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The Chemical Composition of Halo Stars on Extreme Orbits
Presented within is a fine spectroscopic analysis of 11 metal-poor (-2.15<[Fe/H]<-1.00) dwarf stars on orbits that penetrate the outermost regions of the Galactic halo. Abundances for a select group of light metals (Na, Mg, Si, Ca, and Ti), Fe-peak nuclides (Cr, Fe, and Ni), and neutron-capture elements (Y and Ba) were calculated using line strengths measured from high-resolution (R~48,000), high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N~110pixel^-1) echelle spectra acquired with the Keck I 10 m telescope and HIRES spectrograph. Ten of the stars have apogalactica, a proxy for stellar birthplace, which stretch between 25 and 90 kpc; however, these ``outer halo'' stars exhibit strikingly uniform abundances. The average, Fe-normalized abundances-<[Mg/Fe]>=+0.23+/-0.09, <[Si/Fe]>=+0.24+/-0.10, <[Ca/Fe]>=+0.22+/-0.07, <[Ti/Fe]>=+0.20+/-0.08, <[Cr/Fe]>=0.02+/-0.07, <[Ni/Fe]>=-0.09+/-0.07, and <[Ba/Fe]>=+0.01+/-0.12-exhibit little intrinsic scatter; moreover, the evolution of individual ratios (as a function of [Fe/H]) is generally consistent with the predictions of galactic chemical evolution models dominated by the ejecta of core-collapse supernovae. Only <[Y/Fe]>=-0.13+/-0.21 exhibits a dispersion larger than observational uncertainties, which suggests a different nucleosynthesis site for this element. It has been conjectured that stars on high-energy orbits-either those that penetrate the remote halo or ones with extreme retrograde velocities-were once associated with a cannibalized satellite galaxy. Such stars, as shown here, are indistinguishable from metal-poor dwarfs of the inner Galactic halo. The uniformity of the abundances, regardless of kinematic properties, suggests that physically, spatially, and temporally distinct star-forming regions within (or near) the growing Milky Way experienced grossly similar chemical evolution histories. Implications for galaxy formation scenarios are discussed.
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9.139152
8.26465
1999-04-01
51
1999AJ....117.1771S
[ "Such stars", "stars", "galactic chemical evolution models", "light metals", "galaxy formation scenarios", "Fe", "extreme retrograde velocities", "individual ratios", "echelle spectra", "observational uncertainties" ]
[ "GALAXY: EVOLUTION", "GALAXY: FORMATION", "GALAXY: HALO", "STARS: ABUNDANCES" ]
0
[ "10.1086/300806" ]
[ "Stephens, Alex" ]
[ "Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822" ]
[ "1999BaltA...8..593W", "1999Natur.400..402G", "1999PASP..111..817K", "2000A&A...359..191G", "2000A&A...364..102K", "2000AJ....120.1841F", "2000ApJ...530..777V", "2001A&A...370.1103A", "2001ASPC..228..461I", "2001ApJ...548..592S", "2001ApJ...561.1034N", "2001MNRAS.325.1365H", "2001stcl.conf....1C", "2002AJ....123..404F", "2002AJ....123.1647S", "2002AJ....124..481C", "2003A&A...403.1105F", "2003A&A...410..527B", "2003AJ....125..684S", "2003ARep...47..422M", "2003ChJAA...3..316T", "2004A&A...416...79D", "2004A&A...421..613F", "2004A&A...423..683S", "2004AJ....127.1545C", "2004AJ....128.1177V", "2004PASJ...56.1041S", "2004oee..symp..218S", "2004oee..sympE..22F", "2004oee..sympE..58V", "2005ARep...49..405B", "2005ApJ...629..832B", "2005MNRAS.364..712Z", "2006ApJ...640..801J", "2007A&A...476..935F", "2007PhDT.......305C", "2008A&A...481..691C", "2008A&A...483..401C", "2009A&A...504...87S", "2009AJ....137..272R", "2009ApJ...701.1053C", "2009ApJ...701.1519R", "2009ApJ...706.1095Z", "2010ApJ...719..931C", "2010MNRAS.404..253G", "2010PASJ...62..143I", "2013ApJ...775...58B", "2013JApA...34..297S", "2013M&PS...48.1007S", "2018MNRAS.481.5350S", "2019ApJ...878...99L" ]
[ "1955psmb.book.....U", "1962ApJ...136..748E", "1968MNRAS.138..181L", "1969atp..book.....W", "1971ZPhy..241..369L", "1973A&A....26..471G", "1973ApJ...184..839S", "1974A&A....34..275H", "1974ApJ...192..793B", "1975A&A....42..407G", "1975CaJPh..53..184F", "1975CaJPh..53..338F", "1978ApJ...225..357S", "1979MNRAS.186..633B", "1979MNRAS.186..657B", "1980MNRAS.191..445B", "1980wtpa.book.....W", "1981A&A...103..351S", "1981ApJ...244..989P", "1981ApJ...245..238C", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1982ApJ...261..736H", "1982MNRAS.199...21B", "1982MNRAS.199...43B", "1982MNRAS.201..595B", "1982MNRAS.201..611B", "1983A&AS...52...37M", "1983ApJ...265..730B", "1984ApJ...279L..23N", "1984ApJ...283L...5R", "1984MNRAS.207..533B", "1985ApJ...298..803C", "1985MNRAS.217..423T", "1986MNRAS.220..289B", "1986MNRAS.220..303B", "1987A&AS...67..225K", "1987AJ.....93...74S", "1988A&A...204..193G", "1988AJ.....95.1843L", "1988AJ.....96..560C", "1988IAUS..132..345C", "1988JPCRD..17S....F", "1989A&A...209..211M", "1989A&A...221...65S", "1989A&A...222...69S", "1989A&AS...77..137T", "1989ARA&A..27..279W", "1989ApJ...336L..17N", "1989GeCoA..53..197A", "1989RPPh...52..945K", "1990A&A...230..244H", "1990A&A...231..536P", "1990A&A...232..510H", "1990A&A...238..242Z", "1990A&AS...82..179T", "1990JRASC..84...70S", "1991A&A...241..501G", "1991A&A...248..315B", "1991A&A...249..539B", "1991A&A...249..545H", "1991ApJ...367L..55G", "1991JOSAB...8.1185O", "1992A&A...259..301H", "1992A&A...263..249S", "1992AJ....103.1621S", "1992AJ....104.1144R", "1992ApJ...388L..57L", "1992ApJ...391..719M", "1992ApJS...78...87M", "1992drea.book.....B", "1993A&A...273..707B", "1993A&A...275..101E", "1993AJ....105..971V", "1993AJ....106.1206K", "1993ARA&A..31..575M", "1993ASPC...48...38Z", "1993sssp.book.....K", "1994A&A...282.1014B", "1994A&A...285..440N", "1994A&A...285..585F", "1994A&A...287..927G", "1994A&AS..108..341M", "1994AJ....107.2240C", "1994AJ....108..507S", "1994AJ....108..538P", "1994ApJ...423..248L", "1994ApJ...427L..37M", "1994Natur.370..194I", "1994SPIE.2198..362V", "1995A&A...301..492F", "1995AJ....109.2736M", "1995AJ....109.2757M", "1995ApJS...96..175B", "1995ApJS...98..617T", "1995MNRAS.277..945T", "1996A&A...313..873A", "1996A&A...314..191G", "1996A&AS..117..227A", "1996AJ....112..335S", "1996AJ....112..668C", "1996ASPC...92..119M", "1996ASPC...92..415B", "1996ApJ...467..819S", "1996ApJ...471..254R", "1996MNRAS.278..727U", "1997A&A...326..751N", "1997AJ....113.2302K", "1997AJ....114..180B", "1997AJ....114..363C", "1997ARA&A..35..503M", "1997ApJ...477..765C", "1997ApJ...481..775S", "1997ESASP.402..339G", "1997RvMP...69..995W", "1998A&A...329..943N", "1998A&A...331.1051R", "1998AJ....115..168C", "1998AJ....115.1640M", "1998AJ....115.1888S", "1998AJ....116..748G" ]
2131341
null
Observational constraints on disc galaxy formation
We use data from the literature to constrain theoretical models of galaxy formation. We show how to calculate the dimensionless spin parameter lambda of the haloes of disc galaxies, and we compare the distribution of lambda with that observed in cosmological N-body simulations. The agreement is excellent, which provides strong support for the hierarchical picture of galaxy formation. Assuming only that the radial surface density distribution of discs is exponential, we estimate crudely the maximum-disc mass-to-light ratio in the I band, and obtain < Upsilon_I> <~ 3.56 h, for a Hubble constant of 100 h km s^-1 Mpc^-1. We discuss this result and its limitations in relation to other independent determinations of Upsilon_I. We also define a dimensionless form of the Tully-Fisher relation, and use it to derive a value of the baryon fraction in disc galaxies; the median value is m_d = 0.084 (Upsilon_I3.56 h). Assuming that the gas fraction in galactic haloes is at most as large as that in clusters, we also conclude that < Upsilon_I> <~ 2.56 h^-1/2.
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11.068865
6.105983
1999-04-01
37
1999MNRAS.305..357S
[ "disc galaxies", "galaxy formation", "discs", "galactic haloes", "other independent determinations", "strong support", "relation", "lt", "lambda", "theoretical models" ]
[ "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "GALAXIES: SPIRAL", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "DARK MATTER" ]
0
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02402.x" ]
[ "Syer, D.", "Mao, Shude", "Mo, H. J." ]
[ "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany", "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany", "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany" ]
[ "2000A&A...356..102C", "2000A&AS..144..405P", "2000ASPC..197..145M", "2000ApJ...528..607N", "2000ApJ...530..177V", "2000ApJ...534..146V", "2000MNRAS.318..163M", "2000MNRAS.319..168C", "2000astro.ph..7047B", "2001ApJ...546..916W", "2001ApJ...546..931W", "2001ApJS..136...41B", "2001PABei..19S..84M", "2001astro.ph.11001C", "2002A&A...388..793B", "2002MNRAS.331..259S", "2002MNRAS.332....7A", "2002MNRAS.332..422P", "2003MNRAS.341...54K", "2003MNRAS.343..978S", "2003astro.ph.10440C", "2007A&A...466...83P", "2007ApJ...671..203C", "2007MNRAS.375..163H", "2008ApJ...672..776S", "2008MNRAS.388..863C", "2009A&A...504..347C", "2009ApJ...705.1496S", "2009RAA.....9.1119L", "2010MNRAS.402.1807C", "2010MNRAS.407.1403C", "2011ApJ...731...10M", "2013ApJ...771...59M", "2013ApJ...775...19C", "2014MNRAS.444..942P", "2016arXiv161002644Z", "2018MNRAS.475.3654Z" ]
[ "1970ApJ...160..811F", "1977A&A....54..661T", "1978MNRAS.183..341W", "1980MNRAS.193..189F", "1981A&A....99..362S", "1981seng.proc..111T", "1982euse.book.....L", "1985ApJ...294..494C", "1985MNRAS.213..451W", "1989MNRAS.239..605K", "1991ApJ...368...60P", "1992ApJ...399..405W", "1993A&A...275...16B", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993Natur.366..429W", "1994A&AS..103..475B", "1994A&AS..106..275B", "1994ApJS...95..107W", "1996A&A...313..377D", "1996ASPC...91..339N", "1996ApJ...457..625C", "1996ApJ...464...60L", "1996ApJ...465..759G", "1996ApJS..103..363C", "1996ApJS..107...97M", "1996MNRAS.281..716C", "1997A&A...328..517B", "1997AJ....113...53G", "1997AJ....114.2402C", "1997ApJ...481..689M", "1997ApJ...482..659D", "1997MNRAS.290L..77S", "1997MNRAS.292..289E", "1998ASPC..136..196C", "1998ApJ...507..601V", "1998MNRAS.295..319M", "1998astro.ph..5094M", "1999ApJ...510..125S", "1999MNRAS.302..111L" ]
2106507
null
Ultraviolet Imaging Polarimetry of Narrow-Line Radio Galaxies
In an examination of the unification of radio galaxies and quasars, we obtained UV polarization images of eight narrow-line radio galaxies (NLRGs) with the Faint Object Camera on board the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). By observing in the rest ultraviolet, we can measure the polarization of the active nucleus with little contamination from unpolarized host-galaxy starlight. If, as the unified model predicts, NLRGs are really quasars with their jets lying in the sky plane, we expect to find elongated continua and large polarizations, with the E-vector perpendicular to the UV extent. The observations presented in this paper confirm both of these predictions.
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15.413641
6.54738
1999-04-01
29
1999ApJ...514..579H
[ "UV polarization images", "radio galaxies", "large polarizations", "NLRGs", "quasars", "little contamination", "elongated continua", "unpolarized host-galaxy starlight", "board", "the E-vector perpendicular" ]
[ "POLARIZATION", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: GENERAL", "ULTRAVIOLET: GALAXIES", "Polarization", "Galaxies: Quasars: General", "Ultraviolet: Galaxies" ]
2
[ "10.1086/306959" ]
[ "Hurt, Todd", "Antonucci, Robert", "Cohen, Ross", "Kinney, Anne", "Krolik, Julian" ]
[ "Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; ,", "Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; ,", "Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093", "Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218" ]
[ "1999AJ....118.1963C", "1999PhDT.......255L", "2000A&A...358..499F", "2000AJ....119..478O", "2000ApJS..128..245Z", "2000PASP..112..434T", "2001AJ....122..536P", "2001ASPC..249..193A", "2001ApJ...547..667K", "2002A&A...394..791C", "2003ApJ...584..135L", "2003ApJ...597..823C", "2003NewAR..47..219W", "2004ApJ...602..116W", "2005ASPC..343..457T", "2005MNRAS.364..640K", "2006MNRAS.370..738G", "2006PhDT.........1L", "2007MNRAS.375.1133R", "2008A&A...477..491L", "2008A&A...478..321B", "2008ApJ...675.1057E", "2010ApJ...715.1071O", "2010ApJ...725.2426B", "2011arXiv1101.0837A", "2012A&AT...27..557A", "2012BASI...40..139C", "2014MNRAS.439.1648A", "2018ApJ...861L..23L" ]
[ "1966Natur.211..468R", "1976ApJ...210L..63V", "1977Natur.268..405C", "1979ApJ...232...34B", "1981Natur.290..365P", "1983Natur.303...26S", "1984ApJ...278..499A", "1984ApJ...279...93W", "1984ApJ...286..509H", "1984MNRAS.210..929L", "1985ApJ...294..158A", "1986ApJ...305..204P", "1986ApJ...311..526H", "1986Natur.321..750G", "1987ApJS...63..615N", "1988A&A...199...73G", "1988ApJS...66..361H", "1988ApJS...68..643B", "1988Natur.334..591D", "1989AJ.....98..513C", "1989ApJ...336..606B", "1989ApJ...345..245C", "1989ApJ...346L..21G", "1989Natur.341..422T", "1990ApJ...355..456M", "1990MNRAS.246..163T", "1991AJ....102..537L", "1991ApJ...369L..27E", "1991ApJ...373..465F", "1991ApJ...377L...9C", "1991ApJ...378...47M", "1992MNRAS.256P...6S", "1992MNRAS.256P..53T", "1993A&A...272..105J", "1993ARA&A..31..473A", "1993MNRAS.262.1029D", "1993MNRAS.263..895I", "1993MNRAS.263.1023M", "1993MNRAS.264..421C", "1994AJ....108..414S", "1994ApJ...430..210A", "1994Natur.371..313A", "1995AJ....110.2597T", "1995ApJ...440..597T", "1995ApJ...444..146S", "1995ApJ...446..155C", "1995ApJS...99..349N", "1995MNRAS.273L...7C", "1996AJ....111.1025M", "1996ApJS..107..621D", "1996MNRAS.279L..72Y", "1996VA.....40..149H", "1996cyga.book...56A", "1996foci.book.....N", "1997ApJ...482L..37O", "1997ApJ...488..202S" ]
2105358
null
On the Origin of Early-Type Galaxies and the Evolution of the Interaction Rate in the Field
Using cosmological N-body simulations of critical and open cold dark matter (CDM) models, we have identified galaxy-sized dark matter halos originated by major binary mergers. Remnants of major merging events between redshift z=1 and the present have typically not yet been accreted into groups and clusters, and hence they can be linked to bright early-type field galaxies. The rate of formation of binary merger remnants is 1.9x10^-13(1+z)^3.1+/-0.2 and 1.6x10^-14(1+z)^2.5+/-0.4 h^3 Mpc^-3 yr^-1 for a critical tilted CDM and an open CDM model, respectively. The average age of these merger remnants is about 6 Gyr, 40% of the age of the universe. In an open universe, field early-type galaxies formed at z<1 by major mergers would account for only ~5% of the total population of early-type galaxies. This fraction is much higher (~55%) in critical models. These results are discussed together with present observational constraints.
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11.601884
6.057792
1999-04-01
35
1999AJ....117.1651G
[ "major binary mergers", "binary merger remnants", "major mergers", "critical models", "major merging events", "present observational constraints", "critical and open cold dark matter", "bright early-type field galaxies", "redshift z=1", "galaxy-sized dark matter halos" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: DARK MATTER", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/300805" ]
[ "Governato, Fabio", "Gardner, Jeffrey P.", "Stadel, Joachim", "Quinn, Thomas", "Lake, George" ]
[ "Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Box 351580, Seattle, WA 98195-1580", "Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Box 351580, Seattle, WA 98195-1580", "Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Box 351580, Seattle, WA 98195-1580", "Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Box 351580, Seattle, WA 98195-1580", "Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Box 351580, Seattle, WA 98195-1580" ]
[ "2000Natur.403..841W", "2001AJ....121.1278D", "2001ApJ...546..223G", "2001ApJ...557..616G", "2001ApJ...561..517K", "2001MNRAS.322....1M", "2002MNRAS.330..547T", "2002MNRAS.337..172K", "2003AJ....126..596T", "2003ApJ...586...17W", "2004ApJ...617L...9L", "2006ApJ...652...56B", "2006MNRAS.370.1213C", "2007ApJS..172..329K", "2008ApJ...680...41D", "2008ApJ...681..232L", "2008ApJ...683...33H", "2008MNRAS.383..615N", "2008MNRAS.386..577F", "2008MNRAS.389.1275D", "2008PASP..120..571L", "2009A&A...498..407G", "2009A&A...501..505L", "2009ApJ...702.1005S", "2009PhDT.......282S", "2010A&A...518A..20L", "2010MNRAS.406.2267F", "2010PhR...495...33B", "2010arXiv1003.0686E", "2011ASPC..446..319S", "2012MNRAS.419..411M", "2012MNRAS.421.3579N", "2013ApJ...762...43K", "2015ApJS..220....3K", "2022ApJ...929..120D" ]
[ "1972ApJ...178..623T", "1975MNRAS.173..671L", "1978MNRAS.183..341W", "1980ApJ...237..692L", "1983ApJ...268..495M", "1983MNRAS.202..113G", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1987A&A...173...23A", "1987ApJ...313...59D", "1987nngp.proc..175F", "1989ApJ...337...34Z", "1990ApJ...359L...1C", "1991MNRAS.248..332B", "1991Natur.354..210H", "1992AJ....104.1039S", "1992ApJ...389L..49D", "1992ApJ...393..484B", "1992MNRAS.254..601B", "1993ApJ...409..548H", "1993MNRAS.260...49B", "1993MNRAS.265..731G", "1994AJ....108.2054R", "1994ApJ...431L...9M", "1994ApJ...435..540C", "1994ApJ...436..467G", "1995ApJ...449L..23D", "1995MNRAS.275L..19G", "1996A&A...311..425B", "1996A&A...314..379P", "1996AJ....112..359V", "1996ASPC...92..415B", "1996ASPC...98..105D", "1996ApJ...458...18G", "1996ApJ...463L..51B", "1996ApJ...467L...1L", "1996MNRAS.279L..47A", "1996MNRAS.280..397R", "1996MNRAS.281..487K", "1996MNRAS.282L..27B", "1996MNRAS.283.1361B", "1996Natur.379..613M", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ApJ...474..561O", "1997ApJ...475...29P", "1997ApJ...483..582E", "1997ApJ...484...31G", "1997ApJ...488...35R", "1997MNRAS.285..613H", "1997MNRAS.285L...1D", "1997MNRAS.287..899L", "1997MNRAS.291..527Z", "1997NewA....2...91G", "1997astro.ph.10043Q", "1998A&AS..130..267L", "1998AJ....116...85S", "1998ApJ...501..493C", "1998ApJ...503..617M", "1998ApJ...508L.143B", "1998MNRAS.300..146G", "1998MNRAS.300..183C", "1998Natur.392..359G", "2001MNRAS.320..504S" ]
2131303
null
The distorted jets and gaseous environment of 3C 465
The interaction of the jets seen in radio galaxies with any surrounding gaseous medium has been shown to provide a useful diagnostic for the physical parameters of the jets themselves. In this paper, ROSAT HRI observations of the field around the wide-angle-tailed radio galaxy 3C 465 are used to derive the properties of the intracluster medium (ICM) through which the radio jets propagate. If the observed large-scale bends in the jets are attributed to ram pressure and buoyancy within this medium, then the morphology of the bent large-scale jets constrains the transverse velocity of the radio galaxy to be <= 280 km s^-1. The bulk flow of material down the large-scale jet cannot be occurring at a velocity of >= 3000 km s^-1; as expected, this value is very much smaller than the velocity previously inferred for the pc-scale jet (~ 0.6c). As in many radio galaxies, there is an abrupt transition from the well-collimated small-scale radio jets to the extended large-scale lobe structure in 3C 465. One possible explanation for this transition is that it occurs at the interface between the interstellar medium (ISM) of the galaxy and the surrounding ICM. We have used the HRI data to measure the properties of the ISM of the host galaxy. These data, together with those obtained from larger radii, are consistent with the hypothesis that the jet/lobe transition coincides with the ISM/ICM interface, but data of higher spatial and spectral resolution are required to test this model more stringently.
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15.316913
5.863789
1999-04-01
12
1999MNRAS.305..417S
[ "radio galaxies", "many radio galaxies", "larger radii", "ROSAT HRI observations", "the radio jets", "spectral resolution", "ICM", "the radio galaxy", "data", "the bent large-scale jets" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: 3C 465", "GALAXIES: JETS", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES" ]
4
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02427.x" ]
[ "Sakelliou, Irini", "Merrifield, Michael R." ]
[ "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ" ]
[ "2000A&A...361..888G", "2001A&A...369..467R", "2001A&AT...20..275A", "2002NewAR..46..121W", "2004MNRAS.349..560H", "2005ApJ...622..187M", "2005MNRAS.359.1007H", "2009JApA...30...37K", "2010A&A...516A...1L", "2011MmSAI..82...69L", "2021MNRAS.504.4416D", "2023Galax..11...67O" ]
[ "1976A&A....49..137C", "1977ApJS...34..451S", "1978MNRAS.185P..39B", "1979ApJ...234L..27F", "1982AJ.....87.1245B", "1982IAUS...97...45B", "1983ApJ...267..535F", "1984ARA&A..22..319B", "1984ApJ...276...38J", "1984ApJ...277..115F", "1984MNRAS.208..323L", "1985ApJ...295...80O", "1985ApJ...296..447T", "1987MNRAS.226..531G", "1988Natur.335..146N", "1988gera.book..563K", "1990ApJS...72...75O", "1991bja..book..278B", "1993A&A...272..137S", "1993ApJ...408..428O", "1993ApJ...416...36P", "1993LNP...421...55Z", "1994AJ....108.2031P", "1994ApJ...420L..17W", "1994ApJ...437...83B", "1995ApJ...444...41S", "1995ApJ...445...80L", "1995ApJ...447..582B", "1995ApJ...449...93W", "1995ApJ...454..735V", "1996A&A...305..756S", "1996ASPC..100..267L", "1996ApJ...470..211H", "1996MNRAS.283..673S", "1996rouh.book.....B", "1997A&A...318..361T", "1997A&A...327...37S", "1997AJ....114.1711G", "1997ApJ...474..580G", "1997ApJ...475...11C", "1998MNRAS.293..489S" ]
2131229
null
An automated search for nearby low-surface-brightness galaxies - II. The discussion
An automated search for low-surface-brightness (LSB) galaxies over 2187 deg^2 of sky produced 2435 galaxies. The technique, calibration, background contamination, models of the galaxy populations, survey and catalogue were discussed in Paper I. In this paper we present an analysis of our results. The number density of Fornax LSB galaxies drops exponentially with radius from the cluster centre with a scalelength of 1.25 deg while the bright galaxies have a scalelength of 0.48 deg. Spectroscopic observations in the Fornax region reveal that two LSB galaxies are at approximately the same redshift as the Fornax cluster, yet they are six bright galaxy scalelengths from the cluster centre. A correlation analysis of the sample indicates that our galaxies are much more strongly clustered (A_omega =0.82) than the general faint population (at the same magnitude limit) but less so than the bright nearby RC3 galaxies (A_omega = 2.23) sampled within the same volume. This implies that LSB galaxies are associated with bright galaxies, but distributed over a larger scale. We have compared our observations with a fading model of the faint galaxy number counts. This model predicts ~60 galaxies per field while we detect on average 13. Either the fading models are incorrect or there is strong differential fading between clusters and field. The luminosity function of the Fornax cluster has a slope of alpha =-1.58 +/- 0.6. The total luminosity of the Fornax cluster is dominated by bright galaxies with a LSB-to-bright luminosity ratio of 0.02 while the field has a ratio of 0.03.
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11.289573
7.0767
1999-04-01
7
1999MNRAS.304..311M
[ "Fornax LSB galaxies", "bright galaxies", "LSB galaxies", "galaxies", "Fornax LSB", "the bright nearby RC3 galaxies", "clusters", "six bright galaxy scalelengths", "Fornax", "LSB" ]
[ "CATALOGUES", "SURVEYS", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "MASS FUNCTION" ]
0
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02306.x" ]
[ "Morshidi-Esslinger, Z.", "Davies, J. I.", "Smith, R. M." ]
[ "University of Wales, Cardiff, Department of Physics and Astronomy, PO Box 913, Cardiff CF2 3YB", "University of Wales, Cardiff, Department of Physics and Astronomy, PO Box 913, Cardiff CF2 3YB", "University of Wales, Cardiff, Department of Physics and Astronomy, PO Box 913, Cardiff CF2 3YB" ]
[ "1999MNRAS.304..297M", "2000AJ....120.1316K", "2000RvMA...13..245D", "2001MNRAS.328.1151D", "2002MNRAS.336..851D", "2008MNRAS.391..986Z", "2021MNRAS.507.2300F" ]
[ "1974ApJS...28...19P", "1975ApJ...196..647P", "1977ApJ...217..385G", "1979PhDT........13P", "1981MNRAS.194...49P", "1982MNRAS.201..867H", "1984ApJ...282..390K", "1985AJ.....90.1681B", "1985MNRAS.213..953S", "1986AJ.....91....1P", "1986ApJ...303...39D", "1986ApJ...310..499G", "1988AJ.....96.1520F", "1988MNRAS.232..239D", "1989AJ.....98..367F", "1990A&A...228...42B", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990MNRAS.247..166R", "1991ApJ...370...25T", "1991Natur.354..460C", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992ApJ...397....5C", "1992ApJ...399L..35P", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1993MNRAS.260..241C", "1994A&ARv...6...67F", "1994AJ....107.1307H", "1994MNRAS.267..129M", "1994PhDT.......151D", "1995AJ....110..573M", "1996ApJ...462...50H", "1996PhDT........89S", "1997AJ....114..635D", "1997ARA&A..35..267I", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1999MNRAS.304..297M" ]
2133809
null
Deep Observations with the Parkes 21-cm Multibeam System
We report on a preliminary analysis of a 5600 sec per point survey of 32 square degrees in Centaurus, carried out with the Parkes 13-beam system. The signal-to-noise ratio is found to improve as ? for the whole integration. We have detected 102 HI sources between +250 and +12,700 km s<SUP>-1</SUP> either by eye or by using the new galaxy-finding algorithm PICASSO. Over half of these are new HI detections. Around a dozen of these are not associated with catalogued galaxies and, in two of these cases, we have not identified an optical counterpart on the Digitized Sky Survey. Arguments are put forward to explain why deep integrations are needed to find low surface brightness objects.
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11.867274
7.703362
1999-04-01
2
1999PASA...16...66D
[ "catalogued galaxies", "new HI detections", "low surface brightness objects", "deep integrations", "+12,700 km", "the new galaxy-finding algorithm PICASSO", "sec", "Centaurus", "point", "+250" ]
[ "GALAXY DISTANCES", "LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "MASS FUNCTION", "GALAXY STATISTICS", "galaxies: distances and redshifts", "galaxies: luminosity functions", "galaxies: mass function", "galaxies: statistics" ]
0
[ "10.1071/AS99066" ]
[ "Disney, M. J.", "Boyce, P. J.", "Banks, G. D.", "Minchin, R. F.", "Wright, A. E." ]
[ "University of Wales, Cardiff, PO Box 913, Cardiff CF2 3YB, UK;", "University of Wales, Cardiff, PO Box 913, Cardiff CF2 3YB, UK;", "University of Wales, Cardiff, PO Box 913, Cardiff CF2 3YB, UK;", "University of Wales, Cardiff, PO Box 913, Cardiff CF2 3YB, UK", "University of Wales, Cardiff, PO Box 913, Cardiff CF2 3YB, UK;" ]
[ "1999PASA...16...12M", "2000AJ....120.1342K" ]
[ "1995AJ....109..990V", "1995AJ....110..463Q", "1996PASA...13..243S", "1997MNRAS.286..133T", "1997PASA...14...69D", "1997PASP..109..745B", "1998ApJ...493L..59P", "1999PASA...16...12M" ]
2131323
null
Gravitationally lensed X-ray sources towards galaxy clusters
Foreground massive galaxy clusters are expected to gravitationally lens background sources. Here, we calculate the expected number of gravitationally lensed X-ray sources on the sky owing to foreground galaxy clusters for different cosmological models. We describe the background sources using flux and redshift distribution observed in the ROSAT Deep Survey towards the `Lockman' hole, and model the foreground galaxy clusters as isothermal spheres. We account for the redshift evolution of lensing clusters using a Press-Schechter analysis with normalizations based on the observed cluster temperature function. For a flat cosmology with Ο_m=0.3 and Ο_Lambda = 0.7, we predict ~ 10^3 lensed sources with fluxes larger than ~ 5 x 10^-15 erg cm^-2 s^-1 and ~ 10^4 sources with fluxes larger than ~ 10^-16 erg cm^-2 s^-1 in the 0.5-2.5 keV band. We discuss the possibility of detecting lensed X-ray sources towards clusters in deep AXAF observations. The planned AXAF guaranteed time observation of A370 with an exposure of 90 ks is likely to recover at least two lensed active galactic nuclei (AGNs) above the 3 sigma level. Aided by amplification owing to gravitational lensing, the search for lensed X-ray sources towards clusters is likely to recover AGNs at redshifts of 1-4.
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0.021477241069078445, -0.006504659075289965, -0.025112515315413475, -0.03223204240202904, -0.04414106905460358, 0.01049051620066166, 0.027809305116534233, 0.0028612948954105377, 0.02962154895067215, -0.012987744063138962, -0.028154494240880013, 0.02470260299742222, 0.023710183799266815, -0.011531476862728596, -0.03236148878931999, 0.010862672701478004, -0.01081952452659607, -0.008478710427880287, -0.007151889149099588, 0.009201450273394585, -0.007933958433568478, 0.026773737743496895, -0.014972582459449768, 0.011887453496456146 ]
13.240122
4.513515
1999-04-01
1
1999MNRAS.305..412C
[ "lensing clusters", "lensed X-ray sources", "foreground galaxy clusters", "Foreground massive galaxy clusters", "clusters", "background sources", "gravitationally lensed X-ray sources", "erg cm^-2 s^-1", "deep AXAF observations", "fluxes" ]
[ "GALAXIES: NUCLEI", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "GRAVITATIONAL LENSING" ]
0
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02493.x" ]
[ "Cooray, Asantha R." ]
[ "Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA" ]
[ "2011A&ARv..19...47K" ]
[ "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1984ApJ...284....1T", "1987MNRAS.227..717B", "1991ApJ...379..517K", "1992ApJ...393....3F", "1993ApJ...416..425M", "1994ApJ...422L...5L", "1994ApJS...94..583G", "1996AJ....112.1335W", "1996ApJ...466..638K", "1996MNRAS.281...71G", "1996MNRAS.281..323V", "1997ApJ...478..476R", "1997ApJ...483L..17M", "1997MNRAS.288L..19A", "1997MNRAS.292..289E", "1997astro.ph.12117E", "1998A&A...329..482H", "1998A&A...329..495S", "1998A&A...330....1B", "1998AJ....116.1009R", "1998AJ....116.1039R", "1998MNRAS.295..769M", "1998astro.ph..2107B", "1999A&A...341..653C", "1999ApJ...511..562C" ]
2133808
null
Gas and Galaxy Formation
The theory of galaxy formation is reviewed briefly. From the evidence of clusters today, the primordial gas fraction was 20% or more. Thus, while the Universe is dominated by dark matter, gas plays an appreciable role in galaxy formation. Collapses of dwarf protogalaxies produce predominantly cold gas. It is argued that, in such cold collapses, the collapsed gas is largely self-gravitating. As a result, gas processes play a critical role in determining the visible structure of galaxies.
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11.965855
7.631826
1999-04-01
0
1999PASA...16....3N
[ "gas processes", "gas", "such cold collapses", "galaxy formation", "dark matter", "galaxies", "the primordial gas fraction", "Collapses", "dwarf protogalaxies", "predominantly cold gas" ]
[ "GALAXY FORMATION", "galaxies: formation" ]
0
[ "10.1071/AS99003" ]
[ "Nulsen, P. E. J." ]
[ "Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;" ]
null
[ "1977MNRAS.179..541R", "1982ARA&A..20..547F", "1986Sci...231..227S", "1987ARA&A..25..425T", "1991ApJ...376...51W", "1991ApJ...379...52W", "1993MNRAS.264..201K", "1993Natur.366..429W", "1994ARA&A..32..531C", "1994PASP..106.1225G", "1995MNRAS.272..570S", "1996MNRAS.281.1133G", "1996MNRAS.283.1361B", "1996PhDT.......107M", "1997ApJ...477....8W", "1997ApJ...479L..19C", "1997ApJ...481..703S", "1997ApJ...490..493N", "1997MNRAS.291..425N", "1997MNRAS.292..289E", "1997MNRAS.292..419W", "1997Natur.388..250W", "1998A&A...332L..49B", "1998AJ....115.1329S", "1998ApJ...497...32M", "1998ApJ...499..699B", "1998ApJ...501..493C", "1998ApJ...502..550D", "1998ApJ...505L..69L", "1998MNRAS.296.1061T", "1998MNRAS.300..837E", "1998MNRAS.301..168N", "1998astro.ph..2268S", "1998astro.ph..7261L", "1998giis.conf.....K", "1998lsst.conf..171G", "1999MNRAS.303..321G" ]
11668667
astro-ph/9905333
The inevitable youthfulness of known high-redshift radio galaxies
Some galaxies are very luminous in the radio part of the spectrum. These `radio galaxies' have extensive (hundreds of kiloparsecs) lobes of emission powered by plasma jets originating at a central black hole. Some radio galaxies can be seen at very high redshifts, where in principle they can serve as probes of the early evolution of the Universe. Here we show that, for any model of radio-galaxy evolution in which the luminosity decreases with time after an initial rapid increase (that is, essentially all reasonable models), all observable high-redshift radio galaxies must be seen when the lobes are less than 10<SUP>7</SUP> years old. This means that high-redshift radio galaxies can be used as a high-time-resolution probe of evolution in the early Universe. Moreover, this result explains many observed trends of radio-galaxy properties with redshift, without needing to invoke explanations based on cosmology or strong evolution of the surrounding intergalactic medium with cosmic time, thereby avoiding conflict with current theories of structure formation.
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14.817515
6.193154
1999-05-01
96
1999Natur.399..330B
[ "high-redshift radio galaxies", "strong evolution", "cosmic time", "radio-galaxy evolution", "evolution", "time", "redshift", "radio-galaxy properties", "many observed trends", "plasma jets" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1038/20612", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9905333" ]
[ "Blundell, Katherine M.", "Rawlings, Steve" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1999ASPC..193...23M", "1999ASPC..193...44V", "1999ASPC..193...75B", "2000A&A...362..447K", "2000A&A...362..519D", "2000AJ....119.1111B", "2000MNRAS.313..237W", "2000MNRAS.319..121J", "2000SPIE.4005...83V", "2000astro.ph..8067R", "2001A&A...372..357H", "2001ASPC..240..101C", "2001ApJ...560L.115G", "2001MNRAS.323..417A", "2001MNRAS.324....1W", "2001MNRAS.326.1563J", "2001MNRAS.327..907J", "2002AJ....123..637D", "2002AJ....123.2312S", "2002ApJ...567..781C", "2002ApJ...569L..11V", "2002ApJ...569L..23S", "2002IAUS..199...34R", "2002LNP...589...71B", "2002MNRAS.331..435W", "2002MNRAS.334..511S", "2002NewAR..46...47D", "2002NewAR..46...75B", "2002luml.conf..125C", "2003ApJ...598..178I", "2003MNRAS.346.1009H", "2003NewAR..47..353V", "2004A&A...424..531H", "2004Ap&SS.293..235W", "2004BASI...32..385B", "2004JCAP...11..007J", "2004MNRAS.351..676R", "2004MNRAS.355L...9R", "2005A&A...433..467J", "2005ApJ...621L...1K", "2005MNRAS.363L..41P", "2005RSPTA.363..645B", "2006A&A...456..433I", "2006AN....327..196V", "2006MNRAS.369.1566G", "2006MNRAS.372..381B", "2006MNRAS.373.1531C", "2007A&A...461..823V", "2007A&A...475..145N", "2007ASPC..380..213K", "2007ASPC..380..219P", "2007ApJ...658..217B", "2007ApJ...668L.103B", "2007MNRAS.375.1349C", "2007MNRAS.381.1548K", "2008A&A...484L..39F", "2008A&A...491..407N", "2008A&ARv..15...67M", "2008ASPC..386..467B", "2008MNRAS.388..677W", "2008MNRAS.390.1117I", "2009ApJ...704..548O", "2010MNRAS.406..197B", "2011A&A...525A..43N", "2011MNRAS.415.2359N", "2012ARA&A..50..455F", "2012ApJ...760..132S", "2012MNRAS.424.2028K", "2012MNRAS.425.1320I", "2012RAA....12..127G", "2012arXiv1211.2823R", "2013MNRAS.429..744R", "2013MNRAS.432.3381M", "2013MNRAS.434.3246S", "2014MNRAS.445..280H", "2015A&A...579A..89C", "2015IAUS..313..231M", "2016A&A...586A.152C", "2017A&A...600A.121N", "2017MNRAS.464.3271M", "2017MNRAS.469.2886D", "2017MNRAS.469.4083S", "2017RSOS....470522S", "2018MNRAS.475.4557M", "2018MNRAS.475.5041S", "2018MNRAS.479L..76M", "2018MNRAS.480.2726M", "2019MNRAS.486.1225T", "2020MNRAS.493.3838M", "2021AN....342..153D", "2021Galax...9...93V", "2022PASA...39...61B", "2022arXiv220112353B", "2023A&A...676A..29C", "2023ApJ...954...27A", "2024JApA...45...12G" ]
[ "1980ApJ...236...43A", "1983MNRAS.204..151L", "1984RvMP...56..255B", "1987ApJ...321L..29M", "1987JApA....8...33K", "1988ApJ...325...74S", "1988MNRAS.230..131P", "1988Natur.333..319B", "1989MNRAS.238.1055R", "1991ApJ...367....1H", "1991ApJ...378..476E", "1991MNRAS.250..198G", "1991MNRAS.250..581F", "1994ApJ...426...38D", "1996MNRAS.278..479R", "1996MNRAS.280L...9B", "1996MNRAS.282..263E", "1996MNRAS.282.1483C", "1996Natur.383..502R", "1997ApJ...483L..21D", "1997ApJ...488L..15O", "1997ApJ...490..493N", "1997MNRAS.290..292B", "1997MNRAS.292..723K", "1998ApJ...507..161D", "1998Natur.395..859G", "1999AJ....117..677B", "1999ApJ...520...87N", "1999ApJ...521..526M" ]
2640399
astro-ph/9811222
Modelling the evolution of galaxy clustering
Measurements of galaxy clustering are now becoming possible over a range of redshifts out to z ~ 3. We use a semi-analytic model of galaxy formation to compute the expected evolution of the galaxy correlation function with redshift. We illustrate how the degree of clustering evolution is sensitive to the details of sample selection. For a fixed apparent magnitude limit, galaxies selected at higher redshifts are located in progressively rarer dark matter haloes, compared with the general population of galaxies in place at each redshift. As a result these galaxies are highly biased tracers of the underlying dark matter distribution and exhibit stronger clustering than the dark matter. In general, the correlation length measured in comoving units, decreases at first with increasing redshift, before increasing again at higher redshift. We show that the epsilon-model often used to interpret the angular correlation function of faint galaxies gives an inadequate description of the evolution of clustering, and offers no physical insight into the clustering process. We compare our predictions with those of a simple, popular model in which a one-to-one correspondence between galaxies and dark haloes is assumed. Qualitatively, this model reproduces the correct evolutionary behaviour at high redshift, but the quantitative results can be significantly in error. Our theoretical expectations are in good agreement with the high redshift clustering data of Carlberg et al. and Postman et al. but are higher than the measurements of Le Fevre et al.
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12.377366
5.162642
1999-05-01
101
1999MNRAS.305L..21B
[ "galaxy clustering", "high redshift", "higher redshift", "higher redshifts", "galaxy formation", "faint galaxies", "galaxies", "increasing redshift", "redshift", "redshifts" ]
[ "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02590.x", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9811222" ]
[ "Baugh, C. M.", "Benson, A. J.", "Cole, S.", "Frenk, C. S.", "Lacey, C. G." ]
[ "University of Durham, Department of Physics, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE", "University of Durham, Department of Physics, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE", "University of Durham, Department of Physics, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE", "University of Durham, Department of Physics, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE", "Theoretical Astrophysics Centre, Juliane Maries Vej 30, Copenhagen, Denmark" ]
[ "1999ASPC..191..353B", "1999ASPC..193..377C", "1999ApJ...513L..99P", "1999ApJ...520..437K", "1999ApJ...521L..99P", "1999ApJ...524...31S", "1999MNRAS.306..988M", "1999MNRAS.308..119S", "1999MNRAS.309.1007S", "1999MNRAS.310..540A", "1999fgb..conf...64C", "2000A&A...354..815S", "2000A&A...364..349C", "2000ARA&A..38..667F", "2000ASPC..200..394B", "2000ASPC..215..279F", "2000ApJ...530...36B", "2000ApJ...540...62S", "2000ApJ...541..527B", "2000ApJ...542...27I", "2000ApJ...542..710G", "2000ApJ...545...32H", "2000MNRAS.311..576K", "2000MNRAS.311..793B", "2000MNRAS.314..546M", "2000MNRAS.316..107B", "2000MNRAS.317..697E", "2000MNRAS.317..782B", "2000MNRAS.318..913M", "2000MNRAS.319..168C", "2000astro.ph..5312B", "2000astro.ph..5323S", "2001A&A...366..363V", "2001A&A...375....1S", "2001A&A...376..756M", "2001ApJ...548..127T", "2001ApJ...550....7K", "2001ApJ...554...85W", "2001ApJ...558L..83O", "2001ApJ...560...72S", "2001MNRAS.320..261B", "2001MNRAS.327.1041B", "2001MNRAS.328..726S", "2001PABei..19..227J", "2001PASA...18...64F", "2001astro.ph..9252O", "2001astro.ph.11239P", "2001qhte.conf..295B", "2002ARA&A..40..579G", "2002ApJ...565...24P", "2002MNRAS.330..241M", "2003A&A...409..835F", "2003ApJ...585..191W", "2003ApJ...595...59B", "2003MNRAS.338..623P", "2003MNRAS.343..367B", "2003MNRAS.343..796P", "2003PASJ...55..133E", "2004ApJ...601....1W", "2004ApJ...611..685O", "2004MNRAS.347..895H", "2004MNRAS.348.1355B", "2004MNRAS.352..211P", "2004cgpc.sympE..41O", "2005AdSpR..36.1131T", "2005ApJ...620L...1O", "2005ApJ...624..561H", "2005PASA...22..245G", "2005mmgf.conf..257D", "2006ApJ...648...81R", "2008MNRAS.386.2145A", "2010MNRAS.405.1006O", "2010MNRAS.405.1573B", "2010MNRAS.407..567B", "2010PhR...495...33B", "2011ASPC..446..227L", "2011ApJ...731..113M", "2011MNRAS.417..517G", "2011MNRAS.417.2057A", "2012ApJ...750..137T", "2012ApJ...756...71L", "2013MNRAS.435..679F", "2013MNRAS.436..315F", "2014ApJ...784..128S", "2014MNRAS.443.3612S", "2015MNRAS.446.1874L", "2016ApJ...817...97L", "2016BAAA...58....8C", "2016MNRAS.461..176P", "2017A&A...597A...4S", "2017JKAS...50...61S", "2017MNRAS.469..749P", "2018MNRAS.478.1042S", "2018MNRAS.481.4221S", "2019ApJ...874...85G", "2019MNRAS.487..275G", "2019MNRAS.490.3532J", "2020MNRAS.491.5771B", "2020MNRAS.497....1O", "2021ApJ...907....3L", "2023ApJ...948..100B" ]
[ "1954ApJ...119..655L", "1977ApJ...217..385G", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1989MNRAS.237.1127C", "1991ApJ...374L...1H", "1991ApJ...379...52W", "1991ApJ...380L..47E", "1993ApJ...402...15L", "1993MNRAS.262..627L", "1993MNRAS.263..360R", "1993MNRAS.264..201K", "1994MNRAS.271..781C", "1995ApJ...439..565I", "1995MNRAS.274..755H", "1996ApJ...461..534L", "1996ApJ...462L..17S", "1996ApJ...469..519H", "1996MNRAS.280..267B", "1996MNRAS.280L..19P", "1996MNRAS.282..263E", "1996MNRAS.282..347M", "1996MNRAS.282.1096M", "1996MNRAS.282L..27B", "1996MNRAS.283.1361B", "1997MNRAS.286..115M", "1997MNRAS.286..795K", "1998ApJ...494L.137B", "1998ApJ...498..504B", "1998ApJ...499...20J", "1998ApJ...499L.125C", "1998ApJ...503..543G", "1998ApJ...503L...9J", "1998ApJ...505...18A", "1998ApJ...506...33P", "1998MNRAS.299...95M", "1998MNRAS.299..417B", "1998Natur.392..359G", "1999MNRAS.303..188K", "1999MNRAS.304..175M", "1999MNRAS.307..529K", "1999MNRAS.310.1087S", "1999RSPTA.357..167C" ]
11655349
astro-ph/9809063
Redshifts of the Gravitational Lenses MG 0414+0534 and MG 0751+2716
We report redshifts in two gravitational lens systems, MG 0414+0534 and MG 0751+2716. The lens galaxy in MG 0414+0534 lies at z_l=0.9584+/-0.0002. The luminosity and extreme red color of the lens are thus typical of a passively evolving early-type ~2L_* galaxy. The galaxy cannot have a significant global mean extinction without being anomalously luminous. The lens galaxy in MG 0751+2716 has a redshift of z_l=0.3502+/-0.0003, and it is a member of a small group. The group includes the nearby bright companion galaxy whose redshift we confirmed to be z=0.3501+/-0.0001 and a nearby emission-line galaxy with z=0.3505+/-0.0003. A second emission-line galaxy with z=0.5216+/-0.0001 was found nearly superposed on the first emission-line galaxy. The source in MG 0751+2716 is a z_s=3.200+/-0.001 radio quasar. For flat universes with Omega_0=1.0 (0.3), 96% (87%) of lenses like MG 0414+0534 and 7% (3%) of lenses like MG 0751+2716 are expected to have lower lens redshifts than observed.
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13.203867
4.389059
1999-05-01
80
1999AJ....117.2034T
[ "lower lens redshifts", "MG", "redshifts", "extreme red color", "a nearby emission-line galaxy", "two gravitational lens systems", "flat universes", "the first emission-line galaxy", "A second emission-line galaxy", "a significant global mean extinction" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: DISTANCE SCALE", "COSMOLOGY: GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "QUASARS: INDIVIDUAL (MG 0414+0534", "MG 0751+2716)", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1086/300834", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9809063" ]
[ "Tonry, John L.", "Kochanek, Christopher S." ]
[ "Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822", "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138" ]
[ "2000A&A...362..845R", "2000AJ....119..451L", "2000ARA&A..38..289M", "2000ApJ...535..671T", "2000ApJ...537..697K", "2000ApJ...545..129K", "2001ApJ...554.1227H", "2001cpgl.conf..279H", "2001hsa..conf...49R", "2002A&A...385..399B", "2002A&ARv..10..263C", "2002AJ....123..627F", "2002ApJ...564..133G", "2002ApJ...568..509C", "2002ApJ...581..823F", "2002LNP...608....1C", "2002LNP...608..124W", "2003ApJ...584..664K", "2003ApJ...587..143R", "2003MNRAS.341...13B", "2003MNRAS.343..639O", "2004ApJ...611..739T", "2004ApJ...612..660K", "2005A&A...436L..21C", "2005ApJ...622..106O", "2005IAUS..225..311F", "2005MNRAS.364.1451O", "2006ApJ...637...53D", "2006ApJ...641..169M", "2006ApJ...646...85W", "2006ApJS..166..443E", "2007A&A...470...53A", "2007AJ....134..668A", "2007AcASn..48..280L", "2007ApJ...660L..31M", "2007MNRAS.377.1503D", "2007MNRAS.382L..11C", "2007NJPh....9..445C", "2008A&A...478...95Y", "2008A&A...485..403O", "2008ChA&A..32...13L", "2008MNRAS.391.1955B", "2008Natur.456..927I", "2009A&A...498...49C", "2009ApJ...697..610M", "2010MNRAS.404..749M", "2010arXiv1011.6652V", "2011ApJ...726...84W", "2011ApJ...731...71B", "2011ApJ...738...96M", "2011ApJ...740...97L", "2011ApJ...741..117C", "2011MNRAS.413L..86C", "2012ApJ...755...31C", "2012MNRAS.420.3574G", "2012MNRAS.426.2978I", "2013A&A...553A..13O", "2013ApJ...772L..25T", "2013ApJ...773...35M", "2014MNRAS.440..870T", "2014MNRAS.443.3631M", "2015ApJS..219...29M", "2015MNRAS.447.1452I", "2015MNRAS.448.2704I", "2015MNRAS.450.1042R", "2016MNRAS.456..870B", "2017ApJ...835L..23I", "2017ApJ...836..141M", "2017ApJ...836..174C", "2017ApJ...850...94W", "2017MNRAS.465.4450A", "2018A&A...613A..74P", "2018MNRAS.480.4675V", "2020MNRAS.492.3047H", "2020MNRAS.495.2387S", "2021MNRAS.508.1165C", "2022A&A...658A...7B", "2022MNRAS.516.1808P", "2023ApJ...954..197I", "2024Galax..12...25S" ]
[ "1964MNRAS.128..307R", "1977ApJ...212..326S", "1979AJ.....84.1511T", "1981ApJ...244..723Y", "1984ApJ...279...13T", "1992AJ....104..968H", "1992ApJ...384....1K", "1992ApJ...393..611W", "1993ApJ...407L..69A", "1994MNRAS.268..889H", "1995AJ....110.2570L", "1995AJ....110.2583L", "1995PASP..107..375O", "1996A&A...308..359H", "1996ApJ...466..638K", "1996PASP..108..277O", "1997AJ....113..540F", "1997AJ....114...48L", "1997AJ....114..507K", "1997AJ....114.2276K", "1997MNRAS.288..138M", "1998AJ....115....1T", "1998AJ....115.1377M", "1998ApJ...509..561K", "1999ApJ...523..617F" ]
11667939
astro-ph/9801254
The APM cluster-galaxy cross-correlation function: constraints on Omega and galaxy bias
We estimate the cluster-galaxy cross-correlation function (xi_cg), from the APM galaxy and galaxy cluster surveys. We obtain estimates both in real space from the inversion of projected statistics and in redshift space using the galaxy and cluster redshift samples. The amplitude of xi_cg is found to be almost independent of cluster richness. At large separations, r &gt;= 5 h^-1Mpc (h=H_0/100 km s^-1 Mpc^-1, where H_0 is the Hubble constant), xi_cg has a similar shape to the galaxy-galaxy and cluster-cluster autocorrelation functions. xi_cg in redshift space can be related to the real-space xi_cg by convolution with an appropriate velocity field model. Here we apply a spherical collapse model, which we have tested against N-body simulations, finding that it provides an accurate description of the averaged infall velocity of matter into galaxy clusters. We use this model to estimate beta (beta =Ο^0.6/b, where b is the linear bias parameter), and find that it tends to overestimate the true result in simulations by only ~ 10-30 per cent. Application to the APM results yields beta =0.46 with beta &lt; 0.73 at 95 per cent confidence. This measure is complementary to the estimates made of the density parameter from larger scale bulk flows and from the virialized regions of clusters on smaller scales. We also compare the APM xi_cg and galaxy autocorrelations directly with the mass correlation and cluster-mass correlations in COBE-normalized simulations of popular cosmological models, and derive two independent estimates of the galaxy biasing expected as a function of scale. This analysis reveals that both low-density and critical-density COBE-normalized cold dark matter (CDM) models require anti-biasing by a factor ~ 2 on scales r &lt;= 2 h^-1 Mpc, and that the mixed dark matter (MDM) model is consistent with a constant biasing factor on all scales. The critical-density CDM model also suffers from the usual deficit of power on large scales (r &gt;= 20 h^-1 Mpc). We use the velocity fields predicted from the different models to distort the APM real-space cross-correlation function. Comparison with the APM redshift-space xi^cg yields an estimate of the value of Ο^0.6 needed in each model. We find that only the low-Ο model is fully consistent with observations, with MDM marginally excluded at the ~ 2 sigma level.
