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5189686442489900193 | Master (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) | Master ( Buffy the vampire Slayer ) - wikipedia Master ( Buffy the vampire Slayer ) The Master Buffy the Vampire Slayer / Angel character Mark Metcalf as The Master First appearance `` Welcome to the Hellmouth '' ( 1997 ) Created by Joss Whedon Portrayed by Mark Metcalf Information Affiliation Order of Aurelius Classification Vampire Notable powers Supernatural strength , speed , stamina , agility , and reflexes , acute sensory perception , rapid healing and immortality . Telepathy , telekinesis and hypnosis . The Master is a fictional character on the action - horror / fantasy television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 1997 -- 2003 ) . He is a centuries - old vampire portrayed by Mark Metcalf , determined to open the portal to hell below Sunnydale High School in the fictional town of Sunnydale where the main character Buffy Summers lives . The premise of the series is that Buffy ( Sarah Michelle Gellar ) is a Slayer , a teenage girl endowed with superhuman strength and other powers which she uses to kill vampires and other evil beings . Each season of the series Buffy and the small group of family and friends who work with her , nicknamed the Scooby Gang , must defeat an evil force referred to as the Big Bad ; the villain is usually trying to bring on an apocalypse . The Master is the first season 's Big Bad . The Master is the head of an ancient order of vampires , a classic Old World villain devoted to ritual and prophecy . He has been entombed beneath Sunnydale for 60 years as the patriarch of a cult posed opposite Buffy , a character who was created to subvert media tropes about frail women falling victim to evil characters . Her youth and insistence on asserting her free will makes her unique in the Master 's experience , but he is devoted to fulfilling a prophecy that states he will kill the Slayer and initiate the extermination of all humanity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation and casting 2 Establishment 3 Religiosity 4 Demise 5 Later appearances 6 Influence 7 Notes 8 Citations 9 Bibliography Creation and casting ( edit ) Buffy the Vampire Slayer was originally conceived for a 1992 feature film that pitched Buffy against a similar villain controlling vampires below Los Angeles . Disappointed by the final film , screenwriter and series creator Joss Whedon reworked his script into a television series more in line with his original vision . He and the staff writers employ horror elements in the series to represent real - life conflicts for the adolescent characters , while frequently undercutting the horror aspect of the show with comedy . Sunnydale High School is situated atop a portal to hell called a Hellmouth , which Whedon uses to symbolize the high - school - as - hell experience . Pragmatically , Whedon admitted that placing the high school on a Hellmouth allows the writers to confront the main characters with an endless array of evil creatures . Veteran character actor Mark Metcalf appeared in heavy prosthetic make - up for the role of the Master , belying his iconic performance in the film National Lampoon 's Animal House ( 1978 ) as Douglas C. Neidermeyer , a strident rule - following ROTC officer ( and the associated role in Twisted Sister 's `` We 're Not Going to Take It '' music video ) . In 2011 , Metcalf acknowledged that his Animal House role would probably live much longer than he , but also recognized his roles on Seinfeld -- where he plays a similarly named character called `` Maestro '' -- and Buffy the Vampire Slayer as his favorites . Many actors auditioned for the part , but Metcalf , according to Whedon , played it with more complexity , bringing a `` sly and kind of urbane '' sensitivity and a charm to the villainy of the character . Establishment ( edit ) At the beginning of the series , Buffy has left behind a destructive past that has labeled her as a trouble - maker at school and instilled in her the fear that the actions she has had to take to be a successful Slayer are responsible for breaking apart her parents ' marriage . She arrives at Sunnydale High School believing that she has made a fresh start . Her mother Joyce ( Kristine Sutherland ) is unaware of her daughter 's vocation and stresses that Buffy 's time in Sunnydale should be as peaceful as possible . When Buffy arrives in the school library , however , she finds that the new librarian , Giles ( Anthony Head ) , is expecting her and ready to continue her training . His expectation that she is there to take up her role as Slayer upsets her ; she wants nothing to do with him or with Slaying . Giles is , in fact , Buffy 's new Watcher , a mentor who will teach her about the demons she must face , as well as supervise her training in weapons and battle strategy . Although she desperately desires to be a mere high school student , she is unsuccessful in avoiding her destiny to fight vampires . On her first day she finds a vampire 's victim at school , and resumes her work as the Slayer . Because it debuted midway through the 1996 -- 97 television season , the first season of Buffy has only 12 episodes as opposed to the standard 22 in subsequent seasons . The Master is first seen in the series premiere `` Welcome to the Hellmouth '' , which was aired immediately before the second episode `` The Harvest '' , which reveals more of the Master 's character and backstory . Although the Master 's identity is never revealed on screen , Joss Whedon wrote in the pilot 's script that his name was Heinrich Joseph Nest , roughly 600 years old . This contradicts information presented in the first season that indicates The Master predates written history , as is discussed below . In `` Welcome to the Hellmouth '' the Master is presented as one of the `` old ones , '' a vampire with extraordinary physical and mental powers , but weakened through long isolation and needing to feed on people ; he is raised from a pool of blood by his acolyte Luke ( Brian Thompson ) . The head of a cult called the Order of Aurelius , the Master attempted to open the Hellmouth in 1937 , placing himself in a church to do so . An earthquake swallowed the church during the Master 's attempt , and he has been living in the ruins for 60 years . He is imprisoned by a mystical force , unable to leave his underground lair , so he commands his minions to find people for him to feed off . The Master 's incarceration underground was a device used by the writers to avoid having Buffy meet him and then thwart his attempts to kill her each week . Whedon was concerned that audiences would consider this implausible and that weekly confrontations would leave no tension for the season finale when Buffy and the Master would finally meet and battle each other . In `` The Harvest '' , employing a ritualized dark ceremony which can be used only once in a century , the Master makes Luke his `` vessel '' : every time Luke feeds , power will be transmitted to the Master . Luke goes to The Bronze , the local nightclub frequented by Buffy and her friends and begins to feed on the patrons before Buffy -- following a delay caused by getting grounded by her mother -- can kill him . Although Luke successfully feeds on a couple of victims , Buffy stakes him , thereby leaving the Master contained , robbed of his proxy , and with insufficient power to break the mystic shield that confines him underground . The majority of vampires on the series have a human face that can turn into what Whedon and the characters call `` vamp face '' . When shown immediately before feeding , the vampire characters transform with prosthetic make - up and computer - generated effects , giving them prominent brows and cheekbones , sharpened yellow teeth , and yellow eyes . Whedon intended to use the vamp face to be able to place vampires around Buffy in different locations -- especially at school -- to highlight the element of surprise by illustrating that the characters often face friends and peers who appear normal , but have dark sides . Simultaneously , the vamp face shows that Buffy is killing monsters instead of people . Whedon made a decision to have the Master in permanent vamp face to indicate that he is so ancient he predates humanity . The Master never shows a human face ; the make - up specialist conceived him as bat - like , intentionally making him look more like an animal . His facial make - up , bald head , extremely long fingernails , and black costume all refer directly to the 1922 German Expressionist film Nosferatu , directed by F.W. Murnau . Like the vampire of that film , Count Orlok , the Master lives in a state of furious isolation from which he is desperate to escape . According to author Matthew Pateman , the Master 's presentation underscores both his great age and his European - ness -- he is emphatically Old World . Even so , as a result of his entrapment in the New World , he adapts and shows himself able to incorporate American technology into his plans . He also ( perhaps anachronistically ) speaks with a modern American accent . Religiosity ( edit ) In `` Never Kill a Boy on the First Date '' the Master reads from a formally written Bible - like book of prophecy that foretells the arrival of a powerful warrior enigmatically named `` The Anointed One '' ( Andrew J. Ferchland ) who will become the Master 's `` greatest weapon against the Slayer '' . The Master sends other acolytes of the Order of Aurelius to bring The Anointed to him , instructing them to give their lives should it become necessary for them to succeed . When Buffy finally encounters him in the season finale , The Anointed One turns out to inhabit the body of a little boy . The Master instructs the boy in the influence of fear ( `` Nightmares '' ) and power ( `` Angel '' ) . Buffy studies scholars have noted the role religion plays in the series , and have commented on the Master 's sense of religiosity in particular . With the exception of Angel ( David Boreanaz ) , none of the main characters exhibit any prominent religious views although they observe some religious holidays . Several of the villains in the series , however , are nearly fanatical about religious ritual and custom , the first of which is the Master . The rituals the Master performs to make Luke his vessel are , according to Wendy Love Anderson , an `` inversion of Christianity '' . The Master attempts to restore the `` old ones '' and aligns himself with a child while setting up Buffy to be a Christ - like figure . He foretells that when he is able to leave his mystical prison , `` the stars themselves will hide '' , an aberration of a line from John Milton 's epic poem Paradise Lost , where Satan is musing on his own power . The Master 's entombment in a house of worship is a convenient vehicle to introduce the character 's religiosity , but it also represents the way evil is at times allowed to thrive in churches . The unChristian symbolism was intentional on Whedon 's part , as he was cautious about including such subversive imagery in `` The Harvest '' ; Buffy producer David Greenwalt was certain Christian groups would protest the ceremonial aspects of the plot . Gregory Erickson notes that the Master 's denigration of a Christian cross , what he calls the `` two pieces of wood '' even while being burned by it , reflects the series ' treatment of Christianity overall and in turn , the American simplification of religion . On Buffy , a cross is a weapon , but beyond that is an empty symbol . Christian symbols and rituals traditionally play an integral role in many vampire stories , as in Bram Stoker 's Dracula . Conversely , Buffy downplays their importance . Demise ( edit ) The Master sends minions to kill Buffy in `` Angel '' , an episode featuring the origin story of Buffy 's romantic interest , a vampire with a murderous past who was re-ensouled by a Gypsy tribe as the ultimate punishment ; this `` curse '' has caused him to feel remorse and live the past century in misery and torment . His desire for redemption , as well as his attraction to Buffy , compels him to assist her . She discovers he is a vampire in `` Angel '' and it is revealed that one of the Master 's most powerful followers , Darla ( Julie Benz ) , was the vampire who transformed Angel and was his lover for several generations . After the Master allows Darla to destroy the minions who failed to kill Buffy , Darla tries to lure Angel to the Master 's side , but Angel stakes and kills her , further thwarting the Master 's plans . Buffy and the Master finally meet in the season finale `` Prophecy Girl '' , in which Giles translates a prophecy that states that if she fights the Master , she will die . Buffy overhears Giles discussing it with Angel and tells Giles she refuses to be the Slayer if it means she will die , then begs her mother to go away with her for the weekend . After five students are murdered by more of the Master 's followers , however , Buffy decides she must fight the Master and is led to his underground lair by The Anointed One ; she is wearing a long white dress , bought for a dance she was supposed to attend instead . He quickly hypnotizes her and tells her that `` prophecies are tricky things '' that do n't reveal all : had she not come to fight him , he could not rise , as it is her blood which will free him . He bites and drinks from her , then tosses her to the ground face - down in a shallow pool where she drowns . Angel and Buffy 's friend Xander ( Nicholas Brendon ) , who have disobeyed her wishes and followed her , arrive after the Master has risen . Xander is able to revive Buffy through CPR , thus the prophecy of her death at the Master 's hands is fulfilled , but its intention thwarted . She becomes stronger as a result of their encounter . An extension of the Master 's religiosity is his preoccupation with prophecies . The themes of the first season are destiny and forming an identity separate from childhood : breaking the illusions that the world is safe and actions have no real consequences . Destiny is repeatedly a theme between Buffy and the Master . The entire first season is underscored with prophecies -- a narrative device used less frequently in later seasons of the series -- that Buffy neglects to fulfill in various ways . Buffy often has prophetic dreams and the Master is nearly obsessed with recounting and confirming written prophecies . Buffy 's superhuman powers are her birthright . Despite her desire to live a normal life she feels compelled to fulfill her destiny as a Slayer , and the need for her to live up to this responsibility is reinforced by Giles . Buffy , however , subverts these elements to assert her own free will , which is illustrated in the season finale . According to Buffy studies scholar Gregory Stevenson , the Master has such confidence in the prophecy that the Slayer will die that he is unable to comprehend her resurrection by Xander . When the Master rises , the Hellmouth opens in the floor of the school library where Giles , Buffy 's friends Willow ( Alyson Hannigan ) , Cordelia ( Charisma Carpenter ) , and a teacher , Jenny Calendar ( Robia LaMorte ) are present and fighting off the emerging monsters . Buffy finds the Master on the roof of the library watching through the octagonal windows in the ceiling . Incredulous upon her arrival , he tells her she was destined to die in a written prophecy . She replies `` What can I say ? I flunked the written . '' She is now able to resist his attempts to hypnotize her and pushes him through the skylight into the library below , impaling him on a broken wooden table and killing him . Later appearances ( edit ) Following his death , the Master makes several appearances in the series , and his presence is still palpable in early second season episodes . In the second season premiere Buffy has still not exorcised the trauma she experienced in her confrontation with the Master , and is masking her anxiety by being hostile towards her friends . She has her catharsis by smashing his bones with a sledgehammer . The Anointed One remains alive until killed by a vampire named Spike ( James Marsters ) in `` School Hard '' . In the third season , `` The Wish '' presents audiences with an alternate reality in Sunnydale : after dating Xander and breaking up , Cordelia expresses to Anyanka ( Emma Caulfield ) , a vengeance demon , a wish to live in a Sunnydale where Buffy never arrived . In this reality the town is overrun with vampires loyal to the successfully risen Master who , in a capitalistic turn , has devised a machine to make an assembly line to bleed humans to feed his followers . In this Sunnydale , very powerful vampires Willow and Xander are his favorites . Near the end of the episode a very different Buffy arrives , friendless and fighting alone , and when she confronts the Master she falls quickly under his hypnotic powers and is killed when he snaps her neck ( again fulfilling the prophecy that in their fight , she will die ) . In the seventh season premiere of Buffy , `` Lessons '' , the Master appears once more as a face of the First Evil , a shape - shifting villain and the Big Bad of the final season . Metcalf also guest - starred on the Buffy spinoff series Angel in the second season episode `` Darla '' , which goes into more detail about Darla 's human life and her transformation into a vampire at the Master 's hands . In the canonical comic book series , it is revealed that the Master has been resurrected off - screen by the Seed of Wonder as its guardian at some point after the first season 's finale . He is eventually killed again by a far more powerful rogue higher power , Twilight . The Master appears in the first Buffy video game , where he is resurrected by a necromancer as a spirit to act as the leader for the Old One Lybach 's plot to build a bridge between his Hell dimension and Earth and lead an army of demons to Earth . The Master possesses Angel and uses the remnants of the Order of Aurelias and demons loyal to him to try to build the bridge . He is eventually exorcised from Angel by Buffy and Willow but survives in spirit form to continue on . After Buffy kills the Dreamers , the demons he 's using to build the bridge , her friends perform a spell to make him corporeal and she is able to kill him once again . Influence ( edit ) Joss Whedon created Buffy Summers to subvert the dual ideas of female subordination to patriarchy , and authority steeped in tradition , both dynamics well - established in the Master 's world order . According to Buffy scholars , the Master is a classic villain . Rhonda Wilcox writes , `` There could hardly be a nastier incarnation of the patriarchy than the ancient , ugly vampire Master '' , and Gregory Stevenson places him in the category of `` absolute evil '' with the second season 's Judge ( also Brian Thompson ) , third season 's Mayor ( Harry Groener ) , and fourth season 's Adam ( George Hertzberg ) . In contrast , other Buffy characters are more morally ambiguous . The Master is a grand patriarch consumed with hierarchy , order , subservience , and is defined by what is old . Buffy 's opposition to the Master addresses media tropes found in many horror films where a young , petite blonde woman , up against a male monster , is killed off partway through the film as a result of her own weakness . The series also highlights the generational divide between the younger characters and the older ones . In particular , the dialogue , termed `` Buffyspeak '' by some media , frequently makes the younger characters indecipherable to the older ones . The Master speaks with a stylistic formality found in Bible verses . According to Wilcox , Buffy can hardly understand Giles ' language , much less the Master 's `` pompous , quasi-religious remarks '' . The entire first season confronts the younger characters with the problems of impending adulthood , which they only begin reconcile in the last episodes of the season . Each season finale signifies a turning point for the main characters -- usually Buffy -- and her confronting the Master , according to Stevenson , represents `` the end of her childhood illusions of immortality '' . The scene is fraught with romantic imagery , with Buffy in a white gown , initially intended to be her party dress . When the Master bites her it is , according to Elisabeth Kirmmer and Shilpa Raval , her sexual initiation : a different take on the young girl dying at the hands of a monster . Kirmmer and Raval write that the `` paradigm of Death and the Maiden is replaced by that of the hero who faces death and emerges stronger '' . When he tries to hypnotize her on the roof , she is able to resist him and kills him . Buffy 's willful behavior and tendency to buck tradition is further underscored by another Slayer who was brought up in the traditional Slayer path by her Watcher . In the mythos of the series , when one Slayer dies , another takes her place somewhere in the world . Buffy 's brief death activated the Slayer Kendra ( Bianca Lawson ) in the second season . She is a committed , rule - abiding young woman who does everything authority figures tell her to do . Thus , she is fatally vulnerable to being hypnotized by Drusilla ( Juliet Landau ) , an insane vampire with extraordinary mental abilities , who kills Kendra easily . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Master 's entombment also recalls Jewish apocalypse stories which can be found in the Book of Enoch . ( Stevenson p. 66 -- 68 . ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tracy , pp. 6 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Whedon , Joss ( 2008 ) . Buffy the Vampire Slayer : The Complete First Season ; `` Interview with Joss Whedon : Welcome to the Hellmouth '' Featurette . ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Andrews , Tom ( October 28 , 2011 ) . ' Animal House ' Fan Favorite Metcalf Still Crafting Film and Stage Memories , FoxPoint - Bayside Patch . Retrieved on November 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Whedon , Joss ( 2008 ) . Buffy the Vampire Slayer : The Complete First Season ; `` DVD Commentary for `` Welcome to the Hellmouth '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Kaveny , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Stafford , pp. 2 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Golden and Holder , pp. 2 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Stafford , pp. 124 -- 128 . ^ Jump up to : Whedon , Joss ( 2008 ) . Buffy the Vampire Slayer : The Complete First Season ; `` DVD Commentary for `` The Harvest '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Golden and Holder , pp. 54 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Pateman , pp. 104 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Tracy , pp. 149 -- 152 . Jump up ^ Stafford , pp. 132 -- 133 . Jump up ^ Stevenon , pp. 66 -- 68 . Jump up ^ South , pp. 214 -- 215 . Jump up ^ Dial - Driver , pp. 145 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Wilcox and Lavery , pp. 108 -- 115 Jump up ^ Stafford , pp. 135 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Golden and Holder , pp. 64 -- 65 . ^ Jump up to : Golden and Holder , pp. 78 -- 80 . ^ Jump up to : Stevenson , pp. 47 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Kaveney , pp. 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ South , pp. 221 -- 222 . ^ Jump up to : Stevenson , pp. 71 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Stafford , pp. 145 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Golden and Holder , pp. 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Stafford , pp. 147 -- 148 . Jump up ^ Holder , et al , pp. 159 -- 161 . Jump up ^ Wilcox and Lavery , pp. 101 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Stafford , pp. 195 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Ruditis , pp. 167 -- 170 . Jump up ^ Holder , et al ( 2002 ) , pp. 251 -- 259 . ^ Jump up to : Wilcox , pp. 21 -- 22 , 27 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Williamson , pp. 76 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Jowett , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , pp. 171 -- 172 . Jump up ^ Wilcox and Lavery , pp. 156 -- 158 Jump up ^ Jowett , p. 46 . Bibliography ( edit ) Television portal Fictional characters portal Dial - Driver , Emily ; Emmons - Featherston , Sally ; Ford , Jim ; Taylor , Carolyn Anne ( eds . ) ( 2008 ) , The Truth of Buffy : Essays on Fiction Illuminating Reality , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3799 - 3 Golden , Christopher ; Holder , Nancy ( 1998 ) . Buffy the Vampire Slayer : The Watcher 's Guide , Volume 1 , Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 02433 - 7 Holder , Nancy ; Mariotte , Jeff ; Hart , Maryelizabeth ( 2000 ) . Buffy the Vampire Slayer : The Watcher 's Guide , Volume 2 , Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 04260 - 2 Holder , Nancy ; Mariotte , Jeff ; Hart , Maryelizabeth ( 2002 ) , Angel : The Casefiles , Volume 1 , Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 2414 - X Jowett , Lorna ( 2005 ) . Sex and the Slayer : A Gender Studies Primer for the Buffy Fan , Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6758 - 1 Kaveney , Roz ( ed . ) ( 2004 ) . Reading the Vampire Slayer : The New , Updated , Unofficial Guide to Buffy and Angel , Tauris Parke Paperbacks . ISBN 1 - 86064 - 984 - X Pateman , Matthew ( 2006 ) . The Aesthetics of Culture in Buffy the Vampire Slayer , McFarland & Company . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2249 - 1 Ruditis , Paul ( 2004 ) . Buffy the Vampire Slayer : The Watcher 's Guide , Volume 3 , Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 689 - 86984 - 3 South , James ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) . Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Philosophy : Fear and Trembling in Sunnydale , Open Court Books . ISBN 0 - 8126 - 9531 - 3 Stafford , Nikki ( 2007 ) . Bite Me ! The Unofficial Guide to Buffy the Vampire Slayer , ECW Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55022 - 807 - 6 Stevenson , Gregory ( 2003 ) . Televised Morality : The Case of Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Hamilton Books . ISBN 0 - 7618 - 2833 - 8 Tracy , Kathleen ( 1998 ) . The Girl 's Got Bite : The Unofficial Guide to Buffy 's World , Renaissance Books . ISBN 1 - 58063 - 035 - 9 Wilcox , Rhonda ( 2005 ) . Why Buffy Matters : The Art of Buffy the Vampire Slayer , I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 84511 - 029 - 3 Wilcox , Rhonda and Lavery , David ( eds . ) ( 2002 ) . Fighting the Forces : What 's at Stake in Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Rowman and Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 1681 - 4 Williamson , Milly ( 2005 ) . The Lure of the Vampire : Gender , Fiction and Fandom from Bram Stoker to Buffy , Wallflower Press . ISBN 1 - 904764 - 40 - 1 hide Buffy the Vampire Slayer Canon Index Joss Whedon Awards Series Film Television Episodes Unaired pilot Season 1 5 6 7 Comics Season Eight Nine Ten Eleven Twelve Characters Main Buffy Xander Willow Cordelia Giles Angel Oz Spike Riley Anya Dawn Tara Recurring Joyce Harmony Jenny Snyder Jonathan Faith Wesley Halfrek Andrew Robin Kennedy Satsu Fray Villains Main The Master Angelus The Mayor Adam Glory Dark Willow The First Twilight Severin D'Hoffryn Other Darla Anointed One Amy Spike Drusilla Bringers Walsh The Initiative Warren The Trio Turok - Han Caleb Simone Doffler Universe Big Bads Vengeance demons Hellmouth Monsters Old Ones Scooby Gang Slayers Locations Sunnydale Summers Residence Vampire Watcher Werewolf Witch Spin - offs Angel Fray Tales of the Slayers Tales of the Vampires Undeveloped spinoffs Buffy : The Animated Series Other media Card game High School yearbook Home video Guidebooks Magazines Music Novels Role - playing games Video games Related articles Academia In popular culture Fan productions Cast and crew Filming locations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Master_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)&oldid=848732526 '' Categories : Angel ( TV series ) characters Buffy the Vampire Slayer characters Buffyverse vampires Fictional telepaths Fictional telekinetics Fictional hypnotists and indoctrinators Fictional characters with immortality Fictional characters with superhuman strength Fictional characters with accelerated healing Fictional characters who can move at superhuman speeds Buffyverse characters who use magic Fictional mass murderers Fictional vampires Fictional cult leaders Fictional characters introduced in 1997 Male characters in television Television supervillains Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 3 July 2018 , at 22 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the master in buffy season 1 | [
"The Master is a fictional character on the action-horror/fantasy television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997–2003). He is a centuries-old vampire portrayed by Mark Metcalf, determined to open the portal to hell below Sunnydale High School in the fictional town of Sunnydale where the main character Buffy Summers lives. The premise of the series is that Buffy (Sarah Michelle Gellar) is a Slayer, a teenage girl endowed with superhuman strength and other powers which she uses to kill vampires and other evil beings. Each season of the series Buffy and the small group of family and friends who work with her, nicknamed the Scooby Gang, must defeat an evil force referred to as the Big Bad; the villain is usually trying to bring on an apocalypse. The Master is the first season's Big Bad.\n"
] | [
"Mark Metcalf"
] |
6057838590702487428 | Pete's Dragon (2016 film) | Pete 's Dragon ( 2016 film ) - Wikipedia Pete 's Dragon ( 2016 film ) Pete 's Dragon Theatrical release poster Directed by David Lowery Produced by James Whitaker Screenplay by David Lowery Toby Halbrooks Based on Pete 's Dragon by Malcolm Marmorstein `` Pete 's Dragon '' by Seton I. Miller S.S. Field Starring Bryce Dallas Howard Oakes Fegley Wes Bentley Karl Urban Oona Laurence Robert Redford Music by Daniel Hart Cinematography Bojan Bazelli Edited by Lisa Zeno Churgin Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Whitaker Entertainment Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) August 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) ( United States ) Running time 102 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $65 million Box office $143.7 million Pete 's Dragon is a 2016 American fantasy comedy - drama adventure film directed by David Lowery , written by Lowery and Toby Halbrooks , and produced by James Whitaker . The film is a live - action reworking of the 1977 live - action / animated musical film of the same name written by Malcolm Marmorstein . The film stars Bryce Dallas Howard , Oakes Fegley , Wes Bentley , Karl Urban , Oona Laurence , and Robert Redford . The film tells the story of an orphaned feral boy who befriends a dragon in the Pacific Northwest , and the ensuing repercussions of their discovery by the town 's local residents . Pete 's Dragon premiered at the El Capitan Theatre on August 8 , 2016 and was theatrically distributed by Walt Disney Pictures in the United States in 2D , Disney Digital 3 - D , and RealD 3D formats on August 12 , 2016 . The film received positive reviews from critics and has grossed $143 million worldwide against a $65 million production budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Home media 7 References 8 External links Plot In 1977 , Pete Healy , a five - year - old boy , is on a road trip with his parents when their car flips off the road following a near - collision with a deer . Pete 's mom and dad are killed , but Pete survives the accident and is chased into the forest by a pack of wolves . He is rescued by a huge dragon with green fur , yellow eyes , and wings . The dragon quickly bonds with Pete and becomes protective of the boy . Pete names the dragon `` Elliot '' after the character of a lost puppy from his favorite book . Six years later , Pete , now 11 , spots a lumberjack crew chopping down trees near his home . Natalie , the daughter of the ethical site foreman Jack , spots and chases him . When Natalie accidentally falls from a tree , her screams attract her father Jack and his girlfriend , park ranger Grace Meacham . Pete tries to run away , but Gavin , Jack 's pragmatic brother , accidentally knocks him unconscious . After realizing that Pete has vanished , Elliot stumbles around looking for him and ends up knocking over a tree near the lumber camp , leading Gavin to organize a hunting party to find him . Meanwhile , Pete wakes up in a local hospital , which he escapes in an effort to return to the forest . Before the police can catch the boy , Grace finds Pete and asks him to come to her home and promises to take him to the forest the next day . Gavin and his men locate Pete and Elliot 's treehouse , but when they try to search it , Elliot reveals himself and scares them away . He follows them to town trying to find Pete . After seeing Pete settling in with Grace 's family , he leaves . After Pete gives Grace a drawing of Elliot , she shows her father , Mr. Meacham . He says that he discovered the same dragon as a young man . He advises her to trust Pete , and to find Elliot . The next day , Pete , Grace , Natalie , and Mr. Meacham travel to the forest to meet Elliot . A group of hunters led by Gavin surprise Elliot and shoot him with tranquilizer darts , then lock him up in Jack 's warehouse . Before the authorities can inspect the dragon , Pete and Natalie free him from his chains and escape on a lumber truck with Mr. Meacham . Angered , Gavin sets up a roadblock at the bridge to stop them . When Elliot tries to fly , he crashes into the truck , damaging its brakes and it goes through the barricade . Confused and frightened , Elliot perches on top of the bridge and starts breathing fire at the police . The bridge begins to collapse under the intense heat , causing Grace and Jack 's truck to fall through . Gavin tries to save the pair from falling to their deaths . Elliot emerges from the ravine with Grace and Jack riding safely on his back . With a firefighting helicopter approaching , Pete decides to flee with Elliot back to the woods . Pete pleads with Elliot to let him stay so he can protect him from his attackers , just as Elliot protected him . However , Elliot concludes that as long as they stay close together , Pete will always be in danger . He points out Pete 's book to encourage him to return to stay with Grace and Jack . Pete is reluctant & worried for Elliott 's safety , but ultimately trusts the dragon 's judgment . After a very tearful hug , Elliot returns to the mountains and Pete returns to live with Grace and Jack as his new family . In the years that follow , Grace and Jack marry and adopt Pete as their son . Not only has Elliot slowly faded from the town 's memory , but Gavin has learned to be more scrupulous and has moved on from the experience . Pete and his family eventually go on vacation , and see that Elliot is finally reunited with his fellow dragons . Cast Bryce Dallas Howard as Grace Meacham , a forest ranger . Oakes Fegley as Pete Healy , a young orphan who lives in the forest with Elliot the Dragon . Levi Alexander as 5 - year - old Pete Wes Bentley as Jack Magary , a widowed lumber mill owner who is Natalie 's father and Grace 's boyfriend . He has a moral compass and tries to restrain his brother Gavin 's more unethical tendencies . Karl Urban as Gavin Magary , a hunter and lumberjack who is Jack 's brother and Natalie 's uncle . He is a pragmatic man who chafes under his brother 's scruples . Oona Laurence as Natalie Magary , Jack 's daughter and Gavin 's niece . Robert Redford as Mr. Meacham , Grace 's father Isiah Whitlock Jr. as Sheriff Gene Dentler Marcus Henderson as Woodrow , a lumberjack Aaron Jackson as Abner , a lumberjack Phil Grieve as Bobby , a lumberjack Jim McLarty as Ranger Wentworth Ian Harcourt as Deputy West Steve Barr as Deputy Smalls John Kassir as the voice of Elliot the Dragon Production In March 2013 , Walt Disney Pictures announced it would remake Pete 's Dragon , as non-musical , dramatic film to be written by David Lowery and Toby Halbrooks , and directed by Lowery . Disney intended to rework the core story as a dramatic story , rather than a musical . It set the new work in the Pacific Northwest of the early 1980s , rather than the Northern New England of the early 1900s in the 1977 film . The film was shot in live - action using Panavision Panaflex cameras . The dragon , Elliot , was entirely animated by Weta Digital in CGI , instead of the original hand - drawn animation . On September 19 , 2014 , Disney cast Oakes Fegley and Oona Laurence to star as Pete and Natalie . On October 2 , Barrie M. Osborne was set to be the executive producer for the film . On October 16 , Robert Redford was in early talks to play a local storyteller who remembers seeing a dragon in the woods . On November 20 , Bryce Dallas Howard was in talks for the female lead role , a forest ranger who finds the boy and does not believe his stories about a dragon . On January 7 , 2015 , Wes Bentley joined the cast of the film . On January 9 , Michael C. Hall was also added to the cast . On January 29 , Karl Urban replaced Hall . Principal photography commenced in January 2015 in New Zealand , with Lowery directing . Rehearsals began early January 2015 , while news reported the beginning of the shooting on January 26 , 2015 , set to last through April . Live - action filming locations included Bay of Plenty , Taupo and Wellington , while CGI was done at Stone Street Studios . On February 10 , 2015 , a press release confirmed that principal photography had commenced . Shooting took place in and around Wellington and Rotorua , before transferring to Tapanui , where the old Blue Mountain Lumber mill was used as the mill in the film , and the main street became Millhaven for two weeks . Production concluded on April 30 , 2015 . Soundtrack Pete 's Dragon ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album / Film score by Daniel Hart Released August 12 , 2016 Recorded 2016 Studio Air Studios British Grove Studios Genre Soundtrack , Film score Length 75 : 29 Label Walt Disney Producer Daniel Hart Jake Jackson David Lowery ( exec . ) Jim Whitaker ( exec . ) Adam Borba ( exec . ) Daniel Hart film scores chronology Lost in the Sun ( 2015 ) Lost in the Sun 2015 Pete 's Dragon ( 2016 ) Half the Perfect World ( 2016 ) Half the Perfect World2016 Academy Award - winning composer Howard Shore was originally chosen to write the music for the film . He was replaced during post-production by Daniel Hart , who had previously worked with director Lowery on other films , most notably Ai n't Them Bodies Saints ( 2013 ) . The soundtrack was released on August 12 , 2016 by Walt Disney Records . Candle on the Water was the only original song to be featured on the 2016 soundtrack from the 1977 soundtrack . Though the song was not used in the film , it was re-recorded by Okkervil River for the 2016 soundtrack . The original version , performed by Australian singer Helen Reddy ( who played Nora in the original film ) , was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song in 1977 . Track listing No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Dragon Song '' Bonnie `` Prince '' Billy 2 : 28 2 . `` Something Wild '' Lindsey Stirling and Andrew McMahon in the Wilderness 3 : 43 3 . `` Nobody Knows '' The Lumineers 3 : 08 4 . `` Something on Your Mind '' St. Vincent 2 : 59 5 . `` So Long , Marianne '' Leonard Cohen 5 : 38 6 . `` Gina Anne '' Bosque Brown 2 : 40 7 . `` An Adventure '' 3 : 04 8 . `` Are You Gonna Eat Me ? '' 2 : 31 9 . `` Brown Bunny '' 1 : 01 10 . `` Reverie '' 2 : 52 11 . `` Tree Fort '' 1 : 03 12 . `` North Star '' 1 : 25 13 . `` Bedtime Compass '' 2 : 15 14 . `` Timber '' 1 : 19 15 . `` Breathe '' 2 : 27 16 . `` Gavin Knows What He 's Doing '' 3 : 42 17 . `` You Are Not Alone '' 1 : 58 18 . `` Elliot Gets Lost '' 4 : 26 19 . `` Takedown '' 1 : 44 20 . `` It 'll Be Just Like It Used to Be '' 2 : 03 21 . `` Follow That Dragon '' 3 : 01 22 . `` Elliot at the Bridge '' 2 : 19 23 . `` Abyss '' 1 : 35 24 . `` Go North '' 1 : 44 25 . `` Saying Goodbye '' 5 : 03 26 . `` The Bravest Boy I 've Ever Met '' 2 : 46 27 . `` The Dragon Song Revisited '' Bonnie `` Prince '' Billy 2 : 34 28 . `` Candle on the Water '' Okkervil River 4 : 01 Total length : 75 : 29 Reception Box Office Pete 's Dragon grossed $76.2 million in North America and $67.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $143.7 million , against a budget of $65 million . In the United States and Canada , Pete 's Dragon opened on August 12 , 2016 , across 3,702 theaters , of which 2,884 were in 3D , and 150 were premium large - format screens , as well as in 57 D - Box and 16 Dolby Cinema sites . It was projected to gross $20 -- 25 million in its opening weekend . The film did not have Thursday night previews , and made $7 million on its first day , Friday . In its opening weekend , it earned $21.5 million , finishing third at the box office , behind Suicide Squad and Sausage Party . The opening was reminiscent of Disney 's July release The BFG , which also carried strong reviews into the weekend only to deliver $18.7 million in its first three days , and far from the $67 -- 116 million debuts of other Disney live action - adaptations , such as Cinderella , Maleficent , Oz : The Great and Powerful , The Jungle Book and Alice in Wonderland . However , many box office critics did not worry about the opening figure , given the film 's modest budget , and the fact that the film is not anywhere near as well known as those films ' respective source material . Disney 's distribution chief Dave Hollis was optimistic that film would become profitable by saying , `` People who are coming out of the theater are just loving it and their advocacy is going to help us put together a nice , solid run . '' Forbes noted that the film did not have any box office draws other than the stellar reviews and the notion of another Disney `` live - action fairy tale . '' Although the film witnessed a steep decline on its second Friday ( - 55 % ) , it fell just by 47.2 % on its second weekend , grossing $11.3 million . On its third weekend , it fell just by 35 % , grossing $7.3 million . The following weekend , Pete 's Dragon declined only 14.7 % , grossing $6.5 million and moved up to fourth place . Outside North America , Pete 's Dragon received a scattered release pattern . The film was released day - and - date in conjucture with its U.S. premiere in 12 markets ( roughly 30 % of the overseas market ) , including the United Kingdom , Italy , and Russia . It earned a total of $5.3 million , with Russia ( $1.5 million ) , Italy ( $1.4 million ) and the U.K. ( $1.1 million ) representing its largest takings . Moreover , it also opened in France ( $1.8 million ) . It had just a 1 % drop in attendance in the U.K. in its second weekend . It expanded to Germany the following weekend and continued its roll out in Australia , Mexico , Brazil and Korea throughout September , and finally Japan on December 23 . Critical response Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 88 % , based on 217 reviews , with an average rating of 7.3 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Pete 's Dragon continues Disney 's current live - action winning streak with an update that gives the original a visual overhaul without overwhelming its sweet , soulful charm . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 71 out of 100 , based on 42 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' . The movie was given three - and - a-half out of four stars in The New York Post by Kyle Smith who called it , `` A cinematic enchantment '' as well as , `` one of the year 's best movies . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote , `` Thanks to director David Lowery 's humanizing magic , this tale of an orphan boy and a dragon is that rare family film you really can take to heart . '' Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News gave the film a `` B + '' and said that while the remake , `` may owe more to E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial , along with a dash of The Jungle Book than it does to the original Pete 's Dragon , '' she overall concluded that `` this story of two vulnerable souls who help each other find their way works , too . '' Barry Hertz of The Globe and Mail praised the film for its sincerity as well as its `` honest effort to entertain and enthrall '' audiences rather than simply being a cash grab . Glenn Kenny of The New York Times felt mixed about the film in his review saying , `` It is slightly unfair to say that this reboot of Pete 's Dragon is middling on a larger scale , but it 's not entirely inaccurate either . '' Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post gave the film two out of four stars and wrote , `` While Pete 's Dragon does a fine job of evoking the delight one might feel at flying over hill and dale on the back of a mythological creature , it is less successful in rendering real human emotion . '' Accolades Award Date of Ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Golden Tomato Awards January 12 , 2017 Best Kids / Family Movie 2016 Pete 's Dragon 4th Place Heartland Film Festival October 30 , 2016 Truly Moving Picture Award David Lowery , Walt Disney Pictures and Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Won Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards March 11 , 2017 Favorite Movie Pete 's Dragon Nominated Saturn Awards June 28 , 2017 Best Fantasy Film Pete 's Dragon Nominated Home Media Pete 's Dragon was released on Blu - ray , DVD and digital download on November 29 , 2016 . The film topped the home video sales charts for the week ending on December 4 , 2016 . The movie is available on Netflix `` watch instantly '' as of March 15 , 2017 . References Jump up ^ `` Pete 's Dragon ( R ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pete 's Dragon ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bulbeck , Pip ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` New Zealand Merges Film Agencies '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Pete 's Dragon for Set for 2016 , Ghost in the Shell for 2017 '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Karl Urban replaces Michael C. Hall '' . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Guerrasio , Jason ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` How this director went from making small indie movies to Disney 's $65 million new blockbuster '' . Business Insider . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` After Gritty Sundance Debut On ' Ai n't Them Bodies Saints ' , David Lowery To Reinvent ' Pete 's Dragon ' For Disney . '' Deadline Hollywood ( March 19 , 2013 ) . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Robert Redford in Talks for Disney 's ' Pete 's Dragon ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Evry , Max ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Filming Begins on PETE 'S DRAGON Remake ; Karl Urban and Wes Bentley Join Cast '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 19 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Finds Its Pete For ' Pete 's Dragon ' Remake '' . Variety . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caranicas , Peter ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` Below the Line Bookings '' . Variety . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Bryce Dallas Howard in Talks to Join ' Pete 's Dragon ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ge , Linda ; Sneider , Jeff ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Wes Bentley Joins Robert Redford in Disney Remake ' Pete 's Dragon ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` Michael C. Hall Joins Disney 's ' Pete 's Dragon ' Remake '' . Variety . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Karl Urban to Replace Michael C. Hall in Disney 's ' Pete 's Dragon ' Remake '' . TheWrap . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Casting call for Disney feature film Pete 's Dragon lead role . '' Archived August 19 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` David Patrick Lowery - Instagram '' . instagram.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 1 / 26 / 15 : Michael Fassbender Begins Steve Jobs Biopic , Ryan Coogler Starts Rocky Spinoff & More '' . ssninsider.com . January 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bulbeck , Pip ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Confirms New Zealand Shoot for ' Pete 's Dragon ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Production on Disney 's Pete 'S Dragon Underway in New Zealand '' . broadwayworld.com . February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Pete 's Dragon Filming Locations '' . newzealand.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Paula . `` David Lowery 's Production Diary for ' Pete 's Dragon ' : Transitioning from Indie to Hollywood '' . Indiewire . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Hart Scoring Disney 's ' Pete 's Dragon ' '' . Film Music Reporter . May 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad ' Secures Record Monday Haul For August , Eyes $51 M - $54 M In 2nd Weekend -- B.O. Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dave McNarry ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Suicide Squad ' to Easily Keep Top Spot Over ' Pete 's Dragon , ' ' Sausage Party ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( August 13 , 2016 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Sausage Party ' Cooks ' Suicide Squad , ' ' Pete 's Dragon ' Opens Just Okay '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Sausage Party ' Sizzles With $33 M , ' Pete 's Dragon ' Fails To Soar '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad ' Drops Big , But Remains # 1 as ' Sausage Party ' Eats Up the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( August 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sausage Party ' Loud In 2nd With $32 M+ As ' Suicide Squad ' Drops Its Guns : Saturday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Sausage Party ' Scores With $33.6 Million , ' Suicide Squad ' Plunges in Second Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( August 20 , 2016 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Sausage Party ' And ' Pete 's Dragon ' Drop Off , ' Bad Moms ' Hangs Tough '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Suicide Squad ' Tops $600 M Worldwide , ' Jason Bourne ' Nets $50 M In China '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` September 2 - 4 , 2016 '' . Box Office Mojo . September 4 , 2016 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` How Much Oxygen Is Left For ' Do n't Breathe ' At Box Office ? -- Final Tuesday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad ' Tops $243 M Offshore & Rises To $466 M Global ; Will It Hang Onto # 1 In 3rd Frame ? - Intl Box Office Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Universal Pictures ' Pets ' Collars $674 M WW ; ' Suicide Squad ' Necks $575 M Through Sunday -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pete 's Dragon ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pete 's Dragon Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Kyle Smith ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pete 's Dragon ' is surprisingly one of the year 's best movies '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pete 's Dragon ' Review : Finally , a Summer - Movie Remake That Works '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Churnin ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Realistic ' Pete 's Dragon ' reboot owes more to ' E.T. ' than the original , but that 's OK ( B+ ) '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barry Hertz ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` Pete 's Dragon asks its audience to side with magic over cynicism '' . Globe and Mail . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Glenn Kenny ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Review : In ' Pete 's Dragon , ' a Magical Bond in Peril Again '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael O'Sullivan ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pete 's Dragon ' gets a technological upgrade , but is a storytelling throwback '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Tomato Awards - Best of 2016 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Pete 's Dragon Honored with the Truly Moving Picture Award '' . August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Levy , Dani ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake and Kevin Hart Lead Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Silas Lesnick ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` November 29 , 2016 : This Week on Blu - ray , DVD & Digital HD '' . Comingsoon.net . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pete 's Dragon ' Tops Disney Trio of Best - Selling Discs '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Sam Axmaker ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` New on Netflix in March : ' Iron Fist , ' ' The Discovery , ' ' Pete 's Dragon ' '' . The Seattle Times . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pete 's Dragon ( 2016 film ) Official website Pete 's Dragon on IMDb Pete 's Dragon at Box Office Mojo Disney 's Pete 's Dragon film locations and information from `` The Home of Disney 's Pete 's Dragon '' - New Zealand . hide Films directed by David Lowery Ai n't Them Bodies Saints ( 2013 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 2016 ) A Ghost Story ( 2017 ) The Old Man & the Gun ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%27s_Dragon_(2016_film)&oldid=849884890 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films American films American 3D films American fantasy adventure films Disney film remakes Films about dragons Films about orphans Films using computer - generated imagery Films directed by David Lowery Films shot in New Zealand Films set in 1977 Films set in 1983 Films set in forests Films set in Oregon Walt Disney Pictures films Films scored by Daniel Hart Films with live action and animation Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from October 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 02 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what name does pete give to the dragon in the 2016 movie 'pete's dragon' | [
"In 1977, Pete Healy, a five-year-old boy, is on a road trip with his parents when their car flips off the road following a near-collision with a deer. Pete’s mom and dad are killed, but Pete survives the accident and is chased into the forest by a pack of wolves. He is rescued by a huge dragon with green fur, yellow eyes, and wings. The dragon quickly bonds with Pete and becomes protective of the boy. Pete names the dragon \"Elliot\" after the character of a lost puppy from his favorite book.\n"
] | [
"\"Elliot\""
] |
-3092876274429595666 | VO2 max | VO2 max - wikipedia VO max Jump to : navigation , search VO max ( also maximal oxygen consumption , maximal oxygen uptake , peak oxygen uptake or maximal aerobic capacity ) is the maximum rate of oxygen consumption measured during incremental exercise ( exercise of increasing intensity ) . The name is derived from V - volume , O - oxygen , max - maximum . Maximal oxygen consumption reflects the cardiorespiratory fitness of an individual and is an important determinant of their endurance capacity during prolonged exercise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Health 2 Expression 3 Measurement 3.1 Fick equation 4 Estimation 4.1 Uth -- Sørensen -- Overgaard -- Pedersen estimation 4.2 Cooper test 4.3 Multi-stage fitness test 4.4 Rockport fitness walking test 4.5 Firstbeat method 5 Levels 6 Limiting factors 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Health ( edit ) VO max is widely used as an indicator of health . In 2016 , the American Heart Association published a scientific statement recommending that cardiorespiratory fitness ( CRF ) , quantifiable as VO max , be regularly assessed and utilized as a clinical vital sign . This statement was based on mounting evidence that lower fitness levels are associated with high risk of cardiovascular disease , all - cause mortality , and mortality rates stemming from various types of cancers . In addition to risk assessment , the AHA recommendation cited the value measuring fitness for validating exercise prescription , physical activity counseling , and improving both patient management and patient health . Expression ( edit ) VO max is expressed either as an absolute rate in ( for example ) litres of oxygen per minute ( L / min ) or as a relative rate in ( for example ) millilitres of oxygen per kilogram of body mass per minute ( e.g. , mL / ( kg min ) ) . The latter expression is often used to compare the performance of endurance sports athletes . However , VO max generally does not vary linearly with body mass , either among individuals within a species or among species , so comparisons of the performance capacities of individuals or species that differ in body size must be done with appropriate statistical procedures , such as analysis of covariance . Measurement ( edit ) VO max measurement through a modern metabolic cart during a graded exercise test on a treadmill Accurately measuring VO max involves a physical effort sufficient in duration and intensity to fully tax the aerobic energy system . In general clinical and athletic testing , this usually involves a graded exercise test ( either on a treadmill or on a cycle ergometer ) in which exercise intensity is progressively increased while measuring : ventilation and oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration of the inhaled and exhaled air . VO max is reached when oxygen consumption remains at a steady state despite an increase in workload . Fick equation ( edit ) Main article : Fick principle VO max is properly defined by the Fick equation : V O 2 m a x = Q × ( C a O 2 − C v O 2 ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( VO_ ( 2 ) \ ; max ) = Q \ times \ ( \ mathrm ( C_ ( a ) O_ ( 2 ) ) - \ mathrm ( C_ ( v ) O_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) , when these values are obtained during an exertion at a maximal effort . where Q is the cardiac output of the heart , C O is the arterial oxygen content , and C O is the venous oxygen content . ( C O -- C O ) is also known as the arteriovenous oxygen difference . Estimation ( edit ) Tests measuring VO max can be dangerous in individuals who are not considered normal healthy subjects , as any problems with the respiratory and cardiovascular systems will be greatly exacerbated in clinically ill patients . Thus , many protocols for estimating VO max have been developed for those for whom a traditional VO max test would be too risky . These generally are similar to a VO max test , but do not reach the maximum of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems and are called sub-maximal tests . Uth -- Sørensen -- Overgaard -- Pedersen estimation ( edit ) Another estimate of VO max , based on maximum and resting heart rates , was created by a group of researchers from Denmark . It is given by : V O 2 max ≈ HR max HR rest × 15.3 mL / ( kg minute ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( V ) ) ( \ ce ( O2 ) ) ( \ text ( max ) ) \ approx ( \ frac ( ( \ text ( HR ) ) _ ( \ text ( max ) ) ) ( ( \ text ( HR ) ) _ ( \ text ( rest ) ) ) ) \ times 15.3 ( \ text ( mL ) ) / ( ( \ text ( kg minute ) ) ) . ) This equation uses the ratio of maximum heart rate ( HR ) to resting heart rate ( HR ) to predict VO max . The researchers cautioned that the conversion rule was based on measurements on well - trained men aged 21 to 51 only , and may not be reliable when applied to other sub-groups . They also advised that the formula is most reliable when based on actual measurement of maximum heart rate , rather than an age - related estimate . Cooper test ( edit ) Kenneth H. Cooper conducted a study for the United States Air Force in the late 1960s . One of the results of this was the Cooper test in which the distance covered running in 12 minutes is measured . Based on the measured distance , an estimate of VO max ( in mL / ( kg min ) ) is : V O 2 m a x ≈ d 12 − 504.9 44.73 ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( VO_ ( 2 ) \ ; max ) \ approx ( d_ ( 12 ) - 504.9 \ over 44.73 ) ) where d is distance ( in metres ) covered in 12 minutes An alternative equation is : V O 2 m a x ≈ ( 35.97 ∗ d m i l e s 12 ) − 11.29 ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( VO_ ( 2 ) \ ; max ) \ approx ( ( 35.97 * dmiles_ ( 12 ) ) - 11.29 ) ) where dmiles is distance ( in miles ) covered in 12 minutes , Multi-stage fitness test ( edit ) There are several other reliable tests and VO max calculators to estimate VO max , most notably the multi-stage fitness test ( or beep test ) . Rockport fitness walking test ( edit ) Estimation of VO max from a timed one - mile track walk with duration t , incorporating gender , age , body weight in pounds ( BW ) , and heart rate ( HR ) at the end of the mile . The factor x is 6.3150 for males , 0 for females . BW is in lbs , time is in minutes . V O 2 m a x ≈ 132.853 − 0.0769 B W − 0.3877 age − 3.2649 t − 0.1565 H R + x ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( VO_ ( 2 ) \ ; max ) \ approx 132.853 - 0.0769 BW - 0.3877 ( \ text ( age ) ) - 3.2649 t - 0.1565 HR + x ) Firstbeat method ( edit ) The Firstbeat method of VO max estimation , of which a patent application was filed in 2012 , is widely licensed and used in consumer technology applications . The first consumer fitness device utilizing the Firstbeat method of VO max estimation was the Garmin Forerunner 620 , released in 2013 . Since then , Suunto , Jabra , Huawei , and PulseOn have also introduced products that utilize the Firstbeat method . The method relies on an analysis of the linear relationship between oxygen consumption and running speed , meaning that the oxygen cost of running increases when running speed increases . To facilitate analysis and enhance accuracy , timed segments of recorded activity data are identified on the basis of heart rate ranges and reliability ; and only the most reliable segments are utilized . This allows the method to be applied to freely performed running , walking and cycling activities and diminishes the need for dedicated fitness testing protocols . The calculation requires user basic anthropometric data ( age , gender , height , weight , etc . ) , heartbeat data ( internal workload ) , and a measure of external workload . External workload running / walking : movement speed obtained from either GPS or accelerometer sensors External workload cycling : power output expressed in watts and measured by a power meter . VO max estimates provided by the Firstbeat method are most accurate during running activities that utilize GPS to capture external workload data . This combination has been validated to be 95 % accurate compared to laboratory testing . Because the Firstbeat estimation method is sub-maximal in nature , accuracy of the estimate is strongly tied to validity of the HRmax value used in the calculation . Levels ( edit ) The average untrained healthy male will have a VO max of approximately 35 -- 40 mL / ( kg min ) . The average untrained healthy female will score a VO max of approximately 27 -- 31 mL / ( kg min ) . These scores can improve with training and decrease with age , though the degree of trainability also varies very widely : conditioning may double VO max in some individuals , and will never improve it in others . In one study , 10 % of participants showed no benefit after completing a 20 - week conditioning program , although the other 90 % of the test subjects all showed substantial improvements in fitness to varying degree . In sports where endurance is an important component in performance , such as cycling , rowing , cross-country skiing , swimming and running , world - class athletes typically have high VO maxima . Elite male runners can consume up to 85 mL / ( kg min ) , and female elite runners can consume about 77 mL / ( kg min ) . Five time Tour de France winner Miguel Indurain is reported to have had a VO max of 88.0 at his peak , while cross-country skier Bjørn Dæhlie measured at 96 mL / ( kg min ) . Dæhlie 's result was achieved out of season , and physiologist Erlend Hem who was responsible for the testing stated that he would not discount the possibility of the skier passing 100 mL / ( kg min ) at his absolute peak . Norwegian cyclist Oskar Svendsen is thought to have recorded the highest VO max of 97.5 mL / ( kg min ) , when aged 18 . The highest values in absolute terms for humans are often found in rowers , as their much greater bulk makes up for a slightly lower VO max per kg . Elite oarsmen measured in 1984 had VO max values of 6.1 ± 0.6 L / min and oarswomen 4.1 ± 0.4 L / min . Rowers are interested in both absolute values of VO max and in lung capacity , and the fact that they are measured in similar units means that the two are often confused . British rower Sir Matthew Pinsent is variously reported to have had a VO of 7.5 L / min or 8.5 L / min , although the latter may represent confusion with his lung capacity of 8.5 litres . New Zealand sculler Rob Waddell has one of the highest absolute VO2 max levels ever tested . Values have been measured in some other animal species : thoroughbred horses have a VO max of around 180 mL / ( kg min ) . Siberian dogs running in the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race have VO max values as high as 240 mL / ( kg min ) . Limiting factors ( edit ) The factors affecting VO are often divided into supply and demand . Supply is the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the mitochondria ( including lung diffusion , stroke volume , blood volume , and capillary density of the skeletal muscle ) while demand is the rate at which the mitochondria can reduce oxygen in the process of oxidative phosphorylation . Of these , the supply factor is often considered to be the limiting one . However , it has also been argued that while trained subjects probably are supply limited , untrained subjects can indeed have a demand limitation . Tim Noakes , a professor of exercise and sports science at the University of Cape Town , describes a number of factors that may affect VO max : age , sex , fitness and training , changes in altitude , and action of the ventilatory muscles . Noakes also asserts that VO max is a relatively poor predictor of performance in runners due to variations in running economy and fatigue resistance during prolonged exercise . Cardiac output , pulmonary diffusion capacity , oxygen carrying capacity , and other peripheral limitations like muscle diffusion capacity , mitochondrial enzymes , and capillary density are all examples of VO max determinants . The body works as a system . If one of these factor is sub-par , then the whole system loses its normal capacity to function properly . The drug erythropoietin ( EPO ) can boost VO max by a significant amount in both humans and other mammals . This makes EPO attractive to athletes in endurance sports , such as professional cycling . EPO has been banned since the 1990s as an illicit performance - enhancing substance . But in 1998 it became widespread in cycling and led to the Festina affair as well as being mentioned ubiquitously in the USADA 2012 report on the US Postal team . Greg LeMond has suggested establishing a baseline for riders ' VO max ( and other attributes ) to detect abnormal performance increases . See also ( edit ) Anaerobic exercise Arteriovenous oxygen difference Cardiorespiratory fitness Comparative physiology VDOT Oxygen pulse Respirometry Training effect vVO max Running economy References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Clemente C.J. ; Withers P.C. ; Thompson G.G. ( 2009 ) . `` Australian varanid '' . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society . 97 ( 3 ) : 664 -- 676 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2009. 01207. x . ^ Jump up to : Dlugosz E.M. , Chappell M.A. , Meek T.H. , Szafrañska P. , Zub K. , Konarzewski M. , Jones J.H. , Bicudo J.E.P.W. , Careau V. , Garland T. , Jr ( 2013 ) . `` Phylogenetic analysis of mammalian maximal oxygen consumption during exercise '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . 216 ( 24 ) : 4712 -- 4721 . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 088914 . PMID 24031059 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ross , Robert ; Blair , Steven N. ; Arena , Ross ; Church , Timothy S. ; Després , Jean - Pierre ; Franklin , Barry A. ; Haskell , William L. ; Kaminsky , Leonard A. ; Levine , Benjamin D. ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Importance of Assessing Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Clinical Practice : A Case for Fitness as a Clinical Vital Sign : A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association '' . Circulation : CIR. 0000000000000461 . doi : 10.1161 / CIR. 0000000000000461 . ISSN 0009 - 7322 . PMID 27881567 . Jump up ^ `` Arteriovenous oxygen difference '' . Sports Medicine , Sports Science and Kinesiology . Net Industries and its Licensors. 2011 . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Uth , Niels ; Henrik Sørensen ; Kristian Overgaard ; Preben K. Pedersen ( January 2004 ) . `` Estimation of VO2max from the ratio between HRmax and HRrest -- the Heart Rate Ratio Method '' . Eur J Appl Physiol. 91 ( 1 ) : 111 -- 5 . doi : 10.1007 / s00421 - 003 - 0988 - y . PMID 14624296 . Jump up ^ `` Cooper 's Formula VO2 Max Calculator '' . Jump up ^ ( Leger , Luc A. , and J_ Lambert . `` A maximal multistage 20 - m shuttle run test to predict \ dot VO2 max . '' European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology 49.1 ( 1982 ) : 1 - 12 . ) Jump up ^ Kilne G , et al. ( 1987 ) . `` Estimation of VO2 max from a one mile track walk , gender , age and body weight '' . Med Sci. Sports Exerc. 19 : 253 -- 259 . Jump up ^ `` US Patent Application for METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR DETERMINING THE FITNESS INDEX OF A PERSON Patent Application ( Application # 20140088444 issued March 27 , 2014 ) - Justia Patents Search '' . patents.justia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` VO2max Fitness Level - Firstbeat '' . Firstbeat . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Garmin Forerunner 620 In - Depth Review '' . DC Rainmaker . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ PulseOn Jump up ^ `` Consumer Products - Firstbeat '' . Firstbeat . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Firstbeat Technologies ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Automated Fitness Level ( VO2max ) Estimation with Heart Rate and Speed Data '' ( PDF ) . www.firstbeat.com . ^ Jump up to : Heyward , V ( 1998 ) . `` Advance Fitness Assessment & Exercise Prescription , 3rd Ed '' . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Guyton , A. ; Hall , J.E. ( 2011 ) . `` Textbook of Medical Physiology , 12th Ed '' . pp. 1035 -- 1036 . Jump up ^ Bouchard , Claude ; Ping An ; Treva Rice ; James S. Skinner ; Jack H. Wilmore ; Jacques Gagnon ; Louis Perusse ; Arthus S. Leon ; D.C. Rao ( September 1 , 1999 ) . `` Familial aggregation of VO ( 2max ) response to exercise training : results from the HERITAGE Family Study '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 87 ( 3 ) : 1003 -- 1008 . PMID 10484570 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Kolata , Gina ( February 12 , 2002 ) . `` Why Some People Wo n't Be Fit Despite Exercise '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Noakes , Tim ( 2001 ) . The Lore of Running . ( 3rd edition ) Oxford University Press ISBN 978 - 0 - 88011 - 438 - 7 Jump up ^ VO2 max faq Jump up ^ If all goes to plan , big future predicted for junior world champion Oskar Svendsen Jump up ^ Hagerman , FC ( Jul -- Aug 1984 ) . `` Applied physiology of rowing '' . Sports Med. 1 ( 4 ) : 303 -- 26 . doi : 10.2165 / 00007256 - 198401040 - 00005 . PMID 6390606 . Jump up ^ Bailey , James . `` Intensity ( 3 of 6 ) '' . Q - power indoor rowing team . Jump up ^ `` What happens in a VO2 max test ? '' . BBC Sport. 2009 . - see an example here ( 1 ) , which suggests that although British rower Pete Reed has recorded a lung capacity of 11.68 litres , ( Hounslow Chronicle ) Pinsent still regards his VO record as safe . A large lung capacity appears to be a particular advantage for rowing as it allows a rower to row more strokes at one breath per stroke . Jump up ^ Gough , Martin ( 17 June 2009 ) . `` Monsters wanted '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Cornell Science News ^ Jump up to : Bassett D.R Jr. ; Howley E.T. ( 2000 ) . `` Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance '' . Med Sci Sports Exerc. 32 ( 1 ) : 70 -- 84 . doi : 10.1097 / 00005768 - 200001000 - 00012 . Jump up ^ Bassett D.R Jr. ; Howley E.T. ( 1997 ) . `` Maximal oxygen uptake : `` classical '' versus `` contemporary '' viewpoints `` . Med Sci Sports Exerc. 29 ( 5 ) : 591 -- 603 . doi : 10.1097 / 00005768 - 199705000 - 00002 . ^ Jump up to : Wagner P.D. ( 2000 ) . `` New ideas on limitations to VO2max '' . Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews . 28 ( 1 ) : 10 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Noakes , Tim ( 2003 ) . The Lore of Running . ( 4th edition ) Oxford University Press ISBN 0 - 87322 - 959 - 2 Jump up ^ Kolb E.M. ( 2010 ) . `` Erythropoietin elevates V. O2 , max but not voluntary wheel running in mice '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . 213 ( 3 ) : 510 -- 519 . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 029074 . Jump up ^ Lundby C. ; Robach P. ; Boushel R. ; Thomsen J.J. ; Rasmussen P. ; Koskolou M. ; Calbet J.A.L. ( 2008 ) . `` Does recombinant human Epo increase exercise capacity by means other than augmenting oxygen transport ? '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 105 ( 2 ) : 281 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 90484.2008 . PMID 18535134 . Jump up ^ Lodewijkx Hein F.M. ; Brouwer Bram ( 2011 ) . `` EPO EPIDEMIC IN CYCLING : Some Empirical Notes on the _̳ Epo Epidemic ' in Professional Cycling '' . Open University . 82 ( 4 ) : 740 -- 754 . doi : 10.5641 / 027013611X13275192112069 . PMID 22276416 . Jump up ^ USADA U.S. Postal Service Pro Cycling Team Investigation , Oct 2012 , retr 2012 10 20 from usada.org Jump up ^ Greg LeMond 's suggestions for a credible future for cycling Conal Andrews , July 28 , 2010 , Velo Nation , retr 2012 10 20 External links ( edit ) VO max Calculator - the Rockport Walking Test So What Exactly is VO2 ? Values by age , mL / ( kg min ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VO2_max&oldid=817366117 '' Categories : Exercise physiology Sports terminology Respiratory physiology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 22 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the unit of measurement for vo2max | [
"Kenneth H. Cooper conducted a study for the United States Air Force in the late 1960s. One of the results of this was the Cooper test in which the distance covered running in 12 minutes is measured. Based on the measured distance, an estimate of VO2 max [in mL/(kg·min)] is:[6]"
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"mL/(kg·min)"
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1007810826320460647 | Oleg Salenko | Oleg Salenko - wikipedia Oleg Salenko Oleg Salenko Salenko in 2012 Full name Oleg Anatolyevich Salenko Date of birth ( 1969 - 10 - 25 ) 25 October 1969 ( age 48 ) Place of birth Leningrad , Soviet Union Height 1.81 m ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) Playing position Striker Youth career Smena Leningrad Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 1986 -- 1988 Zenit Leningrad 47 ( 10 ) 1989 -- 1992 Dynamo Kyiv 91 ( 28 ) 1993 -- 1994 Logroñés 47 ( 23 ) 1994 -- 1995 Valencia 25 ( 7 ) 1995 Rangers 16 ( 7 ) 1996 -- 1998 İstanbulspor 18 ( 11 ) 1999 -- 2000 Córdoba ( 0 ) 2000 -- 2001 Pogoń Szczecin ( 0 ) Total 248 ( 86 ) National team 1984 -- 1991 USSR U-20 ( 5 ) 1992 Ukraine ( 0 ) 1993 -- 1994 Russia 8 ( 6 ) * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only This name uses Eastern Slavic naming customs ; the patronymic is Anatolyevich and the family name is Salenko . Oleg Anatolyevich Salenko ( Russian : Олег Анатольевич Саленко ; Ukrainian : Олег Анатолійович Саленко ) ( born 25 October 1969 ) is a retired Russian - Ukrainian footballer who played as a forward . He scored a record five goals in a group - stage match in the 1994 World Cup , helping him earn the Golden Boot as joint - top tournament goalscorer . Contents 1 Club career 2 International career 2.1 1994 FIFA World Cup 3 Beach football 4 Career statistics 4.1 International 4.2 International goals 5 Honours 5.1 Club 5.2 Individual 6 References 7 External links Club career ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2016 ) Salenko was born in Leningrad , Russian SFSR , Soviet Union . Salenko played at Zenit Leningrad , Dynamo Kyiv , Logroñés , Córdoba , Valencia , Rangers and İstanbulspor in a club career that lasted from 1986 to 2000 . Eventually , he faded from the international soccer scene and finally had to end his career prematurely , at the age of 31 , for health reasons stemming from injuries . Salenko returned to playing professional football in the 2000 -- 01 season and signed for Pogoń Szczecin . He retired after playing a single game however due to his physical conditioning . International career ( edit ) Salenko played for the Soviet Union under - 20 team at the 1989 FIFA World Youth Championship , becoming the tournament top scorer with 5 goals . He played a total of only nine international matches , including the Ukraine 1 -- 3 Hungary friendly , which was the first international game for the Ukrainian national football team to be recognised by FIFA . He also had eight appearances for Russia and scored six goals , all of them at the World Cup in which he was joint top scorer . His last international appearance was 6 -- 1 win against Cameroon when he scored five times . As of 2017 , he is the only player to win the Golden Boot at both the U-20 World Cup and FIFA World Cup . 1994 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Salenko set a World Cup record by scoring five goals in one game in Russia 's 6 -- 1 win against Cameroon on 28 June 1994 . He finished the 1994 World Cup with six goals , having scored from the penalty spot against Sweden in the previous match and shared the Golden Boot with Bulgarian Hristo Stoichkov after being knocked out in the first round and having played only three matches while Bulgaria played a total of seven matches and achieved a fourth place finish . As of 2018 , Salenko is the only player ever to win the Golden Boot award on a team eliminated from the World Cup finals at the group stage . Beach football ( edit ) In 2003 , Salenko was appointed as manager of the Ukraine national beach soccer team . His team played three games , the only win being over USA 6 -- 5 , and losing the other two to Brazil and Spain . The tournament took place at the end of July in Portugal under the name Mundialito . After the tournament , he was dismissed . He is now currently a part of FFU assisting staff . Career statistics ( edit ) International ( edit ) National team Year Apps Goals Ukraine 1992 0 Total 0 Russia 1993 0 1994 7 6 Total 8 6 International goals ( edit ) Scores and results list Russia 's goal tally first . No Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1 . 24 June 1994 Pontiac Silverdome , Pontiac , United States Sweden 1 -- 0 1 -- 3 1994 FIFA World Cup 2 . 28 June 1994 Stanford Stadium , Stanford , United States Cameroon 1 -- 0 6 -- 1 1994 FIFA World Cup 3 . 2 -- 0 4 . 3 -- 0 5 . 4 -- 1 6 . 5 -- 1 Honours ( edit ) Club ( edit ) Dynamo Kyiv Soviet Top League : 1990 Soviet Cup : 1990 Individual ( edit ) FIFA World Youth Championship Golden Shoe : 1989 FIFA World Cup Golden Boot : 1994 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Players Appearing for Two or More Countries '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 6 - 1 Cameroon '' . FIFA.com. 28 June 1994 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Behind the World Cup record : Oleg Salenko '' . FIFA.com. 27 March 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ List of matches of the national team in Ukrainian Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Oleg Salenko '' . National Football Teams . Benjamin Strack - Zimmerman . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . External links ( edit ) Oleg Salenko at National-Football-Teams.com RSSSF Player profile ( in Russian ) Russia squad -- 1994 FIFA World Cup 1 Cherchesov 2 Kuznetsov 3 Gorlukovich 4 Galyamin 5 Nikiforov 6 Ternavskiy 7 Pyatnitsky 8 Popov 9 Salenko 10 Karpin 11 Beschastnykh 12 Tetradze 13 Borodyuk 14 Korneev 15 Radchenko 16 Kharin ( c ) 17 Tsymbalar 18 Onopko 19 Mostovoi 20 Ledyakhov 21 Khlestov 22 Yuran Coach : Sadyrin Awards FIFA U-20 World Cup awards Golden Ball 1977 : Bessonov 1979 : Maradona 1981 : Gabor 1983 : Geovani 1985 : Silas 1987 : Prosinečki 1989 : Bismarck 1991 : Peixe 1993 : Adriano 1995 : Caio 1997 : Olivera 1999 : Keita 2001 : Saviola 2003 : Matar 2005 : Messi 2007 : Agüero 2009 : Adiyiah 2011 : Henrique 2013 : Pogba 2015 : Traoré 2017 : Solanke Golden Boot 1977 : Guina 1979 : Díaz 1981 : Koussas 1983 : Geovani 1985 : Losada 1987 : Witeczek 1989 : Salenko 1991 : Scherbakov 1993 : Zambrano 1995 : Etxeberria 1997 : Adaílton 1999 : Couñago 2001 : Saviola 2003 : Johnson 2005 : Messi 2007 : Agüero 2009 : Adiyiah 2011 : Henrique 2013 : Assifuah 2015 : Kovalenko 2017 : Orsolini Golden Gloves 2009 : Alvarado 2011 : Mika 2013 : De Amores 2015 : Rajković 2017 : Woodman FIFA World Cup -- Golden Boot winners Top scorer 1930 : Stábile 1934 : Nejedlý 1938 : Leônidas 1950 : Ademir 1954 : Kocsis 1958 : Fontaine 1962 : Albert , Garrincha , Ivanov , Jerković , Sánchez & Vavá Golden Shoe 1966 : Eusébio 1970 : G. Müller 1974 : Lato 1978 : Kempes 1982 : Rossi 1986 : Lineker 1990 : Schillaci 1994 : Salenko & Stoichkov 1998 : Šuker 2002 : Ronaldo 2006 : Klose Golden Boot 2010 : T. Müller 2014 : J. Rodríguez 2018 : Kane Golden Shoe was first awarded in 1966 Golden Boot was first awarded in 2010 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oleg_Salenko&oldid=853847119 '' Categories : 1969 births Living people Russian emigrants to Ukraine Sportspeople from Saint Petersburg Association football forwards Soviet footballers Russian footballers Ukrainian footballers Soviet Top League players Scottish Football League players Rangers F.C. players Ukrainian Premier League players FC Dynamo Kyiv players FC Zenit Saint Petersburg players Ekstraklasa players Pogoń Szczecin players La Liga players Segunda División players Valencia CF players CD Logroñés footballers Córdoba CF footballers Istanbulspor footballers Süper Lig players 1994 FIFA World Cup players Soviet Union under - 21 international footballers Ukraine international footballers Russia international footballers Russian expatriate footballers Russian expatriates in Spain Russian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey Russian people of Ukrainian descent Ukrainian expatriate footballers Expatriate footballers in Spain Expatriate footballers in Scotland Expatriate footballers in Turkey Expatriate footballers in Poland Dual internationalists ( football ) Ukrainian expatriates in Spain Ukrainian expatriates in the United Kingdom Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey Ukrainian expatriates in Poland Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links NFT template with ID same as Wikidata Use dmy dates from August 2018 Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Ukrainian - language text Articles to be expanded from November 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with Russian - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 09 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | players who have scored 5 goals in world cup finals | [
"Oleg Anatolyevich Salenko (Russian: Олег Анатольевич Саленко; Ukrainian: Олег Анатолійович Саленко) (born 25 October 1969) is a retired Russian-Ukrainian footballer who played as a forward. He scored a record five goals in a group-stage match in the 1994 World Cup, helping him earn the Golden Boot as joint-top tournament goalscorer. \n"
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"Oleg Anatolyevich Salenko"
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-9103998096640172955 | The Punisher (TV series) | The Punisher ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Punisher ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Punisher Genre Action Conspiracy thriller Crime drama Created by Steve Lightfoot Based on Punisher by Gerry Conway John Romita , Sr . Ross Andru Starring Jon Bernthal Ebon Moss - Bachrach Ben Barnes Amber Rose Revah Daniel Webber Paul Schulze Jason R. Moore Michael Nathanson Jaime Ray Newman Deborah Ann Woll Composer ( s ) Tyler Bates Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 13 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Tom Shankland ( 1x01 only ) Cindy Holland Allie Goss Laura Delahaye Kris Henigman Alan Fine Stan Lee Joe Quesada Karim Zriek Jim Chory Jeph Loeb Steve Lightfoot Producer ( s ) Gail Barringer Location ( s ) New York City Cinematography Bill Coleman Manuel Billeter Petr Hlinomaz Editor ( s ) William Yeh Russell Denove Tirsa Hackshaw Running time 49 -- 58 minutes Production company ( s ) Marvel Television ABC Studios Bohemian Risk Productions Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Original release November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Marvel 's Daredevil Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Marvel 's The Punisher , or simply The Punisher , is an American web television series created for Netflix by Steve Lightfoot , based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise , and is a spin - off of Marvel 's Daredevil . The series is produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios and Bohemian Risk Productions , with Lightfoot serving as showrunner . The series revolves around Frank Castle , who uses lethal methods to fight crime as the vigilante `` the Punisher '' , with Jon Bernthal reprising the role from Daredevil . Ebon Moss - Bachrach , Ben Barnes , Amber Rose Revah , Daniel Webber , Paul Schulze , Jason R. Moore , Michael Nathanson , Jaime Ray Newman , and Deborah Ann Woll also star . A television series centered on the Punisher received a put pilot commitment at Fox in 2011 , but that project fell through . In June 2015 , Bernthal was cast as the character to appear in the second season of Daredevil . Development on a spin - off titled The Punisher began by January 2016 , before the second season of Daredevil was released . In April 2016 , Marvel and Netflix ordered the series , confirmed Bernthal 's involvement , and announced Lightfoot as executive producer and showrunner . Filming began in New York City in October 2016 , and concluded in April 2017 . The Punisher premiered in New York City on November 6 , 2017 , with the full season of thirteen episodes released on November 17 on Netflix . In December 2017 , the series was renewed for a second season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 4.5 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Critical response 7 References 8 External links Premise Frank Castle , known throughout New York City as `` the Punisher '' after exacting revenge on those responsible for the death of his family , uncovers a larger conspiracy beyond what was done to him and his family . Cast and characters Main Jon Bernthal as Frank Castle / Punisher : A vigilante who aims to fight the criminal underworld by any means necessary , no matter how lethal the results . Daredevil season one showrunner Steven S. DeKnight said this version of Punisher would be `` completely the Marvel version , '' as previous portrayals did not appear under the Marvel Studios / Marvel Television banner . However , Bernthal did study all the previous portrayals , saying , `` once you devour and eat up as much as you can , my way is to make it as personal as possible '' . On how Castle resonates with him , Bernthal said , `` He ai n't got a fucking cape . He ai n't got any superpowers . He 's a fucking tortured , angry father and husband who 's living in this unbelievable world of darkness and loss and torment . '' Bernthal added that there would be `` a military component '' in the series since Castle is `` a soldier ... ( The series ) will be somewhat centered on that '' . He also stated that `` the character that was portrayed on Daredevil season two was sort of the origin tale of how this guy became the Punisher , why he put on the vest . '' Bernthal noted he `` always want ( ed ) to preserve the essence of '' Castle , who Bernthal described as `` brutal '' , `` damaged '' and `` tortured '' , by exploring `` the pain and what 's behind the violence and the reason why he 's committing the violence '' that is `` utterly satisfying and addictive for him '' . Ebon Moss - Bachrach as David Lieberman / Micro : A former NSA analyst who assists Castle after faking his death . Regarding Micro 's relationship with Castle , Moss - Bachrach said , `` We have found ourselves with common enemies and it 's a marriage of convenience . '' Moss - Bachrach also felt the comics version of the character was `` a one - trick pony '' , supplying equipment to Castle , but that the character gets `` interesting when their relationship gets bad '' and hoped to explore that in the series . Ben Barnes as Billy Russo : Castle 's former best friend from when he served in USMC Force Recon . Russo runs Anvil , a private military corporation . Amber Rose Revah as Dinah Madani : An Iranian - American Department of Homeland Security agent stationed in Afghanistan , who returns to New York City for an investigation that leads her to cross paths with Castle . Revah noted that Madani `` sees herself as American -- that 's what her being is , that 's what she wants to protect , that 's why she does what she does . '' As Madani is not based on a character from the comics , Revah 's `` research was based more on Homeland and what it 's like for those people , and the logical processes the character would be going through . I think , for a lot of actors , if you 're playing someone from comics , you probably feel you have some sort of responsibility to represent this character in a light that reflects how they were represented in the comic books . Because I did n't have that , it probably let me be more open in my representation . '' Revah spoke with actual Homeland officers as well as Iranian people `` to make that ( part of the character ) authentic . '' A special shotgun was made for Revah to use , designed for her stature . Daniel Webber as Lewis Wilson : A young veteran struggling with his new life as a civilian . He attends group therapy sessions with other servicemen under Curtis Hoyle . Webber felt his character was `` a mirror to Frank 's journey . These characters really look at each other and they both go separate routes . '' Paul Schulze as William Rawlins : The director of covert operations at the CIA , who crosses paths with Castle due to their time in Afghanistan . Jason R. Moore as Curtis Hoyle : A friend of Castle , one of the few people who knows he is alive and former US Navy Special Amphibious Reconnaissance Corpsman , who became the leader of a therapy group after losing the lower part of his left leg in combat . Michael Nathanson as Sam Stein : A Department of Homeland Security agent and Madani 's partner . Jaime Ray Newman as Sarah Lieberman : David 's wife . Deborah Ann Woll as Karen Page : A reporter at the New York Bulletin and Matt Murdock 's former assistant , who befriended Castle after working on his case . Woll reprises her role from previous Marvel Netflix series . Regarding Page 's continuing relationship with Castle , Woll said , `` Frank has a soft spot in Karen 's heart , and certainly with the dark history that Karen has , there are very few people she can share her authentic self with . Frank is someone who she could potentially fully open up to . '' She added , `` there 's something about Frank where ( Karen ) does n't have to be ashamed of her darkest , deepest side of herself . She gets to be more honest with him '' . Recurring Shohreh Aghdashloo as Farah Madani : Dinah 's mother who runs a successful psychiatric practice . Jordan Mahome as Isaac Lange : A military veteran who attends Hoyle 's support groups . Kelli Barrett as Maria Castle : Castle 's deceased wife . Aidan Pierce Brennan as Frank Castle Jr. : Castle 's deceased son . Nicolette Pierini as Lisa Castle : Castle 's deceased daughter . Ripley Sobo as Leo Lieberman : David and Sarah 's daughter . Kobi Frumer as Zach Lieberman : David and Sarah 's son . Tony Plana as Rafael Hernandez : The director of operations for Homeland Security and Madani 's mentor . Guest C. Thomas Howell as Carson Wolf : A corrupt senior DHS agent , supervisor of `` Operation Cerberus , '' and Madani 's supervisor who crosses paths with Micro and then later Castle . Delaney Williams as O'Connor : A phony Vietnam veteran and NRA member who attends Hoyle 's support groups . Geoffrey Cantor as Mitchell Ellison : The editor - in - chief of the New York Bulletin and Page 's boss . Cantor reprises his role from Daredevil . Shez Sardar as Ahmad Zubair : An Afghan policeman who worked with Madani . Jeb Kreager as Gunner Henderson : A Marine Corps veteran and member of the Cerberus Squad that worked alongside Castle and later went reclusive upon returning home . Clancy Brown as Ray Schoonover : Castle 's commanding officer in Afghanistan . Brown reprises his role from Daredevil . Tim Guinee as Clay Wilson : Lewis Wilson 's father who works to help his son get adjusted to his civilian life . Rob Morgan as Turk Barrett : A low - level criminal who operates in Hell 's Kitchen and Harlem . Morgan reprises his role from previous Marvel Netflix shows . Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Marion James : A Deputy Director of the CIA . Andrew Polk as Morty Bennett Rick Holmes as Stan Ori : A U.S. Senator who is interviewed by Karen Page on his gun control views . Royce Johnson as Brett Mahoney : A Sergeant at the NYPD 's 15th Precinct . Johnson reprises his role from previous Marvel Netflix series . Houshang Touzie as Hamid Madani : Dinah 's father . NY1 anchors Pat Kiernan , Roma Torre , and Stacy - Ann Gooden cameo as themselves . Episodes No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` 3 AM '' Tom Shankland Steve Lightfoot November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) After tracking down and executing the surviving gangsters involved in the deaths of his wife and children , Frank Castle keeps a low profile by working at a New York City construction site under the alias `` Pete Castiglione '' . The only person who knows his true identity is Curtis Hoyle , a former Navy SARC who runs a PTSD support group for veterans . One night , Castle 's co-workers pressure new employee Donny Chavez into helping them rob a loan shark related to the Gnucci crime family . The robbery goes wrong , however , when Donny drops his wallet and exposes his driver 's license . Castle saves Donny from being drowned in cement , killing the other construction workers in the process , before assassinating the loan shark and his associates , unaware that a mysterious figure is spying on him through the surveillance cameras . Meanwhile , Department of Homeland Security agent Dinah Madani tries to use her position at the New York field office to find the people responsible for killing her former partner Ahmed Zubair , who was investigating American soldiers smuggling heroin before his death . `` Two Dead Men '' Tom Shankland Steve Lightfoot November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) While at a diner in Queens , Castle receives a phone call from Micro , who asks for his help . Unnerved , Castle seeks out Karen Page , the former legal secretary to Nelson & Murdock who was part of Castle 's defense team , and , with her help , discovers that Micro is David Lieberman , a former NSA analyst who was killed while resisting arrest . The story about his death , however , was never released because Madani 's boss Carson Wolf personally shut it down . After visiting Lieberman 's wife Sarah and bonding over the grief they feel for their lost loved ones , Castle tracks down Wolf and breaks into his home , where he elicits a confession about his involvement in Lieberman 's `` death '' before snapping his neck . Meanwhile , Madani meets with Billy Russo , a former squadmate of Castle 's who now runs a private military contractor firm called Anvil , in an attempt to determine if he was somehow involved in the heroin smuggling . Her attempt is interrupted by a text message about Wolf 's murder . After leading Lieberman on a wild - goose chase across New York City , Castle confronts him at his hideout and prepares to interrogate him . `` Kandahar '' Andy Goddard Steve Lightfoot November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) While interrogating Lieberman , Castle learns that he has rigged the hideout to explode if he is not at his console . Castle , however , reveals that he did not see any bombs when he secured the perimeter . Lieberman reveals he filmed Castle and , after disarming the security , knocks him out with a tranquilizer . Shortly after Castle regains consciousness , Lieberman reveals he wants to help him take down the people who destroyed their lives . Meanwhile , Madani juggles engaging in a jurisdictional dispute with the NYPD and the FBI and dealing with guilt over Wolf 's death . When Madani 's partner Sam Stein tells her that Wolf had $30 million hidden in offshore accounts , she decides to trust him . In a flashback in Afghanistan , Castle and Russo serve as members of a covert assassination squad that is recruited by an `` Agent Orange '' to execute Zubair before he can reveal their existence . The squad later raids a compound on Orange 's intel only to lose several members , prompting Castle to attack Orange and blind him in his left eye . Lieberman , after finding footage of Zubair 's death , encrypts and sends it to Madani only for a team of DHS agents led by Wolf to track him down and shoot him . Lieberman survives the attempt while Wolf frames him as a traitor . `` Resupply '' Kari Skogland Dario Scardapane November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) Castle attempts to hijack a weapons shipment belonging to Turk Barrett only to discover a Greek gang has already taken them . As he juggles searching for the shipment and growing closer to Lieberman 's family , Madani is approached by her mentor Rafael Hernandez , who warns her about investigating Wolf 's corruption . Madani is then tasked with leading an operation to recover the shipment , which Lieberman learns about from hacking the Department 's files . Although reluctant to get involved , Lieberman helps Castle take the shipment from DHS . Madani and Castle engage in a high - speed chase that ends when Lieberman rams Madani 's car with their truck . Castle proceeds to save Madani , who recognizes him , and confirms her suspicions that he killed Wolf before telling her not to get in his way . Meanwhile , Lewis Wilson , a member of Hoyle 's PTSD support group , attempts to find a job at Anvil only to be rejected when Hoyle informs Russo about Wilson 's deteriorating mental health . 5 `` Gunner '' Dearbhla Walsh Michael Jones - Morales November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) As Castle and Lieberman search for Gunner Henderson , another of Castle 's former squad - mates who filmed the video of Zubair 's execution , Madani tells Stein that Castle is still alive and asks him to keep her secret until she can know more . Castle finds Henderson in rural Kentucky and learns that Agent Orange , who is CIA Director of Covert Operations William Rawlins , was working with Ray Schoonover to smuggle heroin into the United States in the corpses of KIAs . The two men are then ambushed by a team of mercenaries working for Rawlins , who wants to kill Henderson before DHS can locate him . With Lieberman providing overhead monitoring from a drone , Castle and Henderson kill Rawlins ' men , but Henderson is mortally wounded . Lieberman rescues Castle and takes him back to New York , unaware that Rawlins now knows about Castle 's continued existence . 6 `` The Judas Goat '' Jeremy Webb Christine Boylan November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) As Lieberman turns to Hoyle to help treat Castle 's infected wounds , with Hoyle blaming him for Castle 's current condition , Russo learns that Madani is investigating his former squad - mate and confronts her . He proceeds to broadcast a radio call to Castle while Madani confirms Castle 's involvement in Henderson 's death . After learning that Castle is still alive , Russo approaches Castle and offers to give him a new identity . Castle refuses following a visit with Lieberman 's family , unaware that Russo is secretly working with Rawlins . Meanwhile , Wilson is arrested for confronting an NYPD officer while helping Vietnam veteran and fellow support group member O'Connor hand out pro-Second Amendment leaflets outside a courthouse . After being bailed out by Hoyle and learning that O'Connor lied about serving in Vietnam , Wilson confronts O'Connor and stabs him to death . 7 `` Crosshairs '' Andy Goddard Bruce Marshall Romans November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) As Castle sets out to target Morty Bennett , one of the founders of `` Operation Cerberus '' and one of Rawlins ' allies in the heroin smuggling plot , Rawlins stages a trap for his former subordinate . Lieberman , however , has Castle keep Bennett long enough for the recon drone to clone his phone and track down Rawlins . Castle arrives at Rawlins ' safehouse and tries to kill him , only for the bullet to be stopped by bulletproof glass , and is forced to retreat . Meanwhile , Russo kills Bennett in an attempt to clean up any loose ends and Madani , suspecting that her office has been bugged , has Stein stage a `` plan '' to find whoever is listening . 