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Chest X-ray showing opacity in the lung with irregular calcification is suggestive of – | Irregular central calcification is characteristic of hamartoma. | 2 | Lung carcinoma | Hamartoma | Hydatid cyst | Adenoma | Radiology | null | 93b3febb-00b7-4249-ab2f-83dd0e7d3c73 | single |
Power of chief judicial magistrate is imprisonment up to - | null | 1 | 7 years | 5 years | 3 years . | Death sentence | Forensic Medicine | null | 388e9a6d-fef7-4e4b-8168-0da83846fe14 | single |
The commonest valvular manifestation of acute as well as previous rheumatic carditis is | Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the commonest manifestation of acute as well as previous rheumatic carditis. Reference: Essential Paediatrics; O.P. Ghai; Page no: 438 | 2 | Mitral stenosis | Mitral regurgitation | Aoic stenosis | Aoic regurgitation | Pediatrics | C.V.S | f7ccc9f7-59da-4f7d-910c-01f5d2bfce70 | single |
In peripheral tissues which of the following contains substance P: | null | 3 | Plasma cell | Mast cell | Nerve terminal | Vascular endothelium | Physiology | null | 88255dc3-b023-4d6a-97cd-4afdc42442d0 | single |
Thinnest pa of the skull | The anterior pa of the floor of the temporal fossa is crossed by an H shaped suture where four bones,frontal,parietal,greater wing of sphenoid and temporal adjoin each other.This area is termed the pterion. REF.B D Chaurasia's Human Anatomy VOL.3,Fouh edition | 3 | Lambdoid suture | Temporal pa of bone | Pterion | Occiput | Anatomy | Head and neck | 13e88c5e-563a-4109-9e3c-020b1643a54b | single |
A 43-year-old woman with chronic alcoholism presents with shortness of breath and edema. On examination, her blood pressure is 100/60 mm Hg, pulse 110/min, JVP is 8 cm, the cardiac apex is displaced and enlarged, there are bilateral inspiratory crackles, and there is pedal edema.For the patient with vitamin deficiency or excess, select the most likely diagnosis | Thiamine deficiency can cause high-output cardiac failure (wet beriberi) or neurologic symptoms (dry beriberi). In North America, thiamine deficiency occurs in alcoholics or those with chronic disease. In alcoholics, deficiency is secondary to low intake, impaired absorption and storage, and accelerated destruction. Genetic factors are important as clinical manifestations occur only in a small proportion of chronically malnourished individuals. Beriberi heart disease is characterized by peripheral vasodilatation, sodium and water retention, and high-output CHF. | 2 | niacin | thiamine | pyridoxine | vitamin C | Medicine | Endocrinology | a0c65ec6-228b-46a8-b3fb-e40662190620 | single |
Clinical features of anicteric Leptospirosis are all EXCEPT: March 2013 | Ans. C i.e. High moality Leptospira Leptospirosis is transmitted by: Rat urine Leptospirosis is associated with: Rat, Ricefields, Rain Weils disease is caused by: L. icterio-hemorrhagica | 3 | Influenza like illness like fever, hepatosplenomegaly, nausea, headache etc. | Muscle pain | High moality | Conjuctival suffusion is MC finding on physical examination | Medicine | null | 02a20191-855f-4796-8cc7-63fa9c6ef9d0 | multi |
Ulcers in diabetes are precipitated by all EXCEPT: September 2012 | Ans. A i.e. Microangiopathic changes in blood vessels | 1 | Microangiopathic changes in blood vessels | Neuropathy | Trophic ulcers | Macroangiopathy | Surgery | null | d25c3d6f-ee87-4a67-8084-a2c0f9d65da2 | multi |
In exocrine pancreatic cancer, the commonest tumour marker to be elevated as - | null | 4 | CA-125 | CEA | CA-15-3 | CA-19-9 | Pathology | null | 5e38c43e-63b2-49dd-8e9d-8102c93cdb68 | single |
All of the following features in the knee are recognized to be consistent with a torn medial meniscus, except | A i.e. Excessive - History of twisting strain (flexion, abduction/ valgus and medial rotation of femur on fixed tibia Q/ lateral rotation of tibia on fixed femur) followed by locking of knee pintQ is diagnostic of medial meniscus tear. - Mc Murray's test, Apley grinding test and Squat tests are done to diagnose meniscus (medial & lateral) injuryQ. - Excessive forward glide is d/t anterior cruciate ligament tear (not meniscus injury)Q. Meniscal tear is the commonest knee injury that require surgery. Medial meniscal tears are 3 times more common than lateral meniscus tears . Paial meniscetomy is done for tears not amenable to repair eg. cornpex, degenerative and central/ radical tearsQ. Meniscal repair should be done for all acute lateral/ peripheral tears especially in young patient undergoing concurrent ACL reconstructionQ. Meniscal Injury *Meniscus or semilunar cailage are relatively avascular structure with poor healing potentialQ. *Medial meniscus is larger and more oval than its fellow Medial meniscus is more frequently torn than the lateral because it is securely attached and less mobileQ where as lateral meniscus is more mobile and protected by action of popliteus muscle At bih entire meniscus is vascular; by age a months, the inner one third has become avascular. This decrease in vascularity continues by age 9 years, when the meniscus closely resembles the adult meniscus. In adults , only 10- 25% of lateral meniscus and 10- 30% of medial meniscus is vascular. Because of the avascular nature of inner two thirds of the meniscusQ; cell nutrition is believed to occur mainly through diffusion or mechanical pumping. So inner avascular meniscus once torn does not healQ. *The commonest type of medial meniscal injury in a young adult is the bucket handle tearQ (i.e. complete longitudinal tear). Other types are - flap tears, radial tears, complex tears etc *Ceain active spos- such as soccer, hockey, tennis, badminton, squash and skiing are commonly associated with meniscus injuries, paiculary when pivoting with all the weight on one leg with the knee flexed (i.e. twisting in flexed knee)Q. It used to be common in coal miners who had to stoop or squat in narrow seams with the knee joints flexed. *A common history is as follows: whilst involved in violent spoing activity or work with the knee in a position of flexion the patient suddenly sustains an outward twist of the foot or an inward twist of femur on the fixed foot. He immediately feels acute pain on anteromedial aspect of joint along with feeling of a tearing sensation and displacement of an internal structure. On attempting to rise, straightening of the knee is usually not possible (locking)Q *The meniscus may become completely displaced and locked between the femur and tibia, preventing full extension of the knee. More frequently the torn meniscus will cause pain, intermittent catching and occasionly locking as it flips into and out of the region of contact between the femur & the tibia. *In meniscal injury due to development of effusion (not hemahrosis) with in a few hours (not immediately) joint swells. It is impoant to note that swelling occuring immediately after injury, is d/t hemahrosis; which may be caused by an injury to cruciate or collateral ligaments or by an osteochondral fracture. The doughy feel of haemahrosis distinguishes ligment injuries from the fluctuant feel of the synol effusion of a meniscus injuryQ. *Symptoms include- joint line pain, catching, popping and lockingQ, usually and weakness & giving wayQ (instability) sometimes. Deep squatting and duck walking are usually painful. Joint line tendernessQ, pain with squatting, a positive flexion Mc Murry testQ. and positive Apley's compression-distraction testQ are all indicaive of meniscal injury. *Before the impoance of meniscus was understood and ahroscopy was available the meniscus was often removed entirely. But now attempts are made to remove only the torn poion of meniscus (if tear is in avascular poion), or repair the meniscus (in vascular peripheral poions if possible). Ahroscopy is the gold standard for making diagnosisQ and ahroscopic repair or removal is the treatment of choice. *Tears in the peripheral third of the meniscus, if small (< 15 mm), may heal spontaneously because this poion in adults has good blood supply. Larger tears require repair. Diagnostic Tests For Meniscal Injury - MC- Murray, Apley and Squat tests are useful tests to diagnose meniscal injury. All of them basically involve attempts to locate and reproduce crepitations, snaps or catches, either audible or detected by palpation that result as the knee is manipulated during flexion, extension and rotator motions of joint. Mn-" MAS Tests" -If these noises can be localized to the joint line (confirmed by palpation of posteromedial / posterolateral margin of joint), the meniscus most likely contains a tear. Whereas similar sounds from quadriceps mechanism, patella and patella femoral grove must be differentiated. Tears of one meniscus can produce pain in opposite compament of knee. This is most commonly seen with the posterior tears of lateral meniscus. Therefore these tests are valuable diagnostically but not diagnostic (confirmatory) and MRI or