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12.056985
3.429649
1999-05-01
41
1999MNRAS.305..547C
[ "galaxy clusters", "popular cosmological models", "large scales", "larger scale bulk flows", "redshift space", "scales r", "real space", "clusters", "cluster richness", "smaller scales" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02381.x", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9801254" ]
[ "Croft, Rupert A. C.", "Dalton, Gavin B.", "Efstathiou, George" ]
[ "Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Harvard University Astronomy Department, Mail Stop 51, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA", "Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH", "Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA" ]
[ "1998ApJ...500L..79T", "1999MNRAS.309..610D", "2000AJ....120...23H", "2000MNRAS.316..267W", "2001ApJ...546..157V", "2001MNRAS.323..231W", "2003ApJ...585..215Y", "2004ApJ...607..164K", "2004ApJ...610L..85W", "2004ApJS..151....1E", "2005ApJ...622..853C", "2005MNRAS.362.1225S", "2006MNRAS.373.1409P", "2006MNRAS.373.1440C", "2007A&A...465...35C", "2007MNRAS.374..269B", "2007MNRAS.374..535K", "2007MNRAS.381.1369G", "2008ApJ...673L..13F", "2008MNRAS.389.1127P", "2010MNRAS.409..184P", "2011MNRAS.412.1778C", "2011MNRAS.418.2435N", "2012ApJ...758...50L", "2012MNRAS.424.1448R", "2013MNRAS.431.3319Z", "2013MNRAS.434.3008C", "2013MNRAS.436.3480P", "2015ApJ...809..138I", "2016JCAP...03..005A", "2016MNRAS.456..924D", "2016MNRAS.462.2465C", "2016PhRvD..93b3507D", "2017MNRAS.470.2566P", "2020A&A...642A.131S", "2020JCAP...12..023H", "2020MNRAS.491.3061S", "2021A&A...656A..44R", "2021MNRAS.504.2911B", "2021MNRAS.505.5731P", "2023MNRAS.523.4270Z" ]
[ "1977ApJ...215..703S", "1977ApJS...34..425D", "1980ApJ...242..448Y", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1985ApJS...57..241E", "1985ESOC...20..359Y", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1986ApJ...308..493H", "1986ApJ...308..499V", "1987MNRAS.227....1K", "1988LNP...297..312E", "1988MNRAS.231..635L", "1989AJ.....98..755R", "1989MNRAS.236..851L", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990MNRAS.243..692M", "1991ApJ...374...29L", "1991MNRAS.251..128L", "1991MNRAS.253P..31B", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...390L...1D", "1992ApJ...400L..43L", "1992MNRAS.258....1L", "1992MNRAS.258..134S", "1992MNRAS.258P...1E", "1992PhDT........75V", "1992PhDT.......140D", "1993ApJ...416....1K", "1993MNRAS.260..121M", "1993MNRAS.262.1023W", "1993MNRAS.264...71V", "1993ppc..book.....P", "1994ApJ...420....1W", "1994MNRAS.267..390C", "1994MNRAS.269..151D", "1994MNRAS.269..742M", "1994MNRAS.271L..47D", "1995ApJ...454....1S", "1995ApJ...454..561G", "1995MNRAS.276..336G", "1995wfsd.conf....3G", "1996ApJ...468....1L", "1996ApJ...470..172S", "1996MNRAS.282..263E", "1996MNRAS.283.1227M", "1997ASSL..212..227C", "1997ApJ...481..633D", "1997ApJ...485L..13C", "1997ApJ...490..493N", "1997MNRAS.287..817V", "1997MNRAS.289..263D", "1997astro.ph.11040C", "1998ApJ...497...32M", "1998ApJ...499...20J", "1998MNRAS.296...10H", "1998MNRAS.296..191R" ]
11655379
astro-ph/9902296
Subclustering among Local Group Galaxies
A new compilation of data on Local Group members shows that low-luminosity early-type galaxies are, at the 99% confidence level, more strongly concentrated in the M31 and Galactic subclumps than are dwarf irregular galaxies. It is not yet clear if star formation continued longer in dwarf spheroidal galaxies that are located far from M31 and the Galaxy than it did in those that are not associated with the Andromeda and Milky Way subclumps of the Local Group.
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10.722193
7.20748
1999-05-01
12
1999AJ....117.2211V
[ "dwarf spheroidal galaxies", "Local Group members", "Local Group", "irregular galaxies", "M31", "star formation", "Andromeda", "Galaxy", "Galactic", "low-luminosity early-type galaxies" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: LOCAL GROUP", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1086/300861", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9902296" ]
[ "van den Bergh, Sidney" ]
[ "Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, National Research Council, 5071 West Saanich Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8X 4M6, Canada" ]
[ "1999A&ARv...9..273V", "2000ASPC..218..357D", "2000ApJ...537L..95D", "2000MNRAS.316..929E", "2000MNRAS.319..851C", "2003IAUS..212..160C", "2004MNRAS.352..168M", "2006AJ....131..343D", "2007AJ....133..270K", "2007MNRAS.374..107G", "2010ApJ...722.1864M", "2012MNRAS.422...89M" ]
[ "1936rene.book.....H", "1968glg..book.....V", "1974Natur.252..111E", "1998ARA&A..36..435M" ]
2107997
null
Galaxy Structural Parameters: Star Formation Rate and Evolution with Redshift
The evolution of the structure of galaxies as a function of redshift is investigated using two parameters: the metric radius of the galaxy (R<SUB>η</SUB>) and the power at high spatial frequencies in the disk of the galaxy (χ). A direct comparison is made between nearby (z~0) and distant (0.2&lt;~z&lt;~1) galaxies by following a fixed range in rest frame wavelengths. The data of the nearby galaxies comprise 136 broadband images at ~4500 Å observed with the 0.9 m telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory (23 galaxies) and selected from the catalog of digital images of Frei et al. (113 galaxies). The high-redshift sample comprises 94 galaxies selected from the Hubble Deep Field (HDF) observations with the Hubble Space Telescope using the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 in four broad bands that range between ~3000 and ~9000 Å (Williams et al.). <P />The radius is measured from the intensity profile of the galaxy using the formulation of Petrosian, and it is argued to be a metric radius that should not depend very strongly on the angular resolution and limiting surface brightness level of the imaging data. It is found that the metric radii of nearby and distant galaxies are comparable to each other. The median value of the radius of the local sample is &lt;R<SUB>η</SUB>&gt;~5+/-1 kpc, and the median radius of the HDF sample is &lt;R<SUB>η</SUB>&gt;~6+/-2 kpc for q<SUB>0</SUB>=0.5, H<SUB>0</SUB>=65 km s<SUP>-1</SUP> Mpc<SUP>-1</SUP> however, for q<SUB>0</SUB>=0.1, &lt;R<SUB>η</SUB>&gt;~7 kpc and for q<SUB>0</SUB>=1, &lt;R<SUB>η</SUB>&gt;~5 kpc. In the HDF, galaxies with redshifts larger than z&gt;0.6 have flatter R<SUB>η</SUB> distributions than galaxies with redshifts smaller than z&lt;=0.6. However, the median R<SUB>η</SUB> values of high- and low-redshift galaxies are consistent with each other. This result is consistent with the simulations of galaxy images at redshifts z=0.35, z=0.5, and z=0.9, which show that the metric sizes can be recovered within +/-2 kpc. <P />The flocculency or power at high spatial frequencies is quantified using a simple method that is based on surface photometry in one band and that depends on the size of the star-forming regions and on the intensity profile of the galaxy. In nearby galaxies, the flocculency is found to trace the star formation rate as χ is correlated with optical colors (B-V) and the strength of the hydrogen recombination lines (Hα). <P />In the HDF, galaxies at redshifts smaller than z~1 and with fluxes brighter than B=25 have values of χ similar to what is measured in nearby galaxies and to what is expected from simulations of distant galaxy images. Among the HDF galaxies, I find that at most 4% can be identified as dwarf galaxies with rates of star formation similar to NGC 4449 and NGC 1569. Most HDF galaxies are giants with star formation rates similar to those in nearby giant galaxies. <P />In summary, in this study I have introduced a method to measure the metric sizes and flocculency of the two-dimensional light distribution of galaxies. As a result, I find that the high spatial frequency power is related to the star formation rate. Further, I find that the sizes and power at high spatial frequencies of HDF galaxies remain largely unchanged between the present epoch and redshifts lower than z~1.
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12.430424
6.234676
1999-05-01
53
1999ApJS..122..109T
[ "nearby galaxies", "HDF galaxies", "galaxy images", "distant galaxy images", "nearby giant galaxies", "galaxies", "Most HDF galaxies", "dwarf galaxies", "high spatial frequencies", "star formation rates" ]
[ "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "Galaxies: Evolution", "Galaxies: Fundamental Parameters", "Galaxies: Photometry", "Galaxies: Structure" ]
3
[ "10.1086/313216" ]
[ "Takamiya, M." ]
[ "Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; and Gemini 8 m Telescopes Project, 670 North Aohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720" ]
[ "1999Ap&SS.269..323A", "1999Ap&SS.269..339T", "2000A&AS..144..405P", "2000PASP..112..434T", "2001A&A...371..393B", "2001A&A...375..761B", "2001ASPC..230..137B", "2001ApJ...550..243B", "2002AJ....123.2913V", "2002ASSL..274..253B", "2003A&A...398..501P", "2003ApJ...588..218A", "2003ApJS..147....1C", "2003astro.ph..5245B", "2004AJ....128..163L", "2004ASSL..319..489C", "2004Ap&SS.290..195M", "2004AstL...30..283F", "2005AJ....130.1535G", "2005AJ....130.1545Y", "2006A&A...446..373P", "2006A&A...457...45P", "2006ApJ...644...30B", "2006MNRAS.368..351H", "2007ApJ...659..162T", "2008A&A...478...43M", "2008A&A...491..113P", "2008ApJ...675L..13V", "2008ApJS..175..105B", "2008MNRAS.390..881D", "2008MNRAS.391.1137L", "2009arXiv0908.0693H", "2010MNRAS.406..121M", "2010arXiv1011.4956U", "2011ApJ...736..110M", "2011MNRAS.416.2401H", "2011MNRAS.416.2415H", "2013A&A...553A..91F", "2014ARA&A..52..291C", "2016MNRAS.456.3032P", "2017IAUS..325...51B", "2017JASS...34..183Y", "2017MNRAS.465.1106B", "2017PhDT........27C", "2019ApJ...872..144H", "2019MNRAS.483.4140R", "2019MNRAS.487.4995G", "2020A&C....3000334B", "2021gamo.book.....H", "2022A&A...661A..52P", "2023A&A...669A.141S", "2023ApJ...958...96R", "2024ApJ...969....4R" ]
[ "1926ApJ....64..321H", "1934rtc..book.....T", "1957PASP...69..291M", "1958PASP...70..364M", "1959PASP...71..394M", "1966ApJS...14....1A", "1969drea.book.....B", "1973ApJ...179...69Q", "1973ApJ...179..427S", "1975gaun.book....1S", "1976ApJ...209L...1P", "1976ApJ...210...33T", "1976PASP...88..543T", "1978A&A....66...65S", "1978AJ.....83.1163D", "1978ApJ...219...46L", "1979ARA&A..17..135F", "1979ApJ...234..775T", "1979ApJS...41..513M", "1979PASP...91..589B", "1980AASPB..23...13B", "1980ApJS...44...73B", "1980FCPh....5..287T", "1981AJ.....86.1464V", "1981ApJ...251..417D", "1981gask.book.....M", "1981rsac.book.....S", "1982ApJS...49...53H", "1983ApJ...266..713O", "1983ApJ...272...54K", "1984A&A...130..162B", "1984ApJ...278...61W", "1984ApJ...280....7O", "1984ApJ...284..544G", "1984PASP...96..944K", "1985ApJ...290..154L", "1985ApJS...59..115K", "1986A&A...161...89S", "1986A&A...167...11I", "1986FCPh...11....1S", "1986MNRAS.218..497R", "1987A&A...184..104R", "1987MNRAS.226..747J", "1987PASP...99..915H", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988ApJ...334..144K", "1988NASSP.496.....S", "1989AJ.....97..700G", "1989AJ.....97.1556V", "1989ApJ...344..685K", "1989agna.book.....O", "1990ApJ...355...52E", "1991ApJ...368...12B", "1991ApJ...368...60P", "1991ApJ...370..455S", "1991ApJ...371..515D", "1991PASP..103..396Y", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992ARA&A..30..613K", "1992ApJ...388..310K", "1992pngn.conf....3B", "1993ASSL..188..533K", "1993ApJ...418..617K", "1993MNRAS.264..832D", "1994ApJ...425...57E", "1994ApJ...432...75A", "1994ApJ...434L..55M", "1994ApJ...435...22K", "1994ApJ...435L..23D", "1995AJ....110.1083T", "1995AJ....110.1576C", "1995ApJ...442..569M", "1995ApJ...449L..23D", "1995ApJS...99..281G", "1995MNRAS.274.1107N", "1995MNRAS.275..567N", "1995MNRAS.275L..19G", "1996AJ....111...78C", "1996AJ....111..174F", "1996AJ....112..352S", "1996AJ....112..359V", "1996AJ....112..369G", "1996AJ....112.1335W", "1996ASPC..101..139B", "1996ApJ...456L..79P", "1996ApJ...458..100B", "1996ApJ...464...79S", "1996ApJ...468L..77G", "1996ApJ...471L...5C", "1996ApJ...472L..13O", "1996ApJ...473L..63C", "1996ApJS..107....1A", "1996MNRAS.279L..47A", "1997AJ....113....1S", "1997AJ....113..162C", "1997AJ....113..599D", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ApJ...481..673L", "1998ApJ...496L..93D", "1998ApJ...497L..75K", "1998ApJ...498..541K", "1998ApJ...506..557B", "1998ApJ...506..579B", "1998MNRAS.293..157R", "1998MNRAS.294..705K", "1998MNRAS.296..585F" ]
2105422
null
The Evolution of Cluster Radio Galaxies from Z = 0 to Z = 0.8
A radio continuum survey of a complete sample of distant (z=0.3-0.8) X-ray-selected clusters has been conducted at 20 cm with the Very Large Array (VLA). The targets for this survey are the complete sample of 19 distant clusters found in the X-ray-selected Einstein Extended Medium Sensitivity Survey (EMSS) at z&gt;=0.3 and delta&gt;=-20^deg. This survey is complete to a limiting point-source radio power level of log P&gt;=23.5 W Hz^-1 (H_0=75 km s^-1 Mpc^-1 and q_0=0.1) out to 1/2 Abell cluster radius from the brightest cluster galaxy close to the X-ray emission centroid. Of the total of 41 radio sources detected within 1/2 Abell radius, 23 are associated with galaxies in these clusters. Higher angular resolution mapping of these cluster radio galaxies provides details of their structure and morphology. A comparison of the radio power levels, radio structure, position in the cluster, and the total number of these radio galaxies finds no evidence for any significant differences compared to nearby rich cluster radio galaxies. The radio luminosity function of distant cluster radio galaxies is statistically indistinguishable from that seen nearby. Taken together with the minimal evolution seen in the number of rich clusters over the same time period, this provides substantial evidence for no evolution in the population of rich cluster radio galaxies since z~1/2. The results of this radio continuum survey differ from those studies that took the opposite approach, in which a radio-loud quasar or FR 2 radio galaxy was used as a target for a rich cluster search. While those studies found numerous FR 2's and quasars in rich clusters at z~1/2, this survey has found only FR 1-type sources. The difference between these two approaches may lie in the density of the intracluster medium (ICM) and the galaxy richness of the clusters in these two samples, with the current sample having the demonstrably denser ICMs and richer galaxy populations.
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14.62111
5.840932
1999-05-01
31
1999AJ....117.1967S
[ "rich cluster radio galaxies", "distant cluster radio galaxies", "nearby rich cluster radio galaxies", "rich clusters", "richer galaxy populations", "radio structure", "galaxies", "these cluster radio galaxies", "the brightest cluster galaxy", "Einstein Extended Medium Sensitivity Survey" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "RADIO CONTINUUM" ]
0
[ "10.1086/300826" ]
[ "Stocke, John T.", "Perlman, Eric S.", "Gioia, Isabella M.", "Harvanek, Michael" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "2000ApJS..128..469H", "2001AJ....121.2915B", "2001AJ....122.2874H", "2001ASPC..227..184S", "2001ASPC..240..607O", "2002AJ....124.1239H", "2002ApJS..140..265P", "2002MNRAS.330...17B", "2002MNRAS.330...92C", "2002MNRAS.330..631E", "2002MNRAS.334..323C", "2002NewAR..46..135B", "2003AJ....126..119R", "2004cgpc.sympE..42P", "2005ApJ...635...22S", "2006A&A...446...97B", "2006AN....327..571B", "2006NewA...11..437G", "2007A&A...462..903B", "2007ApJS..170...71L", "2009ApJ...705..854H", "2011A&A...529A.124S", "2011ApJ...734..103G", "2011ApJ...740...59H", "2012A&A...539A.155M", "2016ApJ...832...76D", "2017MNRAS.467.3737G", "2019ApJ...871..186M", "2021ApJ...907...65G", "2021MNRAS.504.2924T", "2023ApJ...956...87G" ]
[ "1949Natur.164..101B", "1958ApJS....3..211A", "1974MNRAS.167P..31F", "1975AJ.....80..263O", "1976ApJ...205L...1O", "1977ApJ...217L..77B", "1978AJ.....83..348S", "1979AJ.....84.1683B", "1979MNRAS.189..433L", "1980ApJ...241..486H", "1982ApJ...255..392F", "1983ApJ...271..446A", "1984ApJ...278...37E", "1985AJ.....90..954O", "1987AJ.....94..587B", "1988MNRAS.230..131P", "1989AJ.....98...64Z", "1989AJ.....98.1148M", "1990ApJ...356L..35G", "1990ApJS...72..567G", "1991ApJ...367....1H", "1991ApJ...371...49E", "1991ApJS...76..813S", "1992ApJ...386..408H", "1992ApJ...399L.125F", "1992ApJS...80..501O", "1993ApJ...406..430P", "1993ApJ...408..428O", "1993ApJS...87..135O", "1994AJ....107....8F", "1994ApJ...422L...5L", "1994ApJS...94..583G", "1994ApL&C..29..267M", "1995AJ....109..853L", "1995AJ....110.1959L", "1995ApJ...440...28P", "1995ApJ...445...80L", "1995PASP..107..803U", "1995PASP..107..945F", "1996AJ....111.1783Y", "1996AJ....112....9L", "1996ApJ...456..451P", "1996ApJ...463..444S", "1996ApJ...468...79D", "1997AJ....113.1179H", "1997ApJ...475...20L", "1997ApJ...476..489Z", "1997ApJ...477...79S", "1997ApJ...479L..19C", "1997ApJ...480..547W", "1997ApJ...482L..13M", "1997ApJ...486L..75F", "1997ApJ...488L..83B", "1997ApJ...489L...1H", "1998ApJ...492..461S", "1998ApJ...492L..21R", "1998ApJ...495..100J", "1998ApJ...497..573G", "1998ApJ...502..550D", "1998ApJ...504L..17V" ]
11655935
astro-ph/9901259
The Accretion of Lyα Clouds onto Gas-rich Protogalaxies: A Scenario for the Formation of Globular Star Clusters
A satisfactory theory for the formation of globular star clusters (GCs) has long been elusive, perhaps because their true progenitors had not yet been guessed. In this paper, I propose a causal relationship between the strongly decreasing densities of Lyα clouds at high redshift and the formation of GCs--namely, that GCs were created by the accretion of Lyα clouds onto protogalaxies. I describe a scenario that involves an inherently stable and orderly cycling of compression and cooling in the central cores of these clouds during the extended period of dissipation in the outer regions of gas-rich protogalaxies, culminating in a burst of efficient star formation. I demonstrate that the comoving density of GCs is comparable to that of Lyα clouds at high redshift, that the energetic requirements for compression to core GC densities can be met, and that the timescale for cooling is within obvious limits imposed by dynamical stability. This dissipative process requires there to be a large column of dissipated gas about the attractor in order to form GCs. In addition, the energy requirements of compression to GC central densities requires attractor masses greater than that capable of sustaining circular velocities of ~40 km s<SUP>-1</SUP>. If this scenario is supported by numerical simulations, then by implication the GCs were formed at modest redshifts of z~1-3. This knowledge could help break the troublesome degeneracy between look-back time and redshift. This model is consistent with a picture of hierarchical galaxy growth over timescales of many billions of years.
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9.777598
8.242188
1999-06-01
5
1999ApJ...518..226M
[ "GC central densities", "Lyα clouds", "high redshift", "efficient star formation", "GCs", "modest redshifts", "globular star clusters", "hierarchical galaxy growth", "dissipated gas", "attractor masses" ]
[ "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "GALAXY: GLOBULAR CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "STARS: POPULATION II", "Galaxies: Evolution", "Galaxies: Formation", "Galaxy: Globular Clusters: General", "Stars: Population II", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/307275", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9901259" ]
[ "Manning, Curtis V." ]
[ "Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720;" ]
[ "2000ApJ...537...65M", "2000PASP..112..932V", "2002astro.ph..4374M", "2003ApJ...595...19M", "2004ApJ...615..586M" ]
[ "1959ApJ...129..243S", "1973RSPSA.332..335W", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1976MNRAS.177...19B", "1978ApJ...225..357S", "1981AJ.....86.1627H", "1984ApJ...281L...1F", "1985ApJ...296L...1W", "1985ApJ...298...18F", "1986A&A...170....1G", "1986MNRAS.218P..25R", "1989ApJ...339..933M", "1991ARA&A..29..543H", "1991ApJ...367...19L", "1991ApJ...377L...5B", "1991ApJ...377L..21M", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1993ASPC...48...48A", "1993ASPC...48..167S", "1993ASPC...48..738M", "1993ASPC...50..373D", "1993ApJ...407..588M", "1993ApJ...419..524M", "1994ApJ...420...68M", "1994ApJ...420..213K", "1994ApJ...427..527S", "1994ApJ...429..177H", "1994ApJ...437L..87D", "1994ApJS...91....1B", "1995AJ....110.1664F", "1995ApJ...440..431C", "1995ApJ...442..538L", "1995ApJ...448L..17Z", "1995ApJ...451...24S", "1996AJ....111...72S", "1996ApJ...457..578M", "1996ApJ...459..558C", "1996ApJ...460L..85F", "1996ApJ...461...20H", "1996ApJ...462...77F", "1997ApJ...477..118Z", "1997ApJ...478...39Z", "1998AJ....116.1163R", "1998ApJ...498...77C", "1998ApJ...498..106M", "1998ApJ...502...16C", "1998ApJ...506....1W", "1998ApJ...508..200T", "1999ApJ...514..818B", "1999MNRAS.303L...7J" ]
2106657
null
Secular Evolution of Spiral Galaxies. III. The Hubble Sequence as a Temporal Evolution Sequence
In the first two papers in this series, we have presented a dynamical mechanism by which an unstable spiral mode in a galactic disk can remain quasi-stationary on the order of a Hubble time at the expense of a continuous dissipative basic state evolution, manifesting as the secular redistribution of disk matter, as well as the secular heating of disk stars. In the current paper, we consider in detail the astrophysical consequences of this spiral-induced basic state evolution process and show that it could explain, among a spectrum of observational facts, the variation of the disk surface-density profiles across the Hubble types, as well as the well-known age-velocity dispersion relation of the solar-neighborhood stars. We seek to establish that the Hubble sequence for the classification of galaxies, when viewed in the reverse direction, is essentially a temporal evolution sequence. The spiral-induced secular mass redistribution process could lead to the evolution of the Hubble type of a spiral galaxy from late (Sd and Sc) to early (Sb and Sa). Furthermore, since similar radial mass-accretion processes could also be mediated by central stellar bars, or other central nonaxisymmetric structures, this leads to the continued galaxy evolution across Hubble type S0 and into disky elliptical galaxies. The secular evolution mechanism presented in this series of papers, together with other previously proposed evolution mechanisms, provides a framework for understanding the results of Hubble Space Telescope Deep Field and Medium Deep Survey, which showed that there is significant evolution of the number statistics of the Hubble types of galaxies with redshift, consistent with an evolution along the Hubble sequence from late to early. It also provides possible solutions to several long-standing problems in the theory and observation of galaxy formation and evolution, among them the cause of the steepening of the galaxy morphology-environment relation; the similarity between the Tully-Fisher and Faber-Jackson relations for spiral and elliptical galaxies, respectively; the existence of a fundamental-plane relation for elliptical galaxies; and the mass-angular momentum anticorrelation observed along the Hubble sequence.
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10.871029
6.6192
1999-06-01
43
1999ApJ...518..613Z
[ "Hubble type", "Hubble type S0", "elliptical galaxies", "significant evolution", "evolution", "disky elliptical galaxies", "galaxy formation", "Hubble Space Telescope Deep Field", "Hubble", "galaxies" ]
[ "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "Galaxies: Evolution", "Galaxies: Fundamental Parameters", "Galaxies: Structure" ]
0
[ "10.1086/307287" ]
[ "Zhang, Xiaolei" ]
[ "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Mail Stop 78, Cambridge, MA 02138" ]
[ "1999Ap&SS.269..149P", "2000PASP..112..434T", "2000physics...6023R", "2001ASPC..230..105H", "2001ASPC..230..229Z", "2001ApJ...553..274Z", "2001ESASP.460..131F", "2002Ap&SS.281..281Z", "2003JKAS...36..223Z", "2003JKAS...36..241A", "2003MNRAS.339..442F", "2004A&A...414..905H", "2004ARA&A..42..603K", "2004IAUS..220..417Z", "2004cgpc.symp..206D", "2005Ap&SS.298..577R", "2005ApJ...632..217S", "2007AJ....133.2584Z", "2007ApJ...665.1084B", "2008ApJ...688...67E", "2008PASJ...60..493Y", "2008PASP..120..121Z", "2009ApJ...692...12E", "2009ApJ...697..630F", "2009ApJS..182..559B", "2010ApJ...721..259B", "2010MNRAS.407..163F", "2010arXiv1012.0277Z", "2011MSAIS..18...13B", "2011arXiv1102.0550B", "2012A&AT...27..211B", "2012A&AT...27..339Z", "2012MNRAS.427.1983K", "2012arXiv1203.5334Z", "2013ApJ...764..174F", "2013MNRAS.435.2299B", "2013seg..book..155B", "2014JKAS...47....1A", "2014MNRAS.444..352S", "2015NewA...34...65Z", "2016A&C....17...86Z", "2016MNRAS.459.3130A", "2019MNRAS.484.3198D" ]
[ "1928asco.book.....J", "1936rene.book.....H", "1951ApJ...114..385S", "1953ApJ...118..106S", "1959HDP....53..275D", "1967ApJ...150..461B", "1968adga.book.....S", "1969ApJ...155..393P", "1970ApJ...160..811F", "1972ApJ...178..623T", "1972MNRAS.157....1L", "1973ApJ...186...35T", "1976ApJ...204..668F", "1976ApJ...204..684S", "1977A&A....54..661T", "1977A&A....60..263W", "1978ApJ...219...18B", "1978MNRAS.183..341W", "1980ComAp...8..177O", "1980MNRAS.193..189F", "1981A&A....95..105V", "1981AJ.....86.1627H", "1981ARA&A..19..137P", "1981ApJ...247...59S", "1981ApJ...250..758T", "1981gask.book.....M", "1981seng.proc...67T", "1982A&A...110...61V", "1982SAAS...12..115K", "1983IAUS..100..319S", "1984ASIC..117..327N", "1984ApJ...282...95S", "1984ApJ...287..926B", "1985ApJ...292...79C", "1985ApJ...294..674C", "1986A&A...166...75B", "1986ApJ...303..556V", "1987ApJ...313...42D", "1987ApJ...313...59D", "1987ApJ...320L..87L", "1988MNRAS.230..597B", "1989A&A...217...35B", "1989ApJ...338...78B", "1989ApJ...338..104B", "1989MNRAS.239..605K", "1990A&A...233...82C", "1990ASSL..161...67Y", "1990ApJ...363..391P", "1990ApJ...364..415E", "1990ESOC...35...83B", "1990dig..book..318W", "1991A&A...252...75P", "1991ApJ...383..112F", "1992PhDT........30Z", "1993A&A...268...65F", "1993IAUS..153.....D", "1993IAUS..153..243F", "1994A&ARv...6...67F", "1994ApJ...430..121C", "1994ApJ...437L..47M", "1995ASPC...86..225G", "1995FCPh...15..341M", "1995MNRAS.275..874A", "1996AJ....111.2238P", "1996ApJ...457..125Z", "1996ApJ...457L..73C", "1996ApJ...460..121W", "1996ApJ...462..114N", "1996ApJ...463...69H", "1996LNP...474...91P", "1996Natur.379..613M", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ARA&A..35..637W", "1997ASPC..116.....A", "1997ASPC..116....1F", "1997ASPC..116...71B", "1997ASPC..116..557F", "1997ASPC..121..840Z", "1998ApJ...497..188C", "1998ApJ...499...93Z", "1998MNRAS.298..387D" ]
2106662
null
Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS Observations of Rest-Frame Optical Continuum and Hα+[N I] Emission In FSC 10214+4724
High-resolution 1.10, 2.05, 2.12, and 2.15 μm imaging of the gravitationally lensed system FSC 10214+4724 are presented. These data extend Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of the lens system to redder wavelengths, thus providing the highest resolution images to date of the rest-frame optical and narrow-line (i.e., Hα+[N II]) regions of the background quasar. The length of the arc in the wide-band continuum images increases with increasing wavelength, and the Hα+[N II] emission has a length in between that of the 1.10 and 2.05 μm emission. The structure of the arc changes from having an eastern and western peak at 1.10 μm to having a single peak in the center at 2.05 μm. The changing structure and length of the arc can be understood in terms of a model in which the background quasar consists of a region of scattered active galactic nucleus (AGN) light that dominates at 1.10 μm (rest frame 3300 Å), surrounded by a more extended narrow-line region. An even more extended red stellar population would thus contribute light at 2.05 μm (rest frame 6200 Å). In addition, the Hα+[N II] emission has structural features similar to the 1.10 μm emission normalized by the (predominantly stellar) 2.05 μm emission, possibly confirming that the 1.10 μm emission is a superposition of the sources associated with the line emission (AGNs/massive stars) and the red stellar component that dominates the 2.05 μm emission. The counterimage of the lensed quasar is detected in the 1.10 and 2.05 μm images, and the rest frame 3300 and 6200 Å magnifications of the lensed quasar are calculated to be 50+/-11 and 25+/-6, respectively, which translates into a rest-frame optical luminosity for the quasar of ~6×10<SUP>9</SUP> L<SUB>solar</SUB>. These magnification values are lower than the previously measured magnification of ~100 at rest frame 2400 Å. If the dust in the primary lensing galaxy is not affecting the measurement of the counterimage flux at 2400 and 3300 Å, the magnification of the quasar appears to decrease with increasing wavelength. Flux measurements of the primary lensing galaxy fit the spectral energy distribution of an unevolving elliptical galaxy at a redshift of 0.9, consistent with previous determinations of the redshift.
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13.865332
4.282362
1999-06-01
8
1999ApJ...518..145E
[ "rest frame", "Hα+[N II", "redder wavelengths", "Å magnifications", "increasing wavelength", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Flux measurements", "the primary lensing galaxy", "the rest frame", "length" ]
[ "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: ALPHANUMERIC: IRAS FSC 10214+4724", "COSMOLOGY: GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "Galaxies: Distances and Redshifts", "Galaxies: Individual: Alphanumeric: IRAS FSC 10214+4724", "Cosmology: Gravitational Lensing", "Infrared: Galaxies" ]
0
[ "10.1086/307279" ]
[ "Evans, A. S.", "Scoville, N. Z.", "Dinshaw, N.", "Armus, L.", "Soifer, B. T.", "Neugebauer, G.", "Rieke, M." ]
[ "-", "Division of Physics, Math, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125; .", "UCO/Lick Observatory, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064.", "SIRTF Science Center, California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91125.", "Division of Physics, Math, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125; .; SIRTF Science Center, California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91125.", "Division of Physics, Math, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125; .", "Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721." ]
[ "2000ApJ...535..561E", "2000ApJ...543..131K", "2002luml.conf..225W", "2003ApJ...592..710A", "2005MNRAS.357L..16A", "2010NewA...15...58I", "2013MNRAS.430....2D", "2013MNRAS.434.3322D" ]
[ "1989agna.book.....O", "1990A&A...230L..17N", "1991Natur.351..719R", "1992ARA&A..30..311B", "1992ApJ...385...61R", "1992ApJ...397L..19B", "1992ApJ...398L..29S", "1993MNRAS.260...28L", "1994AJ....107..910E", "1994ApJ...420L..13M", "1995ApJ...443L..65S", "1995ApJ...449L..29G", "1995ApJ...450L..41B", "1995ApJ...452L...9C", "1995MNRAS.276L..31S", "1995MNRAS.277..616T", "1995PASJ...47..265I", "1996ApJ...461...72E", "1997ASPC..125..147H", "1997adass...6..147H", "1997hstc.work..223B", "1998ApJ...492L..95T", "1999AJ....117..671N" ]
11668666
astro-ph/9907107
A confirmed location in the Galactic halo for the high-velocity cloud `chain A'
The high-velocity clouds of atomic hydrogen, discovered about 35 years ago,, have velocities inconsistent with simple Galactic rotation models that generally fit the stars and gas in the Milky Way disk. Their origins and role in Galactic evolution remain poorly understood, largely for lack of information on their distances. The high-velocity clouds might result from gas blown from the Milky Way disk into the halo by supernovae,, in which case they would enrich the Galaxy with heavy elements as they fall back onto the disk. Alternatively, they may consist of metal-poor gas-remnants of the era of galaxy formation,, accreted by the Galaxy and reducing its metal abundance. Or they might be truly extragalactic objects in the Local Group of galaxies. Here we report a firm distance bracket for a large high-velocity cloud, chain A, which places it in the Milky Way halo (2.5 to 7 kiloparsecs above the Galactic plane), rather than at an extragalactic distance, and constrains its gas mass to between 10<SUP>5</SUP> and 2×10<SUP>6</SUP> solar masses.
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12.027987
8.817226
1999-07-01
91
1999Natur.400..138V
[ "gas", "Milky Way", "velocities", "Galactic evolution", "simple Galactic rotation models", "galaxy formation", "Galaxy", "Galactic", "heavy elements", "atomic hydrogen" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1038/22061", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9907107" ]
[ "van Woerden, Hugo", "Schwarz, Ulrich J.", "Peletier, Reynier F.", "Wakker, Bart P.", "Kalberla, Peter M. W." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1999Natur.400..220B", "1999Natur.402..359B", "1999Natur.402..386R", "1999Natur.402..388W", "1999astro.ph..9080P", "2000A&A...357...75C", "2000A&A...357..120B", "2000ASPC..215...36B", "2000ASPC..218..407V", "2000ASPC..218..419Z", "2000ApJ...530L..61Z", "2000PASP..112.1300L", "2000Sci...288..822Z", "2001A&A...367..299B", "2001A&A...369..616B", "2001A&A...370..996L", "2001A&A...370L..26B", "2001A&A...375..219B", "2001A&A...380..673S", "2001ASPC..240..493G", "2001ASPC..240..515W", "2001ApJS..136..463W", "2002A&A...391...67D", "2002A&A...391..159D", "2002A&A...391..713K", "2002A&A...392..417D", "2002AJ....123..873P", "2002AJ....123.3124F", "2002ASPC..254..256W", "2002ASPC..254..267B", "2002ASPC..276..107L", "2002ApJS..140..331L", "2002ApJS..143..419S", "2002MNRAS.332..915I", "2002MNRAS.336..155D", "2002astro.ph..6359B", "2002astro.ph..8195H", "2003ASSL..281..163W", "2003ApJ...597..948P", "2003ApJS..146..165S", "2003CSF....16..565D", "2003astro.ph.10500W", "2004Ap&SS.289..381W", "2004IAUS..217....2W", "2004IAUS..217..136F", "2004MNRAS.355..694M", "2005ASPC..331...11W", "2005ApJS..161..147T", "2006A&A...455..481K", "2006A&A...457..917B", "2006ApJ...638L..97T", "2006ApJ...645.1164P", "2007A&A...473..863D", "2007AN....328..376V", "2007ApJ...658..337B", "2007ApJ...662..959P", "2007ApJ...670L.113W", "2007MNRAS.378..947S", "2007MNRAS.378L..64J", "2008A&A...485..457O", "2008A&A...487..583B", "2008AJ....135.1983C", "2008ApJ...672..298W", "2008ApJ...679..460Z", "2008ApJ...684..364T", "2008MNRAS.390.1691W", "2009A&A...503..483B", "2009ApJ...698.1485H", "2010AJ....139..102E", "2011AJ....141..204K", "2011AJ....142..137C", "2011ApJ...736....1T", "2011ApJ...739..105S", "2011MNRAS.415.1105S", "2012A&A...542A.110B", "2012ApJ...751..120S", "2012ApJ...761..145B", "2012EAS....56..257W", "2012EAS....56..319H", "2012MNRAS.424.2896L", "2015A&A...584L...6R", "2015MNRAS.451.4346S", "2017A&A...607A..48R", "2017ASSL..430...15R", "2018MNRAS.474..289W", "2020ApJ...891..176A", "2020ApJ...902..154B", "2021ApJ...921...11M", "2022A&A...668A.182K", "2023ApJ...942...70M", "2024MNRAS.529....1H" ]
[ "1958AN....284..165H", "1966BAN....18..421O", "1969ApJ...156..771V", "1969ApJ...158..115K", "1970A&A.....7..381O", "1975ARA&A..13..257V", "1978A&A....64..367L", "1978ppeu.book..259O", "1980ApJ...236..577B", "1987PDAO...16..203A", "1988MNRAS.235..749A", "1990ApJ...352..506H", "1990ApJ...361..497V", "1990MNRAS.242..267B", "1991A&A...250..484W", "1991A&A...250..509W", "1991A&A...251..269M", "1992ApJS...81..125D", "1993ApJ...416L..29D", "1994A&A...286..925D", "1995A&A...302..364S", "1996AAS...189.6101B", "1996ApJ...473..834W", "1996ApJS..104...81T", "1997ARA&A..35..217W", "1997ApJ...481..764B", "1997ApJ...488..216W", "1997MNRAS.289...83R", "1998A&A...330..515F", "1998A&A...338..200S", "1998ApJ...493..762W", "1998ApJ...494...96C", "1998ApJ...504..773T", "1999ASPC..166....1V", "1999ApJ...514..818B" ]
11656314
astro-ph/9810194
Biased Estimations of Variance and Skewness
Nonlinear combinations of direct observables are often used to estimate quantities of theoretical interest. Without sufficient caution, this could lead to biased estimations. An example of great interest is the skewness S<SUB>3</SUB> of the galaxy distribution, defined as the ratio of the third moment ξ¯<SUB>3</SUB> and the variance squared ξ¯<SUP>2</SUP><SUB>2</SUB> smoothed at some scale R. Suppose one is given unbiased estimators for ξ¯<SUB>3</SUB> and ξ¯<SUP>2</SUP><SUB>2</SUB>, respectively; taking a ratio of the two does not necessarily result in an unbiased estimator of S<SUB>3</SUB>. Exactly such an estimation bias (distinguished from the galaxy bias) affects most existing measurements of S<SUB>3</SUB> from galaxy surveys. Furthermore, common estimators for ξ¯<SUB>3</SUB> and ξ¯<SUB>2</SUB> suffer also from this kind of estimation bias themselves because of a division by the estimated mean counts in cell. In the case of ξ¯<SUB>2</SUB>, the bias is equivalent to what is commonly known as the integral constraint. We present a unifying treatment allowing all these estimation biases to be calculated analytically. These estimation biases are in general negative, and decrease in significance as the survey volume increases, for a given smoothing scale. We present a preliminary reanalysis of some existing measurements of the variance and skewness (from the APM, CfA, SSRS, and IRAS) and show that most of the well-known systematic discrepancies between surveys with similar selection criteria, but different sizes, can be attributed to the volume-dependent estimation biases. This affects the inference of the galaxy bias(es) from these surveys. Our methodology can be adapted to measurements of the variance and skewness of, for instance, the transmission distribution in quasar spectra and the convergence distribution in weak-lensing maps. We discuss generalizations to N&gt;3, suggest methods to reduce the estimation bias, and point out other examples in large-scale structure studies that might suffer from this type of a nonlinear estimation bias.
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12.02136
2.936896
1999-07-01
67
1999ApJ...519..622H
[ "estimation bias", "biased estimations", "galaxy surveys", "unbiased estimators", "a nonlinear estimation bias", "surveys", "These estimation biases", "the estimation bias", "measurements", "common estimators" ]
[ "GALAXIES: STATISTICS", "METHODS: STATISTICAL", "Galaxies: Statistics", "Methods: Statistical", "Astrophysics" ]
0
[ "10.1086/307401", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9810194" ]
[ "Hui, Lam", "Gaztañaga, Enrique" ]
[ "NASA/Fermilab Astrophysics Center, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510; .", "Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Edf. Nexus-104-c/ Gran Capitá 2-4, 08034, Barcelona, Spain; ." ]
[ "1999A&A...343..333K", "1999ApJ...519L...9H", "1999ApJ...521....1B", "1999ApJ...521L..83F", "1999MNRAS.310..428S", "1999MNRAS.310..511W", "1999elss.conf..368H", "2000ApJ...530...36B", "2000ApJ...530..547J", "2000ApJ...537....1W", "2000ApJ...544..597S", "2000MNRAS.311..149M", "2000MNRAS.312..257H", "2000MNRAS.313..148M", "2000MNRAS.313..711C", "2000MNRAS.313..725S", "2000MNRAS.317L..51H", "2000MNRAS.318..109M", "2000PASJ...52..749S", "2000PASP..112..434T", "2001ApJ...546...20S", "2001ApJ...546..652S", "2001ApJ...548...47G", "2001ApJ...552...15H", "2001ApJ...555..547H", "2001ApJ...558..505S", "2001NewAR..45..255V", "2002ApJ...565...24P", "2002ApJ...570...75S", "2002ApJ...579...48S", "2002ApJ...580..144G", "2002MNRAS.329..797M", "2002MNRAS.333..443B", "2002MNRAS.333L..21G", "2002MNRAS.335..432V", "2002PhR...367....1B", "2002PhRvD..66h3007K", "2002astro.ph..7293D", "2003ApJ...589...82G", "2003MNRAS.338..846M", "2004MNRAS.347..654V", "2004MNRAS.347..667B", "2004MNRAS.350...77M", "2004MNRAS.352.1232C", "2005A&A...442..801M", "2005ApJ...619..147M", "2005ApJ...635..806Z", "2005MNRAS.356..456C", "2005MNRAS.361..357P", "2005MNRAS.361..824G", "2005PhRvE..71b5104P", "2006MNRAS.371.1188H", "2007MNRAS.381.1197H", "2008A&A...487....7M", "2008ApJ...688..742H", "2008MNRAS.391..435F", "2009ApJ...702..593S", "2009MNRAS.399..801G", "2009MNRAS.399.1663G", "2010PhRvD..82j3507L", "2010PhRvE..82d6104T", "2014MNRAS.443.1402M", "2015A&A...579A..70C", "2018PhR...733....1D", "2020JCAP...05..043M", "2021MNRAS.500.3631R", "2021MNRAS.507.1184V" ]
[ "1977ApJ...217..385G", "1980ApJ...236..343F", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1981csup.book.....H", "1984ApJ...279..499F", "1984ApJ...285L..45B", "1985ApJS...57..241E", "1987MNRAS.227....1K", "1988ApJ...333L...9D", "1991Natur.353..386S", "1992ApJ...390..350S", "1992ApJ...394...87M", "1992ApJ...398L..17G", "1992MNRAS.258P...1E", "1993ApJ...408...43S", "1993ApJ...412...64L", "1993ApJ...412L...9J", "1993ApJ...413..447F", "1993ApJ...417...36B", "1994A&A...281..301C", "1994A&A...291..697B", "1994ApJ...424..569B", "1994ApJ...425....1F", "1994ApJ...425..392F", "1994ApJ...426...23F", "1994MNRAS.268..913G", "1994MNRAS.271L..47D", "1994PhRvL..73..215F", "1995ApJ...444..520S", "1995ApJ...454..561G", "1995MNRAS.274.1049B", "1996ApJ...462L...1G", "1996ApJ...463..395G", "1996ApJ...468....1L", "1996ApJ...470..131S", "1996ApJ...473...15S", "1996MNRAS.280L..37B", "1997A&A...322....1B", "1998A&A...331..829G", "1998ASSL..231..185H", "1998ApJ...492..428S", "1998ApJ...493...39K", "1998ApJ...497...16S", "1998ApJ...499..555T", "1998MNRAS.296..253C", "1998MNRAS.301..524G", "1999A&A...343..333K", "1999MNRAS.303..433M" ]
11668161
astro-ph/9809271
The angular correlation function of K<SUP>'</SUP>~19.5 galaxies and the detection of a cluster at z=0.775
We investigate (i) the clustering environment of a sample of five radio galaxies at 0.7 &lt;= z &lt;= 0.8 and (ii) the galaxy angular correlation function, ω (θ), on five K<SUP>'</SUP>-band (2.1 μm) images covering a total of 162.2 arcmin<SUP>2</SUP> to a completeness limit K<SUP>'</SUP> ~= 19.5. <P />Applying two methods - counting galaxies within 1.5 arcmin of each radio galaxy, and using a detection routine with a modelled cluster profile - we detect a cluster of estimated Abell richness N<SUB>A</SUB>=85 +/- 25 (class 1 or 2), approximately centred on the radio galaxy 5C6.75 at z=0.775. Of the other radio galaxies, two appear to be in less rich groups or structures, and two in field environments. The mean clustering environment of all five radio galaxies is estimated to be of N<SUB>A</SUB>=29 +/- 14 richness, similar to that of radio galaxies at more moderate redshifts of 0.35 &lt;z&lt; 0.55. <P />The angular correlation function, ω (θ), of the detected galaxies showed a positive signal out to at least θ ~= 20 arcsec, with a ~ 4σ detection of clustering for magnitude limits K<SUP>'</SUP>=18.5-20.0. The relatively high amplitude of ω(θ) and its shallow scaling with magnitude limit are most consistent with a luminosity evolution model in which E/S0 galaxies are much more clustered than spirals (r<SUB>0</SUB>=8.4 compared with 4.2 h<SUP>-1</SUP> Mpc) and clustering is approximately stable (ɛ ~ 0) to z ~ 1.5, possibly with an increase above the stable model in the clustering of red galaxies at the highest (z &gt; 1.5) redshifts. <P />Our images also show a significant excess of close (1.5-5.0 arcsec separation) pairs of galaxies compared with the expectation from ω (θ) at larger separations. We estimate that 11.0 +/- 3.4 per cent of K<SUP>'</SUP> &lt;= 19.5 galaxies are in close pairs in excess of the observed ω (θ), if this is of the form ω (θ) ~ θ<SUP>-0.8</SUP>. This can be explained if the local rate of galaxy mergers and interactions increases with redshift as ~ (1+z)<SUP>m</SUP> with m=1.33<SUB>-0.51</SUB><SUP>+0.36</SUP>.
