III] or He II emission using far-ultraviolet (far-UV) ISM absorption lines detected in the ultra deep spectra of the VANDELS survey. These galaxies span a broad range of stellar masses from 10<SUP>8</SUP> to 10<SUP>11</SUP> M<SUB>⊙</SUB>, and star formation rates (SFRs) from 1 to 500 M<SUB>⊙</SUB> yr<SUP>−1</SUP> in the redshift range between 2 and 5. We find that the bulk ISM velocity along the line of sight (v<SUB>IS</SUB>) is globally in outflow, with a v<SUB>IS</SUB> of −60 ± 10 km s<SUP>−1</SUP> for low-ionisation gas traced by Si IIλ1260 Å, C IIλ1334 Å, Si IIλ1526 Å, and Al IIλ1670 Å absorption lines, and a v<SUB>IS</SUB> of −160 ± 30 and −170 ± 30 km s<SUP>−1</SUP> for higher ionisation gas traced respectively by Al IIIλλ1854-1862 Å and Si IVλλ1393-1402 Å. Interestingly, we notice that BPASS models are able to better reproduce the stellar continuum around the Si IV doublet than other stellar population templates. For individual galaxies, 34% of the sample has a positive ISM velocity shift, almost double the fraction reported at lower redshifts. We additionally derive a maximum outflow velocity v<SUB>max</SUB> for the average population, which is of the order of ∼ − 500 and ∼ − 600 km s<SUP>−1</SUP> for the lower and higher ionisation lines, respectively. Comparing v<SUB>IS</SUB> to the host galaxies properties, we find no significant correlations with stellar mass M<SUB>⋆</SUB> or SFR, and only a marginally significant dependence (at ∼2σ) on morphology-related parameters, with slightly higher velocities found in galaxies of smaller size (probed by the equivalent radius r<SUB>T</SUB><SUP>50</SUP>), higher concentration (C<SUB>T</SUB>), and higher SFR surface density Σ<SUB>SFR</SUB>. From the spectral stacks, v<SUB>max</SUB> shows a similarly weak dependence on physical properties (at ≃2σ). Moreover, we do not find evidence of enhanced outflow velocities in visually identified mergers compared to isolated galaxies. From a physical point of view, the outflow properties are consistent with accelerating momentum-driven winds, with densities decreasing towards the outskirts. Our moderately lower ISM velocities compared to those found in similar studies at lower redshifts suggest that inflows and internal turbulence might play an increased role at z > 2 and weaken the outflow signatures. Finally, we estimate mass-outflow rates Ṁ<SUB>out</SUB> that are comparable to the SFRs of the galaxies (hence a mass-loading factor η of the order of unity), and an average escape velocity of 625 km s<SUP>−1</SUP>, suggesting that most of the ISM will remain bound to the galaxy halo. | 9 |
melina-leite/analysis_matrixBirds: revised version accepted paper minor changes in Supporting information titles | 9 |
a novel method for expressing a protein which comprises : transforming skeletal myoblasts or cardiac myocytes with a dna sequence comprising a dna segment encoding a selected gene downstream of the rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat or the expression sequence in prsv , and implanting said skeletal myoblasts or cardiac myocytes into a recipient which then expresses a physiologically effective level of said protein . | 2 |
in a hydraulic rodless cylinder type actuator , a piston is movable back and forth in a hydraulic cylinder . housing elements are respectively mounted on the opposite ends of the cylinder . parallel output shafts are respectively accommodated in the housing elements and protrude therefrom in a fluid - tight condition . the linear movement of the piston is translated into the rotation of the output shafts by flexible inner power transmission elements . flexible outer power transmission elements are provided on the protruding ends of the output shafts in order to deliver a high output from a high - pressure chamber defined in the cylinder to the outside of the cylinder . | 5 |
a rotary , multi - bladed cleaner provides increased life expectancy , up to 15 - 25 times the life of a single blade cleaner . such a cleaner has been found to be highly reliable due to its ability to frequently change brush surfaces and by provision of a redundant system that enables multiple blades to contact the surface to be cleaned at once . the blade cleaner has a paddle - wheel type cross - sectional shape with a plurality of radially extending blades spaced around the periphery thereof . the blades are spaced to be closely adjacent one another such that one and preferably two or more blades contact the residual image at one time . the rotary blade cleaner is preferably rotated at a slow rotation rate with the blades being in contact for only a limited time before being displaced by the next blade . such a rotary cleaner is particularly suited for cleaning residual toners and inks from a photoreceptive surface . | 6 |
a motorvehicle safety cut - out switch spring biased in a closed position to cut out the vehicle motor is contained in a housing which includes retaining means for receiving a spherical body through a flaired and resilient opening , and includes means for opening the switch in response to the presence of the spherical body in the retaining means . a lanyard connected to the spherical body is attached to a motorvehicle rider to yank the spherical body out and cut off the vehicle motor if the rider falls off the vehicle . | 7 |
the present disclosure discloses an α - alumina carrier , comprising the elements of lanthanum and silicon both dispersed in the interior and on the surface of the carrier . the mass ratio of the element of lanthanum to the element of silicon is in the range from 0 . 1 : 1 to 20 : 1 . the inventors of the present disclosure have made extensive researches into the field of the silver catalyst and alumina carrier thereof , and added the elements of lanthanum and silicon in preparing the alumina carrier used in the silver catalyst . the carrier thus obtained contains the elements of silicon and lanthanum both in the interior and on the surface thereof , and has improved specific surface area and strength . the silver catalyst prepared with the carrier can react in a low reaction temperature and has a high selectivity in producing ethylene oxide through oxidation of ethylene . | 1 |
a rotary wire end stripper has a rotatable cutting head which has a cutting blade carrier block that pivots between an operative and an inoperative position . the carrier block is spring - biased to the inoperative position and has a weight that is positioned to move the carrier block to the operative position under the centrifugal force of rotation of the cutting head . the cutting head forms annular slits of predetermined depth in the coverings of the wire which forms annular &# 34 ; slugs &# 34 ; that are removed after the wire end is withdrawn from the device . | 7 |
conventional spark - ignited gas engines with a mechanically controlled fuel feed valve have several disadvantages in terms of operation , expensive control , irregular combustion or unstable and unreliable operation , which in turn can lead to operational and mechanical problems . in order to eliminate these disadvantages it is suggested , according to the invention , that a controlled valve is installed in the fuel line upstream of the fuel feed valve so that in the fuel line between fuel feed valve and controlled valve a defined intermediate volume is created and gaseous fuel is fed via the controlled valve into the intermediate volume . | 5 |
Transiting exoplanets in young open clusters present opportunities to study how exoplanets evolve over their lifetimes. Recently, significant progress detecting transiting planets in young open clusters has been made with the K2 mission, but so far all of these transiting cluster planets orbit close to their host stars, so planet evolution can only be studied in a high-irradiation regime. Here, we report the discovery of a long-period planet candidate, called HD 283869 b, orbiting a member of the Hyades cluster. Using data from the K2 mission, we detected a single transit of a super-Earth-sized (1.96 ± 0.12 R <SUB>⊕</SUB>) planet candidate orbiting the K-dwarf HD 283869 with a period longer than 72 days. As we only detected a single-transit event, we cannot validate HD 283869 b with high confidence, but our analysis of the K2 images, archival data, and follow-up observations suggests that the source of the event is indeed a transiting planet. We estimated the candidate’s orbital parameters and find that if real, it has a period P ≈ 100 days and receives approximately Earth-like incident flux, giving the candidate a 71% chance of falling within the circumstellar habitable zone. If confirmed, HD 283869 b would have the longest orbital period, lowest incident flux, and brightest host star of any known transiting planet in an open cluster, making it uniquely important to future studies of how stellar irradiation affects planetary evolution. | 9 |
a flow medium for distributing a resin in vacuum assisted resin transfer molding processes for manufacturing long , thick and more complex composite parts comprises a flow channel encapsulated by a layer of fibrous material , which provides a high volume flow of resin distributed in a timely manner in the mold . | 1 |
the invention provides the use of novel , binary guanosine gels for simple , rapid and nondestructive solubilization of individual single walled carbon nanotubes at high concentrations . the gels exhibit selectivity between metallic and semiconducting swnts and , further , among swnts with different chiralities . | 2 |