8 `` Cold Steel '' Antonio Campos Felicia D. Henderson November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) As Castle and Lieberman come to terms with learning Rawlins ' identity , Castle learns that Lieberman 's son Zach brought a knife to school and decides to scare him straight . Castle confronts him and learns that he has grown afraid since his father 's `` death '' . After convincing Lieberman that seeing his son would be too dangerous , the two agree that the next course of action is to work with Madani . Meanwhile , Rawlins and Russo decide to go after Castle , unaware that Madani , Stein and their DHS team are going after them . A shootout unfolds , in which several SWAT officers and several of Russo 's men are killed . Stein chases and corners Russo outside , only for Russo to pull a concealed knife and stab him to death . Russo later `` consoles '' Madani and helps wash the blood off her body . 9 `` Front Toward Enemy '' Marc Jobst Angela LaManna November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) As Madani continues to blame herself for Stein 's death , Wilson executes a series of bombings throughout New York City and sends Page a letter , believing she will side with his cause as she had with Castle . When she does not , he calls Page while she is participating in an on - air debate between her and pro-gun control Senator Stan Ori . Castle and Hoyle recognize Wilson from reciting the Latin phrase sic semper tyrannis , with Hoyle going to look for him at O'Connor's house . He finds Wilson 's bomb - making supplies and O'Connor's decaying corpse only for Wilson to overpower him and tie him to a chair with the bomb . Castle manages to find Hoyle and save his life after convincing Wilson to disarm the bomb . Castle proceeds to escape after Wilson calls the police , but not before a police car dashcam captures his image and makes the public aware of his continued existence . Meanwhile , Lieberman meets with Madani and not only reveals Rawlins ' name to her but also his work with Castle . 10 `` Virtue of the Vicious '' Jim O'Hanlon Ken Kristensen November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) As Brett Mahoney interviews Page , Madani , Russo , and Senator Ori to determine the proper sequence of events surrounding an assassination attempt on the Senator , each interviewee recounts the attack from radically different perspectives . Six hours earlier , after learning that the mercenaries who killed Stein are connected to Anvil , Madani confronts Russo at the hotel where his men are providing security for Senator Ori as he sits down for an interview with Page . During the interview , Wilson , who previously infiltrated the hotel after killing one of Russo 's men and stealing his uniform , barges into Ori 's suite with a gun . Castle arrives and shields the two from the gunfire only for Wilson , who is wearing a suicide vest , to take Page hostage . Castle then flees when the Anvil agents open fire on him . Fighting off Russo , the Anvil agents , and several NYPD officers , Castle confronts Wilson in the hotel kitchen before helping Karen disarm the bomb . After finding and cutting the right wire , Page shoots Wilson in the foot with a gun she took from an Anvil agent . Wilson then locks himself in the freezer , rewires the bomb and detonates it , killing himself . 11 `` Danger Close '' Kevin Hooks Felicia D. Henderson November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) Sarah and Zach are kidnapped by Russo 's men while Castle makes preparations to go after Rawlins . With Leo Lieberman having eluded capture , Lieberman reunites with her at an old family hangout and enlists Madani 's aid . Rawlins attempts to gain sympathy from CIA Deputy Director Marion James who upon learning of Rawlins ' duplicitous nature asks that he fix his problem and leave the CIA altogether so that his actions wo n't affect them . Rawlins and Russo both plan on betraying one another behind their backs . Having anticipated that Anvil would trace Sarah 's call history , Castle ambushes and kills the assault team in the power station . With his assault team dead , Russo arranges a location for a hostage exchange site , demanding that Castle and Lieberman exchange themselves for Sarah and Zach . 12 `` Home '' Jet Wilkinson Dario Scardapane November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) Madani records Castle and Lieberman as they testify against Rawlins , which she plans to present to James . The two allies then make their way to the agreed exchange spot , finding Sarah and Zach alive but laden with gasoline canisters . Anticipating Russo 's double cross , Castle and Lieberman stage the latter 's fake death , with Madani 's DHS team shooting him in order to make the ruse convincing . While Lieberman reunites with his family , Russo and Rawlins take Castle to the power station for interrogation . Castle , despite being tortured to the brink of death , breaks free and stabs Rawlins to death . DHS then storms the station and wounds an escaping Russo before evacuating Castle for medical attention . 13 `` Memento Mori '' Stephen Surjik Steve Lightfoot November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) As DHS executes a failed attempt to apprehend Russo , Castle receives medical attention from Madani 's father while Madani presents the video evidence to James . Russo sneaks into Hoyle 's apartment and , after confirming suspicions of the latter 's knowledge about Castle , prepares to execute him only to be interrupted by Castle in a sniper position . Castle gives Russo the chance to pick an agreed place for a one - on - one confrontation , with Russo picking the carousel where Castle 's family died . Russo takes hostages and wounds them in order to gain a tactical advantage , which he uses during his confrontation with Castle . Madani , having previously deduced Russo 's location , intervenes only to receive a headshot wound . Castle then overpowers Russo and repeatedly slams his face against the carousel 's mirrored walls , disfiguring him . Three days later , Castle learns from James and Hernandez that DHS and the CIA have erased his criminal record , allowing him to live out his life in anonymity . He also learns that Madani has survived her headshot wound and Russo has been hospitalized with severe head trauma that may seriously affect his memory . Upon his release from hospital , Castle attends Hoyle 's support group and opens up for the first time . Production Development In October 2011 , ABC Studios sold a script based on the Punisher to Fox , who gave the project a put pilot commitment . The series would be an hour - long procedural following NYPD detective Frank Castle , `` whose alter ego is that of a vigilante seeking justice for those failed by the court system . '' Ed Bernero was attached as executive producer , but by May 2012 , the project had not moved forward . A year later , the character 's film rights reverted to Marvel from Lionsgate . In June 2015 , Jon Bernthal was announced as cast as Frank Castle in the second season of Marvel 's Daredevil on Netflix . The series was the first of several live action series provided to Netflix by Marvel Television and ABC Studios , with subsequent series featuring Jessica Jones , Luke Cage , and Iron Fist all leading up to a miniseries based on the Defenders . By January 2016 , ahead of the Daredevil season two release , Netflix was in `` very early development '' on a spin - off series titled The Punisher , and was looking for a showrunner . The series would be centered on Bernthal as Castle , and was described as a stand - alone series , outside of the series leading up to Marvel 's The Defenders . Head of Marvel Television and executive producer Jeph Loeb implied that Marvel Television had not instigated the development of the spin - off and were focusing on making `` the best 13 episodes of Daredevil season two '' at the time , but did say , `` I 'm never going to discourage a network from looking at one of our characters and encouraging us to do more ... If we are lucky enough that through the writing , through the direction , through the actor that people want to see more of that person , terrific . '' Loeb stated a month later that the reports about the potential spin - off were `` something that people are speculating on , as opposed to something that 's actually happening . '' In April 2016 , Netflix officially ordered a full 13 episode season of The Punisher , confirmed Bernthal 's involvement , and named Steve Lightfoot as executive producer and showrunner . Loeb , Cindy Holland , and Jim Chory also serve as executive producers . A second season was ordered in December 2017 . Writing Lightfoot noted that `` anti-heroes with dark pasts , that are morally grey , are always interesting to write . '' On deciding to work on The Punisher , Lightfoot stated , `` I was drawn to a guy who is dealing with grief -- how does he do that ? ... We talked a lot as we developed the show that once you take hold of the hand of violence it 's impossible to let it go . That relationship to violence really interested me , not just the fact he has the ability to use it but also the cost of it . '' Bernthal stated the series would be `` loose with chronology '' for the character , depicting events before and after the events of Daredevil season two . Lightfoot was inspired by the Bourne film series and the film American Sniper when approaching the series , with Loeb adding the first season would focus on the questions `` Who is Frank ? What is Frank going to do ? And who 's going to try and stop Frank ? '' Casting Bernthal promoting The Punisher at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con Bernthal had been cast as Castle in June 2015 to appear in the second season of Daredevil , and was confirmed to be reprising the role for the spin - off in April 2016 . That September , Ben Barnes was cast in the series in an unspecified series regular role . The next month , set photos revealed that Deborah Ann Woll would reprise her Daredevil role as Karen Page , Barnes was announced as playing Billy Russo , while Ebon Moss - Bachrach and Amber Rose Revah also joined the series , as David Lieberman / Micro and Dinah Madani , respectively . At New York Comic Con , Bernthal confirmed Woll as a co-star . At the end of October , Marvel announced the additional casting of Daniel Webber as Lewis Wilson , Jason R. Moore as Curtis Hoyle , Paul Schulze as William Rawlins , Jaime Ray Newman as Sarah Lieberman , and Michael Nathanson as Sam Stein . In August 2017 , Shohreh Aghdashloo was revealed to be portraying Farah Madani , Dinah 's mother , in a recurring role for the series . Also recurring in the series are Jordan Mahome as Isaac Lange , Kelli Barrett as Maria Castle , Aidan Pierce Brennan as Frank Castle Jr. , Nicolette Pierini as Lisa Castle , Ripley Sobo as Leo Lieberman , Kobi Frumer as Zach Lieberman , and Tony Plana as Rafael Hernandez . Rob Morgan reprises his role from previous Marvel Netflix series as Turk Barrett , along with Royce Johnson as Brett Mahoney , while Geoffrey Cantor and Clancy Brown reprise their roles as Mitchell Ellison and Ray Schoonover , respectively , from Daredevil . Filming Filming began on October 3 , 2016 in Brooklyn , New York , under the working title Crime . Additional filming took place in Astoria , Queens in December 2016 . Filming wrapped on April 9 , 2017 . Music In April 2017 , Tyler Bates was announced as the composer for The Punisher , after previously composing for Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . In order to `` get into the dark corners of the Punisher 's mind , '' Bates played `` more of a broken blues '' guitar , which was augmented with talkbox effects and other `` guitar noises '' , along with guitar - vol and melodica . On this style , Bates said , `` The rough edges and broken nature of ( music like this ) leaves a great deal of space for emotion and interesting color -- and a bit of an attitude . Otherwise it 's not going to be an authentic expression of the idea . There 's a darkness in there that I 'm happy to tap into . '' Release The Punisher was released on November 17 , 2017 on the streaming service Netflix , worldwide . The 13 hour - long episodes were released simultaneously , as opposed to a serialized format , to encourage binge - watching , a format which has been successful for other Netflix series . In July 2016 , Netflix COO Ted Sarandos stated that The Punisher would not debut until 2018 at the earliest , after The Defenders released on August 18 , 2017 , but that October , Marvel confirmed a 2017 release instead . In early September 2017 , Dominic Patten and Denise Petski of Deadline.com commented on the lack of specific release date for the series at the time , calling it `` an unusual '' , `` rare move for Marvel and Netflix , who usually give a lot of lead - up to the launch of the high profile and much anticipated series . '' The pair felt with the increased marketing of the series , it would release `` sooner rather than later '' . Allison Keene of Collider felt Marvel and Netflix holding back the release date was `` really weird and unnecessary ... If you 're excited for this show , you 'll watch it whenever it appears . For TV editors who have to plan reviews and other content , it 's just irritating . '' Polygon 's Susana Polo felt Marvel and Netflix were waiting for their scheduled panel at New York Comic Con 2017 during the first weekend of October to reveal the series ' release date , as the convention had been used in previous years to reveal `` breaking fall Marvel / Netflix news '' . It was reported that Netflix had been planning a surprise `` drop '' release of the series in mid-October 2017 , mimicking a strategy from the music industry where an artist 's album is released `` with little or no fanfare '' , after their panel at New York Comic Con 2017 , but decided to delay the release to later in 2017 after the Las Vegas shooting and subsequently cancelling the panel . Two weeks later , the November 17 release was announced . Regarding the decisions made concerning the New York Comic Con panel and the series ' release , Loeb said that they were made `` specifically because it was a week after a horrible , horrible incident . It has n't changed the television series , the show is not predominantly about gun violence , and in fact it shows you the problems that occur in that world . '' Bernthal felt delaying the release of the series `` was the right decision '' out of respect for the victims . Between the delaying of the series due to the Vegas shooting until the November 17 release , the U.S. experienced another mass shooting with the Sutherland Springs church shooting . Bernthal hoped that after these two shootings and the release of the series , it would help further the discussion on gun violence , with `` all sides of this debate '' represented in The Punisher . Marketing Bernthal and Woll appeared at New York Comic Con in October 2016 to officially announce the start of production on the series and the latter 's involvement . At San Diego Comic - Con International 2017 , Bernthal presented exclusive footage . A teaser was revealed on Netflix in August 2017 , appearing after the credits of the final episode of The Defenders . Also in the month , the series ' Twitter account revealed the episode titles as Morse code messages . In September 2017 , the series ' Instagram account released viral videos made to look like security footage , while episodic photos and a poster for the series with a redacted release date were also released . On September 20 , the official trailer for the series was released . Andrew Liptak of The Verge noted the trailer `` sets up The Punisher with its own distinct tone that 's different from the other Marvel Netflix shows . It wades into government conspiracies and hacking , which is reminiscent of shows like CBS 's Person of Interest or USA 's Mr. Robot , but with more gunfire . '' Nerdist 's Kendall Ashley called the trailer `` intense , super bloody , and has ( me ) INCREDIBLY pumped for the show 's premiere . '' She added , `` The hype is huge for this show . If this trailer is any indication , The Punisher is definitely going to live up to fan expectations , and is going to be an intense and awesome addition to the Marvel Netflix universe . '' Ashley felt the inclusion of `` One '' by Metallica in the trailer `` helps paint Frank as a badass unlike any we 've seen on the Marvel Netflix shows so far . '' Cooper Hood , writing for Screen Rant felt that , even though the series was still without a release date , the trailer would `` undoubtedly only increase the fever for The Punisher . '' He continued that `` unlike some of the more cryptic and quiet ( marketing ) videos that have come before , '' the trailer `` especially fits the mold of Punisher . While it looked like at the beginning of the trailer that this one would again be a quieter piece of marketing , it turned out to be anything but . The trailer is stylish and well - cut to the beat of the song , with the choice of `` One '' only further amplifying the intensity . '' By the end of September , Netflix had updated their viral website for the New York Bulletin to include a profile page for Karen Page . After revealing her login credentials in a post on Daredevil 's Facebook page , readers who visited Page 's profile found images within folders titled `` Research '' , `` Trial '' and `` Evidence '' . The images referenced events and Page 's research into Castle from the second season of Daredevil . Bernthal and other members of the cast were scheduled to appear at New York Comic Con 2017 to promote the series , but the panel was cancelled after the 2017 Las Vegas Strip shooting . Two weeks later , a second trailer was released , that revealed the series ' release date of November 17 , 2017 . Tom Philip writing for GQ was not very enthused with the trailer , saying it was , `` hard to get super jazzed about another gritty , ultra-violent , gun - loving , non-superhero show right now . '' He was critical of the `` utilitarian - sounding writing '' in the trailer , but felt the chemistry between Bernthal and Woll would be a reason to watch The Punisher . Philip also felt the addition of Moss - Bachrach was `` curious , but at least it 's a swing for the fences from a TV studio that tends to play it astoundingly safe . '' Scott Mendelson of Forbes noted that the gun violence sequences featured were mainly `` flashbacks with military men doing military things in full fatigues or scenes of bad guys shooting at not - so - bad guys with heavy gunfire '' , which was a strong contrast to the first trailer . Mendelson felt this shift in the marketing strategy could have been in response to the Las Vegas shootings . TechCrunch 's Darrell Etherington agreed with Mendelson , noting how the trailer `` plays up Castle 's motivations and the more human side of the story '' , while still looking `` gritty and dark , ( and ) Bernthal 's portrayal looking as strong as ever . '' Etherington did also criticize the soundtrack of the trailer . The Punisher had its red carpet premiere on November 6 , 2017 , in New York City at the 34th Street AMC Loews theatre . Critical response The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 61 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.82 / 10 based on 54 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A rocky start ca n't keep The Punisher from pushing the boundaries of Marvel 's TV universe with a fresh take on the comics - derived action thriller . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 54 out of 100 , based on 20 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Summarizing the critical response to the entirety of the first season , GameSpot said reviews were `` mixed . '' It received mixed to negative reviews from the LA Times and Salon . The Washington Post said that Netflix had finally gotten the franchise `` right '' in a live - action in a way the prior three movies had failed to please fans . It gave the credit to the `` soul '' of the show and Bernthal as `` one of Marvel 's great casting gets '' and made the show `` a definitive adaptation that doubles as Netflix 's best Marvel show to date . '' The Hollywood Reporter thought the first 13 episode season felt `` at least twice the length it should be . '' The New York Times said `` the action picks up as the season progresses , but The Punisher never quite gets in touch with the visceral roots of its material . '' Esquire called the first season `` a compelling and complex horror story about the military . '' The New York Times said that although the action picks up later in the first season , the slow pace made it less pulpy and more of a procedural thriller with a moody and psychological approach , particularly for its focus on PTSD . Variety also wrote positively of both the show and Bernthal 's `` seamless '' performance , saying that `` It 's difficult to imagine better casting than Bernthal , who communicates so fluently with impassive silences , and is convincing both when he is being terribly violent and especially gentle . '' However , the review said the show took some time to show that it `` transcends what it appears to be '' at first , through Steve Lightfoot 's `` sharp , conscious storytelling . '' It also praised what it called anti-violence themes throughout the series . Vanity Fair wrote a less positive review , saying the show was as `` psychologically confused as its antihero , '' as the writers had Castle target people for questionable reasons but portrayed him as justified . Vanity Fair wrote that `` What the series neglects to examine , of course , is the fact that the Punisher is just as wicked as the villains he targets . '' Vulture described the show 's attempts to `` humanize and deepen '' Castle beyond the violent `` monster '' he was in the original comics as `` unpersuasive , '' and described a conflict between the showing wanting to be both The Best Years of Our Lives and Death Wish IV : The Crackdown at the same time . References ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ; Petski , Denise ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's The Punisher ' Coming Soon & Suddenly , Teases Netflix '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jon Bernthal Cast as Frank Castle in the Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Daredevil ' '' . Marvel.com . June 9 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's The Punisher spin - off ordered by Netflix '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's The Punisher : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Punisher Review Roundup : What Do Critics Think Of Netflix 's Latest Marvel Show ? , Gamespot , November 17 , 2017 , retrieved November 18 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` ' The Punisher ' failed at the box office , but Netflix finally gets it right '' , The Washington Post , November 15 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Punisher Is an Effective Horror Story About the American Military '' , Esquire , November 21 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Review : Netflix 's ' The Punisher ' Is Less Punishing Than Expected '' , The New York Times , November 16 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` TV Review : ' Marvel 's The Punisher , ' Starring Jon Bernthal '' , Variety , November 13 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's The Punisher Does n't Understand Who It Should Be Punishing '' , Vanity Fair , November 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Punisher Is an Ultraviolent Mistake '' , Vulture , November 16 , 2017 External links Marvel 's The Punisher on Netflix Marvel 's The Punisher on IMDb Marvel 's The Punisher at TV.com The Punisher Created by Gerry Conway , Ross Andru and John Romita Sr. in `` The Punisher Strikes Twice ! 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3532138327913913061 | Inspector Gadget (film) | Inspector Gadget ( film ) - wikipedia Inspector Gadget ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Inspector Gadget Theatrical release poster Directed by David Kellogg Produced by Roger Birnbaum Andy Heyward Jordan Kerner Aaron Meyerson Screenplay by Kerry Ehrin Zak Penn Story by Kerry Ehrin Dana Olsen Based on Inspector Gadget by Andy Heyward Jean Chalopin Bruno Bianchi Starring Matthew Broderick Rupert Everett Joely Fisher Michelle Trachtenberg Michael G. Hagerty Andy Dick Cheri Oteri Dabney Coleman Music by John Debney Cinematography Adam Greenberg Edited by Alan Cody Thom Noble Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Caravan Pictures DiC Entertainment Avnet -- Kerner Productions Roger Birnbaum Productions Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date July 23 , 1999 ( 1999 - 07 - 23 ) Running time 78 minutes ( theatrical cut ) 110 minutes ( original cut ) Country United States Language English Budget $90 million Box office $134.4 million Inspector Gadget is a 1999 American action - comedy film directed by David Kellogg , written by Kerry Ehrin and Zak Penn from a story by Ehrin and Dana Olsen . It is loosely based on the 1983 animated cartoon series of the same name . It stars Matthew Broderick as the title character , along with Rupert Everett as Dr. Claw , Michelle Trachtenberg as Penny , and Dabney Coleman as Chief Quimby . Three new characters were introduced , Dr. Brenda Bradford ( played by Joely Fisher ) , Mayor Wilson ( played by Cheri Oteri ) and the Gadgetmobile ( voiced by D.L. Hughley ) . The film tells the story of how Inspector Gadget and Dr. Claw came to be in the cartoon . The film was produced by Caravan Pictures and DiC Entertainment ( which was owned by The Walt Disney Company at the time of production ) and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures on July 23 , 1999 . It was filmed in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , Baton Rouge , Louisiana , and Los Angeles , California , with the ice castle - like main tower of Pittsburgh 's PPG Place playing a central role . This was the last film produced by Caravan Pictures before it merged into Spyglass Entertainment . This film was dedicated to the memory of production designer Michael White who died on January 19 , 1999 in Los Angeles during production of the film at the age of 36 . The film was a moderate box office success with a worldwide gross of $134.4 million against a $90 million budget despite receiving negative reviews from critics . It was followed by the 2003 direct - to - video stand - alone sequel Inspector Gadget 2 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Post-production 3.4 The Gadgetmobile 3.5 Music 3.6 Release 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office 5 Reboot 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Jonathan `` John '' Brown is a security guard working at the Bradford robotics laboratory in Riverton , Ohio , run by Artemus Bradford and his daughter Brenda , to whom John is attracted . Brenda and Artemus create a lifelike robotic foot as part of the Gadget Program , an organization for manufacturing computerized law enforcement officers . Sadistic tycoon Sanford Scolex attacks the lab , steals the foot , and has Artemus murdered before escaping in his limo . Brown chases him down in his Chevette and in the ensuing chase Scolex blows up the upside down wreck and leaves John for dead . A bowling ball coming from the blast of the Chevette crushes Scolex 's hand , forcing him to replace it with a mechanical claw and taking the alias `` Claw . '' John barely survives the explosion , and due to his devotion to pursuing her father 's killer , Brenda chooses him to be the first test subject for the Gadget Program . Under Brenda 's guidance , John becomes Inspector Gadget , equipped with a variety of crimefighting and investigating tools , as well as a car named the Gadgetmobile run by an AI program . Claw , with the help of scientist Kramer and minion Sykes , plots to use the technology he stole to make robotic mercenaries to sell to the world . However he is unable to get the foot to function due to a control chip left in the lab . Police chief Quimby , seeing Gadget as merely a publicity stunt and not a true police officer , refuses to let him help on the Bradford case , causing Gadget to procure evidence on his own . With help from Penny , Gadget suspects Claw , who Brenda now works for . Claw uses Brenda 's robotics research to manufacture a new control chip for his android , a robotic version of Gadget , `` Robo - Gadget , '' and sets it loose to cause chaos in Riverton . Gadget infiltrates Claw 's lab but is caught and deactivated , Claw crushing his control chip . Brenda , Penny , her dog Brain , and the Gadgetmobile track Gadget to the junkyard but find him unresponsive . Brenda kisses him , and the power of Gadget 's heart reanimates his body without the need for the control chip . After dropping Penny and Brain off at home , Gadget , Brenda and the Gadgetmobile give chase to Claw 's limo . Gadget and Robo - Gadget are thrown off and do battle , ending with Gadget detaching Robo - Gadget 's head . Gadget uses his helicopter hat to fly to Claw 's headquarters , where he is planning to escape with Brenda via a helicopter . In the confrontation , Gadget uses an improvised weapon to forcibly activate Claw 's claw , breaking the helicopter 's control stick and causing it to go out of control . Gadget and Brenda use a parasol to escape safely , and Claw lands via parachute but is arrested by the police . Penny arrives with a guilt - stricken Sykes who surrenders the technology Claw stole from Brenda and has told Penny everything about Claw 's plans . Saluted by Quimby , Gadget departs with Brenda and Penny as Claw vows revenge . During the end credits , several afterscene clips play , including Sykes going to a minion - recovery group , and the Gadgetmobile addresses the audience till the end of the credits . Cast ( edit ) Matthew Broderick as Jonathan `` John '' Brown / Inspector Gadget / RoboGadget Rupert Everett as Sanford Scolex / Dr. Claw Joely Fisher as Dr. Brenda Bradford / RoboBrenda Michelle Trachtenberg as Penny Brown Dabney Coleman as Chief Frank Quimby III D.L. Hughley as the voice of the Gadgetmobile René Auberjonois as Dr. Artemus Bradford Don Adams ( voice ) as Brain Cheri Oteri as Mayor Wilson Andy Dick as Kramer Michael G. Hagerty as Sykes Frances Bay as Thelma J.P. Manoux as the Mayor 's sycophantic assistant Brian George as the Sore Guru Richard Penn as Fantastic doctor Sonya Eddy as Hospital secretary Andy Heyward as Mr. D.I.C. Aaron Meyerson as himself During the `` Minions Anonymous '' scene in the credits , the henchmen include Mr. T and Richard Kiel ( who is credited as the `` Famous Bad Guy with Silver Teeth '' , in reference to his role of James Bond 's enemy Jaws ) , as well as Richard Lee - Sung as the `` Famous Villain with Deadly Hat '' , Bobby Bell as the `` Famous Identifier of Sea Planes '' , Hank Barrera as the `` Famous Native American Sidekick '' , and Keith Morrison as the `` Famous Assistant to Dr. Frankensomething '' . Broderick and Coleman previously worked together in the film WarGames . Production ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on Talk : Inspector Gadget ( film ) . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section needs expansion with : examples and additional citations . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Development ( edit ) Universal Pictures at one point had an option on the film rights to the animated television series in 1993 . Ivan Reitman signed on to produce with a script by Jeph Loeb and Matthew Weisman . Inspector Gadget moved to Disney when the film studio bought out DIC Entertainment . Disney hired David Kellogg to direct , best known for `` The Adventures of Seinfeld & Superman '' TV commercials and the Vanilla Ice film , Cool as Ice ( 1991 ) . Casting ( edit ) Cameron Diaz declined the role of Dr. Brenda Bradford in favor of Any Given Sunday . Brendan Fraser was considered for the role of Inspector Gadget , but turned it down on account of working on George of the Jungle , another live - action Disney film based on an animated cartoon . Kevin Kline was also considered for the role . Steven Spielberg , a fan of the 1980s cartoon , considered being the film 's executive producer . His two choices for the role of Inspector Gadget were Chevy Chase and Steve Martin , but he was too busy with other films such as Saving Private Ryan . Lindsay Lohan turned down the role of Penny , due to her working on her first film , The Parent Trap . Tim Curry was considered for the role of Doctor Claw . Louis C.K. auditioned for a role as a police officer . Post-production ( edit ) After a test screening , the film was cut to 78 minutes from the original 110 - minute version . The Gadgetmobile ( edit ) The Gadgetmobile , designed by Brenda Bradford , is a white & chrome 1964 Lincoln Continental convertible instead of a Matra Murena / Toyota Celica hybrid from the cartoon and ca n't transform from a minivan to a police vehicle and often drives by itself . It has an artificial intelligence with a male persona . Like most anthropomorphic cars , `` his '' front bumper is his mouth and he has eyes in his headlights . However , unlike those cars , who have two eyes , he has four . He also has a face on a computer screen on the dashboard and a license plate that reads `` GADGET '' . Among other things , he can camouflage himself , has a radar system to track Gadget 's location ( and other people 's as well ) , can extend his tires upwards , has retractable jail bars in his back seat ( for transporting criminals ) , a vending machine ( options on this include Skittles , M&M 's , Surge , Sprite , Coca - Cola and McDonald 's ) , sirens in the hood that attach to the windshield , and a jet engine he keeps in his trunk . His artificial intelligence has a laid - back personality . The Gadgetmobile openly breaks the law constantly ( he is a particular fan of backturns ) , but claims it is okay : `` Speed limits are for cars , not the Gadgetmobile . '' Comedian D.L. Hughley provides his voice . Music ( edit ) The soundtrack of the film , composed by John Debney , contains the singles `` All Star '' by Smash Mouth and `` I 'll Be Your Everything '' by the boy band Youngstown . Release ( edit ) Inspector Gadget was released on VHS and DVD December 7 , 1999 , and re-released on DVD May 27 , 2003 by Buena Vista Home Entertainment . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 21 % , based on 62 reviews , with the consensus reading : `` Despite an abundance of eyecandy , the film does n't amount to much . '' Metacritic reports a rating of 36 out of 100 , based on 22 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Lawrence Van Gelder of The New York Times stated that it `` wastes a lot of good talent '' . In his review for the Chicago Sun - Times , Roger Ebert mentioned that fans were angered when Dr. Claw reveals himself in the movie . Box office ( edit ) The film was a moderate box office success with a worldwide gross of $134.4 million worldwide , against a budget of $90 million . In its opening weekend , the film grossed $21.9 million , finishing in second at the box office behind The Haunting ( $33.4 million ) . In the United Kingdom , it grossed just over £ 7 million . Reboot ( edit ) In May 2015 , it was announced that a new film with a rebooted version of the character is currently in development . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Inspector Gadget ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . August 19 , 1999 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inspector Gadget ( 1999 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marx , Andy ( April 30 , 1993 ) . `` U plans live - action ' Gadget ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( May 12 , 1998 ) . `` Broderick , Everett gear up for ' Gadget ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Inspector Gadget '' . cinematter.com . Jump up ^ `` Inspector Gadget ( 1999 ) Soundtracks Soundtrack Credits '' . IMDb . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inspector Gadget ( 1999 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Inspector Gadget Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Van Gelder , Lawrence ( July 23 , 1999 ) . `` Film Review -- The Adventures of a Justice - Seeking Gizmo '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( July 23 , 1999 ) . `` Inspector Gadget '' . rogerebert.com . Jump up ^ IANS ( May 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' Inspector Gadget ' live - action reboot in the works '' -- via Business Standard . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Inspector Gadget ( film ) Official website Inspector Gadget on IMDb Inspector Gadget at the TCM Movie Database Inspector Gadget at AllMovie Inspector Gadget at Rotten Tomatoes Inspector Gadget at Metacritic Inspector Gadget at Box Office Mojo Inspector Gadget Television Inspector Gadget ( 1983 ) Gadget Boy & Heather Inspector Gadget 's Field Trip Gadget & the Gadgetinis Inspector Gadget ( 2015 ) Films Inspector Gadget Saves Christmas Inspector Gadget Inspector Gadget 2 Video games Inspector Gadget and the Circus of Fear Inspector Gadget : Mission 1 -- Global Terror ! Inspector Gadget Inspector Gadget : Operation Madkactus Inspector Gadget : Gadget 's Crazy Maze Inspector Gadget : Advance Mission Inspector Gadget : Mad Robots Invasion Gadget & the Gadgetinis Works by Zak Penn Director Incident at Loch Ness ( 2004 ) The Grand ( 2007 ) Writer only Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) PCU ( 1994 ) Inspector Gadget ( 1999 ) Behind Enemy Lines ( 2001 ) X2 ( 2003 ) Suspect Zero ( 2004 ) Elektra ( 2005 ) X-Men : The Last Stand ( 2006 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) Ready Player One ( 2018 ) Television Alphas ( 2011 - 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inspector_Gadget_(film)&oldid=807640588 '' Categories : 1999 films English - language films Inspector Gadget 1990s action films 1990s science fiction films American films American action comedy films American slapstick comedy films American comedy science fiction films American detective films Cyborg films Fictional portrayals of the Pittsburgh Bureau of Police Film scores by John Debney Films produced by Roger Birnbaum Films set in Pittsburgh Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in Louisiana Films shot in Pennsylvania Live - action films based on animated series Performance capture in film Police comedies Police comedy films Screenplays by Zak Penn Caravan Pictures films DIC Entertainment films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Accuracy disputes from October 2016 All accuracy disputes Articles to be expanded from October 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 06 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played penny in inspector gadget the movie | [
"Inspector Gadget is a 1999 American action-comedy film directed by David Kellogg, written by Kerry Ehrin and Zak Penn from a story by Ehrin and Dana Olsen. It is loosely based on the 1983 animated cartoon series of the same name. It stars Matthew Broderick as the title character, along with Rupert Everett as Dr. Claw, Michelle Trachtenberg as Penny, and Dabney Coleman as Chief Quimby. Three new characters were introduced, Dr. Brenda Bradford (played by Joely Fisher), Mayor Wilson (played by Cheri Oteri) and the Gadgetmobile (voiced by D. L. Hughley). The film tells the story of how Inspector Gadget and Dr. Claw came to be in the cartoon."
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"Michelle Trachtenberg"
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6729473335498572777 | The Odd Couple (1970 TV series) | The Odd Couple ( 1970 TV series ) - wikipedia The Odd Couple ( 1970 TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the 2015 remake , see The Odd Couple ( 2015 TV series ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Odd Couple Title card from the first season ( note the Neil Simon credit in the title ) . Based on The Odd Couple by Neil Simon Developed by Garry Marshall Jerry Belson Starring Tony Randall Jack Klugman Theme music composer Neal Hefti Country of origin United States No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 114 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Garry Marshall Running time 30 minute episode ( including commercials ) Production company ( s ) Paramount Network Television Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network ABC Original release September 24 , 1970 -- March 7 , 1975 Chronology Related shows The Odd Couple ( film ) The Oddball Couple The New Odd Couple The Odd Couple II ( film ) The Odd Couple ( 2015 TV series ) The Odd Couple , formally titled onscreen Neil Simon 's The Odd Couple , is an American television situation comedy broadcast from September 24 , 1970 , to March 7 , 1975 , on ABC . It stars Tony Randall as Felix Unger and Jack Klugman as Oscar Madison , and was the first of several sitcoms developed by Garry Marshall for Paramount Television . The show is based on the 1965 play of the same name , which was written by Neil Simon , as well as on the play 's 1968 film adaptation . Felix and Oscar are both divorced . They share a Manhattan apartment , and their different lifestyles inevitably lead to conflicts and laughs . In 1997 , the episodes `` Password '' and `` The Fat Farm '' were ranked # 5 and # 58 , respectively , on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time . The show received three nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series . Its fourth season , from 1973 -- 74 , remains the most recent nominee for a show that aired during a Friday time slot . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Supporting characters 3 Celebrity guest stars 3.1 As themselves 3.2 Fictional depictions 4 Awards and nominations 5 Opening narration and credit sequence 6 Related appearances by Klugman and Randall 7 Other versions 8 Episodes 9 Home releases 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Felix and Oscar . The success of the 1968 film version of the stage play of The Odd Couple , which starred Jack Lemmon as Felix and Walter Matthau as Oscar , served as the catalyst to bringing the characters to television . The original casting considerations for the TV show included Mickey Rooney or Martin Balsam as Oscar and Dean Martin or Art Carney as Felix ( Carney had originated the role on Broadway ) . Eventually Tony Randall ( as Felix ) and Jack Klugman ( as Oscar ) were hired . Both had starred in different productions of the play . Randall , who was hired first , had still wanted Mickey Rooney to play Oscar . The show 's co-executive producer , Garry Marshall , had to lobby hard to get Klugman successfully hired . Once the casting was in place , the show 's writers ( Marshall , Jerry Belson , Jerry Paris , Harvey Miller , Bob Brunner , Mark Rothman and Lowell Ganz , among others ) came up with a multitude of situations for Felix and Oscar to be in , while staying true to the soul of the play , which always reverted to the human tensions between the two that created the comic situations . The show premiered September 24 , 1970 on ABC . During the first season it was filmed using the single - camera method . The apartment set was re-used from the 1968 film version . A laugh track was used ( to which Tony Randall objected ) . Thereafter , the show was filmed with three cameras and performed like a stage play in front of a studio audience . The apartment set was rebuilt and rearranged to allow more of the apartment ( especially the kitchen ) to be seen by the studio audience while less important areas ( like the hallway ) were moved out of audience view . Throughout its run , The Odd Couple was juggled around ABC 's programming schedule , as seen below . The show struggled in the Nielsen ratings and was canceled at the end of every season . However , ABC renewed the show for each upcoming season because the ratings for the summer reruns were high . In the final first - run episode , `` Felix Remarries '' , Felix finally wins Gloria back and they remarry as Oscar regains the freedom of living alone again . The final scene unfolds in this way , as the two say their goodbyes : Felix : Your dinner 's in the oven ; turn it off in 20 minutes . ( pause ) Oscar ... what can I say ? Five years ago you took me in : a broken man on the verge of ... mental collapse . I leave here a cured human being . I owe it all to you . ( gesturing toward apartment ) It 's all yours buddy . I salute you . ( empties waste basket onto floor ) Oscar : Felix , you know how I 'm gon na salute you ? I 'm gon na clean that up . Felix : It has not been in vain . ( They shake hands and Felix exits stage right through front door . After door closes ... ) Oscar : ( swings his hand through the air ) I 'm not gon na clean that up . ( exits stage left to bedroom to audience laughter ) ( Felix sneaks back in stage right and looks at floor ) Felix : ( disgustedly ) I knew he would n't clean it up ! ( proceeds to pick up trash to audience applause ) ( fade out ) The 114 episodes went on to syndication and home video . There were some minor changes made in the development of the series . In both TV series and play , Felix 's last name was spelled Unger but in the film it is spelled Ungar . In the stage play , Felix is a news writer for CBS ( in the film he writes the news for `` television '' ) , while in the TV series he is a commercial photographer . ( His slogan , which he is quick to vocalize , is `` Portraits a specialty . '' ) His wife is Frances in the play and in the film , but is Gloria in the TV series . Oscar has at least two children , including a son `` Brucey '' , who are referred to but not seen in the play and the film . In the series , Oscar is childless . In the film and the play , Felix has a son and a younger daughter . In the series , the children 's ages are reversed and they are named Leonard and Edna , after Tony Randall 's real first name and his own sister 's . During the first season , the show was shot on the sets used for the movie , but for the second season ( partially necessitated by the switch to a three - camera setup and the addition of a studio audience ) , the layout of the apartment was retconned . Supporting characters ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When Oscar introduces Felix 's ex-wife , Gloria , to his girlfriend , Nancy , and her brother , Ray , trouble erupts when Gloria starts dating Ray . The Pigeon Sisters ( Monica Evans as Cecily and Carole Shelley as Gwendolyn , reprising their roles from the film and stage play ) made four appearances during the first third of the first season . Their characters were not seen and rarely mentioned after that . Oscar later had a girlfriend during that latter part of the first season and half of the second , Dr. Nancy Cunningham ( played by Joan Hotchkis ) , an attractive doctor , whose colleague , Dr. Melnitz ( played by Bill Quinn in several episodes ) , is a sarcastic physician who treats both Felix and Oscar . Felix gained a girlfriend in the third season , Miriam Welby ( played by Elinor Donahue ) , and they lasted into the fifth season , presumably breaking up before Felix remarried Gloria in the series finale . Christopher Shea appeared in three episodes of the first season as Philip , Felix and Oscar 's 11 - year - old neighbor . Oscar 's occasional good - time girlfriend , `` Crazy Rhoda Zimmerman '' , is often referred to but never seen . The TV show also featured their ex-wives . Janis Hansen played Felix 's ex , Gloria ( named Frances in the play and film ) and Jack Klugman 's real life wife Brett Somers as Blanche , Oscar 's ex . ( The couple separated in real life during the run of the show . ) There were many episodes in which Felix felt he had made a mistake by not fighting harder for Gloria , and took comically drastic measures to try to win her back . In contrast , Oscar was happy to be divorced from Blanche and the two constantly traded sarcastic barbs . The only major drawback from Oscar 's point of view was the alimony he was ordered to pay . Willie Aames and later Leif Garrett made a few appearances as Felix 's son , Leonard . Pamelyn Ferdin and later Doney Oatman appeared as Felix 's teenaged daughter , Edna . The two other major supporting characters , Murray the Cop and Myrna Turner , Oscar 's secretary , were played by Al Molinaro and Penny Marshall ( Garry 's sister ) respectively . Alice Ghostley played Murray 's wife Mimi in one episode of the first season when Felix quickly outstays his welcome after he moves out of Oscar 's apartment following a falling out . She appeared once in the second season as played by Jane Dulo . Garry Walberg , Ryan McDonald and Larry Gelman played Oscar 's poker cronies Homer `` Speed '' Deegan , Roy , and the bald , bespectacled Vinnie Barella , rounding out the rest of the regulars . Ryan McDonald left the show after the seventh of the first season 's eight episodes in which there was a poker game , and the character of Roy was rarely mentioned and never seen again . Garry Walberg and Larry Gelman each made 4 or 5 scattered guest appearances after the dirst season . Richard Stahl appeared in nine episodes as , among other things , a pet - shop salesman , a florist , a psychiatrist , and a non-denominational monk , never playing the same role twice . Actor Herbie Faye appeared five times on the series in different roles . Oscar 's mother appeared in two different episodes , played once by Elvia Allman , and once by Jane Dulo , both veteran actresses . Celebrity guest stars ( edit ) As themselves ( edit ) Oscar with Bobby Riggs and Billie Jean King The show often had celebrity guest stars , who reflected the cultural leanings either of Oscar or Felix , often playing themselves or occasionally fictional characters . For Oscar , country guitar legend Roy Clark played an old practical joke - playing friend , who nonetheless , has enormous musical talent , as even Felix acknowledges . Sportscaster Howard Cosell ( 2 episodes ) and then ABC television producer Roone Arledge ( 1 episode ) played themselves . Pop singer Jaye P. Morgan played herself as one of Oscar 's many girlfriends . For Felix , Marilyn Horne played a shy , mousy co-worker of Oscar ( named `` Jackie '' ) . Opera singers Martina Arroyo and Richard Fredricks appeared as themselves , as did Edward Vilella , Monty Hall , Richard Dawson , Wolfman Jack , David Steinberg , Hugh Hefner , Rodney Allen Rippy , John Simon , Bubba Smith , Deacon Jones , and Allen Ludden and Betty White . In one episode , noted tennis frenemies and one - time real life competitors Bobby Riggs and Billie Jean King appeared as themselves . In one episode singer - songwriter Paul Williams appears when Felix 's daughter Edna wants to run away to follow Williams on tour . ( Williams dissuades her . ) Dick Clark appeared as himself , a radio disc jockey who calls Oscar in a contest , where he wins a new car ( `` The New Car '' , episode 76 ) . Fictional depictions ( edit ) Jean Simmons , who played a visiting European princess , from the fictional country of Liechtenberg ( Peggy Rea played her lady - in - waiting ) , who meets Felix in a photography session , but goes out on a date with Oscar , and he comes home bragging of a wonderful time . He proudly relates that the Princess had a wonderful time herself , and that `` she knighted a wino '' . Pernell Roberts , played a country music impresario , to whom Oscar owes a lot of money in gambling debts , and who does NOT take IOUs . Jack Soo , played Chinese wrestler Chuk Mai Chin . Reta Shaw played a tough retired Army Colonel , Claire Frost , who works as housekeeper when Oscar is sick and Felix is too busy . She hails from Bayonne , New Jersey and her domineering ways cause Oscar to derisively refer to her as `` The Beast of Bayonne '' . Penny Marshall , who played Oscar 's secretary , Myrna Turner , made her last appearance in an episode in which she married `` Sheldn '' ( his legal name since the `` o '' was omitted from his birth certificate ) , who just happened to be played by Rob Reiner , Marshall 's then husband . Marshall 's real life brother and sister , Garry and Ronnie Marshall played Myrna 's siblings , Werner and Verna Turner , in the same episode . Victor Buono , as the eccentric new manager of the building in which Felix and Oscar live , who loves plants but hates people , and an `` exorcist '' in an episode inspired by the film The Exorcist ( 1973 ) in which the boys think their apartment is haunted . Albert Brooks , as Rudy , a pretentious and libidinous photographer colleague of Felix ( in two episodes in the show 's first season ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) During its original run the show had mediocre ratings at best ( the show never cracked the Top 25 programs Nielsen ratings list during its entire run ) . Nonetheless , both actors were nominated for Emmy Awards in each year of the show 's run . Jack Klugman won two Emmy Awards for his work ( in 1971 and 1973 ) , and Tony Randall won an Emmy as well ( in 1975 , in which , upon acceptance of the award , he commented on the fact that he wished he `` had a job '' , since the show had recently been cancelled ) . Klugman was nominated for a Golden Globe in 1972 and won one in 1974 . The show itself was also nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series in the years 1971 , 1972 and 1974 . To date , these are the last Emmy nominations to a sitcom airing on a Friday night . Opening narration and credit sequence ( edit ) `` On November 13 , Felix Unger was asked to remove himself from his place of residence . ( Unger 's unseen wife slams door , only to reopen it and angrily hand Felix his saucepan ) That request came from his wife . Deep down , he knew she was right , but he also knew that someday , he would return to her . With nowhere else to go , he appeared at the home of his childhood friend , Oscar Madison . Sometime earlier , Madison 's wife had thrown him out , requesting that he never return . Can two divorced men share an apartment without driving each other crazy ? '' This opening narration was featured during the show 's first and second seasons ( in the U.S. DVD release , it is also used in the third season set ) . It was narrated by voice actor Bill Woodson . The `` childhood friend '' reference was only used during the first season and was later changed to simply `` friend '' ( in fact , the `` childhood friend '' reference was added partway through the first season , as the fourth episode explains that Felix and Oscar met during jury duty . And , in a 1973 episode , the two were in the Army together , with Felix being Oscar 's superior , at the time Oscar and wife Blanche ( Brett Somers ) married . There was a flashback episode where Blanche and Oscar lived in the apartment Oscar now shares with Felix . Such inconsistencies in continuity were common for the show ) Also , `` sometime earlier '' was changed to `` several years earlier '' followed by Madison 's wife throwing him out , requesting that he never return . The opening credit sequence consisted of Felix and Oscar in various humorous situations around New York City such as cavorting around a Maypole . In later seasons , the opening sequence featured highlights from past episodes mixed with the previous footage . The closing credit sequences for the first four years of the show consisted of more of the duo 's zany antics or a scene where Felix meets Oscar by a big fountain in New York City 's Columbus Circle : Oscar throws a cigar butt in the fountain , Felix barks at him to pick it up , and Oscar scoops it up with his shoe then places the wet and soiled cigar butt in Felix 's pocket . Towards the end of the introduction title sequence the duo can be seen sitting on a park bench at W58th and 5th Ave in front of the Grand Army Plaza Monuments , Pulitzer Fountain , where Oscar throws his lunch wrapper on the ground and Felix beckons him to pick it up . In later seasons , another clip was incorporated into the credits ( a re-taping of a scene from an actual episode ) in which Oscar washes his hands in the kitchen sink and begins to dry them on the curtains ; Felix protests this , and so Oscar instead dries his hands on Felix ' shirt . For the final season , the credits were shown against a blue background . Related appearances by Klugman and Randall ( edit ) Klugman and Randall did a series of commercials for different products as Felix and Oscar . In 1972 , they appeared in TV commercials for Yoplait yogurt . ( Klugman also did commercials without Randall for the product in the early 1980s . ) In 1974 they appeared in ads for the game Challenge Yahtzee ; for a while , their likenesses also appeared on the game 's packaging , with the slogan `` You play your way -- I 'll play mine ! '' In the late 1980s and early 1990s , Klugman and Randall reprised their characters in a series of commercials for Eagle Snacks , although they called each other by their real names . They also reprised their roles as Felix and Oscar in regional productions , this time performing the original Neil Simon play , from the late 1980s until the mid-1990s . They had also performed the Simon play on a few road shows during the TV version 's off season during the summer in the early to mid-1970s . In 1997 , they appeared in a Broadway revival of another Simon play , The Sunshine Boys . In the 1980s , while starring in the NBC drama Quincy , M.E. , Klugman did commercials for Canon copiers . Minolta countered by hiring Randall , then on the NBC sitcom Love , Sidney , to do a commercial where he channeled his Felix role , mentioning that he `` can change copy colors without getting that disgusting black powder all over my hands ! '' He closed by saying `` But that does n't mean I 'm a neat freak . Of course , I 'm not a slob , either , like , uh ... '' and waved his hand , to suggest Klugman as Oscar . Klugman and Randall reunited in the 1993 CBS TV movie The Odd Couple : Together Again to a mixed reception . Klugman had lost a vocal cord to throat cancer and this struggle was included in the script . In the film , Felix tries to help Oscar recover . He also becomes overly involved in Edna 's upcoming wedding , much to her and Gloria 's dismay . ( Gloria was played in the movie by Barbara Barrie . ) Other versions ( edit ) A cartoon version of The Odd Couple premiered on September 6 , 1975 on ABC titled The Oddball Couple during their Saturday morning kids ' programming block , Funshine Saturday . Although authorized by Neil Simon ( who received a `` based on '' credit ) completely different characters were created : `` Spiffy '' ( a cat voiced by Frank Nelson ) and `` Fleabag '' ( a dog voiced by Paul Winchell ) who live together in a house that is half sloppy and rundown and half pristine and tidy along with a matching car . It was directed and produced by the same team that produced the Pink Panther cartoons : David DePatie and Friz Freleng were executive producers , Gerry Chiniquy , and Robert McKimson among others , directed several episodes . The characters ' professions in this version were reversed from the original series , with the fastidious Spiffy working as a reporter and the rumpled Fleabag a photographer , often working together . The show was canceled in 1977 . In 1982 , as a hedge against the 1981 Writers Guild of America strike , ABC aired a new version of The Odd Couple , this time with two African - Americans , Ron Glass as Felix and Demond Wilson as Oscar . It was called The New Odd Couple , and initially used eight previously - filmed scripts from the original series ; when the strike ended during the series ' production , union writers returned and original episodes were written from then on . It ran less than half a season . A Chilean version titled Una Pareja Dispareja began airing in January 2009 on TVN . This version takes several of its cues from Two and a Half Men , a Chuck Lorre - created sitcom with a similar premise to The Odd Couple . Some of the details taken from Two and a Half Men include Felix and Oscar being siblings instead of friends , as well as Felix being a doctor and Oscar a musician . Another American remake , also called The Odd Couple , aired on CBS for three seasons from 2015 to 2017 . This version , a multi-camera sitcom , was co-created and co-produced by Matthew Perry , who played Oscar , while Thomas Lennon played Felix . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Odd Couple ( 1970 TV series ) episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 24 September 24 , 1970 March 26 , 1971 23 September 17 , 1971 March 3 , 1972 23 September 15 , 1972 March 23 , 1973 22 September 14 , 1973 March 22 , 1974 5 22 September 12 , 1974 March 7 , 1975 Home releases ( edit ) The Complete First Season of The Odd Couple was released on DVD in Region 1 on August 18 , 2006 by Time Life Video under license from Paramount Home Entertainment ( Paramount Television was the program 's original distributor ) . Some episodes , mainly from the first season , were available on a VHS videotape set during the 1990s , and distributed by Columbia House . Each episode on the First Season DVDs contain an introduction from the show 's producer Garry Marshall . Also included as extras are Emmy Awards speeches , bloopers , TV interviews with the show 's stars and a clip of The Odd Couple on Broadway . Paramount / CBS DVD have since released the remaining seasons ( two through five ) of The Odd Couple on DVD in Region 1 . Season 1 was released in Region 2 on April 28 , 2008 . While the Time / Life Season 1 DVD release contained only unedited episodes as originally broadcast , CBS Home Entertainment opted to edit their DVDs of seasons two through five , removing short segments or occasionally entire scenes which included music sung by Felix or some other character . A notable example of this can be seen in the Season 5 episode `` Strike Up the Band or Else '' where , in the epilogue , guest star Pernell Roberts ' character is going to sing , and the episode abruptly ends and closing credits roll . Fans and critics alike lambasted CBS / Paramount for the shoddy treatment The Odd Couple DVD releases received , concluding that the studio has misled consumers by labeling their DVD sets as `` complete '' when they have been intentionally edited to avoid paying royalties required by the music publishers . To date , there are no plans to re-release the series utilizing the uncut master prints . On June 16 , 2015 , CBS DVD released The Odd Couple - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 , albeit with the same edits and removal of scenes with music . DVD name Ep # Release dates Region 1 Region 2 The First Season 24 April 24 , 2007 April 28 , 2008 The Second Season 23 August 28 , 2007 TBA The Third Season 23 January 22 , 2008 TBA The Fourth Season 22 June 10 , 2008 TBA The Fifth and Final Season 22 November 18 , 2008 TBA The Complete Series 114 June 16 , 2015 TBA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Odd Couple Classic ( 1970 ) '' . CBS.com . http://www.cbs.com/shows/the-odd-couple-classic/ Jump up ^ `` The Odd Couple 1970 - 1975 ... HD DTS '' . YouTube : Teevees Greatest. 9 March 2016 . https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezy0rSncqTs Jump up ^ `` The Odd Couple TV Promo for ABC '' . YouTube : Testofan. 11 March 2014 . https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=rE0NRWPG4n0 Jump up ^ `` Special Collector 's Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 - July 4 ) . 1997 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Odd Couple infosite , oddcouple.info ; accessed April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Inconsistencies '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Challenge Yahtzee '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Sunshine Boys ( with Klugman and Randall ) details , ibdb.com ; accessed April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Idato . `` Friends star Matthew Perry set for Odd Couple reboot '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Casey Cipriani . `` CBS Orders ' The Odd Couple ' Reboot Pilot Starring Matthew Perry '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Customer Reviews : The Odd Couple - The Complete Series , Seasons 1 - 5 '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Odd Couple DVD news : Announcement for The Odd Couple - The Complete Series - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Odd Couple ( TV series ) . The Odd Couple on IMDb The Odd Couple - related interview videos at the Archive of American Television ( hide ) Neil Simon 's The Odd Couple Films The Odd Couple ( 1968 ) The Odd Couple II ( 1998 ) Television series The Odd Couple ( 1970 -- 1975 ) ( episodes ) The Oddball Couple ( 1975 ) The New Odd Couple ( 1982 -- 1983 ) The Odd Couple ( 2015 -- 2017 ) ( episodes ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Odd_Couple_(1970_TV_series)&oldid=804617125 '' Categories : 1970s American television series 1970 American television series debuts 1975 American television series endings 1970s American comedy television series American Broadcasting Company network shows American television sitcoms Television programs based on films Television series based on plays Television shows set in New York City Television series by CBS Television Studios The Odd Couple Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Nederlands Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 04 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played in the original odd couple tv show | [
"The Odd Couple, formally titled onscreen Neil Simon's The Odd Couple, is an American television situation comedy broadcast from September 24, 1970, to March 7, 1975, on ABC. It stars Tony Randall as Felix Unger and Jack Klugman as Oscar Madison, and was the first of several sitcoms developed by Garry Marshall for Paramount Television. The show is based on the 1965 play of the same name, which was written by Neil Simon, as well as on the play's 1968 film adaptation. Felix and Oscar are both divorced. They share a Manhattan apartment, and their different lifestyles inevitably lead to conflicts and laughs.",
"The Odd Couple, formally titled onscreen Neil Simon's The Odd Couple, is an American television situation comedy broadcast from September 24, 1970, to March 7, 1975, on ABC. It stars Tony Randall as Felix Unger and Jack Klugman as Oscar Madison, and was the first of several sitcoms developed by Garry Marshall for Paramount Television. The show is based on the 1965 play of the same name, which was written by Neil Simon, as well as on the play's 1968 film adaptation. Felix and Oscar are both divorced. They share a Manhattan apartment, and their different lifestyles inevitably lead to conflicts and laughs."
] | [
"Tony Randall",
"Jack Klugman"
] |
-3301899739983460841 | Wizards of the Coast | Wizards of the Coast - wikipedia Wizards of the Coast Not to be confused with Wizard Entertainment . Wizards of the Coast LLC Type Subsidiary of Hasbro Industry Collectible card games , role - playing games , magazines Founded 1990 ; 28 years ago ( 1990 ) Founder Peter Adkison Headquarters Renton , Washington , USA Key people Chris Cocks ( President ) Products Magic : The Gathering , Dungeons & Dragons , Pokémon Trading Card Game , Kaijudo Trading Card Game Parent Hasbro ( 1999 -- present ) Subsidiaries Avalon Hill Website company.wizards.com Wizards of the Coast LLC ( often referred to as WotC / ˈwɒtˌsiː / or simply Wizards ) is an American publisher of games , primarily based on fantasy and science fiction themes , and formerly an operator of retail stores for games . Originally a basement - run role - playing game publisher , the company popularized the collectible card game genre with Magic : The Gathering in the mid-1990s , acquired the popular Dungeons & Dragons role - playing game by purchasing the failing company TSR , and experienced tremendous success by publishing the licensed Pokémon Trading Card Game . The company 's corporate headquarters are located in Renton , Washington in the United States . Wizards of the Coast publishes role - playing games , board games , and collectible card games . They have received numerous awards , including several Origins Awards . The company has been a subsidiary of Hasbro since 1999 . All Wizards of the Coast stores were closed in 2004 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Acquisition of TSR and Pokémon 1.2 Acquisition by Hasbro 1.3 2000s -- 2010s 2 Games and products 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) Wizards of the Coast was founded by Peter Adkison in 1990 just outside Seattle , Washington , and its current headquarters are located in nearby Renton . Originally the company only published role - playing games such as the third edition of Talislanta and its own The Primal Order . The 1992 release of The Primal Order , a supplement designed for use with any game system , brought legal trouble with Palladium Books suing for references to Palladium 's game and system . The suit was settled in 1993 . In 1991 , Richard Garfield approached Wizards of the Coast with the idea for a new board game called RoboRally , but was turned down because the game would have been too expensive for Wizards of the Coast to produce . Instead , Adkison asked Garfield if he could invent a game that was both portable and quick - playing , to which Garfield agreed . Adkison set up a new corporation , Garfield Games , to develop Richard Garfield 's collectible card game concept , originally called Manaclash , into Magic : The Gathering . This kept the game sheltered from the legal battle with Palladium , and Garfield Games then licensed the production and sale rights to Wizards until the court case was settled , at which point the shell company was shut down . Wizards debuted Magic in July 1993 at the Origins Game Fair in Dallas . The game proved extremely popular at Gen Con in August 1993 , selling out of its supply of 2.5 million cards , which had been scheduled to last until the end of the year . The success of Magic generated revenue that carried the company out from the handful of employees in 1993 working out of Peter 's original basement headquarters into 250 employees in its own offices in 1995 . In 1994 , Magic won both the Mensa Top Five mind games award and the Origins Awards for Best Fantasy or Science Fiction Board Game of 1993 and Best Graphic Presentation of a Board Game of 1993 . In 1994 , Wizards began an association with The Beanstalk Group , a brand licensing agency and consultancy , to license the Magic brand . After the success of Magic , Wizards published RoboRally in 1994 , and it soon won the 1994 Origins Awards for Best Fantasy or Science Fiction Board Game and Best Graphic Presentation of a Board Game . Wizards also expanded its role - playing game line by buying SLA Industries from Nightfall Games and Ars Magica from White Wolf , Inc. in 1994 . In 1995 , Wizards published another card game by Richard Garfield , The Great Dalmuti , which won the 1995 Best New Mind Game award from Mensa . In August 1995 , Wizards released Everway and then four months later closed its roleplaying game product line . Peter Adkison explained that the company was doing a disservice to the games with lack of support and had lost money on all of Wizards ' roleplaying game products . Also in 1995 , Wizards ' annual sales passed US $65 million . Acquisition of TSR and Pokémon ( edit ) Peter Adkison , founder of Wizards of the Coast , at Gen Con Indy 2007 Wizards announced the purchase of TSR , the cash - strapped makers of Dungeons & Dragons on April 10 , 1997 . Wizards acquired TSR and Five Rings Publishing Group for $25 million . Many of the creative and professional staff of TSR relocated from Wisconsin to the Renton area . Wizards used TSR as a brand name for a while , then retired it , allowing the TSR trademarks to expire . Between 1997 and 1999 , the company spun off several well - loved but poorly selling campaign settings ( including Planescape , Dark Sun and Spelljammer ) to fan groups , focusing business primarily on the more profitable Greyhawk and Forgotten Realms lines . In Summer 1997 , Wizards revisited the concept of a 3rd edition of Dungeons & Dragons , having first discussed it soon after the purchase of TSR . Looking back on the decision in 2004 , Adkison stated : `` Obviously , ( Wizards ) had a strong economic incentive for publishing a new edition ; sales for any product line tend to spike when a new edition comes out , assuming the new edition is an improvement over the first . And given the change in ownership we thought this would be an excellent opportunity for WotC to ' put its stamp on D&D ' . '' He later `` Set ( the ) overall design direction '' for the new edition of D&D . Wizards released the third edition of Dungeons & Dragons in 2000 , as well as the d20 System . With these releases came the Open Game License , which allowed other companies to make use of those systems . The new edition of the D&D game won the 2000 Origins Award for Best Roleplaying Game . In 2002 , Wizards sponsored a design contest which allowed designers to submit their campaign worlds to Wizards , to produce an entirely original campaign world ; Wizards selected `` Eberron '' , submitted by Keith Baker , and its first hardcover book was released in June 2004 . In 2003 Wizards released version 3.5 of Dungeons & Dragons and the d20 system . Wizards helped to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the D&D game at Gen Con Indy 2004 . On August 2 , 1997 , Wizards of the Coast was granted U.S. Patent 5,662,332 on collectible card games . In January 1999 , Wizards of the Coast began publishing the highly successful Pokémon Trading Card Game . The game proved to be very popular , selling nearly 400,000 copies in less than six weeks , and selling 10 times better than Wizards ' initial projections . There was such a high demand for Pokémon cards that some sports card series were discontinued in 1999 because so many printers were producing Pokémon cards . The game won the 1999 National Parenting Center 's Seal of Approval . Within a year , Wizards had sold millions of copies of the Pokémon game , and the company released a new set that included an instructional CD - ROM . Wizards continued to publish the game until 2003 . One of Nintendo 's affiliates , Pokémon USA , had begun producing a new edition for the game before the last of its agreements with Wizards expired September 30 , and Wizards filed suit against Nintendo the following day , October 1 , 2003 . The two companies resolved their differences in December 2003 without going to court . Acquisition by Hasbro ( edit ) Seeing the continued success of Pokémon and Magic : The Gathering , the game and toy giant Hasbro bought Wizards of the Coast in September 1999 , for about US $325 million . Hasbro had expressed interest in purchasing Wizards of the Coast as early as 1994 , and had been further impressed after the success of its Pokémon game . Avalon Hill was made a division of Wizards of the Coast , in late 1999 ; the company had been purchased by Hasbro in the summer of 1998 . Vince Caluori became President of Wizards of the Coast in November 1999 . As of January 1 , 2001 , Peter Adkison resigned from Wizards . Chuck Huebner became President and CEO of Wizards of the Coast in June 2002 , and Loren Greenwood succeeded Huebner in these positions in April 2004 . Greg Leeds succeeded Loren Greenwood as President and CEO of Wizards of the Coast in March 2008 . In November 1999 , Wizards announced that Gen Con would leave Milwaukee after the 2002 convention . Hasbro sold Origins to GAMA , and in May 2002 sold Gen Con to Peter Adkison . Wizards also outsourced its magazines by licensing Dungeon , Dragon , Polyhedron , and Amazing Stories to Paizo Publishing . Wizards released the Dungeons & Dragons miniatures collectible pre-painted plastic miniatures games in 2003 , and added a licensed Star Wars line in 2004 , and through its Avalon Hill brand an Axis & Allies World War II miniatures game in 2005 . Wizards of the Coast 's book publishing division has produced hundreds of titles that have sold millions of copies in over 16 languages . After the company 's great success in 1999 with Pokémon , Wizards of the Coast acquired and expanded The Game Keeper , a US chain of retail gaming stores , eventually changing its name to Wizards of the Coast , including the company 's flagship gaming center on The Ave in Seattle for several years , and its retail stores , which were mostly in shopping malls in the US . The gaming center was closed by March 2001 and eventually Wizards announced in December 2003 that it would close all of its stores in order to concentrate on game design . The stores were closed in the spring of 2004 . 2000s -- 2010s ( edit ) In early 2006 , Wizards of the Coast filed a lawsuit against Daron Rutter , who was then administrator of the MTG Salvation website ( on which he is known as `` Rancored Elf '' ) . The charges stemmed from Rutter publicly posting confidential prototypes for upcoming Magic : The Gathering card sets to the MTG Salvation forums , ten months before the cards were to be released . Mark Rosewater explained the outcome : `` I can say that we ( Wizards of the Coast ) settled the lawsuit with Rancored Elf out of court to both parties ' satisfaction . '' Paizo Publishing 's license to produce Dragon and Dungeon magazines , which Paizo had been publishing since it spun off from Wizards of the Coast 's periodicals department in 2002 , expired in September 2007 . Wizards then moved the magazines to an online model . On June 6 , 2008 , Wizards released the 4th Edition of Dungeons & Dragons , with the retail availability of a new set of core rulebooks . Wizards began introducing 4th Edition online content in Dragon and Dungeon magazines . 4th Edition is designed to offer more streamlined game play , while the new rules framework intended to reduce the preparation time needed to run a game and make the game more accessible to new players . As of 2008 , the company employs over 300 people . On April 6 , 2009 , Wizards of the Coast suspended all sales of its products for the Dungeons & Dragons games in PDF format from places such as ONEBOOKSHELF.com and its subsidiaries RPGNow.com and DRIVETHRURPG.com . This coincides with a lawsuit brought against eight people in an attempt to prevent future copyright infringement of their books , and includes the recent 4th edition Dungeons & Dragons products that were made available through these places as well as all older editions PDFs of the game . A 5th edition of Dungeons & Dragons was released on July 15 , 2014 featuring a set of pre-generated characters , a set of instructions for basic play , and the adventure module Lost Mine of Phandelver . In 2016 , Chris Cocks was announced as a replacement for Greg Leeds . Games and products ( edit ) Main article : List of Wizards of the Coast products In addition to Dungeons & Dragons , Magic : The Gathering , and Pokémon , Wizards has produced numerous other games , including board , card , miniature , and role - playing games . They also publish novels based on games such as Dungeons & Dragons , Magic : The Gathering and Legend of the Five Rings . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Contact Us '' . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved on May 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Wizards '' . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Fannon , Sean Patrick ( 1999 ) . The Fantasy Roleplaying Gamer 's Bible ( 2nd ed . ) . Obsidian Studios . pp. 151 , 154 . ISBN 0 - 9674429 - 0 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Tynes , John ( March 23 , 2001 ) . `` Death to the Minotaur : Part 1 '' . Salon Media Group . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2006 . Retrieved September 1 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Appelcline , Shannon ( August 3 , 2006 ) . `` Wizards of the Coast : 1990 -- present '' . A Brief History of Game . RPGnet . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2006 . Retrieved September 1 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Tinsman , Brian ( 2003 ) . The Game Inventor 's Guidebook . Krause Publications . pp. 11 -- 12 , 18 , 63 , 76 . ISBN 0 - 87349 - 552 - 7 . Jump up ^ Miller , John Jackson ( 2001 ) , Scrye Collectible Card Game Checklist & Price Guide , p. 520 . Jump up ^ `` American Mensa mind games past winners '' . Mind Games . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2008 . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Origins Award Winners ( 1993 ) '' . Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2007 . Retrieved November 1 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Tynes , John ( March 23 , 2001 ) . `` Death to the Minotaur : Part 2 '' . Salon Media Group . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2006 . Retrieved September 1 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards '' . Wizards of the Coast . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2008 . Retrieved November 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Salomone , Rosemary C. ( 2002 ) . Visions of Schooling : Conscience , Community , and Common Education . Yale University Press . p. 144 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 09350 - 6 . Jump up ^ Varney , Allen ( May 3 , 2006 ) . `` The Year in Gaming '' . The Austin Chronicle . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Magic & Memories : The Complete History of Dungeons & Dragons -- Part IV '' . GameSpy . August 18 , 2004 . Retrieved November 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Harold ; et al. ( 2004 ) . 30 Years of Adventure : A Celebration of Dungeons & Dragons . Wizards of the Coast . ISBN 0 - 7869 - 3498 - 0 . Jump up ^ Holzmeier , Robert . `` Peter Adkison 's Ilboria Campaign '' . Celebrity Game Table . Wizards of the Coast . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrate At Gen Con Indy As Dungeons & Dragons Turns 30 '' . Wizards of the Coast . May 24 , 2004 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved November 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pokemon Trading Card Game a Monster Success ; Stores Selling Out of Product within Hours of Restocking on Shelves '' . Business Services Industry . February 3 , 1999 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2009 . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pokemon Trading Card Game Phenomenon Celebrates One - year Anniversary With Release of Base Set 2 ; Base Set 2 Makes Learning the Game Easier with Instructional CD - ROM '' . Business Services Industry . March 8 , 2000 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2009 . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Engleman , Eric ( October 10 , 2003 ) . `` A suit of cards : Wizards of the Coast sues Nintendo over Pokemon game '' . Puget Sound Business Journal . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cook , John ( October 11 , 2003 ) . It 's Wizards vs. Pokemon as ex-partners square off . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved on January 3 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Pokemon USA , Inc. and Wizards of the Coast , Inc . Resolve Dispute '' . Business Services Industry . December 29 , 2003 . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hasbro last Thursday announced its intention to buy Wizards of the Coast , which sells Pokémon trading cards , for about $325 million . The deal is expected to be completed by the end of this month . '' `` Hasbro Buys Pokémon Cards '' . Phillips Publishing International . September 15 , 1999 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2008 . Retrieved June 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hasbro to Acquire Wizards of the Coast '' . About.com . September 11 , 1999 . Retrieved January 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Avalon Hill Welcomes Back Richard Garfield ; Rocketville Set to Blast - Off on March 10 '' . February 7 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2007 . Retrieved January 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Caluori promoted to president of WoTC '' . Fantasy and Science Fiction News . November 17 , 1999 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2006 . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Leeds Joins as New Head of Wizards of the Coast '' ( Press release ) . Renton , Wash. : Wizards of the Coast . March 13 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2008 . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Miller II , Stanley A. ( August 3 , 2002 ) . `` Gen gone : Next year , gamers will be draggin ' their tales to Indiana prairie '' . Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2007 . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bub , Andrew S. ( July 26 , 2003 ) . `` Interview with Peter Adkison '' . GameSpy . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2005 . Retrieved June 21 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Archive page 2 ( August 25 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Wizards of the Coast Signs Exclusive Publishing Agreement With Paizo Publishing , LLC To Produce Top Hobby Industry Magazines '' ( Press release ) . Renton , Washington : Wizards of the Coast . July 8 , 2002 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved January 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hasbro Inc . '' . Standard & Poor 's 500 Guide : 2006 Edition . Standard & Poor 's . 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 146823 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wizards Of The Coast Takes Legal Action '' ( Press release ) . Renton , Wash. : Wizards of the Coast . January 19 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2007 . Retrieved September 2 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Rosewater , Mark ( June 19 , 2006 ) . `` Law & Order '' . Magicthegathering.com . Wizards of the Coast . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Paizo Publishing to Cease Publication of Dragon and Dungeon '' . Paizo Publishing . April 19 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2012 . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Magazine Publishers of America ( 2003 ) . `` Defunct or Suspended Magazines 2007 '' . MPA Website : The Definitive Source of the Magazine Industry . Magazine Publishers of America . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2008 . Retrieved February 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dungeons & Dragons 4th Edition Rulebooks Now Available '' . Wizards of the Coast . June 6 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2008 . Retrieved November 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thorburn , Tolena ( April 6 , 2009 ) . `` Wizards of the Coast sues eight for copyright infringement '' ( Press release ) . Wizards of the Coast . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 5E starter Set '' . Wizards.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hasbro Announces New Leadership for Wizards of the Coast '' ( Press release ) . Pawtucket , R.I. : Hasbro . Business Wire. April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Companies portal Dungeons & Dragons portal Pokémon portal Role - playing games portal Seattle portal Dungeons & Dragons Basics General Controversies Editions Gen Con Popular culture Film series Related products Retro - clones RPGA Sources and influences Gameplay Adventures Alignment Dungeon Master Game mechanics Magic Magic item major artifacts Miniatures Psionics Creators Gary Gygax Dave Arneson Keith Baker Richard Baker Ed Greenwood Jeff Grubb Tracy Hickman Robert J. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did wizards of the coast buy d&d | [
"Wizards announced the purchase of TSR, the cash-strapped makers of Dungeons & Dragons on April 10, 1997.[5] Wizards acquired TSR and Five Rings Publishing Group for $25 million.[13] Many of the creative and professional staff of TSR relocated from Wisconsin to the Renton area. Wizards used TSR as a brand name for a while, then retired it, allowing the TSR trademarks to expire. Between 1997 and 1999, the company spun off several well-loved but poorly selling campaign settings (including Planescape, Dark Sun and Spelljammer) to fan groups, focusing business primarily on the more profitable Greyhawk and Forgotten Realms lines.[14]\n"
] | [
"April 10, 1997"