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14.581516
5.901127
1999-07-01
52
1999MNRAS.306..538R
[ "radio galaxies", "galaxies", "galaxy mergers", "red galaxies", "magnitude limit", "magnitude limits", "the other radio galaxies", "θ", "each radio galaxy", "five radio galaxies" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02536.x", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9809271" ]
[ "Roche, Nathan", "Eales, Stephen A.", "Hippelein, Hans", "Willott, Chris J." ]
[ "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Wales Cardiff, P.O. Box 913, Cardiff CF2 3YB", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Wales Cardiff, P.O. Box 913, Cardiff CF2 3YB", "Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany", "Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Nuclear and Astrophysics Laboratory, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH" ]
[ "1999MNRAS.307..111R", "1999MNRAS.309.1017W", "2000A&A...353..867K", "2000A&A...361..535D", "2001A&A...375....1S", "2001AJ....121.2301M", "2001ApJ...559..592T", "2001MNRAS.323..688H", "2002ApJ...570...54C", "2002MNRAS.334..511S", "2003MNRAS.346..803R", "2004A&A...416....1L", "2004AJ....127..679B", "2004ApJ...610...61Z", "2004ApJS..154...30O", "2004ApJS..154...35F", "2004astro.ph..5592O", "2005ApJ...629...29M", "2006A&A...457..501P", "2006ApJ...638...72K", "2006ApJ...652..994C", "2007A&A...475...83G", "2007ApJ...654..138Q", "2007MNRAS.377..815E", "2007MNRAS.381.1437W", "2008A&A...482...81T", "2008ApJ...681.1099B", "2010arXiv1003.0686E", "2011ApJ...728...46W", "2011ApJ...737...92S", "2011MNRAS.410..241K", "2011MNRAS.410..548M", "2011MNRAS.410.1537H", "2012ApJ...756...71L", "2012MNRAS.426..679G", "2014A&A...572A...8T", "2014MNRAS.438..825K", "2014MNRAS.441.1783A", "2015ApJ...806..189K", "2015MNRAS.449..901M", "2016ApJ...817...97L", "2016ApJ...818..174H", "2017ApJ...841....8I", "2017ApJ...843..138K", "2017JKAS...50...61S", "2018ApJ...864..145H", "2019PASJ...71...96S", "2020ApJ...904..128I", "2021MNRAS.502.1933S", "2023A&A...669A..27S", "2023MNRAS.523.5280M", "2024A&A...686A..40S" ]
[ "1978MNRAS.182..673P", "1988MNRAS.230..131P", "1989ApJS...70....1A", "1989MNRAS.240..129Y", "1991ApJ...367....1H", "1992AJ....103..332W", "1993ApJ...411...43Y", "1993ApJ...412...64L", "1993ApJ...415L...9G", "1994ApJ...435..540C", "1994MNRAS.266...65G", "1995ApJ...438..527G", "1995ApJ...438L..13D", "1995ApJ...442..457L", "1995ApJ...454...32W", "1996AJ....111.1795L", "1996AJ....112.1472R", "1996ApJ...467..145W", "1996ApJ...469L..85I", "1996MNRAS.280..397R", "1996MNRAS.282..263E", "1996MNRAS.283L..15B", "1997AJ....114.2232S", "1997ApJ...474..561O", "1997ApJ...475..445M", "1997ApJ...476..489Z", "1997ApJ...480...59N", "1997ApJ...483L..21D", "1997ApJ...484..538C", "1997ApJ...489...37G", "1997ApJ...490....1C", "1997MNRAS.290..292B", "1997MNRAS.291..593E", "1998ASPC..146..520W", "1998ApJ...492..452S", "1998ApJ...494..111M", "1998ApJ...506...33P", "1998MNRAS.295..946R", "1998MNRAS.297..128C", "1998MNRAS.299...95M", "1998MNRAS.300..625W", "1999ApJ...517...78K", "1999MNRAS.306..988M" ]
11668299
astro-ph/9812206
Modelling ISO galaxy counts with luminosity and merger rate evolution
We model galaxy evolution in the 6.75- and 15-μm passbands of the ISO satellite, by combining models of galaxy evolution at optical wavelengths (which are consistent with the optical galaxy counts) with observed spectral energy distributions in the infrared. Our model is consistent with the local 12-μm galaxy luminosity function (from IRAS), including the bright end if we place a small fraction (~3.5 per cent at z=0) of the model's spiral galaxies in interacting pairs with mid-infrared luminosities enhanced by major starbursts. Source counts from deep ISO surveys in the 6.75- and 15-μm passbands significantly exceed non-evolving predictions. We find the number counts, redshift distributions and the wide range of mid-infrared/optical flux ratios of the detected galaxies to be reasonably consistent with our evolving model. Our models suggest that the steep number count of 6.75-μm sources can be explained primarily by the evolving E/S0 galaxies. About one-third of 6.75-μm sources do appear to be E/S0s or early-type spirals, but starburst galaxies at 0.6&lt;z&lt;1.1 are more prominent in this passband than we expected. In the 15-μm passband the main contributors appear to be evolving, star-forming spirals and starbursting galaxy mergers, as in our model. Visibly interacting galaxies form ~31 per cent of the 15-μm detections to 200muJy, and have high mid-infrared/optical flux ratios consistent with our models for major starbursts with high dust extinction (up to ~1.8mag in the rest-frame blue band). The numbers and high mean redshift (0.68+/-0.08) of merging/interacting galaxies detected in these ISO surveys are only consistent with the local mid-infrared luminosity function if the merger-triggered starbursts undergo significant luminosity evolution, of ~(1+z)^2 to z~1, in addition to the ~(1+z)^2 number evolution reflecting the increase with redshift in the fraction of merging/interacting galaxies (as estimated from optical surveys).
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13.145878
7.222445
1999-07-01
17
1999MNRAS.307..111R
[ "galaxy evolution", "mid-infrared luminosities", "galaxy mergers", "starburst galaxies", "galaxies form", "significant luminosity evolution", "optical surveys", "high mean redshift", "non-evolving predictions", "models" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02630.x", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9812206" ]
[ "Roche, Nathan", "Eales, Stephen A." ]
[ "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Wales Cardiff, PO Box 913, Cardiff CF2 3YB", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Wales Cardiff, PO Box 913, Cardiff CF2 3YB" ]
[ "1999MNRAS.307..529K", "2000ARA&A..38..761G", "2000ASPC..200..101B", "2001A&A...378....1F", "2001ASPC..245..448M", "2001ApJ...562..179X", "2001MNRAS.325.1241V", "2002ApJ...570..470T", "2002MNRAS.335...10B", "2002MNRAS.337..921H", "2003A&A...405...31B", "2003ApJ...585..617D", "2003ApJ...587...90X", "2003ESASP.511..307D", "2003astro.ph..4384B", "2005SSRv..119...93E", "2018ApJ...854...22O" ]
[ "1988ApJ...325...74S", "1990ARA&A..28...37M", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1992MNRAS.258..787R", "1993ApJS...89....1R", "1994ApJ...426...97M", "1994ApJ...427..140F", "1994ApJ...429..582C", "1994ApJ...435..540C", "1995ApJ...451....1T", "1995ApJ...451L...1S", "1995ApJ...453..616S", "1995MNRAS.273..257M", "1996A&A...315L..27K", "1996A&A...315L.105M", "1996A&A...315L.109M", "1996A&A...315L.121A", "1996ARA&A..34..749S", "1996ApJ...457..625C", "1996ApJ...460....1K", "1996ApJ...460L...1L", "1996ApJ...464..641M", "1996ApJ...464L..63S", "1996ApJ...469L..85I", "1996MNRAS.280..397R", "1996MNRAS.283..174P", "1997A&A...328L...9T", "1997AJ....114..592S", "1997ApJ...486L..11C", "1997MNRAS.289..465G", "1997MNRAS.289..471O", "1997MNRAS.289..482M", "1997MNRAS.289..490R", "1997MNRAS.291..324P", "1998AJ....116.1643W", "1998ApJ...498..579G", "1998ApJ...505...25B", "1998ApJ...505L.103L", "1998ApJ...508..576X", "1998MNRAS.293..197R", "1998MNRAS.297..885G", "1998astro.ph.11202F", "1999A&A...342..313A", "1999A&A...343..389F", "1999ESASP.427..999E", "1999MNRAS.306..538R", "1999MNRAS.307..703R" ]
11668298
astro-ph/9809049
Galaxy kinematics from counter-dispersed imaging
Determining the internal kinematics of a galaxy from planetary nebulae (PN) is usually a two-step process in which the candidate PN are first identified in a target galaxy and then, in a follow-up run, spectra are obtained. We have implemented a new technique in which two dispersed images at the wavelength of the [Oiii] emission line at 5007 A˚ are combined to yield positions, magnitudes and velocities of the PN population in a single step. A reduction in observing time of about a factor of 2 is attainable. We present here the proof-of-principle results.
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10.162435
9.563845
1999-07-01
9
1999MNRAS.307..190D
[ "PN", "time", "Oiii", "velocities", "principle", "magnitudes", "positions", "spectra", "the PN population", "a target galaxy" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02614.x", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9809049" ]
[ "Douglas, N. G.", "Taylor, K." ]
[ "Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, Groningen, the Netherlands", "Anglo-Australian Observatory, Epping, NSW, Australia" ]
[ "2000MNRAS.316..795D", "2000astro.ph..3281D", "2001ApJ...563..135M", "2002ASPC..275...71B", "2002PASP..114.1234D", "2007ApJ...664..257D", "2009MNRAS.393..329N", "2018MNRAS.477.1880S", "2022A&A...657A..94N" ]
[ "1947AnAp...10..306F", "1985A&A...148..312G", "1987A&AS...71..275F", "1989ApJ...339...53C", "1992PASP..104..599J", "1992secg.book.....A", "1993ApJ...403...37G", "1993ApJ...414..463H", "1993ApJS...88..423H", "1993PASP..105.1011H", "1994Msngr..76...40A", "1995A&A...296..319D", "1995ASPC...71...33T", "1995ApJ...449..592H", "1996ApJ...472..145A", "1997AJ....113..895P", "1997ApJ...479..231F", "1997IAUS..180..493D", "1998A&AS..132...55B" ]
2105586
null
Disk and Bulge Morphology of WFPC2 Galaxies: The HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE Medium Deep Survey
Quantitative morphological and structural parameters are estimated for galaxies detected in Hubble Space Telescope observations of WFPC2 survey fields. A modeling approach based on maximum likelihood has been developed for two-dimensional decomposition of faint undersampled galaxy images into components of disk and bulge morphology. Decomposition can be achieved for images down to F814W(I)~23.0, F606W(V)~23.8, and F450W(B)~23.3 mag in WFPC2 exposures of 1 hr. We discuss details of the fitting procedure and present the observed distributions of magnitude, color, effective half-light radius, disk and bulge axis ratios, bulge-to-(disk+bulge) flux ratio, bulge-to-disk half-light radius ratio, and surface brightness. We also discuss the various selection limits on the measured parameters. The Medium Deep Survey catalogs and images of random pure parallel fields and other similar archival primary WFPC2 fields have been made available via the Internet with a searchable browser interface to the database.
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11.176543
6.569061
1999-07-01
62
1999AJ....118...86R
[ "other similar archival primary WFPC2 fields", "faint undersampled galaxy images", "WFPC2 survey fields", "random pure parallel fields", "WFPC2 exposures", "Hubble Space Telescope observations", "images", "WFPC2", "Hubble Space Telescope", "axis ratios" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "SURVEYS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/300931" ]
[ "Ratnatunga, Kavan U.", "Griffiths, Richard E.", "Ostrander, Eric J." ]
[ "Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213", "Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213", "Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213" ]
[ "1999A&A...349..877D", "1999Ap&SS.269..657P", "2000ApJ...539..577F", "2000ApJS..128...99O", "2000astro.ph..9037P", "2001AJ....122..103K", "2001AJ....122..750I", "2001AJ....122.1104Y", "2001ASPC..230..617T", "2001ASPC..237...33R", "2001ASPC..237..387C", "2001ApJ...549..172T", "2001ApJ...551..111E", "2001ApJ...559L..91P", "2001ApJ...560L..41H", "2001ApSSS.277..561P", "2001BaltA..10..599T", "2001MNRAS.326..221T", "2001PASP..113..515E", "2001cghr.confE..65M", "2002ApJ...566..123B", "2002ApJ...571..136I", "2002ApJ...571..790L", "2002ApJ...572L.131R", "2002ApJS..142....1S", "2002MNRAS.337..256B", "2003AJ....125.1182G", "2003AJ....125.1762C", "2003Ap&SS.284..961G", "2003ApJ...584...76C", "2003ApJ...586..765Y", "2003ApJ...595...71C", "2003ApJ...598L..71C", "2003IAUS..214..246G", "2003MNRAS.346.1125G", "2004AJ....127.2484H", "2004AJ....127.3180M", "2004AdSpR..34.2486G", "2004ApJ...611..739T", "2004MNRAS.348..214M", "2005A&A...431..757B", "2005ApJ...619..741G", "2005MNRAS.357.1022C", "2006ApJ...638..603C", "2006ApJ...639..644E", "2006IAUS..230..438G", "2006MNRAS.368..211Y", "2007ASPC..380..179G", "2007ApJ...665..265F", "2007MNRAS.374.1506B", "2007PThPS.169..256G", "2008A&A...488.1167D", "2008A&A...491..567B", "2008AdSpR..42..560B", "2009ApJ...694..643L", "2010AJ....139.2097P", "2010MNRAS.402.2321B", "2010PhR...495...33B", "2011MNRAS.414.2246H", "2013MNRAS.428..999P", "2015MNRAS.451.1158P", "2024MNRAS.527.5792L" ]
[ "1970ApJ...160..811F", "1977ApJ...217..406K", "1979ApJ...230L.153T", "1981ApJS...46..177B", "1984AJ.....89..176R", "1984ApJS...56..105K", "1985ApJS...59..115K", "1987PASP...99..191S", "1989A&A...217...35B", "1989spce.book.....L", "1991AJ....101.1075R", "1991PASP..103..396Y", "1994AAS...185.5309G", "1994AJ....108.2362R", "1994ApJ...434L..55M", "1994ApJ...435L..19G", "1994ApJ...437...67G", "1994chst.conf...59R", "1994rhis.conf..333R", "1995ApJ...441..494I", "1995ApJ...445L..15I", "1995ApJ...448..563B", "1995ApJ...450..486B", "1995ApJ...453..599C", "1996AJ....112.1335W", "1996ApJ...461L..79I", "1996ApJ...464...79S", "1996ApJ...471L..15S", "1996MNRAS.281..153O", "1996MNRAS.282.1159G", "1996MNRAS.282.1247R", "1997ApJ...476..510N", "1997ApJ...480...59N", "1997ApJS..111..357N", "1997MNRAS.288..200R", "1997hstc.work..361R", "1997hstc.work..518F", "1998AJ....116..584L", "1998AJ....116.2644O", "1998AJ....116.3040G", "1998MNRAS.293..157R" ]
2105619
null
Statistical properties of the emission in mixed-morphology (E+S) pairs. I. Optical results.
The authors present a statistical analysis of the optical emission properties for a mixed-morphology (E+S) sample of galaxy pairs. The sample is large and diverse enough (≡150 pairs) to permit discrimination of pairs by morphological types. It samples a large enough volume of space to justify derivation of the optical luminosity function. The authors find an average factor of 1.6 enhancement in the optical luminosity of the late-type pair components relative to an isolated galaxy control sample. This is interpreted as the optical signature of the interaction - star formation connection. The authors find a complete absence of dwarf pairs (M<SUB>Zw</SUB> ≥ -17.0) that is probably related to a corresponding lack of isolated E/S0 dwarf galaxies in the control sample. The spirals in (E+S) and (S+S) pairs show similar levels of optical enhancement but fail to show a trend toward higher luminosity with decreasing companion separation. A first-order comparison of galaxy type distributions between the pair and isolated samples suggests that (1) pairs show an excess of elliptical and early-type spiral (Sa-b) components and (2) corresponding deficit of S0s and late-type spirals in the "E" and "S" pair components, respectively. The authors consider both possible bias and dynamical explanations for (1) the observed (E+S) spiral-component luminosity excess and (2) the morphology excesses/deficits.
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11.965729
6.94963
1999-07-01
39
1999AJ....118..108H
[ "galaxy pairs", "dwarf pairs", "galaxy type distributions", "pairs", "optical enhancement", "isolated samples", "higher luminosity", "morphological types", "E+S", "an isolated galaxy control sample" ]
[ "Galaxy Pairs: Morphology", "Galaxy Pairs: Luminosity Function" ]
0
[ "10.1086/300921" ]
[ "Hernández Toledo, H. M.", "Dultzin-Hacyan, D.", "Gonzalez, J. J.", "Sulentic, J. W." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "2000ASPC..209..203H", "2000ASPC..215..121P", "2001A&A...379...54H", "2001AJ....121.1319H", "2001ESASP.460..515V", "2003A&A...398...13T", "2003A&A...406..415F", "2003A&A...412..633Z", "2003A&A...412..669H", "2003mglh.conf..176F", "2004A&A...417..411F", "2004AJ....127.1336S", "2004AJ....127.1883A", "2004ApJ...603L..73X", "2005A&A...436..443V", "2005A&AT...24..187X", "2005A&AT...24..455D", "2005AJ....129..682H", "2005AJ....129.2579D", "2005MNRAS.356.1177R", "2006AJ....132...71H", "2006ApJ...652..864H", "2006IJMPD..15..521D", "2006MNRAS.368..851R", "2007A&A...470..505V", "2007AJ....134.2286H", "2007ApJ...659..976H", "2008A&A...487..485H", "2008MmSAI..79.1326D", "2008RMxAC..32..170G", "2008arXiv0809.1680D", "2010AJ....139.2643P", "2010ASPC..421..115D", "2011AJ....141...74H", "2011ASSP...27...61C", "2013MNRAS.434..336H", "2014ASPC..480..269V", "2016MNRAS.459..291H", "2022AJ....163..150K" ]
[ "1936rene.book.....H", "1958MeLu2.136....1H", "1962ApJ...136..748E", "1968ApJ...151..393S", "1972MNRAS.157....1L", "1973ApJ...186..433H", "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1975SvA....18..428K", "1976Ap&SS..39..401K", "1976ApJ...207..700F", "1976ApJS...32..171S", "1976srcb.book.....D", "1978AJ.....83..322S", "1978ApJ...219...46L", "1978ApJ...222..784G", "1979ARA&A..17..135F", "1979ApJ...229..877N", "1980A&AS...41..151H", "1980AJ.....85..623G", "1980AJ.....85..801S", "1980AJ.....85.1010A", "1980ApJ...236..351D", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1981ApJ...251..477R", "1982ApJ...254..437D", "1982ApJ...258...64A", "1982PASP...94...19A", "1982PhDT........32V", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1983ApJ...275..472H", "1984AJ.....89..758H", "1984AZh....61..625D", "1985AJ.....90.1759S", "1985ApJ...293..192F", "1987AJ.....93.1011K", "1987dvga.book.....K", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988A&A...203..259N", "1988ARA&A..26..509B", "1989ApJ...343....1D", "1990A&A...228...42B", "1990ASSL..160...39O", "1990ApJ...363..391P", "1991ApJ...370L..65B", "1991ApJ...374..407X", "1992A&A...259...43R", "1992AJ....104.1039S", "1992sfss.conf..191K", "1993AJ....106.1771K", "1994ARA&A..32..115R", "1994ApJ...429..531S", "1994ApJ...430..179Z", "1994ApJ...435L..19G", "1995A&A...297..331D", "1995A&AS..110..131R", "1995A&AS..113..499B", "1996A&A...308..387D", "1996AJ....111..160W", "1996ARA&A..34..749S", "1996ApJ...457..125Z", "1996ApJ...462..114N", "1996Natur.379..613M", "1997AJ....114..613D", "1997AJ....114..898W", "1997RMxAC...6..132D", "1998ApJ...498L.119P" ]
11667976
astro-ph/9809168
Clustering of galaxies in a hierarchical universe - II. Evolution to high redshift
In hierarchical cosmologies the evolution of galaxy clustering depends both on cosmological quantities such as Omega, Lambda and P(k), which determine how collapsed structures - dark matter haloes - form and evolve, and on the physical processes - cooling, star formation, radiative and hydrodynamic feedback - which drive the formation of galaxies within these merging haloes. In this paper we combine dissipationless cosmological N-body simulations and semi-analytic models of galaxy formation in order to study how these two aspects interact. We focus on the differences in clustering predicted for galaxies of differing luminosity, colour, morphology and star formation rate, and on what these differences can teach us about the galaxy formation process. We show that a `dip' in the amplitude of galaxy correlations between z=0 and z=1 can be an important diagnostic. Such a dip occurs in low-density CDM models, because structure forms early, and dark matter haloes of mass ~10^12M_solar, containing galaxies with luminosities ~L_*, are unbiased tracers of the dark matter over this redshift range; their clustering amplitude then evolves similarly to that of the dark matter. At higher redshifts, bright galaxies become strongly biased and the clustering amplitude increases again. In high density models, structure forms late, and bias evolves much more rapidly. As a result, the clustering amplitude of L_* galaxies remains constant from z=0 to z=1. The strength of these effects is sensitive to sample selection. The dip becomes weaker for galaxies with lower star formation rates, redder colours, higher luminosities and earlier morphological types. We explain why this is the case, and how it is related to the variation with redshift of the abundance and environment of the observed galaxies. We also show that the relative peculiar velocities of galaxies are biased low in our models, but that this effect is never very strong. Studies of clustering evolution as a function of galaxy properties should place strong constraints on models of galaxy formation and evolution.
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11.899899
4.114072
1999-08-01
264
1999MNRAS.307..529K
[ "galaxy formation", "galaxy clustering", "galaxies", "galaxy correlations", "galaxy properties", "bright galaxies", "lower star formation rates", "star formation rate", "dark matter haloes", "high density models" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
8
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02711.x", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9809168" ]
[ "Kauffmann, Guinevere", "Colberg, Jörg M.", "Diaferio, Antonaldo", "White, Simon D. M." ]
[ "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, D-85740 Garching bei München, Germany", "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, D-85740 Garching bei München, Germany", "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, D-85740 Garching bei München, Germany", "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, D-85740 Garching bei München, Germany" ]
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[ "1984ApJ...284L...9K", "1990ApJ...352L..29C", "1991ApJ...374L...1H", "1994ApJ...431..477B", "1994MNRAS.267.1020P", "1995AJ....110.2655C", "1995ApJ...439...14N", "1995MNRAS.276L..25J", "1996ApJ...461..534L", "1996ApJ...465L..15V", "1996ApJ...467L...9M", "1996MNRAS.282..347M", "1997ApJ...477L...1G", "1997MNRAS.286..115M", "1997MNRAS.292..835R", "1998ApJ...492..428S", "1998ApJ...494L...5J", "1998ApJ...498..504B", "1998ApJ...498..541K", "1998ApJ...499...20J", "1998ApJ...503..543G", "1998ApJ...505...18A", "1998ApJ...506...19W", "1998ApJ...506...33P", "1998MNRAS.297..251B", "1998MNRAS.299..417B", "1998MNRAS.300..183C", "1998Natur.392..359G", "1999ApJ...510...32M", "1999MNRAS.302..111L", "1999MNRAS.303..188K", "1999MNRAS.304..175M", "1999MNRAS.307..111R", "1999MNRAS.307..537D", "1999RSPTA.357..167C", "2000MNRAS.311..793B", "2001MNRAS.320..504S" ]
11654445
astro-ph/0202272
SPH simulations of magnetic fields in galaxy clusters
We perform cosmological, hydrodynamic simulations of magnetic fields in galaxy clusters. The computational code combines the special-purpose hardware Grape for calculating gravitational interaction, and smooth-particle hydrodynamics for the gas component. We employ the usual MHD equations for the evolution of the magnetic field in an ideally conducting plasma. As a first application, we focus on the question what kind of initial magnetic fields yield final field configurations within clusters which are compatible with Faraday-rotation measurements. Our main results can be summarised as follows: (i) Initial magnetic field strengths are amplified by approximately three orders of magnitude in cluster cores, one order of magnitude above the expectation from spherical collapse. (ii) Vastly different initial field configurations (homogeneous or chaotic) yield results that cannot significantly be distinguished. (iii) Micro-Gauss fields and Faraday-rotation observations are well reproduced in our simulations starting from initial magnetic fields of ~ 10(-9) G strength at redshift 15. Our results show that (i) shear flows in clusters are crucial for amplifying magnetic fields beyond simple compression, (ii) final field configurations in clusters are dominated by the cluster collapse rather than by the initial configuration, and (iii) initial magnetic fields of order 10(-9) G are required to match Faraday-rotation observations in real clusters.
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14.495086
4.826905
1999-08-01
203
1999A&A...348..351D
[ "initial magnetic fields", "magnetic fields", "final field configurations", "i) Initial magnetic field strengths", "cluster cores", "real clusters", "galaxy clusters", "clusters", "the magnetic field", "(iii) initial magnetic fields" ]
[ "MAGNETIC FIELDS", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "Astrophysics" ]
6
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/0202272" ]
[ "Dolag, K.", "Bartelmann, M.", "Lesch, H." ]
[ "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, P.O. Box 1523, D-85740 Garching bei München, Germany", "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, P.O. Box 1523, D-85740 Garching bei München, Germany", "Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Scheinerstrasse 1, D-81679 München, Germany" ]
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11668023
astro-ph/9803331
The angular correlation function and hierarchical moments of ~70000 faint galaxies to R=23.5
We investigate the angular correlation function, omega(theta), and third- and fourth-order hierarchical moments of a large sample of ~70000 galaxies with apparent magnitudes 18.5&lt;=R&lt;=23.5. The data consist of 47 red-band INT Wide Field Camera CCD images, forming two widely separated fields of total areas 1.01 and 0.74deg^2. Galaxy clustering is detected with a high significance of ~10sigma. Over the R=21 to 23.5 range of magnitude limits, the angular correlation functions approximately follow theta^-0.8 power laws at theta&gt;5arcsec, with amplitudes consistent with previous surveys and best fitted by a luminosity evolution model in which galaxy clustering is approximately stable in proper coordinates (epsilon=0). Assuming the redshift distribution from our pure luminosity evolution (PLE) model and the present-day galaxy correlation radii from Loveday et al., we estimate the clustering evolution as epsilon_0.02 - 0.31 +0.48 for both fields combined, or epsilon_-0.29 - 0.27 +0.31 for the larger of the two fields which is thought to be the better in data quality. On the larger of our fields, omega(theta) at 2&lt;=theta&lt;=5 significantly exceeds a omega(theta)~theta^-0.8 power law of the amplitude measured at theta&gt;5arcsec. If this excess of close pairs is due to interacting and merging galaxies, we estimate that it is consistent with the local fraction of galaxies in close (&lt;19h^-1kpc) pairs combined with a merger/interaction rate evolving as (1+z)^m with m 2.01 -0.69 +0.52. We derive the hierarchical moments s_3(theta) and s_4(theta) from the counts-in-cells of the 18.5&lt;=R&lt;=23.5 galaxies. We find relatively steep slopes of approximately theta^-0.4 for s_3(theta) and theta^-0.6 for s_4(theta), similar to those of the hierarchical moments of 17&lt;=B&lt;=20 galaxies in the EDSGCS at comparable physical scales. The s_3(theta) and s_4(theta) of the 18.5&lt;=R&lt;=23.5 galaxies show only a small reduction in normalization relative to those of the less deep EDSGCS survey, consistent with the expectations from N-body simulations of the evolving mass distribution. This indicates there is little change in the mean linear or non-linear biasing of galaxies from z~0 to ~1, and hence appears to favour luminosity evolution for galaxies over `transient starburst dwarf' models, and supports the interpretation of the stable galaxy clustering as evidence for a low-Omega universe.
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12.429667
5.161697
1999-08-01
108
1999MNRAS.307..703R
[ "~70000 galaxies", "galaxies", "merging galaxies", "luminosity evolution", "theta^-0.8 power laws", "close pairs", "the stable galaxy", "previous surveys", "s_3(theta", "INT Wide" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
7
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02652.x", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9803331" ]
[ "Roche, Nathan", "Eales, Stephen A." ]
[ "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Wales Cardiff, PO Box 913, Cardiff CF2 3YB", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Wales Cardiff, PO Box 913, Cardiff CF2 3YB" ]
[ "1999A&A...349..354S", "1999MNRAS.307..111R", "2000A&A...353..867K", "2000A&A...361..535D", "2000A&A...364..349C", "2000A&AS..141...89G", "2000AJ....120.2244E", "2000ApJ...530...36B", "2000AstL...26...61R", "2000MNRAS.318..913M", "2001A&A...376..756M", "2001A&A...376..825D", "2001ApJ...558L..83O", "2001ApJ...559..592T", "2001ApJ...561..517K", "2001IAUS..204..283F", "2001astro.ph..9252O", "2001astro.ph.10337G", "2001astro.ph.11239P", "2002ApJ...571..129G", "2002PhR...367....1B", "2003AJ....126.2662D", "2003Ap&SS.285..175D", "2003ApJ...582....6W", "2003ApJ...585..191W", "2003ApJ...587...41W", "2003MNRAS.338..623P", "2004ApJ...617..765C", "2004ApJS..154...35F", "2005A&A...439..877L", "2005AJ....130.1065C", "2005ApJ...619..697A", "2005ApJ...629...29M", "2005MNRAS.360.1244A", "2006ApJ...642...63L", "2006ApJ...644..671C", "2007ApJS..172..396M", "2007ApJS..173..494M", "2007ApJS..173..503H", "2007MNRAS.377..815E", "2008A&A...490....1C", "2008ApJ...676..206P", "2008ApJ...679..269Y", "2008MNRAS.391.1301H", "2009ApJ...699.1307B", "2010A&A...518L..11M", "2010ApJ...723..869O", "2010MNRAS.407.1212H", "2011ApJ...733...92W", "2011MNRAS.410..548M", "2011MNRAS.415.2626B", "2011MNRAS.416.3033S", "2013ApJ...774...28B", "2013MNRAS.429.1113H", "2013MNRAS.429.2032N", "2013MNRAS.431.3045H", "2013MNRAS.433..127M", "2013pss6.book..387C", "2014ASPC..482..209K", "2014MNRAS.437..748F", "2014MNRAS.440.1527L", "2014MNRAS.440.2322L", "2014MNRAS.443.2661S", "2015A&A...582A..58S", "2015MNRAS.454..205I", "2015MNRAS.454..478J", "2015arXiv150907121J", "2016A&A...590A..23K", "2016ApJ...821..123H", "2016MNRAS.459.2618H", "2017A&A...606A..23B", "2017ApJ...835...36T", "2017MNRAS.464.1380W", "2017MNRAS.464.3271M", "2017MNRAS.468.4502V", "2017MNRAS.469.2771J", "2017MNRAS.469.3396C", "2017MNRAS.472.1995P", "2018ApJ...853...69C", "2018MNRAS.474.4133H", "2018MNRAS.477.3760H", "2018MNRAS.481.4885Q", "2018PASJ...70S..12T", "2019A&A...622A...4H", "2019A&A...623A.148D", "2019A&A...624A..30J", "2019ApJ...870..111Y", "2019ApJ...874..114C", "2019ApJ...886...48A", "2019MNRAS.483.4649A", "2020ApJ...895..104L", "2020MNRAS.494..804C", "2020MNRAS.494.1693K", "2020MNRAS.496.3169A", "2020arXiv200715134G", "2021A&A...645A.126C", "2021A&A...646A.152G", "2021A&A...654A..76F", "2021ApJ...916...35I", "2021ApJ...922...23I", "2021MNRAS.504..172S", "2021MNRAS.504.4533W", "2022A&A...664A..61S", "2022MNRAS.513.3252A", "2024ApJ...968..118P", "2024MNRAS.527.6540H", "2024MNRAS.531.4900N", "2024MNRAS.532..920H" ]
[ "1977ApJ...217..385G", "1978MNRAS.182..673P", "1980ApJS...44...73B", "1990ARA&A..28...37M", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1991ApJ...380L..47E", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1992MNRAS.255..346B", "1993ApJ...412...64L", "1993ApJ...413..447F", "1993MNRAS.260..241C", "1993MNRAS.263..360R", "1994ApJ...424..569B", "1994ApJ...435..540C", "1994ApJ...437L..13G", "1994MNRAS.268..913G", "1995ApJ...439..565I", "1995ApJ...442..457L", "1995ApJ...444..520S", "1995ApJ...453..559N", "1995MNRAS.272L..25E", "1995MNRAS.273..257M", "1995MNRAS.273L...1G", "1995MNRAS.274.1049B", "1995MNRAS.275..781B", "1996AJ....112..352S", "1996AJ....112..839C", "1996AJ....112.1472R", "1996ApJ...457..625C", "1996ApJ...461..534L", "1996ApJ...464..641M", "1996ApJ...464L..63S", "1996ApJ...465L.103S", "1996ApJ...469L..85I", "1996ApJ...473...15S", "1996MNRAS.280..397R", "1996MNRAS.282..347M", "1996MNRAS.283.1388M", "1997ApJ...479...82S", "1997ApJ...480...59N", "1997ApJ...481..578V", "1997ApJ...484..538C", "1997ApJ...489...37G", "1997ApJ...490....1C", "1997ApJ...490...11W", "1997ApJ...490L..41B", "1997MNRAS.286..115M", "1998ApJ...499L.125C", "1998ApJ...503...37J", "1998ApJ...503..543G", "1998ApJ...505...25B", "1998MNRAS.293..157R", "1998MNRAS.295..946R", "1998MNRAS.296..173R", "1998MNRAS.297..885G", "1998MNRAS.299...95M", "1998MNRAS.300..493S", "1999MNRAS.306..988M" ]
2642447
astro-ph/9810189
Properties of galaxy clusters: mass and correlation functions
We analyse parallel N-body simulations of three cold dark matter (CDM) universes to study the abundance and clustering of galaxy clusters. The simulation boxes are 500h^-1Mpc on a side and cover a volume comparable to that of the forthcoming Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The use of a treecode algorithm and 47 million particles allows us at the same time to achieve high mass and force resolution. We are thus able to make robust measurements of cluster properties with good number statistics up to a redshift larger than unity. We extract haloes using two independent, public domain group finders designed to identify virialized objects - `Friends-of-Friends' and `HOP' - and find consistent results. The correlation function of clusters as a function of mass in the simulations is in very good agreement with a simple analytic prescription based upon a Lagrangian biasing scheme developed by Mo &amp; White and the Press-Schechter (PS) formalism for the mass function. The correlation length of clusters as a function of their number density, the R_0-D_c relation, is in good agreement with the APM Cluster Survey in our open CDM model. The critical-density CDM model (SCDM) shows much smaller correlation lengths than are observed. We also find that the correlation length does not grow as rapidly with cluster separation in any of the simulations as suggested by the analysis of very rich Abell clusters. Our SCDM simulation shows a robust deviation in the shape and evolution of the mass function when compared with that predicted by the PS formalism. Critical models with a low sigma_8 normalization or small shape parameter Gamma have an excess of massive clusters compared with the PS prediction. When cluster-normalized, the SCDM universe at z=1 contains 10 times more clusters with temperatures greater than 7keV, compared with the PS prediction. The agreement between the analytic and N-body mass functions can be improved, for clusters hotter than 3keV in the critical-density SCDM model, if the value of delta_c (the extrapolated linear theory threshold for collapse) is revised to be delta_c(z)=1.686[(0.7/sigma_8)(1+z)]^-0.125 (sigma_8 is the rms density fluctuation in spheres of radius 8h^-1Mpc). Our best estimate for the amplitude of fluctuations inferred from the local cluster abundance for the SCDM model is sigma_8=0.5+/-0.04. However, the discrepancy between the temperature function predicted in a critical-density universe and that observed at z=0.33 (Henry et al.) is reduced by a modest amount using the modified PS scheme. The discrepancy is still large enough to rule out Omega_0=1, unless there are significant differences in the relation between mass and temperature for clusters at high and low redshift.
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12.199632
3.874446
1999-08-01
125
1999MNRAS.307..949G
[ "cluster properties", "cluster separation", "massive clusters", "clusters", "galaxy clusters", "Critical models", "good agreement", "good number statistics", "mass", "small shape parameter Gamma" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02706.x", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9810189" ]
[ "Governato, F.", "Babul, A.", "Quinn, T.", "Tozzi, P.", "Baugh, C. M.", "Katz, N.", "Lake, G." ]
[ "Physics Department, Science Labs, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, Elliot Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada, V8P 1A1", "Astronomy Department, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA", "Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA", "Physics Department, Science Labs, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, 517 Lederle Graduate Research Tower, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-4525, USA", "Astronomy Department, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA" ]
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11656009
astro-ph/9903394
The Nearby Optical Galaxy Sample: The Local Galaxy Luminosity Function
In this paper we derive the galaxy luminosity function from the nearby optical galaxy (NOG) sample, which is a nearly complete, magnitude-limited (B&lt;=14 mag), all-sky sample of nearby optical galaxies (~6400 galaxies with cz&lt;5500 km s<SUP>-1</SUP>). For this local sample, we use galaxy distance estimates based on different peculiar velocity models. Therefore, the derivation of the luminosity function is carried out using the locations of field and grouped galaxies in real distance space. The local field galaxy luminosity function in the B system is well described by a Schechter function with a slope of α~-1.1, a low normalization factor (Φ<SUP>*</SUP>~0.006 Mpc<SUP>-3</SUP>), and a particularly bright characteristic magnitude (M<SUP>*</SUP><SUB>B</SUB>~-20.6) (H<SUB>0</SUB>=75 km<SUP>-1</SUP> Mpc<SUP>-1</SUP>). The exact values of the Schechter parameters depend slightly on the adopted peculiar velocity field models. Peculiar motion effects are of the order of statistical errors and cause at most variations of 0.08 in α and 0.2 mag in M<SUP>*</SUP><SUB>B</SUB>. Our M<SUP>*</SUP><SUB>B</SUB> value is brighter by a few tenths of a magnitude than previous corresponding values, because using total corrected blue magnitudes better represent the galaxy light. In addition, the selection function, evaluated in terms of the luminosity function, appears to be not very sensitive to the adopted peculiar velocity field models, which, however, have a large impact on the local galaxy density on the smallest scales. The shape of the luminosity function of spiral galaxies does not differ significantly from that of E-S0 galaxies. On the other hand, the late-type spirals and irregulars have a very steeply rising luminosity function toward the faint end (α~-2.3 to -2.4), whereas the ellipticals appreciably decrease in number toward low luminosities. The presence of galaxy systems in the NOG sample does not significantly affect the field galaxy luminosity function, since environmental effects on the total luminosity function appear to be marginal. The luminosity function of the members of the richest galaxy systems tends to show a slightly brighter M<SUP>*</SUP><SUB>B</SUB> value than the norm. In light of constraints imposed by the observed galaxy number counts, the low normalization of the luminosity function suggests that the nearby universe (cz&lt;~5000 km s<SUP>-1</SUP>) examined in this paper may be underdense by a factor of ~1.5.
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12.222786
5.832342
1999-08-01
72
1999ApJ...521...50M
[ "luminosity function", "galaxy systems", "nearby optical galaxies", "galaxies", "spiral galaxies", "galaxy distance estimates", "E-S0 galaxies", "low luminosities", "the galaxy luminosity function", "M<SUP>*</SUP><SUB" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "MASS FUNCTION", "GALAXIES: STATISTICS", "Cosmology: Observations", "Galaxies: Distances and Redshifts", "Galaxies: Fundamental Parameters", "Galaxies: Luminosity Function", "Mass Function", "Galaxies: Statistics", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/307516", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9903394" ]
[ "Marinoni, Christian", "Monaco, Pierluigi", "Giuricin, Giuliano", "Costantini, Barbara" ]
[ "Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, via Tiepolo 11, I-34131, Trieste, Italy; , , .", "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, CB3 OHA, Cambridge, UK; .", "Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, via Tiepolo 11, I-34131, Trieste, Italy; , , .; SISSA, via Beirut 4, 34013 Trieste, Italy.", "Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, via Tiepolo 11, I-34131, Trieste, Italy; , , ." ]
[ "1999ApJ...527L..21D", "1999astro.ph..9255G", "1999astro.ph..9257M", "2000ASPC..201..314M", "2000ApJ...530...62G", "2000ApJ...540...45G", "2000ApJ...542L..89F", "2000ApJ...543..178G", "2000ApJ...545..781D", "2000ApJS..129....1T", "2000MNRAS.311..279M", "2000MNRAS.316L..29B", "2000MNRAS.318..681M", "2000cucg.confE..56G", "2001A&A...378..345H", "2001AJ....121.2358B", "2001ASPC..232..132M", "2001ApJ...553..288T", "2001ApJ...554..857G", "2001ApJ...560..566K", "2001MNRAS.326..287T", "2001PThPh.106..929T", "2002A&A...389.1090C", "2002AJ....123...87Y", "2002ApJ...566..723S", "2002ApJ...569...91M", "2002ApJ...569..101M", "2002ApJ...571..136I", "2002PThPh.108..103T", "2003A&A...404..831D", "2003A&A...405..917C", "2003A&A...408..845D", "2003A&A...410..461G", "2003Ap&SS.285..175D", "2003ApJ...584..580T", "2003ApJ...595...94R", "2003MNRAS.341..692F", "2003MNRAS.344..307L", "2004A&A...421...41G", "2004AJ....128.1990C", "2004MNRAS.355..424T", "2004cgpc.symp..177T", "2005A&A...436..443V", "2005JKAS...38..135I", "2005MNRAS.361..369L", "2005MNRAS.363L..56H", "2005sf2a.conf..667L", "2006A&A...449..937S", "2006A&A...453..809I", "2006A&A...458...39C", "2006AJ....132.1844K", "2006MNRAS.368..414D", "2006astro.ph..2329I", "2007ApJ...665..265F", "2007ApJS..172..599S", "2008A&A...480...45S", "2008A&A...482..507J", "2009AJ....138.1714C", "2009ASPC..419..110B", "2009arXiv0906.4857T", "2009astro2010S..29B", "2010ApJ...722..491Z", "2010MNRAS.408..849G", "2011AJ....142..198P", "2011Ap.....54..162M", "2011ApJ...726..110Z", "2011MNRAS.412..727C", "2011MNRAS.415.1815B", "2012ApJ...749...96H", "2013ApJ...762...83C", "2014A&A...572A..23C", "2015A&A...582A..58S" ]
[ "1976ApJ...203...39P", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1976srcb.book.....D", "1978ApJ...225...40B", "1979ApJ...231..645T", "1981rsac.book.....S", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1982ApJ...254..437D", "1982ApJ...257..423H", "1983ApJ...270....7D", "1984ApJ...284L...9K", "1984ApJS...54...33B", "1984MNRAS.206..767S", "1985ApJS...58...67T", "1985MNRAS.213P..75R", "1985MNRAS.216...53D", "1986MNRAS.219..305N", "1987ApJ...321..280T", "1988ARA&A..26..509B", "1988ApJ...325...74S", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1989ApJ...338...13C", "1989ApJ...343....1D", "1989MNRAS.238..379H", "1989MNRAS.239..939D", "1990IAUS..139..269S", "1990MNRAS.242..235P", "1990MNRAS.242..318S", "1990MNRAS.247P...1M", "1991ApJ...370L..65B", "1991ApJ...372..380Y", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992AJ....103.1427T", "1992ApJ...388..310K", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...394...61I", "1992ApJ...400L..47L", "1993A&AS...98....7G", "1993A&AS..100...47G", "1993ApJ...405..498W", "1993ApJ...415L..21K", "1993MNRAS.263..191H", "1993MNRAS.263..560M", "1993MNRAS.265...21I", "1993MNRAS.265...43H", "1994A&A...286..768P", "1994A&ARv...6...67F", "1994AJ....108..437M", "1994AJ....108.1209V", "1994ApJ...424...42D", "1994ApJ...424L...1D", "1994ApJ...428...43M", "1994ApJ...431..569P", "1994ApJS...93..425M", "1994MNRAS.267...13B", "1994MNRAS.269..953Z", "1995A&A...297..610B", "1995A&A...302...21G", "1995AJ....109..543B", "1995AJ....110....1W", "1995AJ....110.1071C", "1995AJ....110.1083T", "1995AJ....110.1602Z", "1995ApJ...440L...1G", "1995ApJ...442..457L", "1995ApJ...445..578D", "1995ApJ...446..457S", "1995ApJ...447L..81B", "1995ApJ...450...41G", "1995ApJ...453...48D", "1995ApJS..100...69F", "1995MNRAS.274..769M", "1995MNRAS.275..169G", "1995MNRAS.275L..19G", "1996AJ....112..839C", "1996ApJ...460..569B", "1996ApJ...461...38S", "1996ApJ...464...60L", "1996ApJ...469..529D", "1996ApJ...472L..13O", "1996ApJS..107....1A", "1996MNRAS.280..235E", "1996MNRAS.281..565S", "1996MNRAS.282..144R", "1996MNRAS.282L...1G", "1997A&A...317...43B", "1997A&A...326..477Z", "1997AJ....113..117G", "1997AJ....113..185M", "1997AJ....114..635D", "1997AJ....114..898W", "1997AJ....114.2205G", "1997ARA&A..35..267I", "1997ARA&A..35..389E", "1997ASSL..212..227C", "1997ApJ...475L..97L", "1997ApJ...476...12H", "1997ApJ...476L..63K", "1997ApJ...477...36K", "1997ApJ...479...90V", "1997ApJ...480L..99G", "1997ApJ...482..104S", "1997ApJ...482..659D", "1997ApJ...489...29L", "1997ApJS..109..333W", "1997MNRAS.285..613H", "1997MNRAS.290..119L", "1997cdc..conf..175D", "1998A&A...337...31R", "1998AJ....115..869W", "1998ASPC..146..198M", "1998ASPC..146..202M", "1998ASSL..231..185H", "1998ApJ...492..452S", "1998ApJ...495..251D", "1998ApJ...498....1W", "1998ApJ...499..577L", "1998ApJ...499..589H", "1998ApJ...503..483Z", "1998ApJ...503..617M", "1998ApJ...504L..75B", "1998ApJ...505...25B", "1998ApJ...505..484M", "1998ApJ...508....6B", "1998MNRAS.293..197R", "1998MNRAS.297..777C", "1998MNRAS.298..143S", "1998astro.ph..5197B" ]
2932595
astro-ph/9902333
The Hubble Space Telescope Survey of BL Lacertae Objects: Gravitational Lens Candidates and Other Unusual Sources
We present Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of seven unusual objects from the HST ``snapshot survey'' of BL Lacertae objects, of which four are gravitational lens candidates. In three cases a double point source is observed: 0033+595, with 1.58" separation, and 0502+675 and 1440+122, each with ~0.3" separation. The last two also show one or more galaxies, which could be either host or lensing galaxies. If any are confirmed as lenses, these BL Lac objects are excellent candidates for measuring H<SUB>0</SUB> via gravitational time delay because of their characteristic rapid, high-amplitude variability. An additional advantage is that, like other blazars, they are likely superluminal radio sources, in which case the source plane is mapped out over a period of years, providing strong additional constraints on the lensing mass distribution. The fourth gravitational lens candidate is 1517+656, which is surrounded by three arclets forming an almost perfect ring of radius 2.4". If this is indeed an Einstein ring, it is most likely a background source gravitationally lensed by the BL Lac object host galaxy and possibly a surrounding group or cluster. In the extreme case that all four candidates are true lenses, the derived frequency of gravitational lensing in this BL Lac sample would be an order of magnitude higher than in comparable quasar samples. We also report on three other remarkable BL Lac objects: 0138-097, which is surrounded by a large number of close companion galaxies; 0806+524, whose host galaxy contains an uncommon arclike structure; and 1959+650, which is hosted by a gas-rich elliptical galaxy with a prominent dust lane of ~5×10<SUP>5</SUP> M<SUB>solar</SUB>.
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13.454393
4.201093
1999-08-01
44
1999ApJ...521..134S
[ "BL Lac", "BL Lacertae objects", "gravitational lens candidates", "close companion galaxies", "the BL Lac object host galaxy", "BL Lacertae", "gravitational time delay", "excellent candidates", "three other remarkable BL Lac objects", "strong additional constraints" ]
[ "GALAXIES: BL LACERTAE OBJECTS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "COSMOLOGY: GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "Galaxies: BL Lacertae Objects: General", "Galaxies: Structure", "Cosmology: Gravitational Lensing", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1086/307552", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9902333" ]
[ "Scarpa, Riccardo", "Urry, C. Megan", "Falomo, Renato", "Pesce, Joseph E.", "Webster, Rachel", "O'Dowd, Matthew", "Treves, Aldo" ]
[ "Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218; , ; Also at Department of Astronomy, Padova University, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy.", "Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218; ,", "Astronomical Observatory of Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy;", "Eureka Scientific;", "Melbourne University Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 3052; ,", "Melbourne University Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 3052; ,", "University of Insubria, Via Lucini 3, Como, Italy;" ]
[ "1999A&A...352...85F", "1999A&A...352..437G", "1999A&AS..139..601C", "1999Ap&SS.269..669T", "1999MNRAS.309..836M", "2000ApJ...532..740S", "2000ApJ...532..816U", "2000ApJ...542..731F", "2000PhDT........21B", "2001A&A...371..512C", "2001AJ....122..536P", "2001AJ....122..565R", "2001ApJ...551..929O", "2002A&A...383..410B", "2002A&A...389..742W", "2002A&ARv..10..263C", "2003A&A...400...95N", "2003A&A...406..565H", "2003A&A...412..711T", "2003AJ....125.1060R", "2003AJ....125.2447R", "2003ApJ...599..155C", "2004A&A...418..813H", "2004ApJ...613..747G", "2005A&A...440..831K", "2005ApJ...627..125O", "2006Ap&SS.306...17P", "2006FrPhC...1..135W", "2006astro.ph..5157W", "2008A&A...482..771L", "2009Ap.....52..358K", "2009MNRAS.398..832K", "2011A&A...528A..34L", "2011ApJ...739...73M", "2012JPhCS.355a2012M", "2015MNRAS.446..217A", "2016MNRAS.455..618F", "2016MNRAS.461..202A", "2017ApJ...837..144P", "2017ApJ...843...23G", "2017MNRAS.470L.107J", "2021A&A...650A.106G", "2022A&A...668A..75K", "2023arXiv231212623S" ]
[ "1970ApJ...160..811F", "1978ApJ...224..132B", "1980ApJ...238L..17B", "1983A&A...117...60F", "1983ApJ...274..534M", "1985ApJ...288..618R", "1985ApJ...294..599S", "1985Natur.318..446O", "1987A&A...173...59V", "1988ApJ...333..666I", "1989ApJ...345..245C", "1989woga.conf..256V", "1991ApJ...374..431S", "1992ApJ...400L..13C", "1992ApJS...80..257E", "1992LNP...406..140P", "1993A&AS...98..393S", "1993ApJ...409...28M", "1993ApJ...412..541S", "1993MNRAS.261..435P", "1994A&A...286..381B", "1995A&A...297..643W", "1995AJ....109.1576F", "1995AJ....110.1554P", "1995ASPC...77..349K", "1995PASP..107..803U", "1995PASP..107.1065H", "1996A&A...312L..13H", "1996ApJ...473..595K", "1996ApJS..103..109W", "1996ApJS..104..251P", "1996IAUS..173...37C", "1996MNRAS.282...40F", "1996MNRAS.283..241F", "1997A&A...321..374F", "1997A&A...325..109S", "1997ARA&A..35..445U", "1997ApJ...475L..85S", "1997ApJ...476..113F", "1997ApJ...482...75K", "1997ApJ...489L..17S", "1998A&A...336..479K", "1998ApJ...509..551I", "1999ASPC..159..389F", "1999ApJ...510..590K", "1999ApJ...512...88U" ]
11654275
astro-ph/9906129
1ES 1741+196: a BL Lacertae object in a triplet of interacting galaxies?