ahroscopy is needed for confirmation. Negative MAS tests do not rule of meniscal injury. Management of Meniscal Injury - Nonoperative management consists of groin to ankle cylinder cast or knee immobilizer worn for 4-6 weeks with crutch walking and toe touch down weight bearing. If symptoms recur after this, surgical repair or removal of damaged meniscus may be necessary and more specific diagnostic procedures (MRI, ahroscopy) are indicated. - Complete removal of meniscus is only justifiable when it is irreparably torn, and the meniscus rim should be preserved if at all possible. Total meniscetomy is better avoided in young athletes or people whose daily activity requires vigorous use of knee. Excision of only torn poion (paial, sub total meniscetomy) are better procedures. - Ideal indication for meniscal repair is an acute, 1 to 2 cm, longitudinal, peripheral tear that is repaired in conjunction with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in a young individual. Peripheral 1/3rd to 1/4th meniscus is vascular enough to provide vascular granulation tissue that results in healing of meniscal tears in this zone. Miller-Warner & Harrier categorized tears a/ t there location in 3 zones of vascularity : red - red, fully within peripheral vascular zone; red-white, at the border of vascular area; and white -white, within the central avascular area. They recommended repair of red-red and red white tears. Likelihood of healing or reparability, depends on several other factors in addition to vascularity specifically type of tear, chronicity and size (in same order), Longitudinal -acute and small tears heal better than radial/ flap type - chronic and large tears. In cruciate ligament injury the findings can be somewhate perverse i.e. with a complete tear the patients may have little or no pain, whereas with a paial tear the knee is painful. Swelling also is worse with paial tears, because haemorrhage remains confined with in the joint; with complete tears ruptured capsule permits leakage and diflusion. Paial tears permit no abnormal movement, but the attempt cause pain. Complete tears permit abnormal movement which sometimes is painless. | 1 | Excessive forward glide | Giving way | Locking | Mc. Murray's sign | Surgery | null | ed99eb74-879d-452e-b935-433b74f94f53 | multi |
`NALGONDA technique' is used in - | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Endemic fluorosis interventions to prevent fluorosis a) Changing of water source o Running surface water contains lower quantities of fluoride than ground water. b) Chemical treatment Water can be chemically defluoridated in a water treatment plant. The National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur has developed a technique for renewing fluoride by chemical treatment, k/a Nalgonda technique. It involves the addition of two chemical (viz lime and alum) in sequence followed by flocculation, sedimentation and f i Iteration. c) Other measures Fluoride toothpastes are not recommended for children in areas of endemic fluorosis. Fluoride supplements should not be prescribed for children who drink fluorinated water. | 1 | Endemic-fluorosis | Epidemic-dropsy | Endemic-ascites | Ncurolathyrisin | Social & Preventive Medicine | null | 007f0c03-fdc2-41c2-aaf3-a88bd3d122f4 | single |
Post moem stiffening is called: March 2005 | Ans. B: Rigor mois Putrefaction: It is the final stage following death in which destruction of the soft tissues of the body is mainly caused by the action of bacterial enzymes. Rigor mois/death stiffening/cadaveric rigidity: is a state of muscle stiffening sometimes with slight shoening of the fibres. Post-moem hypostasis/ subcutaneous hypostasis/postmoem staining/livor moryis/ cadaveric. lividity/suggilations: This is the bluish purple discoloration (due to deoxyhemoglobin) which appears under the skin in most superficial layers of the dermis (rete mucosum) of the dependent pas of the body after the death due to capillovenous distension. Mummification: It is a modification of putrefaction. Dehydration or drying and shriveling of the cadavers occurs from the evaporation of the water. | 2 | Putrefaction | Rigor mois | Livor mois | Mummification | Forensic Medicine | null | d036be29-be60-4f66-baab-2803b32743be | multi |
Werner's syndrome (multiple endocrine neoplasia type I) is characterised by all of the following except - | null | 4 | Tumours of anterior pituitary | Tumours of parathyroids | Pancreatic adenomas | Phaeochromocytoma | Medicine | null | bbf2672a-4216-4e9b-9854-fcf931caffc7 | multi |
Renal threshold for glycosuria | For glucose, the renal threshold is 180 mg/dl and Tm is 375 mg/min. In other words, glucose stas to appear in urine when blood level is more than 180 mg/dl, and all the glucose molecules above 375 mg are excreted in the urine. abnormal conditions, the renal threshold may be lowered so that even at lower blood levels, compounds are excreted in urine, e.g. renal glycosuria (glucose); and renal tubular acidosis (bicarbonate).Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 316 | 2 | 100 mg/dl | 180 mg/dl | 300 mg/dl | 350 mg/dl | Biochemistry | Metabolism of carbohydrate | a89aceeb-93c1-4503-afef-917af5fa307e | single |
Bulls eye retinopathy is seen in toxicity of- | Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine can cause toxic retinopathy due to their binding of melanin in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) as well as direct toxicity to retinal ganglion cells. Early findings include mottling of the RPE and blunted foveal reflex. As the retinopathy progresses, a bull's-eye maculopathy develops, as seen in this image. In addition to the bull's-eye maculopathy, patients can demonstrate paracentral scotomas on visual field testing and parafoveal outer retinal atrophy on OCT. Other causes of Bulls Eye Maculopathy- Cone dystrophy Cone rod dystrophy Inverse retinitis pigmentosa Stargardt's disease. | 4 | Quinine | Tobacco | Ethanol | Chloroquine | Ophthalmology | Diagnosis and Treatment of Retina | 293e83de-08ea-42e6-9e30-09b227cd0b4c | single |
The following are indications for performing thoracotomy after blunt injury of the chest, except | Ans. is 'd' i.e. Rib fracture | 4 | 1000 ml drainage after placing intercostal tube | Continuous bleeding through intercostal tube of more than 200 ml/hour for three or more hours | Cardiac tamponade | Rib fracture | Surgery | null | 2d3b2382-b950-4829-b6ee-2a5bdd5b97b2 | multi |
Landau reflex is absent in: | null | 4 | Hypotonia. | Hypertonia. | Mental abnormality. | All of the above. | Dental | null | 04b2d580-5ad1-43aa-adba-3f040da14405 | multi |
True regarding colovesical fistula | .* Left sided growth presents with colicky pain, altered bowel habits (alternating constipation and diarrhoea), palpable lump, distension of abdomen due subacute/ chronic obstruction. Later may present like complete colonic obstruction. Tenesmus, with passage of blood and mucus, with alternate constipation and diarrhoea, is common. Bladder symptoms may warn colovesical fistula. ref:SRB&;s manual of surgery ,ed 3,pg no 838 | 1 | Most commonly presents with pneumaturia | Most commonly caused by colonic cancer | More common in females | Readily diagnosed on barium enema | Surgery | G.I.T | 4ee1235e-9682-46b5-9b9e-3a3d5fcf7577 | multi |
All of the following are true about lateral cutaneous nerve EXCEPT: | Ans. B Supplies skin over the medial aspect of thighRef: Clinical Anatomy, 11th ed. pg. 251* The femoral nerve supplies the skin of the medial and anterior aspects of the thigh via its medial and intermediate cutaneous branches.* The lateral aspect is supplied by the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (L2-3).* As its name suggests, it is purely sensory.* It arises from L2 and L3, travels downward lateral to the psoas muscle, crosses the iliacus muscle (deep to fascia), passes either through or underneath the lateral aspect of the inguinal ligament, and finally travels onto innervate the lateral thigh. | 2 | Supplies skin over the lateral skin of thigh | Supplies skin over the medial aspect of thigh | Arises from L2 and L3 | It is a purely sensory nerve | Anatomy | Nerves of Lower Extremity | 14c2bbae-1d49-4072-86cd-09d38dc763c3 | multi |
Persistant vomiting most likely causes -a) Hyperkalemiab) Acidic urine excretionc) Hypochloraemiad) Hyperventilation. | Persistent vomiting leads to loss of large amount of gastric fluid.
Gastric fluid consists of large amount of HCL along with potassium
Thus the metabolic abnormality associated with repeated vomiting is metabolic alkalosis in combination with hypochloretnia and hypokaletnia.
In the early stages the kidneys are able to compensate by reabsorbing hydrogen and chloride ions in exchange for sodium potassium and bicarbonate, however as the body stores of sodium and especially potassium becomes depleted these ions are selectively retained while hydrogen is excreted in the urine, causing the paradoxical aciduria.