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-28017487727398374 | Contagion (film) | Contagion ( film ) - wikipedia Contagion ( film ) For the 1987 film , see Contagion ( 1987 film ) . Contagion Theatrical release poster Directed by Steven Soderbergh Produced by Michael Shamberg Stacey Sher Gregory Jacobs Written by Scott Z . Burns Starring Marion Cotillard Matt Damon Laurence Fishburne Jude Law Gwyneth Paltrow Kate Winslet Music by Cliff Martinez Cinematography Steven Soderbergh ( as Peter Andrews ) Edited by Stephen Mirrione Production company Participant Media Imagenation Abu Dhabi Double Feature Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date September 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 03 ) ( Venice Film Festival ) September 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 09 ) Running time 106 minutes Country United States United Arab Emirates Language English Budget $60 million Box office $135.5 million Contagion is a 2011 U.S. medical thriller - disaster film directed by Steven Soderbergh . The film features an ensemble cast that includes Marion Cotillard , Bryan Cranston , Matt Damon , Laurence Fishburne , Jude Law , Gwyneth Paltrow , Kate Winslet , and Jennifer Ehle . The plot of Contagion documents the spread of a virus transmitted by fomites , attempts by medical researchers and public health officials to identify and contain the disease , the loss of social order in a pandemic , and finally the introduction of a vaccine to halt its spread . To follow several interacting plot lines , the film makes use of the multi-narrative `` hyperlink cinema '' style , popularized in several of Soderbergh 's films . Soderbergh and screenwriter Scott Z . Burns had collaborated on The Informant ! ( 2009 ) . Following that film 's release , Burns brought up the idea of producing a medical thriller film depicting the rapid spread of a virus , which was inspired by various pandemics such as the 2003 SARS epidemic and the 2009 flu pandemic . To devise an accurate perception of a pandemic event , Burns consulted with representatives of the World Health Organization as well as noted medical experts such as W. Ian Lipkin and Lawrence `` Larry '' Brilliant . Principal photography started in Hong Kong in September 2010 , and continued in Chicago , Atlanta , London , Geneva , and San Francisco until February 2011 . Contagion premiered at the 68th Venice Film Festival in Venice , Italy on September 3 , 2011 , and went on general release on September 9 . The film was well received by critics , who praised the narratives and the performances of various actors and actresses . It was also well received by scientists , who praised its accuracy . Commercially , the film was a box office success . Budgeted at $60 million , Contagion attained $135 million in box office revenue during its theatrical run . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characterizations 3 Production 3.1 Conception and writing 3.2 Filming 3.3 Soundtrack 4 Themes 5 Reception 5.1 Release and box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Scientific accuracy 5.4 Home media 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Returning from a Hong Kong business trip , Beth Emhoff has a layover in Chicago to rendezvous with a former lover before returning to her family in suburban Minneapolis . She appears to have contracted a cold during her trip . Her six - year - old son from a previous marriage , Clark , also becomes symptomatic and is sent home from school . Beth 's condition worsens and two days later she collapses with severe seizures . Her husband , Mitch , rushes her to the hospital , but she dies of an unknown cause . Mitch returns home and finds that Clark has also died from a similar infection . Mitch is placed in isolation but seems to be immune to the disease . He is released and returns home to his teenage daughter Jory , though they are unsure if she has inherited his immunity . She decides to stay with her father regardless , since he 's now all alone . Mitch struggles to protect his daughter from the risk of infection , while learning that his wife was unfaithful to him prior to her death . Meanwhile , everyone who had contact with Emhoff begins to spread the disease around the world . In Atlanta , representatives of the Department of Homeland Security meet with Dr. Ellis Cheever of the CDC and express fears that the disease is a bio weapon terror attack over the Thanksgiving weekend . Dr. Cheever dispatches Dr. Erin Mears , an Epidemic Intelligence Service officer , to Minneapolis to begin investigating . Mears traces the U.S. outbreak to Emhoff , while also dealing with local bureaucrats who are initially reluctant to commit to a proper public health response . After successfully setting up triage camps in large venues , Dr. Mears becomes infected . Her evacuation is postponed , as airports begin to close in anticipation of a quarantine . She later dies and is buried in a mass grave . As more and more people become infected with no cure in sight , social order begins to decay , with rampant looting of stores and homes . The U.S. President is moved underground while emergency services suffer absenteeism and no longer respond . Mitch and Jory attempt to escape to Wisconsin , but the borders are closed . At the CDC , Dr. Ally Hextall determines the virus is a mix of genetic material from pig and bat viruses . Work on a cure stalls because scientists can not discover a cell culture within which to grow the newly named Meningoencephalitis Virus One ( MEV - 1 ) . UCSF professor Dr. Ian Sussman violates orders from the CDC to destroy his samples , and on Day 12 , with over 8 million already infected worldwide , identifies a usable MEV - 1 cell culture using bat cells . Hextall uses the breakthrough to start working on a vaccine . Other scientists determine the virus is spread by fomites with a basic reproduction number of four when the virus mutates , projecting that one in twelve of the world population will be infected , with a 25 - 30 % mortality rate . Conspiracy theorist Alan Krumwiede posts videos about the virus on his popular blog . In one video , he shows himself sick and later claims he recovered using a homeopathic cure derived from forsythia . In a panic , people seeking forsythia overwhelm pharmacies . Krumwiede 's claims attract national attention . During a television interview , he reveals that Dr. Cheever had secretly advised his fiancé to leave Chicago just before the city was quarantined . Cheever is informed the government will investigate and may charge him for leaking information . Later , it is revealed Krumwiede had faked being infected in an attempt to increase profits for a hedge fund that paid him for advice on a cure , which he randomly stated was forsythia . Krumwiede is arrested for conspiracy , securities fraud and manslaughter , but is released when his many supporters successfully raise funds to provide for his bail . Using an attenuated virus , Dr. Hextall identifies a possible vaccine . To cut out the lengthy testing process , she inoculates herself with the experimental vaccine and visits her father , a doctor suffering with MEV - 1 after he refused to stop treating patients during the outbreak . Hextall does not contract MEV - 1 and the vaccine is declared a success . Even at full production rates , the vaccine supply can not match demand , so the CDC awards the vaccinations by lottery based on birth date ; inoculations will take one full year to complete . First responders , doctors , and others designated by the government are vaccinated ahead of the lottery . Dr. Cheever gives his fast - tracked vaccination to the son of Roger , a CDC janitor who had overheard Dr. Cheever 's phone call warning his girlfriend to leave Chicago . Meanwhile , Mitch and Jory reconcile with the hope of life going back to normal . In the opening days , Dr. Leonora Orantes , a WHO epidemiologist , traveled to Hong Kong to follow the Beth Emhoff lead . She collaborates with Sun Feng and other local epidemiologists and public health officials ; they identify Emhoff as patient zero , with security video showing her as the common contact with the next three known victims at a Macau casino . Before she can leave , Feng kidnaps Orantes to use her as leverage to obtain ( anticipated ) MEV - 1 vaccine doses for his village . Orantes spends months living with the villagers until the vaccine is announced . Feng exchanges Orantes for enough vaccine for his village . When her colleague reveals that similar kidnappings were widespread , and the doses were placebos , Orantes rushes back to warn the villagers , exhibiting Stockholm Syndrome . By Day 26 , the death toll had reached at least 2.5 million in the U.S. and 26 million worldwide . The discovery , production and initial deliveries of vaccine took until Day 133 , with vaccinations to run until nearly Day 500 . The final death toll is not mentioned . Dr. Hextall places samples of MEV - 1 in cryogenic storage , alongside samples of H1N1 and SARS . The source of the virus is revealed to viewers . A bulldozer ( coincidentally , operating for the company Emhoff worked for ) clears some jungle and disturbs some bats , with one finding shelter and food in a banana tree . That bat then flies over a pig pen , dropping a chunk of banana from its mouth , which is then eaten by a piglet . A chef from the Macau casino chooses the piglet and returns to the casino . As he handles the carcass in the kitchen , getting abrasions on his hands , he only wipes his hands when called to meet a customer -- Beth Emhoff . The chef shakes hands with Beth ( Mitch views the handshake on her camera in a previous scene ) , giving her the mix of bat and pig viruses , making the chef patient zero and Beth the second case . Cast and characterizations ( edit ) Marion Cotillard photographed by Studio Harcourt , Paris in 1999 Marion Cotillard as Dr. Leonora Orantes , an epidemiologist with the World Health Organisation Orantes ' main objective is to trace the origins of the MEV - 1 pathogen . Cotillard , a fan of Soderbergh 's work , first met with the director in Los Angeles , California . The French actress was enthralled with the script because she was `` very concerned about germs . I 've always been ... scared , in a way , by all of those disease ( s ) . So ... it was really something I was really interested . '' Soderbergh said that Orantes `` gets dropped into situations and has to deal with cultural as well as scientific issues that are sometimes at odds '' , and notes that she has a `` professional '' yet stubborn , `` remote '' , and `` dispassionate '' demeanor , though `` something happens to her in the course of the story that causes a significant emotional shift . '' Matt Damon , a frequent collaborator of Soderbergh 's , was chosen to portray Mitch Emhoff . Matt Damon as Mitch Emhoff Damon viewed his character as the embodiment of the `` everyman '' -- an individual that is seen as `` one of the human faces of the supervirus '' following his wife and stepson 's deaths . Soderbergh also noted Mitch 's `` common individual '' lack of medical and scientific knowledge , though keeping the situation dynamic and compelling was challenging for the director , as he was concerned that Emhoff would be a one - dimensional character . Soderbergh felt that Damon understood the concept and addressed the producers ' concerns . `` You never catch him acting '' , said Soderbergh . `` There 's no vanity , no self - consciousness in his performance ; it 's as if the cameras are n't there . '' Writer Scott Z . Burns sent him a copy of the script with a `` read this and then go wash your hands '' note attached to it . Damon recalled : `` I just really want to be in this movie . It was a terrific , riveting , really fast read and really exciting and really horrifying , but managed to be really touching . '' Laurence Fishburne as Dr. Ellis Cheever Soderbergh admired Fishburne 's ability to portray an emphatic and assertive figure in previous films . To Fishburne , Cheever was a `` smart '' , `` competent '' physician who often epitomized a `` voice of reason '' . Once he conferred with W. Ian Lipkin , a virologist and professor at Columbia University , the character 's complexities were nonexistent for the actor . Fishburne stated , `` The personal stuff that I have as Ellis Cheever was telling my fiancée , soon - to - be wife , Sanaa Lathan , to get out of town , to leave , to pack up , to not talk . That 's really easy . Any human being in that situation is going to do that , I think . '' Jude Law as Alan Krumwiede Krumwiede is an ardent conspiracy theorist who , according to Law , is the so - called index patient for `` what becomes a parallel epidemic of fear and panic '' . `` We definitely wanted him to have a messianic streak '' , said Soderbergh , whom Law talked to during the character 's creating process . The two men discussed the appearances and the behaviors of a typical anti-government conspiracy theorist . Producer Gregory Jacobs commented that `` what 's interesting is that you 're not really sure about him . Is the government really hiding something and does the herbal remedy he 's talking about really work ? I think we all suspect at one time or another that we 're not getting the whole truth , and in that sense Krumwiede represents the audience 's point of view . '' Gwyneth Paltrow as Elizabeth `` Beth '' Emhoff A `` working mom '' , as described by Paltrow , Elizabeth is the central figure in the detective process . Despite being among the virus ' first victims , Paltrow believed that Elizabeth was `` lucky '' , as she thought the disease 's survivors were being left to deal with the newly difficult conditions of everyday life , such as finding food and potable water . When on location in Hong Kong , Paltrow was instructed by Soderbergh to take photographs to be used in the film , and admitted she was apprehensive about the assignment . `` I was just another tourist taking pictures '' , she said , and added , `` I did feel a little pressure . When Steven Soderbergh gives you a photo assignment , you had better come back with something decent . '' Kate Winslet traveled to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , where she met with many of the employees to research her character . Kate Winslet as Dr. Erin Mears , an Epidemic Intelligence Service officer In researching her character , Winslet traveled to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) in Atlanta , Georgia , where she consulted with current and former officers of the Epidemic Intelligence Service to receive insight on not only the daily life , but on the type of person qualified for the occupation . `` These are people who can be sent into war zones where there 's been an outbreak of a new virus . Fear is not an option . If they feel it , they learn to push it aside . '' Winslet felt that Mears was able to bring the epidemic `` down to the layman 's level '' so the viewer could comprehend the scope of it without the science dragging the story down . Jennifer Ehle as Dr. Ally Hextall , a research scientist with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Soderbergh had seen Ehle 's performance in Michael Clayton ( 2007 ) , though it was ultimately cut prior to the film 's release , and it prompted him to offer her a role in Contagion . He `` had known who Jennifer was for a long time , and this did n't take a lot of thought , honestly '' . Elliott Gould as Dr. Ian Sussman A research scientist at the University of California San Francisco , a medical campus , Sussman identifies a cell culture capable of growing the virus . Chin Han as Sun Feng Han spoke of his character 's development : `` He starts off as a button - down , serious ... government official , and then as the movie progresses ... you find out a different side of him and his secret agenda . '' Bryan Cranston as Rear Admiral Lyle Haggerty , United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps John Hawkes as Roger , CDC custodian and acquaintance of Dr. Cheever Dan Flannery as Hextall 's father Anna Jacoby - Heron as Jory Emhoff , daughter of Mitch Emoff Brian J. O'Donnell as Andrew , Jory 's boyfriend Josie Ho as Li Fai 's sister Sanaa Lathan as Aubrey Cheever , fiancée of Dr. Cheever Demetri Martin as Dr. David Eisenberg , CDC colleague of Dr. Hextall Armin Rohde as Damian Leopold , a WHO official Enrico Colantoni as Dennis French , a Department of Homeland Security official Larry Clarke as Dave , a Minnesota health official working with Dr. Mears Monique Gabriela Curnen as Lorraine Vasquez , a print journalist in San Francisco Amr Waked as Rafik Matt Motyka as Minnesota Body Burial Worker Production ( edit ) Conception and writing ( edit ) There 's a scene in The Informant ! where Matt ( Damon ) is watching Scott Bakula 's character talk on the phone and Scott coughs on the phone , and there 's this whole rant that Matt goes off on of ' Oh , great , now what happens ? He gets sick and then I 'm going to get it , my kids are going to get it . ' I 've always been fascinated by transmissibility , so I said to Steven , ' I want to do an interesting thriller version of a pandemic movie ' and he said , ' Great ! Let 's do that instead . ' `` '' Scott Z . Burns . Concerted efforts to devise Contagion coincided with Burns ' collaboration with Soderbergh in The Informant ! ( 2009 ) . The duo had initially planned to create a biographical film on Leni Riefenstahl , a trailblazer in German cinema during the 1930s and a figure in the rise of the Nazi Party . Soderbergh later contacted Burns to cancel the project , as he thought that a film about Riefenstahl would struggle to attract an audience . Intrigued with the field of transmission , Burns suggested that they instead create a film that centered on a pandemic situation -- `` an interesting thriller version of a pandemic movie '' . His main objective was to construct a medical thriller that `` really felt like what could happen '' . Burns consulted with Lawrence `` Larry '' Brilliant , renowned for his work in eradicating smallpox , to develop an accurate perception of a pandemic event . He had seen one of Brilliant 's TED presentations , which he was fascinated by , and realized that `` the point of view of people within that field is n't ' If this is going to happen ' , it 's ' When is this going to happen ? ' '' Brilliant introduced Burns to another specialist , W. Ian Lipkin . With the aid of these physicians , the producers were able to obtain additional perspectives from representatives of the World Health Organization . Burns also met with the author of The Coming Plague , Laurie Garrett . Her 1995 book helped Burns consider a variety of potential plots for the film . He wanted to feature an official from the CDC , and ultimately decided to use an epidemiologist , since that role requires interacting with people while tracking the disease . Although he had done research on pandemics six months prior to the 2009 flu pandemic , the outbreak was `` really helpful '' to his studies , because it provided a glimpse of the societal apparatus following the onset stages of a pandemic . To him , it was not solely the virus itself that one had to be concerned about , but how society handles the situation . `` I saw them come to life '' , Burns said , `` and I saw issues about , ' Well , do you close the schools and if you close the schools , then who stays home with the kids ? And will everyone keep their kids at home ? ' Things happening online , which is where the Jude Law character came from , that there 's going to be information that comes out online where people want to be ahead of the curve , so some people will write things about anti-virals or different treatment protocols , and so there 's always going to be an information and that information also has sort of a viral pulse . '' Filming ( edit ) Some of Chicago 's landscape provided for the setting of Minneapolis and Atlanta . The hostage exchange scene was filmed in Tsuen Wan Chinese Permanent Cemetery , Hong Kong . In conjunction with overseeing the directing process , Soderbergh functioned as a cinematographer for Contagion . The film was wholly shot using Red Digital Cinema Camera Company 's RED One MX digital camera , which uses ambient light and has a 4.5 K image resolution . Since he hoped for the premise to be authentic and `` as realistic as possible '' , Soderbergh opted not to film in the studio . `` There 's , to me , nothing more satisfying occasionally than making someplace look like someplace else on film and having nobody know the difference . '' For choosing cities , Soderbergh felt that they could n't `` go anywhere where one of our characters has n't been '' , since he wanted to portray an `` epic '' , yet `` intimate '' scenario . He explained , We ca n't cut to a city or a group of extras that we 've never been to that we do n't know personally . That was our rule . And that 's a pretty significant rule to adhere to in a movie in which you 're trying to give a sense of something that 's happening on a large scale , but we felt that all of the elements that we had issues with prior , when we see any kind of disaster film , we 're centered around that idea . Principal photography started in Hong Kong in September 2010 , and continued for approximately two weeks . Soderbergh was originally hoping to also film in mainland China , though Moviefone journalist David Ehrlich believed that permission from the Chinese government was unlikely to be forthcoming . Although producers also intended to establish a filming location in one of the many casinos in Macau , the Jumbo Floating Restaurant in Hong Kong 's Aberdeen Harbour was used instead for the casino setting , as filming within the vicinity of a gambling establishment is prohibited by law . To move the equipment for the casino scenes to the on - the - water location , producers hired a number of locals to carry out the task , as they were accustomed to `` using sampans like trucks '' . Additional locations included the Hong Kong International Airport , InterContinental Hong Kong , and the Princess Margaret Hospital . Principal photography relocated in the following month to Chicago , Illinois , which served as the nexus for production . Much of the cityscape and its surrounding suburbs were used to emulate Minneapolis , Minnesota , and Atlanta , Georgia , in addition to serving as backdrop for Chicago itself . Since principal photography occurred during the winter months , snowfall was a prerequisite in simulating a `` persistent coldness '' that encompassed `` a hypersensitive kind of glare '' . Within the city limits , filming locations were installed at the Shedd Aquarium , O'Hare International Airport , and the Midway Airport . Arguably the largest sets were at the General Jones Armory , which was converted into an infirmary , and a major location shoot occurred in Waukegan , where a portion of the Amstutz Expressway was used to simulate the Dan Ryan Expressway . Production also took place at Sherman Hospital in Elgin and Central Elementary School in Wilmette , and also in Downtown Western Springs , where the grocery store scene was filmed . Filming moved once again in January 2011 to the Druid Hills quadrant of Atlanta , which contains the headquarters of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . The restricted nature of the CDC campus meant that producers were only allowed to shoot exterior scenes of the area , as well as within the parking garage and reception area for the CDC 's museum onsite . Principal photography then proceeded into Atlanta 's central business district and Decatur , before advancing to London , Geneva , and lastly San Francisco , California , in the ensuing month . The San Francisco Film Commission charged filmmakers $300 per day for production within the city limits . In the North Beach and Potrero Hill sections of the city , production designer Howard Cummings scattered trash and discarded clothing on the ground to depict the rapid decline of civilization . For the Civic Center set , over 2,000 extras were sought for in background roles ; actors who were a part of the Screen Actors Guild were paid $139 per day , while nonunion workers received $64 per day for their work . Other filming locations were established at Golden Gate Park , Chinatown , and Candlestick Park ; it cost $60,000 to rent the football stadium for six days . Soundtrack ( edit ) Cliff Martinez composed the film 's soundtrack , which was his first score for Soderbergh since Solaris in 2002 . Given that the pacing of the music was one of Soderbergh 's biggest concerns , Martinez needed to maintain a brisk pace throughout the soundtrack , while also conveying fear and hope within the music . `` I tried to create the sound of anxiety . And at key , strategic moments I tried to use the music to conjure up the sense of tragedy and loss . '' Martinez incorporated orchestral elements , and fused them with the predominantly electronic sounds of the score . He noted that the `` sound palette for Contagion came by way of combining three very different approaches Steven went through as he was cutting the film . '' Martinez received a rough cut for the film in October 2010 , which contained music that was imbued with elements of The French Connection ( 1971 ) and Marathon Man ( 1976 ) . He `` loved '' those two soundtracks , and composed a few pieces in their style . A few months later , he acquired a new cut , which included music influenced by German electronic group Tangerine Dream . Toward the end , Soderbergh changed again and used contemporary soundtrack music that was `` more energetic and more rhythmic '' . Ultimately , Martinez used aspects of all three approaches : `` I reasoned that combining them would not only be effective but would give the score a style all its own . '' Themes ( edit ) An electron microscope image of the H1N1 influenza virus . The 2009 flu epidemic was a key influence on the creation of Contagion . An electron microscope image of the SARS virus . The 2003 SARS outbreak was also an inspiration and influence of Contagion . Steven Soderbergh was motivated to make an `` ultra-realistic '' film about the public health and scientific response to a pandemic . The movie touches on a variety of themes , including the factors which drive mass panic and collapse of social order , the scientific process for characterizing and containing a novel pathogen , balancing personal motives against professional responsibilities and rules in the face of an existential threat , the limitations and consequences of public health responses , and the pervasiveness of interpersonal connections which can serve as vectors to spread disease . Soderbergh acknowledged the salience of these post-apocalyptic themes is heightened by reactions to the September 11 attacks and Hurricane Katrina . The movie was intended to realistically convey the `` intense '' and `` unnerving '' social and scientific reactions to a pandemic . The recent real - life epidemics such as the 2003 SARS epidemic and the 2009 flu pandemic have been inspirations and influences in the film . The chain of contagion involving bats and pigs is reminiscent of the trail of the Nipah virus ( which infects cells in the respiratory and nervous systems , the same cells as the virus in the movie ) that originated in Malaysia in 1997 , which similarly involved the disturbance of a bat colony by deforestation . The film presents examples of crowd psychology and collective behavior which can lead to mass hysteria and the loss of social order . The bafflement , outrage , and helplessness associated with the lack of information , combined with new media such as blogs , allow conspiracy theorists like Krumwiede to spread disinformation and fear , which become dangerous contagions themselves . Dr. Cheever must balance the need for full disclosure but avoid a panic and allow the time to characterize and respond to an unknown virus . The movie indirectly critiques the greed , selfishness , and hypocrisy of isolated acts in contemporary culture and the unintended consequences they can have in the context of a pandemic . For example , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends social distancing by forcibly isolating the healthy to limit the spread of the disease , which stands in stark opposition to contemporary demands for social networking . Responding to the pandemic presents a paradox , as the contagiousness and lethality of the virus instills deep distrust of others but surviving and limiting the spread of the disease also requires individuals to work together . Against this existential threat and fraying social order , the film also explores how individual characters bend or break existing rules for both selfish and selfless reasons . Dr. Hextall violates protocols by testing a potential vaccine on herself , Dr. Sussman continues experiments on a cell line despite orders to destroy his samples , Dr. Cheever notifies his fiancé to leave the city before a public quarantine is imposed , Sun Feng kidnaps Dr. Orantes to secure vaccine supplies for his village , Dr. Mears continues her containment work despite contracting the virus , and Krumwiede is paid to use his blog to peddle snake oil cures so as to drive demand and profit for investors in Alternative Medicine . Soderbergh repeatedly uses the cinematographic style of lingering and focusing on the items and objects which are touched by the infected and become vectors ( fomites ) to infect other people . These objects link characters together and reinforce the multi-narrative hyperlink cinema style which Soderbergh developed in Traffic ( 2000 ) and Syriana ( 2005 ) , which he produced . The story also highlights examples of political cronyism ( a plane to evacuate Dr. Mears from Minneapolis is instead diverted to evacuate a Congressman ) , platitudes and rigid thinking ( public health officials consider postponing the closing of shopping malls until after the Thanksgiving shopping season ) , federal responders trying to navigate 50 separate state - level public health policies , and the heroism of Federal bureaucrats . Soderbergh does not use type - cast pharmaceutical executives or politicians as villains , but instead portrays bloggers such as Krumwiede in a negative light . Social media plays a role in Krumwiede 's accusations against Dr. Cheever and in Emhoff 's daughter 's attempts to carry on a relationship with her boyfriend through text messaging . Other responses in the movie , such as Emhoff 's appropriating a shotgun from a friend 's abandoned house to protect his home from looters , imposition of federal quarantines and curfews , the allocation of vaccines by lottery , inadequate federal preparation and responses , and use of bar - coded wristbands to identify the inoculated highlight the complex tensions between freedom and order in responding to a pandemic . Soderbergh uses Emhoff to illustrate the micro-effects of macro-level decisions . Reception ( edit ) Release and box Office ( edit ) Contagion premiered on September 3 , 2011 at the 68th Venice Film Festival in Venice , Italy , and a wider release followed on September 9 . In the United States and Canada , Contagion was shown in 3,222 theaters , of which 254 screenings occurred at IMAX venues . Various American commercial analysts anticipated that the film would have ticket sales of between $20 million and $25 million during its opening weekend , which it did , grossing $8 million on its first day , and $23.1 M for the entire weekend . Of that total , ten percent ( $2.3 M ) of the gross came from IMAX screenings . By outgrossing competitor The Help ( $8.7 M ) , Contagion became the highest - grossing film of the week . Demographically , the opening audience was evenly divided among gender , according to Warner Bros. , while eighty percent of spectators were of the age of 25 and over . Contagion did well the following weekend , generating a $14.5 M box office , but came in second to the re-release of The Lion King ( 1994 ) . The third week saw the box office drop by forty percent , for a total gross of $8.7 M. By the fourth week , Contagion had dropped to ninth place at the box office with $5 M , and the number of theaters narrowed to 2,744 . The film completed its theatrical run on December 15 , 2011 , at which point its total domestic gross was $75.6 M . Contagion made its international debut in six foreign markets the same weekend as its American release , including Italy , where it achieved $663,000 from 309 theaters . The first week saw Contagion acquire $2.1 M from 553 establishments -- a per - theater average of $3,797 . Foreign grosses for Contagion would remain relatively stagnant up until the weekend of October 14 -- 16 , 2011 , when the film expanded into several additional European markets . Out of the $3.9 M that was generated from 1,100 venues during that weekend , nearly 40 % of the gross originated from Spain , where the film earned $1.5 M from 325 theaters . With the growing expansion of the film in seven additional markets , the weekend of October 21 -- 23 , 2011 saw Contagion take in $9.8 M from 2,505 locations , increasing the international gross to $22.9 M. In the United Kingdom , one of the film 's significant international releases , Contagion opened in third place at the box office with $2.3 M from 398 theaters ; it subsequently garnered the highest debut gross of a Soderbergh film since Ocean 's Thirteen ( 2007 ) . International grosses for Contagion stand at $59.8 M . Critical response ( edit ) Contagion has received positive reviews by film commentators . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes sampled 237 reviewers and judged 84 % of the reviews to be positive . With a mean score of 7 / 10 , the site 's consensus stated , `` Tense , tightly plotted , and bolstered by a stellar cast , Contagion is an exceptionally smart -- and scary -- disaster movie . '' At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 based on the critiques from mainstream critics , the film received an average score of 70 based on 38 reviews . The Guardian journalist Peter Bradshaw felt that Contagion blended well together as a film , although opined that Soderbergh was somewhat unsuccessful on channeling the fears , frights , and `` the massive sense of loss '' of `` ordinary people '' . To David Denby of The New Yorker , the `` brilliant '' film was `` serious , precise , frightening , '' and `` emotionally enveloping '' . Despite applauding Soderbergh for `` hopscotching '' tidily `` between the intimate and international '' , The Atlantic 's Christopher Orr was disappointed with the film 's detached and `` clinical '' disposition , which led him to conclude that Contagion should have gone with a more inflexible rationale , or a lesson `` beyond ' wash your hands often and hope you 're lucky ' . '' `` For all the craft that went into it , Contagion is ultimately beyond good or bad , beyond criticism . It just is , '' professed The Atlantic writer . Described as a `` smart '' and `` spooky '' installment , Manohla Dargis of The New York Times wrote , `` Mr. Soderbergh does n't milk your tears as things fall apart , but a passion that can feel like cold rage is inscribed in his images of men and women isolated in the frame , in the blurred point of view of the dying and in the insistent stillness of a visual style that seems like an exhortation to look . '' In regards to the story , Salon columnist Andrew O'Hehir avouched that the `` crisp '' and succinct narrative matched up to the `` beautifully composed '' visuals of the film . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter proclaimed that Soderbergh and Burns effectively created anxiety in the `` shrewd '' and `` unsensationalistic '' film without becoming exaggerated , a sentiment echoed by Jeanette Catsolis of NPR , who insisted that the duo `` weave multiple characters into a narrative that 's complex without being confusing , and intelligent without being baffling '' . Writing for The Village Voice , Karina Longworth thought that Contagion reflected the `` self - consciousness '' and `` experimentation '' of some of Soderbergh 's previous efforts , such as the Ocean 's trilogy and The Girlfriend Experience ( 2009 ) . The performances of multiple cast members were frequently mentioned in the reviews . Lou Lumenick of New York Post asserted that Ehle was `` outstanding '' , a view that was analogous to that of The Boston Globe journalist Wesley Morris , who praised not only Ehle 's performance , but the work of the `` undercard '' such as Cranston , Gould , and Colantoni , among others . Similarly , Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called Ehle the `` best in show '' . As Los Angeles Times ' Kenneth Turan summed up , `` Two - time Tony - winning actress Jennifer Ehle comes close to stealing the picture with this quietly yet quirkily empathetic performance . '' In regards to Law , The Philadelphia Inquirer 's Steven Rea stated that the actor portrayed the character with a `` nutty '' confidence ; Mick LaSalle from the San Francisco Chronicle agreed with Rea 's thoughts . Damon provided the film 's `` relatable heart '' , according to Forrest Wickman of Slate , who concluded that even with her controlled performance , Winslet `` lives up to her head - of - the - class reputation even in an unusually small role '' . The character development of multiple characters produced varying response from critics . Contrary to Mitch 's stance as the main protagonist , Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post felt that Contagion `` treats him with an oddly clinical detachment '' . In particular Law 's character , Alan Krumwiede , attracted commentary from Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times , who wrote , `` The blogger subplot does n't interact clearly with the main story lines and functions mostly as an alarming but vague distraction . '' Scientific accuracy ( edit ) Ferris Jabr of New Scientist approved of Contagion for accurately portraying the `` successes and frustrations '' of science . Jabr cites story elements such as `` the fact that before researchers can study a virus , they need to figure out how to grow it in cell cultures in the lab , without the virus destroying all the cells '' as examples of accurate depictions of science . Carl Zimmer , a science commentator , praised the film , stating , `` It shows how reconstructing the course of an outbreak can provide crucial clues , such as how many people an infected person can give a virus to , how many of them get sick , and how many of them die . '' He also describes a conversation with the film 's scientific consultant , W. Ian Lipkin , in which Lipkin defended the rapid generation of a vaccine in the film . Zimmer wrote that `` Lipkin and his colleagues are now capable of figuring out how to trigger immune reactions to exotic viruses from animals in a matter of weeks , not months . And once they 've created a vaccine , they do n't have to use Eisenhower - era technology to manufacture it in bulk . '' Paul Offit , a pediatrician and vaccination expert , stated that `` typically when movies take on science , they tend to sacrifice the science in favor of drama . That was n't true here . '' Offit appreciated the film 's usage of concepts such as R and fomites , as well as the fictional strain 's origins , which was based on the Nipah virus . Home Media ( edit ) Contagion was released on DVD and Blu - ray in North America on January 3 , 2012 , and in the United Kingdom on March 5 , 2012 . In its first week of release , the film topped the DVD chart with 411,000 units sold for $6.16 million . That same week it sold 274,000 Blu - ray copies for $4.93 million , topping that chart as well . DVD sales dropped during the second week of release , with 193,000 units sold for $2.89 million . As of early July 2012 , Contagion had sold 802,535 copies in DVD , for $12.01 million in revenue . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Contagion ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Contagion Video Interviews with Marion Cotillard , Laurence Fishburne , Kate Winslet and Jennifer Ehle '' . Dread Central . September 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Contagion : Production Notes '' ( PDF ) . Visual Hollywood . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Passafuime , Rocco ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Matt Damon '' . The Cinema Source . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas , Edward ( September 6 , 2011 ) . `` CS Interview : Contagion Writer Scott Z . Burns '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Houx , Damon ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Interview : Steven Soderbergh , Matt Damon and Laurence Fishburne on Contagion '' . Screen Crave . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barclay , Eliza ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` ' Contagion ' : CDC Basks In Hollywood 's Admiring Take On Disease Detectives '' . Shots : NPR 's Health Blog . National Public Radio . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved September 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Contagion Video Interviews with Matt Damon , Jude Law , Gwyneth Paltrow , Bryan Cranston And Chin Han '' . Dread Central . September 7 , 2011 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jannard , Jim ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Contagion '' . Reduser.net . Question : So , when it was all said and done , how much of the film was shot with the MX , and how much with the EPIC , Jim ? James Jannard : 100 % MX . And Steven called the grade . Jump up ^ Jenco , Melissa ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Soderbergh : Chicago area was ' beautiful and vibrant ' place to film ' Contagion ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( September 3 , 2010 ) . `` Soderbergh to Shoot ' Contagion ' in Hong Kong '' . Moviefone . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Contagion ' begins shooting in Chicago '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Moran , Dan ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` Helicopters will cruise Amstutz '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media Group . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brett , Jennifer ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` Matt Damon , Jude Law movie `` Contagion '' filming at CDC `` . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Cox Enterprises . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kekler , Kamala ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` ' Contagion ' to complete SF filming with Candlestick extravaganza '' . The San Francisco Examiner . San Francisco Newspaper Company LLC . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Starstruck San Franciscans Screwing Up Contagion Filming In Civic Center '' . Bay City News . February 11 , 2011 . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kasman , Daniel ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` Between Music and Sound Design : An Interview with Composer Cliff Martinez '' . MUBI . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zhuravsky , Mark ( October 9 , 2011 ) . `` ' Contagion ' & ' Drive ' Composer Talks Working With Soderbergh , Nicolas Winding Refn & Possibly Working On ' Only God Forgives ' '' . indieWire . Snagfilms . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Soderbergh Interview , Contagion '' . MoviesOnline . September 13 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Denby , David ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Call The Doctor '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Jordan ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` Steven Soderbergh Interview '' . UGO . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sawatsky ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Hendra and Nipah Virus '' . Animal Viruses : Molecular Biology . Caister Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904455 - 22 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Lumenick , Lou ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Catch it ! '' . New York Post . News Corporation . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : O'Hehir , Andrew ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` A pandemic from which even Gwyneth is n't safe '' . Salon . Salon Media Group . ^ Jump up to : Ranier , Peter ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Contagion : movie review '' . Christian Science Monitor . Christian Science Publishing Society . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Longworth , Karina ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` Steven Soderbergh Says We 're Killing Ourselves in Contagion '' . The Village Voice . Village Voice Media . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wickman , Forrest ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Steven Soderbergh 's Contagion '' . Slate . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Edelstein , David ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Review : Contagion , the Most High - Minded Disaster Movie Ever Made '' . New York . New York Media . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dargis , Manohla ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Contagion ( 2011 ) '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Wesley ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Review : Contagion '' . Boston Globe . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( September 4 , 2011 ) . `` Soderbergh 's Contagion : Do n't Touch Gwyneth Paltrow ! '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Catsoulis , Jeannette ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` ' Contagion ' : When Person To Person Is A Bad Call '' . NPR . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyman , Eric J. ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` Venice Film Festival Day 6 : ' Tinker , Tailor ' Bows , Al Pacino Honored '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Amy ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` ' Contagion ' to eradicate ' The Help ' as top box - office draw '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kilday , Gregg ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Preview : ' Contagion ' Aims to Knock ' The Help ' Out of No. 1 Spot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( September 10 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : Steven Soderbergh 's ' Contagion ' Winning Weekend Race '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( September 11 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : Steven Soderbergh 's ' Contagion ' Wins Weekend with $23.1 Mil '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( September 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' Contagion ' tops weekend B.O. '' Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( September 11 , 2011 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Contagion ' Catches On '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( September 17 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' The Lion King ' Roars Again , Capturing $29.3 Million '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( September 25 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Lion King ' Roars with $22.1 Mil in Surprise Upset Over Brad Pitt 's ' Moneyball ' and ' Dolphin Tale ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( October 2 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Dolphin Tale ' Swims to No. 1 in its Second Weekend with $14.2 Mil '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Segers , Frank ( September 11 , 2011 ) . `` Foreign Box Office : ' The Smurfs ' Squeak Out Another Victory Overseas '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Segers , Frank ( October 16 , 2011 ) . `` Foreign Box Office : ' Real Steel ' Takes No. 1 For Second Straight Weekend '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Segers , Frank ( October 23 , 2011 ) . `` Foreign Box Office : ' Paranormal Activity 3 ' Tops Soft Weekend Action Overseas '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wiseman , Andreas ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` Paranormal beats Contagion in UK ; Kevin starts strong '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Contagion ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 29 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Contagion '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Contagion -- review '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Orr , Christopher ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` In ' Contagion , ' Many Actors but Only One Star : Disease '' . The Atlantic . Jay Leuf . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( September 3 , 2011 ) . `` Contagion : Venice Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Contagion '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Word of Mouth : ' Contagion ' could really catch on '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rea , Steven ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Crisp , quick , star - laden saga of a deadly disease '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Gregory J. Osberg . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` ' Contagion ' review : Nothing to sneeze at '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jolin , Dan ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Contagion '' . Empire . Bauer Media Group . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Michael ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Contagion '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` Contagion '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media Group . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Contagion does n't skimp on science '' . New Scientist . Reed Business Information . September 15 , 2011 . Retrieved September 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Contagion : A Dialogue '' . Slate . The Washington Post Company . September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved September 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Offit , Paul ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Contagion , the Movie : An Expert Medical Review '' . Medscape . Retrieved September 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Contagion -- DVD Sales '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Whitman , Howard ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` Blu - ray review : Contagion ( Warner Bros . ) '' . Technology Tell . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Sales : New Releases are Spreading '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Blu - ray Sales : Overall Sales are in Remission '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Sales : Moneyball Does n't Hit a Home Run , but gets a Solid Double '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . January 24 , 2012 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Contagion ( film ) Official website Contagion on IMDb Contagion at Rotten Tomatoes Contagion at Metacritic Contagion at AllMovie Contagion at the TCM Movie Database Contagion at the American Film Institute Catalog Contagion at Box Office Mojo Contagion on IMFDB hide Steven Soderbergh Films Directed 9012Live ( 1985 ) Sex , Lies , and Videotape ( 1989 ) Kafka ( 1991 ) King of the Hill ( 1993 ) The Underneath ( 1995 ) Schizopolis ( 1996 ) Gray 's Anatomy ( 1996 ) Out of Sight ( 1998 ) The Limey ( 1999 ) Erin Brockovich ( 2000 ) Traffic ( 2000 ) Ocean 's Eleven ( 2001 ) Full Frontal ( 2002 ) Solaris ( 2002 ) Eros ( 2004 ) Ocean 's Twelve ( 2004 ) Bubble ( 2005 ) The Good German ( 2006 ) Ocean 's Thirteen ( 2007 ) Che ( 2008 ) The Girlfriend Experience ( 2009 ) The Informant ! ( 2009 ) And Everything Is Going Fine ( 2010 ) Contagion ( 2011 ) Haywire ( 2012 ) Magic Mike ( 2012 ) Side Effects ( 2013 ) Behind the Candelabra ( 2013 ) Logan Lucky ( 2017 ) Unsane ( 2018 ) High Flying Bird ( 2019 ) Produced The Daytrippers ( 1996 ) Pleasantville ( 1998 ) Welcome to Collinwood ( 2002 ) Criminal ( 2004 ) The Jacket ( 2005 ) Solitary Man ( 2009 ) Ocean 's 8 ( 2018 ) Written Nightwatch ( 1997 ) Criminal ( 2004 ) Television series K Street ( 2003 ) The Knick ( 2014 -- 15 ) The Girlfriend Experience ( 2016 -- present ) Mosaic ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Contagion_(film)&oldid=845156326 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2010s thriller films 2010s drama films American thriller films American drama films American films Films about viral outbreaks Films directed by Steven Soderbergh Films set in Atlanta Films set in Hong Kong Films set in Macau Films set in Minnesota Films set in San Francisco Films set in Switzerland Films shot in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films shot in Illinois Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area Films shot in Switzerland IMAX films Warner Bros. films Participant Media films Adultery in films Techno - thriller films Social media in fiction Films scored by Cliff Martinez Films produced by Gregory Jacobs Hidden categories : Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 June 2018 , at 20 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the first person infected in contagion | [
"In the opening days, Dr. Leonora Orantes, a WHO epidemiologist, traveled to Hong Kong to follow the Beth Emhoff lead. She collaborates with Sun Feng and other local epidemiologists and public health officials; they identify Emhoff as patient zero, with security video showing her as the common contact with the next three known victims at a Macau casino. Before she can leave, Feng kidnaps Orantes to use her as leverage to obtain (anticipated) MEV-1 vaccine doses for his village. Orantes spends months living with the villagers until the vaccine is announced. Feng exchanges Orantes for enough vaccine for his village. When her colleague reveals that similar kidnappings were widespread, and the doses were placebos, Orantes rushes back to warn the villagers, exhibiting Stockholm Syndrome."
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"Beth Emhoff"
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3310845807339506816 | Blocking the plate | Blocking the plate - wikipedia Blocking the plate A catcher attempts to block a baserunner from reaching home plate In baseball , blocking the plate is a technique performed by a catcher to prevent a runner from scoring . The act of blocking the plate accounted for most of the physical contact in Major League Baseball prior to the 2014 season , when it was outlawed except when the catcher already has possession of the ball . By the rules of baseball , a runner has the right to an unobstructed path to a base . However , this right is not granted if the fielder guarding the base possesses the ball or is in the process of catching the ball . The fielders guarding first base through third base are unlikely to risk physical harm and will generally place themselves out of the path of the runner . The catcher guarding home plate , however , wears padding and a face mask and often placed his body as an obstacle between the runner and home plate , even prior to receiving the ball . Since the runner did not have to worry about remaining on home plate , only tagging it , he typically ran at full speed in an effort to reach the plate . The speed of the runner combined with the fact that the catcher still had to tag him ( unless the bases were loaded and a force play at home was still available ) often resulted in collisions . Since the 1970 Major League Baseball All - Star Game , there have been rules established , mainly in amateur levels of baseball , against home plate collisions between runners and catchers to make the obstruction ( defense ) and interference ( offense ) rules consistent at the plate with the three bases . The rules , long enforced at lower levels , were implemented at the professional level in 2014 . Contents 1 Technique 2 Risk 3 Rule differences by level 4 Enforcing Rule 7.13 5 Response to Rule 7.13 6 References Technique ( edit ) Any time there is a close play at home plate , meaning the ball and runner reach the plate at roughly the same time , the catcher will often squat in front of the plate to block the runner 's clear path to the plate . Unless he is willing to be tagged out , the runner who is faced with a blocked plate has two choices . He can : Attempt to slide around the catcher and avoid being tagged , or , Collide with the catcher with such force that the catcher loses possession of the ball . If the runner slides , the catcher will often make a sweeping motion with his glove to quickly tag the runner out . Otherwise , the catcher must brace for impact and keep the ball in his glove or hand in order to tag the runner out . Risk ( edit ) Both players place themselves at risk of injury when there is a close play at home plate . Though they wear protective equipment , catchers are more likely to be injured than runners . Catchers often have bad knees due to the squatting stance they take at the plate . A catcher 's knees are also his closest body parts to an incoming runner , and there is a chance of an ACL injury to the catcher . Other injuries include broken bones , bruises , and concussions . In one infamous incident , Cleveland Indians catcher Ray Fosse suffered a separated shoulder when Pete Rose intentionally collided with him on a play at the plate during the 1970 Major League Baseball All - Star Game . Rose was roundly criticized because the game was an exhibition and also because he could have easily slid around Fosse rather than collide with him . Ultimately , the incident served to help build Rose 's `` Charlie Hustle '' reputation and Fosse , who had been having a phenomenal rookie season , was never quite the same after the play . Rule differences by level ( edit ) Different levels of baseball have instituted different rules in regards to collisions at home plate or on the bases , in part because of the Fosse - Rose collision and other instances where athletes have been injured or suffered concussions as a result of violent contact between runner and fielder . In high school , the `` malicious contact '' rule prevents collisions at home plate or elsewhere on the field . The defense is prohibited from initiating flagrant contact with the base runner while the offense , in turn , is required to attempt to avoid significant contact , often through the use of a slide . If the defense violates , the ball is dead and the offender ejected as the umpire awards penalties that in his / her judgment will nullify the act of malicious contact . If the offense violates , the ball is dead , the offender declared out and then ejected from the game . In college , the `` flagrant collision '' rule discourages , but does not prohibit , collisions at home plate and on the bases . Instead , only `` unnecessary and violent '' collisions are outlawed . While defensive players are allowed to block the plate / base with clear possession of the ball , offensive players must take steps to ensure contact with the fielder is legal -- for instance , it must be below the waist . Violations of this rule carry similar penalties to the high school malicious contact rule . In professional baseball -- MLB -- collisions at home plate have been legal and were unaddressed since the game 's inception until a series of serious player injuries and also former catchers who were MLB managers recommending changes . In 2011 , San Francisco catcher Buster Posey suffered a season - ending injury in a collision at home plate . The incident led to a reinterpretation of Rule 7.08 ( b ) . On December 11 , 2013 , the MLB Rules Committee proposed a rules change that would outlaw the plate collision by dictating what both the defensive and offensive players may and may not do in such a situation . This establishes home plate with similar regulations as other bases in regards to obstruction ( for the catcher ) and interference ( for the runner ) . On February 24 , 2014 , Major League Baseball and the MLBPA jointly announced an experimental rule -- rule 7.13 -- intended to increase player safety by eliminating `` egregious '' collisions at home plate . The rule went into effect starting with the 2014 season but starting in 2015 the rule was renumbered as rule 6.01 ( i ) . Informally known as the `` Buster Posey Rule , '' some highlights of rule 7.13 include : A runner may not run out of a direct line to the plate in order to initiate contact with the catcher , or any player , covering the plate . If he does , the umpire can call him out even if the player taking the throw loses possession of the ball . The catcher may not block the pathway of a runner attempting to score unless he has possession of the ball . If the catcher blocks the runner before he has the ball , the umpire may call the runner safe . All calls will be based on the umpire 's judgment . The umpire will consider such factors as whether the runner made an effort to touch the plate and whether he lowered his shoulder or used his hands , elbows or arms when approaching the catcher . Runners are not required to slide , and catchers in possession of the ball are allowed to block the plate . However , runners who do slide and catchers who provide the runner with a lane will never be found in violation of the rule . The expanded instant replay rules , which also went into effect in 2014 , are available to review potential violations of Rule 7.13 . In Finnish baseball , the runner is considered tagged and out when he has not arrived at a target base and the defending player is holding the ball while touching that base , similar to force out . No physical contact is necessary and the base umpire will call the runner out by raising a sign with the letter X and whistling twice . Enforcing rule 7.13 ( edit ) Text of rule 7.13 is as follows : A runner attempting to score may not deviate from his direct pathway to the plate in order to initiate contact with the catcher ( or other player covering home plate ) . If , in the judgment of the Umpire , a runner attempting to score initiates contact with the catcher ( or other player covering home plate ) in such a manner , the Umpire shall declare the runner out ( even if the player covering home plate loses possession of the ball ) . Unless the catcher is in possession of the ball , the catcher can not block the pathway of the runner as he is attempting to score . If , in the judgment of the Umpire , the catcher , without possession of the ball , blocks the pathway of the runner , the Umpire shall call or signal the runner safe . The decision on whether or not a player violated Rule 7.13 falls into the hands of the umpire . A manager can choose to see if there was a rule violation rather than challenge a call , which might lead to a free challenge . The umpire makes the final decision . Response to rule 7.13 ( edit ) Some managers hope the rule does not decide the final game in the World Series , but many managers have stated that the rule need clarification and explanation . The rule depends on the perception of the umpire and if he / she thinks that the contact was intentional and done with malicious intent . Regardless of what the rule states , many managers instruct players to slide . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hagen , Paul ( December 11 , 2013 ) . `` MLB votes to eliminate home - plate collisions '' . MLB.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Imber , Gil . `` MLB Rules Committee Approves HP Collision Ban '' . Close Call Sports / Umpire Ejection Fantasy League . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Perry , Dayn . `` Controversial home plate blocking rule comes into play in Cubs - Dodgers NLCS Game 1 '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Hagen , Paul ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` New rule on home - plate collisions put into effect '' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MLB , MLBPA Adopt Experimental Rule 7.13 On Home Plate Collisions '' . Major League Baseball . February 24 , 2014 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MLB institutes new rule on home - plate collisions '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Discontent rises over home - plate rule : EBSCOhost '' . web.b.ebscohost.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 16 . Baseball concepts Outline , Glossary Rules Rules of baseball Ground rules Infield fly rule Interference Pitch clock Park / Field Backstop Baseball diamond Batter 's box Batter 's eye Bullpen Dugout Foul pole Foul territory Infield On - deck circle Outfield Warning track Equipment Ball Bat Batting cage Batting glove Batting helmet Cap Doughnut Glove ( defense ) Pitching machine Protective cup Shin guard Stirrups Uniform Uniform number Game process Batting order Extra innings Innings On - deck Out Positions Run Seventh - inning stretch Pace of play Batting At bat Baltimore chop Bat flip Chinese home run Batting count Bunt sacrifice bunt slap bunt squeeze play Checked swing Cleanup hitter Designated hitter Double Double switch Foul ball Foul tip Golden sombrero Grand slam Ground rule double Hat trick Hit Hit and run Hit by pitch Hitting for the cycle Home run Infield hit Inside - the - park home run Leadoff hitter Lefty - righty switch Line drive Moonshot Plate appearance Platoon system Pull hitter Sacrifice fly Single Strikeout Strike zone Sweet spot Switch hitter Triple Walk Walk - off home run Pitching Balk Beanball Breaking ball Brushback pitch Changeup Curveball Eephus Fastball Full count Immaculate inning Inside pitching Intentional walk Knuckleball No - hitter Perfect game Pitch count Pitchout Quick pitch Screwball Shutout Slider Spitball Strikeout Striking out the side Time of pitch Wild pitch Base running Balk Bases loaded Caught stealing Contact play Hit and run Left on base Obstruction Safe Scoring position Slide Small ball Squeeze play Stolen base Tag up Fielding ( positioning ) Appeal play Assist Blocking the plate Catch Defensive indifference Double play Error Fielder 's choice Fifth infielder Force play Fourth out Hidden ball trick In - between hop Infield fly rule Infield shift Interference Passed ball Pickoff Putout Rundown Tag out Triple play unassisted Uncaught third strike Wall climb Wheel play Miscellaneous Baseball statistics Bench jockey Bench - clearing brawl Dead ball Jargon In flight Pepper Scorekeeping Series Shagging Slump Streak ( losing ) Streak ( winning ) Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blocking_the_plate&oldid=845788462 '' Categories : Baseball terminology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 04 : 16 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | can the catcher block the plate in mlb | [
"In baseball, blocking the plate is a technique performed by a catcher to prevent a runner from scoring. The act of blocking the plate accounted for most of the physical contact in Major League Baseball prior to the 2014 season, when it was outlawed except when the catcher already has possession of the ball.\n"
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"when the catcher already has possession of the ball"
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3633132437115080016 | Jason Lee (actor) | Jason Lee ( actor ) - wikipedia Jason Lee ( actor ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Jason Scott Lee or Jason Lee Scott . Jason Lee Lee at the Away and Back premiere , January 2015 Jason Michael Lee ( 1970 - 04 - 25 ) April 25 , 1970 ( age 48 ) Santa Ana , California , U.S. Residence Denton , Texas , U.S. Occupation Actor , photographer , producer , professional skateboarder Years active 1988 -- present Spouse ( s ) Carmen Llywelyn ( m . 1995 ; div. 2001 ) Ceren Alkaç ( m . 2008 ) Partner ( s ) Beth Riesgraf ( 2001 -- 2007 ) Children Parent ( s ) Greg Lee Carol Lee Jason Michael Lee ( born April 25 , 1970 ) is an American actor , photographer , producer and skateboarder . He is best known for his roles as Earl Hickey in the television comedy series My Name Is Earl , David Seville in the live action / CGI Alvin and the Chipmunks and the voice of Syndrome in The Incredibles . He is also known for his roles in Kevin Smith films such as Mallrats , Chasing Amy , Dogma , Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back , Jersey Girl , Clerks II and Cop Out . A former professional skateboarder , Lee is the co-founder and co-owner of Stereo Skateboards , a company that distributes skateboard decks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Skateboarding 2.2 Acting 2.3 Photography 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Lee was born in Santa Ana , California on April 25 , 1970 . His father , Greg , was a car dealership manager and his mother , Carol , a homemaker. Lee was raised in Huntington Beach and attended Ocean View High School . Career ( edit ) Skateboarding ( edit ) Before he became an actor , Lee was known as a professional skateboarder in the late 1980s and early 1990s . In 1992 , he founded Stereo Sound Agency , known as Stereo Skateboards , with fellow skater Chris `` Dune '' Pastras . In 2003 , after the company had been defunct for a few years , the pair successfully revived the company . As of October 2013 , Lee and Pastras remain on the professional `` Classics '' team roster . Lee was featured in the skateboarding promotional video , Video Days , filmed for the skateboarding company `` Blind Skateboards '' . In 2004 , Lee 's skateboarding was featured in Way Out East ! , a film produced by Stereo Skateboards . In August 2012 , Lee was also featured in a brief video on the skateboard website The Berrics entitled `` Jason Lee decided to come to the park . '' In August 2012 , Lee participated in the ninth annual Stand - Up for Skateparks Event , which he chaired with Tony Hawk . The event is held annually by the Tony Hawk Charitable Foundation and seeks to `` help create free , quality public skateparks for youth in low - income communities . '' In October that same year , a video was released by the Keep A Breast Foundation , featuring various skateboarding identities , including Lee , together with Pastras . The video , contributing to the Foundation 's aim to prevent and raise awareness of breast cancer , promotes the `` I Love Boobies '' bracelet . It also features Clint Peterson ( Stereo ) and Giovanni Reda ( WESC ) , who are both teammates of Lee . Lee later worked with Tony Hawk when he lent his voice and likeness to Tony Hawk 's Project 8 to become a playable character . Lee then voiced Coach Frank , a character created during the development of Stereo , in Skate 3 . Professional skateboarder and owner of the Girl and Lakai Limited Footwear skateboard brands Mike Carroll has cited Lee as one of his skating influences . Acting ( edit ) After taking some minor acting roles in 1992 -- 1994 ( including the music video for the Sonic Youth single `` 100 % '' , a small part in Mi Vida Loca , and a bit part as a dance instructor on Chance and Things ) , Lee left professional skateboarding for a full - time acting career . His first major movie role was in Kevin Smith 's Mallrats , which became a cult hit . This started a friendship that subsequently led to appearances in many of Smith 's films , including Chasing Amy , Dogma , Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back , Clerks II , and Cop Out . Lee won an Independent Spirit Award for his role in Chasing Amy as Banky Edwards . Lee at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 25 , 2006 Lee graduated to leading man roles in Heartbreakers , Stealing Harvard , and A Guy Thing . He has had supporting roles in Vanilla Sky , Almost Famous , Dreamcatcher , Big Trouble , The Ballad of Jack and Rose , and Mumford , as well as a minor role in Enemy of the State . Lee also voiced Syndrome in The Incredibles and Jack - Jack Attack . He reprised the role as a `` robot copy '' of Syndrome in Disney Presents Pixar 's The Incredibles in a Magic Kingdom Adventure. Lee is also the voice of Underdog in Underdog and portrays Dave Seville in the live action / CGI films starring Alvin and the Chipmunks . In 2005 , Lee was offered the lead role in My Name Is Earl . According to interviews on the first - season DVD , he passed on the series twice before finally agreeing to read for the pilot . In the series , he stars as Earl Hickey. Lee received two Golden Globe nominations for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series -- Musical or Comedy in 2006 and 2007 , as well as a nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series in 2006 . After four seasons of My Name is Earl NBC cancelled the series . On June 22 , 2010 , Memphis Beat premiered . In the series , Lee starred with Alfre Woodard and portrayed Dwight Hendricks . In October 2011 , it was announced the series was not renewed for a third season . He also guest - starred in 2010 and 2013 episodes of Raising Hope , created by My Name is Earl creator and producer Greg Garcia . As of December 2011 , Lee appeared in Up All Night , but after its second season , it was officially cancelled on May 9 , 2013 . In June 2013 , a fourth installment of the Alvin and the Chipmunks franchise was then announced by the 20th Century Fox studio and a release date of December 18 , 2015 ; it was titled The Road Chip . Lee 's latest projects are with Amazon Studios and The Hallmark Channel . With Amazon Studios , Lee is seen in the pilot of Cocked , where he plays the character of Grady Paxson , one of three men who run a gun manufacturing company . The show premiered on January 15 , 2015 and also stars Brian Dennehy , Diora Baird , Dreama Walker , and Sam Trammell . On January 25 , 2015 , The Hallmark Channel premiered Away & Back , a Hallmark Hall of Fame film starring Lee along with Maggie Elizabeth Jones and Minka Kelly . Photography ( edit ) Lee began shooting photos regularly in the early 2000s , and became interested in instant photography . He recently released a photo book through Refueled Magazine . It consists of `` 184 pages of Polaroid & Fuji Instant Film photographs from 2006 - 2016 . '' Printed in a limited edition run of 500 copies , the book sold out before shipping began . Lee on the roof of the Beverly Laurel Hotel on June 28 , 2005 Personal life ( edit ) Lee married actress and photographer Carmen Llywelyn in 1995 ; they divorced in 2001 . Llywelyn later cited Lee 's commitment to Scientology as the principal cause for their separation . Llywelyn wrote that their relationship collapsed when she revealed to her talent manager and fellow Scientologist , Gay Ribisi ( mother of actor Giovanni Ribisi ) , that she had read A Piece of Blue Sky , an anti-Scientology book . Two days after her conversation with Ribisi , Llywelyn received a one - paragraph `` disconnection letter '' from Lee and was labeled a Suppressive Person . Following his divorce from Llywelyn , Lee became engaged to actress Beth Riesgraf . Together , they have a son , Pilot Inspektor. Lee states their son 's name was inspired by `` He 's Simple , He 's Dumb , He 's the Pilot '' by rock band Grandaddy . Lee met fashion model and actress Ceren Alkaç at a concert while on vacation in Britain . Alkaç was born in İzmir , and emigrated with her family from Turkey to Australia soon afterward . Following their initial meeting , the pair stayed in touch via email and texts , with Alkaç subsequently moving to the United States and starting a relationship with Lee . The couple married in California in July 2008 ; a month later , Alkac gave birth to a daughter named Casper . The couple had their second child , a son named Sonny , in 2012 . In 2017 , the couple welcomed their third child , a daughter named Alberta ' Birdy ' Lee . As of 2016 , Lee no longer practices Scientology . Currently Lee resides in Denton , Texas , where he is pursuing photography , and is a co-owner of Barley and Board . He also skateboards in his spare time . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1991 Video Days Skate Video Mi Vida Loca Teenage Drug Customer Chance and Things Dance Instructor on the Television 1995 Mallrats Brodie Bruce Drawing Flies Donner 1997 Chasing Amy Banky Edwards Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male A Better Place Dennis Pepper 1998 Kissing a Fool Jay Murphy American Cuisine Loren Collins Enemy of the State Daniel Zavitz 1999 Dogma Azrael Mumford Skip Skipperton 2000 Almost Famous Jeff Bebe Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast Nominated -- Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Supporting Actor -- Drama / Romance Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Heartbreakers Jack Withrowe Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back Brodie Bruce / Banky Edwards Vanilla Sky Brian Shelby 2002 Big Trouble Puggy Stoked : The Rise and Fall of Gator Documentary Stealing Harvard John Plummer 2003 A Guy Thing Paul Dreamcatcher Beaver I Love Your Work Larry Hortense Oh , What a Lovely Tea Party Documentary Jersey Girl PR Exec # 1 The Incredibles Buddy Pine / Syndrome Voice 2005 Jack - Jack Attack Voice - Short film included in The Incredibles DVD release The Ballad of Jack and Rose Gray Drop Dead Sexy Frank 2006 Clerks II Lance Dowds Rising Son : The Legend of Christian Hosoi Documentary Monster House Bones Voice 2007 Underdog Shoeshine / Underdog The Man Who Souled the World Documentary Alvin and the Chipmunks David `` Dave '' Seville 2008 Celebrity Family Feud Earl Hickey 2009 Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel David `` Dave '' Seville Cop Out Roy 2011 Noah 's Ark : The New Beginning Japheth Voice The Other Side Mortimer Flybait Columbus Circle Charlie Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked David `` Dave '' Seville 2014 Behaving Badly Father Krumins Tell Ray 2015 Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Road Chip David `` Dave '' Seville Nominated -- Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor 2017 The Best Fish Hooks Of All Steve Jackson Voice 2017 Growing Up Smith Butch Brunner TBA Diamond Billy Curtis Also producer and writer Television ( edit ) Year TItle Role Notes 1997 Weapons of Mass Distraction Phillip Messenger Television film 2005 -- 2009 My Name Is Earl Earl Hickey Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Television Series Musical or Comedy ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Actor - Television Series Musical or Comedy ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actor -- Comedy ( 2006 ) 2006 American Dad ! Officer Bays ( voice ) Episode : `` Rough Trade '' 2010 -- 2011 Memphis Beat Dwight Hendricks 20 episodes 2011 Up All Night Kevin 7 episodes 2010 -- 2013 Raising Hope Smokey Floyd 3 episodes 2013 Men at Work Donnie Episode : `` Tyler the Pioneer '' 2015 Cocked Grady Paxson 1 episode 2015 Away and Back Jack Peterson Television film 2015 -- present We Bare Bears Charlie ( voice ) 12 episodes Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role The Incredibles Buddy Pine / Syndrome 2006 Tony Hawk 's Project 8 Himself 2007 Alvin and the Chipmunks David `` Dave '' Seville Skate 3 Coach Frank 2013 Disney Infinity Buddy Pine / Syndrome 2015 Disney Infinity 3.0 Buddy Pine / Syndrome References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jason Lee Biography '' . biography.com . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Lee Biography '' . tvguide.com . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Lee Biography '' . www.notablebiographies.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Lee . '' Newsmakers ( 2006 ) Biography in Context , Gale , Detroit Jump up ^ Mike Lewis ( 14 September 2010 ) . `` ANTICS LICENSES STEREO SKATEBOARDS & HI - FI WHEELS '' . Transworld Business . Bonnier Corporation . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blog '' . Stereo skateboards . Stereo Sound Agency . 2011 . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Team Stereo '' . Stereo Sound Agency . Antics International . October 2013 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ skatexedge31 ( 8 August 2012 ) . `` Blind Skateboards -- Video Days full video classic '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ skately ( 2012 ) . `` Stereo Skateboards -- Way Out East ! ( 2004 ) '' . skately . Skately LLC . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Zynkero ( 6 April 2010 ) . `` Jason Lee -- Way Out East ! '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Vlady Poshyvanyuk ; The Berrics ( 18 August 2012 ) . `` The Berrics -- Jason Lee decide to come to the park '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Alina O ( 22 August 2012 ) . `` JASON LEE TEAMS UP WITH TONY HAWK '' . Transworld Business . Bonnier Corporation . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Stand Up For Skateparks . Tony Hawk Foundation . 2013 . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ keepabreastvideo ( 3 October 2012 ) . `` This Is My Pink Ribbon -- Why Do You Wear Your Keep A Breast i love boobies ! bracelet ? '' . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Christhundertrck ( 13 June 2010 ) . `` Jason Lee - Awesome Stunt - Tony Hawk 's Project 8 '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Sharkey ( 17 March 2010 ) . `` Skate 3 Coming May 11 '' . Gamespy . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ maydaydist ( 18 February 2009 ) . `` Coach Frank visit stereo headquarter '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Blair Alley ; Skin Phillips ( 4 September 2012 ) . `` 30TH ANNIVERSARY INTERVIEWS : MIKE CARROLL PART 1 '' ( Video upload ) . Transworld Skateboarding . Bonnier Corporation . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Blair Alley ; Skin Phillips ( 6 September 2012 ) . `` 30TH ANNIVERSARY INTERVIEWS : MIKE CARROLL PART 2 '' ( Video upload ) . Transworld Skateboarding . Bonnier Corporation . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Paatsch , Leigh ( March 21 , 2002 ) . `` Reel Deal '' . Herald Sun . Melbourne , Australia . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Howe , Desson ( October 20 , 1995 ) . `` Overcrowded Mallrats '' . Washington Post . p . N44 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Jeff ( July 11 , 2001 ) . `` Hot Heartbreakers Only Mildly Amusing '' . Messenger . Adelaide , Australia . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Dowell , Gary ( September 13 , 2002 ) . `` Getting into Harvard lawless school -- Ivy League requires some stolen green in likeable comedy '' . The Dallas Morning News . p. 1J . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( March 21 , 2003 ) . `` Bleedful Things -- ' Dreamcatcher ' a Jumble of Classic Stephen King Gore '' . The Boston Globe . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes . `` Jason Lee Biography '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster , Inc . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Koltnow , Barry ( January 3 , 2008 ) . `` Chasing chipmunks '' . The Courier Mail . Brisbane , Australia . p. 34 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( January 8 , 2006 ) . `` Trust Me , I 'm Funnier With the Moustache '' . The New York Times . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Nepales , Ruben V. ( December 16 , 2005 ) . `` Brokeback Mountain tops Golden Globe nominations '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes Ballot '' . San Francisco Chronicle . January 14 , 2007 . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Longino , Bob ( January 5 , 2007 ) . `` SAG nominees have Oscar feel , diversified look '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . p . E14 . ^ Jump up to : Stanley , Alessandra ( June 21 , 2010 ) . `` Take Your Time , Crime Will Wait '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( 22 November 2010 ) . `` ' Raising Hope ' creator Greg Garcia is not talking white trash '' . USA Today.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( 18 October 2010 ) . `` Jason Lee to Guest Star on Raising Hope '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Jason ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' Raising Hope ' Reunites ' My Name Is Earl ' Cast For Tribute Episode '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sara McGinnis ( 14 December 2011 ) . `` ALVIN AND THE CHIPMUNKS : CHIPWRECKED '' . She Knows . SheKnows , LLC . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Germain Lussier ( 11 June 2013 ) . `` Fox Dates ' Frankenstein , ' ' Alvin and the Chipmunks 3 ′ and Animated Films Through 2018 '' . SlashFilm . / FILM . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Cocked ( HD ) : Amazon Video '' . Amazon Studios . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Media Release '' . Hallmark Hall of Fame Presents. 2015 . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Matt . `` Jason Lee 's Photography of a Dust - Covered America '' . Format Magazine . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HOME '' . www.refueledmagazine.com . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2016 . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dawn Olsen ( May 15 , 2010 ) . `` Obsession With Scientology Ruined Actor Jason Lee 's Marriage '' . technorati.com . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Carmen Llywelyn , ex-wife of My Name Is Earl star Jason Lee , says Scientology makes getting a divorce ' difficult ' '' . dailymail.co.uk. 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Llywelyn , Carmen ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Why I Left Scientology '' . Gawker . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2015 . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Scientologist Carmen Llywelyn blasts ' cult ' and her treatment after divorce with Jason Lee '' . independent.co.uk. 30 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` EXCLUSIVE : My Name Is Earl Star Jason Lee Has Baby Girl '' . usmagazine.com. 22 August 2008 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Ayce Dikmen ( May 25 , 2013 ) . `` İzmirli kıza aşık olursa '' . Hurriyet . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ayçe Dıkmen ( 26 May 2013 ) . `` İzmirli Kiza Aşik Olursa '' . Hürriyet . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Lee Baby Name Mystery Solved ! Pilot Inspektor 's Sister Is ... '' namecandy.com. 14 November 2011 . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Julie Jodan ( 11 November 2011 ) . `` Jason Lee & His Wife Get Married -- Again ! '' . People . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Sarah Michaud ; Julie Jordan ( 26 June 2012 ) . `` Jason Lee Welcomes Son Sonny '' . people.com . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by Ceren Alkaç Feb 5 , 2017 at 4 : 28pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Sara Button ( 16 September 2016 ) . `` Checking In With Jason Lee '' . The Dentonite . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Bueno , Antoinette ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Jason Lee Reveals He Left the Church of Scientology '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Thill , Scott ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Cartoon Network Will Launch ' We Bare Bears ' Series in July '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . http://www.thedentonite.com/blog/jason-lee-denton-texas External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jason Lee ( actor ) . Jason Lee on IMDb ( hide ) Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male Morgan Freeman ( 1987 ) Lou Diamond Phillips ( 1988 ) Max Perlich ( 1989 ) Bruce Davison ( 1990 ) David Strathairn ( 1991 ) Steve Buscemi ( 1992 ) Christopher Lloyd ( 1993 ) Chazz Palminteri ( 1994 ) Benicio del Toro ( 1995 ) Benicio del Toro ( 1996 ) Jason Lee ( 1997 ) Bill Murray ( 1998 ) Steve Zahn ( 1999 ) Willem Dafoe ( 2000 ) Steve Buscemi ( 2001 ) Dennis Quaid ( 2002 ) Djimon Hounsou ( 2003 ) Thomas Haden Church ( 2004 ) Matt Dillon ( 2005 ) Alan Arkin ( 2006 ) Chiwetel Ejiofor ( 2007 ) James Franco ( 2008 ) Woody Harrelson ( 2009 ) John Hawkes ( 2010 ) Christopher Plummer ( 2011 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2012 ) Jared Leto ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Idris Elba ( 2015 ) Ben Foster ( 2016 ) Sam Rockwell ( 2017 ) BNE : XX1296461 BNF : cb140240243 ( data ) GND : 1013307577 ISNI : 0000 0001 2135 9045 LCCN : n2008010753 MusicBrainz : 7fb3e852 - c1d3 - 4533 - 9140 - 86c7a25c76be SUDOC : 079558453 VIAF : 61745184 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jason_Lee_(actor)&oldid=843563696 '' Categories : 1970 births Living people Television producers from California American skateboarders American male voice actors American male film actors American male television actors American male video game actors Former Scientologists Male actors from Orange County , California Sportspeople from Orange County , California Male actors from Santa Ana , California Independent Spirit Award winners 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hCards All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Winaray 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 23 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays dave on alvin and the chipmunks | [
"Jason Michael Lee (born April 25, 1970) is an American actor, photographer, producer and skateboarder. He is best known for his roles as Earl Hickey in the television comedy series My Name Is Earl, David Seville in the live action/CGI Alvin and the Chipmunks and the voice of Syndrome in The Incredibles. He is also known for his roles in Kevin Smith films such as Mallrats, Chasing Amy, Dogma, Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back, Jersey Girl, Clerks II and Cop Out. A former professional skateboarder, Lee is the co-founder and co-owner of Stereo Skateboards, a company that distributes skateboard decks."
] | [
"Jason Michael Lee"
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1401119023912840025 | Me at the zoo | Me at the zoo - wikipedia Me at the zoo This article is about the first YouTube video . For the Chris Crocker documentary , see Me at the Zoo . Me at the zoo Play media Full video Website YouTube Published April 23 , 2005 ; 13 years ago ( 2005 - 04 - 23 ) 20 : 27 : 12 ( PDT ) Filmed by Yakov Lapitsky Uploader Jawed Karim Duration 0 : 19 Film and Animation Me at the zoo is the first video that was uploaded to YouTube . It was uploaded on April 23 , 2005 at 20 : 27 : 12 PDT ( April 24 , 2005 at 3 : 27 : 12 UTC ) by the site 's co-founder Jawed Karim , with the username `` jawed '' and recorded by his high school friend Yakov Lapitsky . He created a YouTube account on the same day . The nineteen - second video was shot by Yakov Lapitsky at the San Diego Zoo , featuring Karim in front of the elephants in their old exhibit in Elephant Mesa , professing his interest in their `` really , really , really long trunks '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Transcript and caption 2 Updates 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Transcript and caption ( edit ) The transcript of the video is : `` All right , so here we are in front of the , uh , elephants , and the cool thing about these guys is that , is that they have really , really , really long , um , trunks , and that 's , that 's cool , and that 's pretty much all there is to say . '' Updates ( edit ) In 2013 , Karim protested YouTube 's plan to require Google+ accounts for all commenters . As part of this , he updated the description of `` Me at the zoo '' and added two annotations to the video . Reception ( edit ) The Los Angeles Times explains that `` as the first video uploaded to YouTube , it played a pivotal role in fundamentally altering how people consumed media and helped usher in a golden era of the 60 - second video . '' The Observer describes its production quality as `` poor '' . As of June 2018 , the video has received more than 51 million views and more than 590,000 comments . It rapidly became the most accepted video on YouTube outlining what YouTube was to become . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Extract Meta Data '' . www.amnestyusa.org . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hartley , Matt ( February 19 , 2010 ) . `` Ten of YouTube 's most influential videos '' . Canwest . Jump up ^ McGuinness , Ross ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Elephants to Gaga '' . Metro . p. 34 . IT began with a spectacularly ordinary 18 - second clip of man at the zoo , watching some elephants ... It has been viewed almost 2 million times . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Tom ; Phillips , Sarah ( October 23 , 2009 ) . `` G2 : A First Time For Everything '' . The Guardian ( London ) . p. 14 . `` Me at the zoo '' is a man called Karim 's 19 - second long report from the elephant enclosure at San Diego zoo ... But its historical significance means that it has had well over a million hits so far . Jump up ^ `` jawed - YouTube '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Joined 23 Apr 2005 ^ Jump up to : Hoby , Hermione ; Tom Lamont ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` How YouTube made superstars out of everyday people '' . The Observer . Kings Place , London , England , UK : Guardian Media Group . ISSN 0029 - 7712 . OCLC 50230244 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . A girl in red hotpants helped elect a US president , a British pensioner became everyone 's favourite grandad . In just five years , the YouTube website has invented a new kind of celebrity Jump up ^ Heffernan , Virginia ( September 6 , 2009 ) . `` Uploading the Avant - Garde '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 4 , 2011 . The first video on YouTube was uploaded at 8 : 27 p.m. on Saturday , April 23 , 2005 . It 's called `` Me at the Zoo , '' and it features the musings of Jawed Karim , one of the site 's founders , as elephants nose around in hay behind him . Jump up ^ Bonanos , Paul ( April 23 , 2014 ) . Happy Ninth Birthday YouTube : From ' Me at the Zoo ' to a Billion Monthly Visits , Billboard ( magazine ) Jump up ^ Pham , Alex ( April 10 , 2010 ) . `` YouTube turns 5 , ca n't wait to grow up '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles , California , USA : Eddy Hartenstein . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . OCLC 3638237 . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2011 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Born as a clearinghouse for quick , quirky homemade videos , the site now seeks to add more professional -- and profitable -- content . Jump up ^ Karim , Jawed ( April 23 , 2005 ) . `` Me at the zoo '' . San Diego Zoo , San Diego , California , USA : YouTube . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Me at the zoo on YouTube Me at the zoo on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Me_at_the_zoo&oldid=849401111 '' Categories : 2005 short films YouTube videos English - language films Films set in the United States Films set in zoos Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Română Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 19 : 00 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who uploaded the first video on youtube ever | [
"Me at the zoo is the first video that was uploaded to YouTube. It was uploaded on April 23, 2005 at 20:27:12 PDT (April 24, 2005 at 3:27:12 UTC)[1] by the site's co-founder Jawed Karim, with the username \"jawed\" and recorded by his high school friend Yakov Lapitsky.[2][3][4]\n"
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"the site's co-founder Jawed Karim"
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4394391520436576556 | Right-to-work law | Right - to - work law - wikipedia Right - to - work law This article is about the U.S. laws prohibiting mandated union membership and dues . For the human right concept , see right to work . For the Indian law , see National Rural Employment Guarantee Act . In the context of US labor politics , `` right - to - work laws '' refers to laws ( currently effective in 27 states ) that prohibit union security agreements between companies and labor unions . Under these laws , employees in unionized workplaces are banned from negotiating contracts which require all members who benefit from the union contract to contribute to the costs of union representation . According to the Legal Defense Foundation , right - to - work laws prohibit union security agreements , or agreements between employers and labor unions , that govern the extent to which an established union can require employees ' membership , payment of union dues , or fees as a condition of employment , either before or after hiring . Right - to - work laws do not aim to provide general guarantee of employment to people seeking work , but rather are a government ban on contractual agreements between employers and union employees requiring workers to pay for the costs of union representation . Right - to - work laws ( either by statutes or by constitutional provision ) exist in 27 U.S. states , mostly in the Southern , Western , and Midwestern states . Business interests represented by the United States Chamber of Commerce have lobbied extensively to pass right - to - work legislation . Such laws are allowed under the 1947 federal Taft -- Hartley Act . A further distinction is often made within the law between people employed by state and municipal governments and those employed by the private sector , with states that are otherwise union shop ( i.e. , workers must pay for union representation in order to obtain or retain a job ) having right to work laws in effect for government employees ; provided , however , that the law also permits an `` agency shop '' where employees pay their share for representation ( less than union dues ) , while not joining the union as members . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Wagner Act ( 1935 ) 1.3 Taft -- Hartley Act ( 1947 ) 1.4 Current status 2 Arguments for and against 2.1 Minority rights and due process 2.2 Freedom of association 2.3 Unfairness 2.4 Political contributions 2.5 Cost of living 2.6 Free riders 2.7 Freedom of contract and association 2.8 Corporate interests 3 Studies of economic effect 4 Polling 5 U.S. states with right - to - work laws 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 8.1 Opposed to right - to - work laws 8.2 Supported right - to - work laws History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) According to Slate , right - to - work laws are derived from legislation forbidding unions from forcing strikes on workers , as well as from legal principles such as liberty of contract , which as applied here sought to prevent passage of laws regulating workplace conditions . According to PandoDaily and NSFWCORP , the term itself was coined by Vance Muse , a Republican operative who headed an early right - to - work group , the `` Christian American Association '' , to replace the term `` American Plan '' after it became associated with the anti-union violence of the First Red Scare . Muse used racist rhetoric in his defense of `` right - to - work '' laws . According to the Conservative think tank , the American Enterprise Institute , the term `` right to work '' was coined by Dallas Morning News editorial writer William Ruggles . ( An unrelated use of term `` right to work '' had been coined by French socialist leader Louis Blanc before 1848 . ) Wagner Act ( 1935 ) ( edit ) The National Labor Relations Act , generally known as the Wagner Act , was passed in 1935 as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's `` Second New Deal . '' Among other things , the Act provided that a company could lawfully agree to be any of the following : A closed shop , in which employees must be members of the union as a condition of employment . Under a closed shop , an employee who ceased being a member of the union for whatever reason , from failure to pay dues to expulsion from the union as an internal disciplinary punishment , was required to be fired even if the employee did not violate any of the employer 's rules . A union shop , which allows for hiring non-union employees , provided that the employees then join the union within a certain period . An agency shop , in which employees must pay the equivalent of the cost of union representation , but need not formally join the union . An open shop , in which an employee can not be compelled to join or pay the equivalent of dues to a union or be fired for joining the union . The Act tasked the National Labor Relations Board , which had existed since 1933 , with overseeing the rules . Taft -- Hartley Act ( 1947 ) ( edit ) In 1947 Congress passed the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 , generally known as the Taft -- Hartley Act , over President Harry S. Truman 's veto . The Act repealed some parts of the Wagner Act , including outlawing the closed shop . Section 14 ( b ) of the Taft -- Hartley Act also authorizes individual states ( but not local governments , such as cities or counties ) to outlaw the union shop and agency shop for employees working in their jurisdictions . Any state law that outlaws such arrangements is known as a `` right - to - work state . '' In the early development of the right - to - work policy , segregationist sentiment was used as an argument , as many people in the South felt that it was wrong for blacks and whites to belong to the same unions . Vance Muse , one of the early developers of the policy in Texas , used that argument in the development of anti-union laws in Texas in the 1940s . Current status ( edit ) The federal government operates under open shop rules nationwide , but many of its employees are represented by unions . Unions that represent professional athletes have written contracts that include particular representation provisions ( such as in the National Football League ) , but their application is limited to `` wherever and whenever legal , '' as the Supreme Court has clearly held that the application of a right - to - work law is determined by the employee 's `` predominant job situs . '' Players on professional sports teams in states with right - to - work laws are thus subject to those laws and can not be required to pay any portion of union dues as a condition of continued employment . Twenty - three states , as well as the District of Columbia , do not have right - to - work laws . On November 18 , 2016 , the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the right of local governments to enact local right - to - work laws in Kentucky , Ohio , and the other states of its jurisdiction . In August 2018 , 67 % of Missouri voters rejected a right - to - work law with 33 % voting in favor . Arguments for and against ( edit ) Minority Rights and due process ( edit ) The first arguments concerning the right to work centered on the rights of a dissenting minority with respect to an opposing majoritarian collective bargain . President Franklin Roosevelt 's New Deal had prompted many U.S. Supreme Court challenges , among which were challenges regarding the constitutionality of the National Industry Recovery Act of 1933 ( NIRA ) . In 1936 , as a part of its ruling in Carter v. Carter Coal Co. the Court ruled against mandatory collective bargaining , stating : The effect , in respect to wages and hours , is to subject the dissentient minority ... to the will of the stated majority ... To ' accept ' in these circumstances , is not to exercise a choice , but to surrender to force . The power conferred upon the majority is , in effect , the power to regulate the affairs of an unwilling minority . This is legislative delegation in its most obnoxious form ; for it is not even delegation to an official or an official body ... but to private persons ... ( A ) statute which attempts to confer such power undertakes an intolerable and unconstitutional interference with personal liberty and private property . The delegation is so clearly arbitrary , and so clearly a denial of rights safeguarded by the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment , that it is unnecessary to do more than refer to decisions of this Court which foreclose the question . Freedom of association ( edit ) Besides the U.S. Supreme Court , other proponents of right - to - work laws also point to the Constitution and the right to freedom of association . They argue that workers should both be free to join unions or to refrain , and thus , sometimes refer to states without right - to - work laws as forced unionism states . These proponents argue that by being forced into a collective bargain , what the majoritarian unions call a fair share of collective bargaining costs is actually financial coercion and a violation of freedom of choice . An opponent to the union bargain is forced to financially support an organization they did not vote for , in order to receive monopoly representation they have no choice over . The Seventh - day Adventist Church discourages the joining of unions , citing the writings of Ellen White , one of the church 's founders , and what writer Diana Justice calls the `` loss of free will '' that occurs when a person joins a labor union . Unfairness ( edit ) Proponents such as the Mackinac Center for Public Policy contend that it is unfair that unions can require new and existing employees to either join the union or pay fees for collective bargaining expenses as a condition of employment under union security agreement contracts . Other proponents contend that unions may still be needed in new and growing sectors of the economy , for example , the voluntary and third party sectors , to assure adequate benefits for new immigrant , `` part - time '' aides in America ( e.g. , US Direct Support Workforce ) . Political contributions ( edit ) Right - to - work proponents , including the Center for Union Facts , contend that political contributions made by unions are not representative of the union workers . The agency shop portion of this had previously been contested with support of National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation in Communications Workers of America v. Beck , resulting in `` Beck rights '' preventing agency fees from being used for expenses outside of collective bargaining if the non-union worker notifies the union of their objection . The right to challenge the fees must include the right to have it heard by an impartial fact finder . It should be noted that Beck applies only to unions in the private sector , given agency fees were struck down for public - sector unions in Janus v. AFSCME in 2018 . Cost of living ( edit ) States enforcing union security provisions in union collective bargaining agreements generally have a higher cost of living , however , no systematic analysis identifies union security agreements as a significant cause of this variance . Free riders ( edit ) Opponents such as Richard Kahlenberg have argued that right - to - work laws simply `` gives employees the right to be free riders -- to benefit from collective bargaining without paying for it '' . In Abood v. Detroit BoE , the Supreme Court of the United States permitted public - sector unions to charge non-members agency fees so that employees in the public sector could be required to pay for the costs of representation , even as they opted not to be a member , as long as these fees are not spent on the union 's political or ideological agenda . This decision was reversed , however , in Janus v. AFSCME , with the Supreme Court ruling that such fees violate the first amendment in the case of public - sector unions , since all bargaining by a public - sector union can be considered political activity . Freedom of contract and association ( edit ) Opponents argue that right - to - work laws restrict freedom of association , and limit the sorts of agreements individuals acting collectively can make with their employer , by prohibiting workers and employers from agreeing to contracts that include fair share fees . Moreover , American law imposes a duty of fair representation on unions ; consequently non-members in right to work states can and do force unions to provide without compensation grievance services that are paid for by union members . In December 2012 , libertarian writer J.D. Tuccille , in Reason magazine , wrote : I consider the restrictions right - to - work laws impose on bargaining between unions and businesses to violate freedom of contract and association ... I 'm disappointed that the state has , once again , inserted itself into the marketplace to place its thumb on the scale in the never - ending game of playing business and labor off against one another ... This is not to say that unions are always good . It means that , when the state is n't involved , they 're private organizations that can offer value to their members . Corporate interests ( edit ) The unions also contend that the National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation and National Right to Work Committee have received millions of dollars in grants from foundations controlled by major U.S. industrialists like the New York - based Olin Foundation , Inc. , which grew out of a family manufacturing business , but now funds primarily conservative think tanks , media outlets , and university law programs . Kahlenberg and Marvit also argue that , at least in efforts to pass a right - to - work law in Michigan , excluding police and firefighter unions -- traditionally less hostile to Republicans -- from the law caused some to question claims that the law was simply an effort to improve Michigan 's businesses climate , not to seek partisan advantage . Studies of economic effect ( edit ) According to Tim Bartik of the W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research , studies of the effect of right - to - work laws abound , but are not consistent . Studies have found both `` some positive effect on job growth , '' and no effect . Thomas Holmes argues that it is difficult to analyze right - to - work laws by comparing states due to other similarities between states that have passed these laws . For instance , right - to - work states often have some strong pro-business policies , making it difficult to isolate the effect of right - to - work laws . Looking at the growth of states in the Southeast following World War II , Bartik notes that while they have right - to - work laws they have also benefited from `` factors like the widespread use of air conditioning and different modes of transportation that helped decentralize manufacturing '' . Economist Thomas Holmes compared counties close to the border between states with and without right - to - work laws ( thereby holding constant an array of factors related to geography and climate ) . He found that the cumulative growth of employment in manufacturing in the right - to - work states was 26 percentage points greater than that in the non-right - to - work states . However , given the study design , Holmes points out `` my results do not say that it is right - to - work laws that matter , but rather that the ' probusiness package ' offered by right - to - work states seems to matter . '' Moreover , as noted by Kevin Drum and others , this result may reflect business relocation rather than an overall enhancement of economic growth , since `` businesses prefer locating in states where costs are low and rules are lax . '' A February 2011 study by the Economic Policy Institute found : Wages in right - to - work states are 3.2 % lower than those in non-RTW states , after controlling for a full complement of individual demographic and socioeconomic variables as well as state macroeconomic indicators . Using the average wage in non-RTW states as the base ( $22.11 ) , the average full - time , full - year worker in an RTW state makes about $1,500 less annually than a similar worker in a non-RTW state . The study goes on to say `` How much of this difference can be attributed to RTW status itself ? There is an inherent endogeneity problem in any attempt to answer that question , namely that RTW and non-RTW states differ on a wide variety of measures that are also related to compensation , making it difficult to isolate the impact of RTW status . '' The rate of employer - sponsored health insurance ( ESI ) is 2.6 percentage points lower in RTW states compared with non-RTW states , after controlling for individual , job , and state - level characteristics . If workers in non-RTW states were to receive ESI at this lower rate , 2 million fewer workers nationally would be covered . The rate of employer - sponsored pensions is 4.8 percentage points lower in RTW states , using the full complement of control variables in ( the study 's ) regression model . If workers in non-RTW states were to receive pensions at this lower rate , 3.8 million fewer workers nationally would have pensions . A 2008 editorial in The Wall Street Journal comparing job growth in Ohio and Texas stated that from 1998 to 2008 , Ohio lost 10,400 jobs , while Texas gained 1,615,000 . The opinion piece suggested right - to - work laws might be among the reasons for the economic expansion in Texas , along with the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , and the absence of a state income tax in Texas . Another Wall Street Journal editorial in 2012 , by the president and the labor policy director of the Mackinac Center for Public Policy , reported 71 % employment growth in right - to - work states from 1980 to 2011 , while employment in non-right - to - work states grew just 32 % during the same period . The 2012 editorial also stated that since 2001 , compensation in right - to - work states had increased 4 times faster than in other states . Polling ( edit ) In January 2012 , in the immediate aftermath of passage of Indiana 's right - to - work law , a Rasmussen Reports telephone survey found that 74 % of Likely U.S. Voters disagreed with the question , `` Should workers who do not belong to a union be required by law to pay union dues if the company they work is unionized ? '' but `` most also do n't think a non-union worker should enjoy benefits negotiated by the union . '' In Michigan in January through March 2013 , a poll found that 43 percent of those polled thought the law would help Michigan 's economy , while 41 percent thought it would hurt . U.S. states with right - to - work laws ( edit ) Statewide Right - to - work law Local Right - to - work laws No Right - to - work law The following 27 states have right - to - work laws : Alabama ( adopted 1953 , Constitution 2016 ) Arizona ( Constitution , adopted 1946 ) Arkansas ( Constitution , adopted 1947 ) Florida ( Constitution , adopted 1944 , revised 1968 ) Georgia ( adopted 1947 ) Idaho ( adopted 1985 ) Indiana ( adopted , 2012 ) Iowa ( adopted 1947 ) Kansas ( Constitution , adopted 1958 ) Kentucky ( adopted 2017 ) Louisiana ( adopted 1976 ) Michigan ( adopted , 2012 ) Mississippi ( Constitution , adopted 1954 ) Nebraska ( Constitution and statute , adopted 1946 ) New Mexico ( only some counties , namely Chaves , Eddy , Lea , Lincoln , Otero , Roosevelt , Sandoval , and San Juan Counties - adopted by counties beginning 2018 ) Nevada ( adopted 1951 ) North Carolina ( adopted 1947 ) North Dakota ( adopted 1947 ) Oklahoma ( Constitution , adopted 2001 ) South Carolina ( adopted 1954 ) South Dakota ( adopted 1946 ) Tennessee ( adopted 1947 ) Texas ( adopted 1947 , revised 1993 ) Utah ( adopted 1955 ) Virginia ( adopted 1947 ) West Virginia ( adopted 2016 , went into effect September 2017 due to lower court injunctions ) Wisconsin ( adopted 2015 ) Wyoming ( adopted 1963 ) In addition , the territory of Guam also has right - to - work laws , and employees of the US federal government have the right to choose whether or not to join their respective unions . New Hampshire adopted a right - to - work bill in 1947 , but it was repealed in 1949 by the state legislature and governor . The legislature of Missouri passed a right - to - work bill in 2017 , but the law was defeated in a 2018 referendum before it could take effect . See also ( edit ) At - will employment Closed shop and open shop Labor unions in the United States United States labor law References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Employer / Union Rights and Obligations '' . National Labor Relations Board . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baird , Charles W. `` Right to work before and after 14 ( b ) . '' Journal of Labor Research 19.3 ( 1998 ) : 471 - 493 . ^ Jump up to : `` The South Carolina Governance Project -- Interest Groups in South Carolina , '' Center for Governmental Services , Institute for Public Service and Policy Research , University of South Carolina , Accessed July 6 , 2007 . Dinan , Elizabeth ( January 14 , 2011 ) . `` N.H. Rep. proposes right to work law '' . Seacoast Online . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Berkeley ; Canak , William ( 1991 ) . `` From ' Porkchoppers ' to ' Lambchoppers ' : The Passage of Florida 's Public Employee Relations Act '' . Industrial and Labor Relations Review . 44 ( 2 ) : 349 -- 66 . doi : 10.2307 / 2524814 . JSTOR 2524814 . Partridge , Dane M. ( 1997 ) . `` Virginia 's New Ban on Public Employee Bargaining : A Case Study of Unions , Business , and Political Competition '' . Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal . 10 ( 2 ) : 127 -- 39 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1025657412651 . Canak , William ; Miller , Berkeley ( 1990 ) . `` Gumbo Politics : Unions , Business , and Louisiana Right - to - Work Legislation '' . Industrial and Labor Relations Review . 43 ( 2 ) : 258 -- 71 . doi : 10.2307 / 2523703 . JSTOR 2523703 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Brian ( December 12 , 2012 ) . `` Why Are Anti-Union Laws Called `` Right To Work '' ? `` . Slate . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ames , Mark ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` As `` Right To Work '' becomes law in Wisconsin , a reminder of its inventor 's racist past `` . PandoDaily . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ames , Mark ( December 12 , 2012 ) . `` You Hate `` Right To Work '' Laws More Than You Know . Here 's Why `` . NSFWCORP . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perry , Mark J. ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` Dallas Morning News editorial writer William Ruggles coined the term `` right to work '' on Labor Day in 1941 `` . AEIIdeas . American Enterprise Institute . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Priscilla Smith ( 1952 ) . Revolutions of 1848 : A Social History . Princeton University Press . p. 69 . ISBN 9780691007564 . Jump up ^ Roof , Tracy ( 2011 ) . American Labor , Congress , and the Welfare State , 1935 - 2010 . JHU Press . p. 73 . ISBN 9781421400877 . Jump up ^ Colby , Gerard ( 1984 ) . `` Decade of Despair '' . Du Pont Dynasty : Behind the Nylon Curtain . Secaucus : Lyle Stewart . `` The racist roots of ' right to work ' laws '' . Southernstudies.org . December 13 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Ames , Mark . `` As ' Right To Work ' becomes law in Wisconsin , a reminder of its inventor 's racist past '' . Pando.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Muse , Vance ( 1986 ) . `` Making Peace with Grandfather '' . Texas Monthly . 14 ( 2 ) : 142 . Mirer , J. ( 2013 ) . `` Right - to - Work Laws : History and Fightback '' . National Law . Guild Rev. 70 : 30 . Jump up ^ NFL Collective Bargaining Agreement 2006 - 2012 : Art . V , Sec. 1 . Jump up ^ Oil , Chemical and Atomic Workers , Int'l Union v. Mobil Oil Corp. , 426 U.S. 407 , 414 ( 1976 ) ( Marshall , J . ) . Jump up ^ Orr v. National Football League Players Ass'n , 145 L.R.R.M. ( BNA ) 2224 , 1993 WL 604063 ( Va. Cir. Ct. 1993 ) . Jump up ^ `` Appeals Court Upholds Local Right - to - Work Laws in Kentucky and Ohio '' . National Review . November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kevin S. Held ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` Right - to - work overturned as Prop A fails '' . FOX2now.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ https://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/news/2018/08/07/missouri-voters-reject-right-to-work.html Jump up ^ Carter v. Carter Coal Co. , 298 U.S. 238 , at 311 ( 1936 ) . Jump up ^ Campbell , Simon . `` Right - to - Work vs Forced Unionism '' . StopTeacherStrikes , Inc . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Fair share is compulsory dues . A non-union employee is forced to financially support an organization they did not vote for , in order to receive monopoly representation they have no choice over . It is financial coercion and a violation of freedom of choice . Money is forcibly withheld from non-union employees ' paychecks and sent to a private organization . When an agency - shop agreement exists in a school district or county , every employee must pay dues to the union as a condition of their employment . They must pay - up or leave . Should anyone 's ability to get or keep a job depend on whether they pay dues to a union ? Non-union teachers have struggled in court to try and stop their forced dues from being used for political activity by the union . Jump up ^ `` What is the Adventist Church 's stance on trade unions ? '' . perspectives.adventist.org . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Justice , Diana ( June 1 , 2003 ) . `` Adventist Labor Unions '' . GleanerNow . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . `` Lt 26 , 1903 - Ellen G. White Writings '' . text.egwwritings.org . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rae , La ( August 1 , 1998 ) . `` Improvement # 3 : Remove Union Security Clauses ( Mackinac Center ) '' . Mackinac.org . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Use of Dues for Politics '' . Center for Union Facts . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How do I cut off the use of my dues for politics and other nonbargaining activities ? '' . National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gregory , David L. `` 1997 - 1998 Preview U.S. Sup . Ct . Cas. 392 ( 1997 - 1998 ) : Contesting Union - Imposed Fees : Must Arbitration Precede Litigation ( 97 - 428 ) '' . heinonline : 392 . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Chicago Local Teachers Union v Hudson 475 U.S. 292 . 310 ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ Chokshi , Niraj ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` What $100 Can Buy , State by State '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Out Of Reach '' . National Low Income Housing Coalition . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kahlenberg , Richard D. ; Marvit , Moshe Z. ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Right to Work '' Is n't a Civil Right . But Unionizing Should Be `` . ^ Jump up to : Gould , Elise ; Shierholz , Heidi ( 2011 ) . `` The Compensation penalty of `` right - to - work '' laws `` '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Steven ( January 3 , 2011 ) . `` States Seek Laws to Curb Power of Unions '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Employer / Union Rights and Obligations '' . National Labor Relations Board . Jump up ^ Tuccille , J.D. ( 2012 - 12 - 12 ) . `` When Right - To - Work Is Wrong and Un-Libertarian - Hit & Run '' . Reason.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Questions and Answers about the National Right to Work Committee and the National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation '' ( PDF ) . United Auto Workers . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the billionaires behind No Rights At Work '' . Teamster Nation . January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Samples , Susan ( December 12 , 2012 ) . `` Studies mixed on right - to - work 's impact '' . WOOD Television . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Thomas J. ( 1998 ) . `` The Effect of State Policies on the Location of Manufacturing : Evidence from State Borders '' . Journal of Political Economy. 106 ( 4 ) : 667 -- 705 . doi : 10.1086 / 250026 . Jump up ^ Evans , Gordon ( December 10 , 2012 ) . `` Upjohn Institute economist on right to work laws '' . WMUK . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barro , Robert ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Opinion : Unions vs. the Right to Work '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Location of Industry : Do States ' Policies Matter ? '' ( PDF ) . Cato.org . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Unions and Growth '' . Motherjones.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Texas v. Ohio , `` Texas is prospering while Ohio lags '' The Wall Street Journal March 3 , 2008 Accessed July 18 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Vernuccio , Vincent ; Lehman , Joseph G. ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Vernuccio and Lehman : An Inspiration and a Warning From Michigan '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 74 % Favor Right - to - Work Law Eliminating Mandatory Union Dues - Rasmussen Reports TM '' . Rasmussenreports.com . January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Poll : Michigan evenly divided on right - to - work law '' . MLive.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SOSS 64 '' . Michigan State University Institute for Public Policy and Social Research . Winter 2013 . Retrieved September 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Right to Work Laws : Arizona National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation '' . Nrtw.org . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Constitution '' . The Florida Legislature . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . `` Right to Work States : Florida National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation '' . Nrtw.org . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Mary Beth ; Sikich , Chris ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` Indiana Gov. Daniels signs ' right to work ' bill ; protest winds through Super Bowl Village '' . The Indianapolis Star . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan passes ' right - to - work ' legislation '' . BBC News . December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NEW JOBS NEW MEXICO '' . Retrieved Oct 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina Code of Laws § 41 - 7 - 10 '' . Jump up ^ `` State Right - to - Work Timeline '' . National Right to Work Committee . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . `` LABOR CODE CHAPTER 101 . LABOR ORGANIZATIONS '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Right to Work States : Guam National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation '' . Nrtw.org . May 15 , 2000 . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Conservative 's Guide to the `` Right to Work '' Bill `` . NH LABOR NEWS . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Gains Victory as Missouri Voters Reject Anti-Union Law '' . August 7 , 2018 . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutRight - to - work lawat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Opposed to right - to - work laws ( edit ) Wisconsin Contractor Coalition Supported right - to - work laws ( edit ) Wisconsin Manufacturers and Commerce Michigan Chamber of Commerce National Right to Work Committee National Right to Work Legal Defense Fund Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right-to-work_law&oldid=864823307 '' Categories : United States labor law Labor relations in the United States Right to work Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2018 Use mdy dates from October 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 18 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how long has florida been a right to work state | [