In the companion Paper XV of this series, we derive accurate total mass-to-light ratios (M/L)_JAM≈ (M/L)({r}= {R_e}) within a sphere of radius r= {R_e} centred on the galaxy, as well as stellar (M/L)<SUB>stars</SUB> (with the dark matter removed) for the volume-limited and nearly mass-selected (stellar mass M_star ≳ 6× 10^9 { M_{⊙}}) ATLAS<SUP>3D</SUP> sample of 260 early-type galaxies (ETGs, ellipticals Es and lenticulars S0s). Here, we use those parameters to study the two orthogonal projections ({M_JAM}, {σ _e}) and ({M_JAM}, {R_e^maj}) of the thin Mass Plane (MP) ({M_JAM}, {σ _e}, {R_e^maj}) which describes the distribution of the galaxy population, where {M_JAM}≡ L× (M/L)_JAM≈ M_star. The distribution of galaxy properties on both projections of the MP is characterized by: (i) the same zone of exclusion (ZOE), which can be transformed from one projection to the other using the scalar virial equation. The ZOE is roughly described by two power laws, joined by a break at a characteristic mass {M_JAM}≈ 3× 10^{10} { M_{⊙}}, which corresponds to the minimum R<SUB>e</SUB> and maximum stellar density. This results in a break in the mean {M_JAM}-{σ _e} relation with trends {M_JAM}∝ σ _e^{2.3} and {M_JAM}∝ σ _e^{4.7} at small and large σ<SUB>e</SUB>, respectively; (ii) a characteristic mass {M_JAM}≈ 2× 10^{11} { M_{⊙}} which separates a population dominated by flat fast rotator with discs and spiral galaxies at lower masses, from one dominated by quite round slow rotators at larger masses; (iii) below that mass the distribution of ETGs' properties on the two projections of the MP tends to be constant along lines of roughly constant σ<SUB>e</SUB>, or equivalently along lines with {R_e^maj}∝ {M_JAM}, respectively (or even better parallel to the ZOE: {R_e^maj}∝ M_JAM^{0.75}); (iv) it forms a continuous and parallel sequence with the distribution of spiral galaxies; (v) at even lower masses, the distribution of fast-rotator ETGs and late spirals naturally extends to that of dwarf ETGs (Sph) and dwarf irregulars (Im), respectively. <P />We use dynamical models to analyse our kinematic maps. We show that σ<SUB>e</SUB> traces the bulge fraction, which appears to be the main driver for the observed trends in the dynamical (M/L)<SUB>JAM</SUB> and in indicators of the (M/L)<SUB>pop</SUB> of the stellar population like Hβ and colour, as well as in the molecular gas fraction. A similar variation along contours of σ<SUB>e</SUB> is also observed for the mass normalization of the stellar initial mass function (IMF), which was recently shown to vary systematically within the ETGs' population. Our preferred relation has the form log _{10} [(M/L)_stars/(M/L)_Salp]=a+b× log _{10}({σ _e}/130 {km s^{-1}}) with a = -0.12 ± 0.01 and b = 0.35 ± 0.06. Unless there are major flaws in all stellar population models, this trend implies a transition of the mean IMF from Kroupa to Salpeter in the interval log _{10}({σ _e}/{km s}^{-1})≈ 1.9-2.5 (or {σ _e}≈ 90-290 km s<SUP>-1</SUP>), with a smooth variation in between, consistently with what was shown in Cappellari et al. The observed distribution of galaxy properties on the MP provides a clean and novel view for a number of previously reported trends, which constitute special two-dimensional projections of the more general four-dimensional parameters trends on the MP. We interpret it as due to a combination of two main effects: (i) an increase of the bulge fraction, which increases σ<SUB>e</SUB>, decreases R<SUB>e</SUB>, and greatly enhance the likelihood for a galaxy to have its star formation quenched, and (ii) dry merging, increasing galaxy mass and R<SUB>e</SUB> by moving galaxies along lines of roughly constant σ<SUB>e</SUB> (or steeper), while leaving the population nearly unchanged. | 9 |
a method and system for rigidly connecting a first metallic plate to a second metallic plate are provided . the first plate over the second plate , and a force is applied to at least one first location of the first plate using a clamping arrangement so as to tightly couple the first plate to the second plate in a proximity of the first location . then , the beam source is caused to generate a beam to irradiate the first plate at the first location to produce a molten material . in this manner , at least one irradiated section of the first plate is melted throughout its thickness and rigidly connected to the second plate using the molten material . during the irradiation , the first plate and the clamping arrangement are translated with respect to one another to reach at least one second location . it is also possible to provide a bonding layer or a soldering layer between the first and second layers , which can be used to rigidly connect the first and second layers to one another . further , it is possible to simultaneously cut a section of the first layer , and weld it to the second layer . | 1 |
YaSoFo was created in the search for a tool that extends detailed-balance calculations, which are common in photovoltaics to understand and improve solar cells, to solar fuel applications. The idea is that any parameter, from light absorption in the electrolyte over catalyst performance to electrochemical load can be varied in a scriptable loop. In doing so, one can determine the efficiency-limiting bottlenecks of a solar fuel device. The implementation in Python makes the tool platform-independent and easily extensible. The attached Jupyter Notebook demonstrates the calculations used for Solar-to-Carbon efficiency estimates used for the manuscript [May, M. M. and Rehfeld, K.: Ideas: Photoelectrochemical carbon removal as negative emission technology, Earth Syst. Dynam. Discuss., DOI:10.5194/esd-2018-53, in review, 2018]. The software is hosted at https://teahub.io/photon/YaSoFo. | 9 |
a subsea electronics module or pressure bottle with greatly enhanced capabilities for conducting heat away from internal electronics boards by means of an adjustable heat conduction wedge system . | 7 |
the invention provides a cutting assembly for cutting a moving strip of thin flexible material across its width , avoiding the possibility that the flexibility of the material will permit it to move away from the knife edge and not be cut , or be cut unevenly . the assembly comprises a knife - supporting member which is engaged with the moving strip and displaces it out of its usual path close to a roll in the path , so that a very short length of the strip is between two contacting members in the path adjacent to the knife . the knife is provided along its length with a plurality of distributed strip - engaging points pointing in the direction opposite to its direction of movement , which are moved into engagement with this short supported length of the strip , so that the strip movement drives it onto the points , and thereafter continues the movement of the strip into positive engagement with the succeeding knife edges . the assembly is particularly suited for the handling of flattened tubes of plastic material as produced by a blown film plastics line , wherein the continuous strip must be cut for subsequent handling and / or storage . | 8 |
a ferroelectric liquid crystal device is formed by disposing a ferroelectric chiral smectic liquid crystal between a pair of substrates respectively having thereon one and the other of a group of scanning electrodes and a group of data electrodes disposed so as to form an electrode matrix in combination . a liquid crystal apparatus is constituted so as to detect a temperature of the liquid crystal device and insert a pause period corresponding to the detected temperature in a drive waveform for driving the device . | 6 |
Gravitational waves (GWs) from inspiraling neutron stars afford us a unique opportunity to infer the as-of-yet unknown equation of state of cold hadronic matter at supranuclear densities. During the inspiral, the dominant matter effects arise due to the star's response to their companion's tidal field, leaving a characteristic imprint in the emitted GW signal. This unique signature allows us to constrain the cold neutron star equation of state. At GW frequencies above ≳800 Hz , however, subdominant tidal effects known as dynamical tides become important. In this Letter, we demonstrate that neglecting dynamical tidal effects associated with the fundamental (f ) mode leads to large systematic biases in the measured tidal deformability of the stars and hence in the inferred neutron star equation of state. Importantly, we find that f -mode dynamical tides will already be relevant for Advanced LIGO's and Virgo's fifth observing run (∼2025 )—neglecting dynamical tides can lead to errors on the neutron radius of O (1 km ) , with dramatic implications for the measurement of the equation of state. Our results demonstrate that the accurate modeling of subdominant tidal effects beyond the adiabatic limit will be crucial to perform accurate measurements of the neutron star equation of state in upcoming GW observations. | 9 |
a label cutter comprises a movable cutting blade , a pre - tensioning device , and a trigger . the pre - tensioning device pre - tensions the cutting blade into an arrested position . upon its release , the cutting blade moves from the arrested position to a cutting position for cutting a label strip . in the arrested position , the cutting blade is retracted behind a component of the cutter . | 1 |
a unitary self - supporting heater element is sinuous and has at least one generally u - shaped section . the heater element is contained within a hollow open ended case . the resulting heater is suitable for explosion - proof applications , small , lightweight and inexpensive to manufacture . | 7 |