The excretion of hydrogen in the urine aggravates the alkalotic stage. | 3 | a | c | bc | ad | Medicine | null | ede64527-ce9c-43c6-b551-a66207e8a053 | single |
Which of the following lesion is least likely to be eccentric? | Simple Bone cyst is seen in metaphysis or in diaphysis and it can be least likely to be at an eccentric location. Aneurysmal bone cyst is the lesion most likely to occur in ecentric location. All other lesions might sta from centre but ultimately during presentation,they present as eccentric lesion. | 2 | GCT | Simple bone cyst | Osteochondroma | Aneurysmal bone cyst | Orthopaedics | Ohopedics Oncology | ac9268be-eadc-400c-8042-6f677e271937 | single |
Which of the following is an anti-apoptotic gene? | Ans. (c) bcl-2 | 3 | C-myc | p53 | bcl-2 | bax | Pathology | Apoptosis | b2455ded-d50b-4698-b4a4-cfd09af60698 | single |
True about pilocytic astrocytoma all except - | Pilocytic astrocytomas are relatively benign tumors, typically affecting children and young adults. Most commonly located in the cerebellum, they also may involve the third ventricle, the optic pathways, spinal cord, and occasionally the cerebral hemispheres. There is often a cyst associated with the tumor, and symptomatic recurrence from incompletely resected lesions is often associated with cyst enlargement, rather than growth of the solid component. Tumors that involve the hypothalamus are especially problematic because they cannot be resected completely. Ref: Robbins Basic Pathology 9th edition pg no 843 | 4 | Long survival | Total surgical resection possible | Can involve posterior fossa | Median age at presentation is more than 80 years | Pathology | Nervous system | c8421ff4-4298-45c5-8963-e28140a6df3c | multi |
Decreased vascularity of fibroid is seen with : | Ans. is a, b, and c i.e. GnRH analogues; Danazol; and Mifeprestone As I have already explained in previous question, the drugs used to decrease blood loss / vascularity of fibroid during surgery are : | 4 | GnRH agonist | Danazol | Mifepristone | All | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null | edb50111-0070-48ac-a6b7-ae54f244ca80 | multi |
Intercourse in closely related individual in relation - | Ref:Textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology (V.V.Pillay) 17th edition, page no. 404 Incest is defined as natural sexual intercourse between two persons so closely related that they are forbidden by law to marry. Incest most frequently occurs between members of nuclear family, and the victim s are most often children. | 1 | Incest | Adultery | Bestiality | Tribadism | Forensic Medicine | Sexual offences and infanticide | 4c7a4299-ab06-4482-a7d9-95f8f0adef1a | single |
Drug metabolized by Glutathionation is | Fosfomycin and Ifosfamide are metabolized by glutathionation. | 3 | Benzodiazepines | Dapsone | Fosfomycin | Nicotinic acid | Pharmacology | null | e7175c65-376b-40e8-8ee9-ed3ae5cfc60e | single |
A 19-year-old man is brought to the emergency department with a stab wound at the base of the neck (zone I) (Figure below). The most important concern for patients with such injuries is which of the following?For the purpose of evaluating penetrating injuries, the neck is divided into three zones. Zone I is below the clavicles and is also known and the thoracic outlet. Zone II is located between the clavicles and hyoid bone, and Zone III is above the hyoid. | Exsanguinating hemorrhage is the predominant risk, because bleeding may not be easily recognized, given that bleeding into the pleural cavity and mediastinum can occur. The abundant collateral blood supply generally protects against upper extremities or cerebrovascular compromise. | 3 | Upper extremity ischemia | Cerebral infarction | Exsanguinating hemorrhage | Mediastinitis | Surgery | Trauma | f0db5ac0-ee6e-413f-82ab-0ccbff11eab1 | multi |
Westermark's sign is seen in: | Ans. (a) Pulmonary embolismRef: Harrison 19th ed. /1633Westermark sign is due to focus of oligemia in pulmonary embolism (PE). The sign develops due to following reasons:* Dilation of the pulmonary arteries proximal to the embolus* Collapse of the distal vasculature creating the appearance of a sharp cut off on chest X rayThe chest x-ray is normal in the majority of PE cases, the Westermark sign is seen in 2% of patients | 1 | Pulmonary embolism | Pulmonary sequestration | Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis | A.B.P.A (Allergic Broncho-pulmonary Aspergillosis) | Radiology | Imaging of Interstitial Lung Disease | d01f4d5a-640b-4432-8764-5055e142ca2c | multi |
Which is not a content of inguinal canal - | Ans. is 'd' i.e.. Inferior epigastric artery Contents of inguinal canalo Spermatic cord in male or round ligament of uterus in female.o Ilioinguinal nerve : It enters through the interval between external and internal oblique muscles,\o Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve is a constituent of spermatic cord. | 4 | Spermatic cord | Ilioinguinal nerve | Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve | Inferior epigastric artery | Anatomy | Abdominal Wall | f5ca7424-6532-4d88-836e-f909bb1f468f | single |
True about ACE inhibitors are all except: | The adverse effect profile of all ACE inhibitors is similar. One adverse effect is:
Hyperkalaemia: This is likely in patients with impaired renal function and in those taking K+ sparing diuretics, NSAIDs or blockers.
In others, significant rise in plasma K+ is rare. It does not cause decrease in K+ concentration.
Reference: Essentials of Medical Pharmacology Eighth Edition KD TRIPATHI page no 531 | 3 | Contraindicated in asthma | Lacks postural hypotension | Decreases potassium concentration | Does not affect quality of life | Pharmacology | null | badd1e7b-38f7-46ed-a0dd-d8aa384bb201 | multi |
Which of the following ophthalmological anomaly is seen in WAGR syndrome | Some impoant syndromes and their associations to be remembered Down's syndrome: Congenital cataract Rubella Syndrome : Congenital Cataract WAGR Syndrome: Aniridia Gillepsie syndrome: Aniridia FRASER Syndrome: Cryptophthalmos Marfan's syndrome: Subluxation of lens Patau Syndrome: PHPV | 3 | Lens coloboma | Retinitis pigmentosa | Aniridia | Trabeculodysgenesis | Ophthalmology | Investigation in ophthalmology and miscellaneous topics | 4b7f4b57-5292-4a41-afef-5581dfe17eb9 | single |
ACTH is produced by which of the following Bronchogenic carcinomas | Answer is B (Small cell carcinoma): Small cell carcinomas are the most common bronchogenic carcinomas associated with paraneoplastic syndrome and ectopic hormone production including ACTH. ACTH may also be uncommonly produced by non small cell variants including adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinomas, but small cell carcinoma is the most common source of ectopic ACTH. 'Small cell carcinoma lung (>50%) is by for the most common cause of ectopic ACTH production followed by Thymic carcinoids (15%), islet cell tumors (10%), bronchial carcinoids (10%), other carcinoids (5%) and pheochromocytomas (2%) - Harrison's 18th/829 Ectopic ACTH Production (Bold) Small cell carcinoma (50) Lung Thymic carcinoids (15%) Islet cell tumors (10%) Bronchial carcinoid (10%) Other carcinoids (5%) Pheochromocytomas (2%) | 2 | Adenocarcinoma | Small cell carcinoma | Squamous cell carcinoma | Branchoalveolar carcinoma | Medicine | null | ab4bb103-8e0c-46f8-a95a-214f91fa7762 | multi |
A female married to a normal male but her father had vitamin D resistant rickets. So what are the chances that her childrens will be colour blind: March 2013 | Ans. B i.e. 50% X-linked dominant are transmitted by an affected heterozygous female to half her sons and half her daughters and by an affected male parent to all his daughters but none of his sons, if the female parent is unaffected. | 2 | 0% | 50% | 75% | 100% | Pathology | null | 532b0cc2-1223-4027-b7a8-1b0e134e9ccf | single |
All of the following are described surgical procedures for CTE V except - | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Salter's osteotomy | 4 | Dwyer's osteotomy | Posteromedial soft tissue release | Triple Arthrodesis | Salter's osteotomy | Orthopaedics | Management In Orthopedics | ce712b90-6afa-4815-ae0c-103083ca90ae | multi |
Rubrospinal tract influences - | Ans. is'b' i.e., Voluntary activityActions of extrapyramidal systemsReticulospinal (Rubrospinal tracts -+ voluntary and reflex (involuntary) activity. | 2 | Posture and balance | Valuntary activity | Vestibuloocular stimuli | All of the above | Physiology | null | 8e729c50-bd16-4d00-994c-3fa4844f89a5 | multi |
NOT a content of Rectus sheath among the following is | Thorcoabdominal nerves (T7 - T11) and Subcostal nerve ( T12) are the nerves of Rectus sheath. T6 is not the content of Rectus sheath | 4 | Pyramidalis | Superior epigastric artery | T12 | T6 | Anatomy | null | f0c6b2a7-3f1f-41ef-8d5c-9ffe67f76416 | single |
Characteristic feature of Otosclerosis are all except: | Tuning Fork Tests in OtosclerosisRinnes test-negativeWebers test-lateralised to ear with greater conductive lossAbsolute bone conduction-normal (It is decreased in cochlear otosclerosis)Pure tone audiometry-shows loss of air conduction more for lower frequency. * Tympanic membrane is normal and mobile in 90% cases. Schwaz sign--Flammingo cases pink colour of tympanic membrane is seen in 10% cases. It indicates active focus with increased vascularity.Stapes footplate--Shows a rice grain / biscuit type appearanceBlue mantles are seen histopathologically. | 2 | Conductive deafness | Positive Rinne's test | Paracusis willisii | Mobile ear drum | ENT | null | dcfb69b0-034c-4be7-863b-0bc5bcce6bcd | multi |