"Alabama (adopted 1953, Constitution 2016)\nArizona (Constitution, adopted 1946)[46]\nArkansas (Constitution, adopted 1947)\nFlorida (Constitution, adopted 1944, revised 1968)[47]\nGeorgia (adopted 1947)\nIdaho (adopted 1985)\nIndiana[48] (adopted, 2012)\nIowa (adopted 1947)\nKansas (Constitution, adopted 1958)\nKentucky (adopted 2017)\nLouisiana (adopted 1976)\nMichigan (adopted, 2012)[49]\nMississippi (Constitution, adopted 1954)\nNebraska (Constitution and statute, adopted 1946)\nNew Mexico (only some counties, namely Chaves, Eddy, Lea, Lincoln, Otero, Roosevelt, Sandoval, and San Juan Counties - adopted by counties beginning 2018)[50]\nNevada (adopted 1951)\nNorth Carolina (adopted 1947)\nNorth Dakota (adopted 1947)\nOklahoma (Constitution, adopted 2001)\nSouth Carolina[51] (adopted 1954)\nSouth Dakota (adopted 1946)\nTennessee (adopted 1947)\nTexas[52] (adopted 1947, revised 1993)\nUtah (adopted 1955)\nVirginia (adopted 1947)\nWest Virginia (adopted 2016, went into effect September 2017 due to lower court injunctions)\nWisconsin (adopted 2015)\nWyoming (adopted 1963)"
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"1944"
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-7064838843762190159 | Citrus production | Citrus production - wikipedia Citrus production Jump to : navigation , search Major citrus growing regions . Gathering oranges in Cayo , Belize Citrus fruits are the highest value fruit crop in terms of international trade . There are two main markets for citrus fruit : the fresh fruit market the processed citrus fruits market ( mainly orange juice ) Most citrus production is accounted for by oranges , but significant quantities of grapefruits , pomeloes , lemons and limes are also grown . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Volume 3 Countries involved 4 Oranges and orange juice 5 Citrus canker 6 Citrus greening disease in Florida 6.1 Introductory and effects of disease 6.2 Symptoms 6.3 Ecology of spread 6.4 New care - taking strategies 7 Citrus nutrition 7.1 Citrus macronutrients 7.1. 1 Nitrogen 7.1. 2 Phosphorus 7.1. 3 Potassium 7.2 Citrus micronutrients 7.2. 1 Boron 7.2. 2 Copper 7.2. 3 Iron 7.2. 4 Manganese 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) While the origin of citrus fruits can not be precisely identified , researchers believe they began to appear in Southeast Asia at least 4,000 BC . From there , they slowly spread to northern Africa , mainly through migration and trade . During the period of the Roman Empire demand by higher - ranking members of society , along with increased trade , allowed the fruits to spread to southern Europe . Citrus fruits spread throughout Europe during the Middle Ages , and were then brought to the Americas by Spanish explorers . Worldwide trade in citrus fruits did n't appear until the 20th century and trade in orange juice developed as late as 1940 . Volume ( edit ) Total production and consumption of citrus fruit has grown strongly since the 1980s . Current annual worldwide citrus production is estimated at over 70 million tons , with more than half of this being oranges . According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) , the rise in citrus production is mainly due to the increase in cultivation areas , improvements in transportation and packaging , rising incomes and consumer preference for healthy foods . This trend was projected to change from 2000 to 2010 since the high production levels have slowed the rate of new plantings . Countries involved ( edit ) Citrus fruits are produced all over the world . According to UNCTAD , in 2004 there were 140 citrus producing countries . Around 70 % of the world 's total citrus production is grown in the Northern Hemisphere , in particular countries around the Mediterranean and the United States , although Brazil is the largest citrus producer . In the United States , most orange juice and grapefruit is produced in Florida , while citrus fruits for consumption as fresh fruit are mainly grown in California , Arizona and Texas . Smaller markets for citrus growth in the US originate in South Carolina , Georgia , Oklahoma , Tennessee , and the gulf coastal states , including Louisiana , Alabama , Mississippi , and Georgia , as well as North Carolina . Independent cultivars are found in Kentucky , Virginia , and even Missouri , Southern Illinois , and far Southern Kansas . The farther north the range , the more seasonal the cultivation . Florida produces approximately 100 million boxes annually ( each box is 90 lbs ) . China could be a major player in the orange juice and processed citrus markets , except for high tariffs on citrus that make domestic sale more profitable . Though citrus originated in southeast Asia , current citrus production is low due to lower than average yields , high production and marketing costs and problems with disease . Citrus production in most of Europe continues to decline , although the clementines produced by Spain are increasing in popularity among consumers . Top ten total citrus fruits producers 2007 ( tonnes ) World 's top producer in each category is given in grey Country Grapefruit Lemons and limes Oranges Tangerines , etc . Other Total Brazil 72,000 1,060,000 18,279,309 1,271,000 - 20,682,309 China 547,000 745,100 2,865,000 14,152,000 1,308,000 19,617,100 United States 1,580,000 722,000 7,357,000 328,000 30,000 10,017,000 Mexico 390,000 1,880,000 4,160,000 355,000 66,000 6,851,000 India 178,000 2,060,000 3,900,000 - 148,000 6,286,000 Spain 35,000 880,000 2,691,400 2,080,700 16,500 5,703,600 Iran 54,000 615,000 2,300,000 702,000 68,000 3,739,000 Italy 7,000 546,584 2,293,466 702,732 30,000 3,579,782 Nigeria - - - - 3,325,000 3,325,000 Turkey 181,923 706,652 1,472,454 738,786 2,599 3,102,414 World 5,061,023 13,032,388 63,906,064 26,513,986 7,137,084 115,650,545 Source : Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations : Economic And Social Department : The Statistical Division Oranges and orange juice ( edit ) About a third of citrus fruit production goes for processing : more than 80 % of this is for orange juice production . Demand for fresh and processed oranges continues to rise in excess of production , especially in developed countries ( ) . The two main players are Florida in the United States and São Paulo in Brazil . Production of orange juice between these two makes up roughly 85 percent of the world market . Brazil exports 99 percent of its production , while 90 percent of Florida 's production is consumed in the US . Orange juice is traded internationally in the form of frozen concentrated orange juice to reduce the volume used , so that storage and transportation costs are lower . Citrus canker ( edit ) Main article : Citrus canker Citrus production is often cut short in many areas by outbreaks of bacteria known as Xanthomonas axonopodis , or Citrus canker , which cause unsightly lesions on all parts of the plant , affecting tree vitality and early drop of fruit . While not harmful to human consumption , the fruit becomes too unsightly to be sold , and entire orchards are often destroyed to protect the outbreak from spreading . Citrus canker affects all varieties of citrus trees , and recent outbreaks in Australia , Brazil and the United States have slowed citrus production in parts of those countries . Citrus leafminer moths are a major concern where citrus canker exists . The openings created by citrus leafminer make the tree highly susceptible to the X . axonopodis bacteria which leads to citrus canker . Citrus greening disease in Florida ( edit ) Introductory and effects of disease ( edit ) Huanglongbing ( HLB ) , called citrus greening within the industry , is recognized as the deadliest citrus disease the Florida citrus industry has ever faced . This can be attributed to the economic costs of implementing new care - taking strategies , and overall tree loss creating a loss of revenues . A look at total Florida citrus growing acreage provides a tangible impression to the hardships citrus greening provides ; in 2000 there was 665,529 commercially producing citrus acres , while in 2011 there were 473,086 commercially producing citrus acres in Florida . Every year citrus reports indicate a continued loss of citrus production . Citrus greening is being attributed for a total output impact of - 4.51 billion , and a loss of 8,257 jobs within the state of Florida . The disease has now spread throughout the entire state , and affects every Florida citrus grower . The disease is spread through an insect vector , the Asian citrus psyllid . The psyllid was previously introduced into Florida in 1998 . At this time citrus greening was never found within the state , thus the psyllids spread was left unchecked . By the time citrus greening had reached Florida psyllid populations were well established throughout the state of Florida . The first positive case of greening disease was in August 2005 , when a greening positive citrus tree was discovered in Miami - Dade County . It was at this time the entire Florida citrus industry changed its citriculture practices overnight . Intensive pesticide applications , aggressive removal of citrus greening positive trees , and the complete switch from outdoor to indoor citrus nursery operations transpired . Symptoms ( edit ) Negative citrus greening tree vs Positive citrus greening tree Symptoms of citrus greening are numerous , and can be varied in citrus trees . A tree will develop yellow shoots instead of the expected deep green colors . The disease presents itself on the leaves by giving an asymmetrical blotchy - mottle appearance . This is the key diagnosing characteristic of citrus greening . On affected limbs , fruit tend to be lopsided . The fruit will also never ripen and have a sour taste , making them unmarketable for both juice and fresh fruit productions . In later stages of infection the tree will suffer from heavy leaf drop , high percentages of fruit drop , and deep twig die back . A greening positive citrus tree 's canopies will be airy due to the defoliation the disease causes . After a tree becomes infected with citrus greening it becomes uneconomical and may die within 2 -- 5 years . Ecology of spread ( edit ) Vector control of citrus greening began when the disease was first introduced in 2005 . All commercial citrus growers are advised in applying two dormancy pesticide sprays . These broad - spectrum pesticide sprays are applied in winter when adult psyllid populations decline to almost exclusive overwintering adults . With this strategy , significant reductions of populations withhold for up to 6 months . This fact is crucial as it protects the spring flush , which accounts for over 70 % of new leaves for the year , from the infectious psyllid attacks . The spring flush typically occurs 3 months past winter . More aggressive citrus grove care - takers may employ a wide host of pesticides to try to keep psyllid populations low year round . These growers may spray pesticides up to 7 times a year rotating various pesticides to employ different modes of actions against the psyllid . This is done in an attempt to prevent resistances of psyllids to the various pesticides . The spraying of pesticides is the only method of control for the citrus greening vector , the psyllid . It is impossible to kill all psyllids through pesticides , thus strategic timing of pesticide sprays are done to try and slow the gradual spread of HLB throughout the citrus grove . Unfortunately , at this time it is inevitable that a commercial citrus grove will reach 100 percent infection rates even with aggressive sprays . New care - taking strategies ( edit ) Productivity of a citrus groves can be retained at pre-Huanglongbing levels through a three pronged strategy . Current research is aimed at the goal of giving the greatest yields for the lowest costs . Indeed , these lower costs are necessitated by the increased per acre cost of caretaking brought upon by Huanglongbing infection . Huanglongbing forces the commercial citrus caretaker to spray his / her block of citrus many more times a year than normal , considerably increasing costs . Per pound prices of citrus must continue increasing for citrus to remain profitable due to disease pressure . Foliar fertilizers are now being sprayed on citrus trees at considerably higher rates than before citrus greening disease . Inspiration for the mixture of foliar nutrients was drawn from a local citrus grower , Maury Boyd . Mr. Boyd was the first to try a strategy of not removing greening positive citrus trees , and instead attempt aggressive nutritional sprays . His grove was as a result the first to remain economical with a high percentage rate of greening disease infection . His spray program is under considerable research by the University of Florida 's IFAS department . Further research is still needed , and being carried out to determine which specific fertilizer compounds , and the quantities used are the most efficient . Vector control of the psyllid , which is the sole means for citrus greening to spread is now done routinely . Before citrus greening disease was introduced , commercial citrus growers did not have to spray pesticides targeting insects . Current research is aimed at pesticide application timing , and pesticide choice for efficacy . After the introduction of citrus greening disease , all commercial nurseries , where new young trees are purchased , were relocated indoors and a bud wood registration program was enacted . Previously young citrus trees were grown outdoors before disease pressure became an issue . This is to certify that Florida grove owners are able to purchase clean citrus trees for the planting of citrus groves . A greening positive young citrus tree will never reach maturity , even with intensive sprays . These three keystone citriculture practices vector control , foliar nutrition , and certified young trees make up the new best management practices for commercial citrus growers against the citrus greening disease fight . Citrus nutrition ( edit ) Citrus macronutrients ( edit ) Nitrogen , Potassium and Phosphorus are the main macronutrients needed in citrus production , as well as Calcium , Magnesium and Sulfur . Nitrogen ( edit ) Nitrogen is important for overall tree and leaf growth and peel thickness , and fruit acidity . Phosphorus ( edit ) Phosphorus improves root growth , fruit yield and weight and juice while it reduces peel thickness . Potassium ( edit ) Potassium maintains fruit size , acidity , juice and disease tolerance , and it is taken up largely by the citrus fruit ; too little K can lead to splitting and plugging of the fruit . Citrus micronutrients ( edit ) Boron ( edit ) Boron is involved in many enzymatic systems , when it is deficient , the tree suffers in fruit and leaf quality , and the tree loses apical dominance . Copper ( edit ) Copper affects photosynthesis and fruit set . Deficiency causes drooping of shoots , `` brown gum '' eruptions , and death may occur from the tip . If copper based fungicides are used , this is not usually a problem . Iron ( edit ) Acting as a catalyst for reactions , this element is a cofactor for many enzymes , important for sweetness , increasing total soluble solids and boosting vitamin C and juice content for fruit . Iron deficiency is the most common of the micronutrients , causing symptoms of increased prominence of leaf veins and leaves turning white . Manganese ( edit ) Deficiency is associated with zinc and iron reductions as well , causing a mottled yellowing of the leaf , almost of a variegated quality . It improves overall sugar production in fruit juice . See also ( edit ) Citrus rootstock List of citrus diseases Mother Orange Tree References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : H. John Webber ( 1967 ) . History and Development of the Citrus Industry . University of California Division of Agricultural Sciences . Archived from the original on 2004 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : USDA Foreign Agricultural Service . `` USDA - U.S and the World Situation : Citrus '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2012 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Perez , Marvin ( 24 March 2015 ) . `` Orange Juice Enters Bull Market With Biggest Rally Since ' 98 '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Cheju Citrus Research Institute , Korea . `` Citrus Production in Asia '' . Asian Studies on the Pacific Coast . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas H. Spreen . Projections of World Production and Consumption of Citrus to 2010 . Jump up ^ Includes tangerines , mandarins , and clementines . Jump up ^ Vange Salem Jump up ^ Gottwald , T.R , Graham , J.H. and Schubert , J.S. ( 2002 ) . Citrus canker : The pathogen and its impact . Online . Plant Health Progress doi : 10.1094 / PHP - 2002 - 0812 - 01 - RV Jump up ^ Shen , W ; Crevallos - Crevallos , J ; Nunes da Rocha , U ; Arevalo , H ; Stansly , P ; Roberts , P ; H.C. van Bruggen , A ( 2013 ) . `` Relation Between Plant Nutrition , Hormones , Insecticide , Applications , Bacterial Endophytes , and Candidatus Liberibacter ct Values in Citrus Trees Infected with Huanglongbing '' . Eur J Plant Pathol ( 137 ) : 727 -- 742 . ^ Jump up to : Hodges , A ; Spreen , T ( 2012 ) . `` Economic Impacts of Citrus Greening ( HLB ) in Florida , 2006 / 07 - 2010 / 11 '' . IFAS : 1 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , D ; Richardson , M ; El - Desouky , A ; Halbert , S ( 2012 ) . `` Asian Citrus Psyllid , Diaphorina Citri , Vector of Citrus Huanglongbing Disease '' . Entomol . Exp . Appl. ( 146 ) : 207 -- 223 . ^ Jump up to : Gottwald , T ; Graca , J ; Bassanezi , R ( 2007 ) . `` Citrus huanglongbing : The Pathogen and Its Impact '' . Plant Health Progress ( 10 ) : 1094 . ^ Jump up to : Croxton , S ; Stansly , P ( 2013 ) . `` Metalized Polyethylene Mulch to Repel Asian Citrus Psyllid , Slow Spread of Huanglongbing and Improve Growth of New Citrus Plantings '' . Pest Manag Sci ( 70 ) : 318 -- 323 . ^ Jump up to : Stansly , P ; Arevalo , H ; Qureshi , J ; Jones , M ; Hendricks , K ; Roberts , P ; Roka , F ( 2013 ) . `` Vector control and foliar nutrition to maintain economic sustainability of bearing citrus in Florida groves affected by huanglongbing '' . Pest Manag Sci ( 70 ) : 415 -- 426 . Jump up ^ Tiwari , S ; Mann , R ; Rogers , M ; Stelinski , L ( 2011 ) . `` Insecticide Resistance in Field Populations of Asian Citrus Psyllid in Florida '' . Pest Manag Sci ( 67 ) : 1258 -- 1268 . ^ Jump up to : Citrus Plantmaster . Oslo , Norway : Yara. 2015 . pp. 30 -- 60 . External links ( edit ) U.S. National Agriculture Statistics Service UNCTAD report ; History and Characteristics of Citrus A History of Central Florida Podcast - Gatch Family Farm Equipment , Citrus Industry Lists of countries by agricultural output rankings Cereals Barley Buckwheat Maize Millet Oats Rice Rye Sorghum Triticale Wheat exports Fruit Apples Apricots Bananas Citrus Oranges Plums Pear Grapes Mango Tomatoes Vegetables Artichoke Onion Potato Rapeseed Soybean Cucumber Other Cacao Cassava Coffee Cotton Fish Garlic Milk Sugar beet Sugar cane Sunflower seed Tea Tobacco Wine Related Irrigation Land use List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Citrus True species Australian and Papuan wild limes Byeonggyul Citron Clymenia Indian wild orange Kumquat Mandarin Mangshanyegan Papeda Pomelo Yuzu Major hybrids Grapefruit Lemon Lime Orange True and hybrid cultivars Alemow Amanatsu Bergamot orange Bizzaria Bitter orange Blood lime Blood orange Buddha 's hand Cam sành Cara cara navel Cherry orange Citrange Citrumelo Clementine Daidai Dekopon Fairchild tangerine Florentine citron Hassaku orange Hebesu Hyuganatsu Imperial lemon Iyokan Jabara Jaffa orange Kabbad Kabosu Kaffir lime Kakadu lime Kalpi Key lime Khasi papeda Kinnow Kishumikan Kiyomi Komikan Laraha Lumia Mandelo Mandora Melanesian papeda Melogold Meyer lemon Murcott Myrtle - leaved orange tree Ōgonkan Orangelo / Chironja Oroblanco Palestinian sweet lime Persian lime Pixie mandarin Ponderosa lemon Ponkan Rangpur Reikou Rhobs el Arsa Rough lemon Sanboken Satsuma mandarin Setoka Shangjuan Shonan Gold Sudachi Sweet lemon Sweet limetta Tangelo Tangerine Tangor Ugli fruit Valencia orange Variegated pink lemon Winged lime Xã Đoài orange Yuukou mandarin Non-hybrid citrons Balady citron Corsican citron Diamante citron Fingered citron Greek citron Moroccan citron Yemenite citron Non-hybrid mandarin oranges Nanfengmiju Cleopatra mandarin Shīkwāsā Non-hybrid papedas Ichang papeda Citrus halimii or Mountain `` citron '' Non-hybrid pomelos Banpeiyu Dangyuja Australian and Papuan citrus ( Microcitrus , Eromocitrus , and Clymenia subgenera ) Australian outback lime Australian round lime Brown River finger lime Desert lime Mount white lime ( Microcitrus ) New Guinea wild lime Russell River lime Clymenia Kumquat / Fortunella hybrids ( × Citrofortunella ) Calamondin Citrangequat Limequat Orangequat Procimequat Sunquat Yuzuquat Related genera Citrus glauca Poncirus / Trifoliate orange Triphasia Brassii Grandifolia Trifolia Drinks Chūhai Curaçao Grapefruit juice Lemonade Limeade Orange juice Yuja - hwachae Yuja - cha Products Calcium citrate Citric acid Lemonene Limonene Neroli Orange flower water Orange oil Succade Zest Diseases Black spot CTV / Tristeza Exocortis Greening Mal secco Phytophthora citricola Related topics The Citrus Industry Citrus production Citrus rootstock Citrus taxonomy Cold - hardy citrus Hesperidium Japanese citrus List of citrus fruits Mother Orange Tree Orangery University of California Citrus Experiment Station University of California , Riverside Citrus Variety Collection Book Production Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citrus_production&oldid=810647267 '' Categories : Citrus production Horticulture and gardening Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 15 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where are oranges mostly grown in the world | [
"\n\nTop ten total citrus fruits producers 2007 (tonnes)\nWorld's top producer in each category is given in grey\n\n\nCountry\nGrapefruit\nLemons and limes\nOranges\nTangerines, etc.[6]\nOther\nTotal\n\n\n Brazil\n72,000\n1,060,000\n18,279,309\n1,271,000\n-\n20,682,309\n\n\n China\n547,000\n745,100\n2,865,000\n14,152,000\n1,308,000\n19,617,100\n\n\n United States\n1,580,000\n722,000\n7,357,000\n328,000\n30,000\n10,017,000\n\n\n Mexico\n390,000\n1,880,000\n4,160,000\n355,000\n66,000\n6,851,000\n\n\n India\n178,000\n2,060,000\n3,900,000\n-\n148,000\n6,286,000\n\n\n Spain\n35,000\n880,000\n2,691,400\n2,080,700\n16,500\n5,703,600\n\n\n Iran\n54,000\n615,000\n2,300,000\n702,000\n68,000\n3,739,000\n\n\n Italy\n7,000\n546,584\n2,293,466\n702,732\n30,000\n3,579,782\n\n\n Nigeria\n-\n-\n-\n-\n3,325,000\n3,325,000\n\n\n Turkey\n181,923\n706,652\n1,472,454\n738,786\n2,599\n3,102,414\n\n\n World\n5,061,023\n13,032,388\n63,906,064\n26,513,986\n7,137,084\n115,650,545\n\n\nSource: Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Division[not in citation given]\n\n"
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"Brazil"
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-212994419791769476 | Cottage cheese | Cottage cheese - wikipedia Cottage cheese Jump to : navigation , search A tub of cottage cheese Homemade cottage cheese A bowl of cottage cheese Cottage cheese is a fresh cheese curd product with a mild flavor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Manufacture 3 Curd size 4 Consumption 5 Nutrition 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Origin ( edit ) The first known use of the term `` cottage cheese '' dates back to 1831 . It is believed to have originated because the simple cheese was usually made in cottages from any milk left over after making butter . Manufacture ( edit ) Cottage cheese is drained , but not pressed , so some whey remains and the individual curds remain loose . The curd is usually washed to remove acidity , giving sweet - curd cheese . It is not aged or colored . Different styles of cottage cheese are made from milk with different fat levels and in small - curd or large - curd preparations . Pressed cottage cheese becomes hoop cheese , farmer cheese , pot cheese , or queso blanco . Curd size ( edit ) Curd size is the size of the chunks in the cottage cheese . The two major types of cottage cheese are small - curd , high - acid cheese made without rennet , and large - curd , low - acid cheese made with rennet . Rennet is a natural complex of enzymes that speeds curdling and keeps the curd that forms from breaking up . Adding rennet shortens the cheese - making process , resulting in a lower acid and larger curd cheese , and reduces the amount of curd poured off with leftover liquid ( whey ) . Sometimes large - curd cottage cheese is called `` chunk style . '' Consumption ( edit ) Cottage cheese can be eaten in a variety of different ways : by itself , with fruit and sugar , with salt and pepper , with fruit puree , on toast , with tomatoes , with granola and cinnamon , in salads , as a chip dip , as a replacement for mayonnaise in tuna salad or used as an ingredient in recipes such as jello salad and various desserts . Cottage cheese with fruit such as pears , peaches , or mandarin oranges is a standard side dish in many `` home cooking '' or meat - and - three restaurants ' menus in the United States . It is also used in dishes such as lasagna where it takes the place of ricotta . Nutrition ( edit ) Cottage cheese Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 412 kJ ( 98 kcal ) Carbohydrates 3.38 g Sugars 2.67 g Fat 4.30 g Protein 11.12 g Vitamins ( % DV ) Qty Vitamin A equiv . beta - Carotene ( 5 % ) 37 μg ( 0 % ) 12 μg Minerals Calcium ( 8 % ) 83 mg Iron ( 1 % ) 0.07 mg Magnesium ( 2 % ) 8 mg Phosphorus ( 23 % ) 159 mg Potassium ( 2 % ) 104 mg Sodium ( 24 % ) 364 mg Zinc ( 4 % ) 0.40 mg Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : USDA Nutrient Database World War I poster encouraging U.S. citizens to consume cottage cheese as an alternative to meat products . A 113 - g ( 4 - oz ) serving of 4 % fat product has about 120 calories , 5 g fat ( 3 g saturated ) , 3 g carbohydrates , and 12 g protein . It also contains about 500 mg sodium , 70 mg calcium , and 20 mg cholesterol . Some manufacturers also produce low - fat and nonfat varieties . A fat - free kind of a similar serving size has 80 calories , 0 g fat ( 0 g saturated ) , 6 g carbohydrates , and 14 g protein . Cottage cheese is popular among dieters and some health food devotees . It is a favorite food among bodybuilders , runners , swimmers and weightlifters for its high content of casein protein ( a longer - lasting protein ) while being relatively low in fat . Pregnant women are advised that cottage cheese is safe to eat , whereas some cheese products are not recommended during pregnancy . See also ( edit ) Cottage cheese boycott , a consumer boycott in 2011 in Israel against the rise of food prices Faisselle , a French cheese , similar to cottage cheese Fromage blanc , a soft French cheese Mascarpone , an Italian cheese made from cream , coagulated with citric acid or acetic acid Chhena , an Indian cheese , similar to cottage cheese Ricotta , an Italian whey cheese Quark , a European curd and cheese Queso fresco , a Spanish and Latin American soft cheese References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Definition of cottage '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Making Cottage Cheese at Home '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Agriculture Home and Garden Bulletin Number 129 . 1975 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Eating cheese during pregnancy '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cottage cheese . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cottage_cheese&oldid=830300380 '' Categories : Acid - set cheeses Cottage cheese Curd Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 粵語 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 23 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what kind of protein is in cottage cheese | [
"Cottage cheese is popular among dieters and some health food devotees. It is a favorite food among bodybuilders, runners, swimmers and weightlifters for its high content of casein protein (a longer-lasting protein) while being relatively low in fat. Pregnant women are advised that cottage cheese is safe to eat, whereas some cheese products are not recommended during pregnancy.[3]"
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"casein protein (a longer-lasting protein)"
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-7125219082990618277 | Money in the Bank ladder match | Money in the Bank ladder match - wikipedia Money in the Bank ladder match Jump to : navigation , search For the pay - per - view event named after this match , see WWE Money in the Bank . The 2009 Money in the Bank ladder match was fought at WrestleMania XXV The 2011 Raw Money in the Bank ladder match The Money in the Bank ladder match is a multi-person ladder match held by the professional wrestling promotion WWE . First contested at WWE 's annual WrestleMania event beginning in 2005 , a separate Money in the Bank pay - per - view was established in 2010 . The prize in the match is a briefcase containing a contract for a championship match , which can be `` cashed in '' by the holder of the briefcase at any point in the year following their victory . If the contract is not used within the year of winning it , it will be invalid , but this has yet to happen . From its inception until 2017 , only ladder matches featuring male wrestlers occurred , with the contract being for a world championship match . Beginning with the 2017 event , women also have the opportunity to compete in the match , with their prize being for a women 's championship match . The first match was contested in 2005 at WrestleMania 21 , after being invented by Chris Jericho . At the time , it was exclusive to wrestlers of the Raw brand , and Edge won the inaugural match . From then until 2010 , the Money in the Bank ladder match , now open to all WWE brands , became a WrestleMania mainstay . 2010 saw a second and third Money in the Bank ladder match when the Money in the Bank pay - per - view debuted in July . Unlike the matches at WrestleMania , this new event featured two such ladder matches -- one each for a contract for a WWE Championship match and a World Heavyweight Championship match , respectively . Before the establishment of the annual Money in the Bank pay - per - view , wrestlers were allowed to use the contract to claim a match for any world championship in WWE . After the establishment of the pay - per - view , the Money in the Bank contracts were specifically aimed at one or the other championship . With the unification of the WWE and World Heavyweight titles into the WWE World Heavyweight Championship in December 2013 , there was only a single briefcase / contract in play . This went into effect beginning at the 2014 Money in the Bank pay - per - view event . The brand extension returned after the 2016 event along with a new world championship , the WWE Universal Championship , but the 2017 pay - per - view event was made a SmackDown - exclusive event where the winner of the namesake match earned a contract for a match for its world championship , the WWE Championship ( formerly WWE World Heavyweight Championship ) . The 2017 event also featured the first - ever Women 's Money in the Bank ladder match where the winner received a contract for a SmackDown Women 's Championship match . Due to the controversy surrounding the win of that match , the first non-pay - per - view Money in the Bank ladder match occurred on the June 27 episode of SmackDown Live . The 2018 event will be dual branded , featuring both the Raw and SmackDown brands . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept 2 History 2.1 2005 2.2 2006 2.3 2007 2.4 2008 2.5 2009 2.6 2010 2.6. 1 February -- April 2.6. 2 June -- November 2.7 2011 2.8 2012 2.9 2013 2.10 2014 2.11 2015 2.12 2016 2.13 2017 3 Matches 3.1 Record 3.2 Cash - in matches 3.2. 1 Males 3.3 Participant list 3.3. 1 Males 3.3. 2 Females 4 References Concept ( edit ) The Money in the Bank ladder match can feature anywhere from 5 -- 10 participants , with the objective being to retrieve a briefcase that is suspended 20 feet above the ring . The match was originally only for male wrestlers until 2017 when women began to have their own ladder match . The briefcase contains a contract that guarantees a match for a world championship , and beginning in 2017 , a women 's championship . Originally , wrestlers had the option between the WWE Championship and the World Heavyweight Championship , regardless of the brand the wrestler belonged to . In 2006 , ECW 's world title , the ECW Championship , became a third option until 2010 as in February that year , the ECW brand along with the title was deactivated . Beginning with the inaugural Money in the Bank pay - per - view in 2010 , the event featured two ladder matches , one for the Raw brand and one for SmackDown ; Raw 's ladder match featured a contract for a WWE Championship match while SmackDown 's contract was for a World Heavyweight Championship match . Although the brand extension ended after the 2011 event , a ladder match dedicated to each championship continued through the 2013 event . In December 2013 , the titles were unified into the WWE World Heavyweight Championship . The next three years ' events featured a sole ladder match with a contract guaranteeing a match for the unified title . The brand extension returned after the 2016 event . The WWE World Heavyweight Championship was reverted to WWE Championship and made exclusive to SmackDown while Raw established the WWE Universal Championship as their top title . Despite this , the 2017 event was made a SmackDown exclusive pay - per - view and the contract was for its world title . Also at the 2017 event , the first - ever Women 's Money in the Bank ladder match occurred with its contract for a SmackDown Women 's Championship match . Although the 2017 event was brand - exclusive , the 2018 event will be dual branded , featuring both the Raw and SmackDown brands . The primary gimmick of the Money in the Bank briefcase is that it can be cashed in at the holder 's sole discretion , at literally any time on any WWE programming , unless the contract is brand specific . This enables the holder to take advantage of a moment 's weakness in the champion , even if the champion had just finished a title defense for the night . This strategic use of the briefcase was popularized by Edge , the first Money in the Bank holder , who cashed it in at New Years Revolution in January 2006 , immediately after defending champion John Cena had finished a grueling Elimination Chamber match against five other wrestlers . Because Cena was exhausted and barely able to defend himself , Edge made quick work of the champion , thus setting a powerful precedent for all Money in the Bank holders to come . The contract is valid for one year and the briefcase holder -- dubbed `` Mr. / Ms. Money in the Bank '' -- can cash in the contract at the date , place , and time of their choosing . The briefcase may also be defended in matches , similar to how championships are defended . All of the briefcase holders have successfully defended and cashed in the contract except Mr. Kennedy . John Cena , Damien Sandow , and Baron Corbin are the only Money in the Bank contract holders to cash in and fail to gain a championship . To date , Cena has had the contract cashed in against him the most ( three times ) as Edge , Rob Van Dam , and Damien Sandow have all cashed in against him . Cena was also involved in all instances where the championship failed to change hands after cashing in the contract , once as the challenger ( which he won by DQ against CM Punk ) and the second time as champion ( defeating Sandow clean ) , and lastly as a distraction causing Corbin to lose to champion Jinder Mahal . Edge , Daniel Bryan , and Seth Rollins are the only Money in the Bank contract holders to be given a title shot for a championship without having cashed in the contract for the title shot ( Edge won a championship tournament in 2005 on Raw to earn him a title match against Batista , Bryan faced then - World Heavyweight Champion Mark Henry in a steel cage match on a live Christmas episode of SmackDown in 2011 , and Rollins received a title shot in a triple threat match , also involving Cena and champion Brock Lesnar , at the 2015 Royal Rumble ) . History ( edit ) 2005 ( edit ) Edge was the first `` Mr. Money in the Bank '' In WWE storyline , the concept for the Money in the Bank match was introduced in March 2005 by Chris Jericho . Jericho then pitched the idea to Raw general manager Eric Bischoff , who liked it and promptly began to book the match for WrestleMania 21 . Edge won the inaugural match and held the contract until New Year 's Revolution in January 2006 . There , he cashed in his Money in the Bank contract against WWE Champion John Cena , who had just successfully defended the title in an Elimination Chamber match . Edge defeated Cena to become WWE Champion . 2006 ( edit ) The Money in the Bank idea was revived by Carlito on a February 2006 episode of Raw . Mr. McMahon approved the suggestion and set up qualifying matches for the match that would take place at WrestleMania 22 . It was later announced that the match was to be interpromotional , and SmackDown general manager Theodore Long also set up qualifying matches to select three members of his roster to compete . In the Raw brand qualifying matches , Rob Van Dam defeated Trevor Murdoch , Shelton Benjamin defeated Chavo Guerrero , and Ric Flair defeated Carlito . On SmackDown ! , Finlay defeated Bobby Lashley , Matt Hardy defeated Road Warrior Animal , and Bobby Lashley won a `` last chance battle royal '' . Rob Van Dam won the WrestleMania 22 Money in the Bank ladder match after pushing Shelton Benjamin and Matt Hardy off of a ladder , while he was on another ladder , and retrieving the briefcase . That April , he defended the contract and won the WWE Intercontinental Championship in a contract vs. title / winner take all match against Benjamin at Backlash. Van Dam announced in May 2006 that he would cash in his contract at One Night Stand against Cena in an Extreme Rules match . The match ended with Cena losing after Van Dam performed a Five Star Frog Splash. Van Dam is the first person to give prior notice to an opponent before cashing in his contract , presumably to ensure Cena appeared at the event . He is also the first person to win the title in a match where the contract was cashed in with prior notice . 2007 ( edit ) The third Money in the Bank ladder match was held at WrestleMania 23 , and was the first to feature eight participants from Raw , SmackDown ! , and ECW . Qualifying matches began on the February 19 episode of Raw . On the February 19 episode of Raw , two former Money in the Bank winners ( Edge and Rob Van Dam ) faced off , with Edge earning a pinfall win to earn the first spot in the match . Mr. Kennedy became `` Mr. Money in the Bank '' at WrestleMania 23 , but was unable to cash in the contract The next night on ECW , another cross-brand match took place , with CM Punk defeating Johnny Nitro to qualify . On that week 's SmackDown ! , King Booker defeated Kane in a Falls Count Anywhere match following interference from The Great Khali to become the third man to qualify . On the following episode of Raw , Jeff Hardy defeated Shelton Benjamin to become the fourth man to qualify . The next night on ECW , Mr. Kennedy defeated Sabu in an Extreme Rules match to earn the fifth spot . Two qualifying matches took place on the next SmackDown ! 's episode , with Matt Hardy defeating Joey Mercury , while Finlay won a triple threat match against Chris Benoit and Montel Vontavious Porter to qualify . What was to be the final qualifying match on Raw between Carlito and Ric Flair , it was deemed to be a no contest when The Great Khali interfered and attacked both men . The match was rescheduled for the next week on Raw , with Randy Orton bribing his way into the match , which was to be a triple threat elimination match that Orton won by pinning both Carlito and Flair after performing an RKO on each of them . Edge and Orton had recently stopped teaming together , and there was a lot of tension between them as they both attempted to get the other taken out of the Money in the Bank ladder match ; both failed , as Edge ultimately won a `` last chance battle royal '' after feigning injury to retain his slot . Orton was forced to fight Bobby Lashley on ECW to retain his spot , which he did . Kennedy ultimately won at WrestleMania 23 , after ramming Punk off the ladder using another ladder ( Edge had been taken out earlier by Jeff Hardy ) . During the next few weeks , Kennedy kept declaring that he would cash in the briefcase at WrestleMania XXIV , but he suffered a legit injury , and on the May 7 , 2007 episode of Raw , he lost the Money in the Bank briefcase to Edge . Kennedy is currently the only wrestler to lose the briefcase without cashing it in . The following night at the taping for the May 11 , 2007 SmackDown ! , episode World Heavyweight Champion The Undertaker and Batista fought to a draw in a steel cage match , after which a returning Mark Henry assaulted Undertaker and left him injured in the ring . As Henry was leaving , Edge came to the ring with his briefcase , handed it to referee Jim Korderas , and defeated the Undertaker after one spear to win the World Heavyweight Championship for the first time . 2008 ( edit ) CM Punk -- the only two - time Money in the Bank ladder match winner The fourth Money in the Bank ladder match took place at WrestleMania XXIV and was intended to be another eight - man match - up , consisting of wrestlers from Raw , SmackDown , and ECW . Qualifying matches began on the February 18 episode of Raw , as both Jeff Hardy and Mr. Kennedy qualified by defeating Snitsky and Val Venis , respectively , in singles matches . On the February 22 episode of SmackDown , Shelton Benjamin qualified by defeating Jimmy Wang Yang in another singles match . Back on Raw , general manager William Regal placed Chris Jericho in a match against Jeff Hardy with the stipulation that if Jericho won , he would be in the ladder match . Jericho defeated Hardy in that match on February 25 . The following week on Raw , the two faced off once again , this time for Hardy 's WWE Intercontinental Championship . Jericho won the match and title , and it was revealed that Hardy was suspended from WWE for 60 days for violating the wellness policy . Hardy was subsequently removed from the Money in the Bank ladder match and WrestleMania altogether , making this ladder match a seven - man contest . Also on this episode of Raw , Carlito defeated Cody Rhodes to qualify . On a SmackDown / ECW live event on March 9 , United States Champion Montel Vontavious Porter defeated Jamie Noble to qualify . On the March 11 episode of ECW , CM Punk defeated Big Daddy V to qualify . On the March 14 episode of SmackDown , John Morrison defeated his tag team partner The Miz to be the last man to qualify . Punk won the WrestleMania XXIV match after trapping Jericho 's leg in a ladder and then climbing the ladder . Punk cashed in his title shot on the June 30 episode of Raw . A farewell speech by Jim Ross was interrupted by then - World Heavyweight Champion Edge who had him removed from the ring and then began to insult the crowd , saying that they would never get to see a world championship being defended on Raw ( as at the time both Edge and WWE Champion Triple H were members of the SmackDown brand ) . When he was about to leave the arena , Batista came out and assaulted Edge in retaliation for Edge cheating to win their title match the previous night at Night of Champions . Punk then immediately ran to the ring with a referee to cash in his contract , then performed a Go to Sleep on Edge to win the World Heavyweight Championship , making it Raw - exclusive in the process . 2009 ( edit ) The fifth annual Money in the Bank ladder match was announced for WrestleMania XXV . Qualifying matches began on the February 23 episode of Raw , in which CM Punk qualified by defeating John Morrison and The Miz in a triple threat match . On the March 2 episode of Raw , Kane defeated Mike Knox and Rey Mysterio in another triple threat match . On the March 3 episode of ECW on Sci Fi , Mark Henry qualified for the match by defeating Santino Marella . Both Montel Vontavious Porter and Shelton Benjamin qualified for the match on the March 6 episode of SmackDown , defeating Matt and Jeff Hardy in respective single matches . On the March 9 episode of Raw , Kofi Kingston qualified by defeating Chris Jericho , after Jericho was distracted by Ric Flair . Christian qualified the following night on ECW on Sci Fi by winning a tri-brand battle royal . Finlay was the final person to qualify for the match when he defeated The Brian Kendrick on the March 13 episode of SmackDown . At WrestleMania XXV , Punk won the match and became the first wrestler to win two Money in the Bank ladder matches , and the only one to win the match for two consecutive years . On the May 1 episode of SmackDown , Punk challenged the World Heavyweight Champion Edge for a non-title match with the intent that if he defeated Edge , he would cash in his title shot right after the match . Later that night , Punk defeated Edge and attempted to cash in . However , before the ringside bell could ring to start the title match , Punk and Edge were both attacked by Umaga and Jeff Hardy respectively . As a consequence , the match never started and Punk retained his contract . Punk again tried to cash in for a World Heavyweight Championship match against Edge on the May 15 episode of SmackDown , but was again stopped by Umaga . After Jeff Hardy defeated Edge in a ladder match to win the World Heavyweight Championship at Extreme Rules , Punk cashed in to win the World Heavyweight Championship for the second time . As a result of the fans booing him for cashing on Hardy , who was very popular with the fans , Punk began a gradual change of character into a villain . February -- April ( edit ) Jack Swagger won the sixth Money in the Bank ladder match On the February 22 episode of Raw , it was announced that the sixth annual Money in the Bank ladder match would take place at WrestleMania XXVI . The first qualifying match was held later that night , where Christian defeated Carlito to qualify . Three more qualifying matches were held on the February 26 episode of SmackDown , with Dolph Ziggler defeating John Morrison and R - Truth in a Triple Threat match , Kane defeating Drew McIntyre , and Shelton Benjamin defeating CM Punk to qualify . The March 1 episode of Raw saw both Jack Swagger and Montel Vontavious Porter qualify by defeating Santino Marella and Zack Ryder respectively . Matt Hardy was the next to qualify for the match when he defeated Drew McIntyre on the March 5 episode of SmackDown . In what was initially declared as the final qualifying match , Evan Bourne defeated William Regal on the March 8 episode of Raw to become the eighth competitor . Due to his favorable association with WWE Chairman Mr. McMahon , McIntyre was given a third chance on the March 12 episode of SmackDown to qualify for the match . In what would also be made a WWE Intercontinental Championship defense by SmackDown general manager Theodore Long , McIntyre defeated local competitor Aaron Bolo to qualify . On the March 22 episode of Raw , the number of participants was once again increased to a record ten , when Kofi Kingston defeated Vladimir Kozlov to qualify . At WrestleMania XXVI , Jack Swagger won the match after knocking Christian off a ladder with the briefcase itself . The following night on Raw , Swagger attempted to cash in his shot against the WWE Champion John Cena after ambushing Cena . However , as Cena recovered too quickly from the ambush , Swagger cancelled his match and retained his contract . The next night , at the taping for the April 2 , 2010 episode of SmackDown , after Edge attacked then World Heavyweight Champion Chris Jericho , Swagger cashed in his contract and successfully claimed the World Heavyweight Championship . June -- November ( edit ) The Miz won Raw 's Money in the Bank ladder match in July 2010 In February 2010 , WWE announced that `` Money in the Bank '' would be the title to their July 18 pay - per - view event at the Sprint Center in Kansas City , Missouri . The event included two Money in the Bank ladder matches featuring the Raw and SmackDown brands respectively . Unlike previous iterations of the match , the winners could only challenge for their own brand 's World Championship . All eight competitors for the Raw brand 's match were announced on the June 28 episode of Raw by guest host Rob Zombie . The eight competitors were Randy Orton , The Miz , R - Truth , Chris Jericho , Evan Bourne , Ted DiBiase , John Morrison and Edge . On the July 5th episode of Raw , R - Truth was involved in an injury storyline with The Miz and was subsequently removed from the match and replaced by Mark Henry . Two days later , WWE announced six of the competitors for the SmackDown brand 's match through its official website : Matt Hardy , Kane , Cody Rhodes , Christian , Kofi Kingston and Big Show . On the July 9 episode of SmackDown , Drew McIntyre and Dolph Ziggler both competed in qualifying matches and were added to the match . At the PPV , Kane won the SmackDown Money in the Bank match . Kane later cashed it in the same night by defeating Rey Mysterio to win the World Heavyweight Championship . He also became the quickest man to cash in the briefcase . For Raw , The Miz won that brand 's Money in the Bank contract . After a couple of aborted attempts ( which due to the bell not sounding to start the matches , which allowed Miz to keep the briefcase on said occasions ) , Miz finally cashed in his title opportunity on the November 22 , 2010 episode of Raw , immediately after Randy Orton successfully retained the WWE Championship against Wade Barrett in which The Nexus attacked Orton before the match and injured his right leg . Miz defeated Orton to win his first WWE Championship . 2011 ( edit ) The second Money in the Bank pay - per - view took place on July 17 , 2011 at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont , Illinois . Raw 's Alberto Del Rio and SmackDown 's Daniel Bryan won their respective brands ' 2011 Money in the Bank Ladder Match . At the end of the night , after CM Punk won the WWE Championship from John Cena , Mr. McMahon ordered Del Rio to come in and attempt to cash in his briefcase against Punk . ( Punk had threatened to leave the company after the pay - per - view , as his contract was expiring . ) Del Rio came out to do so , but Punk attacked him and fled through the crowd . A similar cash - in attempt was performed on then - champion Rey Mysterio on the July 25 , 2011 episode of Raw , but Del Rio was again unable to cash in the briefcase . However , Del Rio was able to cash in his briefcase and defeated CM Punk for the WWE Championship at SummerSlam on August 14 , 2011 . On the July 22 , 2011 episode of SmackDown , Daniel Bryan announced that he was going to cash his contract in at WrestleMania XXVIII . On the November 25 , 2011 episode of SmackDown , Daniel Bryan cashed in on World Heavyweight Champion Mark Henry , who had been knocked out by The Big Show . Bryan got the pinfall victory and was awarded the championship , however SmackDown General Manager Theodore Long overruled the match due to Henry not being medically cleared to compete , the first time a Money in the Bank cash - in match was reversed . Since the match never officially took place , Bryan was given the briefcase back and again reiterated that he planned on cashing in at WrestleMania XXVIII , although he was given a shot at the World Heavyweight Championship against Henry in a Steel Cage match on a live holiday - themed episode of SmackDown the following Tuesday , which Bryan lost . On December 18 , 2011 at TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs , after Big Show defeated Henry to win the World Heavyweight Championship , Henry attacked Big Show with a steel chair , allowing Bryan to cash in his briefcase on Big Show to win his first World Heavyweight Championship . 2012 ( edit ) Dolph Ziggler with AJ Lee , who is holding his Money in the Bank briefcase for the World Heavyweight Championship The third Money in the Bank pay - per - view took place on July 15 , 2012 at the US Airways Center in Phoenix , Arizona . There were the usual two Money in the Bank ladder matches ; however , the matches were no longer separated by brands ( as both Raw and SmackDown by this time had become full roster `` Supershows '' ) . Instead , they were separated by Championship ( WWE and World Heavyweight ) . In the first match of the night Dolph Ziggler defeated seven other competitors to win the World Heavyweight Championship contract Money in the Bank ladder match . He attempted to cash it in on that same night for a title shot against Sheamus but was attacked before the referee could call for the bell so he retained his contract . On the August 20 episode of Raw , Ziggler successfully defended his briefcase against Chris Jericho in career vs. contract match . As a result , Jericho was forced to leave WWE . In the last match of the evening , John Cena defeated Kane , The Big Show , The Miz , and Chris Jericho to win the WWE Championship Money in the Bank briefcase in his first Money in the Bank ladder match . A special stipulation had been added before hand that only former WWE Champions could participate in the WWE Championship Money in the Bank ladder match for 2012 . Cena won when the briefcase 's handle snapped off while using it against Big Show , having previously blocked Show 's KO Punch with it . On the July 16 , 2012 episode of Raw , Cena announced that he would cash his contract in the following week at Raw 1000 . He became only the second wrestler after Rob Van Dam to give prior notice to the opponent . At Raw 1000 , Cena failed to win the WWE Title when Big Show interfered in the match , causing champion CM Punk to be disqualified and retain the title ( as championships do n't change hands on disqualifications ) . This made Cena the first Money in the Bank winner to fail to win a title . During the December 3 , 2012 episode of Raw , managing supervisor Vickie Guerrero was forced by Mr. McMahon to make Cena and Ziggler 's match at TLC : Tables , Ladders and Chairs a ladder match for Ziggler 's World Heavyweight Championship Money in the Bank contract . On December 16 , at the event , he successfully defended the briefcase with help from AJ Lee . On the April 8 , 2013 episode of Raw , Ziggler cashed in his contract on World Champion Alberto Del Rio , following Del Rio 's handicap match win over Jack Swagger and Zeb Colter . Ziggler defeated Del Rio to win his second World Heavyweight Championship following nearly nine months of holding the briefcase . 2013 ( edit ) A fourth Money in the Bank pay - per - view took place on July 14 , 2013 at the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . There were the traditional two Money in the Bank ladder matches -- one for a WWE Championship contract , and the other for a World Heavyweight Championship contract . On the June 24 , 2013 episode of Raw , CM Punk , Daniel Bryan , Randy Orton , Sheamus , Christian , Kane , and Rob Van Dam were announced by WWE Chief Brand Officer Stephanie McMahon as the participants in the WWE Championship contract match . Kane was later removed after being injured due to an attack by The Wyatt Family on the July 8th episode of Raw . Orton went on to win the contract at the PPV . At the tapings for SmackDown on June 25 ( aired June 28 ) , SmackDown Senior Advisor Theodore Long announced that the participants in the World Heavyweight Championship contract match would be WWE United States Champion Dean Ambrose , Fandango , Antonio Cesaro , Jack Swagger , Wade Barrett , Cody Rhodes and Damien Sandow . Sandow won the contract at the PPV . At SummerSlam , Orton cashed in his contract on WWE Champion Daniel Bryan , who had defeated John Cena to win the championship . Orton defeated Bryan to win his seventh WWE Championship , after WWE COO Triple H , who was the special guest referee between Bryan and Cena , attacked Bryan with a pedigree , following five weeks of holding the briefcase . On the October 28 , 2013 episode of Raw , Sandow cashed in his contract on World Heavyweight Champion John Cena . Cena defeated Sandow , making Sandow the second wrestler to unsuccessfully cash in the contract and the first to lose a cash - in match via pinfall . On December 15 , 2013 at TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs , the WWE and World Heavyweight Championships were unified into the WWE World Heavyweight Championship . 2014 ( edit ) A fifth Money in the Bank pay - per - view took place on Sunday , June 29 , 2014 , at the TD Garden in Boston , Massachusetts . The original plan for the event was that the winner of the ladder match would receive a contract for a match for the now unified title as normal . However , on June 9 , defending WWE World Heavyweight Champion Daniel Bryan was forced to vacate the title due to a neck injury , and so the already announced ladder match ( consisting of John Cena , Randy Orton , Alberto Del Rio , Bray Wyatt , Cesaro , Sheamus , Kane and Roman Reigns ) became for the vacant championship instead . Seth Rollins cashing in his Money in the Bank contract at WrestleMania 31 On the June 17 episode of Main Event , Seth Rollins announced that in addition to the ladder match for the title , there would be a traditional Money in the Bank ladder match for a WWE World Heavyweight Championship contract at the PPV , and that Rollins would be the first entrant . Further entrants were Bad News Barrett , Dolph Ziggler , Rob Van Dam , Jack Swagger , Kofi Kingston and Dean Ambrose . The latter , who had threatened to disrupt the match , was added to the match on Rollins ' request . Bad News Barrett was later removed from the match due to an injury . Seth Rollins won the match and the contract after Kane interfered on behalf of The Authority and knocked Dean Ambrose off the ladder . He attempted to cash in the following night on new champion John Cena , but was stopped from doing so by Ambrose . Rollins once again failed to cash in his Money in the Bank briefcase , this time against WWE World Heavyweight Champion Brock Lesnar at Night of Champions after attacking him with a curb stomp . This failed attempt to cash in came after John Cena attacked Rollins , before the bell could be rung , due to Rollins costing Cena the championship minutes earlier . At WrestleMania 31 , Seth Rollins cashed in his briefcase during the main event championship match between defending champion Brock Lesnar and challenger Roman Reigns . By doing so , he turned the singles match between Lesnar and Reigns into a Triple Threat match . Rollins then proceeded to pin Reigns following a curb stomp and successfully captured the WWE World Heavyweight Championship . As a result , Rollins set various records : first , Rollins became the first person to cash in a contract while a championship match was in progress . He also became the first person to successfully cash in to win the then unified WWE World Heavyweight Championship . He became the first person to cash in his briefcase at WrestleMania . He also became the first to win the championship after cashing in without pinning the champion . 2015 ( edit ) On June 14 , 2015 , the sixth annual Money in the Bank pay - per - view took place in Columbus , Ohio . Dolph Ziggler , Sheamus , Kofi Kingston , Neville , Roman Reigns , Randy Orton and Kane participated in the traditional Money in the Bank ladder match . Sheamus won the match and received a WWE World Heavyweight Championship contract . At Survivor Series , Sheamus cashed in his contract by defeating Roman Reigns , who had just won the vacant championship after defeating Dean Ambrose in the tournament finals . 2016 ( edit ) On June 19 , the seventh annual Money in the Bank pay - per - view took place in Las Vegas . For the traditional Money in the Bank ladder match , Sami Zayn , Kevin Owens , Cesaro , Chris Jericho , Alberto Del Rio , and Dean Ambrose all won their qualifying matches on the May 23 episode of Raw to become entrants into the match . Originally slated to be a 7 - man ladder match , the seventh slot was later removed . Ambrose won the match and received a WWE World Heavyweight Championship contract . After the conclusion of the main event , he cashed in the contract to challenge Seth Rollins , who had just won the title against Roman Reigns , and become WWE World Heavyweight Champion , thus making him the second wrestler after Kane to successfully cash in the contract on the same night as winning it . 2017 ( edit ) The 2017 Money in the Bank pay - per - view took place on June 18 , 2017 at the Scottrade Center in St. Louis , Missouri as a SmackDown brand exclusive event . For the traditional ladder match , which had a contract for a match for SmackDown 's WWE Championship , SmackDown Commissioner Shane McMahon announced AJ Styles , Shinsuke Nakamura , Dolph Ziggler , Sami Zayn , and Baron Corbin as the original five participants . United States Champion Kevin Owens was added after he convinced Shane to make him the sixth participant . Mojo Rawley had the opportunity to make it a seven - man match if he could defeat WWE Champion Jinder Mahal , but failed to do so . At the event , Baron Corbin won the match and received a WWE Championship match contract . On the August 15 , 2017 episode of SmackDown Live , John Cena had a non-title match against WWE Champion Jinder Mahal . As Cena was pinning Mahal , Corbin attacked him , causing a disqualification . Corbin then cashed in his Money in the Bank contract on Mahal , but as soon as the bell rung , he attacked Cena , who was on the apron , allowing Mahal to quickly roll - up Corbin for the win . This made Corbin the third wrestler to unsuccessfully cash in the contract and the second to lose a cash - in match via pinfall . On the May 30 episode of SmackDown Live , another Money in the Bank ladder match was added to the event , and for the first time , involving women . Charlotte Flair , Becky Lynch , Natalya , Carmella , and Tamina were originally scheduled to compete in a fatal five - way elimination match on that night to determine the number one contender for the SmackDown Women 's Championship at Money in the Bank . Before their match could begin , a brawl broke out between the five and the match never occurred . McMahon then scheduled the five to compete in the first - ever women 's Money in the Bank ladder match at the event where the winner would receive a contract for a SmackDown Women 's Championship match . Carmella won the match after James Ellsworth retrieved the briefcase , and threw it to her . On the following episode of SmackDown Live , however , SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan forced Carmella to relinquish the briefcase since Ellsworth retrieved it for her . On that same episode , Bryan also scheduled a Money in the Bank ladder match rematch for the June 27 episode with Ellsworth banned from ringside ( later from the arena ) . That episode , Carmella , with some aid from the banned Ellsworth , retrieved the briefcase herself and reclaimed the SmackDown Women 's Championship match contract . Matches ( edit ) Raw Brand SmackDown Brand Year Event Prize Winner Other competitors Time 2005 WM 21 World Heavyweight Championship match Edge Chris Benoit , Chris Jericho , Shelton Benjamin , Kane , and Christian 15 : 17 In the 2005 WWE draft , World Heavyweight Champion Batista was drafted to SmackDown and WWE Champion John Cena was drafted to Raw , thus enabling Edge to challenge for the WWE Championship instead . Successfully defended his contract in a Ladder match against Matt Hardy at WWE Homecoming on the October 3 , 2005 episode of Raw . Edge held the contract for 280 days , which is still the longest amount of time any wrestler has held the contract . 2006 WM 22 Winner 's brand 's world championship match Rob Van Dam Matt Hardy , Shelton Benjamin , Ric Flair , Finlay , and Bobby Lashley 12 : 14 Successfully defended his contract against Shelton Benjamin at Backlash in a contract vs championship winner take all match on April 30 , 2006 , winning Benjamin 's Intercontinental Championship in the process . Van Dam is the first person to choose the event where he cashed in the contract and the first person to win a title in a match where opponent was given prior notice to the cashing in of the contract . Van Dam held the contract for 70 days . 2007 WM 23 Any world championship match Mr. Kennedy Edge , Jeff Hardy , CM Punk , King Booker , Finlay , Matt Hardy , and Randy Orton 19 : 10 Lost his contract in a match against Edge on the May 7 , 2007 episode of Raw . Mr. Kennedy held the contract for 36 days . As a result of the switch , Edge became a member of the SmackDown brand , marking the first time this occurred . Edge held the contract for 1 day . ( 4 days according to WWE , due to the episode of WWE SmackDown airing on tape delay . ) 2008 WM XXIV Any world championship match CM Punk Mr. Kennedy , Chris Jericho , Shelton Benjamin , Carlito , John Morrison , and Montel Vontavious Porter 15 : 12 As a result of the cash - in , the World Heavyweight Championship transferred back to Raw , marking the first ( and only ) time this occurred . CM Punk held the contract for 92 days . 2009 WM XXV Any world championship match CM Punk Christian , Shelton Benjamin , Kane , Finlay , Montel Vontavious Porter , Kofi Kingston , and Mark Henry 14 : 32 CM Punk held the contract for 63 days . CM Punk was the first back - to - back Money in the Bank contract winner . WM XXVI Any world championship match Jack Swagger Shelton Benjamin , Christian , Kane , Matt Hardy , Drew McIntyre , Kofi Kingston , Evan Bourne , Montel Vontavious Porter , and Dolph Ziggler 13 : 44 Swagger becomes second MITB winner to switch brands after cashing in his contract . Swagger held the contract for 2 days . ( 5 days according to WWE , due to the episode of WWE SmackDown airing on tape delay . ) Money in the Bank World Heavyweight Championship match Kane Christian , Matt Hardy , Big Show , Dolph Ziggler , Kofi Kingston , Drew McIntyre , and Cody Rhodes 26 : 18 Kane held the contract for 49 minutes . He was the first wrestler to cash in the contract on the same night as winning it . Kane is the fastest wrestler to cash the money in the bank contract . Money in the Bank WWE Championship match The Miz Randy Orton , Chris Jericho , Edge , John Morrison , Evan Bourne , Ted DiBiase , and Mark Henry 20 : 26 The Miz held the contract for 127 days . 2011 Money in the Bank World Heavyweight Championship match Daniel Bryan Wade Barrett , Kane , Cody Rhodes , Sheamus , Sin Cara , Justin Gabriel , and Heath Slater 24 : 27 His first cash - in and win against Mark Henry was nullified . This marks the first time that a successful cash - in was reverted . Bryan held the contract for 154 days . Money in the Bank WWE Championship match Alberto Del Rio The Miz , Rey Mysterio , Jack Swagger , R - Truth , Kofi Kingston , Evan Bourne , and Alex Riley 15 : 54 Del Rio held the contract for 28 days . 2012 Money in the Bank World Heavyweight Championship match Dolph Ziggler Cody Rhodes , Damien Sandow , Christian , Tyson Kidd , Sin Cara , Tensai , and Santino Marella 18 : 23 Successfully defended his contract against Chris Jericho on the August 20 , 2012 episode of Raw in a career vs contract match . Successfully defended his contract in a Ladder match against John Cena at TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs . Ziggler held the contract for 267 days . Money in the Bank WWE Championship match John Cena Chris Jericho , The Miz , Kane , and Big Show 20 : 15 Cena is the first wrestler to not win a world championship in a cash - in match . He is also the second wrestler to announce when he was going to cash it in . Cena held the contract for 8 days . 2013 Money in the Bank World Heavyweight Championship match Damien Sandow Cody Rhodes , Wade Barrett , Dean Ambrose , Jack Swagger , Fandango , and Antonio Cesaro 16 : 24 Second Money in the Bank winner to fail to win a world championship in a cash - in match . First wrestler to cleanly lose a cash - in match Sandow held the contract for 106 days Money in the Bank WWE Championship match Randy Orton CM Punk , Daniel Bryan , Christian , Sheamus , and Rob Van Dam 28 : 38 Orton held the contract for 35 days . 2014 Money in the Bank WWE World Heavyweight Championship match Seth Rollins Kofi Kingston , Dolph Ziggler , Jack Swagger , Rob Van Dam , and Dean Ambrose 23 : 10 Rollins held the contract for 273 days . Rollins is the first to cash in at WrestleMania , the first to win the championship after cashing in without pinning the champion and the first to cash in while a championship match was in progress . 2015 Money in the Bank WWE World Heavyweight Championship match Sheamus Dolph Ziggler , Kane , Kofi Kingston , Neville , Randy Orton , and Roman Reigns 20 : 50 Sheamus held the contract for 161 days . 2016 Money in the Bank WWE World Heavyweight Championship match Dean Ambrose Sami Zayn , Cesaro , Chris Jericho , Kevin Owens , and Alberto Del Rio 21 : 38 Ambrose held the contract for 57 minutes . Ambrose was the second wrestler to cash in the contract on the same night as winning it . 2017 Money in the Bank WWE SmackDown Women 's Championship match Carmella Becky Lynch , Charlotte Flair , Natalya , and Tamina 13 : 20 This was the first Women 's Money in the Bank ladder match . Carmella held the contract for 2 days . SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan stripped Carmella of the briefcase two days after the event because of interference by Carmella 's manager James Ellsworth , who retrieved the briefcase for Carmella and dropped it to her . A rematch was scheduled for the June 27 episode of SmackDown Live . Money in the Bank WWE Championship match Baron Corbin AJ Styles , Dolph Ziggler , Kevin Owens , Sami Zayn , and Shinsuke Nakamura 29 : 45 Third Money in the Bank winner to fail to win a world championship in a cash - in match and the second to cleanly lose a cash - in match . Corbin held the contract for 58 days . SmackDown Live WWE SmackDown Women 's Championship match Carmella Becky Lynch , Charlotte Flair , Natalya , and Tamina 24 : 00 This was a rematch ordered by SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan after he stripped Carmella of the briefcase following the controversial finish at the Money in the Bank PPV . As a result of his actions during the original match , James Ellsworth was banned from the arena , though Ellsworth still interfered in the match on Carmella 's behalf . This was the first Money in the Bank ladder match to not air on pay - per - view , as well as the first to take place on SmackDown Live . Carmella has held the contract for 236 + days . Record ( edit ) Championship Successful cash - ins Attempts % WWE ( World Heavyweight ) Championship 8 10 . 800 World Heavyweight Championship 7 8 . 875 WWE SmackDown Women 's Championship 0 0 -- Total 15 18 . 833 Cash - in matches ( edit ) Won match and title Won match but not title Lost match Males ( edit ) No . Case Holder Championship Date Location Event Results 01 ! 1 Edge WWE Championship January 8 , 2006 Albany , NY New Year 's Revolution Edge defeated John Cena after two Spears to win the championship following Cena 's victory in an Elimination Chamber match 02 ! 2 Rob Van Dam WWE Championship June 11 , 2006 New York , NY ECW One Night Stand Van Dam defeated John Cena in an Extreme Rules match after an attack by Edge and a Five - Star Frog Splash to win the championship 03 ! 3 Edge World Heavyweight Championship May 8 , 2007 ( aired May 11 , 2007 ) Pittsburgh , PA SmackDown ! Edge defeated The Undertaker after a Spear to win the championship after Undertaker went to a draw in a steel cage match with Batista and was attacked by Mark Henry 04 ! 4 CM Punk World Heavyweight Championship June 30 , 2008 Oklahoma City , OK Raw CM Punk defeated Edge after GTS to win the championship after Edge was attacked by Batista 05 ! 5 CM Punk World Heavyweight Championship June 7 , 2009 New Orleans , LA Extreme Rules CM Punk defeated Jeff Hardy after two GTSs to win the championship following Hardy defeating Edge in a ladder match to win the championship 06 ! 6 Jack Swagger World Heavyweight Championship March 30 , 2010 ( aired April 2 , 2010 ) Las Vegas , NV SmackDown Swagger defeated Chris Jericho after a gutwrench powerbomb to win the championship after Edge attacked an already injured Jericho 07 ! 7 Kane World Heavyweight Championship July 18 , 2010 Kansas City , MO Money in the Bank Kane defeated Rey Mysterio after a Tombstone Piledriver to win the championship after Mysterio successfully defended the championship against Jack Swagger 08 ! 8 The Miz WWE Championship November 22 , 2010 Orlando , FL Raw Miz defeated Randy Orton after a Skull Crushing Finale to win the championship after Orton was attacked by The Nexus following a successful defense of the championship against Nexus leader Wade Barrett 09 ! 9 Alberto Del Rio WWE Championship August 14 , 2011 Los Angeles , CA SummerSlam Del Rio defeated CM Punk after a step - up enzuigiri to win the championship after Punk defeated John Cena to become undisputed champion and was then attacked by Kevin Nash 10 ! 10 Daniel Bryan World Heavyweight Championship December 18 , 2011 Baltimore , MD TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs Bryan defeated Big Show after an attack by Mark Henry to win the championship after Show defeated Henry in a chairs match to win the title 11 ! 11 John Cena WWE Championship July 23 , 2012 St Louis , MO Raw 1000 Cena won his cash - in match against CM Punk via disqualification after Big Show interfered , but failed to win the title because championships can not change hands via count - outs or disqualifications ( unless the match stipulation says otherwise ) 12 ! 12 Dolph Ziggler World Heavyweight Championship April 8 , 2013 East Rutherford , NJ Raw Ziggler defeated Alberto Del Rio after a Zig Zag to win the championship after Del Rio was attacked by Jack Swagger , who he had defeated along with Zeb Colter in a 2 - on - 1 handicap match 13 ! 13 Randy Orton WWE Championship August 18 , 2013 Los Angeles , CA SummerSlam Orton defeated Daniel Bryan after a Pedigree from Triple H ( who was special guest referee ) to win the championship after Bryan had defeated John Cena to win the title . This was the first cash - in to feature a special guest referee 14 ! 14 Damien Sandow World Heavyweight Championship October 28 , 2013 Orlando , FL Raw Sandow attacked champion John Cena and immediately cashed in the contract , but became the first man to lose a cash - in match when Cena won the match after an Attitude Adjustment 15 ! 15 Seth Rollins WWE World Heavyweight Championship March 29 , 2015 Santa Clara , CA WrestleMania 31 During the main event between Roman Reigns and defending champion Brock Lesnar , Rollins cashed in his briefcase . The referee accepted the cash - in while the match was in progress and converted the singles match into a triple - threat match . Rollins then pinned Reigns after a Curb Stomp to win the title . This was the first cash - in where the contract holder did not pin the champion 16 ! 16 Sheamus WWE World Heavyweight Championship November 22 , 2015 Atlanta , GA Survivor Series Sheamus defeated Roman Reigns after a Brogue Kick to win the championship after Reigns defeated Dean Ambrose to win the vacant title 17 ! 17 Dean Ambrose WWE World Heavyweight Championship June 19 , 2016 Las Vegas , NV Money in the Bank Ambrose defeated Seth Rollins after a Dirty Deeds to win the championship after Rollins defeated Roman Reigns to win the title 18 ! 18 Baron Corbin WWE Championship August 15 , 2017 Providence , RI SmackDown Live Corbin interfered in a match between John Cena and WWE Champion Jinder Mahal and attacked Cena , who won by disqualification . He then cashed in the contract after almost departing , but after the match started , he attacked Cena who was on the apron and was then rolled - up by Mahal . Participant list ( edit ) Males ( edit ) Wrestler Victories Appearances CM Punk John Cena Seth Rollins Baron Corbin Mr. Kennedy Damien Sandow Daniel Bryan Alberto Del Rio Edge The Miz Rob Van Dam Sheamus Dean Ambrose Jack Swagger Randy Orton Dolph Ziggler 6 Kane 7 Chris Benoit 0 Ric Flair 0 Bobby Lashley 0 Jeff Hardy 0 King Booker 0 Carlito 0 Ted DiBiase 0 Heath Slater 0 Justin Gabriel 0 Rey Mysterio 0 Alex Riley 0 R - Truth 0 Santino Marella 0 Tensai 0 Tyson Kidd 0 Fandango 0 Neville 0 Roman Reigns 0 AJ Styles 0 Shinsuke Nakamura 0 Drew McIntyre 0 John Morrison 0 Mark Henry 0 Sin Cara 0 Big Show 0 Wade Barrett 0 ( Antonio ) Cesaro 0 Sami Zayn 0 Kevin Owens 0 Finlay 0 Montel Vontavious Porter 0 Evan Bourne 0 Matt Hardy 0 Cody Rhodes 0 Shelton Benjamin 0 5 Chris Jericho 0 5 Christian 0 6 Kofi Kingston 0 6 Females ( edit ) Wrestler Victories Appearances Carmella Becky Lynch 0 Charlotte Flair 0 Natalya 0 Tamina 0 References ( edit ) Professional wrestling portal ^ Jump up to : Shields , Brian ; Sullivan , Kevin ( 2009 ) . WWE : History of WrestleMania . p. 59 . Jump up ^ `` Results : Money in the Bank ladder match '' . WWE. 2008 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Clayton , Corey ( March 30 , 2008 ) . `` Perseverance makes Punk ' Mr. Money ' in Orlando '' . WWE . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2008 . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . But as last year 's winner , Mr. Kennedy , found out last year , `` Mr. Money in the Bank '' is a target for all those in the locker room who seek a taste of that king - making power ^ Jump up to : DiFino , Lennie ( May 7 , 2007 ) . `` Gold Digging '' . WWE . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2013 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 23 . The Rated - R Superstar struck gold when he defeated the loudmouth from SmackDown , Mr. Kennedy , for the Money in the Bank briefcase and its guaranteed World Championship opportunity . He did this by attacking Mr. Kennedy before the match actually started , giving the ultimate opportunist an advantage . Jump up ^ Golden , Hunter ( February 19 , 2007 ) . `` Raw Results -- 2 / 19 / 07 -- Bakersfield , CA ( Two New Champions , More ) '' . Wrestleview.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Brett ( February 19 , 2007 ) . `` Chairman 's Choice '' . WWE . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tello , Craig ( February 20 , 2007 ) . `` Dominant gene '' . WWE . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ DiFino , Lennie ( February 23 , 2007 ) . `` Checks and balances '' . WWE . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Golden , Hunter ( February 26 , 2007 ) . `` Raw Results -- 2 / 26 / 07 -- Fresno , CA ( Trump makes pick & ' Tag Titles ' ) '' . wrestleview.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tello , Craig ( February 27 , 2007 ) . `` To hell and back '' . WWE . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ DiFino , Lennie ( March 2 , 2007 ) . `` A grave warning '' . WWE . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Golden , Hunter ( March 5 , 2007 ) . `` Raw Results -- 3 / 5 / 07 -- Phoenix , AZ ( Guest referee for WM 23 , more ) '' . Wrestleview.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Golden , Hunter ( March 12 , 2007 ) . `` Raw Results -- 3 / 12 / 07 -- Washington , DC ( Trump & McMahon + more ) '' . Wrestleview.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Golden , Hunter ( March 19 , 2007 ) . `` Raw Results -- 3 / 19 / 07 -- Indianapolis , IN ( WM Reverse Night & more ) '' . Wrestleview.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Bryan ( March 13 , 2007 ) . `` Lashley TKOs the RKO '' . WWE . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McAvennie , Mike ( April 1 , 2007 ) . `` ' Bank ' on Kennedy ! Kennedy ! '' . WWE . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Adkins , Greg ( February 18 , 2008 ) . `` Banking On It '' . WWE . Retrieved March 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ DiFino , Lennie ( February 22 , 2008 ) . `` Two roads diverge '' . WWE . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Clayton , Corey ( February 25 , 2008 ) . `` The Truth about Hornswoggle , According to JBL '' . WWE . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Hardy suspended '' . WWE . March 11 , 2008 . Retrieved March 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Adkins , Greg ( March 3 , 2008 ) . `` Big Showdown '' . WWE . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ( Even ) Mo ' Money ? '' . WWE . Retrieved March 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Medalis , Kara A. ( March 11 , 2008 ) . `` Tables , Helmets and Champions '' . WWE . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shaman clinches final spot '' . WWE . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sitterson , Aubrey ( February 23 , 2009 ) . `` '' Legacy '' gets hammered `` . WWE . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sitterson , Aubrey ( March 2 , 2009 ) . `` Breaking the news '' . WWE . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burdick , Michael ( March 3 , 2009 ) . `` Served with a Swagger and a smile '' . WWE . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burdick , Michael ( March 6 , 2009 ) . `` Disruption eruption '' . WWE . Retrieved March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sitterson , Aubrey ( March 9 , 2009 ) . `` In your house '' . WWE . Retrieved March 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Passero , Mitch ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` Christian bound for WrestleMania '' . WWE . Retrieved March 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burdick , Michael ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` Takin ' it back '' . WWE . Retrieved March 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rote , Andrew ( April 5 , 2009 ) . `` Twice as nice for CM Punk '' . WWE . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burdick , Michael ( May 1 , 2009 ) . `` Robbing the bank in the face of Judgment '' . WWE . Retrieved May 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Passero , Mitch ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Preparing for judgment '' . WWE . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Passero , Mitch ( June 7 , 2009 ) . `` Punk cashes in for gold '' . WWE . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Adkins , Greg ( 2010 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Taking the bull by the horns '' . WWE . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Burdick , Michael ( 2010 - 02 - 26 ) . `` Fear of the Spear '' . WWE . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Adkins , Greg ( 2010 - 03 - 01 ) . `` A long , strange trip to WrestleMania '' . WWE . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Passero , Mitch ( 2010 - 03 - 05 ) . `` Ready , set , Spear ! '' . WWE . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Adkins , Greg ( 2010 - 03 - 08 ) . `` Sleight of hands '' . WWE . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Burdick , Michael ( 2010 - 03 - 12 ) . `` A `` Highlight '' assault `` . WWE . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Adkins , Greg ( 2010 - 03 - 22 ) . `` Road Warriors '' . WWE . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ Sitterson , Aubrey ( 2010 - 03 - 28 ) . `` Results : Ca n't stagger Swagger '' . WWE . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Adkins , Greg ( 2010 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Farewell , Shawn ... '' WWE . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( 2010 - 02 - 27 ) . `` WWE releases official 2010 PPV schedule , changes one PPV again '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Preview : SmackDown Money in the Bank Ladder Match '' . WWE. 2010 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Adkins , Greg ( 2010 - 06 - 28 ) . `` Snakes and ladders '' . WWE . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Preview : SmackDown Money in the Bank Ladder Match '' . WWE . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://www.wrestlinginc.com/wi/news/2012/0624/553776/ Jump up ^ Rollins announces MITB match -- WWE.com Jump up ^ Caldwell , James . `` 11 / 22 SURVIVOR SERIES RESULTS -- Caldwell 's Complete PPV Report '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SmackDown LIVE results : June 20 , 2017 '' . WWE.com . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Preview for WM21 '' . WWE.com . Retrieved 5 July 2011 . `` Y2J had an idea . Eric Bischoff capitalized on it . When Chris Jericho had a plan for WrestleMania , which included six Superstars , a chance of a lifetime and a ladder ; a light in Bischoff 's head went off . The RAW General Manager immediately picked five other Superstars to participate in the match -- Shelton Benjamin , Edge , Chris Benoit , Christian and Kane -- and assigned the prize , a future opportunity at the World Heavyweight Championship . Who will walk away from the Money - In - The - Bank Ladder Match with the opportunity of a lifetime ? Watch WrestleMania to find out '' . Jump up ^ Dale Plummer and Nick Tylwalk ( 2006 - 04 - 03 ) . `` WrestleMania delivers big time on PPV '' . SLAM ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Van Dam def . Shelton Benjamin to become Intercontinental Championship '' . WWE. 2006 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Dale Plummer and Nick Tylwalk ( 2007 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Undertaker the champ , McMahon bald '' . SLAM ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Dale Plummer ( 2008 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Mayweather , Orton survive Mania ; Edge , Flair do n't '' . SLAM ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Styles , Irfan Nasir ( 2012 - 12 - 16 ) . `` WWE.com : Dolph Ziggler def . John Cena ( Ladder Match for the World Heavyweight Championship Money in the Bank contract ) '' . WWE . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 16 . Dolph Ziggler def . John Cena ( Ladder Match for the World Heavyweight Championship Money in the Bank contract ) WWE History Capitol Wrestling Corporation 1980s boom Black Saturday WrestleMania The Kliq Monday Night Wars Montreal Screwjob Attitude Era The Undertaker vs. Mankind The Invasion Chris Benoit double - murder and suicide The New Monday Night Wars TNA Entertainment , LLC sues WWE Raw 1000 Raw 25 Years Persona and reception of Roman Reigns Programming Main shows Raw history SmackDown history NXT Weekly 205 Live Mixed Match Challenge Main Event Experience Bottom Line Afterburn Vintage Wal3ooha Seasonal Total Bellas Total Divas Specials Free for All Tribute to the Troops results Pay - per - view and WWE Network events Royal Rumble Elimination Chamber Fastlane WrestleMania Backlash Money in the Bank Extreme Rules SummerSlam Hell in a Cell TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs Survivor Series Clash of Champions NXT TakeOver Other Former programming Personnel McMahon family Roster Hall of Fame Alumni A -- C D -- H I -- M N -- R S -- Z Action figures LJN Wrestling Superstars Mattel WWE Legends WWF Hasbro action figures Other Affiliated properties WWE Books WWE Libraries Inc . WWE Magazine WWE Music Group Discography WWE Studios WWE Home Video WWE Network ( Canada ) WWE Performance Center Tapout Defunct businesses World Bodybuilding Federation The World WWE Classics on Demand WWE Niagara Falls XFL Investments Marvel Experience Tout Cloud9 Drone Racing League Notable acquisitions World Championship Wrestling history Extreme Championship Wrestling WWE revival American Wrestling Association World Class Championship Wrestling Smoky Mountain Wrestling Global Wrestling Federation Georgia Championship Wrestling Partnerships Current Evolve Insane Championship Wrestling Progress Wrestling Former Deep South Wrestling Florida Championship Wrestling Heartland Wrestling Association International Wrestling Association Memphis Championship Wrestling Ohio Valley Wrestling Power Pro Wrestling Ultimate Pro Wrestling World Wrestling Alliance Accomplishments Current champions Former championships Money in the Bank André the Giant Memorial Trophy Diva Search Cruiserweight Classic Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic Mae Young Classic Slammy Award Triple Crown Grand Slam WWE tournaments Brand extension Brands ECW NXT Raw SmackDown Draft 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2016 2017 Miscellaneous List of WWE attendance records The Streak Women in WWE WrestleMania Axxess Money in the Bank winners WrestleMania Edge ( 2005 ) Rob Van Dam ( 2006 ) Mr. Kennedy ( 2007 ) CM Punk ( 2008 , 2009 ) Jack Swagger ( 2010 ) WWE Championship / WWE World Heavyweight Championship The Miz ( 2010 ) Alberto Del Rio ( 2011 ) John Cena ( 2012 ) Randy Orton ( 2013 ) Seth Rollins ( 2014 ) Sheamus ( 2015 ) Dean Ambrose ( 2016 ) Baron Corbin ( 2017 ) World Heavyweight Championship Kane ( 2010 ) Daniel Bryan ( 2011 ) Dolph Ziggler ( 2012 ) Damien Sandow ( 2013 ) WWE SmackDown Women 's Championship Carmella ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Money_in_the_Bank_ladder_match&oldid=826405803 '' Categories : 2005 in professional wrestling 2006 in professional wrestling 2007 in professional wrestling 2008 in professional wrestling 2009 in professional wrestling 2010 in professional wrestling Professional wrestling match types WrestleMania WWE Money in the Bank WWE Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Suomi ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 22 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the women's money in the bank | [
"On the May 30 episode of SmackDown Live, another Money in the Bank ladder match was added to the event, and for the first time, involving women. Charlotte Flair, Becky Lynch, Natalya, Carmella, and Tamina were originally scheduled to compete in a fatal five-way elimination match on that night to determine the number one contender for the SmackDown Women's Championship at Money in the Bank. Before their match could begin, a brawl broke out between the five and the match never occurred. McMahon then scheduled the five to compete in the first-ever women's Money in the Bank ladder match at the event where the winner would receive a contract for a SmackDown Women's Championship match. Carmella won the match after James Ellsworth retrieved the briefcase, and threw it to her. On the following episode of SmackDown Live, however, SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan forced Carmella to relinquish the briefcase since Ellsworth retrieved it for her.[52] On that same episode, Bryan also scheduled a Money in the Bank ladder match rematch for the June 27 episode with Ellsworth banned from ringside (later from the arena). That episode, Carmella, with some aid from the banned Ellsworth, retrieved the briefcase herself and reclaimed the SmackDown Women's Championship match contract."