a control device for a laundry appliance includes a member which need only be manually shifted through a limited range of travel , from a neutral position to which the control member is biased , in either of first and second opposing directions , to establish a desired cycle and to adjust an operational time for the cycle . the control member is provided with numerous movable contacts which are interposed between fixed contacts . shifting of the control member a limited amount in either direction will function to engage a single pair of the contacts , while shifting the control member a further amount in the same direction causes another pair of the contacts to become engaged . in this manner , the contacts are paired to slowly increase or decrease the operational time and to also select either the next or previous operational cycle . user feedback of the selected setting is preferably provided through the use of a illuminated indicator that shifts around a track adjacent operational indicia . | 3 |
a wafer level vacuum packaged device having a first substrate having an array of detectors and a second substrate bonded to the first substrate having a plurality of protrusions and a plurality of getter material members projecting outwardly from a sidewall of the protrusions members are disposed at oblique angles to the sidewalls and have ends extending into gaps between the protrusions . the device is formed by : forming protrusions into a surface of a substrate ; and depositing getter material by physical vapor deposition from an evaporating source of the getter material at an oblique angle to the sidewalls , atoms of the getter material initially forming nucleation sites on the sidewalls with subsequent atoms attaching to the nucleation sites and shadowing area surrounding each nucleation site , the getter material thereby growing into structures towards the evaporating source . | 8 |
a light emitting device comprises a flip - chip light emitting diode die mounted on a submount . the top surface of the submount has a reflective layer . over the led die is molded a hemispherical first transparent layer . a low index of refraction layer is then provided over the first transparent layer to provide tir of phosphor light . a hemispherical phosphor layer is then provided over the low index layer . a lens is then molded over the phosphor layer . the reflection achieved by the reflective submount layer , combined with the tir at the interface of the high index phosphor layer and the underlying low index layer , greatly improves the efficiency of the lamp . other material may be used . the low index layer may be an air gap or a molded layer . instead of a low index layer , a distributed bragg reflector may be sputtered over the first transparent layer . | 7 |
an adjustable strike mounting system having a cover plate , which can be mounted to an astragal having a housing , which has a longitudinal channel having retention guides , vertically slidable blocks , which have transverse slots , having horizontally slidable threaded elements , and spring leaves , which are adapted to hold the vertically slidable blocks in selected positions , the cover plates adapted to provide mounting surfaces for the strike plates , the cover plates abutting the retention guides , the strike plates having apertures , which can be aligned with locations of the locks and deadbolts quickly , easily , and efficiently , the adjustable strike mounting system facilitating and allowing vertical and horizontal movement of the strike plates in the astragal , facilitating location and alignment of fasteners , and minimizing loss of the fasteners within the astragal and resultant jamming of the astragal and other operating parts of the astragal . | 8 |
the facsimile recording machine having a loop electrode which moves along its own locus , a portion of which includes a linear track . the linear track is opposed by a scanning electrode , between which , a printout is produced on a web . the linear track in which the loop electrode moves is transversely adjustable towards and away from the scanning electrode and also includes a lubricious member therein which holds the electrode moving therepast , in a linear path , free of vagaries and against one side of the linear track . | 7 |
the present invention describes a heat exchanger and method of making the heat exchanger having flow directors for directing the flow of fluids to one or more portions of the heat exchanger . the heat exchanger comprises a main body adapted for heat exchange having a plurality of channels adapted to receive fluid flow . the heat exchanger also includes a plurality of heat exchanging elements which provide exchange of heat as fluid flows therein and defines one or more fluid flow channels . at least one flow director is adapted for directing fluid flow from an external source to the fluid flow channels , whereby hydraulic efficiency is maximized by preventing fluid turbulence associated with non - directed flow of fluid within . | 5 |
an attachable book mirror device enables the reader of a textual document to view the facial expressions of the young adult , child , toddler , or baby who is listening in close proximity to the reader . the listener can also view the mechanical lip movements of the reader to thereby shorten process of learning to read . the attachable book mirror includes a shell for housing the optically human visual spectrum reflective material that is pivotally connected to a base used to attach to the covers of books or any other suitable document . the reflective material can be adjusted in any allowable position , holding its last position due to certain equal but opposite forces that are generated by certain internal components such as a spring contained within the base that helps create a lasting static contact frictional force . an adjustable light may be pivotally attached to the book mirror . | 1 |
this invention is a remotely actuated release clamp for a bicycle saddle post , conveniently operated by a lever adjacent to a handlebar grip . when released , the saddle may be conveniently raised by a spring lifter , and lowered by the rider &# 39 ; s weight . the unit is lightweight , simple , grips the saddle post firmly and is operable by a small thumb lever at the handlebar grip . no release of the rider &# 39 ; s handlebar grip or contortions or shift of the riders body weight is required , hence the saddle height change can be safely made at high speed or without stopping his pedaling . | 8 |
the invention relates to the use of aromatic phosphite compounds as stabilizers for nonaqueous electrolytic solutions containing halogenated salts such as lipf 6 and libf 4 . the electrolyte containing such a phosphite exhibits excellent shelf life storage at ambient and high temperatures . the electrolytic solution is suitable for use in electrochemical cells such as lithium rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors . | 8 |
Context. The stellar [α/Fe] abundance is sometimes used as a proxy for stellar age, following standard chemical evolution models for the Galaxy, as seen by different observational results. Aim. In this work, we aim to show that the open cluster NGC 6705/M 11 has a significant α-enhancement [α/Fe] > 0.1 dex, despite its young age ( 300 Myr), challenging the current paradigm. <BR /> Methods: We used high resolution (R > 65 000) high signal-to-noise ( 70) spectra of eight red clump stars, acquired within the OCCASO survey. We determined very accurate chemical abundances of several α elements, using an equivalent width methodology (Si, Ca and Ti), and spectral synthesis fits (Mg and O). <BR /> Results: We obtain [Si/Fe] = 0.13 ± 0.05, [Mg/Fe] = 0.14 ± 0.07, [O/Fe] = 0.17 ± 0.07, [Ca/Fe] = 0.06 ± 0.05, and [Ti/Fe] = 0.03 ± 0.03. Our results place these clusters within the group of young [α/Fe]-enhanced field stars recently found by several authors in the literature. The ages of our stars have an uncertainty of around 50 Myr, much more precise than for field stars. By integrating the cluster's orbit in several non-axisymmetric Galactic potentials, we establish the M 11's most likely birth radius as lying between 6.8-7.5 kpc from the Galactic centre, not far from its current position. <BR /> Conclusions: With the robust open cluster age scale, our results prove that a moderate [α/Fe]-enhancement is no guarantee for a star to be old, and that not all α-enhanced stars can be explained with an evolved blue straggler scenario. Based on our orbit calculations, we further argue against a Galactic bar origin of M 11. <P />Full Table 2 is only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to <A href="http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr">http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr</A> (<A href="http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr">http://130.79.128.5</A>) or via <A href="http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/610/A66">http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/610/A66</A> | 9 |
this invention comprises a coating for equipment parts , particularly including chemical mechanical polishing equipment parts and other equipment that may experience wear or contaminant build - up . the coating includes a fluoropolymer based material that may also contain a colorant or pigment to visually contrast with particles or slurry that is deposited on the parts during use . in some embodiments , multiple layers are applied in contrasting colors so that when a layer closer to the surface begins to wear a lower layer will be readily visible , signaling that re - coating or replacement will soon be required . | 8 |