Long term potentiation means | (A) Enhancement of signal transmission# LONG-TERM POTENTIATION (LTP): a long-lasting strengthening of the response of a postsynaptic nerve cell to stimulation across the synapse that occurs with repeated stimulation and is thought to be related to learning and long-term memory.> Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons that results from stimulating them synchronously.> It is one of several phenomena underlying synaptic plasticity, the ability of chemical synapses to change their strength.> As memories are thought to be encoded by modification of synaptic strength, LTP is widely considered one of the major cellular mechanisms that underlies learning and memory> NMDA receptor-dependent LTP exhibits several properties, including input specificity, associativity, cooperativity, and persisience. | 1 | Enhancement of signal transmission | Increased number of receptors | Increased number of neurons | Increased muscle tone | Physiology | Misc. | 5eed4503-aa75-4be8-a1e6-eb59a99c505b | single |
Cell matrix adhesion are mediated by | ref, Robbins 8/e p96;9/ep24 The cell adhesion molecules are classified into four main families: Immunoglbulin family CAMs Cadherins Selectins | 2 | Cadherins | Integrins | Selectins | Calmodulin | Anatomy | General anatomy | 64904449-12d5-46c5-8a8a-1e67d65021a4 | single |
Mr.X fired his gun at Mr.Y who moved and escaped with the bullet only grazing his arm. There was only a little bleeding and no other significant injury. Mr. X is liable for arrest under which section of IPC? | In the question there is simple injury by a dangerous weapon, hence 324 IPC IPC Sections related to Hu etc:- 319. Definition of Hu (Any Bodily pain, Infirmity or Disease) 320. Definition of Grievous hu. 321 Defines Voluntarily causing hu 322 DefinesVoluntarily causing Grievous hu 323 Punishment for causing hu: Up to 01 year, fine up to 1000 Rs 324 Punishment for causing Hu by dangerous weapon: Up to 03 years, or fine 325 Punishment for causing Grievous hu: Up to 07 years, and also fine. 326 Punishment for Grievous hu by dangerous weapons: Imprisonment for life, or up to 10 yrs, and fine 326 A Causing grievous hu by throwing acid: Minimum ten years and maximum upto life 326 B Throwing or attempting to throw acid: Minimum 5 years and maximum upto 7 years) 330 Causing hu to exto confession, or to compel restoration of propey. 331 Causing grievous hu to exto confession, or to compel restoration of propey. 334 Punishment for Hu on provocation: Up to 01 month, or with fine up to 500 rupees, or both. 335 Punishment for Grievous hu on provocation: Up to 04 years or with fine up to 2000 rupees | 3 | 302 | 304 | 324 | 326 | Forensic Medicine | FMT Q Bank | 6a047e35-14a3-4113-b771-eab1ae877f45 | single |
Fasciotomy- all of the following are cut except | Answer- D. MusclesFasciotomy or fasciectomy is a surgical procedure where the fascia is cut to relieve tension or pressure commonly to treat the resulting loss of circulation to an area of tissue or muscle.Fasciotomy is a limb-saving procedure when used to treat acute compament syndrome | 4 | Skin | Superficial fascia | Deep fascia | Muscles | Surgery | null | 71ee777b-5172-4b88-bf04-9f6dd530db8c | multi |
Identical twins can be differentiated by:- | Fingerprints are the impressions of the patterns formed by the papillary or epidermal regions of the fingeips. The patterns are not inherited and paternity cannot be proved through fingerprint patterns The pattern is different even in identical twins. | 1 | Finger print | DNA fingerprinting | Blood grouping | Age | Forensic Medicine | NEET 2019 | b730ca3a-4a7e-46ee-a552-e7138e78acb1 | single |
Paradoxical splitting of second hea sound Heard in | Ref Harrison 19 th ed pg 1447 Reversed or paradoxical splitting refers to a pathologic delay in aoic valve closure, such as that which occurs in patients with left bundle branch block, right ventricular pac- ing, severe AS, HOCM, and acute myocardial ischemia. With reversed or paradoxical splitting, the individual components of S2 are audible at end expiration, and their interval narrows with inspiration, the oppo- site of what would be expected under normal physiologic conditions. | 4 | RBBB | ASD | VSD | LBBB | Anatomy | General anatomy | 7c831812-8b4e-46af-a796-62c9bbb513a4 | single |
Optic nerve injury following sinus surgery is due to removal of which ethmoidal cells? | Onodi cell "Onodi cell" is the posterior most posterior ethmoid cell extending lateral to the sphenoid sinus. While removing disease from the Onodi cells there are chances of injury to optic nerve and internal carotid which lie in the vicinity. The posterior ethmoidal cells in the floor of orbit are known as "Haller cells". | 3 | Haller | Agger nasi | Onodi cells | Bullae cells | ENT | JIPMER 2018 | a940caed-2946-4333-ba9c-c6c108cb0e62 | multi |
What is ultimate strength: | option A is fracture strength.
Option B is toughness | 3 | Stress at the point of fracture. | Total energy stored in the body at the point of fracture. | Maximum stress beared by body before fracture. | None of the above. | Dental | null | e2404706-3191-423e-b556-737ce8d206e8 | multi |
Little finger of hand corresponds to which of the following dermatomes: | C i.e. C8Thumb corresponds to C6; middle & ring fingers to C7; and little finger to Cs dermatomesQ | 3 | C6 | C7 | C8 | T1 | Anatomy | null | 54674627-92b8-4061-959a-c3b89edc7487 | single |
Human fibroblast cell line is used for cultivation of ? | Ans. is b i.e., Poliovirus Human diploid fibroblasts (HDF) cell line is used for cultivation of coxsackie A7, 9, 16; CMV; Echovinis; enteroviruses; HSV-1, 2; Poliovirus; parainfluenzavirus, rhinovirus and VZV. | 2 | Adenovirus | Poliovirus | HIV | Measles | Microbiology | null | cd54d8e4-bdeb-4551-b6b7-5c241b11252f | single |
All are true about estrogen, EXCEPT: | They promote the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, such as breast development. So it is not used in treatment of gynaecomastia. Estrogen and other hormones are given to postmenopausal women as a pa of hormone replacement therapy (H) in order to prevent osteoporosis as well as treat the symptoms of menopause. About 80% of breast cancers rely on supplies of the hormone estrogen to grow: they are known as hormone-sensitive or hormone-receptor-positive cancers. Suppression of production of estrogen in the body is a treatment for these cancers. Estrogens cause intrahepatic cholestasis by altering the composition of the lipid membrane and inhibiting the rate of secretion of bile into the canaliculi. | 2 | Causes cholestasis | Used in treatment of gynacomastia | Used in H | Increased risk of breast cancer | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null | ca960582-fc6f-4685-9ee6-62a4f3c33b76 | multi |
Patients with 'Hemophilia A' have bleeding disorder because of - | null | 2 | Lack of platelet aggregation | Lack of reaction accelerator during activation of factor X in coagulation cascade | Neutralization of antithrombin III | Release of Thromboxane A2 | Pathology | null | 25d82a6e-edb0-4005-88e7-702bcf370c80 | single |
Not true about tubercular bacilli - | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Facultative anaerobe* M. tuberculosis was discovered by Robert koch.* M. tuberculosis is gram-positive, obligate aerobe, acid-fast, straight or slightly curved rod. Electron microscopy shows thick cell wall.* M. tuberculosis is acid-fast bacillus and resists decolorization by 20% H2SO4. Acid fastness depends on presence of high content ofmycolic acid in cell membrane (most important factor) and also on integrity of cell wall.* M. tuberculosis is also alcohol fast as it resists decolorization by absolute alcohol.* Fluorescence microscopy using auramine rhodamine stain is used when several smear are to be examined daily. It is much less tiring to microscopist and is more sensitive than acid fast staining. | 1 | Facultative anaerobe | Discovered by Robert Koch | Gram positive | Has thick cell wall | Microbiology | Bacteria | bd41ca8e-4d04-498c-943d-79b85a4829e5 | multi |
A posthumous child is: | Ans. (b) Child born after father's deathRef: The Essentials ofFSM by K.S. Narayan Reddy 31st ed./369* Posthumous child: child born after father's death, the mother being conceived by the said father.* Suppositious child: Fictitious child claimed by a women as her own, a women may pretend pregnancy & deliver and later produce a living child as her own or substitute a living male child for a dead child or for a living female child born for her.* Spurious or phantom child (pseudocyesis): usually seen in women nearing menopause or younger women with an intense desire for children. | 2 | Still born | Child born after father s death | Child born after mother s death | Fictitious child claimed by a women as her own | Forensic Medicine | Abortion and Delivery | 6d6db6e9-cc75-45d3-9a91-1afcfa84b67b | single |
All of the following are characteristic of Datura poisoning except - | In datura poisoning, there is dilatation of pupil (not pin point pupil).
Features of datura poisoning are described as '9D':-
Dry hot skin: 'Hot as a hare'.