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"Carmella"
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-6766902814846803367 | List of Major League Baseball career batting average leaders | List of major League baseball career batting average Leaders - wikipedia List of major League baseball career batting average Leaders Jump to : navigation , search Ty Cobb , the all - time leader in career batting average . In baseball , the batting average ( BA ) is defined by the number of hits divided by at bats . It is usually reported to three decimal places and pronounced as if it were multiplied by 1,000 : a player with a batting average of . 300 is `` batting three - hundred . '' A point ( or percentage point ) is understood to be . 001 . If necessary to break ties , batting averages could be taken to more than three decimal places . Outfielder Ty Cobb , whose career ended in 1928 , has the highest batting average in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) history . He batted . 366 over 24 seasons , mostly with the Detroit Tigers . In addition , he won a record 11 batting titles for leading the American League in BA over the course of an entire season . He batted over . 360 in 11 consecutive seasons from 1909 to 1919 . Rogers Hornsby has the second highest BA of all - time , at . 358 . He won seven batting titles in the National League ( NL ) and has the highest NL average in a single season since 1900 , when he batted . 424 in 1924 . He batted over . 370 in six consecutive seasons . Shoeless Joe Jackson is the only other player to finish his career with a . 350 batting average . He batted . 356 over 13 seasons before he was permanently suspended from organized baseball in 1921 for his role in the Black Sox Scandal . Lefty O'Doul first came to the major leagues as a pitcher , but after developing a sore arm , he converted to an outfielder and won two batting titles . The fifth player on the list , and the last with at least a . 345 BA , is Ed Delahanty . Delahanty 's career was cut short when he fell into the Niagara Falls and died during the 1903 season . The last player to bat . 400 in a season , Ted Williams , ranks tied for seventh on the all - time career BA list . Babe Ruth hit for a career . 342 average and is tied for ninth on the list . Miguel Cabrera holds the highest career batting average among active players . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 List 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Sources Key ( edit ) Rank Rank amongst leaders in career batting average . A blank field indicates a tie . Player Name of the player . BA Total career batting average . * Denotes elected to National Baseball Hall of Fame . Bold Denotes active player . List ( edit ) Stats updated as of the 2017 season . Rank Player BA Ty Cobb * . 3664 Rogers Hornsby * . 3585 Shoeless Joe Jackson . 3558 Lefty O'Doul . 3493 5 Ed Delahanty * . 3458 6 Tris Speaker * . 3447 7 Billy Hamilton * . 3444 Ted Williams * . 3444 9 Dan Brouthers * . 3421 Babe Ruth * . 3421 11 Dave Orr . 3420 12 Harry Heilmann * . 3416 13 Pete Browning . 3415 14 Willie Keeler * . 3413 15 Bill Terry * . 3412 16 Lou Gehrig * . 3401 George Sisler * . 3401 18 Jesse Burkett * . 3382 Tony Gwynn * . 3382 Nap Lajoie * . 3382 21 Jake Stenzel . 3378 22 Riggs Stephenson . 3361 23 Al Simmons * . 3342 24 Cap Anson * . 3341 25 John McGraw * . 3336 26 Eddie Collins * . 3332 Paul Waner * . 3332 28 Mike Donlin . 3326 29 Sam Thompson * . 3314 30 Stan Musial * . 3308 31 Bill Lange . 3298 Heinie Manush * . 3298 33 Wade Boggs * . 3279 34 Rod Carew * . 3278 35 Honus Wagner * . 3276 36 Tip O'Neill . 3260 37 Hugh Duffy * . 3255 Bob Fothergill . 3255 39 Jimmie Foxx * . 3253 40 Earle Combs * . 3247 41 Joe DiMaggio * . 3246 42 Babe Herman . 3245 43 Joe Medwick * . 3236 44 Edd Roush * . 3227 45 Sam Rice * . 3223 46 Ross Youngs * . 3222 47 Kiki Cuyler * . 3210 48 Charlie Gehringer * . 3204 49 Chuck Klein * . 3201 50 Mickey Cochrane * . 3196 Rank Player BA Pie Traynor * . 3196 52 Ken Williams . 3192 53 Kirby Puckett * . 3181 54 Earl Averill * . 3178 55 Vladimir Guerrero . 3176 Arky Vaughan * . 3176 57 Bill Everitt . 3174 58 Roberto Clemente * . 3173 Joe Harris . 3173 60 Chick Hafey * . 3170 61 Joe Kelley * . 3169 62 Miguel Cabrera . 3168 63 Zack Wheat * . 3167 64 José Altuve . 3164 Roger Connor * . 3164 Todd Helton . 3164 Lloyd Waner * . 3164 68 George Van Haltren . 3163 69 Frankie Frisch * . 3161 70 Goose Goslin * . 3160 71 Lew Fonseca . 3158 72 Bibb Falk . 3145 73 Cecil Travis . 3142 74 Hank Greenberg * . 3135 75 Joey Votto . 3134 76 Jack Fournier . 3132 77 Elmer Flick * . 3130 78 Ed Morgan . 3128 79 Nomar Garciaparra . 3127 Larry Walker . 3127 81 Bill Dickey * . 3125 82 Dale Mitchell . 3122 Manny Ramírez . 3122 84 Johnny Mize * . 3121 Joe Sewell * . 3121 86 Fred Clarke * . 3120 Deacon White * . 3120 88 Bug Holliday . 3119 89 Barney McCosky . 3118 Ichiro Suzuki . 3118 91 Hughie Jennings * . 3116 92 Edgar Martínez . 3115 93 Johnny Hodapp . 3114 Freddie Lindstrom * . 3114 95 Bing Miller . 3113 Jackie Robinson * . 3113 97 Baby Doll Jacobson . 3112 Taffy Wright . 3112 99 Rip Radcliff . 3110 100 Ginger Beaumont . 3108 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball players with a . 400 batting average in a season List of Major League Baseball career on - base percentage leaders List of Major League Baseball career slugging percentage leaders List of Major League Baseball career OPS leaders Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A player is considered inactive if he has announced his retirement or not played for a full season . Sources ( edit ) Baseball-Reference.com ( hide ) Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Stolen bases Runs Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks ^ Jump up to : `` Career Leaders & Records for Batting Average '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ty Cobb Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rogers Hornsby Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SportsCenter Flashback : The Chicago Black Sox banned from baseball '' . ESPN Classic . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Brian . `` Lefty O'Doul '' . SABR.org . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballplayers -- Ed Delahanty '' . BaseballLibrary.com . The Idea Logical Company , Inc . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2011 . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( July 6 , 2002 ) . `` Ted Williams , Red Sox Slugger And Last to Hit . 400 , Dies at 83 '' . The New York Times Company . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Active Leaders & Records for Batting average '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_batting_average_leaders&oldid=803488220 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 20 : 55 . About Wikipedia | who has the highest career batting average in major league baseball | [
"Outfielder Ty Cobb, whose career ended in 1928, has the highest batting average in Major League Baseball (MLB) history.[1] He batted .366 over 24 seasons, mostly with the Detroit Tigers. In addition, he won a record 11 batting titles for leading the American League in BA over the course of an entire season. He batted over .360 in 11 consecutive seasons from 1909 to 1919.[2] Rogers Hornsby has the second highest BA of all-time, at .358.[1] He won seven batting titles in the National League (NL) and has the highest NL average in a single season since 1900, when he batted .424 in 1924. He batted over .370 in six consecutive seasons.[3]"
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"Outfielder Ty Cobb"
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1976045127873692209 | 2018 Winter Olympics | 2018 Winter Olympics - wikipedia 2018 Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search `` PyeongChang 2018 '' redirects here . For the Winter Paralympics , see 2018 Winter Paralympics . XXIII Olympic Winter Games Host city Pyeongchang County , South Korea Motto Passion . Connected . Korean : 하나 된 열정. ( Hanadoen Yeoljeong ) Nations participating 92 Athletes participating 2,922 ( 1,680 men and 1,242 women ) Events 102 in 15 sports Opening ceremony 9 February Closing ceremony 25 February Officially opened by President Moon Jae - in Athlete 's Oath Mo Tae - bum Olympic Torch Kim Yun - a Stadium Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium Winter < Sochi 2014 Beijing 2022 > Summer < Rio 2016 Tokyo 2020 > Pyeongchang Winter Olympics Hangul 평창 동계 올림픽 대회 Hanja 平 昌 冬季 올림픽 大會 Revised Romanization Pyeongchang Donggye Ollimpik Daehoe McCune -- Reischauer P'yŏngch'ang Tonggye Ollimp'ik Taehoe XXIII Olympic Winter Games Hangul 제 23 회 동계 올림픽 대회 Hanja 第 二 十 三 回 冬季 올림픽 大會 Revised Romanization Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik Daehoe McCune -- Reischauer Cheisipsamhoe Tonggye Ollimp'ik Taehoe Part of a series on the 2018 Winter Olympics Bid process ( bid details ) Venues Torch relay Mascots Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medalists ) World and Olympic records Controversies ( ban on Russian athletes ) Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC KOC POCOG The 2018 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( Korean : 제 23 회 동계 올림픽 , translit . Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik ) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County , Gangwon Province , South Korea , with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018 , the eve of the opening ceremony . Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011 , during the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , South Africa . This was the first time that South Korea had hosted the Winter Olympics and the second Olympics held in the country overall , after the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . It was the third time that an East Asian country had hosted the Winter Games , after Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) , both in Japan . It was also the first of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia , the other two being the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing . The Games featured 102 events in fifteen sports , with the addition of `` big air '' snowboarding , mass start speed skating , mixed doubles curling , and mixed team alpine skiing to the Winter Olympic programme . 2,914 athletes from 92 NOCs competed , including the debuts of Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . After a state - sponsored doping program was exposed following the 2014 Winter Olympics , the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended , and selected athletes were allowed to compete neutrally under the IOC designation of `` Olympic Athletes from Russia '' . Despite tense relations , North Korea agreed to participate in the Games , enter with South Korea during the opening ceremony as a unified Korea , and field a unified team in women 's ice hockey . Norway led the total medal tally with 39 , followed by Germany 's 31 and Canada 's 29 . Germany and Norway were tied for the most gold medals won ; both won fourteen golds . Host nation South Korea won seventeen medals , their highest medal haul at a Winter Olympics , five of which were gold . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bidding and election 2 Development and preparation 2.1 Medals 2.2 Torch relay 2.3 Venues 2.3. 1 Pyeongchang ( mountain cluster ) 2.3. 2 Gangneung ( coastal cluster ) 2.4 Ticketing 3 The Games 3.1 Opening ceremony 3.2 Sports 3.3 Participating National Olympic Committees 3.3. 1 Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee 3.4 Event scheduling 3.5 Calendar 3.6 Medal table 3.7 Podium sweeps 3.8 Records 3.9 Closing ceremony 4 Broadcasting 5 Marketing 5.1 Branding 5.2 Mascots 5.3 Video games 5.4 Sponsors 6 Concerns and controversies 6.1 North Korean relations 6.2 Russian doping 6.3 National Hockey League 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Bidding and election ( edit ) Main article : Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics Pyeongchang bid to host both the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics , but lost in the final rounds of voting to Vancouver and Sochi respectively . Munich also launched a bid to host these Games . Prior to Beijing 's successful 2022 Winter Olympics bid , Munich would have become the first city to host both the Winter and the Summer Games , having previously hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics , but received only 25 votes . Annecy ( in southeastern France ) launched their own bid , which failed to secure public support from the local citizens . Their bid ended up receiving seven votes . Pyeongchang was elected as the host city at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban in 2011 , earning the necessary majority of at least 48 votes in just one round of voting , more votes than its competitors combined . With this , Pyeongchang became the third Asian city to host the Winter Games ; the first two were in Japan , at Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) . 2018 Winter Olympics bidding results City Nation Votes Pyeongchang South Korea 63 Munich Germany 25 Annecy France 7 Development and preparation ( edit ) Pyeongchang Location in South Korea On 5 August 2011 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) announced the formation of the Pyeongchang 2018 Coordination Commission . On 4 October 2011 , it was announced that the Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics would be headed by Kim Jin - sun . The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games ( POCOG ) was launched at its inaugural assembly on 19 October 2011 . The first tasks of the organizing committee were putting together a master plan for the Games as well as forming a design for the venues . The IOC Coordination Commission for the 2018 Winter Olympics made their first visit to Pyeongchang in March 2012 . By then , construction was already underway on the Olympic Village . In June 2012 , construction began on a high - speed rail line that would connect Pyeongchang to Seoul . The International Paralympic Committee met for an orientation with the Pyeongchang 2018 organizing committee in July 2012 . Then - IOC President Jacques Rogge visited Pyeongchang for the first time in February 2013 . The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games created Pyeongchang WINNERS in 2014 by recruiting university students living in South Korea to spread awareness of the Olympic Games through social networking services and news articles . 2018 Olympics gold medal 2018 Winter Olympics torch Medals ( edit ) The Games ' medal designs were unveiled on 21 September 2017 . Designed by Lee Suk - woo , they feature a pattern of diagonal ridges on both sides , with the front including the Olympic rings , and the obverse featuring the Games ' emblem , the event name and the discipline . The edge of the medals features extrusions of hangul alphabets , while the ribbons are made from a traditional South Korean textile . Torch relay ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay The torch relay started on 24 October 2017 in Greece and ended at the start of the Olympics on 9 February 2018 . On 1 November 2017 the relay entered Korea . The relay lasted 101 days . There were 7,500 torch bearers to represent the Korean population of 75 million people . There were also 2,018 support runners to guard the torch and act as messengers . The torch and its bearers traveled by a diverse means of transportation , including by turtle ship in Hansando Island , sailboat on the Baengmagang River in Buyeo , marine cable car in Yeosu , zip - wire over Bamseom Island , steam train in the Gokseong Train Village , marine rail bike along the east coast in Samcheok , and by yacht in Busan Metropolitan City . There were also robot torch relays in Jeju and Daejeon . Venues ( edit ) Olympic venues 2018 Main article : Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics Dragon Valley ( Alpensia ) Ski Resort Most of the outdoor snow events were held in the county of Pyeongchang , while the downhill , combined and super-G events in the Alpine skiing were held in the neighboring county of Jeongseon . The indoor ice events were held in Pyeongchang 's neighboring city of Gangneung . Pyeongchang ( mountain cluster ) ( edit ) The Alpensia Sports Park in Daegwallyeong - myeon , Pyeongchang , was the focus of the 2018 Winter Olympics . It was home to the Olympic Stadium , the Olympic Village and most of the outdoor sports venues . Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre -- ski jumping , Nordic combined , snowboarding ( big air ) Alpensia Biathlon Centre -- biathlon Alpensia Cross-Country Skiing Centre -- cross-country skiing , Nordic combined Alpensia Sliding Centre -- luge , bobsleigh , skeleton Yongpyong Alpine Centre -- alpine skiing ( slalom , giant slalom ) Additionally , a stand - alone outdoor sports venue was located in Bongpyeong - myeon , Pyeongchang : Phoenix Snow Park -- freestyle skiing , snowboarding Another stand - alone outdoor sports venue was located in Pyeongchang 's neighboring county of Jeongseon : Jeongseon Alpine Centre -- alpine skiing ( downhill , super-G , combined ) Gangneung ( coastal cluster ) ( edit ) The Gangneung Olympic Park in the city of Gangneung includes four indoor sports venues , all in close proximity to one another . Gangneung Hockey Centre -- ice hockey ( men 's competition ) Gangneung Curling Centre -- curling Gangneung Oval -- long track speed skating Gangneung Ice Arena -- short track speed skating , figure skating Additionally , a stand - alone indoor sports venue was located in the grounds of Catholic Kwandong University . Kwandong Hockey Centre -- ice hockey ( women 's competition ) Ticketing ( edit ) Ticket prices for the 2018 Winter Olympics were announced in April 2016 and tickets went on sale in October 2016 . Event tickets ranged in price from ₩ 20,000 ( approx . US $ 17 ) to ₩ 900,000 ( ~ US $776 ) while tickets for the opening and closing ceremonies ranged from ₩ 220,000 ( ~ US $190 ) to ₩ 1.5 million ( ~ US $1293 ) . The exact prices were determined through market research ; around 50 % of the tickets were expected to cost about ₩ 80,000 ( ~ US $69 ) or less , and tickets in sports that are relatively unknown in the region , such as biathlon and luge , were made cheaper in order to encourage attendance . By contrast , figure skating and the men 's ice hockey gold - medal game carried the most expensive tickets of the Games . As of 11 October 2017 , domestic ticket sales for the Games were reported to be slow . Of the 750,000 seats allocated to South Koreans , only 20.7 % had been sold . International sales were more favorable , with 59.7 % of the 320,000 allocated tickets sold . However , as of 31 January 2018 , 77 % of all tickets had been sold . The Games ( edit ) Parade of Nations at 2018 Olympic Opening Ceremony Opening ceremony ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony The opening ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium on 9 February 2018 ; the US $100 million facility was only intended to be used for the opening and closing ceremonies of these Olympics and the subsequent Paralympics , and is scheduled to be demolished following their conclusion . Sports ( edit ) The 2018 Winter Olympics featured 102 events in 15 sports , making it the first Winter Olympics to surpass 100 medal events . Six new events in existing sports were introduced to the Winter Olympic program in Pyeongchang , including men 's and ladies ' big air snowboarding , mixed doubles curling , men 's and ladies ' mass start speed skating , and mixed team alpine skiing . Alpine skiing ( 11 ) ( details ) Biathlon ( 11 ) ( details ) Bobsleigh ( 3 ) ( details ) Cross-country skiing ( 12 ) ( details ) Curling ( 3 ) ( details ) Figure skating ( 5 ) ( details ) Freestyle skiing ( 10 ) ( details ) Ice hockey ( 2 ) ( details ) Luge ( 4 ) ( details ) Nordic combined ( 3 ) ( details ) Short track speed skating ( 8 ) ( details ) Skeleton ( 2 ) ( details ) Ski jumping ( 4 ) ( details ) Snowboarding ( 10 ) ( details ) Speed skating ( 14 ) ( details ) Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sport . Participating National Olympic Committees ( edit ) A total of 92 teams qualified at least one athlete to compete in the Games . The number of athletes who qualified per country is listed in the table below ( number of athletes shown in parentheses ) . Six nations made their Winter Olympics debut : Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . Athletes from three further countries -- the Cayman Islands , Dominica and Peru -- qualified to compete , but all three National Olympic Committees returned the quota spots back to the International Ski Federation ( FIS ) . Under an historic agreement facilitated by the IOC , qualified athletes from North Korea were allowed to cross the Korean Demilitarized Zone into South Korea to compete in the Games . The two nations marched together under the Korean Unification Flag during the opening ceremony . A unified Korean team , consisting of 12 players from North Korea and 23 from South Korea , competed in the women 's ice hockey tournament under a special IOC country code designation ( COR ) following talks in Panmunjom on 17 January 2018 . The two nations also participated separately : the South Korea team competed in every sport and the North Korea team competed in alpine skiing , cross-country skiing , figure skating and short track speed skating . See North Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics for further details . On 5 December 2017 , the IOC announced that the Russian Olympic Committee had been suspended due to the Russian doping controversy and the investigation into the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi . Individual Russian athletes , who qualified and could demonstrate they had complied with the IOC 's doping regulations , were given the option to compete at the 2018 Games as `` Olympic Athletes from Russia '' ( OAR ) under the Olympic flag and with the Olympic anthem played at any ceremony . The participating countries at the Winter Olympics 2018 Debuting countries at the Winter Olympics ( hide ) Participating National Olympic Committees Albania ( 2 ) Andorra ( 5 ) Argentina ( 7 ) Armenia ( 3 ) Australia ( 50 ) Austria ( 105 ) Azerbaijan ( 1 ) Belarus ( 33 ) Belgium ( 22 ) Bermuda ( 1 ) Bolivia ( 2 ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 4 ) Brazil ( 9 ) Bulgaria ( 21 ) Canada ( 225 ) Chile ( 7 ) China ( 80 ) Chinese Taipei ( 4 ) Colombia ( 4 ) Croatia ( 19 ) Cyprus ( 1 ) Czech Republic ( 93 ) Denmark ( 17 ) East Timor ( 1 ) Ecuador ( 1 ) Eritrea ( 1 ) Estonia ( 22 ) Finland ( 100 ) France ( 106 ) Georgia ( 4 ) Germany ( 153 ) Ghana ( 1 ) Great Britain ( 58 ) Greece ( 4 ) Hong Kong ( 1 ) Hungary ( 19 ) Iceland ( 5 ) India ( 2 ) Iran ( 4 ) Ireland ( 5 ) Israel ( 10 ) Italy ( 120 ) Jamaica ( 3 ) Japan ( 124 ) Kazakhstan ( 46 ) Kenya ( 1 ) Korea ( 35 ) Kosovo ( 1 ) Kyrgyzstan ( 2 ) Latvia ( 34 ) Lebanon ( 3 ) Liechtenstein ( 3 ) Lithuania ( 9 ) Luxembourg ( 1 ) Macedonia ( 3 ) Madagascar ( 1 ) Malaysia ( 2 ) Malta ( 1 ) Mexico ( 4 ) Moldova ( 2 ) Monaco ( 4 ) Mongolia ( 2 ) Montenegro ( 3 ) Morocco ( 2 ) Netherlands ( 33 ) New Zealand ( 21 ) Nigeria ( 3 ) North Korea ( 10 ) Norway ( 109 ) Olympic Athletes from Russia ( 168 ) Pakistan ( 2 ) Philippines ( 2 ) Poland ( 62 ) Portugal ( 2 ) Puerto Rico ( 1 ) Romania ( 27 ) San Marino ( 1 ) Serbia ( 4 ) Singapore ( 1 ) Slovakia ( 56 ) Slovenia ( 71 ) South Africa ( 1 ) South Korea ( 122 ) ( host nation ) Spain ( 13 ) Sweden ( 116 ) Switzerland ( 166 ) Thailand ( 4 ) Togo ( 1 ) Tonga ( 1 ) Turkey ( 8 ) Ukraine ( 33 ) United States ( 241 ) Uzbekistan ( 2 ) NOCs that participated in 2014 , but not in 2018 . NOCs that participated in 2018 , but not in 2014 . British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Dominica Nepal Paraguay Peru Russia Tajikistan Venezuela Virgin Islands Zimbabwe Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Eritrea Ghana Kenya Korea Kosovo Madagascar Malaysia Nigeria North Korea Olympic Athletes from Russia Puerto Rico Singapore South Africa Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee ( edit ) ( show ) IOC Code Country Athletes USA United States 242 CAN Canada 225 SUI Switzerland 169 OAR Olympic Athletes from Russia 168 GER Germany 156 JPN Japan 124 KOR South Korea 122 ITA Italy 122 SWE Sweden 116 NOR Norway 109 FRA France 107 FIN Finland 106 AUT Austria 105 CZE Czech Republic 95 CHN China 80 SLO Slovenia 71 POL Poland 62 GBR Great Britain 58 SVK Slovakia 56 AUS Australia 50 KAZ Kazakhstan 46 COR Korea 35 LAT Latvia 34 NED Netherlands 33 BLR Belarus 33 UKR Ukraine 33 ROU Romania 27 EST Estonia 22 BEL Belgium 22 BUL Bulgaria 21 NZL New Zealand 20 CRO Croatia 19 HUN Hungary 19 DEN Denmark 17 ESP Spain 13 ISR Israel 10 PRK North Korea 10 BRA Brazil 9 LTU Lithuania 9 TUR Turkey 8 CHI Chile 7 ARG Argentina 7 AND Andorra 5 ISL Iceland 5 IRL Ireland 5 BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina COL Colombia GEO Georgia GRE Greece IRI Iran MEX Mexico MON Monaco SRB Serbia TPE Chinese Taipei THA Thailand ARM Armenia JAM Jamaica LBN Lebanon LIE Liechtenstein MKD Macedonia MNE Montenegro NGR Nigeria ALB Albania BOL Bolivia IND India KGZ Kyrgyzstan MAS Malaysia MDA Moldova MGL Mongolia MAR Morocco PAK Pakistan PHI Philippines POR Portugal UZB Uzbekistan AZE Azerbaijan BER Bermuda CYP Cyprus ECU Ecuador ERI Eritrea GHA Ghana HKG Hong Kong KEN Kenya KOS Kosovo LUX Luxembourg MAD Madagascar MLT Malta PUR Puerto Rico SMR San Marino SGP Singapore RSA South Africa TLS East Timor TGA Tonga TOG Togo Apart from the respective delegations , North Korea and South Korea formed a unified Korean women 's ice hockey team . Russian athletes participated as Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) if individually cleared by the IOC . Event scheduling ( edit ) To accommodate primetime broadcasts in the Americas , figure skating events were scheduled with morning start times ; figure skating in particular has typically been one of the most popular Winter Olympic sports among U.S. viewers . This scheduling practice had an impact on the events themselves , including skaters having to adjust to the modified schedule , as well as the attendance levels of the sessions themselves . Conversely , and somewhat controversially , eight of the eleven biathlon events were scheduled at night , making it necessary for competitors to ski and shoot under floodlights , with colder temperatures and blustery winds . Calendar ( edit ) See also : Chronological summary of the 2018 Winter Olympics All dates are KST ( UTC + 9 ) OC Opening ceremony Event competitions Event finals EG Exhibition gala CC Closing ceremony February 8th Thu 9th Fri 10th Sat 11th Sun 12th Mon 13th Tue 14th Wed 15th Thu 16th Fri 17th Sat 18th Sun 19th Mon 20th Tue 21st Wed 22nd Thu 23rd Fri 24th Sat 25th Sun Events Ceremonies OC CC N / A Alpine skiing 11 Biathlon 11 Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing 12 Curling Figure skating EG 5 Freestyle skiing 10 Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating 8 Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding 10 Speed skating 14 Daily medal events 0 0 5 6 7 8 9 7 9 6 5 7 10 8 102 Cumulative total 0 0 5 11 18 26 30 39 46 55 61 64 69 76 86 90 98 102 February 8th Thu 9th Fri 10th Sat 11th Sun 12th Mon 13th Tue 14th Wed 15th Thu 16th Fri 17th Sat 18th Sun 19th Mon 20th Tue 21st Wed 22nd Thu 23rd Fri 24th Sat 25th Sun Total events Medal table ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics medal table * Host nation ( South Korea ) Rank NOC Gold Silver Bronze Total Norway ( NOR ) 14 14 11 39 Germany ( GER ) 14 10 7 31 Canada ( CAN ) 11 8 10 29 United States ( USA ) 9 8 6 23 5 Netherlands ( NED ) 8 6 6 20 6 Sweden ( SWE ) 7 6 14 7 South Korea ( KOR ) * 5 8 17 8 Switzerland ( SUI ) 5 6 15 9 France ( FRA ) 5 6 15 10 Austria ( AUT ) 5 6 14 11 Japan ( JPN ) 5 13 12 Italy ( ITA ) 5 10 13 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 6 9 17 14 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 7 15 Belarus ( BLR ) 0 16 China ( CHN ) 6 9 17 Slovakia ( SVK ) 0 18 Finland ( FIN ) 6 19 Great Britain ( GBR ) 0 5 20 Poland ( POL ) 0 21 Hungary ( HUN ) 0 0 Ukraine ( UKR ) 0 0 23 Australia ( AUS ) 0 24 Slovenia ( SLO ) 0 25 Belgium ( BEL ) 0 0 26 Spain ( ESP ) 0 0 New Zealand ( NZL ) 0 0 28 Kazakhstan ( KAZ ) 0 0 Latvia ( LAT ) 0 0 Liechtenstein ( LIE ) 0 0 Total ( 30 NOCs ) 103 102 102 307 Podium sweeps ( edit ) Three podium sweeps were recorded during the Games . Date Sport Event NOC Gold Silver Bronze Ref 10 February Speed skating Women 's 3000 metres Netherlands Carlijn Achtereekte Ireen Wüst Antoinette de Jong 11 February Cross-country skiing Men 's 30 km skiathlon Norway Simen Hegstad Krüger Martin Johnsrud Sundby Hans Christer Holund 20 February Nordic combined Individual large hill / 10 km Germany Johannes Rydzek Fabian Rießle Eric Frenzel Records ( edit ) Main article : World and Olympic records set at the 2018 Winter Olympics Noriaki Kasai of Japan became the first athlete in history to participate in eight Winter Olympics when he took part in the ski jumping qualification the day before the opening of the Games . The previous record of seven Winter Olympics was held by Russian luger Albert Demchenko . American Nathan Chen became the first figure skater to land five quadruple jumps in one program . German figure skaters Aliona Savchenko and Bruno Massot set a new ISU best free skating score of 159.31 in pair skating . Canadian figure skaters Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir set a new ISU best short dance score of 83.67 and a new ISU best combined total score of 206.07 in ice dance . French ice dancers Gabriella Papadakis and Guillaume Cizeron set a new ISU best free dance score of 123.35 . Russian figure skater Alina Zagitova set a new ISU best short program score of 82.92 in Ladies ' single skating . Dutch speed skater Sven Kramer won gold in the men 's 5000m event , becoming the only male speed skater to win the same Olympic event three times . He was also the first man to win a total of eight Olympic medals in speed skating . Dutch speed skater Ireen Wüst won an individual gold medal for the fourth Olympics in a row , the first time this had been achieved by a Winter Olympian . She also became the first speed skater ( male or female ) to win ten Winter Olympic medals and the first female Winter Olympian to win nine individual medals . Chinese short track speed skater Wu Dajing beat the men 's 500m world record twice en route to winning a gold medal , becoming only the second person in history to skate the discipline in under 40 seconds ( after American J.R. Celski ) , and the first to achieve this at `` sea level '' . Dutch athlete Jorien ter Mors became the first female athlete to win Olympic medals in two different sports at a single Winter Games ; she won a speed skating gold medal in the 1000 metres and she was also part of the Dutch short track team that won bronze in the 3000 metre relay . Ester Ledecká of the Czech Republic won gold in the skiing super-G event and another gold in the snowboarding parallel giant slalom , making her the first female athlete to win Olympic gold medals in two different sports at a single Winter Games . Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen won bronze in the women 's team sprint and gold in the 30 kilometre classical event , bringing her total Olympic medal haul to fifteen , the most won by any athlete ( male or female ) in Winter Olympics history . The record was previously held by fellow Norwegian athlete Ole Einar Bjørndalen who has thirteen Olympic medals . Germany and Canada tied for gold in the two - man bobsleigh event , only the second time in history that two countries had tied for a gold medal in this particular event , the first time being in the 1998 Winter Olympics twenty years earlier . Norway won a total of 39 medals , setting a new record for the highest number of medals won at a single Winter Olympics . Their 39th medal was the gold won by cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen in the 30 km classical event . The record was previously held by the USA who won 37 medals in Vancouver in 2010 . Olympic cauldron in Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium Closing ceremony ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony The closing ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium on 25 February 2018 , as Thomas Bach , the IOC president , declared the Games closed , and the cauldron extinguished . Broadcasting ( edit ) Main article : List of 2018 Winter Olympics broadcasters Broadcast rights to the 2018 Winter Olympics in some countries were already sold as part of long - term broadcast rights deals , including the Games ' local rightsholder SBS , which in July 2011 had extended its rights to the Olympics through to 2024 . SBS sub-licensed its rights to MBC and KBS . On 29 June 2015 , the IOC announced that Discovery Communications had acquired exclusive rights to the Olympics across all of Europe outside of Russia , from 2018 through to 2024 . Discovery 's pan-European Eurosport networks were promoted as the main rightsholder of the Games , but Discovery free - to - air channels such as DMAX in Spain , Kanal 5 in Sweden and TVNorge in Norway , were also involved . Discovery was required to sub-licence at least 100 hours of coverage to free - to - air broadcasters in each market ; some of these agreements required certain sports to be exclusive to Eurosport and its affiliated networks . The deal did not initially cover France due to France Télévisions ' rights , which run through to the 2020 Games . In the United Kingdom , Discovery held exclusive pay television rights under license from the BBC , in return for BBC sub-licencing the free - to - air rights to the 2022 and 2024 Olympics from Discovery . Despite the Russian team being formally banned from competing under its flag in Pyeongchang , Russian state broadcaster Channel One , and sports channel Match TV , still committed to covering the Games with a focus on Russian athletes . Russia was not affected by the Eurosport deal , due to a pre-existing contract held by a marketing agency which runs through to 2024 . In the United States , the Games were once again broadcast by NBCUniversal properties under a long - term contract . As U.S. Eastern Time is fourteen hours behind Pyeongchang , morning events naturally fell within traditional U.S. prime time hours ( 8 : 00 to 11 : 00 pm ) . This allowed NBC to broadcast its prime time coverage live in all U.S. time zones , rather than showing `` plausibly live '' delayed footage as they had in previous Olympics . As per previous Games , the ceremonies were still shown on TV via tape delay only , but NBC did , for the first time , offer live streaming of the opening ceremony online . Notably , figure skating events were deliberately scheduled for the morning in Pyeongchang to accommodate the network 's live broadcast to a peak U.S. audience in the evening . NHK and Olympic Broadcasting Services ( OBS ) once again filmed portions of the Games , including 90 hours of footage of selected events and the opening ceremonies , in high - dynamic - range 8K resolution video . In South Korea , ATSC 3.0 digital terrestrial television at 4K resolution was introduced in 2017 in time for the Olympics . In the U.S. , this footage was delivered in 4K by NBCUniversal parent Comcast to participating television providers , including its own Xfinity , as well as DirecTV and Dish Network . NBC 's Raleigh , North Carolina affiliate WRAL - TV also held demonstration viewings as part of its ATSC 3.0 test broadcasts . The 2018 Winter Olympics were also used to showcase 5G wireless technologies , as part of a collaboration between domestic wireless sponsor KT , and worldwide sponsor Intel . Several venues were outfitted with 5G networks to facilitate features such as live camera feeds from bobsleds , and multi-camera views from cross-country and figure skating events . These were offered as part of public demonstrations coordinated by KT and Intel . Marketing ( edit ) Branding ( edit ) The emblem for the Games was unveiled on 3 May 2013 . It is a stylised representation of the hangul letters ᄑ p and ᄎ ch , these being the initial sounds of 평창 Pyeongchang . The left - hand symbol is said to represent the Korean philosophical triad of heaven , earth and humanity ( Korean : 천지인 cheon - ji - in ) , and the right - hand symbol represents a crystal of ice . In the emblem and all official materials , Pyeongchang was stylised in CamelCase as `` PyeongChang '' , in order to alleviate potential confusion with Pyongyang , the similarly - named capital of neighbouring North Korea . Soohorang ( left ) and Bandabi ( right ) , respective mascots of 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics . Mascots ( edit ) Main article : Soohorang and Bandabi The official mascots of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on 2 June 2016 . The Olympic mascot , Soohorang ( Korean : 수 호랑 ) , is a white tiger . The mascot 's name is a portmanteau of `` Sooho '' , a Korean word for `` protection '' , and `` Rang '' which is derived both from the Korean word for `` tiger '' and from the name of a traditional Korean folk song originating from Gangwon Province . Tigers have a strong association with Korean culture and folklore . Video Games ( edit ) Intel Extreme Masters Season 12 -- Pyeongchang Tournament information Sport StarCraft II Location Pyeongchang , South Korea Administrator ( s ) Electronic Sports League Final positions Champions Scarlett Runner - up sOs ← Oakland 2017 Katowice 2018 → In June 2017 , Ubisoft announced that it would release an expansion pack for its winter sports video game Steep entitled Road to the Olympics , which features new game modes and content inspired by the 2018 Winter Olympics . In November 2017 , the IOC announced it would support and sponsor an Intel Extreme Masters StarCraft II tournament in Pyeongchang preceding the Games . Its support of the tournament as a de facto demonstration event came on the heels of a report by the IOC which recognised that eSports `` could be considered as a sporting activity '' . The tournament was won by Sasha `` Scarlett '' Hostyn of Canada ; she became the second North American pro to place first at a major StarCraft II tournament in South Korea , and the first woman to win a major tournament . Sponsors ( edit ) The 2018 Winter Olympics saw increasing granularity in official sponsorships for technology vendors ; Intel signed with the IOC to become part of its Worldwide Olympic Partner program , to promote 5G wireless technology , as well as broadcasting technology such as 360 - degree video and virtual reality . Alibaba Group was also named the official e-commerce and cloud services provider . These categories affected how the vendors were allowed to promote themselves within the context of the Olympics : Samsung could showcase VR experiences but only within the context of its own smartphones due to Intel 's sponsorship rights in relation to VR ; Alibaba could not promote Alipay due to Visa Inc. sponsorship rights ; and Intel could not promote end - user applications of 5G due to national sponsorship rights held by KT Corporation . Concerns and controversies ( edit ) Main article : Concerns and controversies at the 2018 Winter Olympics North Korean relations ( edit ) See also : North Korea -- South Korea relations , 2017 -- 18 North Korea crisis , and North Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics Due to the state of relations between North and South Korea , concerns were raised over the security of the 2018 Winter Olympics , especially in the wake of tensions over North Korean missile and nuclear tests . On 20 September 2017 , South Korean president Moon Jae - in stated that the country would ensure the security of the Games . The next day , Laura Flessel - Colovic , the French Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports , stated that France would pull out of the Games if the safety of its delegation could not be guaranteed . Protesters at Gwanghwamun Plaza criticising the game 's pro-North Korean measures The next day , Austria and Germany raised similar concerns and also threatened to skip the Games . France later reaffirmed its participation . In early December 2017 , the United States Ambassador to the United Nations , Nikki Haley , told Fox News that it was an `` open question '' whether the United States was going to participate in the Games , citing security concerns in the region . However , days later the White House Press Secretary , Sarah Huckabee Sanders , stated that the United States would participate . In his New Year 's address on 1 January 2018 , North Korean leader Kim Jong - un proposed talks in Seoul over the country 's participation in the Games , which would be the first high - level talks between the North and South in over two years . Because of the talks , held on 9 January , North Korea agreed to field athletes in Pyeongchang . On 17 January 2018 , it was announced that North and South Korea had agreed to field a unified Korean women 's ice hockey team at the Games , and to enter together under a Korean Unification Flag during the opening ceremony . These moves were met with opposition in South Korea , including protests and online petitions ; critics argued that the government was attempting to use the Olympics to spread pro-North Korean sentiment , and that the unified hockey team would fail . A rap video entitled `` The Regret for Pyeongchang '' ( 평창 유감 ) , which echoed this criticism and called the event the `` Pyongyang Olympics '' , went viral in the country . Japan 's foreign affairs minister Tarō Kōno warned South Korea to be wary of North Korea 's `` charm offensive '' , and not to ease its pressure on the country . The South Korean President , Moon Jae - in , at the start of the Olympics shook hands with the sister of North Korean leader Kim Jong - un and a prominent figure of the regime , Kim Yo - jong . This marked the first time since the Korean War that a member of the ruling Kim dynasty had visited South Korea . In contrast , U.S. vice president Mike Pence met with Fred Warmbier ( father of Otto Warmbier , who had died after being released from captivity in North Korea ) and a group of North Korean defectors in Pyeongchang . American officials said that North Korea cancelled a meeting with Pence at the last minute . At the closing ceremony , North Korea sent general Kim Yong - chol as its delegate . His presence was met with hostility from South Korean conservatives , as there were allegations that he had a role in the ROKS Cheonan sinking and other past attacks . The Ministry of Unification stated that `` there is a limitation in pinpointing who was responsible for the incident . '' Although he is subject to sanctions , they did not affect his ability to visit the country for the Games . Russian doping ( edit ) Main articles : Doping in Russia , McLaren Report , Oswald Commission , Russia at the 2014 Winter Olympics § Doping scandal after Olympics , Russia at the 2016 Summer Olympics , and Olympic Athletes from Russia at the 2018 Winter Olympics Russia 's participation in the 2018 Winter Olympics was affected by the aftermath of its state - sponsored doping program . As a result , the IOC suspended the Russian Olympic Committee in December 2017 , although Russian athletes whitelisted by the IOC were allowed to compete neutrally under the OAR ( Olympic Athletes from Russia ) designation . The official sanctions imposed by the IOC included : the exclusion of Russian government officials from the Games ; the use of the Olympic Flag and Olympic Anthem in place of the Russian flag and anthem ; and the submission of a replacement logo for the OAR uniforms . By early January 2018 , the IOC had banned 43 Russian athletes from competing in the 2018 Winter Olympics and all future Olympic Games ( as part of the Oswald Commission ) . Of those athletes , 42 appealed against their bans to the Court of Arbitration for Sport ( CAS ) and 28 of the appeals were successful , but eleven of the athletes had their sanctions upheld due to the weight of evidence against them . The IOC stated that the court ruling did not prove that the 28 athletes were innocent and that they would not necessarily be invited to the 2018 Games . Three of the athletes who appealed are still awaiting their hearings . The eventual number of neutral Russian athletes that participated at the 2018 Games was 168 . These were selected from an original pool of 500 athletes that was put forward for consideration and , in order to receive an invitation to the Games , they were obliged to meet a number of pre-games conditions to rule out any possibility of doping . Russian president Vladimir Putin and other officials had signalled in the past that it would be a humiliation if Russian athletes were not allowed to compete under the Russian flag . However , there were never actually any official plans to boycott the 2018 Games and in late 2017 the Russian government agreed to allow their athletes to compete at the Games as individuals under a neutral designation . Despite this public show of co-operation , there were numerous misgivings voiced by leading Russian politicians , including a statement from Putin himself saying that he believed the United States had used its influence within the IOC to `` orchestrate the doping scandal '' . 86 % of the Russian population opposed participation at the Olympics under a neutral flag , and many Russian fans attended the Games wearing the Russian colours and chanting `` Russia ! '' in unison , in an act of defiance against the ban . The IOC 's decision was heavily criticised by Jack Robertson , primary investigator of the Russian doping program on behalf of the World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) , in whose opinion the judgement was commercially and politically motivated . He argued that not only was doping rife amongst Russian athletes but that there was no sign of it being eradicated . The CAS decision to overturn the life bans of 28 Russian athletes and restore their medals was also fiercely criticised , by Olympic officials , IOC president Thomas Bach and whistleblower Grigory Rodchenkov 's lawyer . National hockey League ( edit ) For the first time since 1998 , the National Hockey League did not provide accommodations ( including a break in the season for all teams during the Olympics ) to allow its players to participate in the men 's ice hockey tournament . The NHL 's decision stemmed from their demands that the IOC cover the cost of insuring the NHL players who participated in the Games . Although the IOC did pay to insure NHL players in Sochi , the commission was unwilling to do so for Pyeongchang , and was concerned that the NHL 's demand could set a precedent for other professional sports bodies to follow . NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman added that a factor in the decision was that the IOC did not allow the NHL to promote the involvement of its players in the Olympics . The NHL secured the cooperation of the International Ice Hockey Federation and the IOC , who agreed to establish a blacklist forbidding national teams from nominating or accepting players under NHL contract to their Olympic rosters . Other leagues , such as the Swedish Hockey League , did not close during the games , but teams had to accept that some players took part in the games instead of the league . See also ( edit ) 2010s portal Olympics portal South Korea portal 2018 Winter Paralympics 2018 Summer Youth Olympics Winter Olympic Games Olympic Games International Olympic Committee List of IOC country codes Soohorang and Bandabi References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boram , Kim ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` ( Olympics ) S. Korean speed skater Mo Tae - bum takes Olympic Oath '' . Yonhap News Agency . english.yonhapnews.co.kr . 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Jump up ^ Whyno , Stephen ( 15 September 2017 ) . `` Capitals ' Ovechkin says Olympic decision out of his hands '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 15 September 2017 . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Ovechkin , other NHL players reluctantly accept 2018 Olympics decision '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHL Fixtures '' . Swedish Hockey League . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . ( shows that SHL games were played during the Olympic games 9 -- 25 February ) External links ( edit ) Find more about2018 Winter Olympicsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Pyeongchang 2018 Pyeongchang 2018 ( IOC ) Preceded by Sochi Winter Olympics Pyeongchang XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( 2018 ) Succeeded by Beijing Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Events at the 2018 Winter Olympics ( Pyeongchang ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling men women mixed doubles Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Chronological summary Medal table List of medalists Nations at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea Africa Eritrea Ghana Kenya Madagascar Morocco Nigeria South Africa Togo Americas Argentina Bermuda Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Ecuador Jamaica Mexico Puerto Rico United States Asia China East Timor Hong Kong India Iran Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia North Korea Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Chinese Taipei Thailand Uzbekistan Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania Australia New Zealand Tonga Other Korea Olympic Athletes from Russia Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics Pyeongchang ( mountain cluster ) Alpensia Resort Alpensia Biathlon Centre Cross-Country Centre Ski Jumping Centre Sliding Centre Convention Centre International Broadcast Centre Yongpyong Alpine Centre Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium Pyeongchang Olympic Village Stand - alone venues Bogwang Snow Park Jeongseon Alpine Centre Gangneung ( coastal cluster ) Gangneung Olympic Park Gangneung Curling Centre Gangneung Hockey Centre Gangneung Ice Arena Gangneung Oval Kwandong Hockey Centre Gangneung Olympic Village Italics indicate non-competition venues . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Winter_Olympics&oldid=837239028 '' Categories : 2018 Winter Olympics 2018 in multi-sport events 2018 in South Korean sport 2018 in winter sports February 2018 sports events in Asia Olympic Games in South Korea Sport in Gangneung Sport in Pyeongchang County Winter Olympics by year Winter sports competitions in South Korea Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from February 2018 Articles containing Korean - language text Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Afrikaans Аҧсшәа Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Коми Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 74 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 15 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how much sports are there in the winter olympics | [
"The Games featured 102 events in fifteen sports, with the addition of \"big air\" snowboarding, mass start speed skating, mixed doubles curling, and mixed team alpine skiing to the Winter Olympic programme. 2,914 athletes from 92 NOCs competed, including the debuts of Ecuador, Eritrea, Kosovo, Malaysia, Nigeria and Singapore. After a state-sponsored doping program was exposed following the 2014 Winter Olympics, the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended, and selected athletes were allowed to compete neutrally under the IOC designation of \"Olympic Athletes from Russia\". Despite tense relations, North Korea agreed to participate in the Games, enter with South Korea during the opening ceremony as a unified Korea, and field a unified team in women's ice hockey."
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-8457966834296064005 | Bert Lahr | Bert Lahr - wikipedia Bert Lahr Bert Lahr Bert Lahr , early in his career around 1936 Irving Lahrheim ( 1895 - 08 - 13 ) August 13 , 1895 New York City , U.S. December 4 , 1967 ( 1967 - 12 - 04 ) ( aged 72 ) New York City , U.S. Occupation Actor , comedian Years active 1925 -- 1967 Spouse ( s ) Mercedes Delpino ( m . 1929 ; div. 1939 ) Mildred Schroeder ( m . 1940 ) Children 3 , including John Lahr and Jane Lahr Signature Bert Lahr ( August 13 , 1895 -- December 4 , 1967 ) was an American actor of stage and screen , vaudevillian and comedian . Lahr is best known for his role as the Cowardly Lion , as well as his counterpart Kansas farmworker Zeke , in The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) . He was well known for his explosive humor , but also adapted well to dramatic roles and his work in burlesque , vaudeville , and on Broadway . Contents 1 Early life 2 Film career 2.1 Cowardly Lion in The Wizard of Oz 2.2 Waiting for Godot 2.3 Television 2.4 Other work 3 Personal life 4 Death 5 Filmography 6 Stage productions 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Lahr was born as Irving Lahrheim , in New York City , the son of Augusta ( 1871 - 1932 ) and Jacob Lahrheim ( 1870 - 1947 ) . His parents were German Jewish immigrants . Lahr grew up in the Yorkville section of Manhattan . Dropping out of school at 15 to join a juvenile vaudeville act , Lahr worked up to top billing on the Columbia Burlesque Circuit . In 1927 he debuted on Broadway in Delmar 's Revels . He played to packed houses , performing classic routines such as `` The Song of the Woodman '' ( which he reprised in the film Merry - Go - Round of 1938 ) . Lahr had his first major success in a stage musical playing the prize fighter hero of Hold Everything ! ( 1928 -- 29 ) . Other musicals followed , notably Flying High ( 1930 ) , Florenz Ziegfeld 's Hot - Cha ! ( 1932 ) and The Show is On ( 1936 ) in which he co-starred with Beatrice Lillie . In 1939 , he co-starred as Louis Blore alongside Ethel Merman in the Broadway production of DuBarry Was a Lady . Film career ( edit ) Lahr as the Cowardly Lion in the MGM feature film The Wizard of Oz , 1939 Lahr made his feature film debut in 1931 's Flying High , playing the oddball aviator he had played on stage . He signed with New York - based Educational Pictures for a series of two - reel comedies . When that series ended , he went to Hollywood to work in feature films . Aside from The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) , his movie career was limited . In the 1944 patriotic film Meet the People , Lahr uttered the phrase `` Heavens to Murgatroyd ! '' later popularized by cartoon character Snagglepuss . Cowardly Lion in the Wizard of Oz ( edit ) Lahr 's most famous role was that of the Cowardly Lion in Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer 's 1939 adaptation of The Wizard of Oz . Lahr was signed to play the role on July 25 , 1938 . He starred opposite Judy Garland , Ray Bolger , Jack Haley , Frank Morgan , and Margaret Hamilton . Lahr 's lion costume was composed of lion fur and , under the high - intensity lighting required for Oz 's Technicolor scenes , the costume was unbearably hot . Lahr contributed ad - lib comedic lines for his character . Many of Lahr 's scenes took several takes because other cast members , especially Garland , could n't complete the scenes without laughing . The Cowardly Lion is the only character who sings two solo song numbers - `` If I Only Had the Nerve '' , performed after the initial meeting with Dorothy , The Scarecrow , and The Tin Man in the forest , and `` If I Were King of the Forest '' , performed while he and the others are awaiting their audience with the Wizard . `` The Wizard of Oz '' was Lahr 's 17th movie . When warned that Hollywood had a habit of typecasting actors , Lahr replied , `` Yeah , but how many parts are there for lions ? '' An original Cowardly Lion costume worn by Lahr in The Wizard of Oz is in the holdings of The Comisar Collection , which is also the largest collection of television artifacts and memorabilia in the world . In June 2013 , Lahr 's original reading script for The Wizard of Oz , bequeathed to his great - grandson , was appraised with an insurance value of $150,000 on PBS 's Antiques Roadshow in an episode filmed in Detroit , Michigan . Waiting for Godot ( edit ) Lahr later made the transition to straight theater . He got a script of Waiting for Godot , and was greatly impressed but unsure of how the revolutionary play would be received in the United States . It was performed in Europe to great acclaim , but was somewhat obscure and intellectual . He co-starred in the US premiere of Waiting for Godot in 1956 at the Coconut Grove Playhouse in Miami , Florida , playing Estragon to Tom Ewell 's Vladimir . The performance bombed , with audience members walking out in large numbers , and the critics did not treat it kindly . In his book Notes on a Cowardly Lion , John Lahr ( Bert 's son ) states that the problems were caused partly by the choices of the director , including the decision to limit Bert 's movement on stage ; filling the stage with platforms ; and a misguided description of the play as a light comedy , along with other difficulties . Lahr reprised his role in a short - lived Broadway run , co-starring with E.G. Marshall as Vladimir . This time , it was with a new director , Herbert Berghof , who had met with Beckett in Europe and discussed the play . The set was cleared , and Bert was allowed more freedom in his performance . Advertisements were taken out urging intellectuals to support the play , which was a success and received enthusiastic ovations from the audience . Bert was praised and though he claimed he did not understand the play , others would disagree and say he understood it a great deal . Television ( edit ) Lahr occasionally appeared on television , including NBC 's live version of the Cole Porter musical Let 's Face It ( 1954 ) , the 1964 Hallmark Hall of Fame production of The Fantasticks , and occasional appearances as the mystery guest on What 's My Line ? ( e.g. December 30 , 1956 ) . He performed in commercials , including a memorable series for Lay 's potato chips during its long - running `` Betcha ca n't eat just one '' campaign with Lahr appearing in multiple costumes . He was not afraid to take on the classics in television performances of Androcles and the Lion and the School for Wives ( 1956 ) . He performed as Moonface Martin in a television version of Anything Goes , with Ethel Merman reprising her role as Reno Sweeney and Frank Sinatra as Billy Crocker . In 1959 , he played Mr. O'Malley in an adaptation of Barnaby for General Electric Theater . In 1963 , he appeared as Go - Go Garrity in the episode `` Is Mr. Martian Coming Back '' on NBC 's medical drama The Eleventh Hour . Other work ( edit ) Lahr as Skid in the Broadway revival of Burlesque , 1946 Among his numerous Broadway roles , Lahr starred as Skid in the Broadway revival of Burlesque from 1946 to 1948 and played multiple roles , including Queen Victoria , in the original Broadway musical Two on the Aisle from 1951 to 1952 . In late 1955 his name was mentioned by Larry Fine as a possible replacement for Shemp Howard , who had died suddenly , to be a part of the Three Stooges . Nothing came of it . In the late 1950s , he supplied the voice of a bloodhound in `` Old Whiff , '' a short cartoon produced by Mike Todd which featured the olfactory Smell - O - Vision process developed for Todd 's feature film Scent of Mystery ( 1960 ) . In 1964 he won the Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Musical for his role in the musical Foxy . At the American Shakespeare Festival he played Bottom in A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1960 ) , for which he received the Best Shakespearean Actor of the Year Award . `` Laughter is never too far away from tears , '' he reflected on his comedy . `` You will cry at a pedlar much easier than you would cry at a woman dressed in ermine who had just lost her whole family . '' Personal life ( edit ) Lahr 's first wife , Mercedes Delpino , developed mental health problems that left her hospitalized . This complicated his relationship with his second wife , Mildred Schroeder , as he had legal problems with getting a divorce in New York State . She grew tired of waiting and became involved with another man and married him . Lahr was heartbroken but eventually won her back . Lahr had three children , a son , Herbert , with Delpino , and a son and daughter with Schroeder . His younger son , John is a London - based drama critic and married to the actress and comedian Connie Booth ( Fawlty Towers ) . His daughter Jane is an author and literary editor . Death ( edit ) Lahr was filming The Night They Raided Minsky 's when he died on December 4 , 1967 at the age of 72 . The official cause of death was listed as pneumonia . Lahr had been hospitalized on November 21 for what was reported as a back ailment . In Notes on a Cowardly Lion : The Biography of Bert Lahr , John Lahr wrote : `` Bert Lahr died in the early morning of December 4 , 1967 . Two weeks before , he had returned home at 2 a.m. , chilled and feverish , from the damp studio where The Night They Raided Minsky 's was being filmed . Ordinarily , a man of his age and reputation would not have had to perform that late into the night , but he had waived that proviso in his contract because of his trust in the producer and his need to work . The newspapers reported the cause of death as pneumonia ; but he succumbed to cancer , a disease he feared but never knew he had . '' Most of Lahr 's scenes had already been shot . Norman Lear told the New York Times that `` through judicious editing we will be able to shoot the rest of the film so that his wonderful performance will remain intact . '' The producers used test footage of Lahr , plus an uncredited voice double and a body double , burlesque actor Joey Faye , to complete Lahr 's role . Filmography ( edit ) Faint Heart ( 1929 , Short ) - Rudolf Flying High ( 1931 ) - Rusty Mr. Broadway ( 1933 ) - Himself Hizzoner ( 1933 , Short ) - Bert Lahr , Cop Henry the Ache ( 1934 , Short ) - King Henry VIII No More West ( 1934 , Short ) - Gunpowder Bert Gold Bricks ( 1936 , Short ) - Bert Boy , Oh Boy ( 1936 , Short ) - The Butler Whose Baby Are You ? ( 1936 , Short ) - Bert Halibut Off the Horses ( 1937 , Short ) - Chester Twitt Montague the Magnificent ( 1937 , Short ) - Egbert Bunting / Roland Montague Merry Go Round of 1938 ( 1937 ) - Bert Lahr Love and Hisses ( 1937 ) - Sugar Boles Josette ( 1938 ) - Barney Barnaby Just Around the Corner ( 1938 ) - Gus Zaza ( 1939 ) - Cascart The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) - ' Zeke ' / The Cowardly Lion Sing Your Worries Away ( 1942 ) - Clarence ' Chow ' Brewster Ship Ahoy ( 1942 ) - ' Skip ' Owens Meet the People ( 1944 ) - The Commander Always Leave Them Laughing ( 1949 ) - Eddie Eagen Mister Universe ( 1951 ) - Joe Pulaski Rose Marie ( 1954 ) - Barney McCorkle The Second Greatest Sex ( 1955 ) - Job McClure The Night They Raided Minsky 's ( 1968 ) - Professor Spats ( final film role ) Stage productions ( edit ) Lahr as Louis Blore in the Broadway production of DuBarry Was a Lady , 1939 Harry Delmar 's Revels ( 1927 ) Hold Everything ! ( 1928 ) Flying High ( 1930 ) George White 's Music Hall Varieties ( 1932 ) Life Begins at 8 : 40 ( 1934 ) George White 's Scandals of 1936 ( 1936 ) The Show is On ( 1936 ) DuBarry Was a Lady ( 1939 ) Seven Lively Arts ( 1944 ) Burlesque ( 1946 ) Two on the Aisle ( 1951 ) Waiting for Godot ( 1956 ) Hotel Paradiso ( 1957 ) The Girls Against the Boys ( 1959 ) The Beauty Part ( 1962 ) Foxy ( 1964 ) Never Too Late ( 1965 ) The Birds ( 1966 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ American National Biography : Kurtzman - Lovecraft - John Arthur Garraty , Mark Christopher Carnes , American Council of Learned Societies - Google Books . Books.google.ca . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jacob Appel . St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture , 2002 . http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_bio/ai_2419200675/pg_1 Jump up ^ The Today Show , Ann Curry onterview with James Comisar - http://www.tvtour.org/today.html Jump up ^ PBS.org , `` Bert Lahr 's `` Wizard of Oz '' Script '' ( accessed 7 October 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Youtube.com , `` Bert Lahr 's `` Wizard of Oz '' Script Owner Interview Detroit `` , video uploaded by Antiques Roadshow PBS on 18 February 2014 ( accessed 7 October 2017 ) ^ Jump up to : Notes on a Cowardly Lion , by John Lahr Jump up ^ What 's My Line ? - The Harlem Globetrotters ; Bert Lahr ; Stubby Kaye ( panel ) ( Dec 30 , 1956 ) Jump up ^ Notes on a Cowardly Lion by John Lahr . Jump up ^ John Lahr ; Notes on a Cowardly Lion External links ( edit ) Biography portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bert Lahr . Bert Lahr at the Internet Broadway Database Bert Lahr on IMDb Bert Lahr at the TCM Movie Database Bert Lahr at Find a Grave Bert Lahr at Virtual History Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Paul Hartman ( 1948 ) Ray Bolger ( 1949 ) Ezio Pinza ( 1950 ) Robert Alda ( 1951 ) Phil Silvers ( 1952 ) Thomas Mitchell ( 1953 ) Alfred Drake ( 1954 ) Walter Slezak ( 1955 ) Ray Walston ( 1956 ) Rex Harrison ( 1957 ) Robert Preston ( 1958 ) Richard Kiley ( 1959 ) Jackie Gleason ( 1960 ) Richard Burton ( 1961 ) Robert Morse ( 1962 ) Zero Mostel ( 1963 ) Bert Lahr ( 1964 ) Zero Mostel ( 1965 ) Richard Kiley ( 1966 ) Robert Preston ( 1967 ) Robert Goulet ( 1968 ) Jerry Orbach ( 1969 ) Cleavon Little ( 1970 ) Hal Linden ( 1971 ) Phil Silvers ( 1972 ) Ben Vereen ( 1973 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1974 ) John Cullum ( 1975 ) George Rose ( 1976 ) Barry Bostwick ( 1977 ) John Cullum ( 1978 ) Len Cariou ( 1979 ) Jim Dale ( 1980 ) Kevin Kline ( 1981 ) Ben Harney ( 1982 ) Tommy Tune ( 1983 ) George Hearn ( 1984 ) No Award ( 1985 ) George Rose ( 1986 ) Robert Lindsay ( 1987 ) Michael Crawford ( 1988 ) Jason Alexander ( 1989 ) James Naughton ( 1990 ) Jonathan Pryce ( 1991 ) Gregory Hines ( 1992 ) Brent Carver ( 1993 ) Boyd Gaines ( 1994 ) Matthew Broderick ( 1995 ) Nathan Lane ( 1996 ) James Naughton ( 1997 ) Alan Cumming ( 1998 ) Martin Short ( 1999 ) Brian Stokes Mitchell ( 2000 ) Nathan Lane ( 2001 ) John Lithgow ( 2002 ) Harvey Fierstein ( 2003 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2004 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2005 ) John Lloyd Young ( 2006 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 2007 ) Paulo Szot ( 2008 ) David Alvarez , Trent Kowalik and Kiril Kulish ( 2009 ) Douglas Hodge ( 2010 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2011 ) Steve Kazee ( 2012 ) Billy Porter ( 2013 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2014 ) Michael Cerveris ( 2015 ) Leslie Odom Jr. ( 2016 ) Ben Platt ( 2017 ) Tony Shalhoub ( 2018 ) WorldCat Identities BNE : XX1544176 BNF : cb13941605k ( data ) GND : 134608119 ISNI : 0000 0003 6849 5612 LCCN : n82213991 MusicBrainz : de707a59 - d914 - 4553 - 88e6 - f09e1adf5690 NARA : 10569472 SNAC : w6b27xt6 VIAF : 37106579 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bert_Lahr&oldid=854017666 '' Categories : 1895 births 1967 deaths Male actors from New York City American people of German - Jewish descent American Burlesque performers Jewish American male actors Jewish comedians Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer contract players People from Yorkville , Manhattan Tony Award winners Vaudeville performers 20th - century American male actors Hidden categories : Biography with signature Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with IBDb links Turner Classic Movies person ID same as Wikidata Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 12 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the actor that played the cowardly lion | [
"Bert Lahr (August 13, 1895 – December 4, 1967) was an American actor of stage and screen, vaudevillian and comedian. Lahr is best known for his role as the Cowardly Lion, as well as his counterpart Kansas farmworker Zeke, in The Wizard of Oz (1939). He was well known for his explosive humor, but also adapted well to dramatic roles and his work in burlesque, vaudeville, and on Broadway.\n"
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-3390393382628313005 | List of NBA champions | List of NBA champions - wikipedia List of NBA champions This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 July 2018 . hide National Basketball Association awards and honors Championship O'Brien Trophy Brown Trophy ( defunct ) Individual awards All - Star Game MVP Bill Russell Finals MVP Coach of the Year Defensive Player of the Year Executive of the Year J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Community Assist Award Most Improved Player Most Valuable Player Rookie of the Year Sixth Man of the Year Sportsmanship Award Twyman -- Stokes Teammate of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award Honors All - NBA Team All - Rookie Team All - Defensive Team The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) ( formerly Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) from 1946 to 1949 ) Finals is the championship series for the NBA and the conclusion of the NBA 's postseason . All Finals have been played in a best - of - seven format , and contested between the winners of the Eastern Conference and the Western Conference ( formerly Divisions before 1970 ) , except in 1950 in which the Eastern Division champion faced the winner between the Western and Central Division champions . Prior to 1949 , the playoffs were instituted a three - stage tournament where the two semifinal winners played each other in the finals . The winning team of the series receives the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy . The home - and - away format in the NBA Finals is in a 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format ( the team with the better regular season record plays on their home court in Games 1 , 2 , 5 and 7 ) during 1947 -- 1948 , 1950 -- 1952 , 1957 -- 1970 , 1972 -- 1974 , 1976 -- 1977 , 1979 -- 1984 , 2014 -- present . It was previously in a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format ( the team with the better regular season record plays on their home court in Games 1 , 2 , 6 and 7 ) during 1949 , 1953 -- 1955 , and 1985 -- 2013 , in a 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format during 1956 and 1971 and in a 1 -- 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 format during 1975 and 1978 . The Eastern Conference / Division leads the Western Conference / Division in series won ( 38 -- 32 ) . The defunct Central Division won one championship . The Boston Celtics and the Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers alone own almost half of the titles , having won a combined 33 of 72 championships . Contents 1 Champions 2 Results by teams 3 Notes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Champions The first brackets in the Western Champion and Eastern Champion columns indicate the teams ' playoff seed . The second brackets indicate the number of times that teams have appeared in an NBA Finals as well as each respective team 's NBA Finals record to date . Bold Winning team of the NBA Finals Year Western Champion Coach Result Eastern Champion Coach Reference 1947 Chicago Stags ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Harold Olsen 1 -- 4 Philadelphia Warriors ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Eddie Gottlieb 1948 Baltimore Bullets ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Buddy Jeannette 4 -- 2 Philadelphia Warriors ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Eddie Gottlieb 1949 Minneapolis Lakers ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 2 Washington Capitols ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1950 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1 ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 2 Syracuse Nationals ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Al Cervi 1951 Rochester Royals ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Les Harrison 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 3 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Joe Lapchick 1952 Minneapolis Lakers ( 2 ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 3 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Joe Lapchick 1953 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1 ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 1 ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Joe Lapchick 1954 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1 ) ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 3 Syracuse Nationals ( 1 ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Al Cervi 1955 Fort Wayne Pistons ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Charles Eckman 3 -- 4 Syracuse Nationals ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Al Cervi 1956 Fort Wayne Pistons ( 1 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Charles Eckman 1 -- 4 Philadelphia Warriors ( 1 ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) George Senesky 1957 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Alex Hannum 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Red Auerbach 1958 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Alex Hannum 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1959 Minneapolis Lakers ( 2 ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) John Kundla 0 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1960 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Ed Macauley 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1961 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Paul Seymour 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1962 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 7 , 5 -- 2 ) Fred Schaus 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1963 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) Fred Schaus 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1964 San Francisco Warriors ( 1 ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Alex Hannum 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 8 , 7 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1965 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) Fred Schaus 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 9 , 8 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1966 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 10 , 5 -- 5 ) Fred Schaus 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 2 ) ( 10 , 9 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1967 San Francisco Warriors ( 1 ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Bill Sharman 2 -- 4 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Alex Hannum 1968 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 11 , 5 -- 6 ) Butch van Breda Kolff 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 2 ) ( 11 , 10 -- 1 ) Bill Russell 1969 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 12 , 5 -- 7 ) Butch van Breda Kolff 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 4 ) ( 12 , 11 -- 1 ) Bill Russell 1970 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 13 , 5 -- 8 ) Joe Mullaney 3 -- 4 New York Knicks ( 1 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Red Holzman 1971 Milwaukee Bucks ( 1 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Larry Costello 4 -- 0 Baltimore Bullets ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Gene Shue 1972 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 14 , 6 -- 8 ) Bill Sharman 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 2 ) ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) Red Holzman 1973 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 15 , 6 -- 9 ) Bill Sharman 1 -- 4 New York Knicks ( 2 ) ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Red Holzman Milwaukee Bucks ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Larry Costello 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 13 , 12 -- 1 ) Tom Heinsohn Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Al Attles 4 -- 0 Washington Bullets ( 2 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) K.C. Jones 1976 Phoenix Suns ( 3 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) John MacLeod 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 14 , 13 -- 1 ) Tom Heinsohn 1977 Portland Trail Blazers ( 3 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Jack Ramsey 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Gene Shue 1978 Seattle SuperSonics ( 4 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Lenny Wilkens 3 -- 4 Washington Bullets ( 3 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Dick Motta 1979 Seattle SuperSonics ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Lenny Wilkens 4 -- 1 Washington Bullets ( 1 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Dick Motta 1980 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 16 , 7 -- 9 ) Paul Westhead 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 3 ) ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Billy Cunningham 1981 Houston Rockets ( 6 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Del Harris 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 15 , 14 -- 1 ) Bill Fitch 1982 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 17 , 8 -- 9 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 3 ) ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Billy Cunningham Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 18 , 8 -- 10 ) Pat Riley 0 -- 4 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Billy Cunningham 1984 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 19 , 8 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 16 , 15 -- 1 ) K.C. Jones 1985 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 20 , 9 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 17 , 15 -- 2 ) K.C. Jones 1986 Houston Rockets ( 2 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Bill Fitch 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 18 , 16 -- 2 ) K.C. Jones Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 21 , 10 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 19 , 16 -- 3 ) K.C. Jones 1988 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 22 , 11 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 3 Detroit Pistons ( 2 ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Chuck Daly 1989 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 23 , 11 -- 12 ) Pat Riley 0 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Chuck Daly 1990 Portland Trail Blazers ( 3 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Rick Adelman 1 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Chuck Daly 1991 Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) ( 24 , 11 -- 13 ) Mike Dunleavy 1 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1992 Portland Trail Blazers ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Rick Adelman 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1993 Phoenix Suns ( 1 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Paul Westphal 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 2 ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1994 Houston Rockets ( 2 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Rudy Tomjanovich 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 2 ) ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Pat Riley 1995 Houston Rockets ( 6 ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rudy Tomjanovich 4 -- 0 Orlando Magic ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Brian Hill Seattle SuperSonics ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) George Karl 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1997 Utah Jazz ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Jerry Sloan 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1998 Utah Jazz ( 1 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Jerry Sloan 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 6 , 6 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1999 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 8 ) ( 8 , 2 -- 6 ) Jeff Van Gundy 2000 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 25 , 12 -- 13 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 2 Indiana Pacers ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Larry Bird 2001 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 26 , 13 -- 13 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 1 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Larry Brown 2002 Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) ( 27 , 14 -- 13 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 0 New Jersey Nets ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Byron Scott 2003 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 2 New Jersey Nets ( 2 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Byron Scott Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 28 , 14 -- 14 ) Phil Jackson 1 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 3 ) ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Larry Brown 2005 San Antonio Spurs ( 2 ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 3 Detroit Pistons ( 2 ) ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Larry Brown 2006 Dallas Mavericks ( 4 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Avery Johnson 2 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Pat Riley 2007 San Antonio Spurs ( 3 ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 0 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Mike Brown 2008 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 29 , 14 -- 15 ) Phil Jackson 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 20 , 17 -- 3 ) Doc Rivers 2009 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 30 , 15 -- 15 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 1 Orlando Magic ( 3 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Stan Van Gundy Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 31 , 16 -- 15 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 3 Boston Celtics ( 4 ) ( 21 , 17 -- 4 ) Doc Rivers 2011 Dallas Mavericks ( 3 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Rick Carlisle 4 -- 2 Miami Heat ( 2 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Erik Spoelstra 2012 Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Scott Brooks 1 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 2 ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Erik Spoelstra 2013 San Antonio Spurs ( 2 ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Gregg Popovich 3 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 1 ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Erik Spoelstra 2014 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 1 Miami Heat ( 2 ) ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Erik Spoelstra 2015 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) Steve Kerr 4 -- 2 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) David Blatt 2016 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) Steve Kerr 3 -- 4 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tyronn Lue 2017 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) Steve Kerr 4 -- 1 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Tyronn Lue 2018 Golden State Warriors ( 2 ) ( 10 , 6 -- 4 ) Steve Kerr 4 -- 0 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 4 ) ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) Tyronn Lue Results by teams Teams Win Loss Total Year ( s ) won Year ( s ) lost Boston Celtics 17 21 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 2008 1958 , 1985 , 1987 , 2010 Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers 16 15 31 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1972 , 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2009 , 2010 1959 , 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1973 , 1983 , 1984 , 1989 , 1991 , 2004 , 2008 Philadelphia / San Francisco / Golden State Warriors 6 10 1947 , 1956 , 1975 , 2015 , 2017 , 2018 1948 , 1964 , 1967 , 2016 Chicago Bulls 6 0 6 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 -- San Antonio Spurs 5 6 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 2013 Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers 6 9 1955 , 1967 , 1983 1950 , 1954 , 1977 , 1980 , 1982 , 2001 Fort Wayne / Detroit Pistons 7 1989 , 1990 , 2004 1955 , 1956 , 1988 , 2005 Miami Heat 5 2006 , 2012 , 2013 2011 , 2014 New York Knicks 6 8 1970 , 1973 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1972 , 1994 , 1999 Houston Rockets 1994 , 1995 1981 , 1986 Cleveland Cavaliers 5 2016 2007 , 2015 , 2017 , 2018 St. Louis / Atlanta Hawks 1958 1957 , 1960 , 1961 Baltimore / Washington Bullets / Washington Wizards 1978 1971 , 1975 , 1979 Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder 1979 1978 , 1996 , 2012 Portland Trail Blazers 1977 1990 , 1992 Milwaukee Bucks 1971 Dallas Mavericks 2011 2006 Baltimore Bullets ( original ) ( folded in 1954 ) 0 1948 -- Rochester / Cincinnati Royals / Kansas City / Sacramento Kings 0 1951 -- Phoenix Suns 0 -- 1976 , 1993 New Orleans / Utah Jazz 0 -- 1997 , 1998 New Jersey / Brooklyn Nets 0 -- 2002 , 2003 Orlando Magic 0 -- 1995 , 2009 Chicago Stags ( folded in 1950 ) 0 -- 1947 Washington Capitols ( folded in 1951 ) 0 -- 1949 Indiana Pacers 0 -- 2000 Buffalo Braves / San Diego / Los Angeles Clippers -- -- -- Charlotte Hornets / Bobcats -- -- -- Denver Nuggets -- -- -- Minnesota Timberwolves -- -- -- New Orleans Hornets / Pelicans -- -- -- Toronto Raptors -- -- -- Vancouver / Memphis Grizzlies -- -- -- Notes Jump up ^ Due to the NBA 's realignment into three divisions , the team with the best regular season record after the Divisional Finals advanced automatically to the NBA Finals while the other two teams faced off in the NBA Semifinals to determine the other finalist . Eastern Division champion Syracuse had the best regular season record among the division champions , causing Central Division ( no relation to the current Central Division ) champion Minneapolis to face Western Division champion Anderson Packers in the NBA Semifinals . Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Walter A. Brown . Jump up ^ The trophy was replaced by a new design . Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Larry O'Brien . Jump up ^ Due to a lockout , the season did not start until February 5 , 1999 , and all 29 teams played a shortened 50 game regular season schedule . Jump up ^ Due to a lockout , the season did not start until December 25 , 2011 and all 30 teams played a shortened 66 - game regular season schedule . Jump up ^ Not affiliated with the present - day Washington Wizards who were known as the Baltimore / Capital / Washington Bullets from 1963 to 1997 . See also National Basketball Association portal NBA Playoffs Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award List of NBA Development League champions List of NBA championship head coaches List of NBA players with most championships References Jump up ^ Rosen , Charley ( 2008 ) . The First Tip - Off : The Incredible Story of the Birth of the NBA . Mc - Graw Hill . pp. 211 -- 212 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 148785 - 9 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Corrie ; Reheuser , Rob ; et al. ( 2006 ) . Sporting News Official 2006 -- 2007 NBA Guide . Sporting News Books . ISBN 0 - 89204 - 854 - 9 . Jump up ^ Brown , Donald H. ( 2007 ) . A Best of Basketball Story . AuthorHouse . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 1 - 4343 - 4193 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` 1948 -- 49 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 -- 53 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 -- 54 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 -- 55 Syracuse Nationals Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Bob ( June 23 , 2005 ) . `` Time to turn back clock on format '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Vote is unanimous to change Finals '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 -- 56 Philadelphia Warriors Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 -- 71 Milwaukee Bucks Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 -- 75 Golden State Warriors Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 -- 78 Washington Bullets Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Win Inaugural Finals '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/playoffs/ Jump up ^ `` Mikan , Lakers Begin Championship Run '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1949 -- 50 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers : First Champs of Newly Formed NBA '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Royals Reign , Despite Knicks ' Unlikely Comeback '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Reclaim the NBA Crown '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Unstoppable in Big Apple '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Minneapolis Makes One Last Title Run '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nats Win First Title of Shot - Clock Era '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Reign Over League 's 10th Season '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Officially Launch Their Dynasty '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pettit Drops 50 on Celtics in Game 6 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Sweep Past Minneapolis '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks Force Game 7 , But Celtics Repeat '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Give Sharman Championship Sendoff '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics , Lakers Work OT to Start Rivalry '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cousy Retires as Six - Time Champion '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Boston ' D ' at Center of Title Defense '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Win Seventh Straight Finals '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Red Lights Cigar to Close Coaching Career '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Prolific Sixers Bring Ring to Philly '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Boston is Alive and Well '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` West 's Heroics Ca n't Deprive Russell of 11th Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gutsy Reed Rallies Knicks in Game 7 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big O ' Completes Bucks ' Championship Run '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers ' Legendary Season Leads to Elusive Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks Win One for the ' Aged ' '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Win First Title of Post-Russell Era '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Barry 's Warriors Produce Epic Upset '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Triple - OT Classic Highlights Boston 's 13th Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy '' . NBA.com . National Basketball Association . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The trophies '' . St. Petersburg Times . Times Publishing Company . April 10 , 2003 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Walton , Lucas Ignite ' Blazermania ' '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fat Lady ' Sings Victorious Tune for Bullets '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Leads the Way for Sonics '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rookie Makes the Lakers Believe in Magic '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Return to Glory '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers ' Arduous Season Ends in Victory '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Moses Helps Dr. J , Sixers Reach Promised Land '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Win First Bird - Magic Finals Showdown '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kareem , Lakers Conquer the Celtic Mystique '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Frontcourt Vaults Celtics to Front of the Pack '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Maneuvers Lakers Past Celtics '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Capture the Elusive Repeat '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Waiting Game Ends for Impatient Pistons '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Boys Still the Best '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Finally Get That Championship Feeling '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Repeat is Extra Sweet for Bulls '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Paxson 's Trey Propels Bulls Into NBA History '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Houston 's Championship : Dream Come True '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets Earn Respect With Finals Sweep '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls ' Record - Setting Season Ends in Victory '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` MJ Adds More Finals Heroics to His Legacy '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan 's Jumper Secures Chicago 's Sixth Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Donovan , John ( February 4 , 1999 ) . `` Let the semi-season begin : Expect injuries , intensity and a new champion in ' 99 '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Little General ' Marches Spurs to First Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq Makes Mark in New Millennium '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Take Two for Tinseltown '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Sweeping Statement '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Storybook Spurs ! '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Motown back at # 1 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Winning is fundamental '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wade 's world is Title Town '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sweeping success : Spurs win it ! '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Return to Glory : Celtics Win NBA Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Finishes Off Magic , Claims 15th Championship '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Revenge ! Lakers outlast Celtics in Game 7 for NBA title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cuban finally ends silence , emerges as a champion '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Two Exhibition Games for N.B.A. Teams '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` Champs ! James ' triple - double lifts Heat to title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` LeBron leads Heat to second straight title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Spurs beat Heat 104 - 87 in Game 5 to win NBA title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Withers , Tom ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Warriors win NBA title , down LeBron , Cavs 105 - 97 in Game 6 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NBA Finals -- Cleveland Cavaliers vs. Golden State Warriors '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 NBA Finals -- Cleveland Cavaliers vs. Golden State Warriors '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . External links hide Find more aboutNBAat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity NBA.com : List of champions NBA Finals Champions O'Brien Trophy Most Valuable Player Award Brown Trophy Championship ring Broadcasters Game sevens Droughts Streaks TV ratings 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 NBA champions 1947 : Philadelphia Warriors 1948 : Baltimore Bullets 1949 : Minneapolis Lakers 1950 : Minneapolis Lakers 1951 : Rochester Royals 1952 : Minneapolis Lakers 1953 : Minneapolis Lakers 1954 : Minneapolis Lakers 1955 : Syracuse Nationals 1956 : Philadelphia Warriors 1957 : Boston Celtics 1958 : St. Louis Hawks 1959 : Boston Celtics 1960 : Boston Celtics 1961 : Boston Celtics 1962 : Boston Celtics 1963 : Boston Celtics 1964 : Boston Celtics 1965 : Boston Celtics 1966 : Boston Celtics 1967 : Philadelphia 76ers 1968 : Boston Celtics 1969 : Boston Celtics 1970 : New York Knicks 1971 : Milwaukee Bucks 1972 : Los Angeles Lakers 1973 : New York Knicks 1974 : Boston Celtics 1975 : Golden State Warriors 1976 : Boston Celtics 1977 : Portland Trail Blazers 1978 : Washington Bullets 1979 : Seattle SuperSonics 1980 : Los Angeles Lakers 1981 : Boston Celtics 1982 : Los Angeles Lakers 1983 : Philadelphia 76ers 1984 : Boston Celtics 1985 : Los Angeles Lakers 1986 : Boston Celtics 1987 : Los Angeles Lakers 1988 : Los Angeles Lakers 1989 : Detroit Pistons 1990 : Detroit Pistons 1991 : Chicago Bulls 1992 : Chicago Bulls 1993 : Chicago Bulls 1994 : Houston Rockets 1995 : Houston Rockets 1996 : Chicago Bulls 1997 : Chicago Bulls 1998 : Chicago Bulls 1999 : San Antonio Spurs 2000 : Los Angeles Lakers 2001 : Los Angeles Lakers 2002 : Los Angeles Lakers 2003 : San Antonio Spurs 2004 : Detroit Pistons 2005 : San Antonio Spurs 2006 : Miami Heat 2007 : San Antonio Spurs 2008 : Boston Celtics 2009 : Los Angeles Lakers 2010 : Los Angeles Lakers 2011 : Dallas Mavericks 2012 : Miami Heat 2013 : Miami Heat 2014 : San Antonio Spurs 2015 : Golden State Warriors 2016 : Cleveland Cavaliers 2017 : Golden State Warriors 2018 : Golden State Warriors National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 Africa 2017 Africa 2018 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All - Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2018 -- 19 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NBA_champions&oldid=852613238 '' Categories : National Basketball Association Finals National Basketball Association lists Lists of sports championships Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use mdy dates from June 2018 Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Español Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia ქართული Latviešu Magyar Русский Simple English Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 05 : 34 ( UTC ) . 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"\n\nTeams\nWin\nLoss\nTotal\nYear(s) won\nYear(s) lost\n\n\nBoston Celtics\n17\n4\n21\n1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1974, 1976, 1981, 1984, 1986, 2008\n1958, 1985, 1987, 2010\n\n\nMinneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers\n16\n15\n31\n1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1972, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010\n1959, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1973, 1983, 1984, 1989, 1991, 2004, 2008\n\n\nPhiladelphia/San Francisco/Golden State Warriors\n6\n4\n10\n1947, 1956, 1975, 2015, 2017, 2018\n1948, 1964, 1967, 2016\n\n\nChicago Bulls\n6\n0\n6\n1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998\n—\n\n\nSan Antonio Spurs\n5\n1\n6\n1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2014\n2013\n\n\nSyracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers\n3\n6\n9\n1955, 1967, 1983\n1950, 1954, 1977, 1980, 1982, 2001\n\n\nFort Wayne/Detroit Pistons\n3\n4\n7\n1989, 1990, 2004\n1955, 1956, 1988, 2005\n\n\nMiami Heat\n3\n2\n5\n2006, 2012, 2013\n2011, 2014\n\n\nNew York Knicks\n2\n6\n8\n1970, 1973\n1951, 1952, 1953, 1972, 1994, 1999\n\n\nHouston Rockets\n2\n2\n4\n1994, 1995\n1981, 1986\n\n\nCleveland Cavaliers\n1\n4\n5\n2016\n2007, 2015, 2017, 2018\n\n\nSt. Louis/Atlanta Hawks\n1\n3\n4\n1958\n1957, 1960, 1961\n\n\nBaltimore/Washington Bullets/Washington Wizards\n1\n3\n4\n1978\n1971, 1975, 1979\n\n\nSeattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder\n1\n3\n4\n1979\n1978, 1996, 2012\n\n\nPortland Trail Blazers\n1\n2\n3\n1977\n1990, 1992\n\n\nMilwaukee Bucks\n1\n1\n2\n1971\n1974\n\n\nDallas Mavericks\n1\n1\n2\n2011\n2006\n\n\nBaltimore Bullets (original) (folded in 1954)[g]\n1\n0\n1\n1948\n—\n\n\nRochester/Cincinnati Royals/Kansas City/Sacramento Kings\n1\n0\n1\n1951\n—\n\n\nPhoenix Suns\n0\n2\n2\n—\n1976, 1993\n\n\nNew Orleans/Utah Jazz\n0\n2\n2\n—\n1997, 1998\n\n\nNew Jersey/Brooklyn Nets\n0\n2\n2\n—\n2002, 2003\n\n\nOrlando Magic\n0\n2\n2\n—\n1995, 2009\n\n\nChicago Stags (folded in 1950)\n0\n1\n1\n—\n1947\n\n\nWashington Capitols (folded in 1951)\n0\n1\n1\n—\n1949\n\n\nIndiana Pacers\n0\n1\n1\n—\n2000\n\n\nBuffalo Braves/San Diego/Los Angeles Clippers\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n\n\nCharlotte Hornets/Bobcats\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n\n\nDenver Nuggets\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n\n\nMinnesota Timberwolves\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n\n\nNew Orleans Hornets/Pelicans\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n\n\nToronto Raptors\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n\n\nVancouver/Memphis Grizzlies\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n"
] | [
"Boston Celtics"
] |
4482920277039245803 | Timon and Pumbaa | Timon and Pumbaa - wikipedia Timon and Pumbaa Jump to : navigation , search For the television series with these characters , see Timon & Pumbaa ( TV series ) . `` Pumbaa '' redirects here . For Pune University 's business management department , see University of Pune . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Timon First appearance The Lion King ( 1994 ) Created by Jonathan Roberts Voiced by Nathan Lane ( films , Timon & Pumbaa , The Lion King Animated Storybook , The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure ( cutscenes only ) , Circle of Life : An Environmental Fable ) Kevin Schon ( Timon & Pumbaa , House of Mouse , The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure , The Lion Guard ) Quinton Flynn ( Timon & Pumbaa ) Bruce Lanoil ( Kingdom Hearts II , Disney Th ! nk Fast , Wild about Safety shorts ) Billy Eichner ( 2019 Live Action Remake ) Species Meerkat Pumbaa First appearance The Lion King ( 1994 ) Created by Jonathan Roberts Voiced by Ernie Sabella Seth Rogen ( 2019 Live Action Remake ) Species Warthog Timon and Pumbaa are an animated meerkat and warthog duo introduced in Disney 's 1994 animated film The Lion King . Timon was portrayed through his many appearances by Nathan Lane ( in all three films and early episodes of the show ) , Max Casella ( the original actor in The Lion King Broadway musical ) , Kevin Schon ( in certain episodes of the show ) , Quinton Flynn ( in certain episodes of the show ) , Bruce Lanoil in the Wild About Safety shorts and Kingdom Hearts II , and while Pumbaa is voiced by Ernie Sabella ( in all of his animated speaking appearances ) , and was portrayed by Tom Alan Robbins in the original cast of the Broadway musical . In the upcoming live - action remake , the characters will be portrayed by Billy Eichner and Seth Rogen respectively . Nathan Lane and Ernie Sabella first came to audition for the roles of the hyenas , but when the producers saw how well they worked together they decided to cast them as Timon and Pumbaa . Lyricist Tim Rice however was pulling for Rik Mayall ( for Timon ) and Adrian Edmondson ( for Pumbaa ) to play the roles , as he got the idea for the lyrics to `` Hakuna Matata '' by watching their show Bottom . As with many characters in Lion King , Pumbaa 's name derives from the East African language Swahili . In Swahili , pumbaa ( v . ) means `` to be foolish , silly , weakminded , careless , negligent '' . Timon is one of the few characters whose name has no meaning in Swahili ; Timon is a historical Greek name , taken to mean `` he who respects '' . Timon 's name may also possibly derive from Shakespeare 's tragedy Timon of Athens , another Shakespeare reference in a film which derives its plot from Hamlet . Timon is a wise - cracking and self - absorbed meerkat who is known for claiming Pumbaa 's ideas as his own , while Pumbaa has flatulence issues . However , Pumbaa is also a fierce warrior , charging into battle like a battering ram , and taking great offense if anyone who 's not his friend calls him a pig , at which point he exclaims `` They call me Mister pig ! '' -- a reference to Sidney Poitier 's line `` They call me Mister Tibbs ! '' from the 1967 film In the Heat of the Night . Unlike real meerkats , Timon can walk on his hind legs , while in real life , meerkats walk on all four legs and can only stand on their hind ones . In the wild , banded mongoose have a special relationship with warthogs , which is portrayed in the Disney film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 1.1 The Lion King 1.2 The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride 1.3 The Lion King 11⁄2 1.4 The Lion King 's Timon & Pumbaa 1.5 The Lion Guard 2 Other appearances 2.1 Kingdom Hearts 2.2 Walt Disney Parks and Resorts 2.3 Educational shorts 3 References Appearances The Lion King Main article : The Lion King Based on the characters Rosencrantz and Guildenstern from Hamlet , Timon and Pumbaa are played by Nathan Lane and Ernie Sabella . Timon was animated and created by Michael Surrey . They made their first appearances in the 1994 film when they shooed away the vultures that swarmed around young Simba , who had collapsed from heat exhaustion . Timon and Pumbaa then took the collapsed lion cub back to a small pool , where they splashed water on him to wake him up . After Simba is awakened by the two , they introduce themselves and welcome Simba to stay with them and follow their hakuna matata philosophy . At first , Simba is confused about Timon and Pumbaa 's lifestyle , but it is explained to him in the song `` Hakuna Matata '' . Many years later , while out on a musical walk with Timon , Pumbaa is distracted by a bug , which he follows into the jungle . The bug leads him right to a hungry lioness prowling around , who then tries to hunt down Pumbaa . She chases the warthog until Simba springs into action , and the two lions engage in conflict . When the lioness pins Simba , he recognizes her as Nala , his childhood playmate . They are happy to be together , but Timon is jealous after they leave for a night of romance . He and Pumbaa start singing the song `` Can You Feel The Love Tonight ? '' and are joined by Simba and Nala on their night out . Still , the two help Simba defeat Scar and gain his rightful place as the king of the Pride Lands , most notably when they create a hula distraction to lure away Scar 's hyenas . Pumbaa single - handedly drives off Shenzi , Banzai and Ed . They also stand on top of Pride Rock along with Simba and Nala when Rafiki presents Simba and Nala 's newborn cub to the animals of the Pride Lands . The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride Main article : The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride It is unclear whether Timon and Pumbaa have taken up residence at Pride Rock , or just make frequent visits . They serve as aides to Simba , and are often called upon to keep an eye on his adventurous daughter Kiara so in a way replacing Zazu 's role as babysitters . Despite being bumbling , Simba trusts them to look after Kiara , and does not blame them when Kiara runs off as Kiara is known to do just that . When Kiara goes on her first hunt , they are hired to make sure she wo n't get hurt . Enraged , she escapes from the Pridelands to hunt outside the boundary . Timon and Pumbaa also teach Kovu how to have fun after he forgets due to years of indoctrination in hatred . When Kovu 's pride , the Outsiders , turn on Simba and ambush him , Timon is on Simba 's side automatically , not even wanting to hear his argument . They later assist in the battle against Kovu 's manipulative and vengeful mother Zira , and her pride of exiled lions , but get chased off and cornered by a group , until Timon threatens to use Pumbaa 's tail as a gun and use his gas on them causing them to flee in fear . Despite being slightly cowardly , they are willing to fight for what is right . When Simba tries to make peace with Zira after realizing that both prides `` were one '' , he uses the same advice Timon and Pumbaa gave him when he was a cub ( put the past behind you ) showing how much he had learned from his old friends . The Lion King 11⁄2 Main article : The Lion King 11⁄2 Timon and Pumbaa are the main characters in this followup , and are revealed to have passed by and caused some key events in the first film before their first appearance . Timon , his mother Ma and Uncle Max were part of a group of meerkats who lived on the savannah , but he was unable to do any job properly , and almost led to the meerkat being eaten by the hyenas Shenzi , Banzai and Ed ( Pumbaa was revealed to have blocked out part of the scene by sitting on the remote ) . Feeling depressed , he received counsel from Rafiki , who taught him the `` Hakuna Matata '' philosophy and told him to `` look beyond what you see . '' Timon took this literally , and set off to find the ultimate paradise . Along the way , he first encountered Pumbaa , and the two became friends . On the way to find paradise , they passed by the presentation of Simba ( it turns out that Pumbaa accidentally passed some gas and the smell made a few animals collapse , causing the other animals to think they were bowing and later they all bowed ) and Mufasa was very puzzled at seeing this and his majordomo Zazu then tells him they are bowing to his son ; Simba , Nala , and when the animals are singing `` I Just Ca n't Wait To Be King '' ( it was Timon who hit an elephant 's leg with a stick , causing the tower of animals to collapse ) ; the elephant graveyard where Mufasa was on his way to save Simba and Nala from the hyenas ( `` I see carnivores '' ) ; the hyenas marching to `` Be Prepared '' ( `` something tells me this ai n't the traveling company of Riverdance '' ) ; and the wildebeest stampede ( `` Shall we run for our lives ? '' `` Oh yes , let 's . '' ) . Finally , they reach a beautiful oasis and are enjoying life until they find a collapsed Simba . After rescuing Simba , Timon and Pumbaa find themselves with their hands full trying to keep up with the mischievous cub . The film also shows more of Simba 's life with Timon and Pumbaa before Nala came along , stating that Simba had beaten Timon in every bug - eating contest they had done with one another . Timon and Pumbaa , afraid that Nala would take away their friend , attempted to spoil Simba and Nala 's date by letting out bees , a spider , and tripping the two ( explaining why they fell down the hill in the first film ) , but all failed . Later on , they see Simba and Nala quarrelling . They also mistake the appearance of Mufasa 's ghost as bad weather ( `` I think the storm is coming to a head '' ) . After they realize Simba has gone back to take his rightful place as king , it is revealed that Pumbaa had set off to help Simba before Timon , who was indifferent and reluctant . Timon eventually came to his senses thanks to Rafiki 's continued advice , and quickly followed , after which Rafiki says , `` My work here is done . '' The duo provides their hula distraction ( shown in the first film . This apparently was Timon 's fault because before he did the dance , he asked Simba what his plan was to get past the hyenas , Simba replies `` Live bait . '' When Timon realizes he and Pumbaa were the live bait , he sarcastically asked Simba `` What do you want me to do ? Dress in drag and do the hula ? '' . A few seconds later , the hyenas wake up and see Timon in a hula skirt , a flower , and a flower necklace and Pumbaa like a cooked pig ) , the two run into Ma and Uncle Max , who had been searching for Timon ever since he left the meerkat colony . Later on during the fight , they defeated the hyenas by digging a massive tunnel network , sending the hyenas down Pride Rock where they get to take revenge on Scar who had betrayed them . This scene explains what happened to Timon and Pumbaa while Simba is fighting Scar . After Scar is killed in the first film and this film , Timon and Pumbaa show up alive and unharmed against the hyenas that chased them , suggesting to audiences that they have either outsmarted or beat up the hyenas in the first film . At the end , Timon takes his entire meerkat colony to live in the oasis , free from threats . Despite the appearance of Timon 's mother , Ma ( who was also given reference in at least one episode of Timon and Pumbaa ) and his Uncle Max ( believed to be his great uncle due to his age - which may be premature - and the fact that Ma also calls him ' Uncle ' Max ) , Timon 's father is never mentioned . However , in deleted scenes , Timon 's father is an active character , though he was apparently replaced by Uncle Max . The Lion King 's Timon & Pumbaa Main article : Timon & Pumbaa ( TV series ) Timon and Pumbaa starred in their own animated television series which focuses on their lives . The duo is seen having misadventures in the jungle and they are also seen visiting different places around the world , such as the United States , Spain , and France . This series also reveals their last names : Timon 's is revealed to be Berkowitz while Pumbaa 's is revealed to be Smith . It is revealed in the series that before Timon met Pumbaa , he had a best friend named Fred , who enjoys pulling practical jokes . In the episode `` Isle of Manhood '' , it is shown that Timon attempts to pass the test of manhood in order to become brave and manly instead of the cowardly meerkat he sometimes claims himself to be . In Pumbaa 's case , it is revealed that he was once a member of a warthog sounder , but by the time he was fully grown , the warthogs banished him because of his smell , which was appalling even by warthog standards . It is also stated that years before the episode `` Madagascar About You '' , an arranged marriage has been set up for Pumbaa before he was even born . It is notable that a pre-existing storyline of how Timon met Pumbaa appeared in this series . This would make the series and The Lion King 11⁄2 independent continuities . However , this pre-existing storyline was later retconned into being a fictional story that Rafiki was telling Zazu . The Lion Guard Main article : The Lion Guard Timon and Pumbaa appear with several of the film 's other characters in the Disney Junior series The Lion Guard , which centers around Simba 's second - born cub , Kion . During the series , which is set within the time gap in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , Timon and Pumbaa are adoptive uncles of a young honey badger named Bunga , who is one of the members of the Lion Guard . When Bunga was an infant , he encountered Timon and Pumbaa singing `` Utamu . '' Instantly smitten , Bunga had begun following them around . Pumbaa wanted to keep Bunga , but Timon did n't want to raise anymore kids since he and Pumbaa have already done so with Simba , but the two friends see that the honey badger wants to be with them as well . Before he accepted Bunga , Timon instructed the honey badger to climb a tree and fetch them some Utamu grubs . When Bunga had succeeded and given the grubs to Timon , the meerkat had allowed him to stay , and the three have lived together ever since . Other appearances Stencil ( Puma AG parody ) Timon and Pumbaa made regular appearances in the animated television series Disney 's House of Mouse ( 2001 -- 2002 ) as guests and also appeared in Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse . An occasional running gag in the show involved Timon trying to eat Jiminy Cricket , only to be stopped by Pumbaa . The two have made cameos in other Disney films . In Aladdin and the King of Thieves , the Genie turns into Pumbaa in a scene saying , `` Hakuna Matata '' ( 1 ) ( he also states that he had an `` out - of - movie experience '' ) . Timon appears briefly in the Virtual Magic Carpet Ride game included on disc 2 of the 2004 Aladdin Platinum Edition DVD . In Enchanted , Pip accidentally transforms himself momentarily into Pumbaa in the DVD extra `` Pip 's Predicament : A Pop - Up Adventure '' . Pumbaa also makes a cameo appearance in the `` Good Neighbor Cruella '' episode of 101 Dalmatians : The Series , as well as making a cameo appearance in Tangled . They also appear on the packaging of the Kellogg 's cereal `` Chocolate Mud & Bugs '' . A toy Pumbaa briefly appears in the music video to Steps 's version of Tragedy in the bedroom of band member H . In The Jungle Book 2 , Timon and Pumbaa can briefly be seen dancing during the song `` W-I-L-D '' until Baloo bounces them off with his backside . Kingdom Hearts They reprise their roles from The Lion King in the 2006 video game Kingdom Hearts II . They charge in to battle the hyenas , and are saved by the game 's main protagonists Sora , Donald Duck , and Goofy . After Simba 's coronation , they fear that Simba will forget them and let the other lions eat them , though Sora assures them that Simba will never forget them . Pumbaa later shows his bravery by standing between a pregnant Nala and Scar 's `` ghost '' . Ernie Sabella reprises his role as Pumbaa , while Timon is voiced by Bruce Lanoil . Coincidentally , Quinton Flynn also had a role in the game , providing the voice for Axel of Organization XIII . Walt Disney parks and resorts Timon welcomes guests of Disney 's Animal Kingdom at Walt Disney World . Timon also appears at the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts as a meetable character . Pumbaa also appears on certain floats in certain parades or shows . Timon and Pumbaa are also the mascots used at Disney World to help kids and parents understand safety issues in the Disney parks and resorts . They are also featured on the Disney Safety website which was created in conjunction with Animax Entertainment . Timon and Pumbaa were also main characters in Legend of the Lion King , a former Fantasyland attraction in Walt Disney World 's Magic Kingdom , which retold the story of the film using fully articulated puppets . The two also make cameo appearances in the Hong Kong Disneyland and the Disneyland versions of It 's a Small World . They appeared along with Simba in the 1995 film Circle of Life : An Environmental Fable , an edutainment film at Epcot 's Land Pavilion . Timon and Pumbaa both feature in Festival of the Lion King at Animal Kingdom . Educational shorts In 2008 , 2009 , 2012 and 2013 , Disney Educational Productions and Underwriters Laboratories coproduced an educational film series called Wild About Safety : Safety Smart with Timon and Pumbaa , where Pumbaa educated Timon on how to stay safe . Ernie Sabella reprised his role as Pumbaa , while Timon was voiced by Bruce Lanoil . Each installment was approximately 11 minutes long . They are all animated in the style of the 1994 TV show . The following titles were produced : Wild About Safety : Safety Smart At Home ! Wild About Safety : Safety Smart Healthy and Fit ! Wild About Safety : Safety Smart About Fire ! Wild About Safety : Safety Smart Goes Green ! Wild About Safety : Safety Smart In The Water ! Wild About Safety : Safety Smart Online ! Wild About Safety : Safety Smart Honest & Real ! Wild About Safety : Safety Smart On The Go ! References Jump up ^ www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/841623-timon-and-pumbaa Jump up ^ `` Pumba '' in Swahili - English Dictionary Jump up ^ Timon : What do you want me to do ? Dress in drag and do the hula ? Nathan Lane ( 1994 ) . The Lion King ( Animated film ) . Walt Disney Pictures . Jump up ^ Brett , Susan ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW : Disney 's The Lion Guard creator Ford Riley talks new Lion King sequel '' . TVdaily.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . ( hide ) The Lion King Films The Lion King ( 1994 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride The Lion King 11⁄2 The Lion King ( 2019 ) Theater The Lion King Television and short films Timon & Pumbaa episodes Wild About Safety The Lion Guard episodes Characters Simba Timon and Pumbaa Nala Scar Music The Lion King `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' The Lion King musical `` Endless Night '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` Shadowland '' Other Return to Pride Rock `` Love Will Find a Way '' Rhythm of the Pride Lands `` He Lives in You '' Video games The Lion King ( 1994 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook : The Lion King ( 1994 ) Timon & Pumbaa 's Jungle Games ( 1996 ) The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure ( 2000 ) The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2003 ) Attractions Circle of Life : An Environmental Fable The Legend of the Lion King Festival of the Lion King The Lion King Celebration Disney portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timon_and_Pumbaa&oldid=795651112 '' Categories : The Lion King characters Kingdom Hearts characters Fictional insectivores Fictional warthogs Fictional mongooses Fictional characters introduced in 1994 Film sidekicks Animated duos Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Cebuano Dansk 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Português Suomi தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2017 , at 16 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays timon and pumbaa in the lion king | [
"Timon and Pumbaa are an animated meerkat and warthog duo introduced in Disney's 1994 animated film The Lion King. Timon was portrayed through his many appearances by Nathan Lane (in all three films and early episodes of the show), Max Casella (the original actor in The Lion King Broadway musical), Kevin Schon (in certain episodes of the show), Quinton Flynn (in certain episodes of the show), Bruce Lanoil in the Wild About Safety shorts and Kingdom Hearts II, and while Pumbaa is voiced by Ernie Sabella (in all of his animated speaking appearances), and was portrayed by Tom Alan Robbins in the original cast of the Broadway musical. In the upcoming live-action remake, the characters will be portrayed by Billy Eichner and Seth Rogen respectively.[1] Nathan Lane and Ernie Sabella first came to audition for the roles of the hyenas, but when the producers saw how well they worked together they decided to cast them as Timon and Pumbaa. Lyricist Tim Rice however was pulling for Rik Mayall (for Timon) and Adrian Edmondson (for Pumbaa) to play the roles, as he got the idea for the lyrics to \"Hakuna Matata\" by watching their show Bottom.",
"Timon and Pumbaa are an animated meerkat and warthog duo introduced in Disney's 1994 animated film The Lion King. Timon was portrayed through his many appearances by Nathan Lane (in all three films and early episodes of the show), Max Casella (the original actor in The Lion King Broadway musical), Kevin Schon (in certain episodes of the show), Quinton Flynn (in certain episodes of the show), Bruce Lanoil in the Wild About Safety shorts and Kingdom Hearts II, and while Pumbaa is voiced by Ernie Sabella (in all of his animated speaking appearances), and was portrayed by Tom Alan Robbins in the original cast of the Broadway musical. In the upcoming live-action remake, the characters will be portrayed by Billy Eichner and Seth Rogen respectively.[1] Nathan Lane and Ernie Sabella first came to audition for the roles of the hyenas, but when the producers saw how well they worked together they decided to cast them as Timon and Pumbaa. Lyricist Tim Rice however was pulling for Rik Mayall (for Timon) and Adrian Edmondson (for Pumbaa) to play the roles, as he got the idea for the lyrics to \"Hakuna Matata\" by watching their show Bottom."