a method that is usable with a well includes changing a connection between a first coiled tubing segment and a second coiled tubing segment while an upper end of the first coiled tubing section is out of the well and a portion of the first coiled tubing segment is deployed in the well . after the connection is changed , the method includes deploying the remainder of the first coiled tubing segment into the well or retrieving the portion of the first coiled tubing segment from the well . | 4 |
a method of using a knotless suture anchor includes boring a nest in a bone , driving the suture anchor into the nest , tensioning an unknotted suture ; and securing the unknotted suture in an anchor body by contacting the unknotted suture with an inner bottom surface of the well and a bottom face of an anchor plug , where the suture anchor includes the anchor body including a well , a top surface , a bottom surface distal to the top surface , a transverse bore proximal to the inner bottom surface of the well , and he unknotted suture threaded through the transverse bore ; where the well includes an outer surface ; an inner surface ; and the inner bottom surface ; and where the anchor plug includes a post ; and the bottom face . | 0 |
We report on the simultaneous Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) and Algonquin Radio Observatory (ARO) observations at 550-750 MHz of the scintillation of PSR B1508+55, resulting in an ~10 000-km baseline. This regime of measurement lies between the shorter few 100- to 1000-km baselines of earlier multistation observations and the much longer earth-space baselines. We measure a scintillation cross-correlation coefficient of 0.22, offset from zero time lag due to a ~45-s traversal time of the scintillation pattern. The scintillation time of 135 s is 3× longer, ruling out isotropic as well as strictly one-dimensional scattering. Hence, the low cross-correlation coefficient is indicative of highly anisotropic but two-dimensional scattering. The common scintillation detected on the baseline is confined to low delays of ≲1μs, suggesting that this correlation may not be associated with the parabolic scintillation arc detected at the GMRT. Detection of pulsed echoes and their direct imaging with the Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) by a different group enable them to measure a distance of 125 pc to the screen causing these echoes. These previous measurements, alongside our observations, lead us to propose that there are at least two scattering screens: the closer 125-pc screen causing the scintillation arc detected at GMRT, and a screen further beyond causing the scintillation detected on the GMRT-ARO baseline. We advance the hypothesis that the 125-pc screen partially resolves the speckle images on the screen beyond leading to loss of coherence in the scintillation dynamic spectrum to explain the low cross-correlation coefficient. | 9 |
an otp anti - fuse memory array without additional selectors and a manufacturing method are provided . embodiments include forming wells of a first polarity in a substrate , forming a bitline of the first polarity in each well , and forming plural metal gates across each bitline , wherein no source / drain regions are formed between the metal gates . | 6 |
a computerized method of administering a benefit plan providing systematic withdrawal payments during a liquidity period and annuity payments when the systematic withdrawal payments cease . the method includes steps of storing data relating to the plan , and performing a sequence of steps during the liquidity period to determine an account value , and initial and current benefit payments . the method further includes the steps of determining the account value to be annuitized at the end of the liquidity period , and determining and paying initial and current annuity payments during the annuity period . the method may be used when the benefit plan is a straight life annuity benefit plan , or a life annuity benefit plan having either a death benefit , a surrender benefit , or both . | 6 |
an operating device for an electrical appliance with a control panel has a control element for operation through rotary actuation arranged in the control panel , said control element being disposed and mounted in a receptacle behind the control panel . the receptacle has light - conducting and / or light transmitting material in the manner of a light guide , and is illuminated through an led at a posterior end facing away from the control panel and with light apertures provided at another anterior end on the control panel around the control element extending forwardly beyond the control panel . | 6 |
to automatically retract the blade after cutting , a flat serpentine spring is integrally formed with a thumb piece which is slidably received in a slot formed along the upper edge of a housing / handle . the housing has a finger rest projection on the lower edge to facilitate cutting while the blade is projected with the thumb . the two halves of the housing snap together using a block - like projection formed on one half , and a pair of tabs formed on the other . the tabs , which are resilient , slide along the sides of the projection until recesses on each of the side of the projection are reached . inwardly extending ridges on the ends of the tabs enter the recesses to provide a click lock . an aperture between the tabs allows pressure to be applied to the top of the projection to separate the two halves for blade reset / re - adjustment . the blade carrier , which is adapted to support two different types of blades , is slidably mounted in the housing so that it and the thumb piece are free of detents or click - locks . the carrier &# 39 ; s upper and lower edges have a number of apertures to permit setting in different orientations and adjustable positioning with respect to an engaging projection on the base of the thumb piece . this , and the ability to set at least one of the blades in a plurality of different positions on the carrier , allows blade projection adjustment . | 1 |
a process for cooking food products , such as battered and breaded pieces of meat , with hot oil by placing the products on a conveyor and passing them through a plurality of descending hot oil curtains to enrobe and cook the products . the cooking oil is supplied from above through oil inlet weirs in a smooth curtain with the flow volume and temperature being controlled . the cooking oil is returned for reheating and the products are removed from the conveyor in a cooked condition . | 0 |
Stern et al. presented a study of Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) selection of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in the 2 deg<SUP>2</SUP> COSMOS field, finding that a simple criterion W1-W2 >= 0.8 provides a highly reliable and complete AGN sample for W2 < 15.05, where the W1 and W2 passbands are centered at 3.4 μm and 4.6 μm, respectively. Here we extend this study using the larger 9 deg<SUP>2</SUP> NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey Boötes field which also has considerably deeper WISE observations than the COSMOS field, and find that this simple color cut significantly loses reliability at fainter fluxes. We define a modified selection criterion combining the W1-W2 color and the W2 magnitude to provide highly reliable or highly complete AGN samples for fainter WISE sources. In particular, we define a color-magnitude cut that finds 130 ± 4 deg<SUP>-2</SUP> AGN candidates for W2 < 17.11 with 90% reliability. Using the extensive UV through mid-IR broadband photometry available in this field, we study the spectral energy distributions of WISE AGN candidates. We find that, as expected, the WISE AGN selection can identify highly obscured AGNs, but that it is biased toward objects where the AGN dominates the bolometric luminosity output. We study the distribution of reddening in the AGN sample and discuss a formalism to account for sample incompleteness based on the step-wise maximum-likelihood method of Efstathiou et al. The resulting dust obscuration distributions depend strongly on AGN luminosity, consistent with the trend expected for a receding torus. At L <SUB>AGN</SUB> ~ 3 × 10<SUP>44</SUP> erg s<SUP>-1</SUP>, 29% ± 7% of AGNs are observed as Type 1, while at ~4 × 10<SUP>45</SUP> erg s<SUP>-1</SUP> the fraction is 64% ± 13%. The distribution of obscuration values suggests that dust in the torus is present as both a diffuse medium and in optically thick clouds. | 9 |
Using TESS 20 s cadence data, we have discovered an unusual combination of pulsating stars in what we infer to be a binary system. The binary consists of a standard δ Scuti star with pulsations over the range 32-41 day<SUP>-1</SUP>; this is in a likely wide orbit with a hot subdwarf-B (sdB) star, which itself has a large-amplitude p-mode pulsation at 524 day<SUP>-1</SUP>. We establish constraints on the period of the putative binary by using radial velocity measurements of the δ Scuti star and show that any sdB companion star must orbit with a period greater than approximately thirty days. Our identification of this sdB binary serves as an important addition to the relatively small number of sdB binaries known to have orbital periods longer than a few days. We model such a binary using MESA and find that this system could be formed through stable, nonconservative mass transfer from either a low-mass or an intermediate-mass progenitor, without undergoing a common-envelope phase. | 9 |