We present subarcsecond resolution imaging and spectroscopy of the BL Lac object {1ES 1741+196} and neighboring galaxies. Based on 2-dimensional modelling, the host galaxy of {1ES 1741+196} is a very bright and large elliptical galaxy ({M_R} = -24.85, {r_e} = 51.2 kpc) whose overall luminosity distribution deviates significantly from a de Vaucouleurs profile. It is one of the most luminous and largest BL Lac host galaxies known. Closeby to {1ES 1741+196} we found two companion galaxies at the same redshift as the BL Lac itself. They are at projected distances of 7.2 and 25.2 kpc, respectively. The closer companion galaxy can be best modelled by a Sa-type galaxy, whereas the more distant companion galaxy is an elliptical. This is supported by their spectra. We detected a tidal tail emerging from the closer companion galaxy which is possibly connected with the more distant galaxy. Its surface brightness increases towards the closer companion galaxy, which suggests that material has been released from that galaxy due to tidal forces. The flat luminosity profile (beta = 0.15), high ellipticity (epsilon = 0.35) of the host galaxy of {1ES 1741+196} as well as its position angle along the impact parameter to the neighboring galaxies can be the result of tidal interaction. {1ES 1741+196} may be a BL Lac object in a triplet of interacting galaxies. Based on observations made with the Nordic Optical Telescope, operated on the island of La Palma, jointly by Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Institute de Astrofisica de Canarias. Based on observations collected at the German-Spanish Astronomical Centre, Calar Alto, operated by the Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, jointly with the Spanish National Commission for Astronomy
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16.800261
4.950465
1999-08-01
15
1999A&A...348..113H
[ "neighboring galaxies", "interacting galaxies", "BL Lac", "The closer companion galaxy", "the closer companion galaxy", "two companion galaxies", "1ES", "the host galaxy", "Spanish", "tidal forces" ]
[ "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: BL LACERTAE OBJECTS: INDIVIDUAL: 1ES 1741+196", "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "METHODS: DATA ANALYSIS", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9906129" ]
[ "Heidt, J.", "Nilsson, K.", "Fried, J. W.", "Takalo, L. O.", "Sillanpää, A." ]
[ "Landessternwarte Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany", "Tuorla Observatory, FIN-21500 Piikkiö, Finland", "Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany", "Tuorla Observatory, FIN-21500 Piikkiö, Finland", "Tuorla Observatory, FIN-21500 Piikkiö, Finland" ]
[ "1999PASP..111.1223N", "2000A&A...357...91F", "2001MNRAS.326.1412A", "2003A&A...400...95N", "2005ASPC..340..116R", "2008MNRAS.384..230K", "2012ApJS..199...26H", "2014A&ARv..22...73F", "2016A&A...593A..98L", "2016MNRAS.459.2550A", "2017MNRAS.468.1534A", "2021ApJ...923...67H", "2022Univ....8..587F", "2023A&A...669A..23G", "2024A&A...684A..11E" ]
[ "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1983AJ.....88..439L", "1983RMxAA...8...63B", "1990AJ.....99.1621O", "1990Natur.345..692F", "1991ApJ...380L..67F", "1992AJ....103.1746N", "1993A&A...280..383M", "1993AJ....105.2031F", "1993MNRAS.265.1013C", "1995ApJ...438L...9F", "1996ApJS..103..109W", "1996ApJS..104..251P", "1996MNRAS.283..241F", "1998ApJ...496...93D", "1999A&A...341..683H", "1999ASPC..159..367H" ]
11654570
astro-ph/9906361
Non-local bias and the problem of large-scale power in the it Standard Cold Dark Matter model
We study the effect of non-radial motions, originating from the gravitational interaction of the quadrupole moment of a protogalaxy with the tidal field of the matter of the neighboring protostructures, on the angular correlation function of galaxies. We calculate the angular correlation function using a Standard Cold Dark Matter (hereafter SCDM) model (Omega =1, h=0.5, n=1) and we compare it with the angular correlation function of the APM galaxy survey (Maddox et al. 1990; Maddox et al. 1996). We find that taking account of non-radial motions in the calculation of the angular correlation function gives a better agreement of the theoretical prediction of the SCDM model to the observed estimates of large-scale power in the galaxy distribution.
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12.113082
3.539711
1999-08-01
6
1999A&A...348..667D
[ "non-radial motions", "the angular correlation function", "Maddox et al", "galaxies", "Maddox", "quadrupole", "a Standard Cold Dark Matter", "hereafter SCDM) model", "SCDM", "the APM galaxy survey" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9906361" ]
[ "Del Popolo, A.", "Takahashi, Y.", "Kiuchi, H.", "Gambera, M." ]
[ "Istituto di Astronomia dell'Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy; Dipartimento di Matematica, Università Statale di Bergamo, Piazza Rosate 2, I-24129 Bergamo, Italy", "Communications Reasearch Laboratory, 4-2-1 Nukui-kita, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan", "Communications Reasearch Laboratory, 4-2-1 Nukui-kita, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan", "Istituto di Astronomia dell'Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy; Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania and CNR-GNA, Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy" ]
[ "2001AJ....122..487D", "2001BaltA..10..629D", "2001MNRAS.326..667D", "2001astro.ph.12561D", "2002BaltA..11..113D", "2002IJMPA..17..187D" ]
[ "1954ApJ...119..655L", "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1977ApJ...217..385G", "1977ApJS...34..425D", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1981ApJ...250..432B", "1983ApJ...264L..31S", "1984ApJ...284..439P", "1984ApJ...284L...9K", "1984PhRvD..29.1870S", "1985A&A...146..235V", "1986ApJ...301...65H", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1986ApJ...308..499V", "1988ApJ...329..589R", "1989ApJ...347..575S", "1989ApJS...71....1H", "1990A&A...240..223B", "1990ApJ...365...27P", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990MNRAS.247P..10E", "1990Natur.348..705E", "1991IJMPA...6.2075S", "1991MNRAS.253..307P", "1991MNRAS.253P...1P", "1991MNRAS.253P..31B", "1991Natur.349...32S", "1991PhRvD..43.3155H", "1992ApJ...391L...5V", "1992ApJ...399L.113C", "1992ApJ...400L..43L", "1993ARA&A..31..689O", "1993ApJ...405..403B", "1993ApJ...407L..45B", "1993MNRAS.262.1065C", "1993PhRvD..47.1333S", "1994MNRAS.271..676L", "1995ApJ...447...23M", "1996MNRAS.282..347M", "1996MNRAS.283.1227M", "1998A&A...337...96D", "1998AJ....115..869W", "1999A&A...344...17D", "1999MNRAS.303..188K", "1999MNRAS.307..949G", "1999RSPTA.357..133P" ]
2105505
null
CLASS B1555+375: A New Four-Image Gravitational Lens System
We have discovered a new gravitational lens in the Cosmic Lens All-Sky Survey. The lens B1555+375 is a four-image system with a maximum separation of 0.42". VLA and MERLIN radio observations show these images in a characteristic quadruple-lens configuration. Optical imaging with the Keck II Telescope at R band shows a faint extended object. We estimate the combined emission from the lens and background source to be R=25 mag. Observations at H band with the William Herschel Telescope also detected this extended object. The combined lens and background source magnitude was measured to be H=19 mag. Presently, redshifts for both the lensing galaxy and background source are undetermined. We conclude that one or more of the following are true: the lens galaxy is sub-L*, it has z&gt;0.5, or it is highly reddened. The observed MERLIN component positions and flux densities can be well described by a lens model based on a singular isothermal ellipsoid mass distribution. Our best-fit lens model has a reduced chi^2 of 2.6. High-resolution VLA radio observations should help to constrain the lens model further.
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13.570458
4.173181
1999-08-01
40
1999AJ....118..654M
[ "background source magnitude", "background source", "William Herschel Telescope", "R band", "a lens model", "the lens model", "Observations", "a new gravitational lens", "the lens galaxy", "H band" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: GRAVITATIONAL LENSING" ]
0
[ "10.1086/300987" ]
[ "Marlow, D. R.", "Myers, S. T.", "Rusin, D.", "Jackson, N.", "Browne, I. W. A.", "Wilkinson, P. N.", "Muxlow, T.", "Fassnacht, C. D.", "Lubin, L.", "Kundić, T.", "Blandford, R. D.", "Pearson, T. J.", "Readhead, A. C. S.", "Koopmans, L.", "de Bruyn, A. G." ]
[ "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33d Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33d Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33d Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104", "Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, Jodrell Bank, University of Manchester, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK11 9DL, UK", "Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, Jodrell Bank, University of Manchester, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK11 9DL, UK", "Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, Jodrell Bank, University of Manchester, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK11 9DL, UK", "Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, Jodrell Bank, University of Manchester, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK11 9DL, UK", "National Radio Astronomy Observatory, P.O. Box O, Socorro, NM 87801", "Palomar Observatory, California Institute of Technology, Mail Stop 105-24, Pasadena, CA 91125", "Palomar Observatory, California Institute of Technology, Mail Stop 105-24, Pasadena, CA 91125", "Palomar Observatory, California Institute of Technology, Mail Stop 105-24, Pasadena, CA 91125", "Palomar Observatory, California Institute of Technology, Mail Stop 105-24, Pasadena, CA 91125", "Palomar Observatory, California Institute of Technology, Mail Stop 105-24, Pasadena, CA 91125", "Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, Postbus 800, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands", "Netherlands Foundation for Research in Astronomy, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands" ]
[ "2000MNRAS.319L...7P", "2000astro.ph..4241R", "2001AJ....121..619M", "2001AJ....122..591R", "2001ASPC..237...59R", "2001ApJ...553..709R", "2002A&ARv..10..263C", "2002ApJ...572...25D", "2002LNP...608....1C", "2003AIPC..666..103K", "2003ApJ...598..138K", "2003MNRAS.341....1M", "2003MNRAS.341...13B", "2003MNRAS.343..639O", "2003astro.ph..4480S", "2004ApJ...604L...5M", "2004ApJ...610...69K", "2004IAUS..220..103S", "2005ApJ...635...35K", "2006AJ....132..999O", "2006MNRAS.365.1243D", "2007Ap&SS.312..203M", "2007MNRAS.374..168J", "2009MNRAS.398.1235X", "2010ApJ...715..793G", "2011ApJ...741..117C", "2012MNRAS.419.3414M", "2012MNRAS.421.2553X", "2012SCPMA..55..523Q", "2013arXiv1307.4220X", "2015MNRAS.447.3189X", "2016MNRAS.459.2394Q", "2016MNRAS.463L..51H", "2017MNRAS.467.3970G", "2017MNRAS.469.3713H", "2018MNRAS.478.4816S", "2020MNRAS.492.3047H", "2021MNRAS.504.1340G", "2023arXiv230611781V", "2024arXiv240409954M" ]
[ "1964MNRAS.128..307R", "1991ApJ...373..354K", "1991ApJS...75.1011G", "1992ARA&A..30..311B", "1992MNRAS.254..655P", "1994A&A...284..285K", "1995ApJ...447L...5M", "1995MNRAS.274L..25J", "1995PASP..107..375O", "1996AJ....111.1945D", "1996ApJ...460L.103F", "1996ApJS..103..427G", "1997A&AS..122..399P", "1997A&AS..124..259R", "1997ASPC..125...77S", "1997MNRAS.288..138M", "1998AJ....115.1693C", "1998ApJ...494...47F", "1998MNRAS.293..257B", "1998MNRAS.296..483J", "1998MNRAS.300..790W", "1998MNRAS.301..310S", "1998astro.ph..9371K", "1999A&A...344..721Q", "1999A&AS..136..297H", "1999AJ....117..658F", "1999AJ....117.2565M", "1999MNRAS.303..727K" ]
2105504
null
Paschen Lines and the Reddening of the Radio Galaxy 3C 109
This paper presents spectrophotometric observations from 0.8 to 2.5 μm of the broad emission line radio galaxy 3C 109. Three Paschen lines plus Hα are measured and combined with a published value for Hβ to estimate the reddening for the continuum source and the region producing the broad emission lines. A key factor in this determination is the foreground reddening due to the Galaxy. The recent COBE/IRAS maps of Schlegel, Finkbeiner, &amp; Davis indicate a Galactic extinction of E(B-V)=0.57, more than twice the value inferred from the H I measurements. If the former value is adopted, the in situ reddening is E(B-V)=0.77. This value implies, per the analysis of Goodrich &amp; Cohen, that 3C 109 is an object of extremes, displaying a dereddened UV-optical continuum that is extraordinarily blue (f_nu~nu^1.5) and harboring dust grains that are more efficient polarizers than any found in the Milky Way. Both extremes hint at some additional factor or mechanism, and a few possibilities are discussed. Regardless, the significant amount of internal reddening indicated by infrared spectroscopy is consistent with results from previous optical polarimetry and spectropolarimetry, optical and X-ray spectroscopy, and infrared photometry, in demonstrating that 3C 109 is an obscured quasar-a luminous object whose nuclear radiations from the soft X-ray to the near-infrared are absorbed, scattered, polarized, and reradiated further into the infrared by a circumnuclear envelope of dust.
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15.496081
7.176198
1999-08-01
34
1999AJ....118..666R
[ "previous optical polarimetry", "internal reddening", "dust grains", "infrared photometry", "3C", "optical and X-ray spectroscopy", "amp", "spectrophotometric observations", "infrared spectroscopy", "the broad emission line radio galaxy" ]
[ "ISM: DUST", "EXTINCTION", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: ALPHANUMERIC: 3C 109", "GALAXIES: NUCLEI", "INFRARED RADIATION", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: EMISSION LINES", "RADIO EMISSION LINES" ]
1
[ "10.1086/300980" ]
[ "Rudy, Richard J.", "Puetter, R. C.", "Mazuk, S." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "2000A&A...364..501D", "2000A&AS..147....5M", "2000ApJ...539..166R", "2000ApJ...544..859G", "2001AJ....121..362R", "2001AJ....122.2013L", "2001PASP..113..916R", "2002A&A...383..171M", "2002AJ....124.2883R", "2002AJ....124.3009V", "2002Ap&SS.279...57L", "2002ApJ...565..413R", "2002ApJ...573..794R", "2003A&A...412..219M", "2003ApJ...596.1229R", "2003PASP..115..484R", "2003SPIE.4834..310D", "2004A&A...417..731M", "2004AJ....127.1089L", "2004AJ....128..405V", "2004AJ....128.2962L", "2004ApJ...607..460L", "2005AJ....130..256T", "2005MNRAS.364..335M", "2006MNRAS.371..283M", "2007AJ....134.1459L", "2007ApJ...671..828M", "2008ApJ...678.1070S", "2009A&A...498..115M", "2009ApJ...700..209M", "2018ApJ...856..158K", "2020ApJ...897...47C", "2021AJ....161..291R", "2022ApJ...936..129N" ]
[ "1975ApJ...196..261S", "1978ApJ...220..783G", "1978ApJ...226..753Y", "1979ARA&A..17...73S", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1982ApJ...256L...1R", "1982bsc..book.....H", "1983A&A...128...84K", "1983ApJ...271...59R", "1984ApJ...278..530R", "1985ApJ...290..394H", "1988AJ.....95...26G", "1989ApJ...347...29S", "1990ApJ...353..419B", "1991ppag.conf...27K", "1992ApJ...391..623G", "1992MNRAS.258P..29A", "1995A&A...303....8H", "1995MNRAS.272...41S", "1997MNRAS.286..765A", "1998ApJ...500..525S" ]
2105490
null
Near-Infrared Observations of Hot Spots in the Circumnuclear Rings of NGC 2997 and NGC 6951
Near-infrared observations of NGC 2997 and NGC 6951 reveal complete rings of symmetrically placed hot spots, which are star-forming complexes. The masses of the complexes range from a few times 10^4 to a few times 10^5 M_solar in both galaxies. The regular hot-spot spacings of about 200 pc in a ring 55 pc thick in NGC 2997 and 380 pc in a ring 150 pc thick in NGC 6951 are consistent with formation by a large-scale gravitational instability in the rings. Visual extinction is estimated to be up to 3 mag around the ring in NGC 2997 and up to 5 mag in NGC 6951, as dust lanes spiral in and cross the ring. Hubble Space Telescope observations reveal smaller super-star clusters within the large complexes. These clusters have power-law luminosity functions with an exponent of approximately -2 in both galaxy rings, the same as for star-forming complexes in the disks of normal spiral galaxies.
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11.323352
8.023755
1999-08-01
19
1999AJ....118..777E
[ "complete rings", "NGC", "smaller super-star clusters", "Hubble Space Telescope observations", "normal spiral galaxies", "star-forming complexes", "both galaxy rings", "power-law luminosity functions", "Visual extinction", "the large complexes" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC NUMBER: NGC 2997", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC NUMBER: NGC 6951", "GALAXIES: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION", "MASS FUNCTION", "GALAXIES: STARBURST", "GALAXIES: STAR CLUSTERS" ]
1
[ "10.1086/300970" ]
[ "Elmegreen, Debra Meloy", "Chromey, Frederick R.", "Sawyer, Jessica E.", "Reinfeld, Erika L." ]
[ "Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604" ]
[ "1999Ap&SS.269...79B", "2000AJ....120.1289B", "2000PASP..112..434T", "2001A&A...372..824V", "2001ASPC..249..187S", "2001ApJ...552..189L", "2001MNRAS.322..757A", "2002A&A...383...98S", "2002A&A...386...42R", "2002AJ....123.1381E", "2002Ap&SS.281...83E", "2002ApJ...567..289L", "2002ApJ...577..206E", "2002IAUS..207..390E", "2003MNRAS.343.1285D", "2006AJ....131..701L", "2010PASJ...62..409M", "2011MNRAS.416..522K", "2013MNRAS.431..554R" ]
[ "1965PASP...77..287S", "1967PASP...79..152S", "1976ApJ...209...53S", "1978ApJ...226...75P", "1979Obs....99..215C", "1980ApJ...241..573K", "1980PASP...92...38M", "1982AJ.....87.1029E", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1982MNRAS.200....1M", "1982MNRAS.200P...1M", "1982MNRAS.201.1021E", "1985A&A...150..327C", "1987ApJ...314....3E", "1987MNRAS.226..747J", "1988A&A...195...27F", "1988NASSP.496.....S", "1988cag..book.....W", "1988ngc..book.....T", "1989A&A...217...66A", "1989ApJ...337..761K", "1989ApJ...339..919S", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992ApJ...395L..79K", "1992MNRAS.259..345A", "1993A&A...273...31S", "1993A&A...277...27F", "1993A&A...277..397B", "1993AJ....105.1344B", "1993AJ....105.2090M", "1994AJ....108.1276M", "1994ApJ...425L..73E", "1995A&A...298...87G", "1995A&AS..111..115W", "1995AJ....109.2503M", "1995AJ....110.1009B", "1995AJ....110.2665M", "1995AJ....110.2757E", "1995ApJ...441..549Q", "1995ApJ...454..623K", "1995ApJS...96....9L", "1996A&A...313..771K", "1996AJ....111.1861B", "1996AJ....111.1880E", "1996AJ....111.2248M", "1996AJ....112..918T", "1996ASPC...91..143T", "1996ASPC...91..150K", "1996ApJ...466..802E", "1996ApJ...466L..83H", "1996ApJ...467..579E", "1996ApJ...469..131E", "1996ApJ...472..600H", "1996LNP...474..233K", "1997A&A...325...81P", "1997AJ....114..965R", "1997AJ....114.1850E", "1997ApJ...482L.143R", "1997ApJ...487..579H", "1997ApJS..108..155G", "1998AJ....115.1543O", "1998AJ....116.2834E", "1998ARA&A..36..189K", "1998ApJ...503L.119E", "1998MNRAS.300..533G", "1999AJ....117..764E", "1999MNRAS.303..133E" ]
2105511
null
Quasar-Galaxy Correlations: a Search for Amplification Bias
Weak gravitational lensing by clusters and superclusters can change our perception of the distribution of bright background quasars through a phenomenon known as amplification bias. It has been suggested that this lensing will lead to an association of moderate redshift quasars (z~1.0-2.0) and foreground galaxies (z~0.2-0.3). We report on the analysis of a homogeneous sample of 32 CCD fields centered on quasars that are bright both at radio (S_5GHz&gt;1 Jy) and optical (V&lt;18.5) wavelengths, along with 11 control fields. These 69'x69' fields are a small subset of our larger survey of the fields around approximately 100 quasars and approximately 20 control fields. The quasars presented here are chosen to have the highest potential for evidence of this weak lensing effect. We find no evidence for the presence of rich galaxy clusters (Abell richness class=1) in the foreground of these fields. However, using a Spearman rank-order correlation test, we have detected a correlation between galaxy number density and angular distance from bright quasars on scales less than 30' with a significance of 99%. This angular correlation is consistent with the recent semianalytic models of Dolag &amp; Bartelmann that incorporate nonlinear evolution of matter.
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14.645063
6.187156
1999-08-01
12
1999AJ....118..613N
[ "bright quasars", "bright background quasars", "moderate redshift quasars", "quasars", "rich galaxy clusters", "foreground galaxies", "galaxy number density", "angular distance", "clusters", "S_5GHz&gt;1 Jy" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "COSMOLOGY: GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: GENERAL" ]
0
[ "10.1086/300984" ]
[ "Norman, Dara J.", "Impey, Chris D." ]
[ "Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Box 351580, Seattle, WA 98195-1580", "Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721" ]
[ "2000AJ....119.2060N", "2000ApJ...539..570G", "2001AJ....121.2392N", "2001AJ....122.1151R", "2001ASPC..237..209N", "2001MNRAS.320..241B", "2001PASP..113..899B", "2001PhR...340..291B", "2002A&A...386..784M", "2003A&A...403..817M", "2003ApJ...589...82G", "2005ApJ...633..589S" ]
[ "1981A&AS...45..367K", "1981Natur.291..620C", "1982SPIE..331..465V", "1984ApJS...56..143C", "1984MNRAS.210..979H", "1986AJ.....91..217I", "1986ApJ...311..651K", "1986SPIE..627..733T", "1986nras.book.....P", "1987ApJ...319...28Y", "1988AJ.....96....1T", "1990A&A...240...11F", "1991A&A...251L..35B", "1991MNRAS.249..481J", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1992grle.book.....S", "1993A&A...268....1B", "1993A&A...271..421B", "1993AJ....105.2017S", "1993MNRAS.261...19C", "1994A&A...284....1B", "1994A&AS..105..211S", "1994AJ....107..451R", "1995A&A...298..661B", "1995A&A...302....9S", "1995MNRAS.272..705W", "1996ApJ...469..519H", "1996ApJ...471..694A", "1996MNRAS.283.1227M", "1997A&A...319..375B", "1997ApJ...477...27B", "1997MNRAS.291..418S", "1997MNRAS.291..446D", "1998MNRAS.298..378W" ]
2131426
null
Cam A: a new dwarf low-surface-brightness galaxy on the Local Group outskirts?
We present a deep I-band image of the nearby dwarf irregular galaxy Cam A obtained with the Nordic Optical Telescope with 0.6-arcsec seeing (FWHM). The distance to Cam A, D_MW=1.9Mpc, is estimated from the tip of the red giant branch seen at I=22.8+/-0.2mag. The youngest stellar population of the galaxy seems to be of age about 100Myr. Relying on its barycentric distance, D_LG=1.6Mpc, Cam A may be considered as a new probable peripheral member of the Local Group, or a member of the small group situated between the IC 342/Maffei group and the Local Group.
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10.549066
7.998398
1999-08-01
6
1999MNRAS.307L..37K
[ "irregular galaxy Cam A", "Cam A", "a new probable peripheral member", "D_LG=1.6Mpc", "D_MW=1.9Mpc", "the Nordic Optical Telescope", "the red giant branch", "age", "I=22.8+/-0.2mag", "FWHM" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02873.x" ]
[ "Karachentsev, I. D.", "Makarova, L. N.", "Andersen, M. I." ]
[ "Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, N. Arkhyz, KChR 357147, Russia", "Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, N. Arkhyz, KChR 357147, Russia", "Nordic Optical Telescope, Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos, Apartado 474, E-38700 Santa Cruz de La Palma, Spain" ]
[ "2000PASP..112..434T", "2001AJ....122.2341I", "2003A&A...408..111K", "2005AJ....130.1593V", "2008MNRAS.386.1667B", "2013ASSP...37..129D" ]
[ "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1986ApJ...307....1S", "1987PASP...99..191S", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1993ApJ...417..553L", "1994A&AS..106..275B", "1994A&AT....6....1K", "1996A&AS..117..343K", "1996AJ....111..794K", "1997A&AS..124..559K", "1997agnh.book.....H", "1998A&AS..127..409K", "1998ApJ...500..525S", "1999IAUS..192..284G" ]
2106753
null
On the Statistical Analyses of the Cosmic Velocity Field
Many statistical analyses of the cosmic velocity field are based on the galaxy number-weighted sampling and therefore cannot escape from the bias effect. We study this problem in the framework of the stochastic bias mechanism using a simplified model and the results of a recent hydrodynamical simulation. We adopt the velocity correlation functions as representative examples and show that velocity statistics might be qualitatively affected by the poorly understood bias mechanism and strongly depend on the tracers of the cosmic velocity field.
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11.873817
3.164878
1999-08-01
2
1999ApJ...520..409S
[ "velocity statistics", "representative examples", "Many statistical analyses", "the cosmic velocity field", "the stochastic bias mechanism", "the velocity correlation functions", "the bias effect", "the poorly understood bias mechanism", "a recent hydrodynamical simulation", "the galaxy number-weighted sampling" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Cosmology: Theory", "Galaxies: Distances and Redshifts", "Cosmology: Large-Scale Structure of Universe" ]
0
[ "10.1086/307487" ]
[ "Seto, Naoki" ]
[ "Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan" ]
[ "2000ApJ...537...21S", "2000PASJ...52..749S" ]
[ "1988ApJ...332L...7G", "1989ApJ...344....1G", "1989ApJ...346..558G", "1994MNRAS.267..927F", "1995PhR...261..271S", "1995wfsd.conf....3G", "1996ApJ...461L..65F", "1998ApJ...496L..59S", "1998ApJ...500L..79T", "1998ApJ...504..601P", "1998ApJ...504L...1J", "1998astro.ph..6193D", "1998astro.ph..9185T", "1999ApJ...510..541T" ]
2134132
null
Analysis of Mathematical Morphology for Quantifying Galaxy Distributions in N-Body Simulations
We used a counts-in-cells analysis for quantifying galaxy distributions in cosmological N-body simulations. We adopted seven simulations which were evolved from different power-law initial conditions and CDM initial conditions with different density parameter. In our analyses, we focused on information of the galaxy distributions in two-dimensions, and adopted a mathematical morphology which is one of the most noticeable fields in image analysis. We propose new statistical measures which are based on the mathematical morphology. These measures relate to the area of the counts-in-cells or the pattern spectrum. &gt;From our analyses, the histogram of the area, the pattern spectrum, and these new measures are found to be useful to distinguish the difference of the galaxy distributions among power-law models as well as CDM models.
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11.942732
4.075523
1999-08-01
2
1999PASJ...51..435U
[ "galaxy distributions", "new statistical measures", "image analysis", "CDM initial conditions", "different density parameter", "different power-law initial conditions", "cells", "CDM models", "the galaxy distributions", "power-law models" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY", "GALAXIES: GENERAL", "GRAVITATION", "NUMERICAL METHODS" ]
0
[ "10.1093/pasj/51.4.435" ]
[ "Ueda, Haruhiko" ]
[ "Faculty of Education and Human Studies, Akita University, 1-1 Tegata-gakuen, Akita, Akita 010-8502" ]
[ "2006PASA...23..135M", "2008arXiv0801.1233T" ]
[ "1969PASJ...21..221T", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1981ApJ...248L..57K", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1986ApJ...302L...1D", "1988ApJ...335L..43B", "1989A&A...220....1B", "1989ApJ...343....1D", "1989Sci...246..897G", "1991ApJS...75..631S", "1994ApJ...420..504S", "1995MNRAS.274.1049B" ]
11656417
astro-ph/9812182
Cosmic Histories of Stars, Gas, Heavy Elements, and Dust in Galaxies
We investigate a set of coupled equations that relates the stellar, gaseous, chemical, and radiation contents of the universe averaged over the whole population of galaxies. Using as input the available data from quasar absorption-line surveys, optical imaging and redshift surveys, and the COBE DIRBE and FIRAS extragalactic infrared background measurements, we obtain solutions for the cosmic histories of stars, interstellar gas, heavy elements, dust, and radiation from stars and dust in galaxies. Our solutions reproduce remarkably well a wide variety of observations that were not used as input. These include the integrated background light from galaxy counts from near-ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelengths, the rest-frame optical and near-infrared emissivities at various redshifts from surveys of galaxies, the mid-infrared and far-infrared emissivities of the local universe from the IRAS survey, the mean abundance of heavy elements at various epochs from surveys of damped Lyα systems, and the global star formation rates at several redshifts from Hα, mid-infrared, and submillimeter observations. The chemical enrichment history of the intergalactic medium implied by our models is also consistent with the observed mean metal content of the Lyα forest at high redshifts. We infer that the dust associated with star-forming regions is highly inhomogeneous and absorbs a significant fraction of the starlight, with only 41%-46% of the total in the extragalactic optical background and the remaining 59%-54% reprocessed by dust into the infrared background. The solutions presented here provide an intriguing picture of the cosmic mean history of galaxies over much of the Hubble time. In particular, the process of galaxy formation appears to have undergone an early period of substantial inflow to assemble interstellar gas at z&gt;~3, a subsequent period of intense star formation and chemical enrichment at 1&lt;~z&lt;~3, and a recent period of decline in the gas content, star formation rate, optical stellar emissivity, and infrared dust emissivity at z&lt;~1.
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12.522806
6.861695
1999-09-01
291
1999ApJ...522..604P
[ "galaxy formation", "intense star formation", "FIRAS extragalactic infrared background measurements", "galaxy counts", "stars", "galaxies", "various redshifts", "surveys", "dust emissivity", "interstellar gas" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: DIFFUSE RADIATION", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: ISM", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "GALAXIES: INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: ABSORPTION LINES", "Cosmology: Diffuse Radiation", "Galaxies: Evolution", "Galaxies: ISM", "Infrared: Galaxies", "Galaxies: Intergalactic Medium", "Galaxies: Quasars: Absorption Lines", "Astrophysics" ]
8
[ "10.1086/307674", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9812182" ]
[ "Pei, Yichuan C.", "Fall, S. Michael", "Hauser, Michael G." ]
[ "Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218", "Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218", "Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218" ]
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[ "1979ApJ...232..333D", "1980FCPh....5..287T", "1983ApJ...266L..79T", "1984ApJ...278....1O", "1984ApJ...285...89D", "1984ApJ...287..228N", "1986ApJ...311..969H", "1986ApJS...61..249W", "1990A&A...237..215D", "1990ARA&A..28..437H", "1991AJ....101..354S", "1991ARA&A..29...59B", "1991ARA&A..29..581Y", "1991ApJ...367L..49H", "1991ApJ...378....6P", "1991ApJ...379...52W", "1991ApJS...77....1L", "1992A&A...262..385L", "1992ApJ...395..130P", "1992ApJS...79..303L", "1993ApJ...402..479F", "1993ApJ...419..515R", "1993MNRAS.264..201K", "1994A&A...284...12A", "1994ApJ...426...79P", "1994MNRAS.271..781C", "1995ApJ...438..623P", "1995ApJ...440..435L", "1995ApJ...454...69P", "1995ApJ...454..698W", "1995ApJ...454L..19L", "1995ApJ...455..108L", "1995ApJ...455L...1G", "1996A&A...308L...5P", "1996AJ....112..839C", "1996AJ....112.1335W", "1996ApJ...460L...1L", "1996ApJ...462L..17S", "1996ApJ...464L..43F", "1996ApJ...473..576F", "1996ApJ...473L...9K", "1996MNRAS.280..235E", "1996MNRAS.281..475K", "1996MNRAS.282.1330S", "1996MNRAS.283.1388M", "1996MNRAS.283L..79S", "1996Natur.384..439S", "1997A&A...321..733L", "1997ApJ...477L..73G", "1997ApJ...478..536P", "1997ApJ...480L..99G", "1997ApJ...484L...7K", "1997ApJ...486..665P", "1997ApJ...486L..11C", "1997ApJ...488..550P", "1997ApJ...489L.119H", "1997ApJ...490..173Z", "1997ApJ...490L...1S", "1997NewA....2...53S", "1998A&A...333..841B", "1998AJ....116.1009R", "1998ApJ...493..583V", "1998ApJ...494L.159S", "1998ApJ...495..691T", "1998ApJ...498..106M", "1998ApJ...498..504B", "1998ApJ...500..525S", "1998ApJ...501..643D", "1998ApJ...503..518F", "1998ApJ...508...25H", "1998ApJ...508..106D", "1998ApJ...508..123F", "1998ApJ...508L...9D", "1998MNRAS.298.1133P", "1998Natur.394..241H", "1998Natur.394..248B", "1998PhRvL..80.2992B", "1998hdf..symp..163F", "1999ApJ...515..518E", "1999ApJ...517..148F", "1999ApJ...519....1S", "1999ApJ...519...27C", "1999MNRAS.302..632B", "1999MNRAS.306..843G" ]
11654734
astro-ph/9906427
Giant molecular clouds in the dwarf galaxy NGC 1569
We present CO 1-&gt;0 and 2-&gt;1 observations of the dwarf starburst galaxy NGC 1569 with the IRAM interferometer on Plateau de Bure. We find the CO emission is not spatially associated with the two super star clusters in the galaxy, but rather is found in the vicinity of an HII region. With the resolution of our data, we can resolve the CO emission into five distinct giant molecular clouds, four are detected at both transitions. In the 1-&gt;0 transition the sizes and linewidths are similar to those of GMCs in the Milky Way Galaxy and other nearby systems, with diameters ranging from ~ 40 to 50 pc and linewidths from 4 to 9 km s(-1) . The (2-1)/(1-0) line ratios range from 0.64 +/- 0.30 to 1.31 +/- 0.60 in the different clouds. The lower line ratios are similar to those seen in typical Galactic GMCs, while values higher than unity are often seen in interacting or starburst galaxies. We use the virial theorem to derive the CO-H_2 conversion factor for three of the clouds, and we adopt an average value of 6.6 +/- 1.5 times the Galactic conversion factor for NGC 1569 in general. We discuss the role of the molecular gas in NGC 1569, and its relationship to the hot component of the ISM. Finally, we compare our observations with blue compact dwarf galaxies which have been mapped in CO.
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12.401471
8.762924
1999-09-01
66
1999A&A...349..424T
[ "blue compact dwarf galaxies", "CO", "typical Galactic GMCs", "NGC", "other nearby systems", "Plateau de Bure", "GMCs", "linewidths", "the dwarf starburst galaxy", "values" ]
[ "ISM: MOLECULES", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC 1569", "GALAXIES: ISM", "GALAXIES: STARBURST", "RADIO LINES: GALAXIES", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9906427" ]
[ "Taylor, C. L.", "Hüttemeister, S.", "Klein, U.", "Greve, A." ]
[ "Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Astronomisches Institut, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany", "Universität Bonn, Radioastronomisches Institut, Auf dem Hügel 71, D-53121 Bonn, Germany", "Universität Bonn, Radioastronomisches Institut, Auf dem Hügel 71, D-53121 Bonn, Germany", "IRAM, 300 Rue de la Piscine, F-38406 St. Martin d'Hères, France" ]
[ "2000AJ....120.2383H", "2000AJ....120.2402B", "2000ASPC..211..297M", "2000ASPC..215...51T", "2000MNRAS.317..649B", "2000NewAR..44..249M", "2000mhs..conf..293I", "2001A&A...366..811T", "2001AJ....121..727W", "2001AJ....121..740M", "2001AJ....121.1425A", "2001AJ....122.1770M", "2001ApJ...553..121H", "2001PASJ...53L..41F", "2002A&A...381..825G", "2002A&A...382..860L", "2002A&A...384...33B", "2002AJ....124..877M", "2002Ap&SS.281..327M", "2002ApJ...574..663M", "2004AJ....127..264B", "2004ApJ...601..813D", "2004MNRAS.347...17A", "2004MNRAS.349.1335L", "2005A&A...438..855I", "2005AIPC..783...83H", "2005AIPC..783..112M", "2005AJ....129.2197D", "2005ApJ...623....1M", "2005ApJ...629..615W", "2006A&A...452..413R", "2006AJ....132.1061B", "2006ApJ...643..825L", "2006ApJ...648..355T", "2006ApJS..166..188L", "2006PASP..118..590R", "2007ApJ...654..240R", "2007ApJ...663..990L", "2007ApJ...671.1559W", "2007MNRAS.376.1317M", "2007MNRAS.381..894W", "2008ApJ...684....1W", "2008ApJ...686..948B", "2008IAUS..244..226N", "2008IAUS..255..226H", "2008IAUS..255..260L", "2008MNRAS.383..864W", "2008arXiv0804.4156W", "2009Ap&SS.324..187W", "2009IAUS..256..154L", "2011ApJ...737...63A", "2011ApJS..195...23M", "2011PASJ...63L...1K", "2012AJ....143..117G", "2012AJ....144..152J", "2013ARA&A..51..207B", "2013ApJ...768..174G", "2013MNRAS.428.2290C", "2014MNRAS.445.1003L", "2016ApJ...828...50K", "2020ApJ...899..165A", "2020MNRAS.498.1496M", "2021AJ....161...71H", "2021MNRAS.503.2187C", "2022RAA....22a5010L", "2023A&A...673A..30P" ]
[ "1972ApJ...173...25S", "1972ApJ...175..353K", "1974ApJ...191L..21H", "1980MNRAS.192..297R", "1981ApJ...247..823T", "1981MNRAS.194..809L", "1984ApJ...276..476Y", "1985AJ.....90.1163A", "1985ApJ...289..373S", "1986A&A...168..369I", "1986ApJ...304..443Y", "1987ApJ...319..730S", "1987ApJ...321L.145V", "1987ApJ...322..681T", "1988A&A...194...24I", "1988A&A...198..109I", "1988A&A...205...41A", "1988A&A...207....1S", "1988ApJ...331L..95C", "1988ApJ...333..821M", "1988ang..book.....T", "1989ApJ...341..697H", "1990A&A...236..323I", "1990AJ.....99..178C", "1990ApJ...348L...9M", "1990ApJ...363..435W", "1991ARA&A..29..195C", "1991ApJ...366...95S", "1991ApJ...370..144W", "1992A&A...264..433B", "1992A&A...265...19S", "1992A&A...265..447W", "1992AJ....103.1841P", "1993A&A...271....9R", "1993AJ....106.1797H", "1993ApJ...406..477W", "1993ApJ...411L..71L", "1993ApJ...413..150L", "1994A&A...284..403B", "1994A&A...288..396P", "1994AJ....107...90L", "1994ApJ...421..458T", "1994ApJ...425..641S", "1994ApJ...433...65O", "1994ApJ...434L..11W", "1994PASJ...46..335T", "1995A&A...295..302B", "1995A&A...295..599I", "1995A&A...300..369A", "1995AJ....109.2470M", "1995AJ....110..116K", "1995ApJ...448...98H", "1995ApJ...448L..97W", "1995ApJ...455..125W", "1996A&A...312..391G", "1996A&A...313..713V", "1996ApJ...466L..83H", "1996ApJ...469..662D", "1997A&A...328..471I", "1997ApJ...474L..11T", "1997ApJ...479L..27D", "1997ApJ...482..765D", "1997ApJ...483..705G", "1997ApJ...489..636K", "1997ApJ...490..710Y", "1998A&A...331..857J", "1998A&A...335..152G", "1998A&A...337...64S", "1998AJ....116.2746T", "1998ApJ...504..725G", "1998ApJ...506..721S" ]
11668664
astro-ph/9904221
Evidence for a positive cosmological constant from flows of galaxies and distant supernovae
Recent observations of high-redshift supernovae seem to suggest that the global geometry of the Universe may be affected by a `cosmological constant', which acts to accelerate the expansion rate with time. But these data by themselves still permit an open universe of low mass density and no cosmological constant. Here we derive an independent constraint on the lower bound to the mass density, based on deviations of galaxy velocities from a smooth universal expansion. This constraint rules out a low-density open universe with a vanishing cosmological constant, and together the two favour a nearly flat universe in which the contributions from mass density and the cosmological constant are comparable. This type of universe, however, seems to require a degree of fine tuning of the initial conditions that is in apparent conflict with `common wisdom'.
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11.227913
1.05493
1999-09-01
69
1999Natur.401..252Z
[ "low mass density", "mass density", "universe", "apparent conflict", "fine tuning", "galaxy velocities", "a vanishing cosmological constant", "common wisdom", "Recent observations", "a low-density open universe" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1038/45748", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9904221" ]
[ "Zehavi, Idit", "Dekel, Avishai" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "1999Natur.401..219R", "2000ASPC..201..262Z", "2000ASPC..201..377L", "2000ASPC..201..420D", "2000ApJ...536..515S", "2000ApJ...544...30T", "2000GReGr..32..329G", "2000IJMPD...9..373S", "2000PhRvD..61h4029M", "2000PhRvD..61j3502B", "2000PhRvD..62b3513G", "2000PhRvD..62b7301L", "2000PhRvD..62d3521W", "2000PhRvD..62d3525B", "2000PhRvD..62j3505B", "2000PhRvD..62j3510A", "2000PhRvL..84.1082F", "2000astro.ph..3040R", "2001A&A...366..395T", "2001A&A...371....1T", "2001A&A...373..369H", "2001ASIC..565..131L", "2001ASPC..230..593I", "2001ASPC..245..584C", "2001ApJ...557...88M", "2001ApJ...557..102S", "2001CQGra..18.4517G", "2001CSF....12.1101S", "2001MNRAS.321..333B", "2001MNRAS.326.1328T", "2001NW.....88..229O", "2001NuPhB.619..646G", "2001PhLB..515..148A", "2001PhRvD..63d3007T", "2001PhRvD..63f4017G", "2001PhRvD..63l4005D", "2001PhRvD..63l4017G", "2001PhRvD..64f3501Z", "2001PhRvD..64h3505B", "2001Prama..56..477S", "2001S&W....40..948S", "2001gr.qc....12063W", "2001misk.conf..236D", "2002ASSL..276..313P", "2002ApJ...571L..27A", "2002FoPh...32..295I", "2002MNRAS.335...30R", "2002PhDT.......193H", "2002PhLA..297..320C", "2002PhRvD..65j3004V", "2002PhRvD..65l3001W", "2002astro.ph..9611R", "2003AdSpR..31..459C", "2003MNRAS.345..871S", "2003Prama..60....1J", "2004FoPh...34..239C", "2004LNP...646..169T", "2004PhR...402..267O", "2004physics...7045C", "2005A&A...431...27D", "2005IJMPA..20.2157C", "2006ChPhL..23..758Q", "2007ChPhy..16.3605Q", "2007MPLA...22.1493S", "2008ChPhB..17.1633L", "2010GReGr..42.1623R", "2014CEJPh..12..348K", "2018Prama..90....2S", "2021MPLA...3650224K" ]
[ "1989RvMP...61....1W", "1990ApJ...364..349D", "1991MNRAS.251..128L", "1992ARA&A..30..499C", "1993ApJ...405..437N", "1994ApJ...422L...1D", "1995ApJS..100..281S", "1995MNRAS.274...20B", "1996ApJ...473...88R", "1997ApJ...480....6B", "1997ApJ...486...21Z", "1997ApJ...488....1Z", "1997ApJS..109..333W", "1997cdc..conf...92F", "1998AJ....116.1009R", "1998ApJ...494...96C", "1998ApJ...495..516S", "1998ApJ...505L..69L", "1998ApJ...506..495W", "1998MNRAS.298.1145E", "1998astro.ph..5117T", "1999AJ....117.1668H", "1999AJ....117.2039H", "1999ApJ...517..565P", "1999ApJ...520...24D", "1999ApJ...522....1D", "1999ApJ...523....1F", "1999MNRAS.303L..47E", "1999RSPTA.357...35L", "1999RSPTA.357...57B" ]
11668278
astro-ph/9812075
Towards breaking the Ω-bias degeneracy in density-velocity comparisons
I derive a second-order local relation between the redshift-space mass density field and the real-space velocity field. This relation can be useful for comparisons between the cosmic density and peculiar velocity fields, for a number of reasons. First, relating the real-space velocity directly to the redshift-space density enables one to avoid the Ω-dependent reconstruction of the density field in real space. Secondly, the reconstruction of the three-dimensional velocity field in redshift space, questionable because of its vorticity, is also unnecessary. Finally, a similar relation between the galaxy density field and the velocity field offers a way to break the Ω-bias degeneracy in density-velocity comparisons, when combined with an additional measurement of the redshift-space galaxy skewness. I derive the latter relation under the assumption of non-linear but local bias; accounting for stochasticity of bias is left for further study.
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11.69814
2.607871
1999-09-01
5
1999MNRAS.308..640C
[ "peculiar velocity fields", "redshift space", "real space", "bias", "the galaxy density field", "density-velocity comparisons", "the redshift-space mass density field", "non-linear but local bias", "the density field", "the real-space velocity field" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02710.x", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9812075" ]
[ "Chodorowski, Michał J." ]
[ "Copernicus Astronomical Center, Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland" ]
[ "1999MNRAS.309L..30C", "2000ASPC..201..306C", "2000MNRAS.318..375C", "2001PhRvL..86.1434F", "2002PhR...367....1B" ]
[ "1976ApJ...208...13D", "1980ApJ...236..351D", "1984ApJ...284L...9K", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1986ApJ...300...77G", "1986ApJ...303...39D", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1987MNRAS.227....1K", "1990AcA....40...11C", "1991ApJ...372..380Y", "1991ApJ...379....6N", "1992ApJ...387....9S", "1992ApJ...397..395S", "1992ApJ...399L.113C", "1993ApJ...405L..47G", "1993ApJ...412....1D", "1993ApJ...412L...9J", "1993ApJ...413..447F", "1993ApJ...417...36B", "1994ApJ...421L...1N", "1994ApJ...433....1B", "1994PhRvL..73..215F", "1995A&A...298..643H", "1995ApJ...442...39J", "1995ApJ...452...75M", "1995MNRAS.272..885F", "1995MNRAS.274..730L", "1995MNRAS.276...39C", "1996ApJ...468....1L", "1996MNRAS.282..767T", "1996MNRAS.283..709H", "1997ApJ...489...37G", "1997MNRAS.286..795K", "1997MNRAS.287..591C", "1997MNRAS.292..695C", "1998ASSL..231..185H", "1998ApJ...493...39K", "1998ApJ...495..516S", "1998ApJ...500L..79T", "1998ApJ...503..543G", "1998ApJ...504..601P", "1998MNRAS.300.1027C", "1998MNRAS.301..797H", "1999ApJ...517..531S", "1999ApJ...518L..69T", "1999ApJ...520...24D", "1999ApJ...522....1D", "1999ApJ...522...46T", "1999ApJ...522..590B", "1999MNRAS.306..491T", "1999MNRAS.309..543B" ]
2107931
null
Near-infrared Imaging of Early-Type Galaxies. II. Global Photometric Parameters
An imaging survey of 341 nearby early-type galaxies in the near-infrared K-band atmospheric window (2.2 μm) is described. The galaxies primarily reside in 13 nearby rich clusters (85%), while some additional galaxies are drawn from loose groups (12%) and the general field (3%). Surface photometry was measured for the entire sample. Detailed corrections were derived from an extensive grid of seeing-convolved r<SUP>1/4</SUP> models and then applied to the isophotal surface brightness, aperture magnitude, and ellipticity profiles. Global photometric parameters were derived from this seeing-corrected photometry. More than 25% of the sample has been observed at least twice, and these repeat measurements demonstrate the small internal uncertainties on the derived global photometric parameters. Extensive comparisons with aperture photometry from the literature demonstrate that the photometric system is fully consistent with other photometric systems to &lt;=0.01 mag and confirm the estimates of internal random uncertainties. Additional global parameters are drawn from the literature in a homogeneous manner in order to construct a large catalog of galaxy properties: 95% of the galaxies have a velocity dispersion, 69% have a Mg<SUB>2</SUB> index, 80% have an optical r<SUB>eff</SUB> and &lt;μ&gt;<SUB>eff</SUB>, 82% have a D<SUB>n</SUB>, and 81% have a derived optical - infrared color measurement. This large data set provides excellent source material for investigations of the physical origins of the global scaling relations of early-type galaxies, velocity fields in the local universe, and comparisons to higher redshift early-type galaxies.
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11.529937
6.877651
1999-09-01
79
1999ApJS..124..127P
[ "galaxy properties", "Global photometric parameters", "Additional global parameters", "Surface photometry", "internal random uncertainties", "other photometric systems", "higher redshift early-type galaxies", "Extensive comparisons", "aperture photometry", "excellent source material" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "Galaxies: Elliptical and Lenticular", "cD", "Galaxies: Fundamental Parameters", "Galaxies: Photometry", "Galaxies: Stellar Content", "Infrared: Galaxies" ]
1
[ "10.1086/313249" ]
[ "Pahre, Michael A." ]
[ "Palomar Observatory, California Institute of Technology, MS 105-24, Pasadena, CA 91125" ]
[ "2000A&A...361..863G", "2000MNRAS.316..786F", "2001ApJ...558..598K", "2001ApJ...563..527G", "2002A&A...382..495A", "2002A&A...390..891B", "2002A&A...392..395C", "2002ApJ...564..216L", "2002ApJ...567..144N", "2002ApJ...571..790L", "2002ApJ...579..247F", "2002ApJ...580...73T", "2002ApJS..143..315V", "2002MNRAS.329L..53B", "2002MNRAS.332..422P", "2002astro.ph..5423B", "2003ApJ...590..770I", "2003ApJ...591..749L", "2003MNRAS.340..341B", "2003MNRAS.340..908K", "2003MNRAS.341..747B", "2003MmSAI..74..478L", "2003mglh.conf...74G", "2004A&A...415..123P", "2004ApJ...602..664G", "2004ApJS..154..229P", "2004ApJS..154..235P", "2004MNRAS.349..146G", "2004MNRAS.351..347M", "2004PASA...21..183K", "2005AJ....130.1002R", "2005ASPC..329..147W", "2005ApJ...631...41T", "2005JKAS...38..135I", "2005JKAS...38..149K", "2005MNRAS.361.1216K", "2005Msngr.122...28T", "2006AJ....131..185R", "2006AJ....132.2634L", "2006ApJ...643..707V", "2006ApJ...646..899H", "2006ApJ...651..835D", "2006NewAR..50..701V", "2006NewAR..50..720D", "2006astro.ph..3028V", "2006fdg..conf..475D", "2007A&A...463..493H", "2007A&A...476.1223C", "2007ApJ...657..102D", "2007ApJ...661..768H", "2007ApJ...667..780D", "2007ApJ...668..826C", "2007ApJ...669..158G", "2007IAUS..235..187A", "2008ASPC..396..247P", "2008ApJ...672..244T", "2008ApJ...678L..97J", "2008MNRAS.391.1973O", "2008NewAR..52..289V", "2009A&A...501..851V", "2009ApJ...701..587V", "2009MNRAS.393.1467F", "2009arXiv0912.4547L", "2010ApJ...712..318R", "2010ApJ...713...66F", "2010MNRAS.408.1313L", "2011ApJ...740...94D", "2011MNRAS.417.1787F", "2012A&A...537A..25M", "2012A&A...548A..78T", "2012ApJ...753...43K", "2013ApJ...767...72R", "2014A&A...564A.138M", "2014A&A...565A.120A", "2014MNRAS.439.3666M", "2014MNRAS.441.1340V", "2014MNRAS.443.1231C", "2017ApJ...835..101H", "2019ApJ...870...39V" ]
[ "1956AJ.....61...97H", "1969A&A.....3..455M", "1971PhDT........67F", "1975ApJ...200L.123F", "1978ApJ...220...75F", "1978ApJ...223..707S", "1979ApJS...39...61P", "1980lond.conf.....S", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1984ApJ...281..512D", "1985ApJS...57..473L", "1985PhDT.........2D", "1986MNRAS.220..679D", "1987ApJ...312L..11J", "1987ApJ...313...42D", "1987ApJ...313...59D", "1987ApJS...64..581D", "1988ApJ...326...19L", "1988MNRAS.235.1177L", "1989AJ.....98..538F", "1989ApJ...345..245C", "1989ApJS...69..763F", "1989PhDT.......149P", "1990A&A...229...64R", "1990A&A...233...62P", "1990AJ....100.1091P", "1990AJ....100.1416T", "1991A&A...249..312R", "1991ApJ...368...54D", "1991ApJ...373L...1T", "1991MNRAS.248..804L", "1991MNRAS.253..584L", "1992MNRAS.254..589B", "1992MNRAS.254..601B", "1992PASP..104..204P", "1993A&A...279...75S", "1993MNRAS.262..475C", "1993MNRAS.264..961S", "1993MNRAS.265.1013C", "1994ASPC...58..133L", "1994ApJ...428..511S", "1994ApJ...433..553J", "1994ApJ...433..567P", "1994ApJS...95..107W", "1995A&A...298..784G", "1995AJ....110.2027V", "1995ApJ...453L..17P", "1995ApJS..100..105M", "1995MNRAS.273.1097J", "1995MNRAS.276.1341J", "1995PASP..107.1234M", "1996A&A...309..749P", "1996A&AS..116..203S", "1996ApJ...468..519J", "1996MNRAS.280..167J", "1996PhDT.........3F", "1997AJ....113..101S", "1997ASPC..116..154P", "1997ASPC..116..563S", "1997ApJ...475..399T", "1997ApJS..109...79S", "1997MNRAS.287..221G", "1997MNRAS.287..899L", "1997MNRAS.291..461S", "1998AJ....116.1591P", "1998AJ....116.1606P", "1998AJ....116.2475P", "1998ApJ...500..525S", "1998PhDT.........1P", "1999MNRAS.304..225M" ]
2131416
null
A minor-merger model for NGC 7479
The overall morphology of the barred spiral galaxy NGC 7479 is modelled in numerical simulations of a minor merger. Special attention is paid to the morphology and velocity field of the asymmetric spiral structure and the strong stellar bar. The mass of the satellite galaxy is 1/10 of the mass of the primary disc, or 1/30 of the total mass of the primary. The satellite is placed initially in a circular prograde orbit at six disc scalelengths from the centre of the primary. We follow the evolution of the merger until the secondary galaxy reaches the nuclear region of the primary. A comparison between the modelled and observed morphologies of the stellar and the ionized and neutral gas distributions and velocity fields supports the hypothesis that the transient look of NGC 7479 is a result of a minor merger. We vary several of the initial parameters of the merger and discuss their effects on the resulting morphology. The merging satellite galaxy is likely to lie within the bar of NGC 7479. We identify a possible candidate in the observational data. We discuss briefly the most probable future evolution of NGC 7479 in the light of our minor-merger simulations, and conclude that NGC 7479 is likely to evolve toward an earlier Hubble type.