] | [
"Billy Eichner",
"Seth Rogen"
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384990770295077220 | Led Zeppelin concerts | Led Zeppelin concerts - wikipedia Led Zeppelin concerts Jump to : navigation , search Robert Plant ( left ) and Jimmy Page ( right ) on stage in Chicago at Chicago Stadium , April 10 , 1977 . From September 1968 until the summer of 1980 , English rock band Led Zeppelin were one of the world 's most popular live music attractions , performing hundreds of sold - out concerts around the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Characteristics 3 Recordings and live concert footage 4 Concert tour chronology 5 Reunion concerts 6 External links 7 Sources 8 References History ( edit ) Throughout the late 1960s and 1970s , Led Zeppelin made numerous concert tours of the United States , the United Kingdom and Europe in particular . They performed over 600 concerts , initially playing small clubs and ballrooms and then , as their popularity increased , larger venues and arenas as well . In the early years of their existence , Led Zeppelin made a concerted effort to establish themselves as a compelling live music act . As was recalled by bass player John Paul Jones : ( Led ) Zeppelin was a live band and that 's how we got our reputation . The press hated us in the early days . Our only way of promotion was to play a lot of live shows , especially in the UK . It used to spread by word - of - mouth . However , though the band made several early tours of the UK , the majority of Led Zeppelin 's live concerts were performed in the United States , which was settled on as the primary foundation for their fame and accomplishment . In 1969 , for example , all but 33 of the band 's 139 shows were performed in the U.S. , and between the years 1968 and 1971 they made no fewer than nine tours of North America . `` It felt like a vacuum and we 'd arrived to fill it '' , guitarist Jimmy Page once told journalist Cameron Crowe . `` It was like a tornado , and it went rolling across the country . '' After touring almost incessantly during its early years , Led Zeppelin later limited its tour appearances to alternating years : 1973 , 1975 , 1977 and 1979 . From the early 1970s , the commercial and popular drawing power of Led Zeppelin was such that the band began to embark on major stadium tours which attracted vast crowds , more than they had previously performed to . During their 1973 tour of the United States , they played to 56,800 fans at Tampa Stadium , Florida , breaking the record set by The Beatles at Shea Stadium in 1965 . Similar crowds were drawn on Led Zeppelin 's subsequent U.S. tours , and they continued to break attendance records ( on April 30 , 1977 they played to 76,229 fans at the Pontiac Silverdome , Michigan , a world record attendance for a solo indoor attraction ) . It is for these reasons that Led Zeppelin , as much as any other band or artist in this era , is credited for helping to establish what has come to be known as stadium rock . Many critics attribute the band 's rapid rise as much to their tremendous appeal as a live act as they do to the quality of their studio albums . Led Zeppelin also performed at several music festivals over the years , including the Atlanta International and the Texas International Pop Festivals in 1969 , the Bath Festival of Blues in 1969 and the next one in 1970 , the `` Days on the Green '' in Oakland , California in 1977 , and the Knebworth Music Festival in 1979 . Characteristics ( edit ) Led Zeppelin 's reputation as a compelling live act is often attributed to the tight understanding and musical chemistry achieved between all four group members , combined with a shared willingness to try new things on - stage , which resulted in dynamic , unpredictable performances . As is noted by Led Zeppelin archivists Dave Lewis and Simon Pallett : Led Zeppelin live was an extraordinary animal . From the very beginning no two performances were alike . Such was the creative spark between the four that the basic structures of their songs were repeatedly reworked , extended and improvised on , making their studio counterparts almost unrecognisable . Led Zeppelin have been described as the kind of group that actually rehearsed on stage , experimenting with the reaction of the audiences to new material and letting the pieces mature through the live experience . Several tracks from their albums were debuted on stage well before their official release on vinyl . Jimmy Page himself has said that most of the band 's songs were designed for live performance . Every show we did was different . You never knew when you went onstage what you might do by the end of it ... Once a song was recorded , and it went into the set , it began to mutate . The whole improvisational aspect , the riffs coming out of the ether ... it was a magical vehicle collectively soaring into the stratosphere . And as more albums came out , the set got longer and longer . In an interview he gave to Uncut magazine in 2005 , Page elaborated : The beauty of playing in the band was that when we went onstage we never actually knew what was going to go on within the framework of the songs . They were constantly changing . New parts would come out on the night . The spontaneity was on the level of ESP , which meant it was always exciting . As described by Cameron Crowe , `` ( Led ) Zeppelin live was a direct descendant from Elvis ' early shows . Raw , direct , a reminder of when rock was young . '' With such shared enthusiasm for playing a diverse range of musical styles coupled with their emphasis on extended improvisation , Led Zeppelin 's concerts frequently extended for several hours . Recalled Jones : Things got extended a lot to keep ourselves from going mad . Every tour we tried to cut it down , especially in the later years . We 'd say we 're only going to play an - hour - and - a-half . After a week , it would creep back up to two hours . By the end of the tour it 's three hours ! During the 1977 tour of the U.S. , Peter Grant 's 11 - year - old son Warren was physically assaulted by promoter Bill Graham 's right - hand man Jim Matzorkis . As a result , from that time onwards , the band refused to allow family members to join them on tour . After their 1977 tour of the U.S. -- their last major tour -- the band chose to abandon much of the `` mystical '' image that surrounded them up to that point . Instead members would wear ordinary street clothes during their concerts and the setlist was toned down by excluding long , elaborate solo numbers like Bonham 's `` Moby Dick '' and Page 's trademark bowed guitar solo accompanied by a laser show . Recordings and live concert footage ( edit ) Many of the band 's shows have been preserved as Led Zeppelin bootleg recordings , which continue to be prized by collectors and fans . In addition , footage of Led Zeppelin concerts has been released officially on the band 's 1973 concert film The Song Remains the Same , and on the Led Zeppelin DVD ( 2003 ) . However , unlike other artists of the era such as The Who and The Rolling Stones , comparatively little official concert footage exists of Led Zeppelin . This is largely because of the successful efforts of manager Peter Grant to limit the exposure of the band to television appearances , in order to encourage fans who wanted to see the band to attend Led Zeppelin concerts . Of the few professionally shot concerts the band did , ( excluding their July 1973 concert at Madison Square Garden on The Song Remains the Same ) six are today available to fans through bootlegs . These concerts include the last two nights of their five - concert run at Earls Court Arena in London in May 1975 , their show in Seattle 's Kingdome in 1977 and their two shows at Knebworth in August 1979 . In addition to these , their Royal Albert Hall performance from January 1970 is available . Concert tour chronology ( edit ) September 1968 -- Scandinavian Tour 1968 October -- December 1968 -- UK Tour 1968 December 1968 - February 1969 -- North American Tour 1968 -- 1969 March -- April 1969 -- UK and Scandinavian Tour 1969 April -- May 1969 -- North American Tour Spring 1969 June 1969 -- UK Tour Summer 1969 July -- August 1969 -- North American Tour Summer 1969 October 1969 -- European Tour Autumn 1969 October -- December 1969 -- North American Tour Autumn 1969 January 1970 -- UK Tour 1970 February -- March 1970 -- European Tour 1970 March -- April 1970 -- North American Tour Spring 1970 June -- July 1970 -- Tour of Iceland , Bath & Germany 1970 August -- September 1970 -- North American Tour Summer 1970 March -- April 1971 -- United Kingdom Tour Spring 1971 May -- August 1971 -- European Tour 1971 August -- September 1971 -- North American Tour 1971 September 1971 -- Japanese Tour 1971 November -- December 1971 -- United Kingdom Tour Winter 1971 February 1972 -- Australasian Tour 1972 May -- June 1972 -- North American Tour 1972 October 1972 -- Japanese Tour 1972 October 1972 - January 1973 -- UK Tour 1972 / 1973 March -- April 1973 -- European Tour 1973 May -- July 1973 -- North American Tour 1973 January -- March 1975 -- North American Tour 1975 May 1975 -- Earls Court 1975 April -- July 1977 -- North American Tour 1977 August 1979 -- Two warm - up concerts in Denmark and Knebworth Festival 1979 June -- July 1980 -- Tour Over Europe 1980 Reunion concerts ( edit ) Since Led Zeppelin disbanded following the death of drummer John Bonham in 1980 , the three surviving members of the band have reunited publicly on - stage on just a few occasions . On July 13 , 1985 at the Live Aid concert at JFK Stadium , Philadelphia . Tony Thompson and Phil Collins both played drums on all three songs . For the last song , `` Stairway to Heaven '' , Paul Martinez played bass John Paul Jones moved to keyboards . The band was introduced on stage by Phil Collins as `` my three friends '' ( not as Led Zeppelin ) . Concert programmes did not mention the name Led Zeppelin . In May 1988 , at the Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary concert , with Bonham 's son , Jason Bonham , on drums . On January 12 , 1995 , at Led Zeppelin 's induction into the United States Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Their performance included five songs and variously featured vocalist Steven Tyler and guitarists Joe Perry and Neil Young . Jason Bonham played drums on the first four songs , while Page and Plant drummer Michael Lee played them on the final song , `` When The Levee Breaks '' . On December 10 , 2007 , at the Ahmet Ertegün Tribute Concert at The O in London , with Jason Bonham again filling in on drums . External links ( edit ) Comprehensive archive of known concert appearances by Led Zeppelin ( official website ) LedZepConcerts.com Led Zeppelin concert setlists Studio Koncet , Danish TV - 18 May 1969 . 32 min . long Sources ( edit ) Lewis , Dave and Pallett , Simon ( 1997 ) Led Zeppelin : The Concert File , London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 5307 - 4 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Led Zeppelin > Tour Dates ^ Jump up to : Sam Rapallo , In Conversation with John Paul Jones Archived 2010 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. , October 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Gilmore , Mikal ( August 10 , 2006 ) . `` The Long Shadow of Led Zeppelin '' . Rolling Stone ( 1006 ) . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin Biography '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Dave Lewis ( 2003 ) . Tight But Loose Files : Celebration II . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Biography of Led Zeppelin at Atlantic Records Archived 2008 - 12 - 01 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Lewis , Dave and Pallett , Simon ( 1997 ) Led Zeppelin : The Concert File , London : Omnibus Press , introduction . Jump up ^ Luis Rey ( 1997 ) Led Zeppelin Live : An Illustrated Exploration of Underground Tapes , Ontario : The Hot Wacks Press , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Interview with Jimmy Page , Guitar World magazine , 1993 Jump up ^ Liner notes by Cameron Crowe for The Song Remains the Same , reissued version , 2007 . Jump up ^ Nigel Williamson , `` Forget the Myths '' , Uncut , May 2005 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Liner notes by Cameron Crowe for The Complete Studio Recordings Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( 6 September 2012 ) . `` Flashback : Led Zeppelin Jams with Neil Young '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin confirm reunion gig '' . BBC . 2007 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 12 . ( hide ) Led Zeppelin John Bonham John Paul Jones Jimmy Page Robert Plant Studio albums Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin II Led Zeppelin III untitled fourth album Houses of the Holy Physical Graffiti Presence In Through the Out Door Coda Live albums The Song Remains the Same BBC Sessions How the West Was Won Celebration Day Compilations Profiled BBC Sessions The Best of Led Zeppelin Mothership Led Zeppelin Deluxe Edition Boxed sets Led Zeppelin Remasters Boxed Set 2 The Complete Studio Recordings Definitive Collection Singles `` Good Times Bad Times '' / `` Communication Breakdown '' `` Whole Lotta Love '' / `` Living Loving Maid ( She 's Just a Woman ) '' `` Immigrant Song '' / `` Hey , Hey , What Can I Do '' `` Black Dog '' / `` Misty Mountain Hop '' `` Rock and Roll '' / `` Four Sticks '' `` Over the Hills and Far Away '' / `` Dancing Days '' `` D'yer Mak'er '' / `` The Crunge '' `` Trampled Under Foot '' / `` Black Country Woman '' `` Candy Store Rock '' / `` Royal Orleans '' `` Fool in the Rain '' / `` Hot Dog '' `` Travelling Riverside Blues '' `` Baby Come On Home '' `` The Girl I Love She Got Long Black Wavy Hair '' Films The Song Remains the Same Led Zeppelin DVD Celebration Day Tours Scandinavia 1968 U.K. 1968 North America 1968 -- 1969 U.K. & Scandinavia 1969 North America Spring 1969 U.K. Summer 1969 North America Summer 1969 Europe Autumn 1969 North America Autumn 1969 U.K. 1970 Europe 1970 North America Spring 1970 Iceland , Bath & Germany 1970 North America Summer 1970 U.K. Spring 1971 Europe 1971 North America 1971 Japan 1971 U.K. Winter 1971 Australasia 1972 North America 1972 Japan 1972 U.K. 1972 -- 1973 Europe 1973 North America 1973 North America 1975 Earls Court 1975 North America 1977 Knebworth 1979 Over Europe 1980 Reunions Live Aid ( 1985 ) Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary ( 1988 ) Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert ( 2007 ) Lists Discography Songs Awards and nominations Bootlegs Cover versions by others Led Zeppelin songs written or inspired by others Related Articles Swan Song Records Three Week Hero `` Beck 's Bolero '' Bron - Yr - Aur The Starship Caesar 's Chariot Shark episode Planned tour -- The 1980s , Part One Covers and tributes That ' 70s Show ( season 5 ) Bands The Yardbirds Band of Joy XYZ The Honeydrippers The Firm Coverdale Page Page and Plant Jimmy Page and the Black Crowes Them Crooked Vultures Strange Sensation Books Hammer of the Gods : The Led Zeppelin Saga Stairway to Heaven : Led Zeppelin Uncensored When Giants Walked the Earth People Jason Bonham Peter Grant Richard Cole Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Led_Zeppelin_concerts&oldid=816133051 '' Categories : Led Zeppelin concert tours Lists of concert tours Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia ქართული Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 14 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time led zeppelin toured | [
"\n\n\n\nSeptember 1968 – Scandinavian Tour 1968\nOctober–December 1968 – UK Tour 1968\nDecember 1968-February 1969 – North American Tour 1968–1969\nMarch–April 1969 – UK and Scandinavian Tour 1969\nApril–May 1969 – North American Tour Spring 1969\nJune 1969 – UK Tour Summer 1969\nJuly–August 1969 – North American Tour Summer 1969\nOctober 1969 – European Tour Autumn 1969\nOctober–December 1969 – North American Tour Autumn 1969\nJanuary 1970 – UK Tour 1970\nFebruary–March 1970 – European Tour 1970\nMarch–April 1970 – North American Tour Spring 1970\nJune–July 1970 – Tour of Iceland, Bath & Germany 1970\nAugust–September 1970 – North American Tour Summer 1970\nMarch–April 1971 – United Kingdom Tour Spring 1971\n\n\n\n\nMay–August 1971 – European Tour 1971\nAugust–September 1971 – North American Tour 1971\nSeptember 1971 – Japanese Tour 1971\nNovember–December 1971 – United Kingdom Tour Winter 1971\nFebruary 1972 – Australasian Tour 1972\nMay–June 1972 – North American Tour 1972\nOctober 1972 – Japanese Tour 1972\nOctober 1972-January 1973 – UK Tour 1972/1973\nMarch–April 1973 – European Tour 1973\nMay–July 1973 – North American Tour 1973\nJanuary–March 1975 – North American Tour 1975\nMay 1975 – Earls Court 1975\nApril–July 1977 – North American Tour 1977\nAugust 1979 – Two warm-up concerts in Denmark and Knebworth Festival 1979\nJune–July 1980 – Tour Over Europe 1980\n\n\n\n"
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"June–July 1980 – Tour Over Europe 1980"
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2940421552108738585 | Running Start | Running Start - Wikipedia Running Start Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the educational program in Washington state . For the political organization , see Running Start : Bringing Young Women to Politics . Running Start programs in Washington , Hawaii , and Illinois allow high school juniors and seniors to attend college courses numbered 100 or above , while completing high school . It is similar to other dual enrollment programs common at public and private colleges and universities in other schools . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Washington State 3 University of Hawaii 4 Criticism 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) Washington State implemented their Running Start program in 1993 . Following Washington State was New Hampshire in 1999 , Montana in 2001 , Hawaii in 2007 , and Illinois in 2012 . Running Start and Dual Enrollment Programs across the United States have seen a huge increase in enrollment . Washington State has seen a 56 percent increase in enrollment in the past ten years and had over 26,000 students enrolled in the 2016 - 2017 school year . Across the United States there are an estimated 2 million high school students enrolled in a dual enrollment program . Washington state ( edit ) The Running Start program in Washington state was piloted in the early 1990s and officially approved to begin in the fall of 1993 . Running Start provides up to two years of paid tuition at any of Washington 's community and technical colleges , and at Central Washington University , Eastern Washington University , Washington State University , the University of Washington , and Northwest Indian College . High school juniors who can pass the entrance exam for a local community college may take part or all of their coursework at the community college . Successfully passing a course earns a student both high school and college credit . Running Start students can complete a substantial number of their first two years of college credits early . After high school , they pay for fewer community college credits before moving on to four - year institutions ; It is possible for a motivated student to earn both a high school diploma and a two - year college associate 's degree simultaneously . New state regulations took effect on July 26 , 2011 , limiting Running Start students to a 1.0 FTE ( Full - Time Equivalent ) limit for High School or Higher Education courses each , and a 1.2 FTE limit for both institutions combined . ( 1.0 FTE is equivalent to 15 college credits , or 1500 High School weekly minutes of instruction ) . Students who wish to take more than 15 college credits may pay the regular tuition rate and still receive dual credit . Fee waiver for additional credits might be available if the student belongs to low - income family ( e.g. enrolled in free or reduced lunch program in high school ) . While tuition is paid for by the student 's current school district , students have to pay fees , purchase textbooks , and provide transportation for themselves . University of Hawaii ( edit ) Open to most high school juniors and seniors , running start allows students to receive credit with their public high school as well as receive college credit from the University of Hawaii . Unlike Washington , tuition is sometimes charged , with costs varying from school to school . GEAR UP Hawaii currently offers a limited number of scholarships who currently receive free or reduced lunch . In order to participate in running start , students must first receive parental consent , complete an online application , have up - to - date vaccinations , take the ACT placement test , and complete a TB test . Criticism ( edit ) Statistics have proved that 13 percent of Running Start students from middle - class families are actively in AP courses while below 5 percent come from lower - class families proving that the program fails to be beneficially inclusive to equally capable students . Demographically speaking , the Running Start program has made a notable impact , a study done in Texas revealed that 5 percent of African - American students credit stemmed from concurrent enrollment and white students credit was double that as of 2016 . Since the popularity of dual enrollment programs such as Running Start , college professors are noting a decrease of middle - class American students in their classrooms . Concurrent enrollment is similar to dual enrollment in that the student will receive college and high school credit but concurrent enrollment involves staying at a high school campus and is significantly cheaper . Both programs are capable of reducing a mass amount of money that would otherwise go into years spent at university , although concurrent enrollment eliminates certain fees that a student would have to pay in Running Start . See also ( edit ) Dual enrollment References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Running Start Southwestern Illinois College '' . Southwestern Illinois College . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` RCW 28A. 600.310 : Running start program -- Enrollment in institutions of higher education -- Student fees -- Fee waivers -- Transmittal of funds '' . apps.leg.wa.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Herrin , Justin . `` Running Start Program - Academics '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 20 - 9 - 706 . Running start program -- authorizing class credits at postsecondary institution -- eligibility -- payment for credits , MCA '' . leg.mt.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` HI Legislature '' . www.capitol.hawaii.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Running Start Southwestern Illinois College '' . Southwestern Illinois College . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` At 25 , Running Start is a success . Now it must attract students who need it the most '' . The Seattle Times . 2018 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Running Start '' . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ 07 / 26 / 11 Bulletin ( PDF ) Jump up ^ `` UHMC Running Start '' . Jump up ^ `` EDITORIAL : Running Start offers just that -- now it must expand reach '' . ^ Jump up to : `` How Dual Enrollment Contributes to Inequality '' . This Washington - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Running_Start&oldid=843180695 '' Categories : Education in Washington ( state ) United States educational programs Washington ( state ) stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 12 : 37 . About Wikipedia | when did running start begin in washington state | [
"Washington State implemented their Running Start program in 1993.[2] Following Washington State was New Hampshire in 1999,[3] Montana in 2001,[4] Hawaii in 2007[5], and Illinois in 2012.[6] Running Start and Dual Enrollment Programs across the United States have seen a huge increase in enrollment. Washington State has seen a 56 percent increase in enrollment in the past ten years and had over 26,000 students enrolled in the 2016-2017 school year.[7] Across the United States there are an estimated 2 million high school students enrolled in a dual enrollment program."
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"1993"
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8890847090585636408 | Super Bowl | Super Bowl - Wikipedia Super Bowl This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 March 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search For the Super Bowl held in February 2018 , see Super Bowl LII . For a list of Super Bowl games , see List of Super Bowl champions . For other uses , see Superbowl ( disambiguation ) . Super Bowl The generic Super Bowl logo used since Super Bowl XLV in 2011 , showcasing the Vince Lombardi Trophy . First played January 15 , 1967 ; 51 years ago ( 1967 - 01 - 15 ) Trophy Vince Lombardi Trophy Recent and upcoming games 2017 season Super Bowl LII U.S. Bank Stadium ( February 4 , 2018 ) 2018 season Super Bowl LIII Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( February 3 , 2019 ) The Super Bowl is the annual championship game of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The game is the culmination of a regular season that begins in the late summer of the previous calendar year . Normally , Roman numerals are used to identify each game , rather than the year in which it is held . For example , Super Bowl I was played on January 15 , 1967 , following the 1966 regular season . The sole exception to this naming convention tradition occurred with Super Bowl 50 , which was played on February 7 , 2016 , following the 2015 regular season , and the following year , the nomenclature returned to Roman numerals for Super Bowl LI , following the 2016 regular season . The most recent Super Bowl was Super Bowl LII , on February 4 , 2018 , following the 2017 regular season . The game was created as part of a merger agreement between the NFL and its then - rival league , the American Football League ( AFL ) . It was agreed that the two leagues ' champion teams would play in the AFL -- NFL World Championship Game until the merger was to officially begin in 1970 . After the merger , each league was redesignated as a `` conference '' , and the game has since been played between the conference champions to determine the NFL 's league champion . Currently , the National Football Conference ( NFC ) leads the league with 27 wins to 25 wins for the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The Pittsburgh Steelers have the most Super Bowl championship titles , with six . The New England Patriots have the most Super Bowl appearances , with ten . Charles Haley and Tom Brady both have five Super Bowl rings , which is the record for the most rings won by a single player . The day on which the Super Bowl is played , now considered by some as an unofficial American national holiday , is called `` Super Bowl Sunday '' . It is the second - largest day for U.S. food consumption , after Thanksgiving Day . In addition , the Super Bowl has frequently been the most - watched American television broadcast of the year ; the seven most - watched broadcasts in U.S. television history are Super Bowls . In 2015 , Super Bowl XLIX became the most - watched American television program in history with an average audience of 114.4 million viewers , the fifth time in six years the game had set a record , starting with the 2010 Super Bowl , which itself had taken over the number - one spot held for 27 years by the final episode of M * A * S * H. The Super Bowl is also among the most - watched sporting events in the world , almost all audiences being North American , and is second to soccer 's UEFA Champions League final as the most watched annual sporting event worldwide . The NFL restricts the use of its `` Super Bowl '' trademark ; it is frequently called the Big Game or other generic terms by non-sponsoring corporations . Because of the high viewership , commercial airtime during the Super Bowl broadcast is the most expensive of the year , leading to companies regularly developing their most expensive advertisements for this broadcast . As a result , watching and discussing the broadcast 's commercials has become a significant aspect of the event . In addition , popular singers and musicians including Mariah Carey , Michael Jackson , Madonna , Prince , Beyoncé , Paul McCartney , The Rolling Stones , The Who , Whitney Houston , and Lady Gaga have performed during the event 's pre-game and halftime ceremonies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Date 3 Game history 3.1 1960s : Early history 3.2 1970s : Dominant franchises 3.3 1980s and 1990s : The NFC 's winning streak 3.4 1997 -- 2009 : AFC resurgence 3.5 2010 -- present 4 Television coverage and ratings 4.1 Super Bowl on TV 4.2 Lead - out programming 5 Entertainment 6 Venue 6.1 Selection process 6.2 Home team designation 6.3 Host cities / regions 6.4 Host stadiums 7 Super Bowl trademark 8 Use of the phrase `` world champions '' 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Origin ( edit ) For four decades after its 1920 inception , the NFL successfully fended off several rival leagues . However , in 1960 , it encountered its most serious competitor when the American Football League ( AFL ) was formed . The AFL vied heavily with the NFL for both players and fans , but by the middle of the decade , the strain of competition led to serious merger talks between the two leagues . Prior to the 1966 season , the NFL and AFL reached a merger agreement that was to take effect for the 1970 season . As part of the merger , the champions of the two leagues agreed to meet in a world championship game for professional American football until the merger was effected . A bowl game is a post-season college football game . The original `` bowl game '' was the Rose Bowl Game in Pasadena , California , which was first played in 1902 as the `` Tournament East - West football game '' as part of the Pasadena Tournament of Roses and moved to the new Rose Bowl Stadium in 1923 . The stadium got its name from the fact that the game played there was part of the Tournament of Roses and that it was shaped like a bowl , much like the Yale Bowl in New Haven , Connecticut ; the Tournament of Roses football game itself eventually came to be known as the Rose Bowl Game . Exploiting the Rose Bowl Game 's popularity , post-season college football contests were created for Miami ( the Orange Bowl ) , New Orleans ( the Sugar Bowl ) , and El Paso , Texas ( the Sun Bowl ) in 1935 , and for Dallas ( the Cotton Bowl ) in 1937 . By the time the first Super Bowl was played , the term `` bowl '' for any major American football game was well established . The Packers defeated the Chiefs in the first AFL -- NFL Championship Game ( Super Bowl I ) . Lamar Hunt , owner of the AFL 's Kansas City Chiefs , first used the term `` Super Bowl '' to refer to the NFL - AFL championship game in the merger meetings . Hunt later said the name was likely in his head because his children had been playing with a Super Ball toy ; a vintage example of the ball is on display at the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton , Ohio . In a July 25 , 1966 , letter to NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle , Hunt wrote , `` I have kiddingly called it the ' Super Bowl , ' which obviously can be improved upon . '' The leagues ' owners chose the name `` AFL -- NFL Championship Game '' , but in July 1966 the Kansas City Star quoted Hunt in discussing `` the Super Bowl -- that 's my term for the championship game between the two leagues '' , and the media immediately began using the term . Although the league stated in 1967 that `` not many people like it '' , asking for suggestions and considering alternatives such as `` Merger Bowl '' and `` The Game '' , the Associated Press reported that `` Super Bowl '' `` grew and grew and grew - until it reached the point that there was Super Week , Super Sunday , Super Teams , Super Players , ad infinitum '' . `` Super Bowl '' became official beginning with the third annual game . Roman numerals were first affixed for the fifth edition , in January 1971 . The Jets were the first AFL team to win a Super Bowl ( Super Bowl III ) , defeating the Colts . After the NFL 's Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls , some team owners feared for the future of the merger . At the time , many doubted the competitiveness of AFL teams compared with their NFL counterparts , though that perception changed when the AFL 's New York Jets defeated the NFL 's Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III in Miami . One year later , the AFL 's Kansas City Chiefs defeated the NFL 's Minnesota Vikings 23 -- 7 in Super Bowl IV in New Orleans , which was the final AFL - NFL World Championship Game played before the merger . Beginning with the 1970 season , the NFL realigned into two conferences ; the former AFL teams plus three NFL teams ( the Colts , Pittsburgh Steelers , and Cleveland Browns ) would constitute the American Football Conference ( AFC ) , while the remaining NFL clubs would form the National Football Conference ( NFC ) . The champions of the two conferences would play each other in the Super Bowl . The winning team receives the Vince Lombardi Trophy , named after the coach of the Green Bay Packers , who won the first two Super Bowl games and three of the five preceding NFL championships in 1961 , 1962 , and 1965 . Following Lombardi 's death in September 1970 , the trophy was named the Vince Lombardi Trophy . The first trophy awarded under the new name was presented to the Baltimore Colts following their win in Super Bowl V in Miami . Date ( edit ) The Super Bowl is currently played on the first Sunday in February . This is due to the current NFL schedule which consists of the opening weekend of the season being held immediately after Labor Day ( the first Monday in September ) , the 17 - week regular season ( where teams each play 16 games and have one bye ) , the first three rounds of the playoffs , and the Super Bowl two weeks after the two Conference Championship Games . This schedule has been in effect since Super Bowl XXXVIII in February 2004 . The date of the Super Bowl can thus be determined from the date of the preceding Labor Day . For example , Labor Day in 2015 occurred on September 7 ; therefore the next Super Bowl was scheduled exactly five months later on February 7 , 2016 . Originally , the game took place in early to mid-January . For Super Bowl I there was only one round of playoffs : the pre-merger NFL and AFL Championship Games . The addition of two playoff rounds ( first in 1967 and then in 1978 ) , an increase in regular season games from 14 to 16 ( 1978 ) , and the establishment of one bye - week per team ( 1990 ) have caused the Super Bowl to be played later . Partially offsetting these season - lengthening effects , simultaneous with the addition of two regular season games in 1978 , the season was started earlier . Prior to 1978 , the season started as late as September 21 . Now , since Labor Day is always the first Monday of September , September 13 is the latest possible date for the first full Sunday set of games ( Since 2002 , the regular season has started with the Kickoff Game on the first Thursday after Labor Day ) . The earliest possible season start date is September 7 . Game history ( edit ) For a full list of Super Bowl games and champions , see List of Super Bowl champions . Super Bowl appearances and records Team Appearances Wins Losses Winning % Pittsburgh Steelers 8 6 . 750 New England Patriots 10 5 5 . 500 Dallas Cowboys 8 5 . 625 San Francisco 49ers 6 5 . 833 Green Bay Packers 5 . 800 New York Giants 5 . 800 Denver Broncos 8 5 . 375 Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 5 . 600 Washington Redskins 5 . 600 Miami Dolphins 5 . 400 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts . 500 Baltimore Ravens 0 1.000 St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams . 333 Seattle Seahawks . 333 Philadelphia Eagles . 333 Kansas City Chiefs . 500 Chicago Bears . 500 New York Jets 0 1.000 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 1.000 New Orleans Saints 0 1.000 Minnesota Vikings 0 . 000 Buffalo Bills 0 . 000 Cincinnati Bengals 0 . 000 Carolina Panthers 0 . 000 Atlanta Falcons 0 . 000 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 0 . 000 Houston / Tennessee Oilers / Tennessee Titans 0 . 000 St. Louis / Arizona Cardinals 0 . 000 Cleveland Browns 0 0 0 -- Detroit Lions 0 0 0 -- Jacksonville Jaguars 0 0 0 -- Houston Texans 0 0 0 -- The Pittsburgh Steelers have won six Super Bowls , the most of any team ; the Dallas Cowboys , New England Patriots and San Francisco 49ers have five victories each , while the Green Bay Packers and New York Giants have four Super Bowl championships . Fourteen other NFL franchises have won at least one Super Bowl . Eight teams have appeared in Super Bowl games without a win . The Minnesota Vikings were the first team to have appeared a record four times without a win . The Buffalo Bills played in a record four Super Bowls in a row and lost every one . Four teams ( the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Houston Texans ) have never appeared in a Super Bowl . The Browns and Lions both won NFL Championships prior to the creation of the Super Bowl , while the Jaguars ( 1995 ) and Texans ( 2002 ) are both recent NFL expansion teams . ( Detroit , Houston , and Jacksonville , however , have hosted a Super Bowl , leaving the Browns the only team to date who has neither played in nor whose city has hosted the game . ) The Minnesota Vikings won the last NFL Championship before the merger but lost to the AFL champion Kansas City Chiefs in Super Bowl IV . 1960s : early history ( edit ) The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls ( Known as the AFL - NFL World Championship Game for these first two contests ) , defeating the Kansas City Chiefs and Oakland Raiders following the 1966 and 1967 seasons , respectively . The Packers were led by quarterback , Bart Starr , who was named the Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) for both games . These two championships , coupled with the Packers ' NFL championships in 1961 , 1962 , and 1965 , amount to the most successful stretch in NFL History ; five championships in seven years , and the only threepeat in NFL history ( 1965 , 1966 , and 1967 ) . In Super Bowl III , the AFL 's New York Jets defeated the eighteen - point favorite Baltimore Colts of the NFL , 16 -- 7 . The Jets were led by quarterback Joe Namath , who had famously guaranteed a Jets win prior to the game , and former Colts head coach Weeb Ewbank , and their victory proved that the AFL was the NFL 's competitive equal . This was reinforced the following year when the AFL 's Kansas City Chiefs defeated the NFL 's Minnesota Vikings 23 -- 7 in Super Bowl IV . 1970s : dominant franchises ( edit ) After the AFL -- NFL merger was completed in 1970 , three franchises -- the Dallas Cowboys , Miami Dolphins , and Pittsburgh Steelers -- would go on to dominate the 1970s , winning a combined eight Super Bowls in the decade . The Baltimore Colts , now a member of the AFC , would start the decade by defeating the Cowboys in Super Bowl V , a game which is notable as being the only Super Bowl to date in which a player from the losing team won the Super Bowl MVP ( Cowboys ' linebacker Chuck Howley ) . Beginning with this Super Bowl , all Super Bowls have served as the NFL 's league championship game . The Steelers defeated the Rams in Super Bowl XIV to win an unprecedented four championships in six years . The Cowboys , coming back from a loss the previous season , won Super Bowl VI over the Dolphins . However , this would be the Dolphins ' final loss in over a year , as the next year , the Dolphins would go 14 -- 0 in the regular season and eventually win all of their playoff games , capped off with a 14 -- 7 victory in Super Bowl VII , becoming the first and only team to finish an entire perfect regular and postseason . The Dolphins would repeat as league champions by winning Super Bowl VIII a year later . In the late 1970s , the Steelers became the first NFL dynasty of the post-merger era by winning four Super Bowls ( IX , X , XIII , and XIV ) in six years . They were led by head coach Chuck Noll , the play of offensive stars Terry Bradshaw , Franco Harris , Lynn Swann , John Stallworth , and Mike Webster , and their dominant `` Steel Curtain '' defense , led by `` Mean '' Joe Greene , L.C. Greenwood , Ernie Holmes , Mel Blount , Jack Ham , and Jack Lambert . The coaches and administrators also were part of the dynasty 's greatness as evidenced by the team 's `` final pieces '' being part of the famous 1974 draft . The selections in that class have been considered the best by any pro franchise ever , as Pittsburgh selected four future Hall of Famers , the most for any team in any sport in a single draft . The Steelers were the first team to win three and then four Super Bowls and appeared in six AFC Championship Games during the decade , making the playoffs in eight straight seasons . Nine players and three coaches and administrators on the team have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Pittsburgh still remains the only team to win back - to - back Super Bowls twice and four Super Bowls in a six - year period . The Steelers ' dynasty was interrupted only by the Oakland Raiders ' Super Bowl XI win and the Cowboys winning their second Super Bowl of the decade . 1980s and 1990s : the NFC 's winning streak ( edit ) In the 1980s and 1990s , the tables turned for the AFC , as the NFC dominated the Super Bowls of the new decade and most of those of the 1990s . The NFC won 16 of the 20 Super Bowls during these two decades , including 13 straight from Super Bowl XIX to Super Bowl XXXI . The 49ers playing against the Dolphins in Super Bowl XIX . The most successful team of the 1980s was the San Francisco 49ers , which featured the West Coast offense of Hall of Fame head coach Bill Walsh . This offense was led by three - time Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame quarterback Joe Montana , Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame wide receiver Jerry Rice , running back Roger Craig , and defensive safety / cornerback Ronnie Lott . Under their leadership , the 49ers won four Super Bowls in the decade ( XVI , XIX , XXIII , and XXIV ) and made nine playoff appearances between 1981 and 1990 , including eight division championships , becoming the second dynasty of the post-merger NFL . The 1980s also produced the 1985 Chicago Bears , who posted an 18 -- 1 record under head coach Mike Ditka ; quarterback Jim McMahon ; and Hall of Fame running back Walter Payton . Their team won Super Bowl XX in dominant fashion . The Washington Redskins and New York Giants were also top teams of this period ; the Redskins won Super Bowls XVII , XXII , and XXVI . The Giants claimed Super Bowls XXI and XXV . As in the 1970s , the Oakland Raiders were the only team to interrupt the Super Bowl dominance of other teams ; they won Super Bowls XV and XVIII ( the latter as the Los Angeles Raiders ) . Following several seasons with poor records in the 1980s , the Dallas Cowboys rose back to prominence in the 1990s . During this decade , the Cowboys made post-season appearances every year except for the seasons of 1990 and 1997 . From 1992 to 1996 , the Cowboys won their division championship each year . In this same period , the Buffalo Bills had made their mark reaching the Super Bowl for a record four consecutive years , only to lose all four . After Super Bowl championships by division rivals New York ( 1990 ) and Washington ( 1991 ) , the Cowboys won three of the next four Super Bowls ( XXVII , XXVIII , and XXX ) led by quarterback Troy Aikman , running back Emmitt Smith , and wide receiver Michael Irvin . All three of these players went to the Hall of Fame . The Cowboys ' streak was interrupted by the 49ers , who won their league - leading fifth title overall with Super Bowl XXIX in dominating fashion under Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame quarterback Steve Young , Hall of Fame wide receiver Jerry Rice , and Hall of Fame cornerback Deion Sanders ; however , the Cowboys ' victory in Super Bowl XXX the next year also gave them five titles overall and they did so with Sanders after he won the Super Bowl the previous year with the 49ers . The NFC 's winning streak was continued by the Green Bay Packers who , under Hall of Fame quarterback Brett Favre , won Super Bowl XXXI , their first championship since Super Bowl II in the late 1960s . 1997 -- 2009 : AFC resurgence ( edit ) Super Bowl XXXII saw quarterback John Elway and running back Terrell Davis lead the Denver Broncos to an upset victory over the defending champion Packers , snapping the NFC 's 13 - year winning streak . The following year , the Broncos defeated the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl XXXIII , Elway 's fifth Super Bowl appearance , his second NFL championship , and his final NFL game . The back - to - back victories heralded a change in momentum in which AFC teams would win nine out of 12 Super Bowls . In the years between 1995 and 2016 , five teams -- the Steelers , New England Patriots , Broncos , Baltimore Ravens , and Indianapolis Colts -- accounted for 20 of the 22 AFC Super Bowl appearances ( including the last 14 ) , with those same teams often meeting each other earlier in the playoffs . In contrast , the NFC saw a different representative in the Super Bowl every season from 2001 through 2010 . The year following the Broncos ' second victory , however , a surprising St. Louis Rams team led by the undrafted quarterback , Kurt Warner , who would close out the 1990s in a wild battle against the Tennessee Titans in Super Bowl XXXIV . The tense game came down to the final play in which Tennessee had the opportunity to tie the game and send it to overtime . The Titans nearly pulled it off , but the tackle of receiver Kevin Dyson by linebacker Mike Jones kept the ball out of the end zone by a matter of inches . In 2007 , ESPN would rank `` The Tackle '' as the 2nd greatest moment in Super Bowl history . Super Bowl XXXV was played by the AFC 's Baltimore Ravens and the NFC 's New York Giants . The Ravens defeated the Giants by the score of 34 -- 7 . The game was played on January 28 , 2001 , at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa , Florida . The New England Patriots became the dominant team throughout the early 2000s , winning the championship three out of four years early in the decade . They would become only the second team in the history of the NFL to do so ( after the 1990s Dallas Cowboys ) . In Super Bowl XXXVI , first - year starting quarterback Tom Brady led his team to a 20 -- 17 upset victory over the St. Louis Rams . Brady would go on to win the MVP award for this game . The Patriots also won Super Bowls XXXVIII and XXXIX defeating the Carolina Panthers and the Philadelphia Eagles respectively . This four - year stretch of Patriot dominance was interrupted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers ' 48 -- 21 Super Bowl XXXVII victory over the Oakland Raiders . The Pittsburgh Steelers and Indianapolis Colts continued the era of AFC dominance by winning Super Bowls XL and XLI in 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07 , respectively defeating the Seattle Seahawks and Chicago Bears . In the 2007 season , the Patriots became the fourth team in NFL history to have a perfect unbeaten and untied regular season record , the second in the Super Bowl era after the 1972 Miami Dolphins , and the first to finish 16 -- 0 . They easily marched through the AFC playoffs and were heavy favorites in Super Bowl XLII . However , they lost that game to Eli Manning and the New York Giants 17 -- 14 , leaving the Patriots ' 2007 record at 18 -- 1 . The following season , the Steelers logged their record sixth Super Bowl title ( XLIII ) in a 27 -- 23 , final - minute victory against the Arizona Cardinals . The 2009 season saw the New Orleans Saints defeat the Indianapolis Colts in Super Bowl XLIV by a score of 31 -- 17 to take home their first Championship . With this victory , the Saints joined the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New York Jets as the only teams to have won in their sole Super Bowl appearance . 2010 -- present ( edit ) The 2010s have seen parity between the two conferences , but not within them . Since the start of 2010 , five of the nine Super Bowl winners hailed from the NFC , the other four from the AFC . Following up the Saints ' win in Super Bowl XLIV , the 2010 season brought the Green Bay Packers their fourth Super Bowl ( XLV ) victory and record thirteenth NFL championship overall with the defeat of the Pittsburgh Steelers in February 2011 . The Giants won another title after the 2011 season , again defeating the Patriots in Super Bowl XLVI . The Baltimore Ravens snapped the NFC 's three - game winning streak by winning Super Bowl XLVII in a 34 -- 31 victory over the San Francisco 49ers . Super Bowl XLVIII , played at New Jersey 's MetLife Stadium in February 2014 , was the first Super Bowl held outdoors in a cold weather environment . The Seattle Seahawks won their first NFL title with a 43 -- 8 defeat of the Denver Broncos , in a highly touted matchup that pitted Seattle 's top - ranked defense against a Peyton Manning - led Denver offense that had broken the NFL 's single - season scoring record . In Super Bowl XLIX , the Patriots beat the defending Super Bowl champions , the Seahawks , 28 -- 24 as Malcolm Butler intercepted a Seattle pass in the end zone with the Seahawks poised to take the lead . In Super Bowl 50 , the Broncos , led by the league 's top - ranked defense , defeated the Carolina Panthers , who had the league 's top - ranked offense , in what became the final game of quarterback Peyton Manning 's career . In Super Bowl LI , the Atlanta Falcons had a 28 -- 3 lead late in the third quarter , but lost to the Patriots , 34 -- 28 , in the first Super Bowl to ever end in overtime . In Super Bowl LII , the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the New England Patriots , 41 -- 33 . It was the Eagles ' third Super Bowl appearance , and their first win in franchise history . It was the Patriots ' tenth Super Bowl appearance , and their fourth appearance in ten years ; had the Patriots won , they would have tied the Pittsburgh Steelers with the most Super Bowl wins ( six ) . The Super Bowls of the late 2000s and 2010s are notable for the performances ( and the pedigrees ) of several of the participating quarterbacks , and stagnation ( especially on the AFC side ) in repeated appearances by the same teams and players . In particular , Tom Brady , Ben Roethlisberger , or Peyton Manning appeared as the AFC team 's quarterback in all but two of the Super Bowls between 2001 and 2018 . Television coverage and ratings ( edit ) Main article : Super Bowl television ratings See also : List of most watched television broadcasts in the United States The Super Bowl XXXV broadcasting compound , full of satellite trucks . The Super Bowl is one of the most watched annual sporting events in the world , with viewership overwhelmingly domestic . The only other annual event that gathers more viewers is the UEFA Champions League final . For many years , the Super Bowl has possessed a large US and global television viewership , and it is often the most watched United States originating television program of the year . The game tends to have high Nielsen television ratings , which is usually around a 40 rating and 60 shares . This means that on average , more than 100 million people from the United States alone are tuned into the Super Bowl at any given moment . In press releases preceding each year 's event , the NFL typically claims that that year 's Super Bowl will have a potential worldwide audience of around one billion people in over 200 countries . This figure refers to the number of people able to watch the game , not the number of people actually watching . However , the statements have been frequently misinterpreted in various media as referring to the latter figure , leading to a common misperception about the game 's actual global audience . The New York - based media research firm Initiative measured the global audience for the 2005 Super Bowl at 93 million people , with 98 percent of that figure being viewers in North America , which meant roughly 2 million people outside North America watched the Super Bowl that year . The 2015 Super Bowl XLIX holds the record for average number of U.S. viewers , with a final number of 114.4 million , making the game the most - viewed television broadcast of any kind in American history . The halftime show was the most watched ever with 118.5 million viewers tuning in , and an all - time high of 168 million viewers in the United States had watched several portions of the Super Bowl 2015 broadcast . The game set a record for total viewers for the fifth time in six years . The highest - rated game according to Nielsen was Super Bowl XVI in 1982 , which was watched in 49.1 percent of households ( 73 shares ) , or 40,020,000 households at the time . Ratings for that game , a San Francisco victory over Cincinnati , may have been aided by a large blizzard that had affected much of the northeastern United States on game day , leaving residents to stay at home more than usual . Super Bowl XVI still ranks fourth on Nielsen 's list of top - rated programs of all time , and three other Super Bowls , XII , XVII , and XX , made the top ten . Famous commercial campaigns include the Budweiser `` Bud Bowl '' campaign , the 1984 introduction of Apple 's Macintosh computer , and the 1999 and 2000 dot - com ads . As the television ratings of the Super Bowl have steadily increased over the years , prices have also increased every year , with advertisers paying as much as $3.5 million for a thirty - second spot during Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 . A segment of the audience tunes into the Super Bowl solely to view commercials . In 2010 , Nielsen reported that 51 percent of Super Bowl viewers tune in for the commercials . The Super Bowl halftime show has spawned another set of alternative entertainment such as the Lingerie Bowl , the Beer Bottle Bowl , and others . Since 1991 , the Super Bowl has begun between 6 : 19 and 6 : 40 PM EST so that most of the game is played during the primetime hours on the East Coast . Super Bowl on TV ( edit ) See also : National Football League on television Network Number broadcast Years broadcast Future scheduled telecasts ABC 7 1985 , 1988 , 1991 , 1995 , 2000 , 2003 , 2006 Fox 8 ( 10 ) 1997 , 1999 , 2002 , 2005 , 2008 , 2011 , 2014 , 2017 2020 , 2023 NBC 19 ( 20 ) 1967 , 1969 , 1971 , 1973 , 1975 , 1977 , 1979 , 1981 , 1983 , 1986 , 1989 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1998 , 2009 , 2012 , 2015 , 2018 2021 CBS 19 ( 21 ) 1967 , 1968 , 1970 , 1972 , 1974 , 1976 , 1978 , 1980 , 1982 , 1984 , 1987 , 1990 , 1992 , 2001 , 2004 , 2007 , 2010 , 2013 , 2016 2019 , 2022 Note : Years listed are the year the game was actually played ( will be played ) rather than what NFL season it is considered to have been . ^ * : The extended current TV contracts with the networks expire after the 2022 season ( or Super Bowl LVII in early 2023 ) and the Super Bowl is currently rotated annually between CBS , Fox , and NBC in that order . ^ * * : ABC is not currently in the rotation for Super Bowl broadcasts . ^ * * * : The first Super Bowl was simultaneously broadcast by CBS and NBC , with each network using the same video feed , but providing its own commentary . Super Bowls I -- VI were blacked out in the television markets of the host cities , due to league restrictions then in place . Game analyst John Madden is the only person to broadcast a Super Bowl for each of the four networks that have televised the game ( 5 with CBS , 3 with Fox , 2 with ABC , and 1 with NBC ) . Lead - out programming ( edit ) See also : List of Super Bowl lead - out programs The Super Bowl provides an extremely strong lead - in to programming following it on the same channel , the effects of which can last for several hours . For instance , in discussing the ratings of a local TV station , Buffalo television critic Alan Pergament noted on the coattails from Super Bowl XLVII , which aired on CBS : `` A paid program that ran on Channel 4 ( WIVB - TV ) at 2 : 30 in the morning had a 1.3 rating . That 's higher than some CW prime time shows get on WNLO - TV , Channel 4 's sister station . '' Because of this strong coattail effect , the network that airs the Super Bowl typically takes advantage of the large audience to air an episode of a hit series , or to premiere the pilot of a promising new one in the lead - out slot , which immediately follows the Super Bowl and post-game coverage . Entertainment ( edit ) See also : List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl and List of Super Bowl halftime shows Initially , it was sort of a novelty and so it did n't quite feel right . But it was just like , this is the year ... Bands of our generation , you can sort of be seen on a stage like this or , like , not seen . There 's not a lot of middle places . It is a tremendous venue . -- Bruce Springsteen on why he turned down several invitations to perform at the Super Bowl before finally agreeing to appear in Super Bowl XLIII . Jennifer Hudson sings the national anthem at Super Bowl XLIII . Madonna performing with LMFAO during the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show . Early Super Bowls featured a halftime show consisting of marching bands from local colleges or high schools ; but as the popularity of the game increased , a trend where popular singers and musicians performed during its pre-game ceremonies and the halftime show , or simply sang the national anthem of the United States , emerged . Unlike regular season or playoff games , thirty minutes are allocated for the Super Bowl halftime . After a special live episode of the Fox sketch comedy series In Living Color caused a drop in viewership for the Super Bowl XXVI halftime show , the NFL sought to increase the Super Bowl 's audience by hiring A-list talent to perform . They approached Michael Jackson , whose performance the following year drew higher figures than the game itself . Another notable performance came during Super Bowl XXXVI in 2002 , when U2 performed ; during their third song , `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' , the band played under a large projection screen which scrolled through names of the victims of the September 11 attacks . For many years , Whitney Houston 's performance of the national anthem at Super Bowl XXV in 1991 , during the Gulf War , had long been regarded as one of the best renditions of the anthem in history . Then , in an historic , groundbreaking , and emotional performance prior to Super Bowl XLVIII , soprano Renee Fleming became the first opera singer to perform the anthem , propelling FOX to the highest ratings of any program in its history , and remains so today . The halftime show of Super Bowl XXXVIII attracted controversy , following an incident in which Justin Timberlake removed a piece of Janet Jackson 's top , briefly exposing one of her breasts before the broadcast quickly cut away from the shot . The incident led to fines being issued by the FCC ( and a larger crackdown over `` indecent '' content broadcast on television ) , and MTV ( then a sister to the game 's broadcaster that year , CBS , under Viacom ) being banned by the NFL from producing the Super Bowl halftime show in the future . In an effort to prevent a repeat of the incident , the NFL held a moratorium on Super Bowl halftime shows featuring pop performers , and instead invited a single , headlining veteran act , such as Paul McCartney , The Who , Prince , and Bruce Springsteen . This practice ended at Super Bowl XLV , which returned to using current pop acts such as The Black Eyed Peas and Katy Perry . Excluding Super Bowl XXXIX , the famous `` I 'm going to Disney World ! '' advertising campaign took place in every Super Bowl since Super Bowl XXI when quarterback Phil Simms from the New York Giants became the first player to say the tagline . Venue ( edit ) For a full list of Super Bowl games and venues , see List of Super Bowl champions . A view from the south end zone during Super Bowl XLVII in New Orleans , the tenth time that the city has hosted the Super Bowl . A view of Super Bowl XLV in Arlington , Texas . The field of Super Bowl XXXIX in Jacksonville , Florida before kickoff . As of Super Bowl LII , 27 of 52 Super Bowls have been played in three cities : New Orleans ( ten times ) , the Greater Miami area ( ten times ) , and the Greater Los Angeles area ( seven times ) . No market or region without an active NFL franchise has ever hosted a Super Bowl , and the presence of an NFL team in a market or region is now a de jure requirement for bidding on the game . The winning market is not , however , required to host the Super Bowl in the same stadium that its NFL team uses , and nine Super Bowls have been held in a stadium other than the one the NFL team in that city was using at the time . For example , Los Angeles 's last five Super Bowls were all played at the Rose Bowl , which has never been used by any NFL franchise outside of the Super Bowl . No team has ever played the Super Bowl in its home stadium . The closest any team has come was the 2017 Minnesota Vikings , who were within one win of playing Super Bowl LII in U.S. Bank Stadium , but lost the NFC Championship game to the Philadelphia Eagles . Two teams have played the Super Bowl in their home market : the San Francisco 49ers , who played Super Bowl XIX in Stanford Stadium instead of Candlestick Park ; and the Los Angeles Rams , who played Super Bowl XIV in the Rose Bowl instead of the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . In both cases , the stadium in which the Super Bowl was held was perceived to be a better stadium for a large , high - profile event than the stadiums the Rams and 49ers were playing in at the time ; this situation has not arisen since 1993 , in part because the league has traditionally awarded the Super Bowl in modern times to the newest stadiums . Besides those two , the only other Super Bowl venue that was not the home stadium to an NFL team at the time was Rice Stadium in Houston : the Houston Oilers had played there previously , but moved to the Astrodome several years prior to Super Bowl VIII . The Orange Bowl was the only AFL stadium to host a Super Bowl and the only stadium to host consecutive Super Bowls , hosting Super Bowls II and III . Traditionally , the NFL does not award Super Bowls to stadiums that are located in climates with an expected average daily temperature less than 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) on game day unless the field can be completely covered by a fixed or retractable roof . Six Super Bowls have been played in northern cities : two in the Detroit area -- Super Bowl XVI at Pontiac Silverdome in Pontiac , Michigan and Super Bowl XL at Ford Field in Detroit , two in Minneapolis -- Super Bowl XXVI at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome and Super Bowl LII at the U.S. Bank Stadium , one in Indianapolis at Lucas Oil Stadium for Super Bowl XLVI , and one in the New York area -- Super Bowl XLVIII at MetLife Stadium . Only MetLife Stadium did not have a roof ( be it fixed or retractable ) but it was still picked as the host stadium for Super Bowl XLVIII in an apparent waiver of the warm - climate rule . There have been a few instances where the league has rescinded the Super Bowl from cities . Super Bowl XXVII in 1993 was originally awarded to Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe , Arizona , but after Arizona voters elected not to recognize Martin Luther King , Jr . Day as a paid state - employee 's holiday in 1990 , the NFL moved the game to the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California . When voters in Arizona opted to create such a legal holiday in 1992 , Super Bowl XXX in 1996 was awarded to Tempe . Super Bowl XXXIII was awarded first to Candlestick Park in San Francisco , but when plans to renovate the stadium fell through , the game was moved to Pro Player Stadium in greater Miami . Super Bowl XXXVII was awarded to a new stadium not yet built in San Francisco , when that stadium failed to be built , the game was moved to San Diego . Super Bowl XLIV , slated for February 7 , 2010 , was withdrawn from New York City 's proposed West Side Stadium , because the city , state , and proposed tenants New York Jets could not agree on funding . Super Bowl XLIV was then eventually awarded to Sun Life Stadium in Miami Gardens , Florida . Super Bowl XLIX in 2015 was originally given to Arrowhead Stadium in Kansas City , Missouri , but after two sales taxes failed to pass at the ballot box , and opposition by local business leaders and politicians increased , Kansas City eventually withdrew its request to host the game . Super Bowl XLIX was then eventually awarded to University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona . In 2011 , Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott said , `` ( The Super Bowl is ) commonly known as the single largest human trafficking incident in the United States . '' According to Forbes , 10,000 prostitutes were brought to Miami in 2010 for the Super Bowl . Snopes research in 2015 determined that the actual number of prostitutes involved in a typical Super Bowl weekend is less than 100 , not statistically higher than any other time of the year , and that the notion of mass increases in human trafficking around the Super Bowl was a politician 's myth . Selection process ( edit ) The location of the Super Bowl is chosen by the NFL well in advance , usually three to five years before the game . Cities place bids to host a Super Bowl and are evaluated in terms of stadium renovation and their ability to host . In 2014 , a document listing the specific requirements of Super Bowl hosts was leaked , giving a clear list of what was required for a Super Bowl host . Much of the cost of the Super Bowl is to be assumed by the host community , although some costs are enumerated within the requirements to be assumed by the NFL . Some of the host requirements include : The host stadium must be in a market that hosts an NFL team and must have a minimum of 70,000 seats , with the media and electrical amenities necessary to produce the Super Bowl . Stadiums may include temporary seating for Super Bowls , but seating must be approved by the league . Stadiums where the average game day temperature is below 50 ° Fahrenheit must either have a roof or a waiver given by the league . There must be a minimum of 35,000 parking spaces within one mile of the stadium . The host stadium must have space for the Gameday Experience , a large pregame entertainment area , within walking distance of the stadium . The host city must have space for the NFL Experience , the interactive football theme park which is operated the week prior to the Super Bowl . An indoor venue for the event must have a minimum of 850,000 square feet , and an outdoor venue must have a minimum of 1,000,000 square feet . Additionally , there must be space nearby for the Media Center , and space for all other events involved in the Super Bowl week , including golf courses and bowling alleys . The necessary infrastructure must be in place around the stadium and other Super Bowl facilities , including parking , security , electrical needs , media needs , communication needs , and transportation needs . There must be a minimum number of hotel spaces within one hour 's drive of the stadium equaling 35 % of the stadium 's capacity , along with hotels for the teams , officials , media , and other dignitaries . ( For Super Bowl XXXIX , the city of Jacksonville docked several luxury cruise liners at their port to act as temporary hotel space . ) There must be practice space of equal and comparable quality for both teams within a 20 - minute drive of the team hotels , and rehearsal space for all events within a reasonable distance to the stadium . The practice facilities must have one grass field and at least one field of the same surface as the host stadium . The stadium must have a minimum of 70,000 fixed seats , including club and fixed suite seating , during regular season operations . The NFL owners meet to make a selection on the site , usually three to five years prior to the event . In 2007 , NFL commissioner Roger Goodell suggested that a Super Bowl might be played in London , perhaps at Wembley Stadium . The game has never been played in a region that lacks an NFL franchise ; seven Super Bowls have been played in Los Angeles , but none were held there in the 21 - year period when the league had no team in the area . New Orleans , the site of the 2013 Super Bowl , invested more than $1 billion in infrastructure improvements in the years leading up to the game . Home team designation ( edit ) The designated `` home team '' alternates between the NFC team in odd - numbered games and the AFC team in even - numbered games . This alternation was initiated with the first Super Bowl , when the Green Bay Packers were the designated home team . Regardless of being the home or away team of record , each team has their team logo and wordmark painted in one of the end zones . Designated away teams have won 30 of 51 Super Bowls to date ( approximately 59 percent ) . The Redskins are one of six home teams that chose to wear their white jersey , shown here in Super Bowl XVII . Since Super Bowl XIII in January 1979 , the home team is given the choice of wearing their colored or white jerseys . Originally , the designated home team had to wear their colored jerseys , which resulted in Dallas donning their less exposed dark blue jerseys for Super Bowl V. While most of the home teams in the Super Bowl have chosen to wear their colored jerseys , there have been six ( 6 ) exceptions : the Dallas Cowboys during Super Bowl XIII and XXVII , the Washington Redskins during Super Bowl XVII , the Pittsburgh Steelers during Super Bowl XL , the Denver Broncos during Super Bowl 50 , and the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII . The Cowboys , since 1964 , have worn white jerseys at home . The Redskins wore white at home under coach Joe Gibbs starting in 1981 through 1992 , continued by Richie Petitbon and Norv Turner through 2000 , then again when Gibbs returned from 2004 through 2007 . Meanwhile , the Steelers , who have always worn their black jerseys at home since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 , opted for the white jerseys after winning three consecutive playoff games on the road , wearing white . The Steelers ' decision was compared with the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XX ; the Patriots had worn white jerseys at home during the 1985 season , but after winning road playoff games against the New York Jets and Miami Dolphins wearing red jerseys , New England opted to switch to crimson for the Super Bowl as the designated home team . For the Broncos in Super Bowl 50 , Denver general manager John Elway simply stated , `` We 've had Super Bowl success in our white uniforms '' ; they previously had been 0 -- 4 in Super Bowls when wearing their orange jerseys . The Broncos ' decision is also perceived to be made out of superstition , losing all Super Bowl games with the orange jerseys in terrible fashion . It is unclear why the Patriots chose to wear their white jerseys for Super Bowl LII . During the pairing of Bill Belichick and Tom Brady , New England has mostly worn their blue jerseys for home games , but have worn white for a home game in the 2008 , 2010 , and 2011 seasons . The New England Patriots were 3 - 0 in their white uniforms in Super Bowls prior to Super Bowl LII with Belichick and Brady , and they may have been going on recent trends of teams who wear white for the Super Bowl game . White - shirted teams have won 33 of 52 Super Bowls to date ( 63 percent ) . The only teams to win in their dark - colored uniform in more recent years are the Green Bay Packers against the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XLV and the Philadelphia Eagles against the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII , with teams in white winning 12 of the last 14 Super Bowls . The 49ers , as part of the league 's 75th Anniversary celebration , used their 1957 throwback uniform in Super Bowl XXIX , which for that year was their regular home jersey . No team has yet worn a third jersey or Color Rush uniform for the Super Bowl . Host cities / regions ( edit ) For a full list of Super Bowl venues , see List of Super Bowl champions . Miami Metro Area New Orleans L.A. Metro Area Tampa San Diego Houston Detroit Metro Atlanta Phoenix Metro Area Minneapolis Jacksonville S.F. Bay Area Dallas ‐ Fort Worth Indianapolis N.Y. Metro Area Super Bowl host cities / regions Fifteen different regions have hosted Super Bowls . City / Region No. hosted Years hosted Miami metropolitan area 10 ( 11 ) 1968 , 1969 , 1971 , 1976 , 1979 , 1989 , 1995 , 1999 , 2007 , 2010 , 2020 New Orleans 10 1970 , 1972 , 1975 , 1978 , 1981 , 1986 , 1990 , 1997 , 2002 , 2013 Los Angeles metropolitan area 7 ( 8 ) 1967 , 1973 , 1977 , 1980 , 1983 , 1987 , 1993 , 2022 Tampa 4 ( 5 ) 1984 , 1991 , 2001 , 2009 , 2021 San Diego 1988 , 1998 , 2003 Phoenix metropolitan area 1996 , 2008 , 2015 Houston 1974 , 2004 , 2017 Atlanta 2 ( 3 ) 1994 , 2000 , 2019 Metro Detroit 1982 , 2006 San Francisco Bay Area 1985 , 2016 Minneapolis 1992 , 2018 Jacksonville 2005 Dallas - Fort Worth Metroplex 2011 Indianapolis 2012 New York metropolitan area 2014 Note : Years listed are the year the game was actually played ( or will be played ; future games are denoted through italics ) rather than what NFL season it is considered to have been . Host stadiums ( edit ) A total of twenty - six different stadiums , five of which no longer exist and one of which does not yet exist , have hosted or are scheduled to host Super Bowls . Years listed in the table below are the years the game was actually played ( will be played ) rather than what NFL season it is considered to have been . Stadium Location No. hosted Years hosted Mercedes - Benz Superdome , formerly Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 7 1978 , 1981 , 1986 , 1990 , 1997 , 2002 , 2013 Hard Rock Stadium , formerly Joe Robbie Stadium , Pro Player Stadium , Dolphin Stadium , and Sun Life Stadium Miami Gardens , Florida 5 ( 6 ) 1989 , 1995 , 1999 , 2007 , 2010 , 2020 Miami Orange Bowl Miami , Florida 5 1968 , 1969 , 1971 , 1976 , 1979 Rose Bowl Pasadena , California 5 1977 , 1980 , 1983 , 1987 , 1993 Tulane Stadium New Orleans , Louisiana 1970 , 1972 , 1975 SDCCU Stadium , formerly Jack Murphy Stadium and Qualcomm Stadium San Diego , California 1988 , 1998 , 2003 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , California 1967 , 1973 Tampa Stadium Tampa , Florida 1984 , 1991 Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 1994 , 2000 Raymond James Stadium Tampa , Florida 2 ( 3 ) 2001 , 2009 , 2021 University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , Arizona 2008 , 2015 NRG Stadium , formerly Reliant Stadium Houston , Texas 2004 , 2017 Rice Stadium Houston , Texas Pontiac Silverdome Pontiac , Michigan 1982 Stanford Stadium Stanford , California 1985 Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 1992 Sun Devil Stadium Tempe , Arizona EverBank Field , formerly Alltel Stadium Jacksonville , Florida 2005 Ford Field Detroit , Michigan 2006 AT&T Stadium Arlington , Texas 2011 Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 2012 MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey 2014 Levi 's Stadium Santa Clara , California 2016 U.S. Bank Stadium Minneapolis , Minnesota 2018 Mercedes - Benz Stadium Atlanta , Georgia 2019 Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Inglewood , California 2022 ^ ^ : Stadium is now demolished . ^ ‡ : Miami Gardens became a city in 2003 . Before that , the stadium had a Miami address while in unincorporated Miami - Dade County . ^ † † : The original Stanford Stadium , which hosted Super Bowl XIX , was demolished and replaced with a new stadium in 2006 . ^ ˇ : Future Super Bowls , also denoted by italics . Future venues : 2019 : Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( 1 ) , Atlanta ( 3 ) 2020 : Hard Rock Stadium ( 6 ) , Miami Gardens , Florida ( 6 ; 11 for the Miami metropolitan area ) 2021 : Raymond James Stadium ( 3 ) , Tampa , Florida ( 5 ) 2022 : Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park ( 1 ) , Inglewood , California ( 1 ; 8 for the Los Angeles metropolitan area ) The game has never been played in a region that lacked an NFL or AFL franchise . London , England has occasionally been mentioned as a host city for a Super Bowl in the near future . Wembley Stadium has hosted several NFL games as part of the NFL International Series and is specifically designed for large , individual events . NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell has openly discussed the possibility on different occasions . Time zone complications are a significant obstacle to a Super Bowl in London ; a typical 6 : 30 p.m. Eastern Time start would result in the game beginning at 11 : 30 p.m. local time in London , an unusually late hour to be holding spectator sports ( the NFL has never in its history started a game later than 9 : 15 p.m. local time ) . As bids have been submitted for all Super Bowls through Super Bowl LVI , the soonest that any stadium outside the NFL 's footprint could serve as host would be Super Bowl LVII in 2023 . Super Bowl trademark ( edit ) The NFL is very active on stopping what it says is unauthorized commercial use of its trademarked terms `` NFL '' , `` Super Bowl '' , and `` Super Sunday '' . As a result , many events and promotions tied to the game , but not sanctioned by the NFL , are asked to refer to it with euphemisms such as `` The Big Game '' , or other generic descriptions . A radio spot for Planters nuts parodied this , by saying `` it would be super ... to have a bowl ... of Planters nuts while watching the big game ! '' and comedian Stephen Colbert began referring to the game in 2014 as the `` Superb Owl '' . In 2015 , the NFL filed opposition with the USPTO Trademark Trial and Appeal Board to a trademark application submitted by an Arizona - based nonprofit for `` Superb Owl '' . The NFL claims that the use of the phrase `` Super Bowl '' implies an NFL affiliation , and on this basis the league asserts broad rights to restrict how the game may be shown publicly ; for example , the league says Super Bowl showings are prohibited in churches or at other events that `` promote a message '' , while venues that do not regularly show sporting events can not show the Super Bowl on any television screen larger than 55 inches . Some critics say the NFL is exaggerating its ownership rights by stating that `` any use is prohibited '' , as this contradicts the broad doctrine of fair use in the United States . Legislation was proposed by Utah Senator Orrin Hatch in 2008 `` to provide an exemption from exclusive rights in copyright for certain nonprofit organizations to display live football games '' , and `` for other purposes '' . In 2004 , The NFL started issuing Cease and Desist letters to casinos in Las Vegas that were hosting Super Bowl parties . `` Super Bowl '' is a registered trademark , owned by the NFL , and any other business using that name for profit - making ventures is in violation of federal law , according to the letters . In reaction to the letters , many Vegas resorts , rather than discontinue the popular and lucrative parties , started referring to them as `` Big Game Parties . '' In 2006 , the NFL made an attempt to trademark `` The Big Game '' as well ; however , it withdrew the application in 2007 due to growing commercial and public - relations opposition to the move , mostly from Stanford University and the University of California , Berkeley and their fans , as the Stanford Cardinal football and California Golden Bears football teams compete in the Big Game , which has been played since 1892 ( 28 years before the formation of the NFL and 75 years before Super Bowl I ) . Additionally , the Mega Millions lottery game was known as The Big Game from 1996 to 2002 . Use of the phrase `` World champions '' ( edit ) Main article : Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada § Use of the phrase `` world champions '' Like the other major professional leagues in the United States , the winner of the Super Bowl is usually declared `` world champions '' , a title that has been mocked by non-American journalists . Others feel the title is fitting , since it is the only professional league of its kind . The practice by the U.S. major leagues of using the `` World Champion '' moniker originates from the World Series of professional baseball , and it was later used during the first three Super Bowls when they were referred to as AFL - NFL World Championship Games . The phrase is still engraved on the Super Bowl rings . See also ( edit ) Active head coach career Super Bowl history Grey Cup History of National Football League championship List of NFL champions ( 1920 -- 69 ) List of NFL franchise post-season droughts List of NFL franchise post-season streaks List of quarterbacks with multiple Super Bowl starts List of Super Bowl champions List of Super Bowl broadcasters List of Super Bowl head coaches List of Super Bowl officials List of Super Bowl records National Football League lore NFL Honors Super Bowl advertising Super Bowl counterprogramming Super Bowl curse Super Bowl indicator References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Since Super Bowl LI in 2017 , the Roman numeral of the game has been featured alongside the trophy , with the logo decorated in different colors for each year . Citations Jump up ^ Belkin , Douglas ( January 29 , 2004 ) . `` Super Bowl underscores cultural divide '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Sunday : An Unofficial Holiday for Millions '' . U.S. Bureau of International Information Programs ( IIP ) . January 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USDA Offers Food Safety Advice for Your Super Bowl Party '' ( Press release ) . U.S. Department of Agriculture . January 27 , 2006 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mark Koba ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl TV ratings : Fast facts at a glance '' . CNBC . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 8 , 2010 ) . `` Super Bowl dethrones ' M * A * S * H , ' sets all - time record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Patra , Kevin ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl XLIX is most - watched show in U.S. history '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Update : Super Bowl on NBC Draws Record U.S. Television Audience '' . Variety . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harris , Nick ( January 31 , 2010 ) . `` Elite clubs on Uefa gravy train as Super Bowl knocked off perch '' . The Independent . London . ^ Jump up to : Commercials as big as game , Florida Today Jump up ^ Tinley , Josh ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` ' Super Bowl ' -- Why Do We Call It That ? Why Roman Numerals ? '' . Midwest Sports Fans . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Corny and a bit presumptuous , but it 's still the ' Super Bowl ' '' . St. Petersburg Times . Florida . Associated Press . January 7 , 1970 . p. 1C . ^ Jump up to : `` What to name the Super Bowl ? Rozelle asks newsmen to help '' . Fort Scott Tribune . Kansas . Associated Press . May 26 , 1967 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` ' Super Bowl ' Site May Be Rose Bowl '' . The Evening Standard . Associated Press . 1966 - 07 - 18 . p. 14 . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Merge Gives Incentive to AFL Champs - Collier '' . Pottstown Mercury . Associated Press . 30 July 1966 . p. 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ MacCambridge , Michael ( 2004 ) . America 's Game . New York : Random House . p. 237 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` NFL wo n't use Roman numerals for Super Bowl 50 '' . National Football League . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Kevin ; Merron , Jeff ; Schoenfield , David . `` 100 Greatest Super Bowl Moments '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fischer - Baum , Reuben ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` What Was The Best Super Bowl Ever ? Ranking All 47 Games According To Watchability '' . Deadspin.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Champions League final tops Super Bowl for TV market '' . BBC Sport . BBC . January 31 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Statistics on Super Bowl TV Viewership in the US , Nielsen Media Research , February 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Super Bowl XLI broadcast in 232 countries , NFL press release , February 3 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Rushin , Steve ( February 6 , 2006 ) . `` A Billion People Can Be Wrong '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XL to Attract Close to 1 Billion Viewers Worldwide '' . Voice of America . February 3 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 3 February 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl XLIX is Most - Watched Show in U.S. Television History With 114.4 Million Viewers '' . TV By the numbers . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Soshnick , Scott ( February 3 , 2014 ) . `` Despite rout , Super Bowl sets TV ratings record - Fox '' . Reuters . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Television 's Top - Rated Programs '' . Nielsen Media Research . April 30 , 2000 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl ads cost average of $3.5 M '' . Associated Press . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Most Super Bowl viewers tune in for the commercials '' . Nielsen.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cook , John . `` Superbowl : What Time Is the Super Bowl in One Amazing Chart '' . Gawker . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Super Bowl evolves into television extravaganza Archived February 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Pittsburgh Tribune Retrieved May 10 , 2011 Jump up ^ Pergament , Alan ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` American Idol '' Slipping Here and Nationally Archived February 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fryer , Jenna ( January 30 , 2009 ) . `` Bruce Springsteen 's Super Bowl Promise : `` 12 - Minute Party '' At Halftime `` . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl -- Entertainment '' . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` How Jackson Redefined the Super Bowl '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Goal of spectacle colors NFL 's thinking about Super Bowl halftime show '' . Chicago Tribune . 6 February 2011 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hudson 's Super Bowl Lip - Sync No Surprise to Insiders '' . ABC News . February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A fitting wartime rendition '' . St. Petersburg Times . February 4 , 1991 . Jump up ^ `` Our National Anthem : The Good , the Bad and the Ugly '' . Rolling Stone . July 3 , 2007 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Boobs , Beyoncé , & Brass Bands : The Evolution of the Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Best Super Bowl Halftime Shows '' . Rolling Stone . January 31 , 2013 . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Triplett , Mike ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Atlanta , Miami , New Orleans , Tampa eye 2019 , 2020 Super Bowls '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Omar ( November 6 , 2014 ) . Dolphins will host New York Jets in London in 2015 . South Florida Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Earnheardt , Adam C. ( 2011 ) . `` Super Bowl '' . In Swayne , Linda E. ; Dodds , Mark . Encyclopedia of Sports Management and Marketing . 4 . Sage Publications . pp. 1508 -- 1511 . ISBN 978 - 1412973823 . Jump up ^ George , Thomas ( March 14 , 1990 ) . `` Phoenix Gets ' 93 Super Bowl if King Holiday Goes Statewide ; ' 93 Super Bowl to Phoenix If King Holiday Wins Vote Football '' . The New York Times . pp. D27 . Jump up ^ `` No rolling roof , no Super Bowl at Arrowhead '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 25 , 2006 . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Eleanor ( February 3 , 2013 ) . `` Super Bowl Is Single Largest Human Trafficking Incident In U.S. : Attorney General '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Mikkelson , Barbara ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Pro Bowl : Super Bowl Prostitution Increase '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedulla , Tom ( September 23 , 2003 ) . `` N.Y. / N.J. Super Bowl in 2008 may not come to pass '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rose , Bryan ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` NFL 's lengthy list of requirements for Super Bowl host city leaked '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cruise Ships Score Touchdown in Jacksonville for Super Bowl XXXIX '' . Cruise Critic . February 4 , 2005 . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ESPN -- Goodell says NFL to look into playing Super Bowl in London -- NFL , Associated Press , ESPN , 2007 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Craig Johnson . `` For NFL , New Orleans has always been a ball '' . HLNtv.com . Jump up ^ Warner , Ralph ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Vikings would be the `` away '' team in Super Bowl LII `` . NFL.com . National Football League . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` XLII facts about Super Bowl XLII '' . January 22 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2008 . Retrieved April 12 , 2008 . The AFC is the home team in this year 's Super Bowl ( Super Bowl XLII ) . Jump up ^ Swanson , Ben ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broncos to wear white uniforms in Super Bowl 50 '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broncos choose to wear white jerseys in Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://uni-watch.com/research-projects/white-at-home-in-the-nfl/ Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/blog/boston/new-england-patriots/post/_/id/4683236/why-the-patriots-wore-white-at-home Jump up ^ https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/attention-to-detail-is-everything-to-bill-belichick/ Jump up ^ https://www.sbnation.com/2018/1/23/16923176/super-bowl-52-patriots-eagles-jerseys-home-away Jump up ^ http://boston.cbslocal.com/2018/01/23/patriots-white-jerseys-super-bowl-lii-eagles/ Jump up ^ https://www.patspulpit.com/2018/1/23/16921342/super-bowl-lii-new-england-patriots-white-jerseys-against-philadelphia-eagles-designated-home-team Jump up ^ Benjamin , Cody ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 jerseys : Patriots hope white stays lucky , Eagles will wear green '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Atlanta , South Florida , L.A. chosen to host Super Bowls '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClure , Vaughn ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Owners award 2019 Super Bowl to Atlanta , 2020 to South Florida , 2021 to Los Angeles '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl LV relocated to Tampa ; L.A. will host SB LVI '' . NFL.com . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sundby , Alex ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` Super Bowl in London ? It 's possible , owner says '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans to host 10th Super Bowl in 2013 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Love , Tim ( April 24 , 2009 ) . `` NFL in talks on London Super Bowl '' . BBC Sports . Retrieved April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ESPN News ( May 3 , 2009 ) . `` Report : London eyes Super Bowl '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Marvez , Alex ( May 4 , 2009 ) . `` All signs point to Favre returning '' . Fox Sports . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 27 , Ali Toumadj / January ; Blog , 2014 / Comments Off on The Super-Trademark -- Bowl / Daily ; Trademark ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` The Super -- Trademark -- Bowl '' . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( January 29 , 2007 ) . `` Super Bowl , Super Trademarks : Protecting the NFL 's IP '' . The Hollywood Reporter , Esq . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved February 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Norfleet , Nicole ( September 23 , 2017 ) . `` Be careful with the phrase ' Super Bowl ' in marketing ; NFL has the trademark '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` USPTO TTABVUE . Proceeding Number 91222783 '' . ^ Jump up to : Alter , Alexandra ( February 2 , 2008 ) . `` God vs. Gridiron '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Church Super Bowl Victory : Senators Hatch & Specter Score Touchdown with NFL Policy '' . Copyright Queen Blog . February 22 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2009 . Retrieved March 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Linshi , Jack . `` Here 's Why Companies Ca n't Say `` Super Bowl '' in their Super Bowl Ads `` . Time.com . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Benston , Liz . `` NFL 's Letters May Spell Trouble For Casino Parties '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Ordine , Bill . `` '' Big Game '' is Name in Vegas `` . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ FitzGerald , Tom ( May 23 , 2007 ) . `` NFL sidelines its pursuit of Big Game trademark '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions Official Home '' . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fung , Katherine ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Piers Morgan Laughs At Ravens Being Declared ' World Champions ' Of American Football '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wells , Steven ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` US sport : Steven Wells on why NBA , MLB and NFL winners call themselves world champions , even though no one else takes part Sport '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Evans , Simon ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Super Bowl contenders happy with world champions title '' . Reuters . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) 2006 NFL Record and Fact Book . Time Inc . Home Entertainment . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . Total Football II : The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League . Harper Collins . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . The Sporting News Complete Super Bowl Book 1995 . ISBN 0 - 89204 - 523 - X . The Super Bowl : An Official Retrospective with DVD . Ballantine Books . 2005 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 48719 - 2 . MacCambridge , Michael ( 2004 ) . America 's Game . Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50454 - 0 . Chris Jones ( February 2 , 2005 ) . `` NFL tightens restrictions on Super Bowl advertisements '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . John Branch ( February 4 , 2006 ) . `` Build It and They Will Come '' . The New York Times . Super Bowl play - by - plays from USA Today . Retrieved September 28 , 2005 . 100 Greatest Super Bowl Moments by Kevin Jackson , Jeff Merron , and David Schoenfield ; espn.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2005 . Various Authors -- `` SI 's 25 Lost Treasures '' -- Sports Illustrated , July 11 , 2005 p. 114 . `` The Super Bowl I - VII . '' Lost Treasures of NFL Films . ESPN2 . January 26 , 2001 . `` MTV 's Super Bowl Uncensored '' . MTV . January 27 , 2001 . `` Talk Shows . '' CBS : 50 Years from Television City . CBS . April 27 , 2002 . Dee , Tommy ( January 2007 ) . `` Super Bowl Halftime Jinx '' . Maxim . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2009 . Retrieved January 25 , 2007 . The Pro Football Playoff Encyclopedia . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9835136 - 2 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Super Bowl at Wikimedia Commons Official website Super Bowl at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Super Bowl broadcast backend ( 2016 ) -- Terry Collins , Super Bowl special effects : New cameras power ' Matrix ' - style replays , CNET , February 5 , 2016 Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who decides where the super bowl is held | [
"The NFL owners meet to make a selection on the site, usually three to five years prior to the event. In 2007, NFL commissioner Roger Goodell suggested that a Super Bowl might be played in London, perhaps at Wembley Stadium.[51] The game has never been played in a region that lacks an NFL franchise; seven Super Bowls have been played in Los Angeles, but none were held there in the 21-year period when the league had no team in the area.[citation needed] New Orleans, the site of the 2013 Super Bowl, invested more than $1 billion in infrastructure improvements in the years leading up to the game.[52]"
] | [
"The NFL owners"
] |