use of a polynucleotide encoding or a polypeptide comprising at least the extracellular ipt - 3 and ipt - 4 domains of hepatocyte growth factor receptor for the screening and / or development of pharmacologically active agents useful in the treatment of cancer , preferably a cancer with dysregulation of hepatocyte growth factor receptor . | 0 |
a dowel system for securing in a generally abutting relationship two parts or pieces of material having facing surfaces and preformed , aligned annular recesses . the dowel system includes a tubular body having sidewalls which are thinner near the middle of the body than at the ends thereof . the tubular body is dimensioned so that opposite ends thereof may be inserted into respective annular recesses of the two pieces of material , with enough room being left around the sides of the tubular body to allow adhesive to be put in place in the annular recesses to join the tubular body to the sidewalls of the annular recesses . | 5 |
an aqueous inkjet printing fluid composition for use in an inkjet printer comprising a silicon - based material which contacts the aqueous printing fluid composition , comprising in a concentration sufficient to inhibit corrosion of the silicon - based material when contacted by the aqueous printing fluid composition a soluble metal ligand complex of formula : wherein m represents a divalent or a trivalent metal , r 1 and r 2 each independently represent alkyl , aryl , or heteroaryl substituents , r 3 represents hydrogen , a halide , or an alkyl , aryl , or heteroaryl substituent , and the number of ligands n is 2 or 3 . the useful lifetime of microelectromechanical fluidic devices based on silicon fabrication is extended . | 2 |
a foldaway electronic device includes a base unit having opposing lateral surfaces and an end portion , a cover unit having opposing lateral surfaces , each of which corresponds to one of the lateral surfaces of the base unit , and an end portion that is rotatably attached to the end portion of the base unit , whereby the cover unit may be rotated between a folded position relative to the base unit and an unfolded position relative to the base unit , a locking mechanism in the base unit and cover unit that locks the cover unit in the folded position , a lock release mechanism in the base unit that releases the locking mechanism when the cover unit is in the folded position , and impelling means in the base unit for impelling the cover unit from the folded position to an unfolded position after the lock release mechanism has been actuated , wherein either lateral surface of the base unit has a guard portion that extends over and prevents contact by a user &# 39 ; s thumb and fingers with a portion of the corresponding lateral surface of the cover unit when the cover unit is in the folded position and the lock release mechanism is being actuated . | 7 |
a process for producing a multi - layer opaque , biaxially oriented polymeric film structure . the film structure includes a thermoplastic polymer matrix core layer having a first surface and a second surface , within which is located a strata of voids , positioned at least substantially within a substantial number of the voids is at least one spherical void - initiating particle which is phase distinct and incompatible with the matrix material , the void space occupied by the particle being substantially less than the volume of the void , the population of the voids in the core being such as to cause a significant degree of opacity , a first thermoplastic polymer skin layer having a first surface and a second surface , the first surface of the first skin layer adhering to the first surface of the core layer , the first skin layer including up to about 12 % by weight of titanium dioxide contact pigment , and a second thermoplastic polymer skin layer having a first surface and a second surface , the first surface of the second skin layer adhering to the second surface of the core layer , the second skin layer including finely divided , uniformly dispersed inorganic material in an amount effective to impart antiblocking characteristics and decrease the inherent film - to - film coefficient of friction at the second surface of the second thermoplastic polymer skin layer . | 1 |
a vision testing method and apparatus are disclosed , the method including measuring the modulation to a wavefront of light that is imparted by an intra - ocular lens , determining the wavefront modulation necessary to emulate the optical properties of the iol after it replaces the crystalline lens in a patient &# 39 ; s eye , generating a static or dynamic image viewable by a patient , modulating the wavefront of the image remote from the patient to attain the wavefront that necessary to emulate the optical properties of the iol after it is implanted , and relaying said wavefront to a plane nearby , on , or within the patient &# 39 ; s eye . the apparatus includes devices for measuring the modulation to a wavefront of light that is imparted by an intra - ocular lens , determining the wavefront modulation necessary to emulate the optical properties of the iol after implantation in a patient &# 39 ; s eye , generating a static or dynamic image viewable by a patient , modulating the wavefront of the image remote from the patient to attain the wavefront necessary to emulate the optical properties of the iol after it is implanted , and relaying said wavefront to a plane nearby , on , or within the patient &# 39 ; s eye . | 0 |
according to one embodiment , a number of trace metal segments or conductors are patterned onto a top surface of a substrate suitable for receiving and housing a semiconductor die . in one embodiment , an insulator layer covers the trace metal segments and separates them from a high permeability core which is mounted on top of the insulator layer . the insulator layer can comprise , for example , solder mask while the high permeability core can comprise , for example , a ferrite rod . in one embodiment , a number of bonding wires are passed over the high permeability core and make connections to respective trace metal segments under the core so as to create an inductor winding around the core . the terminals of the inductor so formed can be connected to a substrate bond pad and / or to a semiconductor die bond pad . | 7 |
Stellar-mass binary black holes (BBHs) embedded in active galactic nucleus (AGN) discs offer a distinct dynamical channel to produce black hole mergers detected in gravitational waves by LIGO/Virgo. To understand their orbital evolution through interactions with the disc gas, we perform a suite of two-dimensional high-resolution, local shearing box, viscous hydrodynamical simulations of equal-mass binaries. We find that viscosity not only smooths the flow structure around prograde circular binaries,but also greatly raises their accretion rates. The torque associated with accretion may be overwhelmingly positive and dominate over the gravitational torque at a high accretion rate. However, the accreted angular momentum per unit mass decreases with increasing viscosity, making it easier to shrink the binary orbit. In addition, retrograde binaries still experience rapid orbital decay, and prograde eccentric binaries still experience eccentricity damping. Our numerical experiments further show that prograde binaries are more likely to be hardened if the physical sizes of the accretors are sufficiently small such that the accretion rate is reduced. The dependence of the binary accretion rate on the accretor size can be weaken through boosted accretion either due to a high viscosity or a more isothermal-like equation of state. Our results widen the explored parameter space for the hydrodynamics of embedded BBHs and demonstrate that their orbital evolution in AGN discs is a complex, multifaceted problem. | 9 |
a golf swing training apparatus and method of using same that instructs a trainee in the two optimum golf swings , namely an inward swing and an outward swing . the apparatus of the invention is of a unique configuration that , through the use of a novel practice ball assembly , allows a trainee to positively observe the differences between the inward golf swing and the outward golf swing . | 0 |
Version of Firedrake used in 'Vertical slice modelling of nonlinear Eady waves using a compatible finite element method'. This release is specifically created to document the version of Firedrake used in a particular set of experiments. Please do not cite this as a general source for Firedrake or any of its dependencies. Instead, refer to http://www.firedrakeproject.org/publications.html | 9 |
a bed for use by obstetricians and their patients . the bed and the bed mattresses are made sectional such that when the sections are assembled a full bed , with mattress , is formed on which one or more persons can recline . when the sections are separated to form a delivery station , a head section provides a torso support with an adjustable back rest and an adjustable pelvis support . a foot section of the bed , when separated from the head section , has a removable mattress and a frame that serves as a seat for the attending physician , provides storage compartments for necessary equipment and provides working surfaces to receive such equipment during use . | 0 |