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10.739112
7.256013
1999-09-01
37
1999MNRAS.308..557L
[ "NGC", "velocity fields", "numerical simulations", "the barred spiral galaxy", "The merging satellite galaxy", "Special attention", "a minor merger", "the satellite galaxy", "the secondary galaxy", "the asymmetric spiral structure" ]
[ "None" ]
2
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02712.x" ]
[ "Laine, S.", "Heller, C. H." ]
[ "Department of Physical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Herts AL10 9AB", "Universitäts Sternwarte, Geismarlandstrasse 11, D-37083, Göttingen, Germany" ]
[ "2000A&A...363....9Z", "2000A&A...363...93H", "2000AJ....120..703H", "2000ASPC..209..334L", "2000ApJ...538..141M", "2000astro.ph..8511H", "2001AJ....122.2791S", "2001ASPC..240..284B", "2001Ap&SS.276..667L", "2002MNRAS.337..808K", "2003A&A...409..899S", "2003AJ....126.1707G", "2005ApJ...630..837J", "2006AJ....131..701L", "2006AJ....131..747C", "2007A&A...476L..21P", "2008A&A...485....5Z", "2008ApJ...673..128L", "2008MNRAS.384..386C", "2009ApJ...704.1657F", "2009PhR...471...75J", "2010MNRAS.406.1094F", "2010RAA....10..915W", "2011AJ....142...38Z", "2012AdAst2012E..28A", "2013A&A...553A..35G", "2014MNRAS.439.1648A", "2014MNRAS.440.2265M", "2015A&A...576A.102A", "2017ApJ...835..279F", "2017MNRAS.464.1502M", "2019MNRAS.482.1733G", "2019MNRAS.488.4942P", "2019arXiv190800023N", "2020MNRAS.498.3601B", "2021ApJ...909..204F", "2024arXiv240612126G" ]
[ "1948AnAp...11..247D", "1963ApJ...138..385T", "1966AJ.....71...64K", "1973ApJ...186..467O", "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1981seng.proc..111T", "1983ApJS...52..229K", "1983MNRAS.202..379B", "1985ApJ...298..486C", "1987gady.book.....B", "1987rsac.book.....S", "1988MNRAS.233..529W", "1988ang..book.....T", "1989ApJ...346..126D", "1989ApJS...70..699Y", "1989gcho.book.....H", "1990AJ.....99.1798H", "1990ApJ...356..359H", "1990ApJ...361...69H", "1990Natur.345...33S", "1991PhDT.........9H", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992ARA&A..30..543M", "1992ApJ...389....5T", "1992ApJ...400..516P", "1992PASP..104.1109A", "1993A&A...268...65F", "1993ApJ...403...74Q", "1993ApJ...405..464Z", "1993ApJ...417..502H", "1993ApJ...418..113P", "1993ApJS...86..389H", "1993PhDT.........4P", "1993PhDT........47E", "1994AJ....107.1320O", "1994ApJ...423..207S", "1994ApJ...424...84H", "1994ApJ...425L..13M", "1994mtia.conf..412S", "1995A&A...301..649F", "1995AJ....109.2428M", "1995ApJ...441..549Q", "1995ApJ...447L..87M", "1995ApJ...448...41H", "1995ApJ...453..154P", "1995FCPh...15..341M", "1996AJ....112..359V", "1996ASPC...91...30O", "1996ASPC...91...44P", "1996ApJ...460..121W", "1996ApJ...461...55T", "1996ApJ...462..114N", "1996ApJ...471..115B", "1996ApJS..107....1A", "1996MNRAS.278.1005S", "1996MNRAS.279L..47A", "1996PhDT........82L", "1997A&A...326..449M", "1997ApJ...477..118Z", "1997ApJ...478...39Z", "1997ApJ...481..741M", "1998A&A...334..814B", "1998ApJ...506...93T", "1998MNRAS.295...99M", "1998MNRAS.297.1041L", "1998MNRAS.297.1052L", "1999ApJ...511..709L" ]
2131949
null
Fast magnetohydrodynamic density waves in spiral galaxies
The newly observed large-scale structures of a southern grand-design spiral galaxy NGC 2997 in total and polarized radio-continuum emission together with their overall correlations with the known optical spiral structure are physically interpreted in terms of fast magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) density waves in contrast to slow MHD density waves in NGC 6946. The global spiral pattern of such fast MHD density waves extends from the very centre, where the disc rotates almost rigidly within ~0.5arcmin, all the way to the outer disc with a more or less flat rotation curve. To strengthen the case, several known features of spiral galaxies M51 and IC 342 are referred to and their pattern identifications discussed. It is emphasized that the nature of a magnetized spiral galaxy would be much better appreciated by examining large-scale structures in optical, atomic hydrogen Hi, total and polarized radio-continuum and infrared emission together. As various star-formation processes occur concurrently and/or sequentially in spiral arms of high gas concentration, relatively broad and fuzzy Hi arms, roughly coincident with optical arms in the inner disc, are expected to extend from the extremities of fading optical arms further into the outer gas disc. We predict that the south-east `magnetic arm', apparently isolated from any optical features, in total and polarized radio-continuum intensity maps of NGC 2997 should be associated with an Hi gas arm yet to be detected in 21-cm line emission.
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12.840531
9.16063
1999-09-01
13
1999MNRAS.308L...1L
[ "spiral arms", "optical arms", "spiral galaxies", "such fast MHD density waves", "MHD density waves", "several known features", "the known optical spiral structure", "high gas concentration", "a magnetized spiral galaxy", "an Hi gas arm" ]
[ "None" ]
2
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02882.x" ]
[ "Lou, Yu-Qing", "Han, J. L.", "Fan, Zuhui" ]
[ "Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA", "National Astronomical Observatory Centre, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China", "Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA" ]
[ "2000MNRAS.315..646L", "2001ApJ...552..189L", "2001ChPhL..18..619C", "2001PhPl....8.1095H", "2002A&A...385...32P", "2002ApJ...567..289L", "2002ApJ...569..519Z", "2002MNRAS.329L..62L", "2002MNRAS.337..225L", "2003MNRAS.341..909L", "2004ApJ...611.1200C", "2015A&A...578A..93B", "2015A&ARv..24....4B" ]
[ "1964ApJ...140..646L", "1965MNRAS.130..125G", "1966Obs....86...57L", "1969ApJ...155..721L", "1970ApJ...161..887R", "1972A&A....17..468M", "1973ApJ...186..467O", "1977ARA&A..15..437T", "1979cmft.book.....P", "1980A&A....88..149V", "1980A&A....88..159V", "1980MNRAS.191..169N", "1980MNRAS.191..615N", "1981A&A....95...59M", "1981seng.proc..111T", "1986ARA&A..24..459S", "1987ApJ...317L..63L", "1987gady.book.....B", "1988A&A...192...66G", "1988Natur.336..341R", "1989A&A...214....4K", "1989A&A...217....4K", "1989ApJ...339L..57T", "1990AJ....100..387R", "1991A&A...244....8T", "1991IAUS..146...51C", "1991IAUS..146..167V", "1992A&A...263...30N", "1993ApJ...410...68R", "1993IAUS..157..305K", "1993Natur.364..313Z", "1994A&A...288..365B", "1994A&A...288..383B", "1994RPPh...57..325K", "1995A&AS..110..279S", "1996ARA&A..34..155B", "1996ASPC...97..592N", "1996Natur.379...47B", "1996Natur.383..800F", "1996ssgd.book.....B", "1997A&A...318..700B", "1997CNSNS...2...59L", "1997MNRAS.291...91F", "1997Natur.385..131Z", "1998A&A...334...57H", "1998ApJ...493..102L", "1998MNRAS.297...84L", "1998MNRAS.299L..21S" ]
2132047
null
The devil is in the distance
An apparent discrepancy between two different distance measurements to a faraway galaxy may lead to a revised value for the age of the Universe.
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11.607864
1.49409
1999-09-01
2
1999Natur.401..331P
[ "two different distance measurements", "Universe", "a faraway galaxy", "a revised value", "An apparent discrepancy", "the age", "the Universe", "two" ]
[ "None" ]
1
[ "10.1038/43794" ]
[ "Paczynski, Bohdan" ]
[ "Bohdan Paczynski is at Princeton University Observatory, 124 Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544-1001, USA" ]
[ "1999JApA...20..165M", "2000ApJ...530L...5G" ]
[ "1984Natur.310..298C", "1993MNRAS.265.1047B", "1995ApJ...440...91M", "1995ApJ...447L..91M", "1995Natur.373..127M", "1998AcA....48....1U", "1998AcA....48..113U", "1998AcA....48..383U", "1998ApJ...500L.141S", "1998ApJ...508..844G", "1998ApJ...509L..21G", "1998ApJ...509L..25U", "1999AcA....49..223U", "1999Natur.400..539H", "1999Natur.401..351M", "1999PASP..111..775F", "2000AJ....120..810M", "2000ApJ...529..723G" ]
2134365
null
Photometry of Intrinsically Luminous Stars in Galactic Fields at Longitudes l=+/-45^deg
We present UBV (and some Hβ) photoelectric photometry of some 100 luminous star candidates in each of two 10 deg-15 deg wide longitude zones centered symmetrically relative to the Galactic center in the Milky Way at longitudes l=+/-45^deg. The southern field contains significantly more massive stars than the northern field, suggesting a real asymmetry. This accords with the remarkable lack of known Wolf-Rayet stars in the northern zone as opposed to 14 known in the southern zone. If this is not just a local fluctuation on a kiloparsec scale, it is not obviously related to the known bar in the Galaxy.
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9.220047
8.337321
1999-09-01
1
1999PASP..111.1149M
[ "longitudes l=+/-45^deg", "known Wolf-Rayet stars", "two 10 deg-15 deg wide longitude zones", "the northern zone", "UBV", "the northern field", "Galaxy", "the southern zone", "some 100 luminous star candidates", "a kiloparsec scale" ]
[ "GALAXY: STRUCTURE", "STARS: EARLY-TYPE", "STARS: WOLF-RAYET" ]
0
[ "10.1086/316429" ]
[ "Moffat, Anthony F. J.", "Reed, B. Cameron" ]
[ "Department de Physique, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada; and Observatoire du Mont Mégantic", "Department of Physics, Alma College, Alma, MI 48801" ]
[ "2003A&A...407..249S" ]
[ "1955ApJS....2...41M", "1956ApJ...124..367H", "1956ApJS....2..389H", "1960LS....C02....0S", "1963LS....C04....0N", "1964MeLuS.141....1L", "1964ZA.....59..182I", "1969ApJ...157..313H", "1971PW&SO...1a...1S", "1972A&AS....7..133V", "1972AJ.....77..312W", "1975A&A....39..477V", "1976A&A....50..429M", "1977A&A....54..263M", "1977ApJS...35..111G", "1977PASP...89..323M", "1981A&AS...45..439D", "1988A&A...199..217V", "1991ApJ...370..205B", "1991ApJ...379..631B", "1993ApJS...89..293V", "1996ApJ...468L..99L", "1998ApJS..115..271R", "1999AAS...194.8415H", "1999IAUS..193.....V" ]
11668210
astro-ph/9908064
The obscured growth of massive black holes
The mass density of massive black holes observed locally is consistent with the hard X-ray background provided that most of the radiation produced during their growth was absorbed by surrounding gas. A simple model is proposed here for the formation of galaxy bulges and central black holes in which young spheroidal galaxies have a significant distributed component of cold dusty clouds, which accounts for the absorption. The central accreting black hole is assumed to emit both a quasar-like spectrum, which is absorbed by the surrounding gas, and a slow wind. The power in both is less than the Eddington limit for the black hole. The wind, however, exerts the most force on the gas and, as earlier suggested by Silk &amp; Rees, when the black hole reaches a critical mass it is powerful enough to eject the cold gas from the galaxy, so terminating the growth of both black hole and galaxy. In the present model this point occurs when the Thomson depth in the surrounding gas has dropped to about unity and results in the mass of the black hole being proportional to the mass of the spheroid, with the normalization agreeing with that found for local galaxies by Magorrian et al. for reasonable wind parameters. The model predicts a new population of hard X-ray and submm sources at redshifts above 1, which are powered by black holes in their main growth phase.
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14.445459
6.8801
1999-10-01
648
1999MNRAS.308L..39F
[ "black holes", "central black holes", "massive black holes", "young spheroidal galaxies", "local galaxies", "galaxy bulges", "gas", "galaxy", "The central accreting black hole", "cold dusty clouds" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
14
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.03017.x", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9908064" ]
[ "Fabian, A. C." ]
[ "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA" ]
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11668300
astro-ph/9902032
Rates of tidal disruption of stars by massive central black holes
There is strong evidence for some kind of massive dark object in the centres of many galaxy bulges. The detection of flares from tidally disrupted stars could confirm that these objects are black holes (BHs). Here we present calculations of the stellar disruption rates in detailed dynamical models of real galaxies, taking into account the refilling of the loss cone of stars on disruptable orbits by two-body relaxation and tidal forces in non-spherical galaxies. The highest disruption rates (one star per 10<SUP>4</SUP>yr) occur in faint (L&lt;~10<SUP>10</SUP>L<SUB>solar</SUB>) galaxies, which have steep central density cusps. More luminous galaxies are less dense and have much longer relaxation times and more massive BHs. Dwarf stars in such galaxies are swallowed whole by the BH and hence do not emit flares; giant stars could produce flares as often as every 10<SUP>5</SUP>yr, although the rate depends sensitively on the shape of the stellar distribution function. We discuss the possibility of detecting disruption flares in current supernova searches. The total mass of stars consumed over the lifetime of the galaxy is of the order of 10<SUP>6</SUP>M<SUB>solar</SUB>, independent of galaxy luminosity; thus, disrupted stars may contribute significantly to the present BH mass in galaxies fainter than ~10<SUP>9</SUP>L<SUB>solar</SUB>.
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7.141353
5.27038
1999-10-01
374
1999MNRAS.309..447M
[ "real galaxies", "galaxies fainter", "galaxy luminosity", "such galaxies", "many galaxy bulges", "non-spherical galaxies", "disrupted stars", "disruption flares", "giant stars", "stars" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
9
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02853.x", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9902032" ]
[ "Magorrian, John", "Tremaine, Scott" ]
[ "CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H8; Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA", "Princeton University Observatory, Peyton Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA" ]
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11656247
astro-ph/9906344
Comparing Estimators of the Galaxy Correlation Function
We present a systematic comparison of some of the usual estimators of the two-point correlation function, some of them currently used in cosmology, others extensively employed in the field of the statistical analysis of point processes. At small scales it is known that the correlation function follows reasonably well a power-law expression ξ(r)~r<SUP>-γ</SUP>. The accurate determination of the exponent γ (the order of the pole) depends on the estimator used for ξ(r) on the other hand, its behavior at large scales gives information on a possible trend to homogeneity. We study the concept, the possible bias, the dependence on random samples, and the errors of each estimator. Errors are computed by means of artificial catalogs of Cox processes for which the analytical expression of the correlation function is known. We also introduce a new method for extracting simulated galaxy samples from cosmological simulations.
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11.791059
3.220793
1999-10-01
38
1999ApJ...523..480P
[ "simulated galaxy samples", "point processes", "random samples", "large scales", "Cox processes", "small scales", "artificial catalogs", "cosmological simulations", "Errors", "the correlation function" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "METHODS: ANALYTICAL", "METHODS: STATISTICAL", "Cosmology: Theory", "Galaxies: Clusters: General", "Cosmology: Large-Scale Structure of Universe", "Methods: Analytical", "Methods: Statistical", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1086/307754", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9906344" ]
[ "Pons-Bordería, María-Jesús", "Martínez, Vicent J.", "Stoyan, Dietrich", "Stoyan, Helga", "Saar, Enn" ]
[ "Departamento de Física Teórica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain", "Departament d'Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain", "Institut für Stochastik, Freiberg University of Mining and Technology, 09596 Freiberg, Germany", "Institut für Stochastik, Freiberg University of Mining and Technology, 09596 Freiberg, Germany", "Tartu Observatory, Tõravere, 61602, Estonia" ]
[ "2000A&A...353..435Q", "2000ApJ...535L..13K", "2001A&A...373..782S", "2001ApJ...554..857G", "2002A&A...388..758S", "2002A&A...393....1S", "2002PhR...367....1B", "2002SPIE.4847...86M", "2003ASPC..295..449G", "2004PhRvL..92p1101A", "2004RvMP...76.1211J", "2006aida.book.....S", "2007A&A...466..403V", "2007A&A...472...29D", "2007arXiv0708.0173M", "2008A&A...490....1C", "2009ApJ...705..739H", "2009LNP...665..269M", "2010A&A...513A..22M", "2010MNRAS.401.2687P", "2011ApJ...736...59Z", "2012ApJ...746..172L", "2012ApJ...760...97L", "2013A&A...554A.131V", "2015ApJ...807...76L", "2016Ap&SS.361..223A", "2017MNRAS.469.1369S", "2017arXiv171201002L", "2018JCAP...12..041A", "2019MNRAS.484.2148S", "2019MNRAS.485.4743S", "2020A&A...643A.100S", "2020JCAP...12..021S", "2020MNRAS.491.4554Z", "2020MNRAS.498.4955S", "2023arXiv230111261N", "2024NatCo..15..201N", "2024arXiv240616693F" ]
[ "1974ApJS...28...19P", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1981spst.book.....R", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1986ApJ...301...70R", "1986ApJ...302L...1D", "1986MNRAS.223P..21L", "1988A&A...203L...1B", "1988ApJ...331L..59H", "1988ApJ...332...44D", "1988ApJ...333L...9D", "1988MsT..........1V", "1990ApJ...357...50M", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1991MNRAS.249..159V", "1992ApJ...390...17M", "1992MNRAS.258..134S", "1993A&A...280....5M", "1993ApJ...402...42F", "1993ApJ...412...64L", "1993ApJ...417...19H", "1993ApJ...419..451B", "1994ApJ...431..569P", "1994ApJ...437..550M", "1994MNRAS.266...50F", "1994MNRAS.268L..23C", "1994MNRAS.269..742M", "1994MNRAS.271L..47D", "1995ApJ...442..457L", "1995ApJ...446..457S", "1996A&A...306....1B", "1996ApJ...461...38S", "1996MNRAS.283..709H", "1997MNRAS.285L...5T", "1998ApJ...494L..41S", "1999A&A...343..333K", "1999ApJ...513..543K", "1999Sci...284..445M" ]
11668327
astro-ph/9901057
Non-linearity and stochasticity in the density-velocity relation
We present results of the investigations of the statistical properties of a joint density and velocity divergence probability distribution function (PDF) in the mildly non-linear regime. For that purpose we use both perturbation theory results, extended here for a top-hat filter, and numerical simulations. In particular, we derive the quantitative (complete as possible up to third-order terms) and qualitative predictions for constrained averages and constrained dispersions - which describe the non-linearities and the stochasticity properties beyond the linear regime - and compare them against numerical simulations. We find overall a good agreement for constrained averages; however, the agreement for constrained dispersions is only qualitative. Scaling relations for the Ω-dependence of these quantities are satisfactorily reproduced. Guided by our analytical and numerical results, we finally construct a robust phenomenological description of the joint PDF in a closed analytic form. The good agreement of our formula with results of N-body simulations for a number of cosmological parameters provides a sound validation of the presented approach. Our results provide a basis for a potentially powerful tool with which it is possible to analyse galaxy survey data in order to test the gravitational instability paradigm beyond the linear regime and to put useful constraints on cosmological parameters. In particular, we show how the non-linearity in the density-velocity relation can be used to break the so-called Ω-bias degeneracy in cosmic density-velocity comparisons.
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11.571608
2.81372
1999-10-01
29
1999MNRAS.309..543B
[ "results", "constrained dispersions", "numerical simulations", "constrained averages", "cosmological parameters", "analyse galaxy survey data", "order", "linearities", "linearity", "-" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02856.x", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9901057" ]
[ "Bernardeau, F.", "Chodorowski, M. J.", "Łokas, E. L.", "Stompor, R.", "Kudlicki, A." ]
[ "Service de Physique Théorique, CE de Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex France", "Copernicus Astronomical Center, Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland", "Copernicus Astronomical Center, Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland", "Copernicus Astronomical Center, Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland; Center for Particle Astrophysics, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA", "Copernicus Astronomical Center, Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland" ]
[ "1999MNRAS.308..640C", "1999MNRAS.309L..30C", "2000ASPC..201..306C", "2000ASPC..201..310K", "2000MNRAS.316..464K", "2000MNRAS.318..375C", "2002PhR...367....1B", "2003ApJ...589....1O", "2003MNRAS.339..641C", "2004MNRAS.349..945C", "2006MNRAS.365..939M", "2007MNRAS.375..348C", "2008MNRAS.391.1796B", "2009PhRvD..80j5005E", "2010MNRAS.406.1358B", "2011ApJ...741...31B", "2012MNRAS.425.2422K", "2012PhDT.......483B", "2013MNRAS.428.1166N", "2013MNRAS.429.1286C", "2015MNRAS.449.3407J", "2015MNRAS.454.3920H", "2016MNRAS.457.2773N", "2017MNRAS.467.3993A", "2017MNRAS.469.2481U", "2020MNRAS.498..355M", "2021ApJ...913....2W", "2022MNRAS.511.3636N", "2023MNRAS.522.4748W" ]
[ "1963JFM....17..459L", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1988lsmu.book..219Y", "1988lsmu.book..255S", "1990ApJ...364..349D", "1990ApJ...364..370B", "1991ApJ...368L..23C", "1991ApJ...379....6N", "1991MNRAS.252....1K", "1992ApJ...390L..61B", "1992ApJ...392....1B", "1993ApJ...405..449G", "1993ApJ...405L..47G", "1993ApJ...412....1D", "1993MNRAS.265...72H", "1994A&A...291..697B", "1994ApJ...431..495J", "1994ApJ...433....1B", "1995ApJ...442...39J", "1995ApJ...443..479B", "1995ApJ...452...75M", "1995ApJS..100...69F", "1995MNRAS.274..730L", "1996ApJ...467....1L", "1996ApJ...473...22D", "1996ApJS..105...37S", "1996MNRAS.279..693B", "1996MNRAS.280L..19P", "1996MNRAS.282..347M", "1997ApJ...488L...1R", "1997ApJS..109..333W", "1997MNRAS.287..591C", "1997MNRAS.290..566B", "1997MNRAS.292..695C", "1998ApJ...495..516S", "1998ApJ...507...64W", "1998MNRAS.299..425D", "1998MNRAS.300.1027C", "1998astro.ph..6087C", "1999ApJ...522..590B", "2000ApJ...531....1B" ]
11655333
astro-ph/9906310
Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 Imaging of Three Low Surface Brightness Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies in the Virgo Cluster
Utilizing the F814W and F300W filters, Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) images were taken of three low surface brightness dwarf elliptical galaxies in the Virgo Cluster. The intent of the observations was to determine the small-scale structure in these enigmatic galaxies and to attempt to learn something about the nature of their giant branches through the detection of luminosity fluctuations. In two of the three studied galaxies, V7L3 and V1L4, the luminosity fluctuations in the inner, constant surface brightness regions were unambiguously detected. At the nominal distance of the Virgo Cluster, the measured luminosity fluctuations in the F814W band yields a density of 2-10 red giants per pixel. In the most extreme of these two cases, V7L3, we derive a surface density of giant stars of ~3 per 10 pc^2. Using the observed B-V and V-I colors as a constraint, we could find no model that would reproduce the observed fluctuation signal and blue colors if there were a significant population of M giants in these systems. Overall, our results are consistent with a mean spectral type of K0-K2, which implies a relatively metal-poor population. The third system, V2L8, did not have a detectable fluctuation signal, which possibly implies that it is not in the Virgo Cluster. Interestingly, this system is highly nucleated. Our observations have resolved this nucleus, and if V2L8 is in Virgo, then we have discovered what is likely the smallest bulge measured to date, having an effective radius of only 50 pc. This bulge is quite red (as red as giant ellipticals), and it is entirely possible that this nucleated dwarf elliptical galaxy, in fact, is a very large galaxy located in the background. As such, it is highly reminiscent of the manner in which Malin 1 was discovered. Optical spectroscopy of this nucleus is required to confirm this. Finally, we find no evidence for small-scale clumping of stars in any of the studied systems at this much-improved spatial resolution. This implies that these systems are dynamically well relaxed and that the physical cause of their observed low surface brightnesses is their low density. When imaged at the high spatial resolution of the WFPC2 (~6 pc pixel^-1), the galaxies are easy to look right through without even knowing that they are present in the very middle of the WFPC2 frame. They appear only as elevated ``sky noise.''
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10.894863
7.378515
1999-10-01
7
1999AJ....118.1618O
[ "luminosity fluctuations", "giant stars", "three low surface brightness dwarf elliptical galaxies", "giant ellipticals", "Hubble Space Telescope Wide", "Virgo", "blue colors", "~6 pc", "this nucleated dwarf elliptical galaxy", "their observed low surface brightnesses" ]
[ "GALAXIES: DWARF", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: ALPHANUMERIC: V1L4", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL (V2L8", "V7L3)", "GALAXIES: STATISTICS", "GALAXIES: STELLAR CONTENT", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.1086/301026", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9906310" ]
[ "O'Neil, Karen", "Bothun, G. D.", "Impey, C. D." ]
[ "Arecibo Observatory, HC3 Box 53995, Arecibo, PR 00612", "Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403", "Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721" ]
[ "2000AJ....119..984O", "2000ASPC..215..178O", "2000ASPC..221..199O", "2000ApJS..128...99O", "2001ApJS..134...53F", "2016ApJS..225...11Y", "2020arXiv200613956L" ]
[ "1973NYASA.223....3A", "1979PASP...91..589B", "1983PhDT.......154C", "1984AJ.....89..919S", "1984ApJ...278..119F", "1984ApJ...280..528B", "1985AJ.....90..697B", "1985AJ.....90.1681B", "1985ApJ...295...73K", "1986AJ.....92.1007B", "1986ApJ...303...39D", "1987AJ.....94...23B", "1987AJ.....94.1116C", "1987AJ.....94.1126C", "1987ApJ...317..128V", "1987ApJ...322L..59S", "1988AJ.....96..807T", "1988ApJ...324..123B", "1988ApJ...330..634I", "1988PASP..100..545R", "1989AJ.....98.1542B", "1989ApJ...341...89I", "1991ApJ...373L...1T", "1991ApJ...376..404B", "1991ApJ...379..157B", "1991BAAS...23R1338F", "1992A&A...265...19S", "1992PhDT.......256S", "1993AJ....105.1411P", "1993AJ....106..964L", "1994A&ARv...6...67F", "1994AJ....107.1307H", "1994AJ....107.2021M", "1994AJ....108.1209V", "1994ApJS...95..107W", "1995AJ....109.2019M", "1995AJ....110.1507B", "1995MNRAS.273.1141Y", "1996AJ....112..972D", "1996AJ....112.2517U", "1996ApJ...469..623S", "1997A&AS..124....1J", "1997ApJ...475..399T", "1997ApJ...487...61K", "1997ApJ...488...27S", "1997MNRAS.290..533D", "1997PASP..109.1377S", "1997PhDT.........2O", "1998AJ....115..535C", "1998AJ....116..657O", "1998AJ....116.2873J", "1998ApJ...505..199S", "1998MNRAS.297L..34C", "1998mcop.conf.....B" ]
2131824
null
The formation and evolution of clusters of galaxies in different cosmogonies
The formation of galaxy clusters in hierarchically clustering universes is investigated by means of high-resolution N-body simulations. The simulations are performed using a newly developed multimass scheme which combines a PM code with a high-resolution N-body code. Numerical effects resulting from time-stepping and gravitational softening are investigated, as well as the influence of the simulation box size and of the assumed boundary conditions. Special emphasis is laid on the formation process and the influence of various cosmological parameters. Cosmogonies with massive neutrinos are also considered. Differences between clusters in the same cosmological model seem to dominate over differences caused by differing background cosmogony. The cosmological model can alter the time evolution of cluster collapse, but the merging pattern remains fairly similar, e.g. the number of mergers and the mass ratio of mergers. The gross properties of a halo, such as its size and total angular momentum, also evolve in a similar manner for all cosmogonies, and can be described using analytical models. It is shown that the density distribution of a halo shows a characteristic radial dependence which follows a power law with a slope of α=-1 at small radii and α=-3 at large radii, independent of the background cosmogony or the considered redshift. The shape of the density profiles follows the generic form proposed by Navarro et al. for all hierarchically clustering scenarios, and retains very little information about the formation process or the cosmological model. Only the central matter concentration of a halo is correlated with the formation time and therefore the corresponding cosmogony. We emphasize the role of non-radial motions of the halo particles in the evolution of the density profile.
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11.526134
5.567966
1999-10-01
52
1999MNRAS.308.1011H
[ "differing background cosmogony", "non-radial motions", "Cosmogonies", "various cosmological parameters", "cluster collapse", "analytical models", "galaxy clusters", "total angular momentum", "Navarro et al", "small radii" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02757.x" ]
[ "Huss, A.", "Jain, B.", "Steinmetz, M." ]
[ "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Postfach 1523, 85740 Garching bei München, Germany", "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Postfach 1523, 85740 Garching bei München, Germany", "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Postfach 1523, 85740 Garching bei München, Germany" ]
[ "2000ApJ...538..477N", "2000ApJ...538..517S", "2000ApJ...538..528S", "2000ApJ...539..493Y", "2000ApJ...542L.139L", "2001ApJ...549L..25K", "2001ApJ...554..114E", "2001ApJ...557..616G", "2001ApJ...560..636E", "2001ApJ...561...46K", "2001ApJ...563..483T", "2001MNRAS.321..155L", "2001MNRAS.323..930D", "2001MNRAS.325.1053C", "2001astro.ph..8014F", "2001astro.ph.10680N", "2002A&A...382...84H", "2002ApJ...567..741V", "2002ApJ...570...17M", "2002NewA....7..531H", "2002astro.ph..1115M", "2002astro.ph..7631M", "2003A&A...408...27L", "2003ApJ...588..674F", "2003ApJ...591..167C", "2003ApJ...593...26M", "2003IAUS..208..261N", "2003MNRAS.343..401L", "2003MNRAS.344..149H", "2003astro.ph..5174M", "2004ASPC..327..303D", "2004MNRAS.353...15A", "2004astro.ph..9173S", "2005ApJ...618...38T", "2006JCAP...06..008Z", "2009ApJ...698.2093D", "2009MNRAS.396..709W", "2010ApJ...723..818H", "2010MNRAS.408.1808D", "2011JCAP...07..014D", "2012ARA&A..50..353K", "2013A&A...558A...1B", "2014ApJ...785...51A", "2014JCAP...04..021D", "2015MNRAS.450.2172P", "2016A&A...594A..51B", "2020MNRAS.495.4994B", "2021A&A...650A.105B", "2021MNRAS.503.6078C", "2022ApJ...937...67W", "2022MNRAS.516..316C", "2023MNRAS.518.3509D" ]
[ "1921AnP...369..253E", "1970A&A.....5...84Z", "1972ApJ...176....1G", "1979JCoPh..32...24E", "1980CoPhC..19..215E", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1984ApJ...281....1F", "1984ApJ...286...38W", "1985ApJ...297...16H", "1985ApJS...57..241E", "1985ApJS...58...39B", "1985PhDT.........7P", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1988ApJ...328..489H", "1989ApJS...71..871J", "1990ApJ...356..359H", "1990Natur.345...33S", "1991ApJ...368L..23C", "1991ApJ...378..496D", "1991ApJ...379..440B", "1991ApJS...75..231H", "1992ApJ...394....1W", "1992MNRAS.258....1L", "1992MNRAS.258P...1E", "1993A&A...268..391S", "1993ApJ...412..455K", "1993ApJ...416....1K", "1993MNRAS.262..627L", "1993MNRAS.262.1023W", "1995A&A...297....1B", "1995ApJ...440....5C", "1995ApJ...453..566B", "1995ApJS...98..355X", "1995MNRAS.272..570S", "1995MNRAS.275..720N", "1995MNRAS.276.1109D", "1995PhDT.......239L", "1995astro.ph..6070B", "1996ApJ...462..563N", "1996MNRAS.281..716C", "1996MNRAS.282..263E", "1996clss.conf..349W", "1997ApJ...490..493N", "1997MNRAS.286..865T", "1997MNRAS.288..545S", "1998MNRAS.293..337S" ]
2134401
null
Two-dimensional Photometric Decomposition of the TeV BL Lacertae Objects Markarian 421, Markarian 501, and 1ES 2344+514
We have obtained high-resolution R-band images of three BL Lacertae objects, Mrk 421, Mrk 501, and 1ES 2344+514, that have been detected at high-energy (TeV) γ-rays. Because of their TeV emission, these three objects have been targets of intensive optical monitoring during the last few years. We have studied the morphology of host galaxies by fitting ellipses and two-dimensional galaxy+core models to the observed surface brightness distribution. We find the host galaxies to be large (effective radii 7-40 kpc) and bright (M_R=-23.2 to -24.6) elliptical galaxies, whose surface brightness distribution can be described by a single power law I(r)~r^-β with β=0.10-0.36 to an accuracy of ~0.2 mag. The isophotes of the host galaxies are found to be ellipses with no apparent ``boxyness'' or ``diskyness.'' The host galaxies of Mrk 501 and 1ES 2344+514 also exhibit a position angle twist that increases linearly with distance from the nucleus. Using the two-dimensional photometric decomposition we have constructed tables of host galaxy magnitude as a function of measuring aperture diameter and seeing. These tables can be used to ``clean'' photometric data of the host galaxy contribution.
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16.890726
4.968417
1999-10-01
41
1999PASP..111.1223N
[ "host galaxies", "host galaxy magnitude", "intensive optical monitoring", "Mrk", "fitting ellipses", "the host galaxy contribution", "The host galaxies", "the host galaxies", "γ-rays", "BL Lacertae" ]
[ "BL LACERTAE OBJECTS: INDIVIDUAL (MARKARIAN 421", "MARKARIAN 501", "1ES 2344+514)", "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE" ]
1
[ "10.1086/316446" ]
[ "Nilsson, K.", "Pursimo, T.", "Takalo, L. O.", "Sillanpää, A.", "Pietilä, H.", "Heidt, J." ]
[ "Tuorla Observatory, Väisäläntie 20, FIN-21500 Piikkiö, Finland", "Tuorla Observatory, Väisäläntie 20, FIN-21500 Piikkiö, Finland", "Tuorla Observatory, Väisäläntie 20, FIN-21500 Piikkiö, Finland", "Tuorla Observatory, Väisäläntie 20, FIN-21500 Piikkiö, Finland", "Tuorla Observatory, Väisäläntie 20, FIN-21500 Piikkiö, Finland", "Landessternwarte Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany" ]
[ "2000A&A...357..881T", "2001A&A...367..809K", "2002A&A...381..810P", "2002A&A...389..742W", "2002ApJ...566L..13B", "2003A&A...397..121R", "2003A&A...400...95N", "2003A&A...406..565H", "2003ASPC..299...83R", "2003ASPC..299..303N", "2003ASPC..299..313S", "2003ApJ...583..134B", "2003ApJ...595..624F", "2004A&A...422..103M", "2004A&A...422..505G", "2004MNRAS.352..903L", "2005ApJ...630..130B", "2005ApJ...634..947S", "2006NewAR..50..762H", "2007A&A...475..199N", "2008A&A...487L..29N", "2008A&A...488..133V", "2008ApJ...677..906F", "2009A&A...505..601N", "2009ApJ...695..596H", "2010MNRAS.401..973R", "2011ApJ...738...25A", "2011ApJ...738..169A", "2012A&A...547A...1N", "2014A&A...569A..95K", "2014A&A...572A.121A", "2016A&A...596A..78H", "2016ApJ...833...77I", "2016MNRAS.463.3365A", "2017A&A...608A..68F", "2017ApJS..232....7F", "2018RAA....18...21F", "2021PhRvD.104h3014L", "2022ApJ...933...42A", "2022ApJS..260...47C", "2024Univ...10..114L" ]
[ "1968adga.book.....S", "1975ApJ...198..261U", "1975ApJ...201L.109M", "1981rsac.book.....S", "1982ApJ...258...53H", "1984ApJS...54...33B", "1987MNRAS.226..747J", "1988A&AS...74..385B", "1990PASJ...42..205M", "1991MNRAS.252..482A", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1992Natur.358..477P", "1993A&A...269...67M", "1993A&AS...98..393S", "1993MNRAS.265.1013C", "1995A&A...293...20S", "1995AJ....110.1554P", "1995ApJ...441...79B", "1995ApJ...444..567P", "1995ApJ...445..227B", "1995ApJ...449L..99M", "1995ApJ...451...24S", "1996A&AS..117..475F", "1996ASPC..110..403W", "1996ApJ...456L..83Q", "1996ApJS..103..109W", "1996MNRAS.283..241F", "1997A&AS..123..569L", "1997AJ....114.1771F", "1997ApJ...476..113F", "1997ApJ...491..146J", "1998A&AS..130..305V", "1998ApJ...492L..17P", "1998ApJ...501..616C", "1998ApJ...509..608T", "1998ApJS..118..127L", "1999A&A...341..683H", "1999A&A...348..113H", "1999APh....11...11G", "1999ApJ...512...88U", "1999ApJ...513..161C" ]
2134151
null
ASCA Observation of a Radio-Loud Quasar and a New Candidate for a Cluster of Galaxies
During an X-ray observation of the distant galaxy cluster CL 0107+31 (z = 0.69) with ASCA, an extended X-ray source was detected in the field of view. Based on an image analysis in two different energy bands of 1-3 keV and 3-10 keV, we found that this source consists of a hard point-like component and an additional soft diffuse X-ray source extended over &gt;= 3<SUP>'</SUP> in radius. However, due to poor photon statistics, we could not distinguish whether their X-ray spectra are thermal or non-thermal. The peak position of the central X-ray source coincides with a radio-loud quasar, NRAO 58. NRAO 58 is found to have a power-law spectrum with a photon index 1.6<SUP>+0.3</SUP><SUB>-0.2</SUB> and a (2-10 keV) luminosity of ~ 4*E<SUP>46</SUP> erg s<SUP>-1</SUP> (in the quasar rest frame). The extended component is likely to be a candidate for a nearby galaxy group which accidentally coincides with the quasar.
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15.294969
6.301531
1999-10-01
0
1999PASJ...51..677A
[ "an additional soft diffuse X-ray source", "an extended X-ray source", "the central X-ray source", "an X-ray observation", "keV", "their X-ray spectra", "poor photon statistics", "NRAO", "CL", "the distant galaxy cluster" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL (CL 0107+31)", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL (NRAO 58)", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1093/pasj/51.5.677" ]
[ "Akimoto, Fumie", "Furuzawa, Akihiro", "Tawara, Yuzuru", "Kamata, Yuichi", "Yamashita, Koujun" ]
[ "Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602", "Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602", "Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602", "Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602; Research Center for Advanced Energy Conversion, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603", "Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602" ]
null
[ "1975A&AS...20...37H", "1989GeCoA..53..197A", "1994A&AS..106..303N", "1994ITNS...41..375B", "1994PASJ...46L..37T", "1995ApOpt..34.4848T", "1995PASJ...47..105S", "1995PhDT........15I", "1996PASJ...48..157O", "1996PASJ...48..171M", "1997A&A...323..739B", "1998ApJS..118..127L" ]
11668674
astro-ph/9911137
Multiple stellar populations in the globular cluster ω Centauri as tracers of a merger event
The discovery of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy, which is being tidally disrupted by and merging with the Milky Way, supports the view that the halo of the Galaxy has been built up at least partially by the accretion of similar dwarf systems. The Sagittarius dwarf contains several distinct populations of stars, and includes M54 as its nucleus, which is the second most massive globular cluster associated with the Milky Way. The most massive globular cluster is ω Centauri, and here we report that ω Centauri also has several distinct stellar populations, as traced by red-giant-branch stars. The most metal-rich red-giant-branch stars are about 2Gyr younger than the dominant metal-poor component, indicating that ω Centauri was enriched over this timescale. The presence of more than one epoch of star formation in a globular cluster is quite surprising, and suggests that ω Centauri was once part of a more massive system that merged with the Milky Way, as the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy is in the process of doing now. Mergers probably were much more frequent in the early history of the Galaxy and ω Centauri appears to be a relict of this era.
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9.010053
7.866952
1999-11-01
327
1999Natur.402...55L
[ "ω Centauri", "several distinct stellar populations", "several distinct populations", "similar dwarf systems", "star formation", "Centauri", "stars", "ω", "Galaxy", "Sagittarius" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
15
[ "10.1038/46985", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9911137" ]
[ "Lee, Y. -W.", "Joo, J. -M.", "Sohn, Y. -J.", "Rey, S. -C.", "Lee, H. -C.", "Walker, A. R." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
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11668764
astro-ph/9911455
Discovery of molecular hydrogen in a high-velocity cloud of the Galactic halo
The Milky Way's halo contains clouds of neutral hydrogen with high radial velocities which do not follow the general rotational motion of the Galaxy. Few distances to these high-velocity clouds are known, so even gross properties such as total mass are hard to determine. As a consequence, there is no generally accepted theory regarding their origin. One idea is that they result from gas that has cooled after being ejected from the Galaxy through fountain-like flows powered by supernovae; another is that they are composed of gas, poor in heavy elements, which is falling onto the disk of the Milky Way from intergalactic space. The presence of molecular hydrogen, whose formation generally requires the presence of dust (and therefore gas, enriched in heavy elements), could help to distinguish between these possibilities. Here we report the discovery of molecular hydrogen absorption in a high-velocity cloud along the line of sight to the Large Magellanic Cloud. We also derive for the same cloud an iron abundance which is half of the solar value. From these data, we conclude that gas in this cloud originated in the disk of the Milky Way.
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12.222242
8.864891
1999-11-01
51
1999Natur.402..386R
[ "high radial velocities", "clouds", "molecular hydrogen absorption", "molecular hydrogen", "gas", "heavy elements", "neutral hydrogen", "total mass", "Galaxy", "a high-velocity cloud" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1038/46492", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9911455" ]
[ "Richter, P.", "de Boer, K. S.", "Widmann, H.", "Kappelmann, N.", "Gringel, W.", "Grewing, M.", "Barnstedt, J." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "1999Natur.402..359B", "2000A&A...357...75C", "2000A&A...358L..37G", "2000A&A...359.1111R", "2000ApJ...538L..35M", "2000astro.ph..5408M", "2001A&A...367..299B", "2001AJ....121..992S", "2001AJ....122.3280G", "2001ASPC..240..493G", "2001ApJ...547..162F", "2001ApJ...547L..61V", "2001ApJ...549..281R", "2001ApJ...552L.155D", "2001ApJ...562L.181R", "2001ApSSS.277...29C", "2001ESASP.460..431H", "2001PASP..113.1025T", "2002ApJ...576..232H", "2003A&A...405.1013R", "2003ApJ...586..230R", "2003MNRAS.339...87S", "2003MSAIS...3..327P", "2004A&A...419..527D", "2004A&A...422..483A", "2005A&A...432...45B", "2005ASPC..331...41R", "2006A&A...450..193H", "2007A&A...473..863D", "2008A&A...487..583B", "2009ApJ...695.1631R", "2010ApJ...715.1497J", "2012A&A...542A.110B", "2012AJ....143...82W", "2012EAS....56..225R", "2012JPhCS.354a2004D", "2013A&A...550A..87H", "2013A&A...550A.108V", "2013MNRAS.433..178C", "2015A&A...584A..19W", "2015A&A...584L...6R", "2015MNRAS.451.4346S", "2016ApJ...817...91B", "2016ApJ...823...66M", "2017A&A...607A..48R", "2017ASSL..430...15R", "2017MNRAS.464.4927S", "2021ApJ...923L..11C", "2022ApJ...931...78T", "2023MNRAS.523L..46K", "2024arXiv240204313Z" ]
[ "1966ARA&A...4..207F", "1970A&A.....7..381O", "1974ApJ...191L.127S", "1975ApJ...197..575J", "1976ApJ...204....1M", "1976ApJ...205..762S", "1977ApJ...216..291S", "1980ApJ...236..577B", "1981ApJ...243..460S", "1981MitAG..52...79G", "1986PASA....6..358M", "1987ASSL..129..485D", "1990A&A...233..523D", "1991A&A...250..499W", "1992ApJ...399..563B", "1995ApJ...454...69P", "1996A&A...313..101B", "1996AJ....111..517N", "1997ARA&A..35..217W", "1997ApJ...488..216W", "1999A&AS..134..561B", "1999ApJ...514..818B", "1999ApJ...523..163A", "1999Natur.400..138V", "1999PASA...16...70P" ]
3030614
astro-ph/9904274
Overmerging and mass-to-light ratios in phenomenological galaxy formation models
We show that the discrepancy between the Tully-Fisher relation and the luminosity function predicted by most phenomenological galaxy formation models is mainly caused by overmerging of galaxy haloes. We circumvent this overmerging problem, which is inherent in both the Press-Schechter formalism and dissipationless N-body simulations, by including a specific galaxy halo formation recipe into an otherwise standard N-body code. This numerical technique provides the merger trees which, together with simplified gas dynamics and star formation physics, constitute our implementation of a phenomenological galaxy formation model. Resolving the overmerging problem provides us with the means to match both the I-band Tully-Fisher relation and the B- and K-band luminosity functions within an Ω=1 sCDM structure formation scenario. It also allows us to include models for chemical evolution and starbursts, which improves the match to observational data and renders the modelling more realistic. We show that the inclusion of chemical evolution into the modelling requires a significant fraction of stars to be formed in short bursts triggered by merging events.
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11.438852
6.413775
1999-11-01
41
1999MNRAS.310...43V
[ "most phenomenological galaxy formation models", "star formation physics", "galaxy haloes", "chemical evolution", "a phenomenological galaxy formation model", "simplified gas dynamics", "a specific galaxy halo formation recipe", "short bursts", "observational data", "overmerging" ]
[ "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "DARK MATTER", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
6
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02955.x", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9904274" ]
[ "van Kampen, Eelco", "Jimenez, Raul", "Peacock, John A." ]
[ "Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ; Theoretical Astrophysics Center, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark", "Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ", "Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ" ]
[ "2000ASPC..200...39V", "2000MNRAS.318.1144P", "2000MNRAS.319..168C", "2001MNRAS.327..939R", "2001MNRAS.328..726S", "2001PASP..113.1025T", "2002MNRAS.333..739M", "2002moco.conf....9P", "2003ApJ...599...38B", "2003MNRAS.338..903H", "2003MNRAS.343..367B", "2003NewAR..47..343P", "2004IAUS..217..464D", "2004bdmh.confE..74D", "2004bdmh.confE..82K", "2004cosp...35.1983D", "2005A&A...435L..25S", "2005AdSpR..36..682K", "2005AdSpR..36..685D", "2005ApJ...633..791Z", "2005ApJ...634...26N", "2005MNRAS.359..469V", "2005MNRAS.363..563M", "2006A&A...447..827K", "2006A&A...452..795D", "2006ApJ...641L..17F", "2006RPPh...69.3101B", "2006astro.ph.10893R", "2006asup.book..285L", "2007A&A...463..513M", "2007A&A...466..813K", "2007A&A...468..113P", "2007ASPC..380..297V", "2007NewAR..51...84V", "2008ApJ...677..957F", "2009A&A...504..719K", "2009A&A...508..191L", "2009ApJ...699..105C", "2011A&A...529A..38D", "2021Univ....7..142E", "2024arXiv240112318K" ]
[ "1969ApJ...158L.139S", "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1976MNRAS.177..717W", "1977ApJ...211..638S", "1977ApJ...215..483B", "1977MNRAS.179..541R", "1979MNRAS.189..831W", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1986MNRAS.223...11M", "1986Natur.324..446B", "1988MNRAS.235..715E", "1989MNRAS.239..885M", "1990ApJ...350..505C", "1991ApJ...379..440B", "1991MNRAS.248..332B", "1992ApJ...387...47P", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJ...396..395S", "1992ApJS...81..413M", "1993ApJ...409...14M", "1993ApJS...88..253S", "1993MNRAS.261..921K", "1993MNRAS.262..627L", "1993MNRAS.264..201K", "1993MNRAS.265..271N", "1994ApJ...431L...9M", "1994ApJ...433..468C", "1994MNRAS.271..781C", "1995MNRAS.273..295V", "1995MNRAS.274..755H", "1995MNRAS.275..169G", "1996ARA&A..34..749S", "1996ApJ...464..641M", "1996clss.conf..349W", "1997A&A...326..477Z", "1997ASPC..123..231V", "1997ApJ...477L...1G", "1997ApJ...480L..99G", "1997MNRAS.286..329N", "1998AJ....115.2264T", "1998ApJ...499L...5M", "1998MNRAS.299..123J", "1998MNRAS.299..728T", "1999ApJ...516..530K", "1999MNRAS.303..188K", "1999MNRAS.305..770H" ]
2758000
astro-ph/9906486
The Hubble Space Telescope Key Project on the Extragalactic Distance Scale. XXII. The Discovery of Cepheids in NGC 1326A
We report on the detection of Cepheids and the first distance measurement to the spiral galaxy NGC 1326A, a member of the Fornax Cluster of galaxies. We have employed data obtained with the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 on board the Hubble Space Telescope. Over a 49 day interval, a total of 12 V-band (F555W) and eight I-band (F814W) epochs of observation were obtained. Two photometric reduction packages, ALLFRAME and DoPHOT, have been employed to obtain photometry measures from the three Wide Field CCDs. Variability analysis yields a total of 17 Cepheids in common with both photometry data sets, with periods ranging between 10 and 50 days. Of these, 14 Cepheids with high-quality light curves are used to fit the V and I period-luminosity relations and derive apparent distance moduli, assuming a Large Magellanic Cloud distance modulus μ<SUB>LMC</SUB>=18.50+/-0.10 mag and color excess E(B-V)=0.10 mag. Assuming A(V)/E(V-I)=2.45, the DoPHOT data yield a true distance modulus to NGC 1326A of μ<SUB>0</SUB>=31.36+/-0.17(random)+/-0.13(systematic) mag, corresponding to a distance of 18.7+/-1.5(random)+/-1.2(systematic) Mpc. The derived distance to NGC 1326A is in good agreement with the distance derived previously to NGC 1365, another spiral galaxy member of the Fornax Cluster. However, the distances to both galaxies are significantly lower than that to NGC 1425, a third Cepheid calibrator in the outer parts of the cluster. <P />Based on observations with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, obtained at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by AURA, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555.