-7697800278702546884 | President of India | President of India - wikipedia President of India Jump to : navigation , search President of the Republic of India State Emblem of India Flag of India Incumbent Ram Nath Kovind since 25 July 2017 Style Honourable ( within India ) His / Her Excellency ( outside India ) Residence Rashtrapati Bhavan Appointer The Electoral College of India Term length Five years . No term limits are imposed on the office . Inaugural holder Rajendra Prasad 26 January 1950 Formation The Constitution of India January 26 , 1950 ; 67 years ago ( 1950 - 01 - 26 ) Deputy Vice President of India Salary ₹ 150,000 ( US $2,300 ) ( per month ) Website President of India The President of the Republic of India is the head of state of India and the commander - in - chief of the Indian Armed Forces . The President is indirectly elected by an electoral college comprising the Parliament of India ( both houses ) and the Legislative Assemblies of each of India 's states and territories , who themselves are all directly elected . The office - holder serves for a term of five years ; there are no term limits . The oath of the President is taken in the presence of the Chief Justice of India , and in their absence , by the most senior judge of the Supreme Court of India . Although the Article 53 of the Constitution of India states that the President can exercise his powers directly or by subordinate authority , with few exceptions , all of the executive powers vested in the President are , in practice , exercised by the Prime Minister with the help of the Council of Ministers . The President is bound by convention to act on the advice of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . The President resides in an estate known as the Rashtrapati Bhavan ( which roughly translates as President 's House ) situated in Raisina Hill in New Delhi . The presidential retreats are The Retreat in Chharabra , Shimla and Rashtrapati Nilayam ( President 's Place ) in Hyderabad . Republic of India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Union Government ( show ) Constitution of India Fundamental rights Executive : President Vice President Prime Minister Union Council of Ministers Cabinet Secretary of India Civil Services of India Parliament : Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha The Chairman The Speaker Judiciary : Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India High Courts District Courts Elections ( show ) Election Commission : Chief Election Commissioner Political parties ( show ) National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) State Govt. and Local Govt. ( show ) Governor Chief Minister Chief Secretary State Level : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Local Governments : Divisional Commissioner District Magistrate Sub-Divisional Magistrate Rural Bodies Zilla panchayats Mandal Or Taluka Panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban Bodies Municipal Corporations Municipal councils Nagar Panchayats Other countries Atlas Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Powers and duties 2.1 Duty 2.2 Legislative powers 2.3 Executive powers 2.4 Judicial powers 2.5 Appointment powers 2.6 Financial powers 2.7 Diplomatic powers 2.8 Military powers 2.9 Pardoning powers 2.10 Emergency powers 2.10. 1 National emergency 2.10. 2 State emergency 2.10. 3 Financial emergency 3 Selection process 3.1 Eligibility 4 Time of election 4.1 Conditions for the Presidency 4.2 Election process 4.3 Oath or affirmation 5 Emoluments 6 Impeachment 7 Succession 8 President versus Chief Justice 9 President versus Prime minister 10 Important presidential interventions in the past 10.1 Proving majority in the parliament 10.2 Proof of Majority to form a Government 10.3 Vetoing of a Bill 10.4 Rashtrapati Bhavan communiqués 10.5 Return of a Bill 10.6 Sacking state governors 10.7 Living former Presidents 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Origin ( edit ) Presidential Standard of India ( 1950 -- 1971 ) India achieved independence from the British on 15 August 1947 , initially as a Dominion within the Commonwealth of Nations with George VI as king , represented in the country by a governor - general . Still , following this , the Constituent Assembly of India , under the leadership of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar , undertook the process of drafting a completely new constitution for the country . The Constitution of India was eventually enacted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950 , making India a republic . The offices of monarch and governor - general were replaced by the new office of President of India , with Rajendra Prasad as the first incumbent . The constitution of the Republic of India ( Articles 53 , 74 ( 2 ) , 79 & 111 ) gave the President the responsibility and authority to defend and protect the constitution of India and its rule of law . Invariably , any action taken by the executive or legislature entities of the constitution shall become law only after President 's assent . The president shall not accept any actions of the executive or legislature which are unconstitutional . The president is the foremost , most empowered and prompt defender of the constitution ( Article 60 ) , who has pre-emptive power for ensuring constitutionality in the actions of the executive or legislature . The role of the judiciary in upholding the constitution of India is the second line of defence in nullifying any unconstitutional actions of the executive and legislative entities of the Indian Union . Powers and duties ( edit ) Duty ( edit ) The primary duty of the President is to preserve , protect and defend the constitution and the law of India as made part of his oath ( Article 60 of Indian constitution ) . The President is the common head of all independent constitutional entities . All his actions , recommendations ( Article 3 , Article 111 , Article 274 , etc . ) and supervisory powers ( Article 74 ( 2 ) , Article 78 c , Article 108 , Article 111 , etc . ) over the executive and legislative entities of India shall be used in accordance to uphold the constitution . There is no bar on the actions of the President to contest in the court of law . Legislative powers ( edit ) Legislative power is constitutionally vested by the Parliament of India of which the President is the head , to facilitate the law making process per the constitution ( Article 78 , Article 86 , etc . ) . The President of the Republic summons both the Houses ( The House of the People and ' The Council of States ' ) of the Parliament and prorogues them . He can dissolve the Lok Sabha . The President inaugurates Parliament by addressing it after the general elections and also at the beginning of the first session every year per Article 87 ( 1 ) . The Presidential address on these occasions is generally meant to outline the new policies of the government . All bills passed by the Parliament can become laws only after receiving the assent of the President per Article 111 . After a bill is presented to him , the President shall declare either that he assents to the Bill , or that he withholds his assent from it . As a third option , he can return a bill to Parliament , if it is not a money bill , for reconsideration . President may be of view that a particular bill passed under the legislative powers of parliament is violating the constitution , he can send back the bill with his recommendation to pass the bill under the constituent powers of parliament following the Article 368 procedure . When , after reconsideration , the bill is passed accordingly and presented to the President , with or without amendments , the President can not withhold his assent from it . The President can also withhold his assent to a bill when it is initially presented to him ( rather than return it to Parliament ) thereby exercising a pocket veto on the advice of prime minister or council of ministers per Article 74 if it is inconsistent to the constitution . Article 143 gave power to the president to consult the Supreme Court about the constitutional validity of any issue . President shall assent the constitutional amendment bills without power to withhold the bills per Article 368 ( 2 ) . When either of the two Houses of the Parliament of India is not in session , and if the government feels the need for an immediate procedure , the President can promulgate ordinances which have the same force and effect as an act passed by Parliament under its legislative powers . These are in the nature of interim or temporary legislation and their continuance is subject to parliamentary approval . Ordinances remain valid for no more than six weeks from the date the Parliament is convened unless approved by it earlier . Under Article 123 , the President as the upholder of the constitution shall be satisfied that immediate action is mandatory as advised by the union cabinet and he is confident that the government commands majority support in the Parliament needed for the passing of the ordinance into an act and Parliament can be summoned to deliberate on the passing of the ordinance as soon as possible . The promulgated ordinance is treated as an act of Parliament when in force and it is the responsibility of the President to withdraw the ordinance as soon as the reasons for promulgation of the ordinance are no longer applicable . Bringing laws in the form of ordinances has become a routine matter by the government and President , but the provisions made in Article 123 are meant for mitigating unusual circumstances where immediate action is inevitable when the extant provisions of law are inadequate . Re-promulgation of ordinances after failing to get approval within the stipulated time of both houses of parliament is an unconstitutional act by the President . President should not incorporate any matter in an ordinance which is violating the constitution or needs amendment to the constitution . The President should take moral responsibility when an ordinance elapses automatically or is not approved by the Parliament or violating the constitution . Executive powers ( edit ) Per Article 53 , the executive power of the country is vested in the President and is exercised by President either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with the Constitution . When parliament thinks fit it may accord additional executive powers to the president per Article 70 which may be further delegated by the president to the governors of states per Article 160 . Union cabinet with Prime Minister as its head , should aid and advice the President in performing his functions . Per Article 74 ( 2 ) , the council of ministers or Prime Minister are not accountable legally to the advice tendered to the President but it is the sole responsibility of the President to ensure compliance with the constitution in performing his duties . President or his subordinate officers is bound by the provisions of the constitution notwithstanding any advice by union cabinet . Per Article 142 , it is the duty of President to enforce the decrees of Supreme Court . Judicial powers ( edit ) The primary duty of the President is to preserve , protect and defend the constitution and the law of India per Article 60 . The President appoints the Chief Justice of the Union Judiciary and other judges on the advice of the Chief Justice . He dismisses the judges if and only if the two Houses of the Parliament pass resolutions to that effect by a two - thirds majority of the members present . Attorney General for India who is the Indian government 's chief legal advisor , is appointed by the President of India under Article 76 ( 1 ) and holds office during the pleasure of the President . If the President considers a question of law or a matter of public importance has arisen , he can also ask for the advisory opinion of the Supreme Court per Article 143 . Per Article 88 , President can ask the Attorney General to attend the parliamentary proceedings and report to him any unlawful functioning if any . Appointment powers ( edit ) The President appoints , as Prime Minister , the person most likely to command the support of the majority in the Lok Sabha ( usually the leader of the majority party or coalition ) . The President then appoints the other members of the Council of Ministers , distributing portfolios to them on the advice of the Prime Minister . The Council of Ministers remains in power at the ' pleasure ' of the President . The President appoints 12 members of the Rajya Sabha from amongst persons who have special knowledge or practical experience in respect of such matters as literature , science , art and social service . Governors of States are also appointed by the President who shall work at the pleasure of the President . Per Article 156 , President is empowered to dismiss a governor who has violated the constitution in his acts . The President is responsible for making a wide variety of appointments . These include : The Chief Justice , other judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts of India The Chief Minister of the National capital territory of Delhi ( Article 239 AA 5 of the constitution ) The Attorney General The Comptroller and Auditor General The Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners The Chairman and other Members of the Union Public Service Commission Vice-Chancellor of the central university and academic staff of the central university through his nominee Ambassadors and High Commissioners to other countries ( only through the list of names given by the Prime Minister ) Financial powers ( edit ) A money bill can be introduced in the Parliament only with the President 's recommendation . The President lays the Annual Financial Statement , i.e. the Union budget , before the Parliament . The President can take advances out of the Contingency Fund of India to meet unforeseen expenses . The President constitutes a Finance commission after every five years to recommend the distribution of the taxes between the centre and the States . Diplomatic powers ( edit ) All international treaties and agreements are negotiated and concluded on behalf of the President . However , in practice , such negotiations are usually carried out by the Prime Minister along with his Cabinet ( especially the Foreign Minister ) . Also , such treaties are subject to the approval of the Parliament . The President represents India in international forums and affairs where such a function is chiefly ceremonial . The President may also send and receive diplomats , i.e. the officers from the Indian Foreign Service . The President is the first citizen of the country . Military powers ( edit ) The President is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces . The President can declare war or conclude peace , on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister . All important treaties and contracts are made in the President 's name . He also appoints the chiefs of the service branches of the armed forces . Pardoning powers ( edit ) See also : Presidential pardon As mentioned in Article 72 of the Indian Constitution , the President is empowered with the powers to grant pardons in the following situations : Punishment is for an offence against Union Law Punishment is by a Military Court Sentence is that of death The decisions involving pardoning and other rights by the President are independent of the opinion of the Prime Minister or the Lok Sabha majority . In most cases , however , the President exercises his executive powers on the advice of the Prime Minister and the cabinet . Emergency powers ( edit ) The President can declare three types of emergencies : national , state and financial , under articles 352 , 356 & 360 in addition to promulgating ordinances under article 123 . National emergency ( edit ) See also : The Emergency ( India ) A national emergency can be declared in the whole of India or a part of its territory for causes of war or armed rebellion or an external aggression . Such an emergency was declared in India in 1962 ( Indo - China war ) , 1971 ( Indo - Pakistan war ) , and 1975 to 1977 ( declared by Indira Gandhi ) . Under Article 352 of the India Constitution , the President can declare such an emergency only on the basis of a written request by the cabinet of ministers headed by the Prime Minister . Such a proclamation must be approved by the Parliament with two thirds majority within one month . Such an emergency can be imposed for six months . It can be extended by six months by repeated parliamentary approval - there is no maximum duration . In such an emergency , Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens can be suspended . The six freedoms under Right to Freedom are automatically suspended . However , the Right to Life and Personal Liberty can not be suspended ( Article 21 ) . The President can make laws on the 66 subjects of the State List ( which contains subjects on which the state governments can make laws ) . Also , all money bills are referred to the President for approval . The term of the Lok Sabha can be extended by a period of up to one year , but not so as to extend the term of Parliament beyond six months after the end of the declared emergency . National Emergency has been proclaimed 3 times in India till date . It was declared first in 1962 by President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , during the Sino - Indian War . This emergency lasted through the Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 and up to 1968 . It was revoked in 1968 . The second emergency in India was proclaimed in 1971 by President V.V. Giri on the eve of the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 . The first two emergencies were in the face of external aggression and War . They were hence external emergencies . Even as the second emergency was in progress , another internal emergency was proclaimed by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed , with Indira Gandhi as Prime Minister in 1975 . In 1977 , the second and the third emergencies were together revoked . State emergency ( edit ) See also : Federalism in India If the President is fully satisfied , on the basis of the report of the Governor of the concerned state or from other sources that the governance in a state can not be carried out according to the provisions in the Constitution , he can proclaim under Article 356 a state of emergency in the state . Such an emergency must be approved by the Parliament within a period of 2 months . Under Article 356 of the Indian Constitution , it can be imposed from six months to a maximum period of three years with repeated parliamentary approval every six months . If the emergency needs to be extended for more than three years , this can be achieved by a constitutional amendment , as has happened in Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir . During such an emergency , the President can take over the entire work of the executive , and the Governor administers the state in the name of the President . The Legislative Assembly can be dissolved or may remain in suspended animation . The Parliament makes laws on the 66 subjects of the state list ( see National emergency for explanation ) . A State Emergency can be imposed via the following : By Article 356 -- If that state failed to run constitutionally , i.e. constitutional machinery has failed . When a state emergency is imposed under this provision , the state is said to be under `` President 's rule . By Article 365 -- If that state is not working according to the direction of the Union Government issued per the provisions of the constitution . This type of emergency needs the approval of the parliament within 2 months . It can last up to a maximum of three years via extensions after each 6 - month period . However , after one year it can be extended only if A state of National Emergency has been declared in the country or in the particular state . The Election Commission finds it difficult to organise an election in that state . The Sarkaria Commission held that presidents have unconstitutionally misused the provision of Article 356 many times for achieving political motives , by dismissing the state governments although there was no constitutional break down in the states . During 2005 , President 's rule was imposed in Bihar state , misusing Article 356 unconstitutionally to prevent the democratically elected state legislators to form a government after the state elections . There is no provision in the constitution to re-promulgate president 's rule in a state when the earlier promulgation ceased to operate for want of parliaments approval within two months duration . During 2014 in Andhra Pradesh , president 's rule was first imposed on 1 March 2014 and it ceased to operate on 30 April 2014 . President 's rule was promulgated after being fully aware that the earliest parliament session is feasible in the end of May 2014 after the general elections . It was reimposed again unconstitutionally on 28 April 2014 by the president . Financial emergency ( edit ) Article 282 accords financial autonomy in spending the financial resources available with the states for public purpose . Article 293 gives liberty to states to borrow without any limit to its ability for its requirements within the territory of India without any consent from the union government . However union government can insist for compliance of its loan terms when a state has outstanding loan charged to the consolidated fund of India or an outstanding loan in respect of which a guarantee has been given by the Government of India under the liability of consolidated fund of India . Under article 360 of the constitution , President can proclaim a financial emergency when the financial stability or credit of the nation or of any part of its territory is threatened . However , until now no guidelines defining the situation of financial emergency in the entire country or a state or a union territory or a panchayat or a municipality or a corporation have been framed either by the finance commission or by the central government . Such an emergency must be approved by the Parliament within two months by simple majority . It has never been declared . A state of financial emergency remains in force indefinitely until revoked by the President . The President can reduce the salaries of all government officials , including judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts , in cases of a financial emergency . All money bills passed by the State legislatures are submitted to the President for approval . He can direct the state to observe certain principles ( economy measures ) relating to financial matters . Selection process ( edit ) Eligibility ( edit ) Article 58 of the Constitution sets the principle qualifications one must meet to be eligible to the office of the President . A President must be : a citizen of India of 35 years of age or above qualified to become a member of the Lok Sabha A person shall not be eligible for election as President if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State or under any local or other authority subject to the control of any of the said Governments . Certain office - holders , however , are permitted to stand as Presidential candidates . These are : The current Vice-President The Governor of any state A Minister of the Union or of any state ( including Prime Minister and Chief Ministers ) In the event that the Vice-President , a State Governor or a Minister is elected President , they are considered to have vacated their previous office on the date they begin serving as President . A member of Parliament or of a State Legislature can seek election to the office of the President but if he is elected as President , he shall be deemed to have vacated his seat in Parliament or State Legislature on the date on which he enters upon his office as President ( Article 59 ( 1 ) ) . Article 57 provides that a person who holds , or who has held , office as President shall , subject to the other provisions of this Constitution , be eligible for re-election to that office . Under The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act , 1952 , a candidate to be nominated for the office of president needs 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders for his name to appear on the ballot . Time of election ( edit ) Article 56 ( 1 ) of the Constitution provides that the President shall hold office for a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office . According to Article 62 , an election to fill a vacancy caused by the expiration of the term of office of President shall be completed before the expiration of the term . An election to fill a vacancy in the office of President occurring by reason of his death , resignation or removal , or otherwise shall be held as soon as possible after , and in no case later than six months from , the date of occurrence of the vacancy ; and the person elected to fill the vacancy shall , subject to the provisions of Article 56 , be entitled to hold office for the full term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office . To meet the contingency of an election to the office of President not being completed in time due to unforeseen circumstances like countermanding of election due to death of a candidate or on account of postponement of the poll for any valid reason , Article 56 ( 1 ) ( c ) provides that the President shall , notwithstanding the expiration of his term , continue to hold office until his successor enters upon his office . Conditions for the presidency ( edit ) Main article : Electoral College ( India ) Certain conditions , per Article 59 of the Constitution , debar an otherwise eligible citizen from contesting the presidential elections . The conditions are : The President shall not be a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the Legislature of any State , and if a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the Legislature of any State be elected President , he shall be deemed to have vacated his seat in that House on the date on which he enters upon his office as President . The President shall not hold any other office of profit . The President shall be entitled without payment of rent to the use of his official residences and shall be also entitled to such emoluments , allowances and privileges as may be determined by Parliament by law and until provision in that behalf is so made , such emoluments , allowances and privileges as are specified in the Second Schedule . The emoluments and allowances of the President shall not be diminished during his term of office . Election process ( edit ) Whenever the office becomes vacant , the new President is chosen by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both houses of Parliament ( M.P.s ) , the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies ( Vidhan Sabha ) of all States and the elected members of the legislative assemblies ( M.L.A.s ) of two Union Territories ( i.e. , National Capital Territory ( NCT ) of Delhi and Union Territory of Puducherry ) . The election process of President is more extensive process than Prime Minister who is also elected indirectly ( not elected by people directly ) by the Lok Sabha members only . Whereas President being constitutional head with duties to protect , defend and preserve the constitution and rule of law in a constitutional democracy with constitutional supremacy , is elected in an extensive manner by the members of Lok Sabha , Rajya Sabha and state legislative assemblies in a secret ballot procedure . The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the President must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders . Each candidate has to make a security deposit of ₹ 15,000 ( US $230 ) in the Reserve Bank of India . The security deposit is liable to be forfeited in case the candidate fails to secure one - sixth of the votes polled . The election is held in accordance to the system of Proportional representation by means of the Single transferable vote method . The voting takes place by secret ballot system . The manner of election of President is provided by Article 55 of the Constitution . Each elector casts a different number of votes . The general principle is that the total number of votes cast by Members of Parliament equals the total number of votes cast by State Legislators . Also , legislators from larger states cast more votes than those from smaller states . Finally , the number of legislators in a state matters ; if a state has few legislators , then each legislator has more votes ; if a state has many legislators , then each legislator has fewer votes . The actual calculation for votes cast by a particular state is calculated by dividing the state 's population by 1000 , which is divided again by the number of legislators from the State voting in the electoral college . This number is the number of votes per legislator in a given state . Every elected member of the parliament enjoys the same number of votes , which may be obtained by dividing the total number of votes assigned to the members of legislative assemblies by the total number of elected representatives of the parliament . Although Indian presidential elections involve actual voting by MPs and MLAs , they tend to vote for the candidate supported by their respective parties . Oath or affirmation ( edit ) The President is required to make and subscribe in the presence of the Chief Justice of India ( or in his absence , the senior-most Judge of the Supreme Court ) , an oath or affirmation that he / she shall protect , preserve and defend the Constitution as follows : I , ( name ) , do swear in the name of God ( or solemnly affirm ) that I will faithfully execute the office of President ( or discharge the functions of the President ) of the Republic of India , and will to the best of my ability preserve , protect and defend the Constitution and the law , and that I will devote myself to the service and well - being of the people of the Republic of India . -- Article 60 , Constitution of India Emoluments ( edit ) President pay Date established Salary in 1998 Salary in 2008 30 December 2008 ₹ 50,000 ( US $780 ) ₹ 1.5 lakh ( US $2,300 ) Sources : The President of India used to receive ₹ 10,000 ( US $200 ) per month per the Second Schedule of the Constitution . This amount was increased to ₹ 50,000 ( US $800 ) in 1998 . On 11 September 2008 the Government of India increased the salary of the President to ₹ 1.5 lakh ( US $2,300 ) . However , almost everything that the President does or wants to do is taken care of by the annual ₹ 225 million ( US $3.5 million ) budget that the Government allots for his or her upkeep . Rashtrapati Bhavan , the President 's official residence , is the largest Presidential Palace in the world . The Rashtrapati Nilayam at Bolarum , Hyderabad and Retreat Building at Chharabra , Shimla are the official Retreat Residences of the President of India . The official state car of the President is a custom - built heavily armoured Mercedes Benz S600 ( W221 ) Pullman Guard . The former presidents and spouses of deceased Presidents are eligible for pension , furnished accommodation , security , various allowances , etc . Presidential amenities Rashtrapati Bhavan , official residence of the President , located at New Delhi Rashtrapati Nilayam is the official retreat of the President located in Hyderabad . The President 's Bodyguards is an elite household cavalry regiment of the Indian Army . Presidential state car Air India One is the call sign of any aircraft carrying the President . The aircraft are operated as VIP flights by the Indian Air Force . A chopper of IAF 's special VIP fleet , meant for carrying the President of India Impeachment ( edit ) Supreme Court shall inquire and decide regarding all doubts and disputes arising out of or in connection with the election of a President per Article 71 ( 1 ) of the constitution . Supreme Court can remove the president for the electoral malpractices or upon being not eligible to be Lok Sabha member under the Representation of the People Act , 1951 . Subject to Article 71 ( 3 ) , Parliament made applicable rules / procedure to petition the Supreme Court for resolving the disputes only that arise during the election process of the president but not the doubts that arise from his unconstitutional actions / deeds or changing Indian citizenship during the tenure of president which may violate the requisite election qualifications . The President may also be removed before the expiry of the term through impeachment for violating the Constitution of India by the Parliament of India. The process may start in either of the two houses of the Parliament . The house initiates the process by levelling the charges against the President . The charges are contained in a notice that has to be signed by at least one quarter of the total members of that house . The notice is sent up to the President and 14 days later , it is taken up for consideration . A resolution to impeach the President has to be passed by a two - third majority of the total number of members of the originating house . It is then sent to the other house . The other house investigates the charges that have been made . During this process , the President has the right to defend oneself through an authorised counsel . If the second house also approves the charges made by special majority again , the President stands impeached and is deemed to have vacated their office from the date when such a resolution stands passed . No president has faced impeachment proceedings so the above provisions have never been used . Under Article 361 of the constitution , though president can not be summoned for questioning except on his voluntary willingness to testify in the court in support of his controversial deeds , the unconstitutional decisions taken by the president would be declared invalid by the courts . The case would be decided by the courts based on the facts furnished by the union government for the president 's role . As clarified by the Supreme Court in the case ' Rameshwar Prasad & Ors vs Union Of India & Anr on 24 January 2006 ' , though president can not be prosecuted and imprisoned during his term of office , he can be prosecuted after he / she steps down from the post for the guilty committed during the term of presidency as declared earlier by the courts . No president has resigned on impropriety to continue in office for declaring and nullifying his unconstitutional decisions by the courts till now . No criminal case at least on the grounds of disrespecting constitution is lodged till now against former presidents to punish them for their unconstitutional acts though many decisions taken during the term of presidency had been declared by Supreme Court as unconstitutional , mala fides , void , ultra vires , etc . Succession ( edit ) The Office of the President falls vacant in the following scenarios : On the expiry of their term By reason of death By reason of resignation Removal by Supreme Court Removal by impeachment Article 65 of the Indian Constitution says that the Vice-President of India will have to discharge the duties , if the Office falls vacant due to any reason other than expiry of the term . The Vice-President reverts to office when a new President is elected and enters office . When the President is unable to act because of absence , illness or any other cause , the Vice-President discharges the President 's functions until the President resumes the duties . A Vice-President who acts as or discharges the functions of the President has all the powers and immunities of the President and is entitled to the same emoluments as the President . It should be noted here that when the Vice-President discharges the duties of the President , he / she does not function as the Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha . The Indian Parliament has enacted the law ( The President ( Discharge of Functions ) Act , 1969 ) for the discharge of the functions of the President when vacancies occur in the offices of the President and of the Vice-President simultaneously , owing to removal , death , resignation of the incumbent or otherwise . In such an eventuality , the Chief Justice , or in his absence , the senior most Judge of the Supreme Court of India available discharges the functions of the President until a newly elected President enters upon his office or a newly elected Vice-President begins to act as President under Article 65 of the Constitution , whichever is the earlier . For example , in 1969 , when President Zakir Husain died in Office , Vice-President V.V. Giri served as the acting President of India . However , later , V.V Giri resigned from both posts ( Acting President of India and Vice-President of India ) as he became a candidate in the 1969 Presidential election in India . In this event , the then Chief Justice of India , Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah served as the acting President of India until the next President was elected . President versus Chief Justice ( edit ) President versus Chief Justice of India President Chief Justice of India / Judiciary The duties of President under his oath is to protect , defend and preserve the constitution and the law Similar to President to uphold the Constitution and the laws ( Third Schedule of the constitution ) Oath is taken in the presence of the Chief Justice In the presence of the President Impeachment by Parliament with majority of not less than two - thirds of the total membership of each House of the Parliament for violation of the Constitution as per Article 61 . Impeachment by each House of Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two - thirds of the members of that House present and voting on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity as per Article 124 ( 4 ) President can be removed by the Supreme Court per Article 71 ( 1 ) for committing electoral malpractices and upon ceasing to possess the requisite qualifications to be president . President can not remove judges once appointed by him without impeachment process per Article 124 . An individual heads the autonomous institution of President . Judiciary / Supreme Court is also an autonomous institution represented by team of Supreme Court judges with Chief justice as its chief . President being head of Parliament , Executive and supreme commander of armed forces is fully empowered by the constitution to fulfil his judicial responsibility . He can also take the expert advise of Attorney General and also Chief Justice in performing his judicial role . It is President 's duty to ensure that every state 's governance is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution under Articles 355 and 356 . Chief Justice / Supreme Court is also empowered by the constitution to repeal the unconstitutional activities of parliament and executive only after a fair trial . President 's prime duty is to prevent unconstitutional decisions of union and state governments and Parliament or state assemblies by denying his compulsory assent for making them into applicable laws . He is the foremost defender of the constitution who can pre-empt the unconstitutional activities of executive and legislatures . The other duties of President are just ceremonial as head of the country which are attached to him for being protector , defender and preserver of the constitution . The institution of President becomes redundant if the president is confining to other ceremonial duties only . Can intervene or nullify the unlawful actions of union / state governments and unconstitutional laws enacted by the Parliament or a state legislative after presidential assent only . President has constitutional immunity for his unconstitutional , mala fides activities during their tenure but liable for judicial action / punishment for his unconstitutional activity after the term of presidency . However per Article 361 ( 1 ) , President is answerable to a court designated by either house of Parliament with two - thirds majority for the investigation of a charge against him under article 61 . Chief justice / Judges of Supreme Court are also immune from punishment for not delivering correct judgements or for their incompetence and mala fides . However , Judges verdict can be repealed by a higher level bench of other judges . President can not be recalled by the people of India for not fulfilling his constitutional duties in case Parliament is not impeaching the President or removed by the Supreme Court . Chief justice / Judge of Supreme Court also can not be recalled by the people of India in case Parliament is not impeaching the judges . President versus Prime Minister ( edit ) President versus Prime minister President Prime minister / Union cabinet The duties of President under his oath is to protect , defend and preserve the constitution and the law Swears allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established , swears to uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India and swears to do right to all manner of people without fear or favour , affection or ill - will ( Third Schedule of the constitution ) Oath is taken in the presence of the Chief Justice In the presence of the President Elected in an extensive manner indirectly by the members of Lok Sabha , Rajya Sabha , and state legislative assemblies in a secret ballot conducted by the Election Commission Elected indirectly by the Lok Sabha members and secret ballot is not mandatory . Impeachment by Parliament with majority of not less than two - thirds of the total membership of each House of the Parliament for violation of the Constitution as per Article 61 Steps down upon losing majority support in Lok Sabha . President can be removed by the Supreme Court per Article 71 ( 1 ) for committing electoral malpractices and upon ceasing to possess the requisite qualifications to be president Similar to Prime minister and ministers also . An individual heads the autonomous institution of President Union cabinet with Prime minister as its chief is collectively responsible . President being head of Parliament , Executive and supreme commander of armed forces is fully empowered by the constitution to fulfil his judicial responsibility . He can also take the expert advise of Attorney General and also Chief Justice in performing his judicial role . It is President 's duty to ensure that every state 's governance is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution under Articles 355 and 356 Rest of the governance of the union and reporting to the President on all important matters . Being leader of the majority / ruling party in the Parliament , union cabinet takes lead in law making by the parliament needed for policy finalisation on various aspects , annual budgets finalisation , planning and implementation , etc . President 's prime function is to prevent unconstitutional decisions of union and state governments and parliament or state assemblies by denying his compulsory assent / government orders ( GO ) for making them in to applicable laws . He is the foremost defender of the constitution who can pre-empt the unconstitutional activities of executive and legislatures . Prime minister / union cabinet shall aid and advise the President who shall , in the exercise of his functions , act in accordance with such advice as long as not unconstitutional . Prime minister shall communicate to the President all decisions of the Council of Ministers relating to the administration of the affairs of the Union and proposals for legislation and on President 's desire submit related information . No minister shall decide on any matter without the council of ministers / union cabinet approval per Article 78 . President has constitutional immunity for his unconstitutional , mala fides activities during their tenure but liable for judicial action / punishment for his unconstitutional activity after the term of presidency The union cabinet has constitutional immunity from legal proceedings in any court for their mala fide and unconstitutional advice tendered by union ministers to the President per Article 74 ( 2 ) . President can not escape from his constitutional duty by citing constitutional amendment to Article 74 ( para 2 of 1 ) which makes him to abide by the union cabinet advice after sending for reconsideration . As clarified by the Supreme Court , the object of Article 74 ( 2 ) is only to make the question whether the President had followed the advice of the union cabinet or acted contrary thereto , non-justiciable . Refer page Article 74 # Court cases for more clarity The union cabinet may escape from the punishment or responsibility for implementing unconstitutional laws citing Article 74 ( 2 ) . President can not be recalled by the people of India for not fulfilling his constitutional duties in case parliament is not impeaching the President or removed by the Supreme Court or resigns on his own on moral grounds Prime minister / union cabinet can not be recalled by the people of India till the end of his term in case he is not losing majority support in Lok Shaba or resigns on his own on moral grounds . Important Presidential interventions in the past ( edit ) The President 's role as defender of the Constitution and the powers as Head of State , especially in relation to those exercised by the Prime Minister as leader of the government , have changed over time . In particular , Presidents have made a number of interventions into government and lawmaking , which have established and challenged some conventions concerning Presidential intervention . Proving majority in the Parliament ( edit ) Main article : Vote of confidence In 1979 , the Prime Minister , Charan Singh , did not enjoy a Parliamentary majority . He responded to this by simply not advising the President to summon Parliament . Since then , Presidents have been more diligent in directing incoming Prime Ministers to convene Parliament and prove their majority within reasonable deadlines ( 2 to 3 weeks ) . In the interim period , the Prime Ministers are generally restrained from making policy decisions . Proof of majority to form a government ( edit ) Since the 1990s , Parliamentary elections have generally not resulted in a single party or group of parties having a distinct majority , until the 2014 Lok Sabha elections when BJP received a clear majority . In such cases , Presidents have used their discretion and directed Prime Ministerial aspirants to establish their credentials before being invited to form the government . Typically , the aspirants have been asked to produce letters from various party leaders , with the signatures of all the MPs who are pledging support to their candidature . This is in addition to the requirement that a Prime Minister prove he has the support of the Lok Sabha ( by a vote on the floor of the House ) within weeks of being sworn into office . Vetoing of a bill ( edit ) See also : Pocket veto and Zail Singh Since the Indian Constitution does not provide any time limit within which the President is to declare his assent or refusal , the President could exercise a `` pocket veto '' by not taking any action for an indefinite time . The veto was used in 1986 by the then President Zail Singh over the Postal Bill . The President did not give assent to the bill , arguing that its scope was too sweeping and would give the government arbitrary powers to intercept postal communications indiscriminately . Rashtrapati Bhavan communiqués ( edit ) In the late 1990s , President K.R. Narayanan introduced explaining to the nation ( by means of Rashtrapati Bhavan communiqués ) , the thinking that led to the various decisions he took while exercising his discretionary powers ; this has led to openness and transparency in the functioning of the President . Return of a bill ( edit ) See also : Office of profit The constitution gives the President the power to return a bill unsigned but it circumscribes the power to send it back only once for reconsideration . If the Parliament sends back the bill with or without changes , the President is obliged to sign it . In mid-2006 , President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam sent back a controversial bill regarding the exclusion of certain offices from the scope of ' offices of profit ' , the holding of which would disqualify a person from being a member of parliament . The combined opposition , the NDA , hailed the move . The UPA chose to send the bill back to the president without any changes and , after 17 days , Kalam gave his assent on 18 August 2006 . Sacking state governors ( edit ) See also : Governors of states of India Arunachal Pradesh governor who was earlier appointed by the ruling party at the centre , has been sacked by the President after the Supreme Court has quashed his unconstitutional acts . Living former Presidents ( edit ) There are two living former Indian Presidents : Pratibha Patil ( 2007 -- 2012 ) ( 1934 - 12 - 19 ) December 19 , 1934 ( age 82 ) Pranab Mukherjee ( 2012 -- 2017 ) ( 1935 - 12 - 11 ) December 11 , 1935 ( age 81 ) See also ( edit ) List of Presidents of India Vice-President of India Chief Justice of India Prime Minister of India Spouse of the President of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The President 's ( Emoluments and ) Pension Act , 1951 ( Act 30 of 1951 ) '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . May 13 , 1951 . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` President okays her own salary hike by 300 per cent '' . The Indian Express . 3 January 2009 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Constitution of India ( PDF ) . Ministry of Law and Justice , Government of India . 1 December 2007 . p. 26 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 September 2014 . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Larson , Gerald James ( 1995 ) . India 's Agony Over Religion . SUNY Press . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 2411 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` India and Pakistan Become Nations ; Clashes Continue '' - New York Times Retri2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sharma , Brij Kishore ( 2007 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India . PHI Learning . ISBN 978 - 81 - 203 - 3246 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Jai , Janak Raj ( 2003 ) . Presidents of India , 1950 -- 2003 . Regency Publications . ISBN 978 - 81 - 87498 - 65 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitution of India '' . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Bhatt , Sheela ( 9 June 2006 ) . `` How Kalam asserted presidential power '' . Rediff India . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Invalid Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 ( page 8 ) '' . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gupta , V.P. ( 26 August 2002 ) . `` The President 's role '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Roy Chowdhury , Biswaroop ( 2006 ) . Memory Unlimited . Diamond Pocket Books . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8419 - 017 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bakshi , P.M. ( June 1956 ) . `` Comparative Law : Separation of Powers in India '' . ABA Journal . American Bar Association . 42 : 554 . ISSN 0747 - 0088 . Jump up ^ `` Repeated promulgation of ordinances because a bill is held up in the Rajya Sabha is a violation of constitutional principles '' . Jump up ^ `` Re-promulgation of ordinances fraud on Constitution : SC '' . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.N.R. Rao vs Smt . Indira Gandhi on 17 March , 1971 , SC verdict '' . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Woods , Patricia J. ( 2008 ) . Judicial Power and National Politics : Courts and Gender in the Religious - Secular Conflict in Israel . SUNY Press . p. 185 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 7400 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court of India -- constitution '' . Supreme Court of India . Retrieved 28 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kumar , Rajesh ( 2011 ) . Universal 's Guide to the Constitution of India . Universal Law Publishing . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5035 - 011 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Pratiyogita Darpan ( March 2007 ) . `` Pratiyogita Darpan '' ( 9 ) . Pratiyogita Darpan : 60 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bakshi , P.M. ( 2010 ) . The Constitution Of India . Universal Law Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7534 - 840 - 0 . Jump up ^ Deogaonkar , S.G. ( 1997 ) . Parliamentary System in India . Concept Publishing . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7022 - 651 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : The Constitution of India : For all Academic and Competitive Examinations . Bright Publications . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7199 - 054 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Laxmikanth , M ( 2010 ) . Indian Polity for Civil Services Examinations . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 015316 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Thorpe , Vandana ( 2008 ) . The Pearson Guide To Bank Probationary Officer Recruitment Examinations . Pearson Education India . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 1568 - 0 . Jump up ^ Barrington , Lowell W. ; Bosia , Michael J. ; Bruhn , Kathleen ( 2009 ) . Comparative Politics : Structures and Choices . Cengage Learning . p. 267 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 49319 - 7 . Jump up ^ Omar , Imtiaz ( 2002 ) . Emergency Powers and the Courts in India and Pakistan . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 411 - 1775 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Arora , N.D. ( 2010 ) . Political Science for Civil Services Main Examination . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 009094 - 1 . Jump up ^ History & Civics . Rachna Sagar . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8137 - 037 - 2 . Jump up ^ New ICSE History and Civics . Frank Brothers . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8409 - 587 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hardgrave , Robert L. ; Kochanek , Stanley A. ( 2008 ) . India : Government and Politics in a Developing Nation . Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 00749 - 4 . Jump up ^ Srivastava , Meera ( 1980 ) . Constitutional Crisis in the States in India . Concept Publishing Company . p. 17 . GGKEY : 0BS5QYU7XF2 . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` National Commission to Review the Working of the Article 356 of the constitution '' . 2001 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Re-proclamation of President rule in Andhra Pradesh '' ( PDF ) . 2014 . Retrieved 17 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andhra Pradesh mired in President rule imbroglio '' . The Times Of India . Retrieved 21 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Judgement : Bhim Singh vs U.O.I & Ors on 6 May , 2010 '' . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Article 293 and its application '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sharma , Kanhaiyalal ( 2002 ) . Reconstitution of Constitution of India . Deep and Deep Publications . ISBN 81 - 7629 - 405 - 5 . Jump up ^ general studies Indian polity . Upkar Prakashan . p. 106 . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act , 1952 '' ( PDF ) . lawmin.nic.in . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The President and Vice-President Election rules , 1974 '' . Ministry of Law & Justice , Government of India . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Election to the president of India '' ( PDF ) . Election commission of India . p. 16 . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Great Britain . Ministry of Overseas Development . Library ; Great Britain . Overseas Development Administration . Library . Public Administration . Upkar Prakashan . pp. 167 -- . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Balance of power in presidential race '' . NDTV. 22 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 7 October 2007 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Pratiyogita Darpan ( October 2007 ) . Pratiyogita Darpan . Pratiyogita Darpan . p. 67 . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The President ( Emoluments And ) Pension Act '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . p. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 February 2013 . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` President gets richer , gets 300 pc salary hike '' . CNN - IBN. 11 September 2008 . Retrieved 9 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Randhawa , Gurcharan Singh ; Mukhopadhyay , Amitabha ( 1986 ) . Floriculture in India . Allied Publishers . p. 593 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7023 - 057 - 1 . Jump up ^ Randhawa , Mohindar Singh ; Randhawa , Gurcharan Singh ; Chadha , K.L. ; Singh , Daljit ; Horticultural Society of India ( 1971 ) . The Famous gardens of India . Malhotra Publishing House . Jump up ^ India Foreign Policy and Government Guide . International Business Publications . 1 May 2001 . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7397 - 8298 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament approves salary pension hike for President , Vice-President and Governors '' . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sections 7 & 8k , The representation of the people act , 1951 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sections 13 to 20 , The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act , 1952 '' . Retrieved 2 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bhardwaj , A.P. Study Package For CLAT and LL. B Entrance Examinations . McGraw - Hill Education ( India ) . pp. 238 -- 239 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 107468 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Rameshwar Prasad And Ors vs Union Of India And Anr on 24 January , 2006 '' . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Prevention of Insults to National Honour ( Amendment ) Act of 1971 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ http://164.100.47.5/pres2012/4000rs.pdf Jump up ^ Subrahmaniam , Vidya ( 10 November 2005 ) . `` K.R. Narayanan -- President who defied stereotype '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` President appoints Manmohan Prime Minister '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 20 May 2004 . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Sundar Rajan , K.T. ( 4 December 1996 ) . `` Presidential Years '' . Outlook . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharjya , Satarupa ( 12 June 2006 ) . `` Show Of Dissent '' . India Today . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Interview Archived 3 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine . with K.R. Narayanan on Independence day , 15 August 1998 ; by N. Ram , Editor , Frontline ( `` K.R. Narayanan in conversation with N. Ram '' , The Hindu , 10 November 2005 . Retrieved 24 February 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Kalam returns Office of Profit Bill '' . CNN - IBN. 31 May 2006 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Signing office of profit bill was toughest decision : APJ Kalam '' . The Economic Times . PTI. 18 July 2010 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kalam erred on Office of Profit bill ' '' . The Times of India . PTI. 22 April 2008 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arunachal Pradesh Governor Jyoti Prasad Rajkhowa Sacked '' . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) The President of India ( official site ) India portal ( official site ) Links to related articles Presidents of India ( List ) Rajendra Prasad Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Zakir Hussain V.V. Giri ( acting ) Mohammad Hidayatullah ( acting ) V.V. Giri Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed B.D. Jatti ( acting ) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Zail Singh R. Venkataraman Shankar Dayal Sharma K.R. Narayanan A.P.J. 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economic issues Standard of living Water supply and sanitation Crime Culture Arts and entertainment Architecture Blogging Cinema Comics Webcomics Cuisine wine Dance Dress Folklore Festivals Literature Media television Martial arts Music Public holidays Sport Heads of state of the Group of 20 Macri Elizabeth II ( Governor - General : Cosgrove ) Temer Elizabeth II ( Governor General : Johnston ) Xi Tusk Macron Steinmeier Kovind Jokowi Mattarella Akihito Peña Nieto Putin Salman Zuma Moon Erdoğan Elizabeth II Trump Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_of_India&oldid=801099582 '' Categories : Presidents of India Parliament of India Constitution of India Figurehead Hidden categories : Articles needing the year an event occurred from May 2013 Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2015 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা भोजपुरी Български Català Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् සිංහල Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 17 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the new selected president of india | [
"\n\nPresident of the Republic of India\n\n\n\nState Emblem of India\n\n\n\n\nFlag of India\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIncumbent\nRam Nath Kovind\nsince 25 July 2017\n\n\n\nStyle\nHonourable\n(within India)\nHis/ Her Excellency\n(outside India)\n\n\nResidence\nRashtrapati Bhavan\n\n\nAppointer\nThe Electoral College of India\n\n\nTerm length\nFive years. No term limits are imposed on the office.\n\n\nInaugural holder\nRajendra Prasad\n26 January 1950\n\n\nFormation\nThe Constitution of India\nJanuary 26, 1950; 67 years ago (1950-01-26)\n\n\nDeputy\nVice President of India\n\n\nSalary\n₹150,000 (US$2,300) (per month)[1][2]\n\n\nWebsite\nPresident of India\n\n"
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"Ram Nath Kovind"
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-3833330797150363525 | Charlie Quirke | Charlie Quirke - Wikipedia Charlie Quirke The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for biographies . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Charlie Quirke '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Charlie Quirke ( 1994 - 09 - 23 ) 23 September 1994 ( age 24 ) United Kingdom Occupation Actor Years active 2006 -- present Parent ( s ) Pauline Quirke Steve Sheen Charlie Quirke is a British actor , best known for playing Travis Stubbs in the ITV sitcom Birds of a Feather . Contents 1 Career 2 Filmography 3 Personal life 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) In 2006 , Quirke played Danny Parks in an episode of the BBC One medical drama Casualty . In 2014 , Quirke joined the cast of the revived series of Birds of a Feather on ITV playing Travis Stubbs , Tracey 's ( Linda Robson ) son . He also starred in the 2014 Text Santa special of Birds of a Feather , guest starring Paul O'Grady . The show returned for a second series , beginning on 26 December 2014 and running through until 12 February 2015 . A third revived series of Birds of a Feather began airing on 7 January 2016 finishing in March with a Christmas special aired in December 2016 . He is represented by Q Management . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role 2006 Casualty Danny Parks 2014 -- Birds of a Feather Travis Stubbs Personal life ( edit ) Quirke is the son of actress Pauline Quirke , who plays Sharon in Birds of a Feather . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mark Jefferies ( 24 September 2013 ) . `` Birds of a Feather : Busted 's Matt Willis and Pauline Quirke 's son Charlie cast in returning sitcom - Mirror Online '' . mirror . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Amy Duncan ( 25 September 2013 ) . `` Matt Willis and Charlie Quirke join Birds Of A Feather cast as Garthy & Travis - Metro News '' . Metro . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Tom Eames ( 12 March 2015 ) . `` Birds of a Feather renewed for 12th series by ITV '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Birds of a Feather 's Charlie Quirke : `` I have three mums on set '' `` . Reveal . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . External links ( edit ) Charlie Quirke on Twitter Charlie Quirke on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlie_Quirke&oldid=865187241 '' Categories : Living people 1994 births English male television actors British male child actors Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from September 2014 All articles with topics of unclear notability Biography articles with topics of unclear notability Use dmy dates from September 2018 Articles with hCards Place of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 10 : 03 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who plays travis stubbs in birds of a feather | [
"Charlie Quirke is a British actor, best known for playing Travis Stubbs in the ITV sitcom Birds of a Feather.[1]\n"
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"Charlie Quirke"
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-6754167624184961167 | House of Commons of the United Kingdom | House of Commons of the United Kingdom - wikipedia House of Commons of the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search `` British House of Commons '' redirects here . For the House of Commons 1707 -- 1800 , see House of Commons of Great Britain . For other bodies in British history and abroad , see House of Commons . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Type Type Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom Leadership Speaker John Bercow MP Since 22 June 2009 Leader of the Commons Andrea Leadsom MP , Conservative Since 11 June 2017 Shadow Leader of the Commons Valerie Vaz MP , Labour Since 6 October 2016 Minor parties Shadow Leaders Pete Wishart MP , Scottish National Tom Brake MP , Liberal Democrat Nigel Dodds MP , Democratic Unionist Structure Seats 650 Political groups HM Government Conservative Party ( 315 ) Independent ( 2 ) ( Conservative ; whip suspended ) Confidence and supply Democratic Unionist Party ( 10 ) HM Most Loyal Opposition Labour Party ( 260 ) Independent ( 2 ) ( Labour ; whip suspended ) Other opposition Scottish National Party ( 35 ) Liberal Democrats ( 12 ) Sinn Féin ( 7 ) ( abstentionist ) Plaid Cymru ( 4 ) Green Party ( 1 ) Independent ( 1 ) Speaker Speaker ( 1 ) Length of term up to 5 years Elections Voting system First - past - the - post Last election 8 June 2017 Next election Latest , 5 May 2022 Redistricting Boundary commissions Meeting place House of Commons chamber Palace of Westminster City of Westminster London , United Kingdom Website parliament.uk The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Like the upper house , the House of Lords , it meets in the Palace of Westminster . Officially , the full name of the house is : the Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled . The Commons is an elected body consisting of 650 members known as Members of Parliament ( MPs ) . Members are elected to represent constituencies by first - past - the - post and hold their seats until Parliament is dissolved . The House of Commons of England evolved in the 13th and 14th centuries . It eventually became the House of Commons of Great Britain after the political union with Scotland in 1707 , and assumed the title of `` House of Commons of Great Britain and Ireland '' after the political union with Ireland at the start of the 19th century . The `` United Kingdom '' referred to was the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1800 , and became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland after the independence of the Irish Free State in 1922 . Accordingly , the House of Commons assumed its current title . Under the Parliament Act 1911 , the Lords ' power to reject legislation was reduced to a delaying power . The Government is solely responsible to the House of Commons and the Prime Minister stays in office only as long as he or she retains the support of a majority of the Commons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Role 1.1 Relationship with Her Majesty 's Government 1.2 Legislative functions 2 History 2.1 Layout and design 2.2 19th century 2.3 20th century 2.4 21st century 2.4. 1 Expenses scandal 3 Members and elections 3.1 Qualifications 3.2 Officers 4 Procedure 5 Committees 6 Current composition 7 Commons symbol 8 In film and television 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Role ( edit ) Relationship with her Majesty 's Government ( edit ) Although it does not formally elect the prime minister , the position of the parties in the House of Commons is of overriding importance . By convention , the prime minister is answerable to , and must maintain the support of , the House of Commons . Thus , whenever the office of prime minister falls vacant , the Sovereign appoints the person who has the support of the House , or who is most likely to command the support of the House -- normally the leader of the largest party in the Commons , while the leader of the second - largest party becomes the Leader of the Opposition . Since 1963 , by convention , the prime minister is always a member of the House of Commons , rather than the House of Lords . The Commons may indicate its lack of support for the Government by rejecting a motion of confidence or by passing a motion of no confidence . Confidence and no confidence motions are phrased explicitly , for instance : `` That this House has no confidence in Her Majesty 's Government . '' Many other motions were considered confidence issues , even though not explicitly phrased as such . In particular , important bills that form a part of the Government 's agenda were formerly considered matters of confidence , as is the annual Budget . When a Government has lost the confidence of the House of Commons , the prime minister is obliged either to resign , making way for another MP who can command confidence , or to request the monarch to dissolve Parliament , thereby precipitating a general election . Parliament normally sits for a maximum term of five years . Subject to that limit , the prime minister could formerly choose the timing of the dissolution of parliament , with the permission of the Monarch . However , since the Fixed - Term Parliaments Act 2011 , terms are now a fixed five years , and an early general election can only be brought about either by a two - thirds majority in favour of a motion for a dissolution , or by a vote of no confidence that is not followed within fourteen days by a vote of confidence ( which may be for confidence in the same government or a different one ) . By this second mechanism , the government of the United Kingdom can change without an intervening general election . Only four of the eight last Prime Ministers have attained office as the immediate result of a general election ; the others have gained office upon the resignation of a Prime Minister of their own party . The latter four were Jim Callaghan , John Major , Gordon Brown and the current Prime Minister Theresa May ; these four inherited the office from Harold Wilson , Margaret Thatcher , Tony Blair and David Cameron respectively . In such circumstances there may not even have been an internal party leadership election , as the new leader may be chosen by acclaim , having no electoral rival ( as in the case of both Brown and May ) . A prime minister may resign even if he or she is not defeated at the polls ( for example , for personal health reasons ) . In such a case , the premiership goes to whoever can command a majority in the House of Commons ; in practice this is usually the new leader of the outgoing prime minister 's party . Until 1965 , the Conservative Party had no mechanism for electing a new leader ; when Anthony Eden resigned as PM in 1957 without recommending a successor , the party was unable to nominate one . It fell to the Queen to appoint Harold Macmillan as the new prime minister , after taking the advice of ministers . By convention , all ministers must be members of the House of Commons or of the House of Lords . A handful have been appointed who were outside Parliament , but in most cases they then entered Parliament either in a by - election or by receiving a peerage . Since 1902 , all prime ministers have been members of the Commons ( the sole exception , the Earl of Home , disclaimed his peerage three days after becoming prime minister , and was immediately elected to the House of Commons as Sir Alec Douglas - Home after twenty days in neither House ) . In modern times , the vast majority of ministers belong to the Commons rather than the Lords . Few major cabinet positions ( except Lord Privy Seal , Lord Chancellor and Leader of the House of Lords ) have been filled by a peer in recent times . Notable exceptions are Lord Carrington , who served as Foreign Secretary from 1979 to 1982 , and Lord Young , who was appointed Employment Secretary in 1985 . Lord Mandelson was appointed Secretary of State for Business , Enterprise and Regulatory Reform in October 2008 ; he was also briefly a member of neither the Lords nor the Commons while serving in this capacity . The elected status of members of the Commons , as opposed to the unelected nature of members of the Lords , is seen to lend more legitimacy to ministers . The prime minister chooses the ministers , and may decide to remove them at any time ; the formal appointment or dismissal , however , is made by the Sovereign . The House of Commons scrutinises HM Government through `` Prime Minister 's Questions '' , when members have the opportunity to ask questions of the prime minister ; there are other opportunities to question other cabinet ministers . Prime Minister 's Questions occurs once each week , normally for half an hour each Wednesday . Questions must relate to the responding minister 's official government activities , not to his or her activities as a party leader or as a private Member of Parliament . Customarily , members of the Government party and members of the Opposition alternate when asking questions . In addition to questions asked orally during Question Time , Members of Parliament may also make inquiries in writing . In practice , the House of Commons ' scrutiny of the Government is fairly weak . Since the first - past - the - post electoral system is employed , the governing party often enjoys a large majority in the Commons , and there is often little need to compromise with other parties . Modern British political parties are so tightly organised that they leave relatively little room for free action by their MPs . Also , many ruling party MPs are paid members of the Government . Thus , during the 20th century , the Government has lost confidence issues only three times -- twice in 1924 , and once in 1979 . However , the threat of rebellions by their own party 's backbench MPs often forces Governments to make concessions ( under the Coalition , over foundation hospitals and under Labour over top - up fees and compensation for failed company pension schemes ) . Occasionally the Government is defeated by backbench rebellions ( Terrorism Act 2006 ) . However , the scrutiny provided by the Select Committees is more serious . The House of Commons technically retains the power to impeach Ministers of the Crown ( or any other subject , even if not a public officer ) for their crimes . Impeachments are tried by the House of Lords , where a simple majority is necessary to convict . The power of impeachment , however , has fallen into disuse : the House of Commons exercises its checks on the Government through other means , such as No Confidence Motions ; the last impeachment was that of Viscount Melville in 1806 . Legislative functions ( edit ) Further information : Act of Parliament Bills may be introduced in either house , though bills of importance generally originate in the House of Commons . The supremacy of the Commons in legislative matters is assured by the Parliament Acts , under which certain types of bills may be presented to the Queen for Royal Assent without the consent of the House of Lords . The Lords may not delay a money bill ( a bill that , in the view of the Speaker of the House of Commons , solely concerns national taxation or public funds ) for more than one month . Moreover , the Lords may not delay most other public bills for more than two parliamentary sessions , or one calendar year . These provisions , however , only apply to public bills that originate in the House of Commons . Moreover , a bill that seeks to extend a parliamentary term beyond five years requires the consent of the House of Lords . By a custom that prevailed even before the Parliament Acts , only the House of Commons may originate bills concerning taxation or Supply . Furthermore , supply bills passed by the House of Commons are immune to amendments in the House of Lords . In addition , the House of Lords is barred from amending a bill so as to insert a taxation or supply - related provision , but the House of Commons often waives its privileges and allows the Lords to make amendments with financial implications . Under a separate convention , known as the Salisbury Convention , the House of Lords does not seek to oppose legislation promised in the Government 's election manifesto . Hence , as the power of the House of Lords has been severely curtailed by statute and by practice , the House of Commons is clearly the most powerful branch of Parliament . History ( edit ) Further information : House of Commons of England and House of Commons of Great Britain The British Parliament of today largely descends , in practice , from the Parliament of England , although the 1706 Treaty of Union , and the Acts of Union that ratified the Treaty , created a new Parliament of Great Britain to replace the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland , with the addition of 45 MPs and sixteen Peers to represent Scotland . Later still the Acts of Union 1800 brought about the abolition of the Parliament of Ireland and enlarged the Commons at Westminster with 100 Irish members , creating the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Although popularly considered to refer to the fact its members are commoners , the actual name of the House of Commons comes from the Norman French word for communities -- communes . Layout and design ( edit ) See also : Palace of Westminster § Commons Chamber The current Commons ' layout is influenced by the use of the original St. Stephen 's Chapel in the Palace of Westminster . The rectangular shape is derived from the shape of the chapel . Benches were arranged using the configuration of the chapel 's choir stalls whereby they were facing across from one another . This arrangement facilitated an adversarial atmosphere that is representative of the British parliamentary approach . The distance across the floor of the House between the government and opposition benches is 3.96 metres ( 13.0 ft ) , said to be equivalent to two swords ' length . 19th century ( edit ) William Pitt the Younger addressing the Commons on the outbreak of the war with France ( 1793 ) ; painting by Anton Hickel The House of Commons in the early 19th century by Augustus Pugin and Thomas Rowlandson . The House of Commons underwent an important period of reform during the 19th century . Over the years , several anomalies had developed in borough representation . The constituency boundaries had not been changed since 1660 , so many towns that were once important but had declined by the 19th century still retained their ancient right of electing two members , in addition to other boroughs that had never been important , e.g. Gatton . Among the most notorious of these `` rotten boroughs '' were Old Sarum , which had only six voters for two MPs , and Dunwich which had largely collapsed into the sea due to coastal erosion . At the same time , large cities such as Manchester received no separate representation ( although their eligible residents were entitled to vote in the corresponding county seat ) . Also notable were the pocket boroughs , small constituencies controlled by wealthy landowners and aristocrats , whose `` nominees '' were invariably elected . The Commons attempted to address these anomalies by passing a Reform Bill in 1831 . At first , the House of Lords proved unwilling to pass the bill , but were forced to relent when the prime minister , Lord Grey , advised King William IV to flood the House of Lords by creating pro-Reform peers . To avoid this the Lords relented and passed the bill in 1832 . The Reform Act 1832 , also known as the `` Great Reform Act '' , abolished the rotten boroughs , established uniform voting requirements for the boroughs , and granted representation to populous cities , but still retained many pocket boroughs . In the ensuing years , the Commons grew more assertive , the influence of the House of Lords having been reduced by the Reform Bill crisis , and the power of the patrons reduced . The Lords became more reluctant to reject bills that the Commons had passed with large majorities , and it became an accepted political principle that the confidence of the House of Commons alone was necessary for a government to remain in office . Many more reforms were introduced in the latter half of the 19th century . The Reform Act 1867 lowered property requirements for voting in the boroughs , reduced the representation of the less populous boroughs , and granted parliamentary seats to several growing industrial towns . The electorate was further expanded by the Representation of the People Act 1884 , under which property qualifications in the counties were lowered . The Redistribution of Seats Act of the following year replaced almost all multi-member constituencies with single - member constituencies . 20th century ( edit ) The old Chamber of the House of Commons built by Sir Charles Barry was destroyed by German bombs during the Second World War . The essential features of Barry 's design were preserved when the Chamber was rebuilt . In 1908 , the Liberal Government under Asquith introduced a number of social welfare programmes , which , together with an expensive arms race , forced the Government to seek higher taxes . In 1909 , the Chancellor of the Exchequer , David Lloyd George , introduced the `` People 's Budget '' , which proposed a new tax targeting wealthy landowners . But this measure failed in the heavily Conservative House of Lords , and the government resigned . The resulting general election returned a hung parliament , but Asquith remained prime minister with the support of the smaller parties . Asquith then proposed that the powers of the Lords be severely curtailed . After a further election in December 1910 , the Asquith Government secured the passage of a bill to curtail the powers of the House of Lords after threatening to flood the House with 500 new Liberal peers to ensure the passage of the bill . Thus the Parliament Act 1911 came into effect , destroying the legislative equality of the two Houses of Parliament . The House of Lords was permitted only to delay most legislation , for a maximum of three parliamentary sessions or two calendar years ( reduced to two sessions or one year by the Parliament Act 1949 ) . Since the passage of these Acts , the House of Commons has become the dominant branch of Parliament , both in theory and in practice . In 1918 , women over 30 were given the right to vote , quickly followed by the passage of a law enabling women to be eligible for election as members of parliament at the younger age of 21 . The only woman to be elected that year was an Irish Sinn Féin candidate , Constance Markievicz , who therefore became the first woman MP . However , due to Sinn Féin 's policy of abstention from Westminster , she never took her seat . With effect from the General Election in 1950 , various forms of plural voting ( i.e. some individuals had the right to vote in more than one constituency in the same election ) , including University constituencies , were abolished . Since the 17th century , MPs had been unpaid . Most of the men elected to the Commons had private incomes , while a few relied on financial support from a wealthy patron . Early Labour MPs were often provided with a salary by a trade union , but this was declared illegal by a House of Lords judgment of 1909 . Consequently , a resolution was passed in the House of Commons in 1911 introducing salaries for MPs . Government ministers had always been paid . 21st century ( edit ) Expenses scandal ( edit ) Main article : United Kingdom Parliamentary expenses scandal This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2016 ) In May and June 2009 revelations of MPs ' expenses claims caused a major scandal and loss of confidence by the public in the integrity of MPs , as well as causing the first forced resignation of the Speaker in 300 years . Members and elections ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the United Kingdom House of Commons House of Commons Members Current members of the 57th Parliament ( 2017 general election ) MPs for constituencies in Northern Ireland MPs for constituencies in Scotland MPs for constituencies in England MPs for constituencies in Wales Leadership Speaker of the House Leader of the House Shadow Leader of the House Father of the House Committees Committees of the House of Commons Places Palace of Westminster House of Commons Chamber Portcullis House Since 1950 , each Member of Parliament has represented a single constituency . There remains a technical distinction between county constituencies and borough constituencies , but the only effect of this difference is in the amount of money candidates are allowed to spend during campaigns . The boundaries of the constituencies are determined by four permanent and independent Boundary Commissions , one each for England , Wales , Scotland , and Northern Ireland . The commissions conduct general reviews of electoral boundaries once every 8 to 12 years , and a number of interim reviews . In drawing boundaries , they are required to take into account local government boundaries , but may deviate from this requirement to prevent great disparities in the populations of the various constituencies . The proposals of the Boundary Commissions are subject to parliamentary approval , but may not be amended . After the next general review of constituencies , the Boundary Commissions will be absorbed into the Electoral Commission , which was established in 2000 . As of 2017 , the United Kingdom is divided into 650 constituencies , with 533 in England , 40 in Wales , 59 in Scotland , and 18 in Northern Ireland . General elections occur whenever Parliament is dissolved . The timing of the dissolution was normally chosen by the Prime Minister ( see relationship with the Government above ) ; however , as a result of the Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 , Parliamentary terms are now fixed at five years , except in the event of the House of Commons passing a vote of no confidence or an `` early election '' motion , the latter having to be passed by a two - thirds majority . The first use of this procedure was in April 2017 , when MPs voted in favour of Theresa May 's call for a snap election to be held that June . All elections in the UK are held on a Thursday . The Electoral Commission is unsure when this practice arose , but dates it to 1931 , with the suggestion that it was made to coincide with market day ; this would ease voting for those who had to travel into the towns to cast their ballot . A candidate for a constituency must submit nomination papers signed by ten registered voters from that constituency , and pay a deposit of £ 500 , which is refunded only if the candidate wins at least five per cent of the vote . The deposit seeks to discourage frivolous candidates . Each constituency returns one member , using the first - past - the - post electoral system , under which the candidate with a plurality of votes wins . Minors ( that is , anyone under the age of 18 ) , members of the House of Lords , prisoners , and insane persons are not qualified to become members of the House of Commons . To vote , one must be a resident of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and a British citizen , or a citizen of a British overseas territory , of the Republic of Ireland , or of a member of the Commonwealth of Nations . British citizens living abroad are allowed to vote for 15 years after moving from the United Kingdom . No person may vote in more than one constituency . Once elected , Members of Parliament normally continue to serve until the next dissolution of Parliament . But if a member dies or ceases to be qualified ( see qualifications below ) , his or her seat falls vacant . It is also possible for the House of Commons to expel a member , but this power is exercised only in cases of serious misconduct or criminal activity . In each case , the vacancy is filled by a by - election in the constituency , with the same electoral system as in general elections . The term `` Member of Parliament '' is normally used only to refer to members of the House of Commons , even though the House of Lords is also a part of Parliament . Members of the House of Commons may use the post-nominal letters `` MP '' . The annual salary of each member is £ 74,962 , effective from 1 April 2016 . Members may also receive additional salaries for other offices they hold ( for instance , the Speakership ) . Most members also claim for various office expenses ( staff costs , postage , travelling , etc . ) and , in the case of non-London members , for the costs of maintaining a home in the capital . Qualifications ( edit ) Another picture of the old House of Commons chamber . Note the dark veneer on the wood , which was purposely made much brighter in the new chamber . There are numerous qualifications that apply to Members of Parliament . Most importantly , one must be aged at least 18 ( the minimum age was 21 until s. 17 of the Electoral Administration Act 2006 came into force ) , and must be a citizen of the United Kingdom , of a British overseas territory , of the Republic of Ireland , or of a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations . These restrictions were introduced by the British Nationality Act 1981 , but were previously far more stringent : under the Act of Settlement 1701 , only natural - born subjects were qualified . Members of the House of Lords may not serve in the House of Commons , or even vote in parliamentary elections ( just as the Queen does not vote ) ; however , they are permitted to sit in the chamber during debates ( unlike the Queen , who can not enter the chamber ) . A person may not sit in the Commons if he or she is the subject of a Bankruptcy Restrictions Order ( applicable in England and Wales only ) , or if he or she is adjudged bankrupt ( in Northern Ireland ) , or if his or her estate is sequestered ( in Scotland ) . Previously , MPs detained under the Mental Health Act 1983 for six months or more would have their seat vacated if two specialists reported to the Speaker that the member was suffering from a mental disorder . However , this disqualification was removed by the Mental Health ( Discrimination ) Act 2013 . There also exists a common law precedent from the 18th century that the `` deaf and dumb '' are ineligible to sit in the Lower House ; this precedent , however , has not been tested in recent years . Jack Ashley continued to serve as an MP for 25 years after becoming profoundly deaf . Anyone found guilty of high treason may not sit in Parliament until he or she has either completed the term of imprisonment or received a full pardon from the Crown . Moreover , anyone serving a prison sentence of one year or more is ineligible . Finally , the Representation of the People Act 1983 disqualifies for ten years those found guilty of certain election - related offences . Several other disqualifications are codified in the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 : holders of high judicial offices , civil servants , members of the regular armed forces , members of foreign legislatures ( excluding the Republic of Ireland and Commonwealth countries ) , and holders of several Crown offices . Ministers , even though they are paid officers of the Crown , are not disqualified . The rule that precludes certain Crown officers from serving in the House of Commons is used to circumvent a resolution adopted by the House of Commons in 1623 , under which members are not permitted to resign their seats . In practice , however , they always can . Should a member wish to resign from the Commons , he or she may request appointment to one of two ceremonial Crown offices : that of Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Chiltern Hundreds , or that of Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead . These offices are sinecures ( that is , they involve no actual duties ) ; they exist solely to permit the `` resignation '' of members of the House of Commons . The Chancellor of the Exchequer is responsible for making the appointment , and , by convention , never refuses to do so when asked by a member who desires to leave the House of Commons . Officers ( edit ) The Speaker presides over debates in the House of Commons , as depicted in the above print commemorating the destruction of the Commons Chamber by fire in 1834 . At the beginning of each new parliamentary term , the House of Commons elects one of its members as a presiding officer , known as the Speaker . If the incumbent Speaker seeks a new term , then the House may re-elect him or her merely by passing a motion ; otherwise , a secret ballot is held . A Speaker - elect can not take office until he or she has been approved by the Sovereign ; the granting of the royal approbation , however , is a formality . The Speaker is assisted by three Deputy Speakers , the most senior of whom holds the title of Chairman of Ways and Means . The two other Deputy Speakers are known as the First and Second Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means . These titles derive from the Committee of Ways and Means , a body over which the chairman once used to preside ; even though the Committee was abolished in 1967 , the traditional titles of the Deputy Speakers are still retained . The Speaker and the Deputy Speakers are always members of the House of Commons . Whilst presiding , the Speaker or Deputy Speaker wears ceremonial dress . The presiding officer may also wear a wig , but this tradition was abandoned by a former Speaker , Betty Boothroyd . Michael Martin , who succeeded to the office , also did not wear a wig whilst in the chamber . The current speaker , John Bercow , has chosen to wear a gown over a lounge suit , a decision which has sparked much debate and opposition . The Speaker or deputy presides from a chair at the front of the House . This chair was designed by Augustus Pugin , who initially built a prototype of the chair at King Edward 's School , Birmingham : that chair is called Sapientia , and is where the Chief master sits . The Speaker is also chairman of the House of Commons Commission , which oversees the running of the House , and he or she controls debates by calling on members to speak . If a member believes that a rule ( or Standing Order ) has been breached , he or she may raise a `` point of order '' , on which the Speaker makes a ruling that is not subject to any appeal . The Speaker may discipline members who fail to observe the rules of the House . Thus , the Speaker is far more powerful than his Lords counterpart , the Lord Speaker , who has no disciplinary powers . Customarily , the Speaker and the deputies are non-partisan ; they do not vote ( with the notable exception of tied votes , where the Speaker votes in accordance with Denison 's rule ) , or participate in the affairs of any political party . By convention , a Speaker seeking re-election to parliament is not opposed in his or her constituency by any of the major parties . The lack of partisanship continues even after the Speaker leaves the House of Commons . The Clerk of the House is both the House 's chief adviser on matters of procedure and chief executive of the House of Commons . He or she is a permanent official , not a member of the House itself . The Clerk advises the Speaker on the rules and procedure of the House , signs orders and official communications , and signs and endorses bills . He or she chairs the Board of Management , which consists of the heads of the six departments of the House . The Clerk 's deputy is known as the Clerk Assistant . Another officer of the House is the Serjeant - at - Arms , whose duties include the maintenance of law , order , and security on the House 's premises . The Serjeant - at - Arms carries the ceremonial mace , a symbol of the authority of the Crown and of the House of Commons , into the House each day in front of the Speaker , and the Mace is laid upon the Table of the House during sittings . The Librarian is head of the House of Commons Library , the House 's research and information arm . Procedure ( edit ) See also : Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom § Stages of a bill Like the Lords , the Commons meets in the Palace of Westminster in London . The Commons chamber is small and modestly decorated in green , in contrast to the large , lavishly furnished red Lords chamber . There are benches on two sides of the chamber , divided by a centre aisle . This arrangement reflects the design of St Stephen 's Chapel , which served as the home of the House of Commons until destroyed by fire in 1834 . The Speaker 's chair is at one end of the Chamber ; in front of it , is the Table of the House , on which the Mace rests . The Clerks sit at one end of the Table , close to the Speaker so that they may advise him or her on procedure when necessary . Members of the Government sit on the benches on the Speaker 's right , whilst members of the Opposition occupy the benches on the Speaker 's left . In front of each set of benches a red line is drawn , which members are traditionally not allowed to cross during debates . Government ministers and the leader of the Opposition and the Shadow Cabinet sit on the front rows , and are known as frontbenchers . Other members of parliament , in contrast , are known as backbenchers . Not all Members of Parliament can fit into the Chamber at the same time , as it only has space to seat approximately two thirds of the Members . It 's always said that there are 427 seats in the Chamber , but according to Sir Robert Rogers , former Clerk of the House of Commons and Chief Executive , that figure is an average or a finger in the wind estimate . Members who arrive late must stand near the entrance of the House if they wish to listen to debates . Sittings in the Chamber are held each day from Monday to Thursday , and also on some Fridays . During times of national emergency , the House may also sit at weekends . Sittings of the House are open to the public , but the House may at any time vote to sit in private , which has occurred only twice since 1950 . Traditionally , a Member who desired that the House sit privately could shout `` I spy strangers '' and a vote would automatically follow . In the past , when relations between the Commons and the Crown were less than cordial , this procedure was used whenever the House wanted to keep its debate private . More often , however , this device was used to delay and disrupt proceedings ; as a result , it was abolished in 1998 . Now , Members seeking that the House sit in private must make a formal motion to that effect . Public debates are recorded and archived in Hansard . The post war redesign of the House in 1950 included microphones , and debates were allowed to be broadcast by radio in 1975 . Since 1989 , they have also been broadcast on television , which is now handled by BBC Parliament . Sessions of the House of Commons have sometimes been disrupted by angry protesters throwing objects into the Chamber from the galleries -- items thrown include leaflets , manure , flour by the group Fathers 4 Justice , and a canister of chlorobenzylidene malonitrile ( tear gas ) . Even members have been known to disturb proceedings of the House . For instance , in 1976 , Conservative MP Michael Heseltine seized and brandished the Mace of the House during a heated debate . However , perhaps the most famous disruption of the House of Commons was caused by King Charles I , who entered the Commons Chamber in 1642 with an armed force to arrest five members for high treason . This action was deemed a breach of the privilege of the House , and has given rise to the tradition that the monarch does not set foot in the House of Commons . Each year , the parliamentary session begins with the State Opening of Parliament , a ceremony in the Lords Chamber during which the Sovereign , in the presence of Members of both Houses , delivers an address outlining the Government 's legislative agenda . The Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod ( a Lords official ) is responsible for summoning the Commons to the Lords Chamber . When he arrives to deliver his summons , the doors of the Commons Chamber are traditionally slammed shut in his face , symbolising the right of the Lower House to debate without interference . He then knocks on the door three times with his Black Rod , and only then is granted admittance , where he informs the MPs that the Monarch awaits them , after which they proceed to the House of Lords for the Queen 's Speech . During debates , Members may speak only if called upon by the Speaker ( or a Deputy Speaker , if the Speaker is not presiding ) . Traditionally , the presiding officer alternates between calling Members from the Government and Opposition . The Prime Minister , the Leader of the Opposition , and other leaders from both sides are normally given priority . All Privy Counsellors used to be granted priority ; however , the modernisation of Commons procedure in 1998 led to the abolition of this tradition . Speeches are addressed to the presiding officer , using the words `` Mr Speaker '' , `` Madam Speaker '' , `` Mr Deputy Speaker '' , or `` Madam Deputy Speaker '' . Only the presiding officer may be directly addressed in debate ; other members must be referred to in the third person . Traditionally , members do not refer to each other by name , but by constituency , using forms such as `` the Honourable Member for ( constituency ) '' , or , in the case of Privy Counsellors , `` the Right Honourable Member for ( constituency ) '' . Members of the same party ( or allied parties or groups ) refer to each other as `` my ( Right ) Honourable friend '' . ( A member of the Armed Forces used to be called `` the Honourable and Gallant Member '' , a barrister `` the Honourable and Learned Member '' , and a woman `` the Honourable Lady the Member '' . ) This may not always be the case during the actual oral delivery , when it might be difficult for a member to remember another member 's exact constituency , but it is invariably followed in the transcript entered in the Hansard . The Speaker enforces the rules of the House and may warn and punish members who deviate from them . Disregarding the Speaker 's instructions is considered a breach of the rules of the House and may result in the suspension of the offender from the House . In the case of grave disorder , the Speaker may adjourn the House without taking a vote . The Standing Orders of the House of Commons do not establish any formal time limits for debates . The Speaker may , however , order a member who persists in making a tediously repetitive or irrelevant speech to stop speaking . The time set aside for debate on a particular motion is , however , often limited by informal agreements between the parties . Debate may also be restricted by the passage of `` Allocation of Time Motions '' , which are more commonly known as `` Guillotine Motions '' . Alternatively , the House may put an immediate end to debate by passing a motion to invoke Closure . The Speaker is allowed to deny the motion if he or she believes that it infringes upon the rights of the minority . Today , bills are scheduled according to a Timetable Motion , which the whole House agrees in advance , negating the use of a guillotine . When the debate concludes , or when the Closure is invoked , the motion in question is put to a vote . The House first votes by voice vote ; the Speaker or Deputy Speaker puts the question , and Members respond either `` Aye ! '' ( in favour of the motion ) or `` No ! '' ( against the motion ) . The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote , but if his or her assessment is challenged by any member or the voice vote is unclear , a recorded vote known as a division follows . The presiding officer , if he or she believes that the result of the voice vote is clear , may reject the challenge . When a division occurs , members enter one of two lobbies ( the `` Aye '' lobby or the `` No '' lobby ) on either side of the Chamber , where their names are recorded by clerks . A member who wishes to pointedly abstain from a vote may do so by entering both lobbies , casting one vote for and one against . At each lobby are two tellers ( themselves members of the House ) who count the votes of the members . Once the division concludes , the tellers provide the results to the presiding officer , who then announces them to the House . If there is an equality of votes , the Speaker or Deputy Speaker has a casting vote . Traditionally , this casting vote is exercised to allow further debate , if this is possible , or otherwise to avoid a decision being taken without a majority ( e.g. voting ' No ' to a motion or the third reading of a bill ) . Ties rarely occur -- the last one was in July 1993 . The quorum of the House of Commons is 40 members for any vote , including the Speaker and four tellers . If fewer than 40 members have participated , the division is invalid . Formerly , if a member sought to raise a point of order during a division , suggesting that some of the rules governing parliamentary procedure are violated , he was required to wear a hat , thereby signalling that he was not engaging in debate . Collapsible top hats were kept in the Chamber just for this purpose . This custom was discontinued in 1998 . The outcome of most votes is largely known beforehand , since political parties normally instruct members on how to vote . A party normally entrusts some members of parliament , known as whips , with the task of ensuring that all party members vote as desired . Members of Parliament do not tend to vote against such instructions , since those who do so jeopardise promotion , or may be deselected as party candidates for future elections . Ministers , junior ministers and parliamentary private secretaries who vote against the whips ' instructions usually resign . Thus , the independence of Members of Parliament tends to be low , although `` backbench rebellions '' by members discontent with their party 's policies do occur . A member is also traditionally allowed some leeway if the particular interests of his constituency are adversely affected . In some circumstances , however , parties announce `` free votes '' , allowing members to vote as they please . Votes relating to issues of conscience such as abortion and capital punishment are typically free votes . Pairing is an arrangement where a member from one party agrees with a member of another party not to vote in a particular division , allowing both MPs the opportunity not to attend . A bisque is permission from the Whips given to a member to miss a vote or debate in the House to attend to constituency business or other matters . Committees ( edit ) Main article : Parliamentary Committees of the United Kingdom The British Parliament uses committees for a variety of purposes , e.g. , for the review of bills . Committees consider bills in detail , and may make amendments . Bills of great constitutional importance , as well as some important financial measures , are usually sent to the `` Committee of the Whole House '' , a body that includes all members of the Commons . Instead of the Speaker , the chairman or a Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means presides . The Committee meets in the House of Commons Chamber . Most bills were until 2006 considered by Standing Committees , which consisted of between 16 and 50 members . The membership of each Standing Committee roughly reflected the strength of the parties in the House . The membership of Standing Committees changed constantly ; new Members were assigned each time the committee considered a new bill . There was no formal limit on the number of Standing Committees , but usually only ten existed . Rarely , a bill was committed to a Special Standing Committee , which investigated and held hearings on the issues raised . In November 2006 , Standing Committees were replaced by Public Bill Committees . The House of Commons also has several Departmental Select Committees . The membership of these bodies , like that of the Standing Committees , reflects the strength of the parties . Each committee elects its own chairman . The primary function of a Departmental Select Committee is to scrutinise and investigate the activities of a particular government department . To fulfil these aims , it is permitted to hold hearings and collect evidence . Bills may be referred to Departmental Select Committees , but such a procedure is seldom used . A separate type of Select Committee is the Domestic Committee . Domestic Committees oversee the administration of the House and the services provided to Members . Other committees of the House of Commons include Joint Committees ( which also include members of the House of Lords ) , the Committee on Standards and Privileges ( which considers questions of parliamentary privilege , as well as matters relating to the conduct of the members ) , and the Committee of Selection ( which determines the membership of other committees ) . Current composition ( edit ) Main article : List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election , 2017 Affiliation Members At 2017 election Current seats Conservative 317 315 Labour 262 260 SNP 35 35 Liberal Democrat 12 12 DUP 10 10 Sinn Féin 7 7 Plaid Cymru Green Independent Speaker Total 650 650 Seats needed for majority 5 Conservative / DUP majority 13 9 Notes See here for a full list of changes during the fifty - sixth Parliament . In addition to the parties listed in the table above , the Co-operative Party is also represented in the House of Commons by Labour MPs sitting with the Labour Co-operative designation . The number of these MPs is 38 . The `` seats needed for a majority '' is calculated as the number of seats needed by the Conservative Party to have a majority of one ( 320 ) . The `` Conservative / DUP majority '' is calculated as the sum of Conservative and DUP seats , less the sum of all other seats . This calculation excludes the Speaker , Deputy Speakers ( two Labour and one Conservative ) and Sinn Féin ( who follow a policy of abstentionism ) . Commons symbol ( edit ) The symbol used by the Commons consists of a portcullis topped by St Edward 's Crown . The portcullis has been one of the Royal Badges of England since the accession of the Tudors in the 15th century , and was a favourite symbol of King Henry VII . It was originally a pun on the name Tudor , as in tu - door . The original badge was of gold , but nowadays is shown in various colours , predominantly green or black . In film and television ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1986 , the British television production company Granada Television created a near - full size replica of the post-1950 House of Commons debating chamber at its studios in Manchester for use in its adaptation of the Jeffrey Archer novel First Among Equals . The set was highly convincing , and was retained after the production -- since then , it has been used in nearly every British film and television production that has featured scenes set in the chamber . From 1988 until 1999 it was also one of the prominent attractions on the Granada Studios Tour , where visitors could watch actors performing mock political debates on the set . The major difference between the studio set and the real House of Commons Chamber is that the studio set has just four rows of seats on either side whereas the real Chamber has five . In 2002 , the set was purchased by the scriptwriter Paul Abbott so that it could be used in his BBC drama serial State of Play . Abbott , a former Granada Television staff writer , bought it personally as the set would otherwise have been destroyed and he feared it would take too long to get the necessary money from the BBC . Abbott kept the set in storage in Oxford . The post-1941 Commons Chamber was used in the film Ali G Indahouse , the political satire Restart by Komedy Kollective , about a British prime minister seeking re-election , and was mentioned in the Robin Williams stand - up special Robin Williams Live on Broadway in which he describes it as `` like Congress , but with a two drink minimum '' . The pre-1941 Chamber was recreated in Shepperton Studios for the Ridley Scott / Richard Loncraine 2002 biographical film on Churchill , The Gathering Storm . See also ( edit ) British politics portal Adjournment debate Australian House of Representatives Early day motion Father of the House House of Commons of Canada Introduction ( British House of Commons ) List of Stewards of the Chiltern Hundreds List of United Kingdom Parliament constituencies New Zealand House of Representatives Parliament in the Making Parliament Week Parliamentary Archives Parliamentary Brief Records of members of parliament of the United Kingdom Relocation of the Parliament of the United Kingdom Salaries of Members of the United Kingdom Parliament Speaker Denison 's rule Women in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pollard , A.F. ( 1920 ) . The Evolution of Parliament . Longmans . pp. 107 -- 08 . Not that the house of commons was ever that house of the common people which it is sometimes supposed to have been . For `` commons '' means `` communes '' ; and while `` communes '' have commonly been popular organizations , the term might in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries be applied to any association or confederacy . Jump up ^ `` Some Traditions and Customs of the House '' ( PDF ) . http://www.parliament.uk . Endorsements on Bills -- use of Norman French . August 2010 . p. 9 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . the Bills themselves are made in Norman French ( in this case `` soit baillé aux communes '' ) a relic of the very early days of Parliament External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Commons Chamber in the 16th Century '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Parliamentum '' . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Women in parliament '' . BBC News . 31 October 2008 . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Allen ; Sarah Birch ( 5 February 2015 ) . Ethics and Integrity in British Politics . Cambridge University Press . p. 145 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 05050 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Speaker quits ' for sake of unity ' '' . BBC News . 19 May 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Speaker Michael Martin resigns over MPs ' expenses '' . The Daily Telegraph . 19 May 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fixed - term Parliaments Act '' . Legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Peter ( 8 May 2010 ) . `` Archaic electoral biases must go '' . The Australian . Sydney , Australia : News Limited . Retrieved 9 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UK Parliament -- Pay and expenses for MPs '' . Parliament.uk . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ A Treatise on the Law of Elections : In All Its Branches -- Sir John Simeon -- Google Books . Books.google.co.uk. 1789 . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` An insider 's guide to the House of Commons '' . parliament.uk. 19 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hansard of the air '' . parliament.uk . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 20 years of TV cameras in the Commons '' . BBC Politics . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ For example : Plaid Cymru , Scottish National Party , the Green Party of England and Wales , and sometimes the Socialist Campaign Group . See e.g. ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Samuel , Sir Herbert ( May 1935 ) . The Pageantry of Parliament . The Rotarian. 46 . Rotary International . p. 22 . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pairing -- Glossary page -- UK Parliament '' . Parliament.uk. 21 April 2010 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pairing '' . BBC News . 16 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bisque '' . BBC News . 6 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Current State of the Parties '' . www.parliament.uk . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Fox - Davies , Arthur ( 1909 ) . A Complete Guide to Heraldry . London : T.C. & E.C. Jack . Jump up ^ Abbott , Paul . Audio commentary on the DVD release of State of Play . BBC Worldwide . BBCDVD 1493 . Bibliography ( edit ) Farnborough , T.E. May , 1st Baron. ( 1896 ) . Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third , 11th ed . London : Longmans , Green and Co . Mackenzie , K.R. , `` The English Parliament '' , ( 1950 ) Pelican Books . `` Parliament '' ( 1911 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica , 11th ed . London : Cambridge University Press . Pollard , Albert F. ( 1926 ) . The Evolution of Parliament , 2nd ed . London : Longmans , Green and Co . Porritt , Edward , and Annie G. Porritt. ( 1903 ) . The Unreformed House of Commons : Parliamentary Representation before 1832 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Raphael , D.D. , Donald Limon , and W.R. McKay. ( 2004 ) . Erskine May : Parliamentary Practice , 23rd ed . London : Butterworths Tolley . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to House of Commons of the United Kingdom . House of Commons official website The Parliamentary Archives Find Your MP Parliament Live TV ( Silverlight is required to watch ) Podcast tour of the Commons chamber with photos House of Commons from Democracy Live at BBC News Guide to the Commons `` House of Commons collected news and commentary '' . The Guardian . 2010 Intake -- Educational / Social Breakdown ( BBC Magazine ) 2010 Intake -- Occupational Background ( Times Online ) ( = 39298 ) British House of Commons people on www.C-SPAN.org Officers of the House of Commons and the House of Lords House of Commons House of Lords Speaker John Bercow Lord Speaker The Lord Fowler Leader of the House of Commons Andrea Leadsom Leader of the House of Lords The Baroness Evans of Bowes Park Serjeant at Arms Kamal El - Hajji Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod Lt - Gen. 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Following the invokation of Article 50 , the United Kingdom is set to leave the European Union . A Great Repeal Bill has been proposed to incorporate all current European laws into British law . `` Bailiwick - wide '' legislature passed in the States of Guernsey applies not only in Guernsey , but also in Alderney and Sark , with the consent of their governments . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who oversees proceedings in the house of commons | [
"At the beginning of each new parliamentary term, the House of Commons elects one of its members as a presiding officer, known as the Speaker. If the incumbent Speaker seeks a new term, then the House may re-elect him or her merely by passing a motion; otherwise, a secret ballot is held. A Speaker-elect cannot take office until he or she has been approved by the Sovereign; the granting of the royal approbation, however, is a formality. The Speaker is assisted by three Deputy Speakers, the most senior of whom holds the title of Chairman of Ways and Means. The two other Deputy Speakers are known as the First and Second Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means. These titles derive from the Committee of Ways and Means, a body over which the chairman once used to preside; even though the Committee was abolished in 1967, the traditional titles of the Deputy Speakers are still retained. The Speaker and the Deputy Speakers are always members of the House of Commons."