disclosed is a pedal scooter for kids , adults , and physically challenged people who enjoy riding scooter for fun and exercise . the pedal scooter is light weight , simple in use , durable , and configured to be driven by two riders at the same time . the pedal scooter comprises : a platform ; a seating arrangement coupled to the platform ; a steering arrangement disposed on the platform , the steering arrangement enabling the pedal scooter to be maneuvered ; and a drive mechanism configured to operationally propel the pedal scoter . the pedal scooter enables a first rider to sit on the seating arrangement , and propel the pedal scooter in a forward direction by operating the drive mechanism , and a second rider to stand on the platform and maneuver the pedal scooter in a desired direction using the steering arrangement . | 1 |
provided herein is a method for fabricating an array . a plurality of insulating media are formed having a plurality of wavelength and polarizing elements embedded therein at an angle relative to the surfaces of the media , such that the spacing between elements halves for each different medium . a phase shifter arrangement is also formed such that a portion of conductive material is disposed on a surface of the insulating media in registry with every other element in each of the media , and other portions of conductive material disposed on another surface overlapping said elements . a phase shifting material is disposed over at least said every other element . the media are stacked such that the topmost insulating medium has two elements , and each succeeding medium has twice as many elements as a preceding medium . | 7 |
the invention pertains to a food processor with a mixing vessel and a drive mechanism for an agitator in the mixing vessel , where the mixing vessel has in its lower region an opening of substantially circular cross - section . to make this type of food processor more practicable the invention proposes that the cross - section of the upper opening be elliptical and that a geometric mid - point of the upper opening cross - section be offset from a mid - point of the lower opening cross - section . | 0 |
NASA's Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) small explorer mission will study how the solar atmosphere is energized. IRIS contains an imaging spectrograph that covers the Mg II h&k lines as well as a slit-jaw imager centered at Mg II k. Understanding the observations requires forward modeling of Mg II h&k line formation from three-dimensional (3D) radiation-magnetohydrodynamic (RMHD) models. This paper is the second in a series where we undertake this modeling. We compute the vertically emergent h&k intensity from a snapshot of a dynamic 3D RMHD model of the solar atmosphere, and investigate which diagnostic information about the atmosphere is contained in the synthetic line profiles. We find that the Doppler shift of the central line depression correlates strongly with the vertical velocity at optical depth unity, which is typically located less than 200 km below the transition region (TR). By combining the Doppler shifts of the h and k lines we can retrieve the sign of the velocity gradient just below the TR. The intensity in the central line depression is anti-correlated with the formation height, especially in subfields of a few square Mm. This intensity could thus be used to measure the spatial variation of the height of the TR. The intensity in the line-core emission peaks correlates with the temperature at its formation height, especially for strong emission peaks. The peaks can thus be exploited as a temperature diagnostic. The wavelength difference between the blue and red peaks provides a diagnostic of the velocity gradients in the upper chromosphere. The intensity ratio of the blue and red peaks correlates strongly with the average velocity in the upper chromosphere. We conclude that the Mg II h&k lines are excellent probes of the very upper chromosphere just below the TR, a height regime that is impossible to probe with other spectral lines. They also provide decent temperature and velocity diagnostics of the middle chromosphere. | 9 |
The precision measurements of the spectra of cosmic ray nuclei and leptons in recent years have revealed the existence of multiple features, such as the spectral break at ∼300 GV rigidity seen by PAMELA and AMS-02 and more recently confirmed by DAMPE and CALET, the softening in the spectra of H and He nuclei at ∼10 TV reported by DAMPE, confirming previous hints by NUCLEON and CREAM, a tiny change of slope at ∼40 GeV in the electron spectrum, revealed by AMS-02, and the large spectral break at ∼TeV reported by indirect (HESS, MAGIC and VERITAS) and direct (DAMPE, CALET) measurements of the total (electrons +positrons ) lepton spectrum. In all these cases, the possibility has been suggested that these features might reflect the occasional presence of a local cosmic ray source, inducing a noticeable reshaping of the average expected spectra. All these proposals have to face the question of how likely it is for such a source to exist, a question that we address here in a quantitative way. We study the statistical properties of random distribution of sources in space and time, and the effect of the spiral structure of our Galaxy for both the spectra of light nuclei (p and He) and leptons (electrons and positrons) in different energy regions. | 9 |
the present invention relates to a method of identifying tree lineage capable of expressing desired biological and / or biochemical phenotypes and method of producing such trees . it also relates to a method of identifying a genetic marker associated with a genetic locus conferring at least one enhanced property . also it relates to a stand of clonal enhanced property trees produced by the method of the present invention , the genome of the trees containing the same genetic marker associated with the enhanced property relative to a value characteristic of the average of the genus . it relates also to a method of producing a family of trees wherein at least about half exhibit at least of enhanced property . the present invention also relates to a genetic map of qtls of trees associated with enhanced properties . the present invention further relates to a genetic marker of fiber length of trees . | 2 |
a multipulse starting aid for a high - intensity discharge lamp includes a spiral line , a bi - directional solid - state switch , or a spark gap , coupled to one of the ends of the spiral line , a resistance in association with the spiral line to provide an rc time constant . the time constant rc is so adjusted that , upon receiving the alternating current voltage from the appropriate source , a waveform of voltage is presented across the pair of terminals of the lamp , together with the series of pulses at the peak of each half cycle of the waveform . thereby enhancing the lamp startability . | 7 |
provided is an eco - friendly poly resin composition for a sheet , which is characterized by using a poly resin developed by efficiently utilizing carbon dioxide , which is a major contributor to global warding , as a main material , and including appropriate additives , such as , a strength modifier , and a flexibilizer , thereby completely solving environmental hazards controversy of the existing polyvinyl chloride resin products ; exhibiting excellent mechanical and thermal properties , processability , post processability and superior anti - flaming property and elongation characteristics as compared with the existing polyvinyl chloride resin products ; and overcoming an extruding production method which is a small - sized production manner , corresponding to a big defect in thermoplastic plastics emerged as substitutes for polyvinyl chloride resin products and thus applying a calendering process method which is a mass production manner . | 8 |
a method and apparatus for forming a web having a predetermined grammage profile in its transverse direction is provided . the method includes the steps of introducing a composite flow of particulate material suspended in air into the distribution chamber of a forming head and depositing the material on the upper surface of an air permeable belt while applying suction to form a web and while the grammage profile is controlled by measuring the profile of the web downstream of the distribution chamber , comparing the measurement with predetermined set points , generating a control signal representative of any detected difference and controlling the amount of suction applied in predetermined suction sections in response to the control signal so as to provide a web having a predetermined grammage profile . an apparatus for accomplishing each of the steps of the method is also provided . | 3 |
a ball and socket joint prosthesis for use in arthroplasty is provided . the prosthesis includes a body for implantation at least partially within the medullary canal of a long bone . the long bone defines trabeculae in the proximal cancellous bone and lamellae in the cortical bone . the body includes a proximal portion thereof and a distal portion . the proximal portion has a medial periphery and includes surface features on a substantial portion of its proximal portion . the surface features are positioned to optimally transfer load from the prosthesis to the long bone . | 0 |
a simple device which attaches to an injection syringe for preventing possible contaminants in a fluid drawn into the syringe from being expelled therefrom into an intravenous solution , for example . the device hereof is simply comprised as a needle holder adapted for removable attachment to a syringe barrel for accepting the flow of a liquid into the syringe during loading of same and which automatically filters such liquid dispensed from the syringe through the needle . | 0 |