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7.12735
9.751401
1999-11-01
27
1999ApJ...525...80P
[ "apparent distance moduli", "NGC 1326A", "ESA Hubble Space Telescope", "NGC", "photometry measures", "μ<SUB>0</SUB>=31.36+/-0.17(random)+/-0.13(systematic", "a Large Magellanic Cloud distance modulus", "the spiral galaxy NGC 1326A", "a true distance modulus", "1326A" ]
[ "STARS: VARIABLES: CEPHEIDS", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC NUMBER: NGC 1326A", "Stars: Variables: Cepheids", "Galaxies: Distances and Redshifts", "Galaxies: Individual: NGC Number: NGC 1326A", "Astrophysics" ]
5
[ "10.1086/307899", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9906486" ]
[ "Prosser, Charles F.", "Kennicutt, Robert C., Jr.", "Bresolin, Fabio", "Saha, Abhijit", "Sakai, Shoko", "Freedman, Wendy L.", "Mould, Jeremy R.", "Ferrarese, Laura", "Ford, Holland C.", "Gibson, Brad K.", "Graham, John A.", "Hoessel, John G.", "Huchra, John P.", "Hughes, Shaun M.", "Illingworth, Garth D.", "Kelson, Daniel D.", "Macri, Lucas", "Madore, Barry F.", "Silbermann, Nancy A.", "Stetson, Peter B." ]
[ "NOAO, P.O. Box 26732, Tucson, AZ 85726-6732.; Deceased 1998 August 15. Charles joined the Key Project team after earning his doctorate at the University of California at Santa Cruz and serving as a postdoctoral fellow at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. At the time of his death he had nearly completed the first draft of this paper.", "Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721.", "European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, Garching, Germany.", "NOAO, P.O. Box 26732, Tucson, AZ 85726-6732.", "NOAO, P.O. Box 26732, Tucson, AZ 85726-6732.", "Carnegie Observatories, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101.", "Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mount Stromlo Observatory, Weston, ACT, Australia 2611.", "Department of Astronomy, MS 105-24, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125.; Hubble Fellow.", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218.", "CASA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-7178.", "Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, DC 20015.", "Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706.", "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street,Cambridge, MA 02138.", "Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OHA, England, UK.", "Lick Observatory, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064.", "Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, DC 20015.", "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street,Cambridge, MA 02138.", "Carnegie Observatories, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101.; NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database and California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125.", "IPAC, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125.", "Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, HIA/NRC of Canada, 5083 West Saanich Road, Victoria, BC, V8X 4M6, Canada." ]
[ "2000A&A...359.1059C", "2000ApJ...528..655M", "2000ApJ...529..723G", "2000ApJS..128..431F", "2000RPPh...63..763M", "2001A&A...376...98S", "2001AJ....121.1992F", "2001ApJ...548L.139D", "2001ApJ...553...47F", "2002A&A...383..398P", "2002A&A...389...19P", "2002ApJ...564..216L", "2002IAUS..207.....G", "2002IAUS..207..251F", "2002MNRAS.337..641W", "2003A&A...398...63J", "2003dhst.symp..222T", "2004MNRAS.347.1011A", "2006ApJ...653..843S", "2006ApJS..165..108S", "2013ApJ...779...39J", "2015arXiv150204503S", "2019A&A...629A...3S", "2019A&A...630A..92B", "2020ApJS..248....6D", "2021NJPh...23d5001W", "2024arXiv240503743A" ]
[ "1965ApJS...11..216L", "1978MNRAS.183..569D", "1989AJ.....98..367F", "1989ApJ...345..245C", "1990AJ.....99...97S", "1990PASP..102..932S", "1991ApJS...75..935D", "1991PASP..103..933M", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992AJ....104..372L", "1993AJ....105.1813W", "1993PASP..105.1342S", "1994ApJ...420...87Z", "1994ApJ...425...14S", "1994ApJ...427..628F", "1995AJ....110.1476K", "1995PASP..107..156H", "1995PASP..107.1065H", "1996ApJ...460L..37S", "1996ApJ...464..568F", "1996ApJ...466...55S", "1996PASP..108..851S", "1998ApJ...496..648H", "1998ApJ...498..181K", "1998ApJ...500..763P", "1998ApJ...505..207T", "1998ApJ...507..655F", "1998ApJ...508..491S", "1998Natur.395...47M", "1998PASP..110.1118D", "1999ApJ...515....1S", "1999ApJ...515...29M", "1999ApJ...516..626G" ]
2642616
astro-ph/9812137
The Durham/UKST Galaxy Redshift Survey - VI. Power spectrum analysis of clustering
We present the power spectrum analysis of clustering in the Durham/UKST Galaxy Redshift Survey. The Survey covers 1450 square degrees and consists of 2501 galaxy redshifts. The galaxies are sampled at a rate of one in three down to a magnitude limit of b<SUB>J</SUB>~17 from cosmos scanned UK Schmidt Telescope plates. Our measurement of the power spectrum is robust for wavenumbers in the range 0.04hMpc<SUP>-1</SUP>&lt;=k&lt;=0.6hMpc<SUP>-1</SUP>. The slope of the power spectrum for k&gt;0.1hMpc<SUP>-1</SUP> is close to k<SUP>-2</SUP>. The fluctuations in the galaxy distribution can be expressed as the rms variance in the number of galaxies in spheres of radius 8h<SUP>-1</SUP>Mpc as σ<SUB>8</SUB>=1.01+/-0.17. We find remarkably good agreement between the power spectrum measured for the Durham/UKST Survey and those obtained from other optical studies on scales up to λ=2π/k~80h<SUP>-1</SUP>Mpc. On scales larger than this we find good agreement with the power measured from the Stromlo-APM Survey, but find more power than estimated from the Las Campanas Redshift Survey. The Durham/UKST Survey power spectrum has a higher amplitude than the power spectrum of IRAS galaxies on large scales, implying a relative bias between optically and infrared selected samples of b<SUB>rel</SUB>=1.3. We apply a simple model for the distortion of the pattern of clustering caused by the peculiar motions of galaxies to the APM Galaxy Survey power spectrum, which is free from such effects, and find a shape and amplitude that are in very good agreement with the power spectrum of the Durham/UKST Survey. This implies β=Ω<SUP>0.6</SUP>b=0.60+/-0.35, where b is the bias between fluctuations in the galaxy and mass distributions, and also suggests a one-dimensional velocity dispersion of σ=320+/-140kms<SUP>-1</SUP>. We compare the Durham/UKST power spectrum with cold dark matter (CDM) models of structure formation, including the effects of nonlinear growth of the density fluctuations and redshift-space distortions on the theoretical power spectra. We find that for any choice of normalization, the standard CDM model has a shape that cannot be reconciled with the Durham/UKST Survey power spectrum, unless either unacceptably high values of the one-dimensional velocity dispersion are adopted or the assumption that bias is constant is invalid on scales greater than 20h<SUP>-1</SUP>Mpc. Over the range of wavenumbers for which we have a robust measurement of the power spectrum, we find the best agreement is obtained for a critical-density CDM model in which the shape of the power spectrum is modified.
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12.042816
2.902637
1999-11-01
34
1999MNRAS.309..659H
[ "more power", "IRAS galaxies", "the APM Galaxy Survey power spectrum", "galaxies", "Survey", "good agreement", "large scales", "The Durham/UKST Survey power spectrum", "the Durham/UKST Survey power spectrum", "the power spectrum" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02904.x", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9812137" ]
[ "Hoyle, F.", "Baugh, C. M.", "Shanks, T.", "Ratcliffe, A." ]
[ "Department of Physics, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE", "Department of Physics, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE", "Department of Physics, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE", "Department of Physics, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE" ]
[ "1999ApJ...519..441E", "1999ApJ...520..437K", "2000ApJ...539....5F", "2000MNRAS.316..107B", "2000MNRAS.317L..51H", "2000NuPhS..80C0906G", "2001A&A...368...86S", "2001MNRAS.321..497O", "2001MNRAS.324.1029C", "2001MNRAS.325..497B", "2001MNRAS.326..147Z", "2001MNRAS.327..538G", "2001MNRAS.328...64N", "2001MNRAS.328..174O", "2001Natur.409...39B", "2001PASP..113.1025T", "2001astro.ph.11309G", "2002ApJ...570...44H", "2002ApJ...580..663H", "2002MNRAS.329..336H", "2002MNRAS.329..431P", "2002MNRAS.332..311H", "2002PhR...367....1B", "2002moco.conf..344G", "2003MNRAS.340..160B", "2003MNRAS.342..483O", "2003MNRAS.343..796P", "2003MNRAS.344..247Z", "2007A&A...464..811Z", "2007arXiv0710.0364M", "2010arXiv1011.5174T", "2011arXiv1104.2957M", "2013Galax...1...65M", "2018SAAS...38....1W" ]
[ "1985ApJ...292..371D", "1987MNRAS.227....1K", "1989MNRAS.236P...7C", "1990MNRAS.242P..43M", "1990MNRAS.247P..10E", "1990Natur.348..705E", "1991MNRAS.253..307P", "1991Natur.349...32S", "1992MNRAS.254..295C", "1992MNRAS.258....1L", "1992MNRAS.258P...1E", "1993ApJ...405..403B", "1993ApJ...412...64L", "1993ApJ...417...19H", "1993MNRAS.262.1023W", "1993MNRAS.265..145B", "1994ApJ...425..392F", "1994ApJ...426...23F", "1994ApJ...431..569P", "1994MNRAS.267..323B", "1994MNRAS.267.1020P", "1994MNRAS.270..183B", "1995ApJ...442..457L", "1995ApJS..100...69F", "1995MNRAS.276L..45T", "1995PhRvD..51.2669W", "1995wfsd.conf...33P", "1996ApJ...470..172S", "1996ApJ...471..617L", "1996ApJS..107..201L", "1996MNRAS.280L..19P", "1996MNRAS.281L..47R", "1996MNRAS.282..263E", "1996MNRAS.282.1381T", "1996MNRAS.283.1227M", "1996PhDT........31R", "1998ASSL..231..185H", "1998ApJ...499...20J", "1998ApJ...499..555T", "1998MNRAS.293..197R", "1998MNRAS.294..229G", "1998MNRAS.296..173R", "1998MNRAS.296..191R", "1998MNRAS.300..417R", "1998MNRAS.300..945C", "1999MNRAS.308..289S", "2000MNRAS.311..793B" ]
11668642
astro-ph/9901398
A prescription for star formation feedback: the importance of multiple shell interactions
The relation between the star formation rate and the kinetic energy increase in a region containing a large number of stellar sources is investigated as a possible prescription for star formation feedback in larger scale galaxy evolution simulations, and in connection with observed scaling relations for molecular clouds, extragalactic giant Hii regions and starburst galaxies. The kinetic energy increase is not simply proportional to the source input rate, but depends on the competition between stellar power input and dissipation caused by interactions between structures formed and driven by the star formation. A simple one-zone model is used to show that, in a steady state, the energy increase should be proportional to the two-thirds power of the stellar energy injection rate, with additional factors depending on the mean density of the region and the mean column density of the fragments. The scaling relation is tested using two-dimensional pressureless hydrodynamic simulations of wind-driven star formation, in which star formation occurs according to a threshold condition on the column density through a shell, and a large number of shells are present at any one time. The morphology of the simulations resembles an irregular network or web of dynamically interacting filaments. A set of 16 simulations, in which different parameters were varied, agrees remarkably well with the simple analytical prescription for the scaling relation. Converting from the wind power of massive stars to the Lyman continuum luminosity shows that the cluster wind model for giant Hii regions may still be viable.
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11.471721
8.980713
1999-11-01
21
1999MNRAS.310....1S
[ "star formation", "star formation feedback", "larger scale galaxy evolution simulations", "giant Hii regions", "extragalactic giant Hii regions", "stellar power input", "observed scaling relations", "massive stars", "stellar sources", "wind-driven star formation" ]
[ "HYDRODYNAMICS", "TURBULENCE", "STARS: FORMATION", "ISM: BUBBLES", "GALAXIES: ISM", "Astrophysics" ]
0
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02797.x", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9901398" ]
[ "Scalo, John", "Chappell, David" ]
[ "Astronomy Department, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA", "Astronomy Department, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA" ]
[ "1999AJ....118.2797K", "2000AJ....120.2975S", "2000astro.ph.12247O", "2001ApJ...548..749E", "2001ApJ...562..852H", "2001MNRAS.325....1C", "2002A&A...390..307O", "2002ASPC..276..295O", "2003Ap&SS.284..809S", "2003LNP...614..213V", "2004A&A...423..517R", "2004A&A...424..817M", "2004ASPC..322..489B", "2005AJ....129..160S", "2005AJ....130.1049S", "2006A&A...452..223O", "2006ApJ...636..881Y", "2007A&A...473..747L", "2008IAUS..255..226H", "2011ApJ...735...52B", "2015MNRAS.449.3568M" ]
[ "1977JCoPh..23..276V", "1980ApJ...238..158N", "1980ApJ...239..173B", "1981MNRAS.194..809L", "1981MNRAS.195..839T", "1983ApJ...273..243F", "1984ApJ...276...60S", "1984ApJ...285..813F", "1984ApJ...287..116K", "1984MNRAS.207..909I", "1984MNRAS.211..521M", "1985ApJ...297..507C", "1986A&A...160..374H", "1987ASSL..134..349S", "1987ApJS...64...39S", "1987MNRAS.226..849M", "1988ApJ...328..427C", "1988MNRAS.235..297M", "1989ApJ...343..644V", "1990ARA&A..28..525S", "1991ApJ...370..551B", "1992A&A...265..465T", "1992ApJ...401..596L", "1993ApJ...417..404C", "1993ApJ...418..767T", "1993MNRAS.265..271N", "1994A&A...281L..97S", "1994A&A...290..421W", "1994ApJ...423..652C", "1994ApJ...425..720C", "1994ApJ...427..384E", "1994ApJ...435..805F", "1994ApJ...437..611M", "1994MNRAS.271..781C", "1994vsf..book...50T", "1995ApJ...441..702V", "1995ApJ...445L.161M", "1995ApJ...455..536P", "1995MNRAS.274..755H", "1995fmw..conf...97F", "1996A&A...314..251H", "1996AJ....112..146Y", "1996ASPC..112...79A", "1996ApJ...464...27O", "1996ApJ...471..816E", "1996ApJ...473..881V", "1996MNRAS.278.1005S", "1996MNRAS.278L..49Q", "1997A&A...325..972G", "1997ApJ...474..292V", "1997ApJ...475L.139X", "1997ApJ...476..544S", "1997ApJ...476..730P", "1997ApJ...477....8W", "1997ApJ...478...13N", "1997astro.ph..8131K", "1998ApJ...499..746Z", "1998ApJ...503..674K", "1998ApJ...508L..99S", "1998MNRAS.297.1021C", "1998salg.conf..527L", "1999AJ....117..410B", "1999ApJ...510..258S", "1999ApJ...513..142M", "1999ApJ...513..156M", "1999MNRAS.302..537T", "2001MNRAS.325....1C" ]
11655274
astro-ph/0004268
A Near- and Mid-Infrared Study of the Interacting Galaxy Pair UGC 12914/12915: ``Taffy''
We report on an infrared 1 to 17 μm study of the nearby (cz=4600 km s<SUP>-1</SUP>) interacting spiral galaxy system UGC 12914/12915, using the ground-based Palomar 200 inch (5 m) telescope and PFIRCAM near-infrared detector and space-based mid-infrared imaging and spectral observations using ISOCAM and PHT-S on the Infrared Space Observatory. The system consists of two counterrotating spirals having suffered a nearly face-on collision only ~2x10<SUP>7</SUP> yr ago. In conjunction with radio observations we explore the complex gas/dust morphology of the postcollision disks, ring structures, current epoch of star formation, and the remnant connecting bridge: It is the unusual radio synchrotron bridge that this study was largely aimed at understanding. Strong line emission from aromatic band features at 6.2, 7.7, and 11.3 μm are seen in both the mid-IR imaging and PHT-S spectrophotometry centered on the nuclei. Theaverage mid-IR (5-17 μm) flux density is ~0.42 Jy, or about 7% of the 60 μm IRAS flux density. Ournear-/mid-IR data support the hypothesis that the restricted form of galaxy-galaxy interaction-counterrotating direct head-on collision among comparably massed spirals-has produced a large-scale dynamically expanding ``ring'' of recent star formation and gas ``bar'' structure within the disk of UGC 12914. The nucleus and northwestern disk of UGC 12915 are undergoing vigorous star formation probably triggered by the interaction. UGC 12914 appears to be more quiescent in comparison, although there are signatures of massive star formation as revealed in direct comparison between the radio, mid-IR, and Hα imaging. Within the connecting bridge region, the mid-IR imaging reveals dust grains intermixed with the atomic hydrogen gas. The heating mechanism for the hot dust is likely to be UV photons diffusing out from the galactic disks and the H II complex located along the extreme northeastern portion of the bridge: The dust emission, or mid-IR intensity per atomic hydrogen column density ratio, is consistent with heating from the local (bridge) interstellar radiation field.
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12.175651
8.40005
1999-11-01
19
1999AJ....118.2132J
[ "mid-IR intensity", "star formation", "recent star formation", "vigorous star formation", "massive star formation", "atomic hydrogen column density ratio", "spiral galaxy system", "dust grains", "radio observations", "direct comparison" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: ALPHANUMERIC: UGC 12914/12915", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: ALPHANUMERIC: VV 254", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: ISM", "INFRARED RADIATION", "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1086/301080", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/0004268" ]
[ "Jarrett, T. H.", "Helou, G.", "Van Buren, D.", "Valjavec, E.", "Condon, J. J." ]
[ "Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, MS 100-22, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125", "Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, MS 100-22, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125", "Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, MS 100-22, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125", "Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, MS 100-22, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125", "National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903" ]
[ "2000ApJ...541..644X", "2001A&A...378...51B", "2002AJ....123.1881C", "2003A&A...408L..13B", "2003AJ....126.2171G", "2004A&A...418..419B", "2005ApJS..158....1I", "2005SSRv..119..355V", "2007AJ....134..118Z", "2010A&A...524A..27L", "2012AJ....144..125M", "2012ApJ...751...11P", "2012ApJ...757..138K", "2013ApJ...777...58M", "2015ApJ...812..118A", "2018ApJ...855..141P", "2019ApJ...878..161J", "2020MNRAS.499.3193B", "2022ApJ...931..121A" ]
[ "1970ranp.book.....P", "1976ApJ...208..650T", "1976ApJ...209..382L", "1984A&A...137L...5L", "1985A&A...150L...7V", "1985ApJ...298L...7H", "1987ApJ...320...49B", "1988ApJ...330..964B", "1989AJ.....98..766S", "1989ARA&A..27..161P", "1990A&A...237..215D", "1990ApJ...349..480O", "1990ApJ...359...72B", "1990dig..book..200A", "1990dig..book..223G", "1992AJ....103.1536D", "1992ARA&A..30..575C", "1992ARA&A..30..705B", "1993A&A...275..549J", "1993AJ....105.1730C", "1993ApJ...415...93H", "1994AJ....107.1274M", "1994ASSL..190..293J", "1995ApJ...446..909X", "1996A&A...312..256B", "1996A&A...315L..32C", "1996A&A...315L..64L", "1996ApJ...460..696W", "1996ApJ...467..241H", "1996ApJ...468..532A", "1997AJ....113..236D", "1997ApJ...483..754S", "1997ApJS..113..269S", "1998A&A...335...53B", "1998A&A...337..261S", "1998ApJ...493..121M", "1998ApJ...498..579G", "1998IAUS..179..153B", "1998Natur.395..859G" ]
11668244
astro-ph/9906447
The unusual host galaxy of the BL Lac object PKS 1413+135
The BL Lacertae object PKS 1413+135 is associated with a disc-dominated galaxy that heavily absorbs the BL Lac nucleus at optical and X-ray wavelengths. It has been argued whether this galaxy is actually the host galaxy of PKS 1413+135 or whether the BL Lac is a background QSO, gravitationally lensed by the apparent host galaxy. We have obtained deep high-resolution H-band images of this unusual BL Lac object using the UKIRT IRCAM3. Our observations show that the BL Lac nucleus is centred within &lt;=0.05arcsec of the galaxy. Based on this result, we assess the probability for the lensing scenario and come to the conclusion that the disc galaxy is indeed the host of PKS 1413+135. The galaxy shows peanut-shaped isophotes, suggesting the presence of a central bar, which is a common feature of AGN.
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16.816641
4.938822
1999-11-01
11
1999MNRAS.309.1085L
[ "BL Lac", "this unusual BL Lac object", "the BL Lac nucleus", "the BL Lac", "the apparent host galaxy", "PKS", "the disc galaxy", "the host galaxy", "optical and X-ray wavelengths", "The BL Lacertae" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
4
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02925.x", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9906447" ]
[ "Lamer, G.", "Newsam, A. M.", "McHardy, I. M." ]
[ "Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University, Southampton SO17 1BJ", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University, Southampton SO17 1BJ; Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University, Southampton SO17 1BJ" ]
[ "2001A&A...375..791V", "2002AJ....124.2401P", "2005ApJ...622..136G", "2009MNRAS.396.1522E", "2011A&A...535A..97M", "2013A&A...550A..76L", "2014A&ARv..22...73F", "2017ApJ...845...89V", "2017ApJ...845...90V", "2021ApJ...907...61R", "2021ApJ...913..111Z" ]
[ "1981Natur.293..714B", "1984ApJ...285..439U", "1988AJ.....95..307I", "1989MNRAS.238..379H", "1990MNRAS.243..192N", "1990Natur.345..679S", "1991ApJ...382..501U", "1991MNRAS.249..742M", "1991Natur.352..411R", "1992AJ....104.1306M", "1992ApJ...387..449P", "1992ApJ...400L..17S", "1993MNRAS.261..718S", "1994ApJ...432L..87W", "1994MNRAS.268..681M", "1995ApJ...438...62W", "1995ApJ...443L..13K", "1995ApJ...447L..87M", "1995ApJ...448..548C", "1995ApJ...451...88B", "1996AJ....111.1839P", "1998ApJ...495..189C", "1998ApJ...495..227L" ]
11668546
astro-ph/9905328
On the vorticity of flow in redshift space
Given an irrotational (vorticity free) velocity field in real space, we prove that, in the distant observer limit and in the absence of multi-valued zones, the associated velocity field in redshift space is also irrotational. The proof does not rely on any approximation to gravitational dynamics. The result can be particularly useful for the analysis of redshift distortions and for reconstruction methods of cosmological velocity fields from galaxy redshift surveys, in the non-linear regime. Although the proof is restricted to the distant observer limit, we show that the POTENT method can be modified to derive the full real space velocity field as a function of the redshift space coordinate, thus avoiding spatial Malmquist biases.
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11.76236
2.752032
1999-11-01
6
1999MNRAS.309L..30C
[ "redshift space", "cosmological velocity fields", "galaxy redshift surveys", "redshift distortions", "real space", "multi-valued zones", "the full real space velocity field", "reconstruction methods", "spatial Malmquist biases", "the redshift space coordinate" ]
[ "Astrophysics" ]
0
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.03084.x", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9905328" ]
[ "Chodorowski, Michał J.", "Nusser, Adi" ]
[ "Copernicus Astronomical Center, Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland", "Physics Department, The Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel" ]
[ "2000ASPC..201..306C", "2000MNRAS.318..375C", "2011MNRAS.413.2906D", "2012ApJ...744..193N", "2012ApJ...755...58N", "2016IAUS..308..310D" ]
[ "1959flme.book.....L", "1970A&A.....5...84Z", "1980AJ.....85..801S", "1987MNRAS.227....1K", "1988Natur.334..209T", "1989ApJ...336L...5B", "1992ApJ...385L...5H", "1992ApJ...390L..61B", "1993ASPC...43..267G", "1993ApJ...405L..47G", "1994ARA&A..32..371D", "1994ApJ...421L...1N", "1995A&A...298..643H", "1995ApJ...452...75M", "1995MNRAS.272..885F", "1995MNRAS.275..483H", "1995MNRAS.276.1391N", "1996MNRAS.279L...1F", "1996MNRAS.282..767T", "1997MNRAS.287..591C", "1997MNRAS.292..695C", "1998ASSL..231..185H", "1998MNRAS.296...10H", "1998MNRAS.300.1027C", "1999ApJ...517..531S", "1999MNRAS.308..640C", "1999MNRAS.309..543B" ]
2105793
null
Neutral Hydrogen and Star Formation in the Irregular Galaxy NGC 4449
We present high-resolution interferometric data of the inner 30' of the H I gas of the irregular galaxy NGC 4449. In addition to the previously known two counter-rotating gas systems, the H I exhibits an unusual ring morphology and high velocity dispersions in the outer part of the optical galaxy. In addition the position angle and inclination of the outer gas are moderately different from those of the optical galaxy. The position angle and inclination of the inner gas system are approximately similar to those of the inner optical galaxy only if strong deviations from ordered motion in the center are ignored. The H I interstellar medium appears to be fragmented into clouds, which are similar to clouds observed in other galaxies. There is very little correlation between the H I surface density and Hα surface brightness. The optical isophotes of the galaxy define three different and distinct position angles and inclinations. The inner structure is similar in properties to a bar structure that includes a large fraction of the optical galaxy. The nature of the middle structure is unclear. Exterior to these bars are unusual faint filamentary structures. The V- and J-band surface photometry are well fit by an exponential disk to low surface brightness levels, including the bar structures. However, the central surface brightness is unusually bright. The star formation activity compared over three different time scales as a function of radius is fairly consistent. In the optical there are also unusual extensions at low light levels in the outskirts of the galaxy. Many characteristics of the gas and stars are consistent with a picture in which NGC 4449 has been disturbed by an external perturber, and the gas has not yet returned to equilibrium.
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11.411366
7.891748
1999-11-01
64
1999AJ....118.2184H
[ "low surface brightness levels", "Hα surface brightness", "other galaxies", "unusual faint filamentary structures", "low light levels", "unusual extensions", "high velocity dispersions", "the inner optical galaxy", "the inner gas system", "ordered motion" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL (NGC 4449)", "GALAXIES: IRREGULAR", "GALAXIES: ISM", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS" ]
1
[ "10.1086/301096" ]
[ "Hunter, Deidre A.", "van Woerden, Hugo", "Gallagher, J. S." ]
[ "Lowell Observatory, 1400 West Mars Hill Road, Flagstaff, AZ 86001", "Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, Postbus 800, 9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands", "Washburn Observatory, University of Wisconsin, 475 North Charter Street, Madison, WI 53706" ]
[ "2000AJ....119.1145R", "2001A&A...374..907U", "2001AJ....121.1473B", "2001ApJ...556..773H", "2001ApJ...563..816S", "2001ApSSS.277..231G", "2001PASP..113..142G", "2002AJ....123.1476W", "2002AJ....124.3157V", "2002ApJ...580..194H", "2003A&A...408..493B", "2003ApJ...587..221P", "2003MNRAS.342..690S", "2004AJ....128.2144M", "2004MNRAS.349..225G", "2005AJ....129..160S", "2005AJ....130..524M", "2005AJ....130.1049S", "2005ApJ...618..178C", "2005ApJ...621..227M", "2005ApJ...625..130S", "2005ApJ...634..281H", "2005MNRAS.358.1453O", "2006AJ....132..360W", "2006AJ....132..801H", "2006ApJS..162...49H", "2007AJ....133.2156L", "2007AJ....133.2242K", "2008AJ....135..291M", "2008AJ....135.1900A", "2008AJ....135.2222R", "2008AJ....136.2648D", "2009AJ....137.3869C", "2010A&A...510A..97S", "2011A&A...529A..94C", "2011AJ....141...23B", "2011AJ....142..129A", "2011arXiv1111.5861A", "2012ApJ...745L...1A", "2012ApJ...748L..24M", "2012IAUS..284..159K", "2012Natur.482..192R", "2013ApJ...773...88S", "2013MNRAS.431.2493K", "2014A&A...563A..31R", "2014A&A...566A..71L", "2014AN....335...99B", "2014ApJ...795..109J", "2014MNRAS.440..405M", "2014MNRAS.443..860S", "2016MNRAS.457L..24K", "2017AJ....153..163M", "2018ApJ...852..106C", "2018ApJ...856...62C", "2018ApJ...857...63S", "2019ApJ...872...16D", "2019ApJ...886...74M", "2019ApJ...887..112C", "2020ApJ...889..154W", "2022JKAS...55..149K", "2022NatAs...6.1464C", "2023MNRAS.524.2911A", "2024RASTI...3..234R", "2024arXiv240401175R" ]
[ "1958MeLuS.136....1H", "1966AuJPh..19..343M", "1966PASP...78...79H", "1969AJ.....74..859R", "1975dgs..conf..483V", "1975gaun.book..557D", "1977PhDT.........6A", "1978ApJ...220...75F", "1978ApJ...226L...5S", "1979PASP...91..280S", "1980A&A....81..167S", "1981A&A...102..134H", "1982ApJ...260...81H", "1983A&A...119..301D", "1983ApJ...267..563H", "1984A&A...141..195B", "1984ApJ...277..532B", "1984ApJ...284..544G", "1984ApJS...54...33B", "1985AJ.....90.1457H", "1985AJ.....90.1789H", "1985ApJ...288..438E", "1985ApJS...58..533H", "1986AJ.....91..507B", "1986AJ.....92.1278H", "1987ApJ...317..180T", "1987ApJ...317..190M", "1988A&AS...73..453W", "1988ApJ...331L..95C", "1988MNRAS.233..781D", "1988PASP..100..344V", "1989ApJ...338..178E", "1989ApJ...345..245C", "1990ApJ...357...71O", "1990ApJ...362..480H", "1990ApJS...72..755B", "1990MNRAS.245..130A", "1991ASPC...18..183H", "1991ApJ...368..173R", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992AJ....103.1841P", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1992ApJ...391L...9H", "1993A&A...271..391C", "1993A&A...273...31S", "1993A&A...277...27F", "1993AJ....105.1344B", "1993AJ....106.1797H", "1994A&A...285..385B", "1994A&AS..107..129B", "1994AJ....107.1003C", "1994AJ....107.1320O", "1994ARA&A..32..115R", "1994ApJ...420..558B", "1995AJ....109.2428M", "1996A&A...313...45D", "1996AJ....111.2233E", "1996ApJ...461..202H", "1997A&A...324..877B", "1997AJ....113.1678B", "1997ApJ...475...65H", "1997ApJ...490L..65M", "1997PASP..109..937H", "1998AJ....116.2363W", "1998ApJ...493..595H", "1998ApJ...495L..47H", "1998ApJ...503..674K", "1998ApJ...507..179H" ]
2108542
null
The Distribution of High-Redshift (z&gt;~2) Quasars near Active Galaxies
Two fields uniformly searched by the Westerbork radio telescope are discussed. They contain four blue radio galaxies brighter than F=16.9 mag and eight quasars and active galactic nuclei (AGNs) with 1.84&lt;=z&lt;=2.397. The latter objects group in the vicinity of the blue galaxies. In the case of the violently disrupted blue radio galaxy, 53W003, there are, within about 2<SUP>'</SUP>, five AGNs of 2.389&lt;=z&lt;=2.397. Mixed into this same small region are about 18 less compact Lyα emitters of similar redshift. <P />It is shown that the distribution of all the known high-redshift objects in the two fields follows the same rules of association with active galaxies as have been observed since 1966. In particular, there is another exactly aligned triplet of quasars of z=1.84 and 2.14 across a radio quasar of z=0.55 which almost exactly matches the Arp/Hazard triplet configurations found in 1980.
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14.182285
6.180092
1999-11-01
22
1999ApJ...525..594A
[ "active galaxies", "active galactic nuclei", "quasars", "four blue radio galaxies", "similar redshift", "F=16.9 mag", "a radio quasar", "the violently disrupted blue radio galaxy", "the Westerbork radio telescope", "the blue galaxies" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: SEYFERT", "GALAXIES: QUASARS: GENERAL", "RADIO CONTINUUM: GALAXIES", "Galaxies: Active", "Galaxies: Seyfert", "Galaxies: Quasars: General", "Radio Continuum: Galaxies" ]
0
[ "10.1086/307916" ]
[ "Arp, Halton" ]
[ "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85740 Garching, Germany" ]
[ "2001ApJ...549..780A", "2001ApJ...549..802A", "2001ApJ...553L..11A", "2002ApJ...567..801B", "2002PYunO..90...16L", "2002astro.ph..3066T", "2003ApJ...585..112B", "2004A&A...414L..37A", "2004A&A...418..877A", "2004A&A...421..407L", "2004ApJ...616..738B", "2004astro.ph..3089B", "2005RPPh...68.2747S", "2006AIPC..822...75L", "2006Ap&SS.301..117A", "2006astro.ph..2242B", "2007ApJ...667L.129B", "2007arXiv0706.0390M", "2007arXiv0711.4531B", "2007astro.ph..1093B", "2007physics...2075M", "2010vaoa.conf..196L" ]
[ "1968Afz.....4...59A", "1969ArA.....5..305H", "1977A&A....58..237K", "1980ApJ...236...70T", "1980ApJ...240..726A", "1980ApJ...242L..55B", "1980ApJS...43...57H", "1984A&AS...58....1W", "1984PASP...96..148A", "1985A&A...146...38K", "1985ApJS...57..523W", "1987JApA....8..231A", "1987qrc..book.....A", "1989AN....310..187B", "1990A&A...239...33A", "1990Natur.343..726B", "1991ApJ...380..362W", "1993ApJ...405...51N", "1993MNRAS.263...10P", "1993pnc..conf...29N", "1996Natur.383...45P", "1997A&A...319...18R", "1997A&A...319...33A", "1997A&A...327..479A", "1997A&A...328L..17A", "1997ApJ...484L..99B", "1998A&A...329L..25R", "1998ApJ...492..428S", "1998ApJ...500..596C", "1998ApJS..118..401D", "1998srrc.book.....A", "1999A&A...341L...5A", "1999IAUS..183..290A" ]
2132156
null
Imaging HI in the lensing galaxy 2237+0305
Spectral-line observations of neutral hydrogen in the galaxy 2237+0305, which lenses the quasi-stellar object (QSO) Q2237+0305, are presented. In 1997 August, synthesis observations, undertaken with the National Radio Astronomy Observatory Very Large Array, detected Hi emission from the lensing galaxy, and indicated a total Hi mass of 5.7 x 10<SUP>9</SUP>h75-2M<SUB>solar</SUB> in the galaxy. The deprojected velocity width of the galaxy is 620+/-35kms<SUP>-1</SUP>. The estimated dynamical mass of 2237+0305 implies an Hi mass-to-(blue)-light ratio of ~0.3M<SUB>solar</SUB>/L<SUB>solar</SUB>. An r<SUP>1/4</SUP> bulge fitted to the maximum circular speed yields a total bulge mass of (1.27+/-0.25)x10<SUP>11</SUP>h75-1M<SUB>solar</SUB>. This is found to be identical to the total bulge mass determined by fitting an r<SUP>1/4</SUP> bulge to the lensing data, which provide a precise value for the total mass in the region encircled by the quasar images. This result confirms that the bulge in 2237+0305 is maximal. The line-of-sight velocity dispersion for both fitted bulges is (145+/-8)kms<SUP>-1</SUP>, and is consistent with the observed stellar velocity dispersion corrected for observational effects, and with physical models of the system. The observations also show that 2237+0305 is a member of a loose group, comprising at least five other galaxies with radial velocities within 300kms<SUP>-1</SUP> of the lensing galaxy. Deep optical images of the faintest Hi detection show that what was initially thought to be a rotating disc galaxy is two low-surface-brightness dwarf galaxies near the lens. The median projected separation of the galaxies in the group is 760h75-1kpc, and the median radial displacement of the individual galaxy velocities from the adopted group radial velocity of 11695kms<SUP>-1</SUP> is 108kms<SUP>-1</SUP>. The long crossing time of the system, of the order of 5Gyr, and the lack of evidence for tidal disturbance of the galactic Hi discs imply that the group is loose, which, combined with the dynamical mass considerations, suggests a shallow and dark potential. While compact groups near lensing galaxies can produce shear in lensed or background images, it is shown that the shear effect of the group galaxies and the dark potential on the geometry of the `Einstein Cross' is negligible.
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13.647034
4.195563
1999-11-01
12
1999MNRAS.309..641B
[ "lensing galaxies", "radial velocities", "compact groups", "velocities", "the group galaxies", "Deep optical images", "the lensing galaxy", "synthesis observations", "the adopted group radial velocity", "observational effects" ]
[ "None" ]
0
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02889.x" ]
[ "Barnes, D. G.", "Webster, R. L.", "Schmidt, R. W.", "Hughes, A." ]
[ "Australia Telescope National Facility, CSIRO, PO Box 76, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia", "University of Melbourne, School of Physics, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia", "Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam, An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany", "University of Melbourne, School of Physics, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia" ]
[ "2000MNRAS.319..879M", "2002ApJ...576...45R", "2002MNRAS.334..621T", "2004IAUS..220..109T", "2006MNRAS.372..136F", "2006gr.qc.....7029F", "2009MNRAS.399.2079N", "2010ApJ...719.1481V", "2012ApJS..199...26H", "2015JCAP...07..018P", "2016PhRvD..93l4070P", "2017ApJ...846...26S" ]
[ "1961cgcg.book.....Z", "1976AJ.....81..807Y", "1976PASP...88..388C", "1983ApJ...266...58T", "1985AJ.....90..691H", "1985ApJ...298....8H", "1985S&T....70..319T", "1987AJ.....94..501K", "1988AJ.....95.1331Y", "1988AJ.....96.1570K", "1991AJ....102...34C", "1991MNRAS.249..523B", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992A&A...263...41L", "1992AJ....104..959R", "1992ApJ...386L..43F", "1992ApJ...388..272K", "1993A&A...275...16B", "1994AJ....108.1156W", "1994ARA&A..32..115R", "1995MNRAS.274..235D", "1996AJ....112..897F", "1996ApJ...458..120S", "1996ApJ...473..117S", "1996MsT..........2S", "1997AJ....114.2276K", "1997ARA&A..35..357H", "1997ApJ...482..604K", "1997ApJ...487...42K", "1998AJ....115....1T", "1998ApJ...496L..79C", "1998MNRAS.295..488S", "1998PhDT........19B", "1998astro.ph..9268K" ]
978797
null
Optical Long-Slit Spectroscopy of a Sample of Spiral Galaxies
We have analyzed long-slit spectra of a sample of 11 spiral galaxies. We identify several disk H II regions in each galaxy and provide classifications for the nuclear spectra. We find seven nuclear H II region galaxies, including four starburst nucleus galaxies, and four LINERs.
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14.548531
7.74014
1999-11-01
7
1999PASP..111.1398M
[ "several disk H II regions", "nucleus galaxies", "seven nuclear H II region galaxies", "II", "four starburst nucleus galaxies", "long-slit spectra", "classifications", "11 spiral galaxies", "the nuclear spectra", "each galaxy" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: ISM", "GALAXIES: SPIRAL", "GALAXIES: STARBURST", "ISM: H II REGIONS" ]
0
[ "10.1086/316450" ]
[ "Misselt, K. A.", "Clayton, Geoffrey C.", "Gordon, Karl D." ]
[ "Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-4001", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-4001", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-4001" ]
[ "2000ApJ...544..859G", "2001MNRAS.324..325M", "2001MNRAS.327..350M", "2005ApJS..159...60S", "2010AstL...36..319S", "2011MNRAS.412.1741S", "2017ApJ...846..102M" ]
[ "1978ApJ...223...56K", "1980A&A....87..152H", "1981PASP...93....5B", "1983AJ.....88.1094K", "1983ApJ...268..602B", "1983ApJ...272...54K", "1983ApJS...52..229K", "1984ApJ...287..116K", "1985ApJS...57....1M", "1985ApJS...58..125E", "1986A&AS...66..335V", "1986ApJ...300..658F", "1987ApJS...63..295V", "1988ApJ...334..144K", "1989AJ.....97.1022K", "1989ApJ...345..245C", "1989agna.book.....O", "1993Afz....36..353K", "1994A&AS..106..451D", "1994AJ....108..405C", "1995ApJS...98..477H", "1996A&A...309..345C", "1996A&AS..120....1M", "1996ASPC..103...17F", "1996ASPC..103..103H", "1997A&A...319...52V", "1997ApJ...487..568H", "1997ApJ...487..579H", "1997ApJ...491..114W", "1997ApJS..112..315H", "1998A&AS..127..107G", "1998ApJ...500..525S" ]
2105787
null
Deuterium, Lithium, and the Hubble Deep Field
This article presents a theoretical framework for the evolution of the light-element nuclides in the Galactic disk. By understanding this evolution correctly, we can reliably obtain the primordial abundances of the nuclides D, <SUP>4</SUP>He, and <SUP>7</SUP>Li. We use two key assumptions, those of (1) infall of metal-poor gas to the disk at an increasing rate and (2) destruction, as well as production (except for D), of fragile nuclides in hot, relatively dense supergiant envelopes. Light nuclides are accelerated by supernova shocks, and many are confined to hot interstellar zones by magnetic fields. Their repeated passage through the hot envelopes causes depletion, which peaked during the main star-forming phase of Galaxy evolution around z~1, as measured from the Hubble Deep Field. This mechanism has dominated stellar depletion in reducing the D/H abundance from its primordial value of ~=2x10<SUP>-4</SUP> to its solar system value of ~=2.5x10<SUP>-5</SUP> and subsequently to the current interstellar medium value of 1.5x10<SUP>-5</SUP>. The model accounts well for the solar system and the current ratios of <SUP>7</SUP>Li/<SUP>6</SUP>Li and <SUP>11</SUP>B/<SUP>10</SUP>B. It fits extremely well a standard big bang nucleosynthesis model with baryon density ~=0.05.
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7.572133
8.923623
1999-11-01
6
1999AJ....118.1907C
[ "hot interstellar zones", "fragile nuclides", "Galaxy evolution", "Light nuclides", "stellar depletion", "D", "depletion", "supernova shocks", "a standard big bang nucleosynthesis model", "the current interstellar medium value" ]
[ "GALAXY: ABUNDANCES", "GALAXY: EVOLUTION", "GALAXY: HALO", "SOLAR SYSTEM: FORMATION", "STARS: EVOLUTION" ]
0
[ "10.1086/301072" ]
[ "Casuso, E.", "Beckman, J. E." ]
[ "Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain", "Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain" ]
[ "2000PASP..112..942C", "2001ASPC..223..207M", "2001ApJ...557..681C", "2003PASJ...55..247C", "2004A&A...419..181C", "2004ASSL..319..119B" ]
[ "1955ApJ...121..161S", "1967ApJ...148L..41G", "1968dms..book.....S", "1971A&A....15..337M", "1975A&A....40...99M", "1976Natur.263..198E", "1977ApJ...218..148M", "1978ApJ...226..613R", "1979ApJ...230..469C", "1981Ap&SS..78..273T", "1988A&A...189...55A", "1988ADNDT..40..283C", "1988ApJ...334..436B", "1988BICDS..35..181S", "1988FCPh...12..255I", "1989GeCoA..53..197A", "1991ApJ...375..116H", "1992ApJ...385L..13S", "1993A&A...269..469L", "1993ApJ...402..694L", "1993ApJ...403..630P", "1993ApJ...408..262S", "1993ApJ...409L..61M", "1993ApJ...413L..73S", "1993oee..conf..168R", "1994ApJ...421..225C", "1994IAUS..162...89G", "1994MNRAS.268L...1C", "1995ApJ...451..335L", "1995Natur.374..337C", "1996AJ....111.2135R", "1996ApJ...459L...1R", "1996ApJ...463..254L", "1996ApJ...470.1157W", "1996MNRAS.283.1388M", "1996Natur.381..207T", "1997ApJ...475..155C", "1997ApJ...486L..11C", "1997Natur.385..137S", "1997Natur.388..250W", "1999ApJ...523..797H" ]
3959874
astro-ph/9902290
Measuring and modelling the redshift evolution of clustering: the Hubble Deep Field North
The evolution of galaxy clustering from z=0 to z~=4.5 is analysed using the angular correlation function and the photometric redshift distribution of galaxies brighter than I<SUB>AB</SUB>&lt;=28.5 in the Hubble Deep Field North. The reliability of the photometric redshift estimates is discussed on the basis of the available spectroscopic redshifts, comparing different codes and investigating the effects of photometric errors. The redshift bins in which the clustering properties are measured are then optimized to take into account the uncertainties of the photometric redshifts. The results show that the comoving correlation length r<SUB>0</SUB> has a small decrease in the range 0&lt;~z&lt;~1 followed by an increase at higher z. We compare these results with the theoretical predictions of a variety of cosmological models belonging to the general class of Cold Dark Matter scenarios, including Einstein-de Sitter models, an open model and a flat model with non-zero cosmological constant. Comparison with the expected mass clustering evolution indicates that the observed high-redshift galaxies are biased tracers of the dark matter with an effective bias b strongly increasing with redshift. Assuming an Einstein-de Sitter universe, we obtain b~=2.5 at z~=2 and b~=5 at z~=4. These results support theoretical scenarios of biased galaxy formation in which the galaxies observed at high redshift are preferentially located in more massive haloes. Moreover, they suggest that the usual parameterization of the clustering evolution as ξ(r,z)=ξ(r,0)(1+z)<SUP>-(3+ɛ)</SUP> is not a good description for any value of ɛ. Comparison of the clustering amplitudes that we measured at z~=3 with those reported by Adelberger et al. and Giavalisco et al., based on a different selection, suggests that the clustering depends on the abundance of the objects: more abundant objects are less clustered, as expected in the paradigm of hierarchical galaxy formation. The strong clustering and high bias measured at z~=3 are consistent with the expected density of massive haloes predicted in the frame of the various cosmologies considered here. At z~=4, the strong clustering observed in the Hubble Deep Field requires a significant fraction of massive haloes to be already formed by that epoch. This feature could be a discriminant test for the cosmological parameters if confirmed by future observations.
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12.350838
5.22112
1999-12-01
783
1999MNRAS.310..540A
[ "high redshift", "cosmological models", "redshift", "biased galaxy formation", "massive haloes", "high bias", "hierarchical galaxy formation", "galaxies", "galaxy", "Cold Dark Matter scenarios" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
17
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02978.x", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9902290" ]
[ "Arnouts, S.", "Cristiani, S.", "Moscardini, L.", "Matarrese, S.", "Lucchin, F.", "Fontana, A.", "Giallongo, E." ]
[ "Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Padova, vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy; Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS, 98bis Bd. Arago, F-75014 Paris, France", "Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Padova, vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy; Space Telescope-European Coordinating Facility, E.S.O., Karl-Schwarzschild Str. 2, D-85748 Garching bei München, Germany", "Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Padova, vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy", "Dipartimento di Fisica G. Galilei, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy", "Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Padova, vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy", "Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via dell'Osservatorio, I-00040 Monteporzio, Italy", "Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via dell'Osservatorio, I-00040 Monteporzio, Italy" ]
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11668469
astro-ph/9912289
Cosmic statistics of statistics
The errors on statistics measured in finite galaxy catalogues are exhaustively investigated. The theory of errors on factorial moments by Szapudi &amp; Colombi is applied to cumulants via a series expansion method. All results are subsequently extended to the weakly non-linear regime. Together with previous investigations this yields an analytic theory of the errors for moments and connected moments of counts in cells from highly non-linear to weakly non-linear scales. For non-linear functions of unbiased estimators, such as the cumulants, the phenomenon of cosmic bias is identified and computed. Since it is subdued by the cosmic errors in the range of applicability of the theory, correction for it is inconsequential. In addition, the method of Colombi, Szapudi &amp; Szalay concerning sampling effects is generalized, adapting the theory for inhomogeneous galaxy catalogues. While previous work focused on the variance only, the present article calculates the cross-correlations between moments and connected moments as well for a statistically complete description. The final analytic formulae representing the full theory are explicit but somewhat complicated. Therefore we have made available a fortran program capable of calculating the described quantities numerically (for further details e-mail SC at [email protected]). An important special case is the evaluation of the errors on the two-point correlation function, for which this should be more accurate than any method put forward previously. This tool will be immensely useful in the future for assessing the precision of measurements from existing catalogues, as well as aiding the design of new galaxy surveys. To illustrate the applicability of the results and to explore the numerical aspects of the theory qualitatively and quantitatively, the errors and cross-correlations are predicted under a wide range of assumptions for the future Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The principal results concerning the cumulants ξ, Q<SUB>3</SUB> and Q<SUB>4</SUB> is that the relative error is expected to be smaller than 3, 5 and 15per cent, respectively, in the scale range of 1-10h<SUP>-1</SUP>Mpc the cosmic bias will be negligible.