Dilatation of cutaneous blood vessels causing a facial flash. 'Red as a beet'.
Dilatation of pupil with loss accommodation and unresponsive to light (dilated and fixed pupil) : 'Blind as a bat'.
Dryness of throat and mouth: 'Dry 'Dry as a bone'.
Delirium (muttering delirium) : 'Mad as a wet hen'.
Drowsiness
Drunken gait
Dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing).
Difficulty in talking. | 3 | Delirium | Diplopia | Pin-point pupils | Dysphagia | Forensic Medicine | null | 9d1e779e-608d-43d0-b5dc-323865e348c3 | multi |
The Most common cause of perinatal mortality is | (B) Prematurity # Direct causes of death: About 80% of the perinatal deaths are related to perinatal hypoxia, low birth weight, infection & intracranial haemorrhage.> The undetermined group is reduced to 15%.> Thus autopsy study is essential in any perinatal; mortality study when the real causes of death can only be ascertained so that preventive measures can be taken to prevent its occurrence.> The WHO's definition "Deaths occurring during late pregnancy (at 22 completed weeks gestation and over), during childbirh and up to seven completed days of life" is not universally accepted. The perinatal mortality is the sum of the fetal mortality and the neonatal mortality.> Collectively, the two types of deaths are referred to as perinatal deaths. Maternal and prenatal foetal conditions leading to slow foetal growth, foetal malnutrition and immaturity are the major contributing factors.> Hypoxia, birth asphyxia and congenital anomalies are some of the major causes of perinatal deaths | 2 | Anoxia | Prematurity | Congenital anomalies | Toxaemia | Pediatrics | Miscellaneous | 9f44a29a-e1e8-4f05-89a2-e778dba5b633 | single |
who introduced camhor for patients for production of seizures for management of mental illness | HISTORY * Medunna ====IM injection of camphor to induce seizures * Ugo cerletti and lucio bini==== ECT in a catatonic patient INDICATIONS * DEPRESSION SUICIDAL IDEAS-------------- first choice * CATATONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA * SCHIZOPHRENIA * MANIA * ELECTRODE PLACEMENT * Most commonly used=== bi fronto temporal * More cognitive side effects==bi fronto temporal * Less cognitive side effect======bi frontal * SIDE EFFECTS * RETROGRADE AMNESIA * BODY ACHE * MEDICATIONS USED IN THE PROCEDURE * ANAESTHETIC======Thiopentone / ethosuximide * MUSCLE RELAXANT====Succynyl choline CURARE IN PSEUDOCHOLINEESTERASE DEFICIENCY * ANTICHOLINERGIC=====Atropine CONTRA INDICATIONS * NO ABSOLUTE Contra indication * RELATIVE -----------------Brain tumour / arrythmia Ref. kaplon and sadock, synopsis of psyhiatry, 11 th edition, pg no. 1065 | 2 | adler | medunna | freud | cerletti | Anatomy | Treatment in psychiatry | 8e1da54b-d431-4cf2-a82e-eb3fa5e6a84a | single |
All of the following are true about Sibson's fascia except | Ref. Gray’s anatomy. 41st edition. Page. 446,896.
Topic, Subtopic – Thorax, fascia
Sibson's Fascia:
The suprapleural membrane, also known as Sibson fascia, is a dense fascial layer that is attached to the inner border of the first rib and costal cartilage anteriorly, C7 transverse process posteriorly and to the mediastinal pleura medially.
It is flat and lies in the oblique plane of the thoracic inlet, with a cervical dome of pleura attached to its under surface.
Lying on it are the subclavian vessels and other structures in the root of the neck.
The function of the membrane is to provide rigidity to the thoracic inlet that prevents distortion due changes in intrathoracic pressure during respiration. | 2 | Attached to cervical pleura | Arises from scalenus anterior | Subclavian arched over it | Attached to C7 | Unknown | null | d68aa589-253a-4de3-bd61-770ce26a466b | multi |
Atopic dermatitis is diagnosed by – | Diagnosis of atopic dermatitis is largely clinical and is facilitated by using major and minor criteria. | 3 | Patch test | Wood lamp | Clinical examination | IgE | Dental | null | b65b99da-87a9-4044-a344-1115dce14ba1 | single |
Colour vision is with the help of: | Ans: b (cones) Ref: Ganong, 22nd ed, p. 159A straight forward question! Cones play a very important role in colour vision and rods in night vision (dim light)Cones are the visual receptors which impart to the eye, the ability for colour visionThere are three types of cone pigments:- Cvanolabe- Ervthrolabe- ChlorolabeThe other visual receptor - rods is mainly for night vision. The pigment present in rods is rhodopsinDark adaptationIt is the adjustment of visual mechanism from bright light vision to dim light vision (i.e., switching from cone vision to rod vision)Visual areas in brain* Primary visual cortex area - 17* Visual association area-18,19 /* Frontal eye field area - 8Note: * Lateral geniculate body is concerned with vision* Medial geniculate body is concerned with hearingBRIDGEThe time required for Dark adaptation can be minimized by wearing red goggles while entering a cinema theatre.(Remember--L for light and M for music)* Rods are absent in the foveola (contains mainly cones). | 2 | Rods | Cones | Cortex | Optic disc | Physiology | Nervous System | f2c44da5-1e91-42c2-8b20-5e28dc20bd8a | single |
Which of the following drugs is not used for induction of labour? | Ans is 'd' i.e., Betamethasone o Following are the drugs used in medical induction of labour:# Prostaglandins PGE2, PGE1# Oxytocin# Mifepristone | 4 | PGE2 | PGE1 | Mifepristone | Betamethasone | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Induction of Labour | 35869fd4-cc38-467d-aea4-f879870660cb | single |
A 23 yr. old female came with arthritis, Malar rash, oral ulcers, serositis (pleuritis or pericarditis). The likely investigation to be positive is | (A) Anti nuclear antibody # Antinuclear antibody (ANA) tests are positive in 5 to 10 percent of the general population, a rate that increases with age.> Thus, given a one in 20 frequency for ANAs and a one in 2,000 frequency for systemic lupus erythematosus, only one in 100 persons with a positive ANA test will have the disease.> Consequently, positive ANA test results must be interpreted with caution.> Given the high sensitivity of the currently used substrate for testing, a negative ANA test essentially rules out systemic lupus erythematosus. | 1 | Anti nuclear antibody | Anti collagen antibody | Anti epithelial antibody | Antigen antibody complexes | Medicine | Miscellaneous | 53429823-6faf-4881-9039-05c8e917f05f | single |
Coagulative necrosis is commonly seen in all except: | Coagulative necrosis is the most common type of necrosis, there is protein denaturation with preservation of cell and tissue frame work. It is usually seen in all solid organs, exception is brain (liquefactive necrosis). Ref: Tanley L. Robbins, Ramzi S. Cotran, (2012) , Chapter 1, "Cell Injury", In the book, "Pocket Companion to Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease", 8th Edition, USA, Page 4; Robbin's Basic Pathology, 7th Edition, Pages 21, 22 | 2 | Tuberculosis | Encephalitis | Sarcoidosis | Wet gangrene | Pathology | null | 64f000df-d251-4053-a749-59e42a6c0f07 | multi |
The process by which fusion of part of a cell membrane occurs is/are | Ans. (b) EndocytosisEndocytosis is the process of taking contents inside the cell. It involves fusion of two cell membranesExocytosis is release of contents from inside of the cell to outside. It involves fusion of vesicles inside the cell to its cell membrane | 2 | Cell division | Endocytosis | Exocytosis | Virus replication | Physiology | General | c7d20b95-74f8-41fb-a7ea-9ae86712b8c3 | single |
In a standard deviation of 2, confidence limit is | (B) 95.4% # In a NORMAL CURVE, the area between one standard deviation on either side of the mean will include 68%, the area between two standard deviations 95.4% and the area between three standard deviations will include 99.7% of the values in the distribution.> In a Normal curve: Area between one standard deviation on either side of the mean (x +- la) will include approximately 68 per cent of the values in the distribution Area between two standard deviations on either side of the mean (~x +- 2a) will cover most of the values, i.e., approximately 95 per cent of the values Area between (x +- 3a) will include 99.7 per cent of the values. These limits on either side of the mean are called 'confidence limits'. | 2 | 68.30% | 95.40% | 99.70% | 76.20% | Social & Preventive Medicine | Miscellaneous | f63787e1-1585-498f-b85f-9ce283743f2b | single |
Bruxism is - | Bruxism is grinding of teeth which occurs during stage 3 & 4 of NREM sleep. | 3 | Walking during sleep | Nocturnal enuresis | Grinding of teeth during sleep | Sleep apnoea | Psychiatry | null | 491722f2-e232-4614-a39b-2798fa6a599c | single |