a waterproof hatch latch with a lifting ring for mounting in a hatch cover with the lift ring connected to a cam member disposed in the latch housing . the cam member carries a locking bar on its inner end which is engagable with the adjourning deck to lock the hatch . a waterproof lock tumbler is mounted in the latch housing and a slide plate connects the tumbler to the cam member to lock the lock bar in its position engaging the deck and to lock it in position one hundred eighty degrees removed from engagement . a spring is disposed in the mounting between the cam member and the housing to prevent damage to the lift ring . | 8 |
the present invention relates to the field of cell biology , in particular to methods for differentiating pluripotent stem cells . the invention provides methods for differentiating primate pluripotent stem cells into cells of all three germinal layers . in particular , methods for differentiating primate pluripotent stem cells into the definitive endoderm are provided . | 2 |
a manual inflator having a status indicator that indicates whether a fully - charged , unspent gas cylinder has been installed on the inflator . the status indicator comprises a “ single point ” indicator having an indicator window that displays the color “ green ” when the automatic inflator is fully operational or the color “ red ” when the inflator is at least partially inoperable automatically due to the removal of the gas cylinder or due to the firing of the inflator resulting in a spent gas cylinder . | 1 |
a disc unit having a plurality of disc drive mechanisms each driving a disc connected in the daisy chain connection mode . the disc unit has a control circuit for controlling the plurality of disc drive mechanisms commonly . the control circuit is incorporated in one of the plurality of disc drive mechanisms to control it and the remaining disc drive mechanisms . . 3 | 6 |
a method is provided for controlling an intermittently supercritically operating refrigeration circuit . a control valve is controlled : in the subcritical mode , so that a predetermined “ subcritical pressure ” ensuring a predetermined sub - cooling of the liquid refrigerant at the outlet of a heat - rejecting heat exchanger is maintained ; in the supercritical mode , so that a predetermined “ supercritical pressure ”, which is optimized for optimum efficiency , of the supercritical refrigerant at the outlet of the heat - rejecting heat exchanger is maintained ; and in a border mode in a border region next to the critical point , dependent on a “ continuity pressure ” which is determined on the basis of the predetermined “ subcritical pressure ” and the predetermined “ supercritical pressure ” of steps and . | 5 |
We present [C/N]-[Fe/H] abundance trends from the SDSS-IV Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment survey, Data Release 14 (DR14), for red giant branch stars across the Milky Way (3 kpc < R < 15 kpc). The carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (often expressed as [C/N]) can indicate the mass of a red giant star, from which an age can be inferred. Using masses and ages derived by Martig et al., we demonstrate that we are able to interpret the DR14 [C/N]-[Fe/H] abundance distributions as trends in age-[Fe/H] space. Our results show that an anticorrelation between age and metallicity, which is predicted by simple chemical evolution models, is not present at any Galactic zone. Stars far from the plane (| Z| > 1 kpc) exhibit a radial gradient in [C/N] (∼-0.04 dex kpc<SUP>-1</SUP>). The [C/N] dispersion increases toward the plane (σ <SUB>[C/N]</SUB> = 0.13 at | Z| > 1 kpc to σ <SUB>[C/N]</SUB> = 0.18 dex at ∣Z∣ < 0.5 kpc). We measure a disk metallicity gradient for the youngest stars (age < 2.5 Gyr) of -0.060 dex kpc<SUP>-1</SUP> from 6 to 12 kpc, which is in agreement with the gradient found using young CoRoGEE stars by Anders et al. Older stars exhibit a flatter gradient (-0.016 dex kpc<SUP>-1</SUP>), which is predicted by simulations in which stars migrate from their birth radii. We also find that radial migration is a plausible explanation for the observed upturn of the [C/N]-[Fe/H] abundance trends in the outer Galaxy, where the metal-rich stars are relatively enhanced in [C/N]. | 9 |
a contrast ratio promotion method for a display device is provided . the display device contains a back light module having a brightness and has a maximum luminance . the contrast ratio promotion method comprises the steps of continuously receiving a picture signal during each unit time , continuously calculating a ratio of a luminance of a picture corresponding to the picture signal to the maximum luminance , where the ratio is defined as an instant relative luminance , setting a first ratio , a first buffer time and a first adjusting time , and gradually reducing the brightness of the back light module to a minimum brightness during the first adjusting time when a first cumulated time for the respective consecutive plural instant relative luminances being smaller than the first ratio is longer than the first buffer time . | 7 |
the push - pull converter for zero - voltage switching of the switches on the primary side of the transformer to have a relatively lower loss is proposed . which includes : a transformer having a primary winding with a center tap and a secondary winding , an electrical energy storage device having a first terminal coupled to the center tap of the primary winding and a second terminal coupled to a ground , a first switch having a first terminal coupled to a first terminal of the primary winding and a second terminal coupled to the ground , a second switch having a first terminal coupled to the ground and a second terminal coupled to a second terminal of the primary winding , and a rectifier circuit coupled to the secondary winding for transforming an ac output of the secondary winding to a dc output . | 8 |
a radar being carried by an aircraft includes means for transmitting an rf wave towards a target , said wave having a double form , a first waveform being composed of at least two sinusoids of different frequencies transmitted simultaneously , the radar comprising reception circuits receiving the signals reflected by the target and analysis means performing the detection of the target on the basis of the signals received . the second waveform is of the pulse type . the transmitted waveform is dependent on the relative speed of the target with respect to the carrier and on the absolute speed of the carrier . | 6 |
a gas sensing unit designed to be protected against explosions and serving for the detection of combustible gases in an atmosphere , containing a gas sensor functioning according to the principle of catalytic oxidation or a semiconductor gas sensor . the gas sensing unit contains , within a housing , at least two mutually separated chambers or spaces . the one chambr is a compression - proof space and contains an electronic evaluation circuit for the gas sensor , the other chamber , which is a space structured to be protected against explosions , contains the gas sensor and a balancing element and is separated from the atmosphere by a sintered metal bushing or sleeve . a third explosion - proof chamber or space can be provided in the gas sensing unit for the purpose of connecting the lines or conductors . the gas sensor together with the balancing adapter forms an assembly or unit which can be pluggably arranged in the cover of the chamber containing the electronic system or hardware . with such type gas sensing unit it is possible to easily exchange the gas sensor at its erection site , without the need for having to open the compression - proof chamber containing the electronic components . the testing and balancing of the gas sensor can be accomplished at the manufacturing plant . | 6 |
a multi - layer angle interlock fabric is woven from warp yarns that extend in straight fashion in a common direction along the length of the fabric and fill yarns which repeatedly extend through the thickness of the fabric along angled paths between opposite broad surfaces of the fabric and interweave within the relatively straight warp yarns . the fabric can be woven using a conventional fly shuttle loom with a programmable jacquard machine which controls the loom &# 39 ; s harness lines to selectively raise and lower the fill yarns extending through a weaving area of the loom as the loom shuttle reciprocates through the weaving area to repeatedly extend a fill yarn across the width of the fabric being formed . stuffer yarns can be provided by periodically extending the fill yarn across the fabric width betweem adjacent sheets of the warp yarns during weaving . weaving the fabric in this fashion allows a slot to be formed across part of the fabric width within the fabric thickness by restricting the adjacent portions of the fill yarns to the opposite sides of the interface between an adjacent pair of fill yarn sheets where the slot is to be formed . | 3 |