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12.111781
2.98911
1999-12-01
41
1999MNRAS.310..428S
[ "errors", "connected moments", "non-linear functions", "finite galaxy catalogues", "inhomogeneous galaxy catalogues", "weakly non-linear scales", "factorial moments", "moments", "cosmic bias", "-mail SC" ]
[ "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "METHODS: STATISTICAL", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
3
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02952.x", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9912289" ]
[ "Szapudi, István", "Colombi, Stéphane", "Bernardeau, Francis" ]
[ "University of Durham, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE", "Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS, 98bis bd Arago, F-75014 Paris, France", "Service de Physique Théorique, C.E. de Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France" ]
[ "2000ASPC..200..153C", "2000ASPC..215...21G", "2000ApJ...535L..13K", "2000ApJ...544..597S", "2000MNRAS.313..711C", "2000MNRAS.313..725S", "2000MNRAS.317L..51H", "2000MNRAS.318L..45S", "2000PASJ...52..749S", "2001ApJ...546..652S", "2001ApJ...548...47G", "2001ApJ...548..114S", "2002ApJ...565...24P", "2002ApJ...570...75S", "2002ApJ...579...48S", "2002MNRAS.330..506H", "2002PhR...367....1B", "2003AdSpR..31..475P", "2003MNRAS.338..846M", "2003MNRAS.344..761M", "2004ApJ...600L.171S", "2004ApJ...604...40T", "2005ApJ...635..743C", "2005MNRAS.361..357P", "2005MNRAS.361..824G", "2005MNRAS.362.1363P", "2005MNRAS.364..620G", "2005PhRvD..71f3001S", "2005astro.ph..5391S", "2008MNRAS.390..829B", "2009MNRAS.399..801G", "2009arXiv0910.0806Y", "2010MNRAS.405..525G", "2011ApJ...731..113M", "2013MNRAS.435....2W", "2016MNRAS.460.1598C", "2020JCAP...05..043M", "2020MNRAS.495.4006U", "2021MNRAS.500.3631R", "2022A&A...663A.124B", "2023OJAp....6E...1U" ]
[ "1973ApJ...185..413P", "1977ApJ...217..385G", "1978ApJ...221...19F", "1979MNRAS.186..145W", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1984A&A...130...79S", "1984ApJ...279..499F", "1985A&A...144L...1S", "1986ApJ...311....6G", "1986MNRAS.219..785K", "1988MNRAS.235..715E", "1988sisp.book.....R", "1989A&A...220....1B", "1991ApJ...383...19B", "1992A&A...255....1B", "1992ApJ...390..350S", "1992ApJ...394...87M", "1992ApJ...394L...5B", "1992ApJ...400...25B", "1993ApJ...408...43S", "1993ApJ...412...64L", "1993ApJ...412..504F", "1993ApJ...412L...9J", "1993ApJ...413..447F", "1993ApJ...417...19H", "1993ApJ...417...36B", "1994A&A...281..301C", "1994A&A...291..697B", "1994ApJ...420..497M", "1994ApJ...422..430L", "1994ApJ...424..569B", "1994ApJ...426...23F", "1994ApJ...433....1B", "1994ApJ...437..541B", "1994ApJ...437L..13G", "1994MNRAS.268..913G", "1995A&A...298..643H", "1995ApJ...444..520S", "1995ApJS...96..401C", "1995clun.conf..167J", "1996A&A...312...11B", "1996ApJ...465...14C", "1996ApJ...470..131S", "1996ApJ...473...15S", "1996dmcq.conf..187B", "1997A&A...322....1B", "1997ApJ...481L...1S", "1997MNRAS.287..241C", "1997MNRAS.289..285H", "1997MNRAS.289..295H", "1998A&A...331..829G", "1998ApJ...494L..41S", "1998ApJ...497...16S", "1998ApJ...499...20J", "1998MNRAS.294..457N", "1998MNRAS.296..253C", "1998MNRAS.300..493S", "1998MNRAS.300L..35S", "1999A&A...349..697B", "1999ApJ...517...54S", "1999ApJ...519..622H", "1999ApJ...520...35S", "1999ApJ...527....1S", "1999MNRAS.303..433M", "1999MNRAS.310..892M", "2000ApJ...530..547J" ]
2132157
null
[Cii] 158-μm observations of a sample of late-type galaxies from the Virgo cluster
We have observed 19 Virgo cluster spiral galaxies with the Long Wavelength Spectrometer (LWS) onboard ESA's Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) obtaining spectra around the [Cii] 157.741-μm fine-structure line. These 19 galaxies are quiescent in star-forming activity compared with previous studies from airborne observatories, sample RC3 types 0 to 5 and come from both the cluster core and the cluster periphery. The sample enables us to probe any difference in the [Cii] emission between different RC3 types or between core and periphery galaxies. 14 of the 19 galaxies were detected in the [Cii] line. Any influence of the Virgo cluster environment on the [Cii] emission was found to be small compared with the strong dependence of the line emission on basic measurables such as morphology or bulk mass of the stellar component, as measured by the near-IR (K'-band) luminosity. While the range of the [Cii]-to-far-IR ratio is less than in other surveys (reflecting the fact these galaxies are relatively quiescent), there is a good correlation between the strength of the [Cii] line and the far-IR flux, as measured by IRAS (FIR). We find a trend of increasing [Cii]-to-FIR flux ratio with increasing galaxy lateness. Moreover, the [Cii]-to-K'-band flux ratio shows a two order of magnitude difference between RC3 type 0 and RC3 types later than 5. These two correlations express the relation between the mechanism of the [Cii] emission and the massive star formation activity of the galaxy.
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12.332704
8.24862
1999-12-01
37
1999MNRAS.310..317L
[ "increasing galaxy lateness", "different RC3 types", "RC3 type", "RC3 types", "Infrared Space Observatory", "magnitude difference", "19 Virgo cluster spiral galaxies", "bulk mass", "other surveys", "basic measurables" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL: VIRGO", "GALAXIES: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: ISM", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "INFRARED: ISM: LINES AND BANDS" ]
1
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02924.x" ]
[ "Leech, K. J.", "Völk, H. J.", "Heinrichsen, I.", "Hippelein, H.", "Metcalfe, L.", "Pierini, D.", "Popescu, C. C.", "Tuffs, R. J.", "Xu, C." ]
[ "ISO Data Centre, Astrophysics Division, ESA, Villafranca, Spain", "Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany", "Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany", "ISO Data Centre, Astrophysics Division, ESA, Villafranca, Spain", "Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany", "Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; The Astronomical Institute of the Romanian Academy, Strada Cutitul de Argint 5, 75212 Bucharest, Romania", "Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany", "IPAC, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 100-22, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA", "-" ]
[ "2000ASPC..221...23H", "2000ESASP.456..257L", "2001A&A...373..827P", "2001A&A...375..566N", "2001ESASP.460..155M", "2002A&A...385..454B", "2002AJ....124.1380B", "2002ApJS..139...37T", "2002MNRAS.335L..41P", "2002astro.ph..8104T", "2003A&A...397..871P", "2003A&A...406..867B", "2003A&A...409..907P", "2003ApJ...593..733R", "2003ESASP.511..239T", "2004ApJ...601.1160R", "2005A&A...431..433C", "2005A&A...441..961K", "2005AIPC..761..344T", "2005SSRv..119..313S", "2005SSRv..119..425M", "2006ApJ...647...60N", "2007ApJ...668..815P", "2007MPLA...22.2413N", "2008ApJS..178..280B", "2009NewAR..53..108B", "2010PASP..122..261B", "2011MNRAS.416.2712D", "2014PhR...541...45C", "2015ApJ...800....1H", "2015arXiv150902991O", "2016AJ....151...14C", "2017ApJ...835..110M", "2017MNRAS.467...50N", "2022AJ....164...44M", "2024MNRAS.528..499L", "2024arXiv240601277B" ]
[ "1984ApJ...281...31T", "1985AJ.....90..395S", "1985AJ.....90.1681B", "1985ApJ...291..722T", "1988A&AS...72..427W", "1988ApJS...68..151H", "1991ApJ...373..423S", "1993ApJ...407..579M", "1993ApJ...418..123R", "1994ApJ...435...22K", "1996A&A...315L..27K", "1996A&A...315L..32C", "1996A&A...315L..38C", "1996A&A...315L..64L", "1996A&A...315L.117L", "1997A&AS..121..507B", "1997AJ....114..138S", "1997ApJ...491L..27M", "1998ApJS..115..259N", "1998SPIE.3354..888S", "1999MNRAS.303L..29P" ]
2131138
null
Neutral gas and dust in the central region of the ultraluminous infrared galaxy Mrk273
We have used MERLIN to observe neutral hydrogen absorption against the central region of the ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG) galaxy Mrk273 with an angular resolution of 0.2arcsec. This represents a factor of 5 increase in resolution compared with previous work. Absorption has been resolved against two of three radio continuum components. A Hubble Space Telescope (HST) image reveals a complex central region composed of clumpy emission obscured by dust lanes. We find that the northern and south-eastern radio components are associated with two optical components. The alignment supports the idea that Mrk273 has a double nucleus due to a recent galactic merger event. Broad, strong and spatially varying absorption is seen against the northern radio component with a velocity gradient of 1990+/-50kms<SUP>-1</SUP>kpc<SUP>-1</SUP>. The absorption resolves into six discrete components with an average column density of 1.7x10<SUP>22</SUP>atomcm<SUP>-2</SUP>. We propose that the absorption is due to a clumpy ring or disc of neutral gas of radius ~250pc rotating around a central starburst. In addition to the broad component, narrow absorption (&lt;100kms<SUP>-1</SUP>) is detected against the northern and south-eastern components. Absorption is not detected against the weak (2mJy) south-western component. We propose that the narrow absorption is due to quiescent gas in a large-scale dust lane that coincides with these regions of narrow absorption.
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14.901086
8.118019
1999-12-01
21
1999MNRAS.310.1033C
[ "narrow absorption", "neutral hydrogen absorption", "Absorption", "neutral gas", "galaxy Mrk273", "dust lanes", "quiescent gas", "clumpy emission", "the northern radio component", "Mrk273" ]
[ "DUST", "EXTINCTION", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: MRK273", "GALAXIES: SEYFERT", "GALAXIES: STARBURST", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "RADIO CONTINUUM: ISM" ]
0
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.03008.x" ]
[ "Cole, G. H. J.", "Pedlar, A.", "Holloway, A. J.", "Mundell, C. G." ]
[ "University of Manchester, Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, Jodrell Bank, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK11 9DL", "University of Manchester, Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, Jodrell Bank, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK11 9DL", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Schuster Laboratory, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL", "Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, MD 20742, USA" ]
[ "2000ApJ...532L..95C", "2000MNRAS.317...28Y", "2001A&A...377..413P", "2001MNRAS.325..151B", "2002ApJ...564..196X", "2002MNRAS.329..620B", "2003ApJ...587..160M", "2003MNRAS.346..424B", "2004A&A...419..887K", "2004evn..conf..121B", "2005MNRAS.361..748B", "2005MNRAS.364..353R", "2006A&A...460...45G", "2006evn..confE..31M", "2009MNRAS.400.1139R", "2013ApJ...768...75R", "2013MNRAS.432..138R", "2014A&A...571A..57R", "2015ApJ...805...31L", "2018A&A...617A..20A", "2022A&A...664A..25K" ]
[ "1969Afz.....5..581M", "1971Afz.....7..177A", "1972ApJ...178..623T", "1977A&AS...28....1V", "1978ApJ...223...56K", "1984ApJ...278..544U", "1985A&A...151L...7B", "1985ApJ...298L..51B", "1987ApJ...321..225S", "1988ApJ...325...74S", "1988ApJ...329..142S", "1989ASPC....6.....P", "1991ApJ...378...65C", "1993ApJ...402..125M", "1993sara.conf..422W", "1995ApJ...444...97G", "1995MNRAS.272..355M", "1996ApJ...460..225C", "1996ApJ...470..222S", "1996VA.....40...91P", "1997ApJ...478..144S", "1997ApJ...490L..29K", "1997eai..proc..277B", "1998A&A...333...13G", "1998AJ....115..928C", "1998ApJ...498..579G", "1998ApJ...507..615D", "1998MNRAS.300..656C", "1999Ap&SS.266..137B", "1999ApJ...514...68S" ]
2108510
null
A Graph-theoretical Approach for Quantifying Galaxy Distributions in a Cold Dark Matter Universe
We use a graph theory for quantifying galaxy distributions in the cold dark matter (CDM) universe. Cosmological N-body simulations with CDM spectra are performed, and a constellation graph is constructed from these simulations. We apply graph theory to these constellation graphs and calculate the distribution functions of the eigenvalues of the adjacency matrices. In addition to a three-dimensional analysis, a two-dimensional analysis, an analysis in a slicelike geometry, and a redshift space analysis are also carried out. From our analyses, we find that the kurtosis and the average deviation of the distribution function of the eigenvalues are useful statistical measures for quantifying the galaxy distributions. We also find that the graph-theoretical approach possesses a discriminative ability with regard to the two-dimensional galaxy distributions. The slicelike geometry, which covers a rather narrow region of the sky, is not sufficient for the graph theoretical analysis. However, we find that the discriminative ability of the graph theory is recovered in redshift space.
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11.830256
3.721857
1999-12-01
7
1999ApJ...526..560U
[ "graph theory", "galaxy distributions", "CDM spectra", "redshift space", "useful statistical measures", "the graph theoretical analysis", "a graph theory", "the graph theory", "a constellation graph", "these constellation graphs" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "METHODS: STATISTICAL", "Cosmology: Theory", "Methods: Numerical", "Methods: Statistical" ]
0
[ "10.1086/308004" ]
[ "Ueda, Haruhiko", "Itoh, Makoto" ]
[ "Faculty of Education and Human Studies, Akita University, 1-1 Tegata-gakuen, Akita, Akita 010-8502, Japan", "Faculty of Economics and Information, Gifu Shotoku Gakuen University, 2078 Takakuwa, Yanaizu-cho, Hashima-gun, Gifu-ken 501-6194, Japan" ]
[ "2001A&A...366..376V", "2001PASJ...53..381U", "2003A&A...399....1U", "2004PASJ...56..581U", "2006PASJ...58..283U", "2007CSF....33.1168E", "2009PASJ...61...85U" ]
[ "1969PASJ...21..221T", "1969grth.book.....H", "1979MNRAS.186..145W", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1982SvAL....8..102Z", "1983ApJ...267..465D", "1983SvAL....9..104S", "1984ApJ...276...13S", "1985MNRAS.216...17B", "1985gpsg.book.....S", "1987ApJ...319....1G", "1988ApJ...331L..63B", "1988ApJ...332L...1J", "1989ApJ...343....1D", "1989RvMP...61..185S", "1990ApJS...72..433H", "1990Natur.348..705E", "1991ApJ...369..273D", "1992ApJ...394..422V", "1993ApJ...402..387L", "1993PASJ...45....7U", "1994ApJ...434L..43M", "1994plsu.book.....G", "1995MNRAS.272..231P", "1995MNRAS.275..790G", "1995PASJ...47..509U", "1995PhR...261..271S", "1996MNRAS.278..869K", "1997PASJ...49..131U" ]
2147143
null
Magnetic Flux Accumulation at the Galactic Center and Its Implications for the Strength of the Pregalactic Magnetic Field
We study the inflow of disk gas toward the Galactic center during the lifetime of the Galaxy and its effect on magnetic field lines frozen-in to the interstellar plasma. While compression leads to a large amplification of the ``vertical'' magnetic field (pointing perpendicular to the disk), ambipolar diffusion efficiently removes from the disk magnetic flux components oriented parallel to the Galactic plane. Turbulent interchange motions of nearly parallel vertical field lines at the Galactic center enhance the efficiency of magnetic reconnection of neighboring regions of oppositely directed vertical field. This suggests that the sign of the present-day vertical field at the Galactic center is uniform. If the Galactic-center field originates in the entrainment of a pregalactic field B<SUB>0</SUB> in radially inflowing interstellar plasma, then observations of the vertical flux through the central 200 pc of our Galaxy yield a measure of the pregalactic field that depends on the total mass accreted into the central 200 pc during the Galaxy's lifetime. If this mass is 3×10<SUP>9</SUP> M<SUB>solar</SUB> and if the surface density of disk gas is roughly constant over the lifetime of the Galaxy, then B<SUB>0</SUB>&gt;~2×10<SUP>-7</SUP> G, regardless of the angle of the pregalactic field with respect to the Galactic plane. The abundance of mechanisms for radial accretion of disk gas suggests that strong magnetic fields should be a generic feature of the centers of spiral galaxies. We also note that cosmic-ray confinement in the strong vertical field at the Galactic center is expected to be poor.
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12.561299
9.552446
2010-01-01
36
2000ApJ...528..723C
[ "strong magnetic fields", "magnetic field lines", "disk gas", "magnetic reconnection", "Galactic", "nearly parallel vertical field lines", "the strong vertical field", "oppositely directed vertical field", "the disk magnetic flux components", "Galaxy" ]
[ "DIFFUSION", "GALAXY: CENTER", "GALAXY: EVOLUTION", "MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS: MHD", "ISM: MAGNETIC FIELDS", "TURBULENCE", "Diffusion", "Galaxy: Center", "Galaxy: Evolution", "Magnetohydrodynamics: MHD", "ISM: Magnetic Fields", "Turbulence" ]
0
[ "10.1086/308184" ]
[ "Chandran, Benjamin D. G.", "Cowley, Steve C.", "Morris, Mark" ]
[ "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, 203 Van Allen Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242-1479", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90025; ,", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90025; ," ]
[ "2000A&A...358.1142M", "2000astro.ph.10499.", "2001A&A...372.1048M", "2001ARA&A..39..309M", "2001ApJ...562..737C", "2001PASA...18..431B", "2001astro.ph.12055B", "2002ApJ...568..220D", "2003LNP...614..432B", "2004ApJ...607..302L", "2004ApJ...607..410T", "2004ApJ...613..326M", "2004NewAR..48..763V", "2005ApJ...631L..53B", "2005PhR...417....1B", "2005Sci...307..686L", "2006ApJ...637L.101B", "2006JPhCS..54....1M", "2007astro.ph..1050M", "2008JPhCS.131a2032L", "2009A&A...505.1183F", "2010AN....331...27F", "2010ASPC..438..243F", "2011ApJ...741...95L", "2011IAUS..271..170F", "2011NewAR..55...91V", "2012MNRAS.423.3512C", "2015MNRAS.454.3049S", "2015llg..book..391M", "2016ASSL..427..409L", "2021A&A...646A..66P", "2021MNRAS.504.1609W", "2022ApJ...925L..18Y", "2022MNRAS.513.3493H", "2023MNRAS.526L..94B", "2024arXiv240313048T" ]
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2170011
null
Generalized cumulant correlators and hierarchical clustering
The cumulant correlators, C<SUB>pq</SUB>, are statistical quantities that generalize the better-known S<SUB>p</SUB> parameters; the former are obtained from the two-point probability distribution function of the density fluctuations while the latter describe only the one-point distribution. If galaxy clustering develops from Gaussian initial fluctuations and a small-angle approximation is adopted, standard perturbative methods suggest a particular hierarchical relationship of the C<SUB>pq</SUB> for projected clustering data, such as that obtained from the Automatic Plate Measuring (APM) survey. We establish the usefulness of the two-point cumulants for describing hierarchical clustering by comparing such calculations against available measurements from projected catalogues, finding very good agreement. We extend the idea of cumulant correlators to multipoint generalized cumulant correlators (related to the higher-order correlation functions). We extend previous studies in the highly non-linear regime to express the generalized cumulant correlators in terms of the underlying `tree amplitudes' of hierarchical scaling models. Such considerations lead to a technique for determining these hierarchical amplitudes, to arbitrary order, from galaxy catalogues and numerical simulations. Knowledge of these amplitudes yields important clues about the phenomenology of gravitational clustering. For instance, we show that a three-point cumulant correlator can be used to separate the tree amplitudes up to sixth order. We also combine the particular hierarchical Ansatz of Bernardeau &amp; Schaeffer with extended and hyper-extended perturbation theory to infer values of the tree amplitudes in the highly non-linear regime.
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11.833509
3.161267
2010-01-01
33
2000MNRAS.311..149M
[ "hierarchical clustering", "generalized cumulant correlators", "cumulant correlators", "hierarchical scaling models", "projected clustering data", "projected catalogues", "Gaussian initial fluctuations", "galaxy catalogues", "such calculations", "arbitrary order" ]
[ "METHODS: ANALYTICAL", "SURVEYS", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE" ]
0
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03042.x" ]
[ "Munshi, Dipak", "Melott, Adrian L.", "Coles, Peter" ]
[ "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA", "Queen Mary and Westfield College, London E1 4NS; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD", "-" ]
[ "2000MNRAS.313..148M", "2000MNRAS.318..109M", "2000MNRAS.318..145M", "2001MNRAS.322..107M", "2002MNRAS.329..797M", "2002MNRAS.334..637M", "2002PhR...367....1B", "2003ARA&A..41..645R", "2003ApJ...583..566M", "2003MNRAS.338..846M", "2004MNRAS.347..654V", "2004MNRAS.350...77M", "2005MNRAS.356..386V", "2005MNRAS.356..439M", "2005MNRAS.360.1401M", "2011MNRAS.410.1295M", "2011MNRAS.411.2161M", "2011MNRAS.411.2241M", "2011MNRAS.412.1993M", "2011MNRAS.414.3173M", "2011MNRAS.416.1629M", "2012MNRAS.419..536M", "2012MNRAS.427.2359M", "2012arXiv1207.6217M", "2013MNRAS.428.2628M", "2013MNRAS.429.1564M", "2014JCAP...04..004M", "2014MNRAS.442...69M", "2014MNRAS.442..821M", "2017JCAP...01..049M", "2018JCAP...02..051M", "2018MNRAS.473.5098U", "2024MNRAS.529.2734C" ]
[ "1954ApJ...119..655L", "1977ApJS...34..425D", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1984ApJ...279..499F", "1986ApJ...311....1S", "1986ApJ...311..142B", "1988ApJ...332...67H", "1989A&A...220....1B", "1990MNRAS.243..692M", "1990MNRAS.246..433M", "1992A&A...255....1B", "1992ApJ...390..350S", "1992ApJ...392....1B", "1992ApJ...394...87M", "1993ApJ...408...43S", "1993MNRAS.265..145B", "1994ApJ...436..517M", "1994ApJS...93...65B", "1994MNRAS.268..913G", "1995A&A...301..309B", "1995ApJ...444..520S", "1996A&A...312...11B", "1996ApJ...465...14C", "1996ApJ...470..131S", "1996MNRAS.280L..37B", "1997A&A...322....1B", "1997ApJ...481L...1S", "1998A&A...331..829G", "1998ApJ...496..586S", "1998MNRAS.293L..68M", "1998astro.ph..1011M", "1999ApJ...519..622H", "1999ApJ...519L...9H", "1999ApJ...520...35S", "1999MNRAS.303..433M", "1999MNRAS.307..387M", "1999astro.ph..3387B" ]
2146603
null
Young Stellar Nuclei in the Lenticular Galaxies. II. NGC 7280
We have undertaken bidimensional spectroscopy of the central part of the nearby lenticular galaxy NGC 7280 with the Multi-Pupil Fiber Spectrograph of the 6 m telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory. We find a rather young stellar nucleus, with a mean population age of 1.5+/-0.5 Gyr, which is more metal-rich than the bulge at R~1 kpc by an order of magnitude. The chemically and age-decoupled nucleus seems to be spatially resolved: the circumnuclear absorption index isolines represent ellipses elongated in P.A.~100<SUP>deg</SUP>-110<SUP>deg</SUP>. The same orientation, P.A.=103<SUP>deg</SUP>, is found for the elongated circumnuclear stellar structure, revealed from the morphological analysis of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) WFPC2 and NICMOS images of NGC 7280 and seen best of all at R=1<SUP>''</SUP>. Taking into account the stellar kinematics inside R~2<SUP>''</SUP>, we conclude that this structure is a circumnuclear stellar disk inclined with respect to the global plane of the galaxy. Meanwhile, both photometric and kinematical data in the radius range 2"-8" imply the existence of an intermediate-scale bar elongated in P.A.~60<SUP>deg</SUP>. The circumnuclear ionized gas is distributed and rotates in the plane orthogonal to the plane of the circumnuclear stellar disk.
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11.282459
7.855583
2010-01-01
26
2000AJ....119..126A
[ ">", "the elongated circumnuclear stellar structure", "a circumnuclear stellar disk", "the circumnuclear stellar disk", "R~1 kpc", "bidimensional spectroscopy", "the circumnuclear absorption index isolines", "the Multi-Pupil Fiber Spectrograph", "the stellar kinematics", "the nearby lenticular galaxy" ]
[ "GALAXIES: NUCLEI", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL (NGC 7280)", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE" ]
0
[ "10.1086/301162" ]
[ "Afanasiev, V. L.", "Sil'chenko, O. K." ]
[ "Special Astrophysical Observatory, Nizhnij Arkhyz, 357147 Russia", "Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow, 119899 Russia; and Isaac Newton Institute, Chile, Moscow Branch" ]
[ "2000A&A...364..479S", "2000AJ....120..741S", "2001AstL...27...15S", "2001BSAO...51..140M", "2001IAUS..205..200O", "2002A&A...390L...5M", "2002ASPC..282..161M", "2002RMxAC..13..183F", "2003A&A...408..873C", "2003ApJS..146..299E", "2004AJ....127.2641S", "2005AstL...31..227S", "2006A&AT...25..199S", "2006ARep...50..167G", "2006ApJ...641..229S", "2006NewAR..49..590G", "2007A&AT...26..311A", "2009ApJ...694.1550S", "2012AstBu..67..147M", "2014ASPC..486...27S", "2015Galax...4....1S", "2018A&A...617A.113E", "2019ApJS..244....6S", "2020gbar.conf...48S", "2023AstL...49..229S", "2023arXiv231114230R" ]
[ "1979A&A....75....7B", "1987A&AS...69..263C", "1987AJ.....93..291P", "1989A&A...213L...9A", "1991A&AS...89..451M", "1992A&A...253..366M", "1992A&A...258..250B", "1992ApJ...398...69W", "1993A&AS..101..381C", "1993AJ....106.1405P", "1993MNRAS.262..650D", "1993MNRAS.265..553C", "1994AZh....71..706S", "1994ApJS...94..687W", "1994ApJS...95..107W", "1995A&A...293...20S", "1995A&A...298..405S", "1995AJ....109.1988F", "1996A&A...310...75S", "1996ApJ...459..110F", "1996ApJ...463L...9P", "1997A&A...317...14W", "1997A&A...326..941S", "1997AJ....114.2366C", "1997AZh....74..643S", "1997ApJ...481..710C", "1997MNRAS.285L...1D", "1998A&A...332...33M", "1998A&A...333..419T", "1998A&A...337..349S", "1998A&AS..127..597C", "1998ApJ...499..149M", "1998ApJ...506..673L", "1999AJ....117..826S", "1999AJ....117.1725A", "1999AJ....117.2725S", "1999AJ....118..186S" ]
2148608
null
Photometry of the Central Regions in a Complete Sample of High Bautz-Morgan-Type Abell Clusters. I. Observations and Data Calibration
We present CCD photometry of 209 southern Abell clusters selected according to Bautz-Morgan type I, I-II, and II. We have performed total photometry in the Gunn r bandpass, classified stars and galaxies, and obtained structural parameters for the images. To estimate the photometric and structural errors on the CCD images and the completeness limits of our photometry, we performed realistic simulations of stars and galaxies and ran our classification algorithms. Here, we present central galaxy counts and metric photometry of the brightest cluster members, for which we give accurate positions, and compare this photometry with values in the literature. A linear magnitude-redshift relation has been derived from the tenth-ranked galaxy in each cluster. Photometric redshifts have been estimated for 57 clusters. We provide either spectroscopic or photometric redshifts for all the clusters in our sample. Further analysis of these data will be presented in further publications.
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12.712025
5.411017
2010-01-01
2
2000ApJS..126....1Q
[ "CCD photometry", "metric photometry", "total photometry", "central galaxy counts", "galaxies", "Photometric redshifts", "classified stars", "structural parameters", "stars", "accurate positions" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE", "Galaxies: Clusters: General", "Galaxies: Distances and Redshifts", "Galaxies: Fundamental Parameters", "Galaxies: Photometry", "Galaxies: Structure" ]
0
[ "10.1086/313295" ]
[ "Quintana, H.", "Infante, L.", "Fouque, P.", "Carrasco, E. R.", "Cuevas, H.", "Hertling, G.", "Nuñez, I." ]
[ "Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Casilla 306, Santiago 22, Chile; Visiting Astronomer, Las Campanas Observatory. Las Campanas is operated by the Carnegie Institution of Washington.; Presidential Chair in Science.", "Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Casilla 306, Santiago 22, Chile", "Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Casilla 306, Santiago 22, Chile; Present address: European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile.", "Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Casilla 306, Santiago 22, Chile; Present address: Instituto Astronômico e Geofísico, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.", "Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Casilla 306, Santiago 22, Chile; Present address: Instituto Astronômico e Geofísico, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.; Universidad de Santiago, Santiago, Chile.", "Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Casilla 306, Santiago 22, Chile", "Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Casilla 306, Santiago 22, Chile" ]
[ "2010ApJ...715L.160C", "2014MNRAS.442.1507G" ]
[ "1958ApJS....3..211A", "1964ApJ...140...35M", "1972ApJ...173..485S", "1976PASP...88..543T", "1977ApJS...34..381L", "1978ApJ...224..320H", "1979ApJ...231L...3R", "1979ApJ...233L.109P", "1980ApJ...241..486H", "1980ApJS...43..305K", "1981AJ.....86..476J", "1982AJ.....87....1Q", "1982ApJ...263...14S", "1982PASP...94..244G", "1982PASP...94..421G", "1983AJ.....88..439L", "1983ApJ...264..337S", "1983MNRAS.202.1127M", "1983asmm.work..111I", "1984ApJS...54...33B", "1984MNRAS.206..767S", "1984MNRAS.210..979H", "1985AJ.....90.1400P", "1985AJ.....90.1648H", "1985ApJ...289...18M", "1985PASP...97..165K", "1986AJ.....91..217I", "1986ApJ...300..557B", "1986ApJ...305L..39C", "1986ApJ...311..651K", "1987A&A...183..177I", "1987ApJS...63..543S", "1987ApJS...64..643S", "1987PASP...99..191S", "1988ARA&A..26..631B", "1989ApJ...345..245C", "1989ApJS...70....1A", "1990dig..book..394T", "1991ApJ...373L...1T", "1991MNRAS.248P..18J", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1992ApJ...400L..47L", "1992ApJS...83..237I", "1992MNRAS.258..177E", "1992csg..conf....1R", "1992csg..conf...49J", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993ApJ...407..470Z", "1995ApJ...440...28P", "1995ApJS...96..343Q", "1996AJ....112...36Q" ]
11694913
astro-ph/9905191
Uncorrelated modes of the non-linear power spectrum
Non-linear evolution causes the galaxy power spectrum to become broadly correlated over different wavenumbers. It is shown that pre-whitening the power spectrum - transforming the power spectrum in such a way that the noise covariance becomes proportional to the unit matrix - greatly narrows the covariance of power. The eigenfunctions of the covariance of the pre-whitened non-linear power spectrum provide a set of almost uncorrelated non-linear modes somewhat analogous to the Fourier modes of the power spectrum itself in the linear, Gaussian regime. These almost uncorrelated modes make it possible to construct a near-minimum variance estimator and Fisher matrix of the pre-whitened non-linear power spectrum analogous to the Feldman-Kaiser-Peacock (FKP) estimator of the linear power spectrum. The paper concludes with summary recipes, in gourmet, fine and fastfood versions, of how to measure the pre-whitened non-linear power spectrum from a galaxy survey in the FKP approximation. An appendix presents FFTLog, a code for taking the fast Fourier or Hankel transform of a periodic sequence of logarithmically spaced points, which proves useful in some of the manipulations.
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12.015028
2.821324
2010-02-01
234
2000MNRAS.312..257H
[ "Non-linear evolution", "the pre-whitened non-linear power spectrum", "the pre-whitened non-linear power", "power", "almost uncorrelated non-linear modes", "Fisher matrix", "summary recipes", "Fourier", "the galaxy power", "FKP" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
7
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03071.x", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9905191" ]
[ "Hamilton, A. J. S." ]
[ "JILA and Department of Astrophysical &amp; Planetary Sciences, Box 440, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA" ]
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11694978
astro-ph/9906236
On the CCD calibration of Zwicky galaxy magnitudes and the properties of nearby field galaxies
We present CCD (charge-coupled device) photometry for galaxies around 204 bright (m<SUB>Z</SUB>&lt;15.5) Zwicky galaxies in the equatorial extension of the APM Galaxy Survey, sampling an area over 400deg<SUP>2</SUP>, which extends 6h in right ascension. We fit a best linear relation between the Zwicky magnitude system, m<SUB>Z</SUB>, and the CCD photometry, B<SUB>CCD</SUB>, by doing a likelihood analysis that corrects for Malmquist bias. This fit yields a mean scale error in Zwicky of 0.38magmag<SUP>-1</SUP>: i.e. Δm<SUB>Z</SUB>~=(0.62+/-0.05)ΔB<SUB>CCD</SUB> and a mean zero-point of &lt;B<SUB>CCD</SUB>-m<SUB>Z</SUB>&gt;=-0.35+/-0.15mag. The scatter around this fit is about 0.4mag. Correcting the Zwicky magnitude system with the best-fitting model results in a 60per cent lower normalization and 0.35-mag brighter M* in the luminosity function. This brings the CfA2 luminosity function closer to the other low-redshift estimations (e.g. Stromlo-APM or LCRS). We find a significant positive angular correlation of magnitudes and position in the sky at scales smaller than about 5arcmin, which corresponds to a mean separation of 120h<SUP>-1</SUP>kpc. We also present colours, sizes and ellipticities for galaxies in our fields, which provides a good local reference for the studies of galaxy evolution.
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12.317665
5.454299
2010-02-01
12
2000MNRAS.312..417G
[ "Zwicky galaxies", "SUB", "galaxy evolution", "galaxies", "Zwicky", "magnitudes", "the Zwicky magnitude system", "60per cent", "CCD</SUB", "scales" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03139.x", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9906236" ]
[ "Gaztañaga, E.", "Dalton, G. B." ]
[ "Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Edf. Nexus-104 - c/ Gran Capitan 2-4, 08034 Barcelona, Spain", "Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH" ]
[ "1999AJ....118.2561G", "2001AJ....122..714B", "2001MNRAS.324..825C", "2001PASA...18..129Y", "2002AJ....123.2976R", "2002MNRAS.333L..21G", "2002PhR...367....1B", "2003A&A...408..845D", "2004A&A...419...71G", "2004A&A...420..833X", "2004AJ....127.1336S", "2004ApJ...607..751H" ]
[ "1968cgcg.book.....Z", "1976AJ.....81..952H", "1976ApJ...203..297S", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1981MNRAS.194..679B", "1982ApJ...255L..23B", "1983ApJS...52...89H", "1984AJ.....89....1G", "1986MNRAS.221..233P", "1988MNRAS.232..431E", "1989AJ.....97..720H", "1989Msngr..56...31L", "1990AJ.....99.1004B", "1990MNRAS.243..692M", "1990MNRAS.246..433M", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1992ApJ...390..338L", "1992ApJS...79..255K", "1994ApJ...424L...1D", "1994ApJ...428...43M", "1995AJ....110.1083T", "1995MNRAS.274..769M", "1995PASP..107..945F", "1996ApJ...464...60L", "1997A&A...326..477Z", "1997AJ....114.2205G", "1998MNRAS.300..493S", "1999MNRAS.308..459F" ]
2171422
null
The supergalactic plane revisited with the Optical Redshift Survey
We re-examine the existence and extent of the planar structure in the local galaxy density field, the so-called supergalactic plane (SGP). This structure is studied here in three dimensions using both the new Optical Redshift Survey (ORS) and the IRAS 1.2-Jy redshift survey. The density contrast in a slab of thickness 20h<SUP>-1</SUP>Mpc and diameter 80Mpc aligned with the standard de Vaucouleurs supergalactic coordinates is δ<SUB>sgp</SUB>~0.5 for both ORS and IRAS. The structure of the SGP is not well described by a homogeneous ellipsoid, although it does appear to be a flattened structure, which we quantify by calculating the moment of inertia tensor of the density field. The directions of the principal axes vary with radius, but the minor axis remains within θ<SUB>z</SUB>~30 deg of the standard SGP Z-axis, out to a radius of 80h<SUP>-1</SUP>Mpc, for both ORS and IRAS. However, the structure changes shape with radius, varying between a flattened pancake and a dumbbell, the latter at a radius of ~50h<SUP>-1</SUP>Mpc, where the Great Attractor and Perseus-Pisces superclusters dominate the distribution. This calls to question the connectivity of the `plane' beyond ~40h<SUP>-1</SUP>Mpc. The configuration found here can be viewed as part of a web of filaments and sheets, rather than as an isolated pancake-like structure. An optimal minimum variance reconstruction of the density field using Wiener filtering, which corrects for both redshift distortion and shot noise, yields a similar misalignment angle and behaviour of axes. The background-independent statistic of axes proposed here can be best used for testing cosmological models by comparison with N-body simulations.
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12.095254
5.130107
2010-02-01
45
2000MNRAS.312..166L
[ "axes", "radius", "Optical Redshift Survey", "ORS", "cosmological models", "thickness 20h", "SGP", "shot noise", "diameter 80Mpc", "the local galaxy density field" ]
[ "METHODS: STATISTICAL", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE" ]
3
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03145.x" ]
[ "Lahav, O.", "Santiago, B. X.", "Webster, A. M.", "Strauss, Michael A.", "Davis, M.", "Dressler, A.", "Huchra, J. P." ]
[ "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA; Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel", "Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil", "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA", "Princeton University Observatory, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA", "Physics and Astronomy Departments, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA", "Observatoires of the Carnegie Institution, 813 Santa Barbara St, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA", "Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA" ]
[ "2000A&ARv..10..211K", "2000MNRAS.313..553E", "2001PASP..113.1025T", "2001PhRvD..64i3010E", "2002ApJ...580..672B", "2003ApJ...587..186W", "2003ApJ...596...19K", "2003AstL...29..289T", "2004AJ....128...16K", "2004ApJ...613L..41N", "2005A&A...432..105R", "2005APh....23..355B", "2005ASPC..329..217K", "2008A&A...484..143F", "2008arXiv0805.1746S", "2009A&A...499..385P", "2009ASPC..413...98S", "2009ApJ...698..803X", "2009ApJ...700.1779Z", "2009foap.conf..609S", "2010ApJ...714.1441S", "2010ApJ...722..281N", "2012MNRAS.427.1994G", "2013ApJ...763..112I", "2013EPJWC..5304010I", "2013MNRAS.435.1928P", "2014arXiv1412.1930D", "2015A&A...575L..14C", "2015MNRAS.447.3564E", "2016ApJ...833....3A", "2017JCAP...06..049L", "2018JCAP...02..036E", "2018MNRAS.473.1195L", "2019A&A...625A..64J", "2019ApJ...876...89V", "2021A&A...651A..15B", "2021A&A...651A..16B", "2021A&A...656A.144B", "2021Univ....7..289R", "2021arXiv210602672P", "2022ApJ...924...98B", "2022MNRAS.511.5093P", "2022PASA...39...46C", "2023A&A...677A.169D", "2023MNRAS.525..348D" ]
[ "1951AJ.....56...46R", "1953AJ.....58...30D", "1956VA......2.1584D", "1965ApJ...142.1431L", "1970A&A.....5...84Z", "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1975ApJ...202..610D", "1975ApJ...202..616D", "1976RC2...C......0D", "1979ApJ...231....1W", "1982ApJ...254..437D", "1982ApJ...263..485H", "1982euse.book.....L", "1984ApJ...281...56S", "1984ApJ...281...67T", "1986AcC....14....7F", "1986ApJ...303...25T", "1986ApJ...304...15B", "1986ApJ...307...91L", "1987ASSL..131.....M", "1987ApJ...323....1T", "1988ARA&A..26..631B", "1988ApJ...326...19L", "1988lsmu.book..199L", "1989A&A...220...35S", "1989PhDT.......122R", "1989woga.conf..431R", "1990ApJ...349..408J", "1991ApJ...372..380Y", "1991Natur.349...32S", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992ApJ...390L..57S", "1992ApJ...397..395S", "1992ApJ...401...28B", "1994A&A...288..697M", "1994ApJ...423L..93L", "1995ApJ...446..457S", "1995ApJS...96..429L", "1995ApJS..100...69F", "1995MNRAS.272..885F", "1995PASA...12...26D", "1995PhR...261..271S", "1995PhRvL..75.3056S", "1995wfsd.conf....3G", "1996ApJ...461...38S", "1996MNRAS.283..709H", "1996Natur.380..603B", "1996Natur.380..606L", "1997ApJ...483....1W", "1997MNRAS.284..607D", "1997MNRAS.287..425W", "1997PhDT........28L", "1998ApJ...495L...5S", "1998ApJ...499...20J", "1998ApJ...507L.109S", "1998ApJ...508....6B", "1998MNRAS.297..545B", "1998PhDT........31W", "1999RSPTA.357..105C" ]
2171355
null
Multiwavelength observations of an evolved galaxy group: an end-point of galaxy merging?
The group of galaxies RXJ1340.6+4018 has approximately the same bolometric X-ray luminosity as other bright galaxy groups and poor clusters such as the Virgo cluster. However, 70per cent of the optical luminosity of the group comes from a dominant giant elliptical galaxy, compared with 5per cent from M87 in Virgo.The second brightest galaxy in RXJ1340.6+4018 is a factor of 10 fainter (Δm<SUB>12</SUB>=2.5mag) than the dominant elliptical, and the galaxy luminosity function has a gap at about L*. We interpret the properties of the system as a result of galaxy merging within a galaxy group. We find that the central galaxy lies on the Fundamental Plane of ellipticals, has an undisturbed, non-cD morphology, and has no spectral features indicative of recent star formation, suggesting that the last major merger occurred &gt;~4Gyr ago. The deviation of the system from the cluster L<SUB>X</SUB>-T relation in the opposite sense to most groups may be caused by an early epoch of formation of the group or a strong cooling flow. The unusual elongation of the X-ray isophotes and the similarity between the X-ray and optical ellipticities at large radii (~230kpc) suggest that both the X-ray gas and the outermost stars of the dominant galaxy are responding to an elongated dark matter distribution. RXJ1340.6+4018 may be part of a filamentary structure related to infall in the outskirts of the cluster A1774.
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13.003161
5.215662
2010-02-01
78
2000MNRAS.312..139J
[ "other bright galaxy groups", "galaxies RXJ1340.6", "most groups", "recent star formation", "a dominant giant elliptical galaxy", "a galaxy group", "the galaxy luminosity function", "galaxies RXJ1340.6+4018", "poor clusters", "+" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES" ]
1
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03118.x" ]
[ "Jones, L. R.", "Ponman, T. J.", "Forbes, Duncan A." ]
[ "School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT", "School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT", "School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT" ]
[ "2000AJ....120.2355N", "2000ARA&A..38..289M", "2001PASP..113.1025T", "2002ApJ...573L...5C", "2002MNRAS.334..219J", "2003ApJ...584..239T", "2003ApJ...594..154M", "2003MNRAS.340..485H", "2003MNRAS.340..989S", "2003MNRAS.343..627J", "2004AJ....127.3213M", "2004ASSL..319..359L", "2004ApJ...612..628D", "2004ApJ...612..805S", "2004ApJ...616..745M", "2004ApJ...617..879L", "2004MNRAS.348..551G", "2004MNRAS.349.1240K", "2004MNRAS.349.1381P", "2004MNRAS.354..851R", "2004MNRAS.354..935O", "2005ApJ...624..124U", "2005ApJ...630L.109D", "2005ApJ...633..122H", "2005ApJ...634L.137M", "2005MNRAS.362..498F", "2006AJ....131..158M", "2006AJ....132..514C", "2006ApJ...645..955B", "2006ApJ...648L.115C", "2006ChPhL..23.2344C", "2006MNRAS.369.1211K", "2006MNRAS.371..633H", "2007ApJ...665L...9R", "2007MNRAS.377..595K", "2007MNRAS.382..433D", "2007MNRAS.382.1901S", "2007arXiv0704.2604D", "2007arXiv0712.2453H", "2008MNRAS.386.2345V", "2009AJ....137.3942L", "2009AJ....138..502M", "2009ApJ...694..479B", "2009MNRAS.392..525Z", "2010ASPC..421..225L", "2010MNRAS.405..477N", "2010MNRAS.409..169S", "2010RMxAA..46...61T", "2011A&A...527A.143A", "2011AJ....141...88W", "2011MNRAS.417.2927P", "2011PhDT........96N", "2012AJ....144...48H", "2012AJ....144...57F", "2012ApJ...747...94M", "2012ApJ...752...12H", "2013A&A...559A..76L", "2013ApJ...765..117E", "2015ApJ...806..268I", "2015MNRAS.454..161K", "2016RAA....16...51Q", "2017ApJ...842...81K", "2017ApJ...845...45K", "2017MNRAS.469.3670S", "2018ApJ...853..129K", "2018ApJ...860....2G", "2018ApJ...863...40R", "2018MNRAS.473.2679S", "2018MNRAS.474..866V", "2019ApJ...878...14G", "2020MNRAS.494.1366S", "2021ApJS..256...22I", "2021arXiv210504638E", "2022ApJ...927..104B", "2022ApJ...928...28G", "2022PASA...39...31U", "2022arXiv220308768C", "2024MNRAS.52711372A" ]
[ "1943ApJ....97..255C", "1974ApJ...187..243J", "1974ApJ...187..425P", "1975ApJ...199..545M", "1976ApJ...203...39P", "1976ApJ...209..693O", "1976MNRAS.174...19W", "1977AJ.....82..941F", "1977ApJ...211..309A", "1978ApJ...226...55D", "1980A&A....82..322D", "1980ApJ...238L.117B", "1980ApJS...43..305K", "1981ApJ...247..787B", "1981ApJ...248..439T", "1983ApJ...272..439K", "1984ApJ...281..512D", "1984ApJS...54...33B", "1985AJ.....90.1759S", "1985MNRAS.215..517B", "1985PASP...97..363C", "1985PASP...97.1119D", "1986ApJS...60..603S", "1986PASJ...38..661Y", "1987ApJ...313...59D", "1987ApJS...63..543S", "1987MNRAS.226..747J", "1987gady.book.....B", "1989ApJ...344...57R", "1989Natur.338..123B", "1990AJ....100...32B", "1991AJ....101..765F", "1991AJ....102...14P", "1991ApJ...376L..37C", "1991MNRAS.249..481J", "1991MNRAS.249..498M", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1992ApJ...399L.109K", "1993ApJ...411..153B", "1993ApJ...412..479D", "1993Natur.363...51P", "1994A&AS..104..179G", "1994AJ....107...67H", "1994AJ....107.1235P", "1994ApJ...433..479B", "1994ApJS...95..107W", "1994Natur.369..462P", "1995AJ....109..874B", "1995ApJ...449L.105S", "1995MNRAS.273..257M", "1996A&A...309..749P", "1996ApJ...456...80M", "1996ApJ...458...18G", "1996MNRAS.283..690P", "1997ApJ...477...79S", "1997ApJ...482L..13M", "1997MNRAS.292..419W", "1997MNRAS.292..499S", "1998ApJ...495..100J", "1998ApJ...496...39Z", "1998ApJ...502..141D", "1998ApJ...505..536H", "1998ApJ...508L..43F", "1999ApJ...514..133M", "1999ApJ...520....1C", "1999ApJ...520L...1V", "2002StaUN.109.....D" ]
2146602
null
Observations of Cold and Warm CO in the Irregular Galaxy NGC 4449
We present observations of cold <SUP>12</SUP>CO (1-0) in H I concentrations located in and around the peculiar irregular galaxy NGC 4449. The observed positions range from the center out to 18 kpc, or nearly 4 times the Holmberg radius, but most are in the large H I complexes that encircle the optical galaxy. We have detected CO (1-0) in two positions outside the center of the galaxy, including one that has no detectable sign of star formation. No CO was detected in the H I concentrations located far from the galaxy center. In general, CO emission was detected at positions where approximately σ<SUB>HI,max</SUB>&gt;=2x10<SUP>21</SUP> atoms cm<SUP>-2</SUP>, a factor of 3 higher than expected for self-shielding for the metallicity of the galaxy, and R&lt;=5 kpc from the center of the galaxy. In the H I complexes surrounding the galaxy, M<SUB>H<SUB>2</SUB></SUB>/M<SUB>HI,max</SUB> is approximately constant. In the center of the galaxy, there is more Hα emission relative to M<SUB>H<SUB>2</SUB></SUB> than in the outer H I complexes. Generally, there is no relationship between the presence or amount of Hα emission and M<SUB>H<SUB>2</SUB></SUB>. We have also presented observations of warm molecular <SUP>12</SUP>CO (2-1) gas in the center of the galaxy where CO (1-0) had already been detected. In the center of the galaxy, the ratio I<SUB>CO</SUB> (2-1)/I<SUB>CO</SUB> (1-0) is unusually high, indicating the presence of a significant amount of hot, optically thin gas. This is generally consistent with the unusual activity that has taken place in the central regions of the galaxy, but the ratio is higher than is observed in other galaxies with high star formation rates.