Which of the following are the slowly adapting mechan- oreceptors present in the skin that are very sensitive to perpendicular indentation? | Ans. c (Merkel discs). (Ref. Ganong Physiology 21st ed., 125)MECHANORECEPTORS# Four types of mechanoreceptors in glabrous skin are-two in the superficial layers (Meissner's corpuscles and Merkel discs) and two in the subcutaneous tissue (Ruffini endings and Pacinian corpuscles).Meissner's corpuscles# are rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors# respond to Low frequency vibrations, stroking and fluttering types of tactile stimuli.Merkel disc receptors# are slowly adapting receptors# respond to pressure and texture.Pacinian corpuscles# are rapidly adapting and# respond to high frequency vibrations.Ruffini endings# are slowly adapting receptors that respond to skin stretch.# These endings link subcutaneous tissue to skin folds overlying joints.The afferent fibres of these receptors are myelinated and include:# large (group A alpha),# medium (group Ab),# small (group Adelta) diameter fibres.# Smallest (group A gama)- Tactile sensitivity is greatest on the glabrous (hairless) skin of the hands, the soles of the feet, and the lips. | 3 | Pacinian corpuscles | Meissner's corpuscles | Merkel discs | Ruffini end organs | Physiology | Nervous System | 8fedacb2-6b30-4c70-bc10-db2208692715 | single |
All the following are contents of sub-occipital triangle, except - | Contents of suboccipital triangle are vertebral artery (3rd part), suboccipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C1) and suboccipital venous plexus. Occipital artery lies in occipital triangle. | 4 | Vertebral artery | Dorsal ramus of C1 nerve | Suboccipital plexus of vein | Occipital artery | Anatomy | null | 3093d0ef-734f-40e0-86cb-307bb88dd9d5 | multi |
Spring catarrh is which type of hypersensitivity reaction -a) type Ib) type IIc) type IIId) type IVe) type V | null | 2 | b | ad | ac | ab | Microbiology | null | a2771a6e-ade7-41a3-9d7b-8fd295ff3f79 | single |
Which of the following feature on second trimester ultrasound is not a marker of Down's | Ans. is b i.e. Choroids plexus cyst Abnormalities associated with Down's syndrome (as listed in Benacerraf and Callen). Brachycephaly (sho frontal lobe) Ventriculomegaly Flat facies, small earsdeg Increase nuchal fold thickness Absent nasal bone Cystic hygroma (more associated with trisomy 18) Sho humerus and femur Clinodactyly Hypoplasia of middle phalanx of 5th digitdeg Single transverse palmar crease Sandal foot--i.e. widened gap between 1st and 2nd toe. Congenital hea defects (CHD) : -- Atrioventricular canal defect (Most common hea defect in Down's syndrome)deg -- VSD -- ASD Esophageal atresia and duodenal atresiadeg Diaphragmatic herniadeg Renal pyelectasis (Mild renal pelvis dilation) Hyperechoic bowel Single umbilical aerydeg Widened iliac angle. As far as Choroid plexus cyst is Concerned : -Several investigators have suggested that choroids plexus cysts are also associated with an increased risk of trisomy 21. However, our group demonstrated that the frequency of choroids plexus cysts among fetuses. with trisomy 21 was the same as that among fetuses without trisomy 21, suggesting that the presence of choroid plexus cysts should not increase a patient's calculated risk of having a fetus with Down syndrome. This is in agreement with the work from Gupta and co-workers, who repoed a 1 in 880 risk of Down syndrome among fetuses with isolated choroid plexus cysts detected antenatally." "The presence of a cyst in the choroid plexus in an axial view through the upper poion of fetal head has been correlated with the increased risk of Trisomy 18." Choroid plexus cysts are found to be associated with trisomy 18 (occurring in nearly 30% of cases of trisomy 18). Choroid plexus cysts are also found in 0.7 to 3.6% of normal second trimester fetuses. | 2 | Single umbilical aery | Choroid plexus cyst | Diaphragmatic hernia | Duodenal atresia | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null | 83afde3d-cab3-43b1-9516-8851ee4aae59 | single |
Endotoxin consists of _____. | Endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide is found in the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria. | 1 | Lipopolysaccharide | M protein | Hyaluronidase | Lactic acid | Microbiology | null | 1aa35815-cfe7-4f1e-97ce-90279ad6378f | single |
A young boy, Rahul presents with massive hemetemesis. He had fever for 15 days few days back which was treated with few drugs. Clinical examination reveal moderate splenomegaly). No other history is positive) Probable diagnosis is: | Answer is D (Oesophageal varices) Oesophageal variceal bleeding secondary to poal hypeension .should always be the initial diagnosis in a young patient presenting with massive hematemesis and a moderate to large splenomegaly' Features in our of oesophageal varices: Most common presentation of oesophageal varices is G.I. bleed, which may be 'massive'. - Massive hematemesis in children is almost always due to variceal bleed - Shwaz - Gastrointestinal bleed in peptic ulcer disease usually occurs in persons who are > 60 years old i.e. (it ceainly is an uncommon presentation in a young boy) - Harrison - Erosive drug induced gastritis is usually superficial therefore hemodynamically significant 'massive' bleeding is rare Patients presents with moderate splenomegaly which is an impoant pointer towards presence of poal hypeension. - Absence of any significant history of altered liver function in the presence of poal hypeension could well be attributed to an extrahepatic causes of poal hypeension. | 4 | Drug induced gastritis | Oesophageal tear | Bleeding duodenal ulcer | Oesophageal varices | Medicine | null | 49acc7df-98d2-48d6-913f-9096cf8a75d0 | single |
Rosette cataract is seen due to: | Trauma. Ring/ pettal shaped marking on the lens. Ref: AK khurana 7th ed. | 1 | Trauma | Copper foreign body | Diabetes | Hyperparathyroidism | Ophthalmology | All India exam | 0c42e23b-e0cc-4943-95be-8c89b97ecf68 | single |
Most common type of shoulder dislocation is:March 2011 | Ans. B: AnteriorShoulder joint is the commonest joint in the body to dislocateAnterior shoulder dislocation is much more common than posterior dislocationShoulder dislocation:MC joint to dislocate in body: ShoulderMC type of shoulder dislocation: Subcoracoid/ inferiorRarest type of shoulder dislocation: PosteriorPosterior type of shoulder dislocation is associated with: Epileptic fitsBanka's lesion is related with avulsion of glenoidal labrumHill Sach's lesion is found on humeral headTest for dislocation of shoulder joint:- Duga's test,- Hamilton ruler test,- Callaways testKocher's manouevre is done to reduce a dislocated shoulder | 2 | Posterior | Anterior | Inferior | Superior | Surgery | null | 86e659c4-5cac-4f40-901e-382eb0b352ea | single |
Bechet's disease is characterized by: | Hypopyon REF: Khurana 4th ed p. 156 Uveitis in bechet's disease Bilateral Recurrent iridocyclitis Hypopyon Viteritis Periphlebitis Retinitis | 1 | Hypopyon | Hyphema | Subconjuctival hemmorrhage | Scleritis | Ophthalmology | null | bf8ed96b-aa32-445d-9ecc-ae4d511ee4df | single |
Central anticholinergics are used in treatment of all except- | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Neuroleptic malignant syndrome o Central anticholinergics are ineffective in neuroleptic malignant syndrome. o Central anticholinergics are not used in tardive dyskinesia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. | 4 | Akathisia | Parkinsonism | Acute dystonia | Neuroleptic malignant syndrome | Pharmacology | null | 24880a89-0350-4a70-ae96-700976e0deed | multi |
A 32-year-old woman is evaluated in the clinic for symptoms of polyuria and polydipsia. She has no significant past medical history and her only medication is the oral contraceptive pill.Her physical examination is entirely normal. Urine and serum biochemistry investigations are suggestive of central diabetes insipidus (DI). Which of the following is the most likely finding on magnetic resonance imaging (MRT) of the brain? | Because DI is usually caused by destruction, or agenesis, of the posterior pituitary, its normal signaling is lost. Pituitary DI can also result from trauma, tumors (both primary and secondary), granulomas, infections, inflammatory diseases, chemical toxins, congenital malformations, and genetic disorders.Depending on the cause, the MRI may demonstrate other associated findings. | 4 | hypothalamic tumor | hyperintense signals in the cerebral cortex | agenesis of the corpus callosum | lack of hyperintense signals from the posterior pituitary | Medicine | Endocrinology | 75706930-7ea0-4c58-b8db-1df8e976221d | multi |
Bastio surgery for refractory LV hyperophy is: | Bentall&;s Operation For aoic root aneurysm repair Reimplantation of coronary ostia into composite graft Bastio surgery For Left Ventricular hyperophy Ventriculectomy is done Ref: Bailey 27th edition Pgno: 936 | 3 | Patch repair | MR repair | Ventriculectomy | Ventriculoplasty | Surgery | Cardio thoracic surgery | 68a9f9ed-36a3-4909-892d-896bc31f7e9f | single |