Lyα forest data probing the post-reionization Universe show surprisingly large opacity fluctuations over rather large (≥50 h<SUP>-1</SUP> comoving Mpc) spatial scales. We model these fluctuations using a hybrid approach utilizing the large-volume Millennium simulation to predict the spatial distribution of QSOs combined with smaller scale full hydrodynamical simulation performed with RAMSES and post-processed with the radiative transfer code ATON. We produce realistic mock absorption spectra that account for the contribution of galaxies and QSOs to the ionizing UV background. These improved models confirm our earlier findings that a significant ( ≳ 50 per cent) contribution of ionizing photons from QSOs can explain the large reported opacity fluctuations on large scales. The inferred QSO luminosity function is thereby consistent with recent estimates of the space density of QSOs at this redshift. Our simulations still somewhat struggle, however, to reproduce the very long (110 h<SUP>-1</SUP> comoving Mpc) high-opacity absorption through observed in ULAS J0148+0600, perhaps suggesting an even later end of reionization than assumed in our previously favoured model. Medium-deep/medium area QSO surveys as well as targeted searches for the predicted strong transverse QSO proximity effect would illuminate the origin of the observed large-scale opacity fluctuations. They would allow us to substantiate whether UV fluctuations due to QSO are indeed primarily responsible, or whether significant contributions from other recently proposed mechanisms such as large-scale fluctuations in temperature and mean free path (even in the absence of rare bright sources) are required. | 9 |
a multifunction , retractable sun shielding apparatus . a retractable screen , a housing configured to receive and contain the retractable screen upon retracting the screen , and a drive mechanism attached to longitudinal edges of the screen , and configured to drive the screen in directions of retraction and deployment . a power switch may be provided that is actuatable by an operator to drive the drive mechanism to deploy or retract the retractable screen . an interlock automatically stops deployment of the retractable screen at a first predefined position where the screen functions as a visor with regard to an adjacent windshield , and a second predefined position where the screen fully covers the adjacent windshield . | 1 |
an open , wraparound , sleeved garment and method of its manufacture from an integral single piece garment blank of flexible material . the open , wraparound , sleeved garment includes the single piece of flexible material seamed to itself along two separate seams , each of which extends from an end of a sleeve to a point along each opened edge of the garment . | 0 |
Simulation for survey (cadence, strategy) based on Python | 9 |
a system for a vehicle , comprising of an engine , an air intake passage coupled to the engine , an exhaust passage coupled to the engine , a fuel vapor storage system fluidly coupled with the intake air passage and the exhaust passage , said fuel vapor storage system configured to store and release fuel vapors , a control system configured to during a first mode , route exhaust gas from the engine to the fuel vapor storage system via at least the exhaust passage , and during a second mode , route at least fresh air to the fuel vapor storage system to release fuel vapors from the fuel vapor storage system before being inducted into the engine via the air intake passage to be burned . | 5 |
a vacuum storage container having a container body , a check valve and a lid with an outer rim surrounding a diaphragm . a vacuum pump is engagable with the check valve to remove air from the interior of the container to create a vacuum in the container . the diaphragm is pushed inward by atmospheric forces upon removal of the air until the diaphragm touches and conforms to at least upper exposed surfaces of the contents of the container . the storage container aids in preventing degradation of the contents of the container by maintaining the contents free from the degrading effects of air and by substantially immobilizing the contents during movement of the container to protect the contents from breakage and bruising . | 1 |
mold for the injection molding of objects of large dimension and complicated surfaces from plastic material without internal stresses and with accurate dimension . in base plates of the mold cooling grids are embedded and the active surface of the base plates is provided with forming plates and forming strips with grooves for heating elements or tempering and cooling means . the mold is provided with mobile cores which change their positions in the course of shrinking of the solidifying plastic material . | 1 |
a high - strength , high corrosion - resistant and non - magnetic stainless steel which is further excellent in strength and corrosion resistance and safe in the living body and also can stand against various corrosive environments . the stainless steel comprises 0 . 15 % by weight or less of c , 1 . 0 % or less of si , 3 . 0 to 12 . 0 % of mn , 0 . 030 % or less of p , 0 . 50 % or less of ni , 15 . 0 to 21 . 0 % of cr , 0 . 70 to 1 . 50 % of n , 0 . 020 % or less of al and 0 . 020 % or less of o , and a remainder of fe and inevitable impurities . | 2 |
a process of producing a kaolin product for paper coating includes mining kaolin ores by hydromechanization and then producing kaolin slurry ; classifying by centrifugal sedimentation ; chemical bleaching ; eliminating iron ions by circular rinsing ; removing water by pressure filtration ; producing slurry by dispersing filter cakes , in which complex dispersants , ph adjustor and intercalator are added ; delaminating ; classifying by vibrating sieve ; and spray drying : spray driers are restructured by adding insulating layers on packing auger , elevator scoop and bunker at first ; the kaolin slurry j which has passed through vibrating sieves is dried in high speed centrifugal spray drying tower and the moisture of kaolin powder is controlled in 3 wt . %- 5 wt . %, and the kaolin product for paper coating is obtained . the process characterizes in stable properties , high efficiency , and high viscosity content and fine particle size of the kaolin products produced . | 2 |
a method and an apparatus for clocking data processing modules , with different average clock frequencies and for transferring data between the modules are provided . the apparatus includes a device for providing a common clock signal to the modules . clock pulses are deleted from the common clock signal to individual modules in dependence on the clocking frequency required by each module . the clock pulses are applied to the modules between which the data is to be transferred at times consistent with the data transfer . | 8 |
a method of remanufacturing a replaceable consumable unit includes providing the replaceable consumable unit including a first electronic circuit , with the first electronic circuit being at least partially inoperable ; providing a second electronic circuit ; communicatively connecting the second electronic circuit to the first electronic circuit ; and intercepting , by the second electronic circuit , signals sent by an imaging system to the first electronic circuit . | 6 |
a method and apparatus for providing a telephone user with automated attendant functions with numerous selectable options . the options include selecting one of many greetings to be given to the caller before putting the caller on hold or sending the caller to voice mail , recording a new greeting for the caller after learning the caller &# 39 ; s identity , re - routing the call and adding an audio message to be delivered to the substitute called party before the call is connected . a display screen with a cursor is used to facilitate presentation of information and options to the telephone user and selection of options by the telephone user . | 7 |
this invention relates to heat treatment of textile products . the apparatus comprises vertical furnaces each having two furnace ducts carrying blowing nozzles and suction nozzles , respectively . in the ducts of the last furnace , there are arranged movable horizontal partitions formed by the selective closure of baffles arranged at fixed levels and preferably constituted by butterfly - valves pivotally mounted on horizontal parallel axes . the invention is applicable to the heat treatment of continuous textile products , such as threads , ribbon or strip material . . | 3 |
Simplified assumptions about the thermodynamics of the electrons are normally employed in general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations of accretion on to black holes. To counter this, we have developed a self-consistent approach to study magnetized and radiatively cooled two-temperature accretion flows around a Kerr black hole in two spatial dimensions. The approach includes several heating processes, radiative cooling, and a coupling between the electrons and the ions via Coulomb interaction. We test our approach by performing axisymmetric GRMHD simulations of magnetized tori accreting on to a Kerr black hole under various astrophysical scenarios. In this way, we find that the inclusion of the Coulomb interaction and the radiative cooling impacts the thermodynamical properties of both the ions and electrons, changing significantly the temperature distribution of the latter, and underlining the importance of a two-temperature approach when imaging these flows. In addition, we find that the accretion rate influences the bulk properties of the flow as well as the thermodynamics of the electrons and ions. Interestingly, we observe qualitatively distinct temperature properties for SANE and MAD accretion modes while maintaining the same accretion rates, which could help distinguishing MAD and SANE accretion flows via observations. Finally, we propose two new relations for the temperature ratios of the electrons, ions, and of the gas in terms of the plasma-β parameter. The new relations represent a simple and effective approach to treat two-temperature accretion flows on supermassive black holes such as Sgr A* and M 87*. | 9 |
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