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12.404657
8.798762
2010-02-01
10
2000AJ....119..668H
[ "other galaxies", "CO emission", "SUB", "high star formation rates", "more Hα emission", "Hα emission", "CO", "star formation", "the galaxy center", "positions" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC 4449", "GALAXIES: IRREGULAR", "GALAXIES: ISM", "ISM: MOLECULES", "STARS: FORMATION" ]
0
[ "10.1086/301225" ]
[ "Hunter, Deidre A.", "Walker, Constance E.", "Wilcots, Eric M." ]
[ "Lowell Observatory, 1400 West Mars Hill Road, Flagstaff, AZ 86001", "Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721", "Washburn Observatory, University of Wisconsin, 475 North Charter Street, Madison, WI 53706" ]
[ "2001A&A...378...51B", "2001PASP..113.1025T", "2002AJ....124.3157V", "2002MNRAS.333...39C", "2005AJ....129..160S", "2007A&A...470..123K", "2007AJ....134..721H", "2012IAUS..284..149R", "2013MNRAS.432.2112B", "2019ApJ...872...16D" ]
[ "1975dgs..conf..483V", "1975gaun.book..557D", "1981A&A...102..134H", "1982ApJS...49...53H", "1985ApJ...290..602T", "1985ApJS...58..533H", "1987ASSL..134...21S", "1987ApJ...317..180T", "1988ApJ...332.1009H", "1989ApJ...338..178E", "1990PASJ...42..361S", "1991ApJ...368..173R", "1991PhDT........11W", "1992A&A...265..447W", "1994A&A...285..385B", "1995ApJS...98..219Y", "1996A&A...312..391G", "1996ApJ...461..202H", "1997AJ....113.1678B", "1997ApJ...475...65H", "1997ApJ...483..200M", "1997PASP..109..937H", "1998ApJ...495L..47H", "1998ApJ...496..226P", "1998mcdg.proc..265K" ]
2146572
null
UBVRI Light Curves of the Seyfert Galaxy NGC 7469 During 1990-1998: Microvariability
Observations of the nuclear region of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 7469 obtained at Crimean Astrophysical Observatory with the 1.25 m telescope are presented. During 64 nights on nine observational runs between 1990 September 24 and 1998 October 22 in each spectral band of the Johnson UBVRI system, about 1500 measurements have been performed simultaneously through the round aperture 20" in diameter using differential photometry techniques. The estimated accuracy of each measurement is about 0.01 mag. During the observing period 1990-1996 the mean luminosity of the nucleus was almost constant; only overlapping brightness fluctuations were observed. The mean luminosity level has been raised in 1996 October. The peak amplitude (maximum flux/minimum flux) F<SUB>max</SUB>/F<SUB>min</SUB>=2.09 on the light curves was observed in the U band, while the minimum amplitude F<SUB>max</SUB>/F<SUB>min</SUB>=1.32 was in the I band for the entire observation period. Using structure function (SF) analysis, the following conclusions have been made: (1) Long-term variability is caused by the same processes in the optical, because the slope b of the SF is approximately equal for all wave bands, except for the I band the slope is appreciably distinguished from the others. This would be an indication of the presence of an independent IR energy source in NGC 7469. (2) Considering the same time interval (from 6 minutes to 2 hr) for intranight variability on SFs at different wave bands, one can conclude that flicker noise causes variations observed on the light curve at the UV region (U and B bands), while at the near-IR region the light curve is formed by mixed shot noise and flicker noise-the greater the wavelength, the more the contribution of shot noise processes. (3) On intranight light curves of the NGC 7469 there exist rapid flares with durations ~25 minutes at U band, ~55 minutes at B, V bands, and ~2 hr at R, I bands-a typical timescale of intranight variability increasing with the increasing wavelength. In order to examine the intranight variations of the nucleus of NGC 7469, standard deviations (SDs) of the nightly averaged flux, F, and a measure of intranight variability, SD/F, were calculated for each night of observations. The ratios P=N<SUB>i</SUB>/N<SUB>tot</SUB> of number of nights with SD/F&gt;=1%, 2%, 3%, and so forth (N<SUB>i</SUB>) to all 64 observational nights (N<SUB>tot</SUB>) were expressed as a percentage of probability to detect variability at a given level; they were plotted versus the appropriate parameter SD/F. It is interesting that a probability to detect intranight variability at a level given by a parameter SD/F may be fitted well by a ``probability curve'' for a given galaxy. The homogeneity of data obtained with the same telescope using the same technique has made statistical comparisons possible among different galaxies and different wave bands. Therefore, analogous curves for the Seyfert galaxies NGC 1275 and NGC 4151 were plotted and were averaged by bands. Probability curves for the two galaxies of the same type (Seyfert 1; NGC 4151 and NGC 7469) coincided well. The probability curve for the galaxy NGC 1275 of BL Lacertae type shows more nights with variations of amplitude less than 7%. The probability to observe intranight variations with an amplitude of more than 7% is approximately equal for both types of objects. An excess of nights with intranight variability parameter SD/F in the range of ~4%-8% is a common characteristic of the two Seyfert 1 galaxies (NGC 4151 and NGC 7469) and of the BL Lac object (NGC 1275) studied in this paper. This excess may be connected with a specific type of intranight galaxy variability. All probability curves are fitted best by the second-order exponential decay. As a result, one can conclude that intranight variability is really transient in character and has manifested itself with different probabilities for different galaxies. The efficiency of the energy source for every galaxy to produce intranight variability on a given level (duty cycle of the central energy engine) was estimated using these probability curves. For a given threshold of detection estimated as an error of a given technique (for instance, 1% for observations presented in this paper), one can conclude that duty cycle of NGC 1275 is about 100%. Vice versa, NGC 4151 has a more quiet energy source: only ~60% of nights show intranight variability on a level greater than 1%. The efficiency of the energy source producing the near-IR radiation of NGC 7469 is more than 0.9, while at the optical bands it is equal to ~0.7+/-0.1. It may be an indication of the presence of an independent IR energy source, too.
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16.181919
7.468018
2010-02-01
15
2000AJ....119..631M
[ "intranight galaxy variability", "intranight variability", "intranight light curves", "intranight variations", "different wave bands", "NGC", "U band", "V bands", "variability", "bands" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL (NGC 7469)", "GALAXIES: NUCLEI", "GALAXIES: SEYFERT" ]
1
[ "10.1086/301199" ]
[ "Merkulova, N. I." ]
[ "Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, Nauchny, 334413 Crimea, Ukraine; and Isaac Newton Institute of Chile, Crimean Branch" ]
[ "2001A&A...371...79D", "2001A&A...374..770M", "2002A&A...387...40M", "2003A&AT...22..661G", "2003A&AT...22..759P", "2004ApJ...609...69K", "2005MNRAS.358..774B", "2006ASPC..360...17M", "2006ASPC..360..245P", "2010AIPC.1206..328C", "2010ARep...54..767A", "2010AstL...36..611D", "2017AstL...43..233U", "2017MNRAS.466.4759S", "2018A&A...619A..21S" ]
[ "1968AJ.....73..885K", "1971PASP...83..783P", "1972AZh....49..930L", "1973A&A....27..383P", "1975IAUS...67..591L", "1977PASP...89..255G", "1978ApJS...38..267O", "1980A&AS...39..411N", "1981MNRAS.194..987M", "1986A&AS...63...59D", "1986ApJ...305..175G", "1986MNRAS.223P..29B", "1987ApJS...65....1G", "1988AJ.....96.1215P", "1989Afz....31...75T", "1990Ap&SS.171...55D", "1991A&A...241...15Q", "1991A&A...245..454A", "1991A&A...246...21Z", "1991AJ....101.1196C", "1991vag..conf..163W", "1991vagn.conf..153M", "1992A&A...257..434H", "1992AJ....103.1769D", "1992ApJ...386..473H", "1992ApJ...396..469H", "1992ApJS...81...59R", "1992vob..conf...85M", "1993A&A...274..105W", "1993AJ....105..437S", "1993ApJ...416..485L", "1993MNRAS.262..963G", "1994MNRAS.269..462A", "1994PASP..106..879W", "1995A&AS..111..283S", "1996A&A...305...42H", "1996A&A...311...57G", "1996A&AS..120..313T", "1996Ap&SS.239...97P", "1997A&A...318..721P", "1997ARA&A..35..445U", "1997ApJ...474..612P", "1997ApJS..110....9R", "1997ApJS..113...69W", "1998ApJ...500..162C", "1998ApJ...509..118W", "1999A&A...351...21P", "1999AJ....117.2141P", "1999AJ....117.2177M", "1999ApJS..121..159S" ]
2174270
null
Comments on a Formation Scenario of the Two-Component Protogalaxy by Galactic Magnetic Fields
Within the framework of the two-component protogalaxy model, the components of which are dense cold clouds and diffuse coronal gas, we discuss the stability condition of the dense clouds against the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI). Interestingly, the stability condition of the clouds against KHI determines the global properties of the protogalaxies. Especially, in this paper, the effect of the magnetic field against KHI is examined. The author hypothesizes the two-component mixture to be magnetized. It is known that when the relative speed between two contacting fluids is smaller than the Alfvén speed, it is possible for KHI to be suppressed due to the magnetic field. Obviously, the efficiency of stabilization against KHI by this effect is related to the global property of the two-component protogalaxies. Hence, we find that the two-component model of the protogalaxy is compatible with the scenario of galaxy formation via a magnetic field.
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12.006118
9.477605
2010-02-01
3
2000PASJ...52..175K
[ "dense cold clouds", "KHI", "galaxy formation", "coronal gas", "Alfvén", "the dense clouds", "a magnetic field", "the magnetic field", "the global properties", "the global property" ]
[ "GALAXIES: FORMATION", "HYDRODYNAMICS", "ISM: CLOUDS", "ISM: GENERAL", "ISM: STRUCTURE" ]
0
[ "10.1093/pasj/52.1.175" ]
[ "Kamaya, Hideyuki" ]
[ "Department of Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502" ]
[ "2004AdSpR..34..670I", "2004IJEaS..93..706M", "2005IJEaS..94..354O" ]
[ "1956ApJ...124...20S", "1961hhs..book.....C", "1977ApJ...211..135C", "1984ApJ...281..690D", "1989ApJS...71..777H", "1991ApJ...375..479I", "1993ApJ...411..170E", "1993ApJ...417..595F", "1994ApJ...422..486M", "1994ApJ...426..621A", "1995ASPC...80..292M", "1995PASJ...47L..37M", "1995pimi.conf..292M", "1996AJ....112.1487H", "1996ApJ...465..769K", "1997AJ....113.1652F", "1997ApJ...474..308K", "1997ApJ...480..235E", "1997FCPh...19....1V", "1997PASJ...49..435K", "1998ApJ...506..289K", "1998MNRAS.293..325F", "1999ApJ...514L..21K", "1999ApJ...517L..69T" ]
2171435
null
An ultrasoft X-ray source (RX 215319-1514) and discovery of a narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy
We present results on the identification of the optical counterpart of an ultrasoft X-ray source discovered with ROSAT. Two optical candidates - a galaxy and a star - are found within the error circle of the X-ray source position. Optical spectroscopy of the two candidates reveals that (a) the galaxy is a narrow-line Seyfert type 1 galaxy, and (b) the star is a late A-type or an early F-type. The F<SUB>x</SUB>F<SUB>v</SUB> ratio is too high for the star to be the counterpart of the X-ray source, but consistent with that for an active galaxy. Although higher-resolution X-ray imaging of the region is needed to definitely settle the question of the counterpart of the X-ray source, the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy is the best candidate. The spectral properties of the newly discovered narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy are also presented, including its extreme X-ray power-law spectral index of Γ&gt;=4.
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13.844431
6.699728
2010-02-01
1
2000MNRAS.312..380S
[ "an ultrasoft X-ray source", "the X-ray source position", "the X-ray source", "higher-resolution X-ray imaging", "its extreme X-ray power-law spectral index", "Optical spectroscopy", "Seyfert", "a narrow-line Seyfert type", "the optical counterpart", "an active galaxy" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: RXJ 2153.3-1514", "GALAXIES: NUCLEI", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03136.x" ]
[ "Singh, Kulinder Pal", "Jones, Laurence R." ]
[ "Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT" ]
[ "2000astro.ph..5165S" ]
[ "1982AdSpR...2..241T", "1982AdSpR...2h.241C", "1983ApJ...270..119M", "1985ApJ...297..166O", "1988ApJ...326..680M", "1989ApJ...342..224G", "1991A&A...246L...2H", "1994IAUC.6100....1W", "1995ApJ...455..456S", "1995MNRAS.273L..47B", "1996A&A...305...53B", "1997ApJ...477...93L", "1998A&A...339..545M", "1999ApJ...512..874S" ]
11694874
astro-ph/9906301
Large-scale structure, the cosmic microwave background and primordial non-Gaussianity
Cosmic microwave background and large-scale structure data will shortly improve dramatically with the Microwave Anisotropy Probe and Planck Surveyor, and the Anglo-Australian 2-Degree Field and Sloan Digital Sky Survey. It is therefore timely to ask which of the microwave background and large-scale structure will provide a better probe of primordial non-Gaussianity. In this paper we consider this question, using the bispectrum as a discriminating statistic. We consider several non-Gaussian models and find that in each case the microwave background will provide a better probe of primordial non-Gaussianity. Our results suggest that if microwave background maps appear Gaussian, then apparent deviations from Gaussian initial conditions in galaxy surveys can be attributed with confidence to the effects of biasing. We demonstrate this precisely for the spatial bispectrum induced by local non-linear biasing.
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12.414099
1.22881
2010-03-01
331
2000MNRAS.313..141V
[ "non-Gaussian", "microwave background maps", "several non-Gaussian models", "Cosmic microwave background", "local non-linear biasing", "Gaussian initial conditions", "Sloan Digital Sky Survey", "galaxy surveys", "Gaussian", "large-scale structure data" ]
[ "METHODS: ANALYTICAL", "COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
5
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03191.x", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9906301" ]
[ "Verde, Licia", "Wang, Limin", "Heavens, Alan F.", "Kamionkowski, Marc" ]
[ "Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ", "Department of Physics, Columbia University, 538 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA", "Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ", "Department of Physics, Columbia University, 538 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA" ]
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11694678
astro-ph/9909467
Deconvolution of ASCA X-ray data - II. Radial temperature and metallicity profiles for 106 galaxy clusters
In Paper I we presented a methodology to recover the spatial variations of properties of the intracluster gas from ASCA X-ray satellite observations of galaxy clusters. We verified the correctness of this procedure by applying it to simulated cluster data sets that we had subjected to the various contaminants common in ASCA data. In this paper we present the results that we obtain when we apply this method to real galaxy cluster observations. We determine broad-band temperature and cooling-flow mass-deposition rates for the 106 clusters in our sample, and obtain temperature, abundance and emissivity profiles (i.e., at least two annular bins) for 98 of these clusters. We find that 90per cent of these temperature profiles are consistent with isothermality at the 3σ confidence level. This conflicts with the prevalence of steeply declining cluster temperature profiles found by Markevitch et al. from a sample of 30 clusters.
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13.431463
4.917157
2010-03-01
223
2000MNRAS.312..663W
[ "simulated cluster data sets", "galaxy clusters", "real galaxy cluster observations", "temperature", "ASCA X-ray satellite observations", "steeply declining cluster temperature profiles", "ASCA data", "profiles", "Markevitch et al", "ASCA" ]
[ "METHODS: DATA ANALYSIS", "COOLING FLOWS", "GALAXIES: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS", "INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES", "Astrophysics" ]
0
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03163.x", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9909467" ]
[ "White, D. A." ]
[ "Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OHA" ]
[ "1999A&A...351L..41M", "1999A&A...351L..45D", "2000A&A...360L..43X", "2000A&A...361..429R", "2000A&A...364..423C", "2000AJ....120.2338R", "2000ARA&A..38..289M", "2000ASPC..218..187W", "2000ApJ...534L..43M", "2000ApJ...537L..73S", "2000ApJ...538...65X", "2000ApJ...538..543I", "2000ApJ...541..550V", "2000ApJ...542...94L", "2000ApJ...542..578W", "2000ApJ...545..141Z", "2000MNRAS.311..313E", "2000MNRAS.312..649W", "2000MNRAS.318..239E", "2000MNRAS.318..715X", "2000MNRAS.318..733S", "2000MNRAS.318.1041E", "2000astro.ph.12215M", "2001A&A...365L..80A", "2001A&A...368..749F", "2001ASPC..234..381D", "2001ASPC..234..405R", "2001ASPC..251..480R", "2001ApJ...546..150I", "2001ApJ...547...82W", "2001ApJ...548..652B", "2001ApJ...551..153D", "2001ApJ...552L...7B", "2001ApJ...553L..15B", "2001ApJ...555..191F", "2001ApJ...555L..11M", "2001ApJ...557..546D", "2001ApJ...557..573L", "2001ApJ...558L..15B", "2001ApJ...561..521A", "2001ApJ...561..550A", "2001ApJ...563...95M", "2001AstHe..94..161S", 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[ "1976ApJ...204..290R", "1983ApJ...270..119M", "1985A&AS...62..197M", "1986A&AS...65..511M", "1987ApJ...312..271M", "1987ApJ...312..290F", "1987ApJ...312..514C", "1987ApJ...312..518H", "1987ApJ...312..778M", "1990MNRAS.245..559E", "1991ApJ...376...51W", "1991MNRAS.252...72W", "1992ApJS...79...77S", "1993MNRAS.262..901A", "1993Natur.366..429W", "1994MNRAS.269..409A", "1994PASJ...46L..55F", "1995MNRAS.273...72W", "1996ApJ...458...27B", "1996ApJ...472..131B", "1996PASJ...48..191F", "1997ApJ...481..660I", "1997ApJ...490L..33E", "1997xisc.conf...49O", "1998ApJ...503...77M", "1998MNRAS.293..381B", "1999ApJ...519..518I", "1999ApJ...525L..73M", "1999MNRAS.305..834E", "1999NuPhS..69..581D", "2000MNRAS.312..649W" ]
11679435
astro-ph/9903476
Abell 521: dynamical analysis of a young cluster
We present the results of a dynamical analysis of the rich X-Ray luminous galaxy cluster Abell 521, and discuss the nature of the arc-like structure first noted by Maurogordato et al. (1996). Our study is based on radial velocities for 41 cluster members, measured from spectra obtained at the European Southern Observatory and the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. Based on statistical analyses performed with the ROSTAT package, we find that Abell 521 is an intermediate-redshift cluster (C<SUB>BI</SUB>= 74132 <SUB>-250</SUB> <SUP>+202</SUP> km s<SUP>-1</SUP>) with a rather high apparent value of the velocity dispersion S<SUB>BI</SUB>= 1386 <SUB>-139</SUB> <SUP>+206</SUP> km s<SUP>-1</SUP>. There are many indications that this cluster is presently undergoing strong dynamical evolution: a) the high value of the velocity dispersion, which cannot be explained by trivial projection effects, b) significant clumping in the two-dimensional projected positions of the galaxies in the cluster, as quantified by a mixture-model three-group partition significant at the 99 % level, c) the extreme value of the velocity dispersion (sigma ~ 2000 km s<SUP>-1</SUP>) in a central high density NE/SW structure, d) a strong increase of the velocity dispersion as determined from the reddest and bluest galaxies, suggesting that cluster spirals are not yet virialized, e) the presence of multiple nuclei in the core of the brightest cluster galaxy as well as clear signatures of interaction effects, and f) an apparently different stellar population for the various knots of the arc candidate which changes along the structure. The two brightest knots of the giant arc candidate are shown to be at the velocity of the cluster. The bright curved structure is thus probably due to interaction processes between the knots rather than due to strong gravitational lensing. However, gravitational lensing might be present in this cluster, as suggested by the colors of two fainter arclet-like structures. Based on observations made at the Canada France Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) and at the European Southern Observatory. CFHT is operated by the National Research Council of Canada, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique of France, and the University of Hawaii.
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13.488753
5.056135
2010-03-01
25
2000A&A...355..848M
[ "cluster spirals", "radial velocities", "strong dynamical evolution", "the rich X-Ray luminous galaxy cluster Abell", "interaction effects", "the brightest cluster galaxy", "trivial projection effects", "significant clumping", "Canada", "statistical analyses" ]
[ "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL: A 521", "GALAXIES: DISTANCES AND REDSHIFTS", "GALAXIES: KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS", "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "Astrophysics" ]
2
[ "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9903476" ]
[ "Maurogordato, S.", "Proust, D.", "Beers, T. C.", "Arnaud, M.", "Pelló, R.", "Cappi, A.", "Slezak, E.", "Kriessler, J. R." ]
[ "CERGA, CNRS, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, B4229, Le Mont-Gros, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France", "DAEC, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris-Meudon, 5 place J. Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824, USA", "CEA/DSM/DAPNIA/Service d'Astrophysique, CEA/Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France", "Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Avenue E.Belin, Toulouse, France", "Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna, via Ranzani 1, 40127 Bologna, Italy", "CERGA, CNRS, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, B4229, Le Mont-Gros, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France", "Department of Astronomy, University of Minnesota, 116 Church St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA" ]
[ "2000ApJ...544..616G", "2001ApJ...548...79G", "2001PASP..113.1025T", "2001defi.conf..213P", "2002ASPC..268..363F", "2002ASSL..276..299P", "2003A&A...399..813F", "2003ApJ...594..144P", "2003MmSAI..74..335C", "2004A&A...425..367B", "2004ApJ...601..805U", "2006A&A...446..417F", "2006NewA...11..437G", "2007A&A...470...39R", "2008A&A...481..593M", "2008A&A...486..347G", "2009ApJ...692..702O", "2010MNRAS.404..325R", "2011A&A...525A..79M", "2015MNRAS.453.1577R", "2017arXiv171101347G", "2019ApJ...882...69G", "2019ApJS..240...39G", "2020ApJ...903..151Y", "2024arXiv240702557F" ]
[ "1958ApJS....3..211A", "1958BOTT....2q...3P", "1960ApJ...132..286L", "1964ApJ...140...35M", "1978ApJ...224..320H", "1979ApJS...41..513M", "1979MNRAS.187P..73S", "1980ApJ...241..486H", "1981ApJ...248..439T", "1982AJ.....87.1165B", "1983A&A...118...85N", "1983ApJ...268L..75G", "1984ApJ...279...13T", "1984ApJ...281...31T", "1984ApJS...56..403K", "1985AJ.....90.1648H", "1985AJ.....90.2431T", "1986ApJ...300...93W", "1986ApJ...311...34L", "1987AJ.....94..251B", "1988ApJ...325...49L", "1988ApJ...328..475S", "1989ApJS...70....1A", "1989MNRAS.239..549W", "1990AJ....100...32B", "1990ApJS...74....1Z", "1991ApJ...383...72G", "1992ApJ...393..477R", "1992ApJ...400..410B", "1992Natur.360..715B", "1993A&A...269...83S", "1993A&A...271..413H", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1993MNRAS.261..921K", "1994A&A...282..325L", "1994A&ARv...5..239F", "1994AJ....107..857O", "1994AJ....107.1637B", "1995A&A...301....6C", "1995AJ....109..920B", "1995ApJ...446..583B", "1995ApJ...455...60L", "1996A&A...310...31M", "1996A&A...315..365T", "1996ASPC...94..197J", "1996ApJ...457...61G", "1996ApJ...462...32C", "1996ApJ...472..460F", "1996BCFHT..34....5M", "1997AJ....113...80K", "1998A&A...339..409M" ]
11694880
astro-ph/9911008
Weak lensing from strong clustering
We investigate the effect of weak gravitational lensing in the limit of small angular scales where projected galaxy clustering is strongly non-linear. This is the regime likely to be probed by future weak lensing surveys. We use well-motivated hierarchical scaling arguments and the plane-parallel approximation to study multi-point statistical properties of the convergence field. These statistics can be used to compute the vertex amplitudes in tree models of hierarchical clustering; these can be compared with similar measurements from galaxy surveys, leading to a powerful probe of galaxy bias.
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12.456592
3.557667
2010-03-01
25
2000MNRAS.313..148M
[ "projected galaxy clustering", "future weak lensing surveys", "multi-point statistical properties", "galaxy surveys", "hierarchical clustering", "galaxy bias", "small angular scales", "tree models", "similar measurements", "well-motivated hierarchical scaling arguments" ]
[ "METHODS: ANALYTICAL", "COSMOLOGY: THEORY", "GRAVITATIONAL LENSING", "LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "Astrophysics" ]
0
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03190.x", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9911008" ]
[ "Munshi, Dipak", "Coles, Peter" ]
[ "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, D-85740, Garching bei München, Germany", "School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD" ]
[ "2000A&A...356..771V", "2000A&A...364....1B", "2000MNRAS.318..109M", "2000MNRAS.318..145M", "2001MNRAS.322..107M", "2001MNRAS.322..918V", "2001PhR...340..291B", "2002MNRAS.329..797M", "2002MNRAS.334..637M", "2002PhR...367....1B", "2003MNRAS.338..846M", "2004MNRAS.347..667B", "2004MNRAS.350...77M", "2011MNRAS.411.2161M", "2011MNRAS.411.2241M", "2011MNRAS.412.1993M", "2011MNRAS.416.1629M", "2012MNRAS.419..536M", "2012MNRAS.427.2359M", "2013MNRAS.429.1564M", "2014JCAP...04..004M", "2014MNRAS.442...69M", "2017JCAP...01..049M", "2017JCAP...02..010M", "2022JCAP...11..020M" ]
[ "1977ApJ...217..385G", "1977ApJS...34..425D", "1978ApJ...221...19F", "1980lssu.book.....P", "1984ApJ...279..499F", "1987MNRAS.228..407C", "1989A&A...220....1B", "1989ApJ...344...75T", "1991ApJ...380....1M", "1991MNRAS.251..600B", "1992A&A...255....1B", "1992ApJ...388..272K", "1992ApJ...390..350S", "1992ApJ...392....1B", "1993ApJ...408...43S", "1994ApJ...437L..13G", "1994ApJS...93...65B", "1994MNRAS.268..913G", "1995A&A...301..309B", "1996ApJ...470..131S", "1997A&A...322....1B", "1997ApJ...481L...1S", "1997ApJ...484..560J", "1998A&A...330....1B", "1998A&A...331..829G", "1998ApJ...493...10P", "1998ApJ...496..586S", "1998ApJ...498...26K", "1998astro.ph..1011M", "1998astro.ph..4238J", "1999A&A...349..697B", "1999ASIC..541..179B", "1999ASIC..541..211M", "1999ApJ...519..622H", "1999ApJ...519L...9H", "1999ApJ...520...35S", "1999ApJ...521L...5C", "1999MNRAS.303..433M", "1999MNRAS.307..387M", "1999MNRAS.308..180C", "1999MNRAS.310..892M", "1999astro.ph..1287J", "2000ApJ...530..547J", "2000MNRAS.311..149M", "2000MNRAS.311..234V" ]
11680439
astro-ph/9912146
Photometric Redshifts and Morphologies of Galaxies in the NICMOS Parallel Fields
We present positions, magnitudes, sizes, and morphological classifications for 111 galaxies discovered in the Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS camera 1 and camera 2 parallel fields. We combine the magnitudes measured in the JHK-analog filters with those from deep ground-based images in V and/or R to measure photometric redshifts for 71 objects using Bruzual &amp; Charlot population synthesis models. We find that these objects fall in the range z~0.0-2.7, with &lt;z&gt;≅0.8 and a mean luminosity &lt;L&gt;≅1.6L<SUP>*</SUP>. The NICMOS images reveal many of the galaxies to be ordered spirals and ellipticals similar to those in the local universe, with a high degree of symmetry and brightness profiles that are well fitted by de Vaucouleurs's r<SUP>1/4</SUP> and exponential disk laws. However, we find a higher fraction (~14%) of morphologically peculiar and/or interacting galaxies in the sample than is observed among local galaxies (~3%-4%). This is consistent with the result from other deep HST images including the Hubble Deep Field and Hubble Medium Deep Survey field that the fraction of peculiar and interacting galaxies increases with redshift. As the NICMOS images of the sample galaxies cover their rest-frame near-infrared and optical emission, this result increases confidence that such changes in morphology are genuine, as opposed to an effect produced by viewing galaxies in the rest-frame ultraviolet. We also find that at least 26 of the sample galaxies appear to be members of (noninteracting) pairs or groups, based on their promixity to one another and photometric redshifts. This is consistent with the results of recent ground-based optical surveys for faint galaxies covering larger areas and with the detection of galaxy groups and filaments at redshifts higher than those covered by the present sample.
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12.432984
6.325005
2010-03-01
13
2000AJ....119.1062C
[ "galaxy groups", "local galaxies", "viewing galaxies", "faint galaxies", "galaxies", "other deep HST images", "Hubble Medium Deep Survey field", "photometric redshifts", "peculiar and interacting galaxies increases", "Charlot population synthesis models" ]
[ "COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: PHOTOMETRY", "INFRARED: RADIATION", "Astrophysics" ]
1
[ "10.1086/301262", "10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9912146" ]
[ "Corbin, Michael R.", "Vacca, William D.", "O'Neil, Earl", "Thompson, Rodger I.", "Rieke, Marcia J.", "Schneider, Glenn" ]
[ "NICMOS Group, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721", "Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822", "NICMOS Group, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721", "NICMOS Group, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721", "NICMOS Group, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721", "NICMOS Group, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721" ]
[ "2000AJ....120.1209C", "2000AJ....120.2190V", "2000AJ....120.2835A", "2001A&A...375..781D", "2001AJ....121.2549C", "2001AJ....122..729K", "2001ApJ...551...23C", "2001ApJS..132..129M", "2002MNRAS.332..617F", "2002PASP..114.1349X", "2006A&A...449...67T", "2011ApJ...743..146C", "2012MNRAS.420.2715C" ]
[ "1981gask.book.....M", "1981rsac.book.....S", "1981seng.proc...85K", "1985ApJ...288..618R", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992AJ....104..340L", "1993ApJ...405..538B", "1994AJ....108..437M", "1994ApJ...429L..13B", "1995ApJ...443L..69S", "1995MNRAS.275L..19G", "1996AJ....112..352S", "1996AJ....112.1335W", "1996ApJ...457..490F", "1996ApJ...470..189G", "1996ApJS..107....1A", "1996MNRAS.279L..47A", "1996Natur.381..581D", "1997ApJ...482L..25F", "1997ApJS..108...99D", "1997ApJS..110..227D", "1997Natur.390..377Z", "1997hstc.work..182C", "1997hstc.work..223B", "1998AJ....115.1329S", "1998ApJ...492..428S", "1998ApJ...492L..95T", "1998ApJ...493L..53G", "1998ApJ...496..803C", "1998ApJ...496L..93D", "1998ApJ...498..106M", "1998ApJ...500..525S", "1998ApJ...503L..19Y", "1998ApJ...504....1B", "1998ApJ...506L..89A", "1998ApJ...507..497C", "1998ApJ...507L..17T", "1998ApJ...508..539P", "1998Natur.391...51P", "1999AJ....117...17T", "1999AJ....117..102B", "1999ApJ...510...82I", "1999ApJ...513...34F", "1999ApJ...515L..65B", "1999ApJ...519L..47Y", "1999ApJ...520L..95V", "1999ApJ...523..100T", "1999ApJ...524...31S", "1999ApJ...524L..27T" ]
2171709
null
Modelling star formation and feedback in simulations of interacting galaxies
We discuss a heuristic model to implement star formation and feedback in hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy formation and evolution. In this model, gas is allowed to cool radiatively and to form stars at a rate given by a simple Schmidt-type law. We assume that supernova feedback results in turbulent motions of gas below resolved scales, a process that can pressurize the diffuse gaseous medium effectively, even if it lacks substantial thermal support. Ignoring the complicated detailed physics of the feedback processes, we try to describe their net effect on the interstellar medium with a fiducial second reservoir of internal energy, which accounts for the kinetic energy content of the gas on unresolved scales. Applying the model to three-dimensional, fully self-consistent models of isolated disc galaxies, we show that the resulting feedback loop can be modelled with smoothed particle hydrodynamics such that converged results can be reached with moderate numerical resolution. With an appropriate choice of the free parameters, Kennicutt's phenomenological star formation law can be reproduced over many orders of magnitude in gas surface density. We also apply the model to mergers of equal-mass disc galaxies, typically resulting in strong nuclear starbursts. Confirming previous findings, the presence of a bulge can delay the onset of the starburst from the first encounter of the galaxies until their final coalescence. The final density profiles of the merger remnants are consistent with de Vaucouleurs profiles, except for the innermost region, where the newly created stars give rise to a luminous core with stellar densities that may be in excess of those observed in the cores of most elliptical galaxies. By comparing the isophotal shapes of collisionless and dissipative merger simulations we show that dissipation leads to isophotes that are more discy than those of corresponding collisionless simulations.
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11.629943
8.355021
2010-03-01
236
2000MNRAS.312..859S
[ "galaxy formation", "star formation", "isolated disc galaxies", "gas surface density", "most elliptical galaxies", "stars", "feedback", "gas", "corresponding collisionless simulations", "converged results" ]
[ "METHODS: NUMERICAL", "GALAXIES: EVOLUTION", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: STARBURST" ]
2
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03187.x" ]
[ "Springel, Volker" ]
[ "Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85740 Garching bei München, Germany; Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA" ]
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2171725
null
Statistical properties of metal abundances of the intracluster medium in the central region of clusters
We measured metal abundances of the intracluster medium in the central regions of 34 nearby clusters of galaxies, using ASCA data. Clusters that have a sharp X-ray emission centred on a cD galaxy are commonly found to exhibit a central increment in the Fe abundance, which is more pronounced in lower temperature clusters; +(0.1-0.2) solar at kT&gt;5keV, compared with +(0.2-0.3) solar at 1.5&lt;kT&lt;4keV. These central excess metals are thought to be ejected from cD galaxies. Several low-temperature cD type clusters also show significant Si abundance increase by +(0.1-0.2) solar at the central region. Compared with the Si-rich abundances observed in the outer regions of rich clusters, the Si to Fe abundance ratio of central excess metals tends to be near the solar ratio, implying that type Ia products from cD galaxies are dominant for the central excess metals. On the other hand, some other clusters do not show the central Fe abundance increase. As these clusters tend to contain two or three central giant galaxies, it is suggested that galaxy interactions have removed the central abundance increase.
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13.502311
5.414952
2010-03-01
73
2000MNRAS.313...21F
[ "central excess metals", "metal abundances", "lower temperature clusters", "significant Si abundance increase", "rich clusters", "Clusters", "galaxy interactions", "galaxies", "the central abundance increase", "the central Fe abundance increase" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ABUNDANCES", "GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: GENERAL", "GALAXIES: ELLIPTICAL AND LENTICULAR", "CD", "X-RAYS: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03204.x" ]
[ "Fukazawa, Y.", "Makishima, K.", "Tamura, T.", "Nakazawa, K.", "Ezawa, H.", "Ikebe, Y.", "Kikuchi, K.", "Ohashi, T." ]
[ "Department of Physics, School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan", "Department of Physics, School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan", "The Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8510, Japan", "Department of Physics, School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan", "Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tokyo Metroplitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan", "Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Garching bei München, Germany", "Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tokyo Metroplitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan", "Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tokyo Metroplitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan" ]
[ "2000cucg.confE..89M", "2001A&A...365L..87T", "2001ARep...45..854W", "2001ASPC..251...68F", "2001ASPC..251..466M", "2001ASPC..251..490T", "2001ApJ...557..546D", "2001EP&S...53..677M", "2001IAUS..204..335M", "2001MNRAS.328L...5I", "2001PASJ...53..401M", "2002A&A...383..773I", "2002ASPC..262..351M", "2002ApJ...571L..13B", "2002RSPTA.360.2019M", "2003A&A...401..443M", "2003A&A...408..431M", "2003MNRAS.339.1117V", "2003PASJ...55..585K", "2004A&A...413...49Z", "2004A&A...416L..21B", "2004A&A...417..819H", "2004A&A...419....7D", "2004A&A...420..135T", "2004AIPC..703..345M", "2004ApJ...600..670G", "2004ApJ...601..184W", "2004ApJ...604..579P", "2004ApJ...606L.109F", "2004PASJ...56..965F", "2004SSRv..112....1G", "2004cgpc.symp...58E", "2004cgpc.symp..123M", "2004fxra.book..149M", "2004oee..symp..422L", "2004rcfg.proc..125M", "2004rcfg.proc..211G", "2005AdSpR..36..689K", "2005ApJ...624..124U", "2005MNRAS.359.1041R", "2006A&A...460..381C", "2006PASJ...58..131F", "2006PhR...427....1P", "2007A&A...465..345D", "2007A&A...466..805C", "2007ApJ...667L..41S", "2007MNRAS.375...15R", "2007PASJ...59..299S", "2007PASJ...59S.327M", "2008ApJ...674..728R", "2008ApJ...686..927S", "2008ApJ...689..837D", "2008MNRAS.387..902C", "2008PASJ...60S.333S", "2008PASJ...60S.343F", "2008arXiv0810.5630K", "2009A&A...508..565D", "2009ApJ...701..377T", "2009PASJ...61S.337K", "2009PASJ...61S.353S", "2009PASJ...61S.365S", "2011A&A...527A.134M", "2011PASJ...63S.979S", "2011PASJ...63S.991S", "2012PASJ...64...95S", "2012PASJ...64..113M", "2013ApJ...764..147M", "2013PASJ...65...10M", "2013PASJ...65..111S", "2014A&A...567A.102D", "2014PASJ...66...60I", "2015AdSpR..55.2493N", "2019MNRAS.483.1701S" ]
[ "1971PASP...83..313R", "1975ApJ...199..545M", "1977A&A....59...23S", "1977ApJ...211..309A", "1977ApJ...217L..77B", "1977ApJS...35..419R", "1984Ap&SS..98..367M", "1984ApJ...276...38J", "1984Natur.310..733F", "1985A&AS...62..197M", "1987A&A...173...23A", "1987ApJS...63..555S", "1988ASIC..229...53M", "1988cfcg.work...53M", "1988xrec.book.....S", "1989GeCoA..53..197A", "1989PhDT.......221H", "1991ARA&A..29..363V", "1991ApJ...366...88A", "1991Natur.350..135K", "1992A&A...254...49A", "1992MNRAS.258..177E", "1992PhDT.......119T", "1993ApJ...419...52R", "1994ApJ...436L..63F", "1994ApJ...436L..75L", "1994ApJ...436L..79M", "1994MNRAS.267..779F", "1994PASJ...46L..37T", "1994PASJ...46L..55F", "1994PASJ...46L..65A", "1994nhxr.conf..273O", "1995ApJ...438L.115L", "1995PhDT........15I", "1996ApJ...466..686M", "1996PASJ...48..157O", "1996PASJ...48..171M", "1996PASJ...48..201M", "1996PASJ...48..395F", "1996PASJ...48..671T", "1997ApJ...488L.125M", "1997ApJ...490L..33E", "1997MNRAS.292..419W", "1997PASJ...49....9X", "1997PhDT........24F", "1997PhDT........24M", "1997xisc.conf...57I", "1998MNRAS.297L..63A", "1998PASJ...50..187F", "1999ApJ...525...58I", "1999MNRAS.305..325F", "1999PASJ...51..301K" ]
2147079
null
Globular Clusters in the Fornax Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
In the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy, globular clusters preserve their diffuse spatial distribution despite the fact that the clusters' orbital decay timescale is much shorter than the estimated age of the host galaxy. We propose that this paradox may be resolved if (1) Fornax contains black holes with a sizeable fraction of the mass of these clusters or if (2) it is currently undergoing tidal disruption. For the black hole scenario, a centrally peaked velocity-dispersion distribution is anticipated but has not been observationally confirmed. The second scenario requires Fornax to have lost a significant fraction of its original mass. The second scenario is possible if the mass of the Galactic dark matter is ~10<SUP>12</SUP> M<SUB>solar</SUB> out to the present distance of the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy or if Fornax is near its apogalacticon and has an orbit similar to that of the Large Magellanic Cloud. The inferred proper motion, &lt;~0.16" century<SUP>-1</SUP>, for Fornax and the anticipated stream of tidally stripped stars outside its tidal radius may be used to test this scenario.
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10.003988
7.330938
2010-03-01
56
2000ApJ...531..727O
[ "Fornax", "globular clusters", "spheroidal galaxy", "black holes", "tidal disruption", "the black hole scenario", "Galactic", "second", "their diffuse spatial distribution", "the Fornax" ]
[ "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL (FORNAX)", "GALAXIES: INTERACTIONS", "GALAXIES: STAR CLUSTERS", "GALAXIES: STRUCTURE" ]
0
[ "10.1086/308477" ]
[ "Oh, K. S.", "Lin, D. N. C.", "Richer, Harvey B." ]
[ "Department of Astronomy and Space Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea", "University of California Observatoires/Lick Observatory, Board of Studies in Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064", "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada" ]
[ "2000ApJ...543..620O", "2000ESASP.445...87G", "2001ASPC..239..280G", "2001ApJ...552..572L", "2001ApJ...559..754M", "2001PASP..113.1025T", "2002IAUS..207...62H", "2002IAUS..207..593L", "2002MNRAS.335.1176B", "2003AJ....125.1291S", "2003ApJ...589..790P", "2005MNRAS.359..104J", "2006ARA&A..44..193B", "2006ApJ...652..306S", "2006MNRAS.368.1073G", "2006MNRAS.370.1829S", "2008AJ....136.1147B", "2008IAUS..244..300G", "2008MNRAS.385.2136G", "2008MNRAS.388L..69C", "2009ApJ...699.1389C", "2009MNRAS.397..709I", "2009MNRAS.399.1275P", "2009arXiv0911.5461B", "2010MNRAS.401.2753B", "2011MNRAS.416.1181I", "2012ApJ...756L..18Y", "2012MNRAS.426..601C", "2016IAUS..312..157G", "2016MNRAS.461.4335A", "2017MNRAS.464.3060A", "2017MNRAS.472.3120B", "2017PhRvD..95d3541H", "2018ApJ...863L..17N", "2018ApJ...868..134K", "2018MNRAS.478.3564G", "2018arXiv180609591B", "2019MNRAS.485.2546B", "2020ApJ...893..116C", "2020ApJ...904..171I", "2020ApJ...905..100C", "2020JCAP...01..001L", "2020MNRAS.491.3336M", "2020MNRAS.492.3169B", "2020MNRAS.493..320L", "2021A&A...647A..70H", "2021ARA&A..59..247H", "2021MNRAS.507.2339S", "2021PhRvD.104d3021B", "2022ApJ...932L..10B", "2022MNRAS.509.5330B", "2022MNRAS.510.2186G", "2022MNRAS.511.1860S", "2022MNRAS.515..407K", "2023JCAP...04..071V", "2024arXiv240618987I" ]
[ "1943ApJ....97..255C", "1962AJ.....67..471K", "1963MNRAS.125..127M", "1971ARA&A...9...35H", "1976ApJ...203..345T", "1976MNRAS.174..695L", "1977ApJ...214...21K", "1980ApJ...242..789L", "1980PASJ...32..581M", "1982MNRAS.198..707L", "1983ApJ...266L..11A", "1983ApJ...266L..17F", "1983ApJ...266L..21L", "1983ApJ...268L..75G", "1985ApJ...299..633L", "1985IAUS..113..541W", "1987IAUS..117..153A", "1987gady.book.....B", "1991AJ....102..914M", "1992ApJ...386..506O", "1992ApJ...388..345G", "1992ApJ...388L..57L", "1992ApJ...400..510D", "1993AJ....105..510M", "1994AJ....108.1648D", "1994ApJ...424L..83S", "1994ApJ...431L..17M", "1994Natur.370..194I", "1995AJ....109.1071P", "1995AJ....109.2553G", "1995AJ....110.1664F", "1995ApJ...439..652L", "1995ApJ...442..142O", "1995ApJ...447L..91M", "1995MNRAS.275..429L", "1995MNRAS.277.1354I", "1996AJ....111.1596S", "1996ApJ...465..278J", "1996ApJ...469L..93K", "1997AJ....113..634I", "1997MNRAS.291..219G", "1998ASPC..136...70O", "1998ApJ...495..297J", "1998ApJ...501L..33B", "1998MNRAS.297..517H", "1998Natur.395A..14R", "1999MNRAS.307..495H" ]
2171752
null
The 3.4-μm absorption feature towards the nucleus of NGC 5506
We report the results of 3-μm spectroscopy towards the nucleus of a nearby Seyfert 2 galaxy, NGC 5506. A weak absorption feature of carbonaceous dust is detected at ~3.4μm. The optical depth ratio of the 3.4-μm carbonaceous dust absorption to the 9.7-μm silicate dust absorption is smaller by more than a factor of 2 than that in the interstellar medium in our Galaxy. The small ratio is consistent with the idea that the obscuration towards the nucleus of NGC 5506 is caused mainly by dust grains in its host galaxy (type S0/a) and that the contribution of carbonaceous dust grains to the visual extinction there is smaller than that in our Galaxy (type Sb/bc).
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14.656392
8.086248
2010-03-01
16
2000MNRAS.313..165I
[ "carbonaceous dust grains", "carbonaceous dust", "dust grains", "type S0", "type", "Galaxy", "S0", "the 3.4-μm carbonaceous dust absorption", "a", "The small ratio" ]
[ "GALAXIES: ACTIVE", "GALAXIES: INDIVIDUAL: NGC 5506", "GALAXIES: ISM", "GALAXIES: NUCLEI", "INFRARED: GALAXIES" ]
0
[ "10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03224.x" ]
[ "Imanishi, M." ]
[ "National Astronomical Observatory, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan" ]
[ "2000MNRAS.319..331I", "2002A&A...391L..21N", "2003A&A...398..101M", "2003MNRAS.340L..33R", "2004ApJ...613..770M", "2005ApJ...623..242K", "2005PPCF...47A.179S", "2006AJ....131.2406I", "2006PASJ...58..813I", "2007A&A...476.1235D", "2011ApJ...736...82A", "2012A&A...537A..27G", "2013ApJS..209....1F", "2016A&A...591A.107M", "2018MNRAS.481.2841H", "2023MNRAS.525.1142G" ]
[ "1977ApJ...217..425M", "1979ApJ...231..438D", "1983ApJS...52..341M", "1984MNRAS.207...35R", "1984MNRAS.208..481R", "1985MNRAS.215..425R", "1989ARA&A..27..279W", "1989ApJ...341..808M", "1989ApJS...71..733A", "1990ARA&A..28...37M", "1990SPIE.1235...25M", "1991ApJ...377..100K", "1991ApJ...380..452T", "1991ApJS...75..383V", "1991MNRAS.248..606R", "1992ApJ...401...99P", "1992ApJS...79...49W", "1993AIPC..278....3K", "1994ASSL..190..537B", "1994ApJ...421..475M", "1994ApJ...422..521G", "1994ApJ...437..683P", "1996ApJ...465..191M", "1996MNRAS.281.1206Y", "1997ASIC..487...71P", "1997ApJ...488..720D", "1997PASJ...49...69I", "1998ApJ...495..196A", "1998ApJ...498..579G", "1999A&A...350....9O", "1999AJ....118.2625R", "1999ASPC..175..387C", "1999MNRAS.307..553D", "1999astro.ph.10475I" ]
2148596
null
A Visual Search for Galaxies in a Milky Way Region around the North Supergalactic Pole
We performed a visual systematic search for galaxies on POSS II(B) plates in a Milky Way region between l~=32<SUP>deg</SUP>-68° and b~=-4<SUP>deg</SUP> to 19°. This region partly contains the Local Void, and the north supergalactic pole exists at the central part. The surveyed area was about 560 deg<SUP>2</SUP>, and a total of 11,310 galaxies and galaxy candidates with sizes of 0.1 arcmin or greater were identified. Among the detected objects, 152 have been given in galaxy catalogs and 159, including 49 known galaxies, are associated with IRAS point sources. We made a catalog of the detected objects, in which the position in (α, δ) and (l, b), the size, and the features of the image and multiplicity are given for each object. The surface number densities of the detected objects almost depend on the Galactic latitude. In the surveyed region, there is no nearby cluster and there is an outstanding concentration of galaxies at l=7<SUP>deg</SUP>-12° and 4000-5000 km s<SUP>-1</SUP>.
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11.77751
7.323368
2010-03-01
15
2000ApJS..127...27R
[ "galaxy catalogs", "galaxies", "sizes", "Milky Way", "IRAS point sources", "IRAS point", "°", "49 known galaxies", "the detected objects", "a Milky Way region" ]
[ "CATALOGS", "GALAXIES: STATISTICS", "INFRARED: GALAXIES", "COSMOLOGY: LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE", "SURVEYS", "Catalogs", "Galaxies: Statistics", "Infrared: Galaxies", "Cosmology: Large-Scale Structure of Universe", "Surveys" ]
1
[ "10.1086/313314" ]
[ "Roman, Adel T.", "Iwata, Ikuru", "Saitō, Mamoru" ]
[ "National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG), Helwan (11421), Egypt.", "Postal address: Department of Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; .", "Postal address: Department of Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; ." ]
[ "2000ASPC..218...43R", "2001PASP..113.1025T", "2002ApJ...580..774E", "2003A&A...412...45P", "2003CSF....16...47R", "2005AJ....129..220D", "2005ASPC..329...59I", "2006A&A...447..921K", "2008AJ....136..662M", "2009A&A...504..291V", "2009A&A...505.1049S", "2009eimw.confE..37M", "2011A&A...531A..87I", "2020A&A...644A.107R", "2023MNRAS.521..668B" ]
[ "1963TrSht..33....1V", "1963cgcg.book.....Z", "1964MCG...C02....0V", "1973ugcg.book.....N", "1980mlno.book.....D", "1987ang..book.....T", "1988iras....7.....H", "1989gcho.book.....H", "1990A&A...233...16C", "1990ARA&A..28...37M", "1990ARA&A..28..215D", "1990ApJ...357..388L", "1990PASJ...42..603S", "1991PASJ...43..449S", "1991rc3..book.....D", "1992A&A...266..150K", "1992ApJS...83...29S", "1993A&AS..100...47G", "1994MNRAS.270...93Y", "1995A&A...297..617K", "1995ApJS..100...69F", "1996A&AS..117....1S", "1996A&AS..117..369L", "1996AJ....112.1803M", "1996ApJ...457..693T", "1996ApJS..106..341M", "1996ApJS..107..521V", "1996Natur.379..519K", "1996PASJ...48..679R", "1997A&A...325..144G", "1997AJ....114..122G", "1997ApJS..112..245N", "1998PASJ...50...37R", "1998PASJ...50...47R", "1999A&AS..137..293W" ]
2147072
null
The Search for Primordial <SUP>3</SUP>He Using the 8.665 GHZ Hyperfine Spin-Flip Transition of <SUP>3</SUP>He<SUP>+</SUP>
Frequency-switched observations of the 8.665 GHz hyperfine spin-flip transition of <SUP>3</SUP>He<SUP>+</SUP> have been made in eight Galactic H II regions in both the inner and outer Galaxy. For sources in the outer Galaxy, the observations reported here show no evidence for <SUP>3</SUP>He<SUP>+</SUP> to levels well below the level of detections claimed by Bania et al. using the position-switching technique. There is strong evidence that weak terrestrial interference is the explanation for the variability and relatively high level of <SUP>3</SUP>He<SUP>+</SUP> previously reported in several outer Galaxy sources. In the inner Galaxy, <SUP>3</SUP>He<SUP>+</SUP> is detected in W43, M17S, and W51 at abundance levels similar to those reported by Balser et al. with <SUP>3</SUP>He<SUP>+</SUP>/H<SUP>+</SUP>~(1-2)x10<SUP>-5</SUP>. Contrary to what has been reported previously, the <SUP>3</SUP>He<SUP>+</SUP>/H<SUP>+</SUP> abundances are found to decrease rapidly with increasing distance from the Galactic center and fall below detectable levels by the Galactic radius of W49 (~8 kpc). This fall-off in ``second-generation'' <SUP>3</SUP>He abundance with distance from the Galactic center is similar to what is predicted by the P<SUB>d</SUB>=0 model of Galli et al. but is at least a factor of 5 underabundant. The upper limit to the antenna temperatures obtained here for the <SUP>3</SUP>He<SUP>+</SUP> lines in Orion A, W49, and S209 gives an upper limit for the abundance of primordial <SUP>3</SUP>He that is an order of magnitude below the upper limit suggested by Bania et al. This leads to a lower limit for the nucleon-to-photon ratio η that is at least an order of magnitude above the narrow limits set by <SUP>7</SUP>Li and deuterium. Possible explanations for this are that there is a larger than expected uncertainty in determining <SUP>3</SUP>He abundances or that some mechanism is destroying primordial <SUP>3</SUP>He in the Galaxy over a Hubble time.
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10.473812
9.460258
2010-03-01
6
2000ApJ...531..820B
[ "abundance levels", "Bania et al", "Galli et al", "Balser et al", "detectable levels", "several outer Galaxy sources", "Galactic H II", "levels", "Galactic", "SUP>3</SUP" ]
[ "GALAXY: EVOLUTION", "ISM: H II REGIONS", "ISM: ABUNDANCES", "ISM: ATOMS", "NUCLEAR REACTIONS", "NUCLEOSYNTHESIS", "ABUNDANCES", "RADIO LINES: ISM" ]
0
[ "10.1086/308522" ]
[ "Bell, M. B." ]
[ "Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0R6" ]
[ "2002PASA...19..238R", "2009arXiv0905.1698B", "2011Ap&SS.335..451B", "2014MNRAS.444.2236T", "2018ApJ...865..130V", "2019MNRAS.490.5057V" ]
[ "1971A&A....15...90C", "1971ApJ...168L.125P", "1971ApL.....9..139B", "1975Prama...5....1S", "1979ApJS...39..405V", "1984ApJ...280..629R", "1984ApJ...281..493Y", "1987ApJ...323...30B", "1990ApJ...349..120S", "1991ApJ...376...51W", "1992ApJ...401..150S", "1994ARA&A..32..191W", "1994ApJ...430..667B", "1995ApJ...453..773B", "1997ApJ...477..218G", "1997ApJS..113..353B", "1997PASP..109..609B", "1999ApJ...510..564S", "1999ApJ...518..740B" ]