Insulin decreases: | Lipolysis | 4 | Glucose uptake | Glycogen synthesis | Protein synthesis | Lipolysis | Physiology | null | beef3762-f432-401f-ad81-e5dc24fb7a23 | single |
Obesity in a child of age 2 years is defined as: | d. BMI >95th percentile(Ref: Nelson's 20/e p 307-315, Ghai 8/e p 528-529)Obesity in children is defined as BMI >95th percentile; Body mass index (BMI) is equal to weight/height2 (in kg/m2). | 4 | Weight for height more than double of expected | Weight for age more than double of expected | BMI >30 | BMI >95th percentile | Pediatrics | Endocrinology | 8775df43-990f-4483-a7c4-4a115796c2a3 | single |
A 32-year-old male is a known hypertensive and is being planned for cholecystectomy. Which of the following anaesthetic agents is contraindicated in this person? | Ans. (B) Ketamine(Ref: Katzung 11th/e p437; KDT 8th/e p411)Ketamine increases all pressures (blood pressure, intracranial tension, intraocular pressure) in the body. It is therefore intravenous anesthetic of choice for shock and should be avoided in hypertensive patients (increases blood pressure). Further it is contraindicated in glaucoma (increases IOP) and head injuries (increases ICT). | 2 | Propofol | Ketamine | Midazolam | Etomidate | Pharmacology | Anaesthesia | 8f5b1a94-95f0-44a0-9815-ea32292b81ca | single |
Methysergide is banned as it causes ? | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Pulmonary fibrosis Methysergide It is chemically related to ergot alkaloids and antagonizes the action of serotonin on smooth muscles including that of blood vessels, withot producing ergot like effects. It is a potent 5HT2A/2C antagonist. It has been used for migraine prophylaxis, carcinoid and postgastrectomy dumping syndrome. Prolonged use has caused abdominal, pulmonary and endocardial fibrosis, because of which it has gone into disrepute. | 1 | Pulmonary fibrosis | Pleural effusion | Syncope | Myocarditis | Pharmacology | null | ad952767-f201-4cfb-8fa7-a278166adb56 | single |
Methylergometrine is used in the prophylaxis of | null | 2 | Migraine | Postpartum hemorrhage | PIH | None of the above | Pharmacology | null | ac1f1fb1-6f9f-4fda-8b62-8ebc59bc4199 | multi |
Dohlman's procedure is used for: | Ans. (d) Zenker's diverticulumRef: Sabiton 20th Edition, Page 1019* Dohlman Endoscopic stapling procedure is indicated for diverticulum >3cm size | 4 | Rectal prolapse | Esophageal achalasia | Cancer oesophagus | Zenker's diverticulum | Surgery | Oesophagus | 2d2b23e9-0c8b-4dd8-962a-9c57e1814a29 | single |
Treatment of Bipolar disorder includes: | A, C, B i.e. Anti-depressant drugs, ECT, Lithium carbonate | 4 | Anti-depressant drugs | Lithium carbonate | ECT | All | Psychiatry | null | 32969959-f253-4aa0-909a-7469159e0617 | multi |
Which of the following hallucinations is pathognomonic of schizophrenia - | Third person hallucinations, e.g. voices heard arguing, commenting or discussing the patient or giving a running commentary on one's action; are characteristic of schizophrenia. | 2 | Auditory hallucinations commanding the patient | Auditory hallucinations giving running commentry | Auditory hallucinations criticizing the patient | Auditory hallucinations talking to patient | Psychiatry | null | 8ccf2a0b-1e21-473e-bf74-a9a5ad73b46a | multi |
A 9-year-old girl presents with menarche. History reveals thelarche at the age of 7 years and adrenarche at the age of 8 years- the M/C cause of this condition in girls is: | Precocious pubey It is the appearance of appropriate secondary sexual charecters before the age of 8 years and occurance of menstruation before the age of 10 years The most common cause is constitutional(idiopathic -75% cases) due to premature activation of HPO Axis. SHAW&;S TEXTBOOK OF GYNAECOOGY,Pg no:56,15th edition | 1 | Idiopathic | Gonadal tumor | Mc cure albright syndrome | Hypothyroidism | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Sexuality and intersexuality | ea14bdfd-f253-4f88-a94d-dbd8f6df3fd1 | single |
After an injury to an axon, the subsequent degeneration of all axonal fibres distal to the injury, all fibres proximal to the injury are unaffected, this type of degeneration is known as: | null | 2 | Retrograde degeneration. | Wallerian degeneration. | Transneuronal degeneration. | None | Pathology | null | 641f4330-b32b-47a2-8951-0ff03d85380f | multi |
Drug-induced colitis is most frequently associated with | Clindamycin: This potent lincosamide antibiotic is similar in mechanism of action (inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosome) and spectrum of activity to erythromycin with which it exhibits paial cross resistance. Modification of the ribosomal binding site by constitutive methylase enzyme confirs resistance to both. It inhibits most gram-positive cocci (including penicillinase producing Staph., but not MRSA), C. diphtheriae, Nocardia, Actinomyces, Toxoplasma, but the distinctive feature is its high activity against a variety of anaerobes, especially Bact. fragilis. Aerobic gram-negative bacilli, spirochetes, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma and Rickettsia are not affected. Side effects are rashes, uicaria, abdominal pain, but the major problem is diarrhoea and pseudomembranous enterocolitis due to Clostridium difficile superinfection which is potentially fatal. The drug should be promptly stopped and metronidazole (alternatively vancomycin) given to treat it. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:731 | 3 | Neomycin | Vancomycin | Clindamycin | Chloramphenicol | Pharmacology | Chemotherapy | 12ea6f33-181d-4e00-8beb-e8934360cccb | single |
Refractive error concerned most commonly with divergent strasbismus is: September 2012, March 2013 | Ans. A i.e. Myopia | 1 | Myopia | Astigmatism | Hypermetropia | Astigmatism | Ophthalmology | null | eb10d9bd-8912-429c-b989-f979a692cad4 | single |
A 45 year old male has multiple grouped vesicular lesions present on the TN segment dermatome associated with pain. The most likely diagnosis is | Painful vesicles along the distribution of a dermatome suggest the diagnosis of Herpes zoster. | 1 | Herpes zoster | Dermatitis herpetiformis | Herpes simplex | Scabies | Dental | null | a8402ace-41cf-4dd8-b465-84bb2417f75c | single |
All are true about salivary gland tumor except: | Ans: D (Parotid tumours...) Tumours of minor salivary glands are histologically similar to those of major glands; however, up to 90 per cent of minor salivary gland tumours are malignant"- L&B 26th/722'Warthin tumour (papillary cystadenoma Lymphomatosum): It arise almost alwaysQ in the parotid gland (the only tumour virtually restricted to the parotid & occur more commonly in male'1 than in female (other tumour more common in female). Oncocytese that are epithelial cell stuffed with mitochondria are found in warthin tumour. (Robbins 7th/792-93)"The parotid gland is the most common site for salivary tumours. Most tumours arise in the superficial lobe and present as slow growing,, painless swellings below the ear, in front of the ear or in the upper aspect of the neck"- L& B 26th/732"Tumours involving the sublingual gland are extremely rare and are usually (85 percent) malignantTreatment requires wide excision involving the overlying mucosa and simultaneous neck dissection"- L & B 26th/725"Tumours of the submandibular gland are uncommon and usually present as a slow-growing, painless swelling within the submandibular triangle.Only 50 per cent of submandibular gland tumours are benign, in contrast to 80-90 per cent of parotid gland tumours"- L & B 26th/728TablefL & B 26th/728): Salivary gland tumours - frequency and distribution.TypeLocationFrequencyMalignant (%)MajorParotidSubmandibularSublingualCommonUncommonVery rate10-205085MinorUpper aerodigestive tractRare90PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA (MIXED TUMOUR)This is the commonest tumour0 of the major salivary glandsThis tumour most commonly(r) occur in the parotid & about 90% isseen in thisgland\7% is seen in submandibulargland. In the parotid the commonest location is the tail of parotid.Age : It is more frequent around 40 years of age, but it is also seen in childrenSex : Slightly higher incidence in woman(r) has been noticedSymptom : The patients complains of a painless swelling of the side of the face which has been present for months or years. It is a slow growing turnout^ & gradually increases in size.This tumour is radioresistant(r), so excision is the treatment of choice.Superficial parotidectomy(r) is the treatment of choice(r). This operation is also known as patey's operation (S. Das 5th/609)In case of submandibular gland neoplasms, the whole gland is excised with particular care to preserve the lingual & hypoglossal nerve. | 4 | Parotid gland is most common site of involvement | Warthin tumour almost always found in the parotid gland | Minor gland tumours are mostly malignant | Parotid tumours are mostly malignant | Surgery | Salivary Gland Neoplasms | a92f546a-63c0-4deb-b33a-8684b2986738 | multi |
Cold water is not used for ear cleaning because | temperature for ear syringing - 370c because if you decrease or increase the temperature we can stimulate lateral semicircular canal in the middle ear and patient will have veigo and nystagmus (caloric stimulation ) | 3 | It will make the wax hard | Damage to tympanic membrane | Caloric stimulation caused by cold water | It will cause infection | ENT | FMGE 2018 | af2dc32f-ef07-481e-89fb-6be45381b2f5 | single |
In selecting a screening test for a disease which of the following should not be considered? | null | 3 | Cost of the test | Efficacy of the treatment | Knowledge of the physician about the disease | Sufferings from disease to the people | Social & Preventive Medicine | null | e4968201-321c-4f4f-8a0e-88acca259449 | single |
A patient Secta is diagnosed to be having iron deficiency anemia. The agent that can be used to improve the absorption of iron is: | (Ref: KDT 6/e p582, 583) Substances improving the absorption of iron Substances improving the absorption of iron 1. Acid 1. Antacids 2. Reducing substances like ascorbic acid 2. Phosphates 3. Meat 3. Phytates 4. Tetracyclines 5. Food in the stomach | 4 | Antacids | Tetracyclines | Phosphates | Ascorbic acid | Pharmacology | Other topics and Adverse effects | eebb147f-dcca-4156-b0c2-626e6f563626 | single |
A 38 year old woman with a history of multiple sexual paners is most at risk for which of the following? | In a sense, cervical carcinoma can be considered a "sexually transmitted disease," since human papilloma virus (typically strains HPV-16 or HPV- 18) is transmitted venereally. In our culture, HPV-related dysplasia of the cervix is common, even in the 18-28 year old group, and carcinomas of the cervix (more rare now than in the past due to screening and aggressive therapy of dysplasia) can occur in the 35-45 age group. The other cancers listed typically occur in older age groups and are not as clearly related to venereal agents. Ref: Hoffman B.L., Schorge J.O., Schaffer J.I., Halvorson L.M., Bradshaw K.D., Cunningham F.G., Calver L.E. (2012). Chapter 30. Cervical Cancer. In B.L. Hoffman, J.O. Schorge, J.I. Schaffer, L.M. Halvorson, K.D. Bradshaw, F.G. Cunningham, L.E. Calver (Eds), Williams Gynecology, 2e. | 2 | Bladder carcinoma | Cervical carcinoma | Endometrial carcinoma | Ovarian carcinoma | Microbiology | null | adfb9ef7-c544-463e-96e0-8e731d2553a9 | single |
A 60 year old male presented to the emergency with breathlessness, facial swelling and dilated veins on the chest wall. The most common cause is: | Answer is D (Superior Vena cava obsuction) : The patient in question is presenting with classical signs and symptoms of superior mediastinal syndrome or Superior vena caval syndrome. Lung cancer is the commonest cause of superior vana caval syndrome or SVC obstruction. As the options provided include superior vena caval obstruction as a distinct entity, it is the option of choice. Clinical manifestations of obstruction to SVC : Symptoms Signs * Swelling around neck & face especially around the eyes * Dilated neck veins * Dyspnea * Increased number of collateral veins over * Cough * anterior chest wall * Others: Hoarseness / Headache / Tongue * Cyanosis swelling / Nasal congestion / Epistaxis * Edema of face, arms & chest Haemoptysis / Dysphagia / Pain / * Proptosis, glossal and Laryngeal edema and obtundation in Dizziness / Syncope severe cases Symptoms are aggrevated by bending forwards and lying down. | 4 | Thymoma | Lung cancer | Hodgkin's lymphoma | Superior vena caval obstruction | Medicine | null | af8ee806-de0d-4a5d-ad94-256297259ac8 | multi |
A boy is suffering from acute pyelonephritis. Most specific urinary finding will be - | Wbc casts are seen in- Interstitial nephritis Acute pyelonephritis Allograft rejection Malignant infiltration of the kidney. Rbc casts - GN vasculitis Malignant hypeension Thrombotic microangiopathy Granular casts- ATN GN vasculitis Tubulointerstitial nephritis. Ref:Harrison 20 th edition pg no. 2106 | 1 | W.B.C. casts | Leucocyte esterase test | Nitrite test | Bacteria in gram stain | Medicine | Kidney | ad9a87f4-f091-43b2-9b37-ed5e0b56c8f2 | single |
Type of pontic indicated in the given case : | null | 2 | Modified ridge lap pontic. | Ovate pontic. | Sanitary pontic. | Spheroidal pontic. | Dental | null | 935e7374-d944-437c-8def-873a9fe649b6 | single |
Delusion is not seen in - | null | 2 | Depression | Anxiety | Schizophrenia | Mania | Psychiatry | null | e7c1fd00-ac03-45c1-8411-49d121f34a34 | single |
High viscosity of saliva in children increases the incidence of caries | null | 2 | Statement is true | Statement is partially true | Statement is false | Statement is partially false | Dental | null | c66cb76e-e084-44b5-a7c1-f42888c4fea3 | multi |
All of the following changes may be observed in a normal pregnancy, EXCEPT: | During pregnancy there is a dispropoionate increase in plasma and RBC volume which produces a state of hemodilution during pregnancy. During pregnancy plasma volume increases upto 50%. RBC volume increases to the extend of 20-30%. The advantages of hemodilution are: Diminished blood viscosity ensures optimum gaseous exchange between the maternal and fetal circulation. Protection of mother against the adverse effects of blood loss during delivery. Ref: Textbook of Obstetrics By D.C. Dutta, 6th edition, Pages 51-55 | 1 | Increase in blood viscosity | Fall in serum iron concentration | Increase in serum iron binding capacity | Increase in blood oxygen carrying capacity | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null | 2eed2f5c-2a83-48c7-b42d-49733ec66187 | multi |
"Double bubble" sign with absent distal bowel air shadows on X-ray abdomen is characteristic of | Ans. b (Duodenal atresia) (Ref. Bailey and Love 26th/ 119)Duodenal atresia may take the form of a membrane or the proximal and distal duodenum may be completely separated. Prenatal ultrasound finds a 'double bubble' in the fetal abdo- men with polyhydramnios. There is an association with Down syndrome. Postnatally, there is bilious vomiting if the atresia is distal to the ampulla. A plain abdominal x-ray also shows the double bubble. Repair is by duodenoduodenostomy. Occasionally, there is a duodenal membrane with a modest central perforation, which may delay symptoms until later childhood. Important radiological GI signsX-RAY/Ba sign Diagnosis1. Single Bubble Sign2. Double Bubble Sign # CHPS# Duodenal atresia# Ladd's band# Annular pancreas# Malrotation of gut# Preduodenal vein3. Triple Bubble Sign multiple4. Bubble Signs Jejunal or proximal ileum atresia Ileal atresia5. Rigler's sign6. Football sign7. Dog's cape sign8. Falciform ligament sign}Pneumoperitonium9. Sentinel loop sign10. Colon cut-off sign11. Renal halo sign12. Gasless abdomen}Acute pancreatitis13. Seagull or Mecedes Benz sign14. Rigler's triad Gall stones (Triradiate)Gall stone ileus# Pneumobilia# Ectopic gallstone# Small bowel obstruction15. "Arc-like" calcification in RUQ16. "Tooth-like" calcification in pelvis Liver hydatid cystOvarian dermoid17. Distorted fundic bubble18. Fracture 9-11 ribs19. Loss of splenic outline20 Elevation of left hemidiaphragm}Splenic trauma21. Multiple air-fluid levels with stepladder pattern22. "String of beads" sign (pathognomonic)}Small bowel obstruction23. Liver overlap signFlank overlap signDIO overlap signCoffee-bean signInverted U/V signOmega signBent inner tube sign}Sigmoid volvulus24. Carman's meniscus signCa stomach (malignant ulcer)25. Hampton's lineBenign gastric ulcer26 Ram's horn stomach & 'Pseudo-Billroth' appearanceCrohn's disease (WB 09&SuperSp 11)27. String signCHPS28. String sign of KantorCrohn's disease29. Inverted umbrella signSterling signPulled up/contracted caecumString sign}Ileaocaecal Tb30. Segmentation and flocculation of BariumDiffuse non-specific SB dilatationJejunization of ileumMoulage sign (Loss of mucosal details)}Barium features of Malabsorption31. "Saw-tooth" apperance Diverticulosis32. Thumb print sign Ischemic colitis33. Claw sign andCoiled spring sign}Intussusception34. Hat sign Colonic polyp35. "Apple core" appearance Ca colon36. Mucosal granularity (earliest sign)Loss of haustrationsUlcersPseudoploypsLead pipe or pipe stem colon}Ulcerative Colitis (UC)37. Angiodysplasia of Colon38. Solitary Rectal Ulcer39. Colitis cystic profunda}Generally Ba Studies reveal no abnormality | 2 | Duodenal webs | Duodenal atresia | CHPS | All of the above | Radiology | G.I.T. | 334e6d47-5c33-41dc-a356-c35431c7df81 | multi |
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