] | [
"the Speaker"
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-8577550817872133660 | I Didn't Know My Own Strength (Whitney Houston song) | I Did n't Know My Own Strength ( Whitney Houston song ) - wikipedia I Did n't Know My Own Strength ( Whitney Houston song ) `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' Remix EP download cover Promotional single by Whitney Houston from the album I Look to You Released November 6 , 2009 Format Digital download Recorded 2009 Genre R&B gospel Length 3 : 44 Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren Whitney Houston Producer ( s ) David Foster `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' is a song performed by American R&B - pop singer Whitney Houston , taken from her seventh studio album I Look to You ( 2009 ) . The song was written by Houston , award - winning writer , Diane Warren and produced by David Foster , both of whom have written and produced for Houston before . The song was originally supposed to precede the album 's UK release on August 31 , 2009 and U.S. release on September 1 , 2009 but was cancelled in favor of `` I Look to You '' and `` Million Dollar Bill '' . However , the song was released on November 6 , 2009 as a promotional single . A live performance was included in the 2014 CD / DVD release , Whitney Houston Live : Her Greatest Performances . Contents 1 Critical reception 2 Background 3 Track listing 4 Charts 5 References Critical reception ( edit ) When reviewing the album Digital Spy described the song along with the title track `` the album 's pair of classic Whitney ballads . '' Background ( edit ) Though never officially released , UK columnist Lizzie Smith reported in the Daily Mail the song had been leaked to the internet prior to its official release date . However , music mogul Clive Davis said at the album 's official launch party in London that all of the tracks on the album remain unfinished . The song 's release was originally confirmed by Diane Warren who told Vibe Magazine she had penned the single especially for Houston , and it would be released as the first single . At the album listening parties , Davis said the album track `` Call You Tonight '' was a candidate for the lead single . Following previous reports , this led to speculation that `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' would receive a limited release to generate buzz for the album , whilst a different song will be fully promoted and released to propel the album 's release . Title song `` I Look to You '' was released as the U.S. lead single whilst `` Million Dollar Bill '' ( the second U.S. release ) became the international lead single . Houston performed the song on The Oprah Winfrey Show on September 15 , 2009 and live on the 2009 American Music Awards broadcast . Track listing ( edit ) Due to the popularity of the song a remix - EP was released alongside remixes for the two official singles on November 6 , 2009 . `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' ( Peter Rauhofer Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 04 `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' ( Peter Rauhofer Mixshow ) -- 5 : 15 `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' ( Daddy 's Groove Magic Island Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 11 `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' ( Daddy 's Groove Magic Island Mixshow ) -- 5 : 19 `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' ( Daddy 's Groove Magic Island Club Mix ) -- 7 : 23 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 38 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 16 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 44 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 66 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 17 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitney Officially Confirms Release Jump up ^ Pre-album launch party Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/live-her-greatest-performances-mw0002759110 Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston : ' I Look To You ' - Music Album Review '' . Digital Spy . August 31 , 2009 . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lizzie Smith ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Whitney Houston makes a triumphant return to the public eye as she launches new album I Look To You Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Perry , Simon ( July 15 , 2009 ) . `` Whitney Houston Back in Form for CD Launch - Music News , Clive Davis , Whitney Houston '' . People.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Information Not Found '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Whitney Houston Site '' . Whitney Houston . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Album Cover : Whitney Houston -- ' I Look to You ' '' . Rap-Up.com . July 15 , 2009 . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dianne Warren Confirms Whitney 's new single to VIBE magazine Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston 's I Did n't Know My Own Strength - Video '' . Oprah.com . September 15 , 2009 . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Franc G. ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` Whitney Houston I Did n't Know My Own Strength Video Performance On Oprah '' . Rnbmusicblog.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength Remixes : Whitney Houston : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 43 , 2009 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Whitney Houston Albums discography Singles discography Videography Live performances Awards and nominations List of songs Studio albums Whitney Houston Whitney I 'm Your Baby Tonight My Love Is Your Love Just Whitney ... One Wish : The Holiday Album I Look to You Soundtrack albums The Bodyguard The Preacher 's Wife Live albums Whitney Houston Live : Her Greatest Performances Compilation albums Whitney : The Greatest Hits Love , Whitney The Ultimate Collection I Will Always Love You : The Best of Whitney Houston Other releases Whitney : Dancin ' Special I Wish You Love : More from The Bodyguard Concert tours US Summer Tour The Greatest Love World Tour Moment of Truth World Tour Feels So Right Tour I 'm Your Baby Tonight World Tour The Bodyguard World Tour The Pacific Rim Tour The European Tour My Love Is Your Love World Tour Soul Divas Tour Nothing but Love World Tour Concerts and appearances Welcome Home Heroes with Whitney Houston The Concert for a New South Africa Whitney : Brunei The Royal Wedding Celebration Classic Whitney : Live from Washington , D.C. VH1 Divas Live ' 99 Achievements Chart records and achievements Grammy Awards history American Music Awards history Related articles `` Dance with Somebody '' The Bodyguard ( musical ) Being Bobby Brown The Houstons : On Our Own Whitney : Can I Be Me Bobby Brown ( ex-husband ) Bobbi Kristina Brown ( daughter ) Cissy Houston ( mother ) Whitney ( 2015 film ) Whitney ( 2018 film ) Book Portal Whitney Houston singles Whitney Houston `` Hold Me '' `` Thinking About You '' `` You Give Good Love '' `` All at Once '' `` Saving All My Love for You '' `` How Will I Know '' `` Greatest Love of All '' Whitney `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All '' `` So Emotional '' `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' `` Love Will Save the Day '' `` I Know Him So Well '' I 'm Your Baby Tonight `` I 'm Your Baby Tonight '' `` All the Man That I Need '' `` Miracle '' `` My Name Is Not Susan '' `` I Belong to You '' `` We Did n't Know '' The Bodyguard `` I Will Always Love You '' `` I 'm Every Woman '' `` I Have Nothing '' `` Run to You '' `` Queen of the Night '' Waiting to Exhale `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' `` Count On Me '' `` Why Does It Hurt So Bad '' The Preacher 's Wife `` I Believe in You and Me '' `` Step by Step '' `` My Heart Is Calling '' My Love Is Your Love `` When You Believe '' `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` It 's Not Right but It 's Okay '' `` My Love Is Your Love '' `` I Learned from the Best '' Whitney : The Greatest Hits `` Could I Have This Kiss Forever '' `` If I Told You That '' `` Fine '' `` Same Script , Different Cast '' Just Whitney ... `` Whatchulookinat '' `` One of Those Days '' `` Try It on My Own '' `` Love That Man '' One Wish : The Holiday Album `` One Wish ( for Christmas ) '' I Look to You `` I Look to You '' `` Million Dollar Bill '' Sparkle `` Celebrate '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' I Will Always Love You : The Best of Whitney Houston `` I Look to You '' Other / featured / promotional singles `` One Moment in Time '' `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' `` The Star Spangled Banner '' `` Something in Common '' `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' `` Memories '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Didn%27t_Know_My_Own_Strength_(Whitney_Houston_song)&oldid=863984570 '' Categories : 2009 songs 2009 singles Whitney Houston songs Songs written by Diane Warren Contemporary R&B ballads Song recordings produced by David Foster Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2018 , at 10 : 11 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who wrote i didn't know my own strength lyrics | [
"The song was written by Houston, award-winning writer, Diane Warren and produced by David Foster, both of whom have written and produced for Houston before. The song was originally supposed to precede the album's UK release on August 31, 2009 and U.S. release on September 1, 2009 but was cancelled in favor of \"I Look to You\" and \"Million Dollar Bill\".[1][2] However, the song was released on November 6, 2009 as a promotional single.\n",
"The song was written by Houston, award-winning writer, Diane Warren and produced by David Foster, both of whom have written and produced for Houston before. The song was originally supposed to precede the album's UK release on August 31, 2009 and U.S. release on September 1, 2009 but was cancelled in favor of \"I Look to You\" and \"Million Dollar Bill\".[1][2] However, the song was released on November 6, 2009 as a promotional single.\n"
] | [
"Houston",
"Diane Warren"
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619281427365282699 | March Hare | March Hare - wikipedia March Hare Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the fictional character . For other uses , see March Hare ( disambiguation ) . March Hare Alice character The March Hare . Illustration by John Tenniel . First appearance Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Last appearance Through the Looking - Glass Created by Lewis Carroll Information Aliases Haigha Species Hare Gender Male Occupation Host of the Mad Tea Party Messenger Significant other ( s ) The Hatter The Dormouse Nationality Wonderland The March Hare ( called Haigha in Through the Looking - Glass ) is a character most famous for appearing in the tea party scene in Lewis Carroll 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland . The main character , Alice , hypothesizes , `` The March Hare will be much the most interesting , and perhaps as this is May it wo n't be raving mad -- at least not so mad as it was in March . '' `` Mad as a March hare '' is a common British English phrase , both now and in Carroll 's time , and appears in John Heywood 's collection of proverbs published in 1546 . It is reported in The Annotated Alice by Martin Gardner that this proverb is based on popular belief about hares ' behaviour at the beginning of the long breeding season , which lasts from February to September in Britain . Early in the season , unreceptive females often use their forelegs to repel overenthusiastic males . It used to be incorrectly believed that these bouts were between males fighting for breeding supremacy . Like the character 's friend , the Hatter , the March Hare feels compelled to always behave as though it is tea - time because the Hatter supposedly `` murdered the time '' whilst singing for the Queen of Hearts . Sir John Tenniel 's illustration also shows him with straw on his head , a common way to depict madness in Victorian times . The March Hare later appears at the trial for the Knave of Hearts , and for a final time as `` Haigha '' ( which is pronounced to rhyme with `` mayor '' , according to Carroll ) , the personal messenger to the White King in Through the Looking - Glass . Contents ( hide ) 1 Interpretations 1.1 Alice in Verse 1.2 Alice in the Country of Hearts 1.3 Pandora Hearts 2 In popular culture 2.1 Disney Animated Film 2.2 Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland 2.3 Games 3 References 4 External links Interpretations ( edit ) Alice in verse ( edit ) Main article : Alice in Verse : The Lost Rhymes of Wonderland The major departure from Carroll 's original here is that instead of appearing a jittery witness , the March Hare is cast as the Prosecutor . After the charge is read , the Hare addresses the court with an opening statement that more or less vindicates the accused , before turning his accusing eye upon the court itself for failing to serve tea with the evidence ( the tarts ) . Alice in the Country of Hearts ( edit ) In this Japanese manga , Alice in the Country of Hearts , the March Hare is Elliot March . Elliot is Blood Dupre ( the Hatter ) 's right - hand man . He is basically human with the exception of two brown rabbit ears . When called a rabbit , he often becomes insulted and rants about how his ears are ' just bigger than average ' . He is n't specifically crazy or mad , but he is a bit violent in the beginning . He almost kills Alice with his long - barrelled gun before Blood stopped him . But , as the story progresses , it is shown that Elliot is a lovable , amusing character who is really very sweet . Pandora Hearts ( edit ) In this Japanese manga , Pandora Hearts , the March Hare is a `` Chain '' whose `` Contractor '' is Reim Lunettes . It has the ability to fake death which helps Reim escape his attackers and proved to be so realistic that his comrades believed he really was dead . The March Hare was said to be a `` gentle Chain '' which was not suited for battle , but very useful in its own ways . In a way , it contradicts all the varieties of the March Hare , as the Hare is shown to be mad or even insane. The character Reim himself is also similar to March Hare as his friend Break has the chain Mad hatter mirrors the friendship of the Hatter and the Hare 's . In popular culture ( edit ) In SyFy 's TV Miniseries Alice , the March Hare is represented by the character Mad March . The March Hare is featured as the primary antagonist in the Once Upon a Time story `` Tea Party in March '' in the graphic novel Once Upon a Time : Out of the Past . In the song entitled `` We Have Heaven '' by the British rock group Yes , a lyric mantra is sung from beginning to end saying `` Tell the Moon Dog , tell the March Hare ... '' . Disney animated film ( edit ) Main article : Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 film ) March Hare The March Hare as he appears in the 1951 film . First appearance Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Voiced by Jerry Colonna Jesse Corti ( Bonkers ) Maurice LaMarche ( House of Mouse ) Jeff Bennett ( Kinect Disneyland Adventures ) Information Species Hare Gender Male Significant other ( s ) Mad Hatter Dormouse Nationality Wonderland Disney 's Alice in Wonderland , an animated film , depicted the March Hare at the tea party as being deliriously confused . He repeatedly offers Alice a cup of tea , but distractedly pulls the cup out of her reach or takes it from her hands just as she is about to drink . He was voiced by Jerry Colonna , after whom his appearance and personality were modelled . He was animated by Ward Kimball . Kimball also led the Dixieland band Firehouse Five Plus Two , in which he played trombone . This version of the character was also a semi-regular on Bonkers and one of the guests in House of Mouse , often seen seated with the Mad Hatter . During these appearances , the March Hare was voiced by Jesse Corti and Maurice LaMarche . The March Hare also appears in the `` Mad T Party '' in Disney 's California Adventure park . He is based on the 2010 film 's Thackery Earwicket interpretation , and plays bass guitar . He is often found hopping around with Mallymkun the Dormouse on stage . Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland ( edit ) Main article : Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 film ) Thackery Earwicket Thackery Earwicket as he appears in the 2010 film . First appearance Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Created by Tim Burton Voiced by Paul Whitehouse Information Aliases March Hare Species Hare Gender Male Occupation Cook Significant other ( s ) Tarrant Hightopp Mallymkun Nationality Underland / Wonderland The March Hare appears in the 2010 Disney film Alice in Wonderland , voiced by Paul Whitehouse . His full name is Thackery Earwicket ; this , however , is not mentioned in the film . In the movie , the March Hare behaves as if constantly nerve - wracked and completely delirious . He is a cook in the film , and the way he eccentrically throws dishes and pots suggests he is an amalgam of both the March Hare and the cook from Lewis Carroll 's original book . The March Hare has a strong Scottish accent in this movie , while his friend the Mad Hatter ( played by Johnny Depp ) switches into a Scottish accent as well whenever his emotions are strained . He is first seen in the `` Tea Party '' scene , which takes place at his `` Hare House '' windmill . Thackery hosts a tea party , which he shares with Tarrant Hightopp the Mad Hatter , Mallymkun the Dormouse , and Chess the Cheshire Cat . He appears a second time in the White Queen 's kitchen , frantically cooking and throwing dishes . His third appearance is at the Frabjous Day scene , in which he stands with the other characters wielding a ladle as his weapon , nervous and somewhat ready to go to battle . Burton stated that because Whitehouse is a great comedic actor , a lot of his lines came from improvisation . Games ( edit ) In the game American McGee 's Alice , the March Hare is portrayed as a victim of the Mad Hatter 's insane experimentation . Both the Hare and the Dormouse have become clockwork cyborgs . The March Hare appears in Alice : Madness Returns ( a sequel to American McGee 's Alice ) . In the video game adaptation of Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland , Thackery Earwicket is a playable character . His special ability is telekinesis and his main form of attack is to throw dishes . He also uses his big ears and large feet as weapons . He uses his telekinesis to defeat the Bandersnatch . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carroll , Lewis . Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 , Dylan Winter , Shared Earth , Feb 9th 2007 '' . Bbc.co.uk. 11 July 2008 . Retrieved 7 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland ( 3 ) : Overview of chapters 7 -- 12 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 7 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Story origins -- Lenny 's Alice in Wonderland site '' . Alice-in-wonderland.net . Retrieved 7 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Salisbury , Mark ; Burton , Tim ( 2010 ) . Alice in Wonderland : A Visual Companion . Disney Editions . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4231 - 2887 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Children 's literature portal The March Hare on IMDb Lewis Carroll 's Alice Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Through the Looking - Glass The Nursery `` Alice '' The Hunting of the Snark Characters Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Alice The White Rabbit The Mouse The Dodo The Duck The Lory Eaglet Pat Bill the Lizard Puppy The Caterpillar The Duchess The Cheshire Cat The March Hare The Hatter Tarrant Hightopp The Dormouse The Queen of Hearts The King of Hearts The Knave of Hearts The Gryphon The Mock Turtle Through the Looking - Glass The Red Queen The White Queen The Red King The White King The White Knight Tweedledum and Tweedledee The Sheep Humpty Dumpty The Lion and the Unicorn Bandersnatch Jubjub Bird Related topics Alice Liddell Alice 's Shop John Tenniel Theophilus Carter The Annotated Alice Wonderland Looking - Glass Land Mischmasch Works based on Alice in Wonderland Films and television Disney franchise Translations of Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Translations of Through the Looking - Glass Adaptations Poems `` All in the golden afternoon ... '' `` How Doth the Little Crocodile '' `` The Mouse 's Tale '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Bat '' `` You Are Old , Father William '' `` ' Tis the Voice of the Lobster '' `` Jabberwocky '' `` The Walrus and the Carpenter '' `` Haddocks ' Eyes '' `` They told me you had been to her ... '' `` The Mock Turtle 's Song '' `` The Hunting of the Snark '' Sequels A New Alice in the Old Wonderland ( 1895 ) New Adventures of Alice ( 1917 ) Alice of Wonderland in Paris ( 1966 ) Alice Through the Needle 's Eye ( 1984 ) Automated Alice ( 1996 ) Wonderland Revisited and the Games Alice Played There ( 2009 ) Retellings Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland retold in words of one syllable ( 1905 ) Alice in Verse : The Lost Rhymes of Wonderland ( 2010 ) Parodies The Westminster Alice ( 1902 ) Clara in Blunderland ( 1902 ) Lost in Blunderland ( 1903 ) John Bull 's Adventures in the Fiscal Wonderland ( 1904 ) Alice in Blunderland : An Iridescent Dream ( 1904 ) Imitations Mopsa the Fairy ( 1869 ) Davy and the Goblin ( 1884 ) The Admiral 's Caravan ( 1891 ) Gladys in Grammarland ( 1896 ) A New Wonderland ( 1898 ) Rollo in Emblemland ( 1902 ) Justnowland ( 1912 ) Alice in Orchestralia ( 1925 ) Reimagining Alice in Wonderland or What 's a Nice Kid Like You Doing in a Place Like This ? ( 1966 ) Alice or the Last Escapade ( 1977 ) Adventures in Wonderland ( 1991 ) The Looking Glass Wars ( 2006 ) Alice ( 2009 ) Malice in Wonderland ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Film 1903 1910 1915 1931 1933 1949 1951 1966 1972 1976 1982 1985 1988 ( Czechoslovak ) 1988 ( Australian ) 1995 1999 Stage Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( ballet ) Alice in Wonderland ( musical ) Alice in Wonderland ( opera ) Peter and Alice ( 2013 play ) Wonder. land ( musical ) Television Fushigi no Kuni no Alice Once Upon a Time Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Literary Alice in Murderland Alice in the Country of Hearts Miyuki - chan in Wonderland Video games Alice no Paint Adventure ( 1995 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2000 ) American McGee 's Alice ( 2000 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Alice : Madness Returns ( 2011 ) Kingdom Hearts Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March_Hare&oldid=790177193 '' Categories : Alice in Wonderland Lewis Carroll characters Fictional characters introduced in 1865 Fictional hares and rabbits Fictional anthropomorphic characters Disney 's Alice in Wonderland characters Fictional cyborgs Fictional assassins Metafictional characters Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2017 , at 02 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who hosts the tea party in alice in wonderland | [
"\n\nMarch Hare\n\n\nAlice character\n\n\n\nThe March Hare. Illustration by John Tenniel.\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nAlice's Adventures in Wonderland\n\n\nLast appearance\nThrough the Looking-Glass\n\n\nCreated by\nLewis Carroll\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nAliases\nHaigha\n\n\nSpecies\nHare\n\n\nGender\nMale\n\n\nOccupation\nHost of the Mad Tea Party\nMessenger\n\n\nSignificant other(s)\nThe Hatter\nThe Dormouse\n\n\nNationality\nWonderland\n\n"
] | [
"March Hare"
] |
-3856219875577251913 | List of Attack on Titan chapters | List of Attack on Titan chapters - wikipedia List of Attack on Titan chapters Jump to : navigation , search First volume of Attack on Titan , released in Japan by Kodansha on March 17 , 2010 Attack on Titan is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Hajime Isayama . Set in a world where humanity lives inside cities surrounded by enormous walls due to the Titans , gigantic humanoid creatures who devour humans seemingly without reason , the story centers around Eren Yaeger , his foster sister Mikasa Ackerman , and their friend Armin Arlert , whose lives are changed forever after the appearance of a Colossal Titan brings about the destruction of their home town and the death of Eren 's mother . Vowing revenge and to reclaim the world from the Titans , Eren , Mikasa and Armin join the Survey Corps , an elite group of soldiers who fight Titans outside the walls . The series began serialization in Kodansha 's monthly publication Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine in its September 2009 issue . The first tankōbon volume was released in March 2010 , and as of December 2016 , twenty - one volumes have been released . In North America , the series is published in English by Kodansha Comics USA , that first published the first volume on June 19 , 2012 , with a three - or four - month interval between each release until mid 2013 , when subsequent volumes started being released on a monthly basis to catch up faster with the original Japanese releases . The series has also been adapted into an anime by Production I.G 's Wit Studio , with the first episode airing on April 7 , 2013 , on MBS . The anime is also being streamed by both Funimation and Crunchyroll on their respective websites . Contents ( hide ) 1 Manga 1.1 Attack on Titan 1.1. 1 Chapters not yet in tankōbon format 1.2 Junior High 1.3 Before the Fall 1.4 No Regrets 1.5 Spoof on Titan 1.6 Lost Girls 2 Novels 2.1 Before the Fall 2.2 Harsh Mistress of the City 2.3 Lost Girls 3 Notes 4 References Manga ( edit ) Attack on Titan ( edit ) Chapters in the Kodansha USA publications are numbered as episodes . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN March 17 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384276 - 0 June 19 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 024 - 4 `` To You , 2,000 Years from Now '' ( 二 千 年 後 の 君 へ , Ni Sen Nen Go no Kimi e ) `` That Day '' ( その日 , Sono Hi ) `` Night of the Disbanding Ceremony '' ( 解散 式 の 夜 , Kaisanshiki no Yoru ) `` First Battle '' ( 初陣 , Uijin ) With the advent of giant humanoid beings known as `` Titans '' that hunt and eat humans on sight , mankind quickly dwindles in numbers and their territory is reduced to a small country protected by three massive walls ; Wall Maria , Wall Rose and Wall Sheena that kept the Titans outside for a hundred years , until a 60 - meter tall Titan ( known henceforth as Colossus Titan ) and a strong , armored one ( known as Armored Titan ) breach the fortified city of Shinganshina . The territory between Wall Maria and Wall Rose is overrun by the Titans , claiming tens of thousands of lives . After his mother is killed in the attack , Eren Yeager , one of the survivors of Shinganshina , joins the army along with his adopted sister Mikasa Ackerman and their childhood friend Armin Arlert . After completing their training , Eren , Mikasa and Armin are stationed at the city of Trost when the Colossus Titan appears before them once more and breaches its wall for an invasion by the other Titans . July 16 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384338 - 5 September 11 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 025 - 1 `` A Dull Glow in the Midst of Despair '' ( 絶望 の 中 で 鈍く 光る , Zetsubō no Naka de Nibuku Hikaru ) `` The World that the Girl Saw '' ( 少女 が 見 た 世界 , Shōjo ga Mita Sekai ) `` Small Blade '' ( 小さな 刃 , Chiisa na Yaiba ) `` Roar '' ( 咆哮 , Hōkō ) `` The Beating of a Heart Can Be Heard '' ( 心臓 の 鼓動 が 聞こえる , Shinzō no Kodō ga Kikoeru ) While protecting Armin from a Titan , Eren is swallowed , leading his friends to believe he is dead . Mikasa recalls her past when her parents were killed but she was saved by Eren . When the soldiers are about to lose hope , a mysterious rogue titan appears and starts attacking and killing the other Titans . After making use of this distraction to regroup and resupply , they watch the rogue Titan collapse from exhaustion and are surprised to see an unharmed Eren emerge from its body . December 9 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384410 - 8 December 4 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 026 - 8 Side Story : `` Captain Levi '' ( リヴァイ 兵士 長 , Rivai Heishichō ) `` Where 's the Left Arm ? '' ( 左腕 の 行方 , Hidariude no Yukue ) `` Response '' ( 応える , Kotaeru ) `` Icon '' ( 偶像 , Gūzō ) `` Wound '' ( 傷 , Kizu ) News of Eren 's amazing transformation brings conflict to the army opposing those who want Eren dead and those who want to make use of his power to help them recapture the city . In the end , Eren is spared and entrusted with the task of sealing the hole in the wall with a massive rock only he can carry . However , during the operation , Eren suddenly goes berserk and his friends attempt to calm him down and help him regain control over the large Titan body he summoned . April 8 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384469 - 6 March 26 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 253 - 8 `` Primitive Desire '' ( 原初 的 欲求 , Genshoteki Yokkyū ) `` One by One '' ( 個々 , Koko ) `` Necessity '' ( 必要 , Hitsuyō ) `` Delusions of Strength '' ( 武力 幻想 , Buryoku Gensō ) `` What Should I Do Now ? '' ( 今 、 何 を すべ きか , Ima , Nani o Subeki ka ) Recovering his conscience , Eren carries his task to the end and helps the human army attain their first victory against the Titans . The story then retrocedes two years to the time when Eren and his companions joined the military and began their training . 5 August 9 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384513 - 6 June 4 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 254 - 5 Side Story : `` Ilse 's Notebook '' ( イルゼ の 手帳 , Iruze no Techō ) `` Still Ca n't See '' ( まだ 目 を 見れ ない , Mada Me o Mirenai ) `` Special Operations Squad '' ( 特別 作戦 班 , Tokubetsu Sakusen Han ) `` Opening the Gate '' ( 開門 , Kaimon ) `` Long - Distance Enemy Scouting Formation '' ( 長 距離 索敵 陣形 , Chōkyori Sakuteki Jinkei ) A Scouting Legion had an expedition outside the wall , a tragedy happened while retreating to Ilse 's squad which led her into a big discovery that a titan talked to her . However , she was killed in the process . Back to the present , Eren is brought into a military court to decide his fate . Between the opposing views of those who brand him as a threat and want him dead , and those who want to make use of his power to reclaim Wall Maria , it is decided that Eren will be put under care of the Survey Corps Special Task Force , led by Levi , the man who is believed to be the army 's strongest hero ever . Soon after , the Survey Corps led by Commander Erwin Smith organizes an expedition through the Titans territory , bringing Eren and the other newcomers with them . 6 December 9 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384591 - 4 August 27 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 255 - 2 `` The Female Titan '' ( 女 型 の 巨人 , Megata no Kyojin ) `` The Titan Forest '' ( 巨大 樹 の 森 , Kyodaiju no Mori ) `` Bite '' ( 噛みつく , Kamitsuku ) `` The Easy Path '' ( 好都合 な 道 を , Kōtsugō na Michi o ) The expedition is attacked by a huge Titan with female - like features . Figuring that its target is Eren , Levi and his soldiers take him to a dense forest where the soldiers had previously laid a trap , using it to capture the Female Titan . 7 April 9 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384652 - 2 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362208 - 9 ( limited edition ) September 24 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 256 - 9 `` Erwin Smith '' ( エルヴィン ・ スミス , Eruvin Sumisu ) `` Choices and Consequences '' ( 選択 と 結果 , Sentaku to Kekka ) `` Crushing Blow '' ( 鉄槌 , Tettsui ) `` Losers '' ( 敗者 達 , Haisha Tachi ) The Female Titan breaks free and attempts to kidnap Eren but is stopped by Mikasa and Levi . Having failed to discover the enemy 's identity despite suffering heavy casualties , the Survey Corps return home and is ordered to hand over Eren to the Military Police . 8 August 9 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384712 - 3 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362227 - 0 ( limited edition ) October 29 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 547 - 8 `` Grin '' ( 微笑み , Hohoemi ) `` Mercy '' ( 慈悲 , Jihi ) `` Wall '' ( 壁 , Kabe ) `` Soldiers Dance '' ( 戦士 は 踊る , Senshi wa Odoru ) Stationed in a Military Police base in the Stohess District , Annie Leonhart , an old acquaintance of Eren and his friends , is asked by Armin to assist him with a plan to help Eren escape . However , it was all a plot to expose her as the Female Titan who attacked the expedition . After failing to capture Eren once again , Annie attempts to escape by climbing through Wall Sheena just to be stopped by her former companions and encases herself into an indestructible , crystal - like structure to protect herself . After the battle , it is revealed that there are live Titans entombed inside the walls but Eren 's friends are forbidden to inquire further about it . As Mikasa and Armin tend to an exhausted Eren , the rest of their friends discover that Titans have breached Wall Rose . 9 December 7 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384776 - 5 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362239 - 3 ( limited edition ) November 26 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 548 - 5 `` The Beast Titan '' ( 獣 の 巨人 , Kemono no Kyojin ) `` I 'm Home '' ( ただいま , Tadaima ) `` Southwestward '' ( 南西 へ , Nansei e ) `` Utgard Castle '' ( ウトガルド 城 , Utogarudo - jō ) The Survey Corps fight a group of Titans that have breached Wall Rose . A beast - like Titan , who is able to converse , confronts squad leader Mike before leaving him to be eaten by the other Titans . The Survey Corps scramble into groups to inform the other villages . Sasha visits her home town which has been lost to the Titans , recalls her past , and reunites with her father . On the way to Ehrmich District , Hange comes up with an idea to re-seal the Wall using Eren 's Titan form . Minister Nick reveals that one of the Survey Corps members holds the key to the secret of the walls . Connie discovers his village was destroyed by Titans yet no blood was shed ; he is surprised when one of the dead Titans speaks to him . The soldiers converge near the breach but do not see one . They take shelter at the nearby Castle Utgard , but their camp is surrounded by Titans when the full moon rises . 10 April 9 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384839 - 7 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362243 - 0 ( limited edition ) December 31 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 676 - 5 `` Soldier '' ( 兵士 , Heishi ) `` Ymir '' ( ユミル , Yumiru ) `` Historia '' ( ヒストリア , Hisutoria ) `` Warrior '' ( 戦士 , Senshi ) The Survey Corps team are trapped inside Castle Utgard fighting the Titans . Reiner and Bertholt fight off one that penetrated the tower , but Reiner gets bitten by one of the Titans . As the Beastly Titan summons more Titans , Ymir reveals to Krista that she too can transform into a Titan , and uses that to beat down the attackers . Eren , Mikasa and the others arrive to fight off the other Titans . Krista reveals her real name : Historia Reiss , an illegitimate child within the royal lineage . Reiner and Bertholt attempt to persuade Eren to join their cause , but when they reveal themselves to be the Armored and Colossus Titans , Eren flies into a rage and they all turn into Titans to fight each other . 11 August 9 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 394901 - 8 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362256 - 0 ( special edition ) January 28 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 677 - 2 `` The Armored Titan '' ( 鎧 の 巨人 , Yoroi no Kyojin ) `` Strike , Throw , Submit '' ( 打 ・ 投 ・ 極 , Da Tō Kyoku ) `` The Hunters '' ( 追う 者 , Ou Mono ) `` Opening '' ( 開口 , Kaikō ) Face to face with those responsible for the fall of Shinganshina , Eren transforms and fights Reiner the Armored Titan , while the Colossus Titan defends himself against the others . Using tactics he learned from sparring with Annie and some advice from Mikasa , he defeats the Armored Titan , but the Colossus Titan lands on him in an explosion . Ymir and Eren are captured . Five hours later , Mikasa and the others awake from the shock and rendezvous with Erwin and the others , who organize a party to chase after them . 12 December 9 , 2013 December 6 , 2013 ( limited edition ) ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 394976 - 6 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 358465 - 3 ( limited edition ) April 29 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 678 - 9 `` Children '' ( 子供 達 , Kodomo Tachi ) `` Someone '' ( 誰か , Dareka ) `` Charge '' ( 突撃 , Totsugeki ) `` Scream '' ( 叫び , Sakebi ) Reiner and Bertolt convince Ymir to join their side , claiming that they can ensure both her and Krista 's safety , but Eren remains intent on revenge against the two guys . While Ymir and Eren heal in the forest of Titans , their rescue party approaches . Ymir transforms and captures Krista . Reiner transforms into the Armored Titan and carries Ymir , Bertolt and Eren while the rescue party pursues them . Amid the chaos of the battle , Eren finds himself against the same Titan who killed his mother . He discovers much to his surprise that he has the power to subdue other Titans to do his bidding , using it to enact revenge for his mother and drive away the kidnappers . Eren and his friends then return home safely , but Ymir parts with Krista and allies with Reiner and Bertoldt . 13 April 9 , 2014 April 3 , 2014 ( limited edition ) ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395044 - 1 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 358488 - 2 ( limited edition ) August 26 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 679 - 6 `` Squad Levi '' ( リヴァイ 班 , Rivai Han ) `` Krista Lenz '' ( クリスタ ・ レンズ , Kurisuta Renzu ) `` Smoke Signal '' ( 狼煙 , Noroshi ) `` Location of the Counterattack '' ( 反撃 の 場所 , Hangeki no Basho ) The Survey Corps take Eren and Krista , who now assumes her birth name , Historia Reiss , to a secluded place and make preparations for an eventual operation to reclaim Wall Maria . Furthermore , Hange tells the others what she knows and proposes the theory that all regular Titans were humans once , but after the transformation they became feral and unable to return to their original form , unlike Eren and the other Titan Shifters . When Levi and his subordinates uncover a conspiracy to hinder their efforts led by none other than the royalty itself , Erwin and his supporters decide to stage a revolution to ensure that their plans to drive away the Titans from the walls can be executed without further interference . 14 August 8 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395141 - 7 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 358703 - 6 ( limited edition ) November 4 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 680 - 2 `` Pain '' ( 痛み , Itami ) `` Actors '' ( 役者 , Yakusha ) `` Kenny the Ripper '' ( 切り裂き ケニー , Kirisaki Kenī ) `` Gunshots '' ( 銃声 , Jūsei ) After learning that the current king is just a figurehead to Historia 's father , Rod Reiss , who is the true ruler inside the walls , Erwin and the others decide to use her to overthrow the current monarchy and install her as queen . To draw the attention of their enemies , Eren and Historia pose themselves as bait , but they are outsmarted and instead captured by Captain Kenny Ackerman , a former serial killer and old acquaintance of Levi . Levi and the others then attempt to rescue their friends but Kenny and his special forces , who are equipped with special gear tailored to hunt down humans instead of Titans , appear to stop them . 15 December 9 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395253 - 7 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 358722 - 7 ( limited edition ) March 17 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 979 - 7 `` Soul of a Heretic '' ( 外道 の 魂 , Gedō no Tamashii ) `` Trust '' ( 信頼 , Shinrai ) `` Reply '' ( 回答 , Kaitō ) `` Sin '' ( 罪 , Tsumi ) Levi and the others escape from Kenny 's troops , but Erwin is captured and sentenced to death . However , false rumors spread by his supporters about a breach on Wall Rose by the Titans expose the nobility 's unwillingness to protect its own subjects , leading the army to revolt against them . Meanwhile , Eren 's friends prepare to rescue him , who is restrained by Historia 's father and the true monarch , Rod Reiss . Rod forces Eren to bring forth the repressed memories from his last encounter with his father , revealing that in the occasion , he was forcibly transformed into a Titan and ate him . 16 April 9 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395358 - 9 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 358723 - 4 ( limited edition ) August 25 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 980 - 3 `` Chains '' ( 鎖 , Kusari ) `` Welcome Party '' ( 歓迎 会 , Kangeikai ) `` Dreams and Curses '' ( 夢 と 呪い , Yume to Noroi ) `` Wish '' ( 願い , Negai ) The Survey Corps confront the special forces to rescue Eren and Historia , while Rod attempts to convince his daughter to transform into a Titan herself and absorb Eren 's powers by eating him . Despite Eren 's will to sacrifice himself in apology for her family 's death at his father 's hands , Historia refuses and Rod decides to do it in her place . However , Rod 's new Titan form grows rogue into a massive size , larger than the Colossal Titan itself , and in a desperate move to save his friends from being crushed , Eren obtains a new power when he drinks from a mysterious flask . 17 August 7 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395446 - 3 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362303 - 1 ( limited edition ) December 15 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 112 - 7 `` Outside the Walls of Orvud District '' ( オルブド 区 外壁 , Orubudo - ku Gaiheki ) `` Ruler of the Walls '' ( 壁 の 王 , Kabe no Ō ) `` Friends '' ( 友人 , Yūjin ) `` A Dream I Once Had '' ( いつか 見 た 夢 , Itsuka Mita Yume ) The Survey Corps confronts Rod at the walls of Orvud District , ultimately winning when Historia takes advantage of an opening provided by Eren to slay her own father and uses such fact to herald herself as a heroine in order to bolster her authority as the new ruler within the walls . Historia then is crowned queen , but she relinquishes all authority to the military and dedicates her life to providing aid to the orphans . Afterwards , Erwin and the others make preparations to launch a campaign to seal the breach on Shinganshina and reclaim Wall Maria when Eren remembers that Keith Shadis , the man who trained him and his friends when they joined the military was a friend of his father 's and he decides to pay a visit to him in search for answers . Meanwhile in Shinganshina , the Beastly Titan is seen in his human form , and commands Reiner and Bertholdt to stay with him and prepare an ambush on Eren and the others , certain that they will eventually appear there . 18 December 9 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395549 - 1 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 358783 - 8 ( limited edition ) April 5 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 211 - 7 `` Bystander '' ( 傍観 者 , Bōkansha ) `` Night of the Battle to Retake the Wall '' ( 奪還 作戦 の 夜 , Dakkan Sakusen no Yoru ) `` The Town Where Everything Began '' ( はじまり の 街 , Hajimari no Machi ) `` Mission Objectives '' ( 作戦 成功 条件 , Sakusen Seikō Jōken ) Eren and his friends confront Shadis and hear what he knows about Eren 's father and the night of his death . After that , the Survey Corps depart to Shinganshina , where Eren uses his new power to seal the hole made by the Colossal Titan five years prior as part of their plan to retake the city and Wall Maria from the Titans . However , the Beast Titan launch an attack on them in sequence , assisted by Reiner and a legion of Titans under their control , putting the Corps in disarray , while Bertolt lays low , waiting for his time to strike . 19 April 8 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395636 - 8 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362328 - 4 ( limited edition ) August 2 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 259 - 9 `` War on Two Fronts '' ( 二 つの 戦局 , Futatsu no Senkyoku ) `` The Thunder Spears '' ( 雷 槍 , Raisō ) `` The World They Saw '' ( 彼ら が 見 た 世界 , Karera ga Mita Sekai ) `` Descent '' ( 光臨 , Kōrin ) Eren and his friends confront Reiner and defeat him using a new weapon designed specifically to penetrate his armored Titan form , the `` Thunder Spear '' . With his friend in trouble , Bertolt joins the battle , transforming into the Colossal Titan to assist him . 20 August 9 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395720 - 4 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362335 - 2 ( limited edition ) December 27 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 309 - 1 `` Perfect Game '' ( 完全 試合 , Pāfekuto Gēmu ) `` The Unknown Soldiers '' ( 名 も 無き 兵士 , Na mo Naki Heishi ) `` Promise '' ( 約束 , Yakusoku ) `` Hero '' ( 勇者 , Yūsha ) To break the enemy encirclement , Erwin launches a suicide attack with most of his men in order to distract the Beast Titan and allow Levi to flank him and his forces . The Beast Titan 's forces are defeated , but he manages to escape and Erwin is mortally wounded . Meanwhile , Eren and his friends manage to defeat and capture both Reiner and Bertoldt , but Armin 's body ends up entirely burned by the Colossal Titan 's steam while distracting him long enough for Eren to defeat him . 21 December 9 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395815 - 7 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362347 - 5 ( limited edition ) April 18 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 327 - 5 `` Falling Axe '' ( 大鉈 , Ōnata ) `` Midnight Sun '' ( 白夜 , Byakuya ) `` Basement '' ( 地下室 , Chikashitsu ) `` That Day '' ( あの 日 , Ano Hi ) Zeke , the Beast Titan , rescues Reiner and flees , while the survivors of the Survey Corps are forced to choose between saving Erwin or Armin , both almost dying , with a single dose of the Titan serum in their possession . In the end , they decide to use the serum on Armin , and leave Bertoldt to be eaten by him , in order to recover his human form and inherit his powers , while Erwin passes away . With Shinganshina secured , Eren and the others explore the basement of his old house and recover his father 's diaries revealing that mankind beyond the walls has not disappeared as they were always led to believe by the royalty , but is thriving instead . Grisha also reveals that their race , the Eldians , are oppressed outside the walls by the dominant race , the Marleyans , and that he once tried to stage a rebellion against them , until he and his companions were betrayed by his first son , who was actually Zeke . 22 April 7 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395909 - 3 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362355 - 0 ( limited edition ) August 1 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 425 - 8 `` Boundary '' ( 境界 線 , Kyōkaisen ) `` The Attack Titan '' ( 進撃 の 巨人 , Shingeki no Kyojin ) `` Meeting '' ( 会議 , Kaigi ) `` To the Other Side of the Wall '' ( 壁 の 向こう 側 へ , Kabe no Mukōgawa e ) After Zeke 's betrayal , his parents and the rest of the revolutionaries were taken to Paradis Island , where the walls are situated , and Grisha was forced to watch Dina and the others being transformed into Titans and sent away , but was saved by Eren Kruger , an undercover agent known as `` Owl '' , who used his Titan Shifting powers to kill all the Marley forces . After revealing that he received his powers thirteen years before , and will soon die because of them , Kruger passes them over to Grisha by having Grisha transform into a Titan and then eat him . Upon looking at Grisha 's memories inside his mind , Eren discovers not only that he has less than a decade left to live , but that the Titan who killed his mother was actually Dina . Meanwhile , Historia receives a letter from Ymir , who reveals that she will soon be killed , and thanks Historia for having at least lived with her for a while . After disclosing all the info obtained from Grisha 's documents to the public , the new government commands the effort to clear and reclaim Wall Maria from the Titans . However , Eren realizes that he only managed to use the power of the Coordinate when he was in contact with Dina , a member of the royal family turned titan , and , fearing for Historia 's safety , decides to keep that information to himself . 23 August 9 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06510 - 100 - 1 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06510 - 007 - 3 ( limited edition ) December 19 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 463 - 0 `` The Other Side of the Ocean '' ( 海 の 向こう 側 , Umi no Mukōgawa ) `` Marley 's Soldiers '' ( マーレ の 戦士 , Māre no Senshi ) `` Midnight Train '' ( 闇夜 の 列車 , Yamiyo no Ressha ) `` The Boy Inside The Wall '' ( 壁 の 中 の 少年 , Kabe no Naka no Shōnen ) Chapters not yet in tankōbon format ( edit ) `` Liar '' ( 嘘つき , Usotsuki ) `` Gate of Hope '' ( 希望 の 扉 , Kibō no Tobira ) `` From One Hand to Another '' ( 手 から 手 へ , Te kara Te e ) This incomplete list is frequently updated to include new information . Junior High ( edit ) Main article : Attack on Titan : Junior High Attack on Titan : Junior High ( 進撃 ! 巨人 中学校 , Shingeki ! Kyojin Chūgakkō ) is a parody manga written and illustrated by Saki Nakagawa , serialized in Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine since its May 2012 issue . The first tankōbon volume was released April 9 , 2013 , and as of December 9 , 2015 , 9 volumes have been released . In North America , the series has been licensed in English by Kodansha Comics USA , who published the first volume on March 11 , 2014 . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN April 9 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384841 - 0 March 11 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 916 - 2 August 9 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 394903 - 2 March 11 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 916 - 2 December 9 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 394979 - 7 November 25 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 918 - 6 April 9 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395046 - 5 November 25 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 918 - 6 5 August 8 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395143 - 1 April 28 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 961 - 2 6 December 9 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395254 - 4 April 28 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 961 - 2 7 April 9 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395359 - 6 November 24 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 113 - 4 8 August 7 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395445 - 6 November 24 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 113 - 4 9 December 9 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395550 - 7 September 13 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 410 - 4 10 April 8 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395637 - 5 September 13 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 410 - 4 11 August 9 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395721 - 1 -- -- Before the Fall ( edit ) Main article : Attack on Titan : Before the Fall § Volume list Attack on Titan : Before the Fall ( 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall ) is a spinoff manga illustrated by Satoshi Shiki , based on the prequel light novel series of the same name written by Ryō Suzukaze . The series has been serialized in Monthly Shōnen Sirius since August 2013 . The first tankōbon volume was released December 9 , 2013 . In North America , the series has been licensed in English by Kodansha Comics USA , who published the first volume on March 11 , 2014 . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN December 9 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 376439 - 0 March 11 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 910 - 0 April 9 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 376460 - 4 August 19 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 912 - 4 August 8 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 376486 - 4 December 9 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 914 - 8 December 9 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 376515 - 1 March 31 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 981 - 0 5 April 9 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 376537 - 3 August 25 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 982 - 7 6 August 7 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 376564 - 9 December 29 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 224 - 7 7 December 9 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 376590 - 8 April 12 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 225 - 4 8 April 8 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 390619 - 6 August 9 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 260 - 5 9 August 9 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 390641 - 7 December 13 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 320 - 6 10 December 9 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 390667 - 7 April 18 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 381 - 7 No Regrets ( edit ) Main article : Attack on Titan : No Regrets § Volumes Attack on Titan : No Regrets ( 進撃 の 巨人 悔い なき 選択 , Shingeki no Kyojin Kuinaki Sentaku ) is a spinoff manga written by Gun Snark and illustrated by Hikaru Suruga , serialized in the Aria magazine from its start in the November 28 , 2013 issue to June 28 , 2014 . The manga is an adaptation of the visual novel of the same name . It focuses on the origin story of Levi , before he was a part of the Survey Corps Special Operations Squad . In North America , the series has been licensed in English by Kodansha Comics USA , which released both volumes in 2014 . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN April 9 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 376961 - 6 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362271 - 3 ( special edition ) June 24 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 941 - 4 August 8 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 377046 - 9 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362277 - 5 ( special edition ) October 28 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 943 - 8 Spoof on Titan ( edit ) Main article : Spoof on Titan Sungeki no Kyojin ( 寸劇 の 巨人 , `` Titan Short Skits '' ) is a comedic yonkoma manga written and illustrated by hounori , released on Kodansha 's `` Manga Box '' smartphone and tablet application from December 2013 to December 30 , 2014 , in both Japanese and English . The first tankōbon was published on August 8 , 2014 , and the second on April 9 , 2015 . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN 01 August 8 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395152 - 3 September 13 , 2016 ISBN 9781632364081 02 April 9 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395360 - 2 December 13 , 2016 ISBN 9781632364098 Lost Girls ( edit ) Main article : Attack on Titan : Lost Girls A manga adaptation by Ryōsuke Fuji of visual and light novel by the same name , that began serialization in Kodansha 's shōnen manga magazine Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine on August 9 , 2015 . The series ended in the June 2016 issue of the magazine on May 9 , 2016 . In North America , the series has been licensed in English by Kodansha Comics USA , which released both volumes in 2016 . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN April 8 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395638 - 2 August 30 , 2016 ISBN 9781632363855 August 9 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395722 - 8 November 15 , 2016 ISBN 9781632364180 Novels ( edit ) Before the Fall ( edit ) Main article : Attack on Titan : Before the Fall Attack on Titan : Before the Fall ( 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall ) is a light novel written by Ryō Suzukaze and illustrated by Thores Shibamoto . It initially follows the story of Angel , the blacksmith who develops the first prototypes of the Vertical Maneuvering Equipment , before focusing on a young man who was found as a baby in the stomach of a Titan . Three volumes of Before the Fall were published between December 2 , 2011 , and June 29 , 2012 . Vertical licensed the light novels in October 2013 for distribution in English . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN December 2 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 375202 - 1 September 16 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 939130 - 86 - 0 March 30 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 375228 - 1 May 26 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 939130 - 87 - 7 June 29 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 375243 - 4 May 26 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 939130 - 87 - 7 Harsh Mistress of the City ( edit ) Main article : Attack on Titan : Harsh Mistress of the City Attack on Titan : Harsh Mistress of the City ( 進撃 の 巨人 隔絶 都市 の 女王 , Shingeki no Kyojin Kakuzetsu Toshi no Joō ) is written by Ryō Kawakami and illustrated by Range Murata . It depicts the aftermath of the fall of Wall Maria first shown at the beginning of the manga . The first volume of Kakuzetsu Toshi no Joou was published on August 1 , 2014 . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN August 1 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 375296 - 0 August 25 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 941220 - 62 - 7 May 1 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 375299 - 1 September 29 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 942993 - 29 - 2 Lost Girls ( edit ) Main article : Attack on Titan : Lost Girls Attack on Titan : Lost Girls ( 進撃 の 巨人 Lost Girls ) is written by Hiroshi Seko . It comprises three short stories featuring Mikasa Ackerman and Annie Leonhart , titled `` Lost in the cruel world '' , `` Wall Sina , Goodbye '' , and `` Lost Girls '' . It was published in Japan on December 9 , 2014 , and in North America on June 28 , 2016 by Vertical . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN December 9 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 377096 - 4 June 28 , 2016 ISBN 9781942993353 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kodansha USA is releasing Junior High volumes in a 2 - in - 1 omnibus format . Jump up ^ The Japanese version of Attack on Titan : Lost Girls uses an English title `` Wall Sina , Goodbye '' . This is subject to change after the official English release References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : 進撃 の 巨人 ( 1 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 進撃 の 巨人 ( 21 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan 1 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Streams Attack on Titan TV Anime '' . Anime News Network . April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll to Stream `` Attack on Titan '' Anime `` . Crunchyroll. April 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 2 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 2 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 3 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 3 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 4 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 4 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 5 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 5 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 6 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 6 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 7 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 7 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 7 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 8 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 8 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 8 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 9 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 9 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 9 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 10 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 10 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 10 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 11 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 11 ) 特 装 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 11 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 12 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DVD 付き 進撃 の 巨人 ( 12 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 12 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 13 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DVD 付き 進撃 の 巨人 ( 13 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 13 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 14 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DVD 付き 進撃 の 巨人 ( 14 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 14 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 15 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DVD 付き 進撃 の 巨人 ( 15 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 15 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 16 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DVD 付き 進撃 の 巨人 ( 16 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 16 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 17 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 17 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 17 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 18 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 18 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 18 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 19 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 19 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 19 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 20 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 20 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 20 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 21 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 21 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 22 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 22 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 22 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 23 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 23 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 23 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga Inspires Comedy Spinoff Manga '' . Anime News Network . April 13 , 2012 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 進撃 ! 巨人 中学校 ( 1 ) at Kodansha.co.jp '' ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : 進撃 ! 巨人 中学校 ( 9 ) ( Attack ! Titan Junior High ( 9 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan : Junior High 1 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 進撃 ! 巨人 中学校 ( 2 ) at Kodansha.co.jp '' ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 進撃 ! 巨人 中学校 ( 3 ) at Kodansha.co.jp '' ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan : Junior High 2 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 進撃 ! 巨人 中学校 ( 4 ) at Kodansha.co.jp '' ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 進撃 ! 巨人 中学校 ( 5 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan : Junior High 3 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 進撃 ! 巨人 中学校 ( 6 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 進撃 ! 巨人 中学校 ( 7 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan : Junior High 4 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 進撃 ! 巨人 中学校 ( 8 ) ( Attack ! Titan Junior High ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan : Junior High 5 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 ! 巨人 中学校 ( 10 ) ( Attack ! Titan Junior High ( 10 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進 進撃 ! 巨人 中学校 ( 11 ) < 完 > ( Attack ! Titan Junior High ( 11 ) < End > ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Daphne in the Brilliant Blue 's Shiki Penning Attack on Titan Spinoff Manga '' . Anime News Network . August 21 , 2013 . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall ( 1 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 1 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall ( 2 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 2 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall ( 3 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 3 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall ( 4 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 4 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall ( 5 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 5 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall ( 6 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 6 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall ( 7 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 7 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall ( 8 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 8 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall ( 9 ) ( Attack on Titan : Before the Fall ( 9 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 9 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall ( 10 ) '' ( Attack on Titan : Before the Fall ( 10 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 10 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 悔い なき 選択 ( 1 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 悔い なき 選択 ( 1 ) 特 装 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : No Regrets 1 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 悔い なき 選択 ( 2 ) < 完 > ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 悔い なき 選択 ( 2 ) 特 装 版 < 完 > ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : No Regrets 2 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spoof on Titan 4 - Panel Manga Ends '' . Anime News Network . December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 寸劇 の 巨人 ( 1 ) ( Spoof on Titan ( 1 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spoof on Titan 1 ( Attack on Titan ) '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 寸劇 の 巨人 ( 2 ) < 完 > ( Spoof on Titan ( 1 ) ( End ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spoof on Titan 2 ( Attack on Titan ) '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Lost Girls Novel Gets Manga Adaptation '' . Anime News Network . July 8 , 2015 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ryōsuke Fuji 's Attack on Titan : Lost Girls Manga Ends in May '' . Anime News Network . April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 LOST GIRLS ( 1 ) ( Attack on Titan : Lost Girls ( 1 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Lost Girls The Manga 1 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 LOST GIRLS ( 2 ) ( Attack on Titan : Lost Girls ( 2 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Lost Girls The Manga 2 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ラノベ 文庫 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall 作品 紹介 講談社 コミック プラス '' . Kc.kodansha.co.jp . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ラノベ 文庫 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall3 作品 紹介 講談社 コミック プラス '' . Kc.kodansha.co.jp . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New York Comic Con 2013 : Vertical Panel '' . Anime News Network . October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vertical Adds Attack on Titan : Before the Fall Light Novel Series '' . Anime News Network . October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall ( novel ) '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ラノベ 文庫 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall2 作品 紹介 講談社 コミック プラス '' . Kc.kodansha.co.jp . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall - Kyklo '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 進撃 の 巨人 隔絶 都市 の 女王 ( 上 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 隔絶 都市 の 女王 ( 上 ) ( Attack on Titan : Harsh Mistress of the City ( 1 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : The Harsh Mistress of the City , Part 1 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 隔絶 都市 の 女王 ( 下 ) ( Attack on Titan : Harsh Mistress of the City ( 2 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : The Harsh Mistress of the City , Part 2 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 小説 進撃 の 巨人 LOST GIRLS . Kodansha . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan Gets ' Lost Girls ' Novel Spinoff '' . Anime News Network . November 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vertical Adds Attack on Titan : Lost Girls Novel , Nichijō , FukuFuku : Kitten Tales Manga '' . Anime News Network . July 3 , 2015 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 小説 進撃 の 巨人 LOST GIRLS ( Attack on Titan : Lost Girls ( novel ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Lost Girls '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . ( hide ) Attack on Titan by Hajime Isayama Media Chapters Episodes Before the Fall Junior High Lost Girls No Regrets Spoof on Titan Harsh Mistress of the City Films Live - action film Video games Humanity in Chains Attack on Titan Related Characters Eren Yeager `` Jiyū e no Shingeki '' by Linked Horizon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Attack_on_Titan_chapters&oldid=799670405 '' Categories : Lists of manga volumes and chapters Attack on Titan Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use mdy dates from January 2016 Articles containing Japanese - language text Incomplete lists from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 04 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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"\n\nNo.\nJapanese release date\nJapanese ISBN\nEnglish release date\nEnglish ISBN\n\n\n1\nMarch 17, 2010[1]\nISBN 978-4-06-384276-0\nJune 19, 2012[3]\nISBN 978-1-61262-024-4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"To You, 2,000 Years from Now\" (二千年後の君へ, Ni Sen Nen Go no Kimi e)\n\"That Day\" (その日, Sono Hi)\n\"Night of the Disbanding Ceremony\" (解散式の夜, Kaisanshiki no Yoru)\n\"First Battle\" (初陣, Uijin)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWith the advent of giant humanoid beings known as \"Titans\" that hunt and eat humans on sight, mankind quickly dwindles in numbers and their territory is reduced to a small country protected by three massive walls; Wall Maria, Wall Rose and Wall Sheena that kept the Titans outside for a hundred years, until a 60-meter tall Titan (known henceforth as Colossus Titan) and a strong, armored one (known as Armored Titan) breach the fortified city of Shinganshina. The territory between Wall Maria and Wall Rose is overrun by the Titans, claiming tens of thousands of lives. After his mother is killed in the attack, Eren Yeager, one of the survivors of Shinganshina, joins the army along with his adopted sister Mikasa Ackerman and their childhood friend Armin Arlert. After completing their training, Eren, Mikasa and Armin are stationed at the city of Trost when the Colossus Titan appears before them once more and breaches its wall for an invasion by the other Titans.\n\n\n2\nJuly 16, 2010[6]\nISBN 978-4-06-384338-5\nSeptember 11, 2012[7]\nISBN 978-1-61262-025-1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"A Dull Glow in the Midst of Despair\" (絶望の中で鈍く光る, Zetsubō no Naka de Nibuku Hikaru)\n\"The World that the Girl Saw\" (少女が見た世界, Shōjo ga Mita Sekai)\n\"Small Blade\" (小さな刃, Chiisa na Yaiba)\n\"Roar\" (咆哮, Hōkō)\n\"The Beating of a Heart Can Be Heard\" (心臓の鼓動が聞こえる, Shinzō no Kodō ga Kikoeru)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWhile protecting Armin from a Titan, Eren is swallowed, leading his friends to believe he is dead. Mikasa recalls her past when her parents were killed but she was saved by Eren. When the soldiers are about to lose hope, a mysterious rogue titan appears and starts attacking and killing the other Titans. After making use of this distraction to regroup and resupply, they watch the rogue Titan collapse from exhaustion and are surprised to see an unharmed Eren emerge from its body.\n\n\n3\nDecember 9, 2010[8]\nISBN 978-4-06-384410-8\nDecember 4, 2012[9]\nISBN 978-1-61262-026-8\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSide Story: \"Captain Levi\" (リヴァイ兵士長, Rivai Heishichō)\n\n\n\n\"Where's the Left Arm?\" (左腕の行方, Hidariude no Yukue)\n\"Response\" (応える, Kotaeru)\n\"Icon\" (偶像, Gūzō)\n\"Wound\" (傷, Kizu)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNews of Eren's amazing transformation brings conflict to the army opposing those who want Eren dead and those who want to make use of his power to help them recapture the city. In the end, Eren is spared and entrusted with the task of sealing the hole in the wall with a massive rock only he can carry. However, during the operation, Eren suddenly goes berserk and his friends attempt to calm him down and help him regain control over the large Titan body he summoned.\n\n\n4\nApril 8, 2011[10]\nISBN 978-4-06-384469-6\nMarch 26, 2013[11]\nISBN 978-1-61262-253-8\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Primitive Desire\" (原初的欲求, Genshoteki Yokkyū)\n\"One by One\" (個々, Koko)\n\"Necessity\" (必要, Hitsuyō)\n\"Delusions of Strength\" (武力幻想, Buryoku Gensō)\n\"What Should I Do Now?\" (今、何をすべきか, Ima, Nani o Subeki ka)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRecovering his conscience, Eren carries his task to the end and helps the human army attain their first victory against the Titans. The story then retrocedes two years to the time when Eren and his companions joined the military and began their training.\n\n\n5\nAugust 9, 2011[12]\nISBN 978-4-06-384513-6\nJune 4, 2013[13]\nISBN 978-1-61262-254-5\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSide Story: \"Ilse's Notebook\" (イルゼの手帳, Iruze no Techō)\n\n\n\n\"Still Can't See\" (まだ目を見れない, Mada Me o Mirenai)\n\"Special Operations Squad\" (特別作戦班, Tokubetsu Sakusen Han)\n\"Opening the Gate\" (開門, Kaimon)\n\"Long-Distance Enemy Scouting Formation\" (長距離索敵陣形, Chōkyori Sakuteki Jinkei)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nA Scouting Legion had an expedition outside the wall, a tragedy happened while retreating to Ilse's squad which led her into a big discovery that a titan talked to her. However, she was killed in the process. Back to the present, Eren is brought into a military court to decide his fate. Between the opposing views of those who brand him as a threat and want him dead, and those who want to make use of his power to reclaim Wall Maria, it is decided that Eren will be put under care of the Survey Corps Special Task Force, led by Levi, the man who is believed to be the army's strongest hero ever. Soon after, the Survey Corps led by Commander Erwin Smith organizes an expedition through the Titans territory, bringing Eren and the other newcomers with them.\n\n\n6\nDecember 9, 2011[14]\nISBN 978-4-06-384591-4\nAugust 27, 2013[15]\nISBN 978-1-61262-255-2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"The Female Titan\" (女型の巨人, Megata no Kyojin)\n\"The Titan Forest\" (巨大樹の森, Kyodaiju no Mori)\n\"Bite\" (噛みつく, Kamitsuku)\n\"The Easy Path\" (好都合な道を, Kōtsugō na Michi o)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe expedition is attacked by a huge Titan with female-like features. Figuring that its target is Eren, Levi and his soldiers take him to a dense forest where the soldiers had previously laid a trap, using it to capture the Female Titan.\n\n\n7\nApril 9, 2012\nISBN 978-4-06-384652-2 [16]\nISBN 978-4-06-362208-9[17] (limited edition)\nSeptember 24, 2013[18]\nISBN 978-1-61262-256-9\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Erwin Smith\" (エルヴィン・スミス, Eruvin Sumisu)\n\"Choices and Consequences\" (選択と結果, Sentaku to Kekka)\n\"Crushing Blow\" (鉄槌, Tettsui)\n\"Losers\" (敗者達, Haisha Tachi)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Female Titan breaks free and attempts to kidnap Eren but is stopped by Mikasa and Levi. Having failed to discover the enemy's identity despite suffering heavy casualties, the Survey Corps return home and is ordered to hand over Eren to the Military Police.\n\n\n8\nAugust 9, 2012\nISBN 978-4-06-384712-3 [19]\nISBN 978-4-06-362227-0[20] (limited edition)\nOctober 29, 2013[21]\nISBN 978-1-61262-547-8\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Grin\" (微笑み, Hohoemi)\n\"Mercy\" (慈悲, Jihi)\n\"Wall\" (壁, Kabe)\n\"Soldiers Dance\" (戦士は踊る, Senshi wa Odoru)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStationed in a Military Police base in the Stohess District, Annie Leonhart, an old acquaintance of Eren and his friends, is asked by Armin to assist him with a plan to help Eren escape. However, it was all a plot to expose her as the Female Titan who attacked the expedition. After failing to capture Eren once again, Annie attempts to escape by climbing through Wall Sheena just to be stopped by her former companions and encases herself into an indestructible, crystal-like structure to protect herself. After the battle, it is revealed that there are live Titans entombed inside the walls but Eren's friends are forbidden to inquire further about it. As Mikasa and Armin tend to an exhausted Eren, the rest of their friends discover that Titans have breached Wall Rose.\n\n\n9\nDecember 7, 2012\nISBN 978-4-06-384776-5 [22]\nISBN 978-4-06-362239-3[23] (limited edition)\nNovember 26, 2013[24]\nISBN 978-1-61262-548-5\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"The Beast Titan\" (獣の巨人, Kemono no Kyojin)\n\"I'm Home\" (ただいま, Tadaima)\n\"Southwestward\" (南西へ, Nansei e)\n\"Utgard Castle\" (ウトガルド城, Utogarudo-jō)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Survey Corps fight a group of Titans that have breached Wall Rose. A beast-like Titan, who is able to converse, confronts squad leader Mike before leaving him to be eaten by the other Titans. The Survey Corps scramble into groups to inform the other villages. Sasha visits her home town which has been lost to the Titans, recalls her past, and reunites with her father. On the way to Ehrmich District, Hange comes up with an idea to re-seal the Wall using Eren's Titan form. Minister Nick reveals that one of the Survey Corps members holds the key to the secret of the walls. Connie discovers his village was destroyed by Titans yet no blood was shed; he is surprised when one of the dead Titans speaks to him. The soldiers converge near the breach but do not see one. They take shelter at the nearby Castle Utgard, but their camp is surrounded by Titans when the full moon rises.\n\n\n10\nApril 9, 2013\nISBN 978-4-06-384839-7 [25]\nISBN 978-4-06-362243-0[26] (limited edition)\nDecember 31, 2013[27]\nISBN 978-1-61262-676-5\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Soldier\" (兵士, Heishi)\n\"Ymir\" (ユミル, Yumiru)\n\"Historia\" (ヒストリア, Hisutoria)\n\"Warrior\" (戦士, Senshi)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Survey Corps team are trapped inside Castle Utgard fighting the Titans. Reiner and Bertholt fight off one that penetrated the tower, but Reiner gets bitten by one of the Titans. As the Beastly Titan summons more Titans, Ymir reveals to Krista that she too can transform into a Titan, and uses that to beat down the attackers. Eren, Mikasa and the others arrive to fight off the other Titans. Krista reveals her real name: Historia Reiss, an illegitimate child within the royal lineage. Reiner and Bertholt attempt to persuade Eren to join their cause, but when they reveal themselves to be the Armored and Colossus Titans, Eren flies into a rage and they all turn into Titans to fight each other.\n\n\n11\nAugust 9, 2013\nISBN 978-4-06-394901-8 [28]\nISBN 978-4-06-362256-0[29] (special edition)\nJanuary 28, 2014[30]\nISBN 978-1-61262-677-2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"The Armored Titan\" (鎧の巨人, Yoroi no Kyojin)\n\"Strike, Throw, Submit\" (打・投・極, Da Tō Kyoku)\n\"The Hunters\" (追う者, Ou Mono)\n\"Opening\" (開口, Kaikō)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFace to face with those responsible for the fall of Shinganshina, Eren transforms and fights Reiner the Armored Titan, while the Colossus Titan defends himself against the others. Using tactics he learned from sparring with Annie and some advice from Mikasa, he defeats the Armored Titan, but the Colossus Titan lands on him in an explosion. Ymir and Eren are captured. Five hours later, Mikasa and the others awake from the shock and rendezvous with Erwin and the others, who organize a party to chase after them.\n\n\n12\nDecember 9, 2013[31]\nDecember 6, 2013[32] (limited edition)\nISBN 978-4-06-394976-6\nISBN 978-4-06-358465-3 (limited edition)\nApril 29, 2014[33]\nISBN 978-1-61262-678-9\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Children\" (子供達, Kodomo Tachi)\n\"Someone\" (誰か, Dareka)\n\"Charge\" (突撃, Totsugeki)\n\"Scream\" (叫び, Sakebi)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nReiner and Bertolt convince Ymir to join their side, claiming that they can ensure both her and Krista's safety, but Eren remains intent on revenge against the two guys. While Ymir and Eren heal in the forest of Titans, their rescue party approaches. Ymir transforms and captures Krista. Reiner transforms into the Armored Titan and carries Ymir, Bertolt and Eren while the rescue party pursues them. Amid the chaos of the battle, Eren finds himself against the same Titan who killed his mother. He discovers much to his surprise that he has the power to subdue other Titans to do his bidding, using it to enact revenge for his mother and drive away the kidnappers. Eren and his friends then return home safely, but Ymir parts with Krista and allies with Reiner and Bertoldt.\n\n\n13\nApril 9, 2014[34]\nApril 3, 2014[35] (limited edition)\nISBN 978-4-06-395044-1\nISBN 978-4-06-358488-2 (limited edition)\nAugust 26, 2014[36]\nISBN 978-1-61262-679-6\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Squad Levi\" (リヴァイ班, Rivai Han)\n\"Krista Lenz\" (クリスタ・レンズ, Kurisuta Renzu)\n\"Smoke Signal\" (狼煙, Noroshi)\n\"Location of the Counterattack\" (反撃の場所, Hangeki no Basho)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Survey Corps take Eren and Krista, who now assumes her birth name, Historia Reiss, to a secluded place and make preparations for an eventual operation to reclaim Wall Maria. Furthermore, Hange tells the others what she knows and proposes the theory that all regular Titans were humans once, but after the transformation they became feral and unable to return to their original form, unlike Eren and the other Titan Shifters. When Levi and his subordinates uncover a conspiracy to hinder their efforts led by none other than the royalty itself, Erwin and his supporters decide to stage a revolution to ensure that their plans to drive away the Titans from the walls can be executed without further interference.\n\n\n14\nAugust 8, 2014\nISBN 978-4-06-395141-7 [37]\nISBN 978-4-06-358703-6[38] (limited edition)\nNovember 4, 2014[39]\nISBN 978-1-61262-680-2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Pain\" (痛み, Itami)\n\"Actors\" (役者, Yakusha)\n\"Kenny the Ripper\" (切り裂きケニー, Kirisaki Kenī)\n\"Gunshots\" (銃声, Jūsei)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAfter learning that the current king is just a figurehead to Historia's father, Rod Reiss, who is the true ruler inside the walls, Erwin and the others decide to use her to overthrow the current monarchy and install her as queen. To draw the attention of their enemies, Eren and Historia pose themselves as bait, but they are outsmarted and instead captured by Captain Kenny Ackerman, a former serial killer and old acquaintance of Levi. Levi and the others then attempt to rescue their friends but Kenny and his special forces, who are equipped with special gear tailored to hunt down humans instead of Titans, appear to stop them.\n\n\n15\nDecember 9, 2014\nISBN 978-4-06-395253-7 [40]\nISBN 978-4-06-358722-7[41] (limited edition)\nMarch 17, 2015[42]\nISBN 978-1-61262-979-7\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Soul of a Heretic\" (外道の魂, Gedō no Tamashii)\n\"Trust\" (信頼, Shinrai)\n\"Reply\" (回答, Kaitō)\n\"Sin\" (罪, Tsumi)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLevi and the others escape from Kenny's troops, but Erwin is captured and sentenced to death. However, false rumors spread by his supporters about a breach on Wall Rose by the Titans expose the nobility's unwillingness to protect its own subjects, leading the army to revolt against them. Meanwhile, Eren's friends prepare to rescue him, who is restrained by Historia's father and the true monarch, Rod Reiss. Rod forces Eren to bring forth the repressed memories from his last encounter with his father, revealing that in the occasion, he was forcibly transformed into a Titan and ate him.\n\n\n16\nApril 9, 2015\nISBN 978-4-06-395358-9 [43]\nISBN 978-4-06-358723-4[44] (limited edition)\nAugust 25, 2015[45]\nISBN 978-1-61262-980-3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Chains\" (鎖, Kusari)\n\"Welcome Party\" (歓迎会, Kangeikai)\n\"Dreams and Curses\" (夢と呪い, Yume to Noroi)\n\"Wish\" (願い, Negai)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Survey Corps confront the special forces to rescue Eren and Historia, while Rod attempts to convince his daughter to transform into a Titan herself and absorb Eren's powers by eating him. Despite Eren's will to sacrifice himself in apology for her family's death at his father's hands, Historia refuses and Rod decides to do it in her place. However, Rod's new Titan form grows rogue into a massive size, larger than the Colossal Titan itself, and in a desperate move to save his friends from being crushed, Eren obtains a new power when he drinks from a mysterious flask.\n\n\n17\nAugust 7, 2015\nISBN 978-4-06-395446-3 [46]\nISBN 978-4-06-362303-1[47] (limited edition)\nDecember 15, 2015[48]\nISBN 978-1-63236-112-7\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Outside the Walls of Orvud District\" (オルブド区外壁, Orubudo-ku Gaiheki)\n\"Ruler of the Walls\" (壁の王, Kabe no Ō)\n\"Friends\" (友人, Yūjin)\n\"A Dream I Once Had\" (いつか見た夢, Itsuka Mita Yume)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Survey Corps confronts Rod at the walls of Orvud District, ultimately winning when Historia takes advantage of an opening provided by Eren to slay her own father and uses such fact to herald herself as a heroine in order to bolster her authority as the new ruler within the walls. Historia then is crowned queen, but she relinquishes all authority to the military and dedicates her life to providing aid to the orphans. Afterwards, Erwin and the others make preparations to launch a campaign to seal the breach on Shinganshina and reclaim Wall Maria when Eren remembers that Keith Shadis, the man who trained him and his friends when they joined the military was a friend of his father's and he decides to pay a visit to him in search for answers. Meanwhile in Shinganshina, the Beastly Titan is seen in his human form, and commands Reiner and Bertholdt to stay with him and prepare an ambush on Eren and the others, certain that they will eventually appear there.\n\n\n18\nDecember 9, 2015\nISBN 978-4-06-395549-1 [49]\nISBN 978-4-06-358783-8[50] (limited edition)\nApril 5, 2016[51]\nISBN 978-1-63236-211-7\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Bystander\" (傍観者, Bōkansha)\n\"Night of the Battle to Retake the Wall\" (奪還作戦の夜, Dakkan Sakusen no Yoru)\n\"The Town Where Everything Began\" (はじまりの街, Hajimari no Machi)\n\"Mission Objectives\" (作戦成功条件, Sakusen Seikō Jōken)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEren and his friends confront Shadis and hear what he knows about Eren's father and the night of his death. After that, the Survey Corps depart to Shinganshina, where Eren uses his new power to seal the hole made by the Colossal Titan five years prior as part of their plan to retake the city and Wall Maria from the Titans. However, the Beast Titan launch an attack on them in sequence, assisted by Reiner and a legion of Titans under their control, putting the Corps in disarray, while Bertolt lays low, waiting for his time to strike.\n\n\n19\nApril 8, 2016\nISBN 978-4-06-395636-8 [52]\nISBN 978-4-06-362328-4[53] (limited edition)\nAugust 2, 2016[54]\nISBN 978-1-63236-259-9\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"War on Two Fronts\" (二つの戦局, Futatsu no Senkyoku)\n\"The Thunder Spears\" (雷槍, Raisō)\n\"The World They Saw\" (彼らが見た世界, Karera ga Mita Sekai)\n\"Descent\" (光臨, Kōrin)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEren and his friends confront Reiner and defeat him using a new weapon designed specifically to penetrate his armored Titan form, the \"Thunder Spear\". With his friend in trouble, Bertolt joins the battle, transforming into the Colossal Titan to assist him.\n\n\n20\nAugust 9, 2016\nISBN 978-4-06-395720-4 [55]\nISBN 978-4-06-362335-2[56] (limited edition)\nDecember 27, 2016[57]\nISBN 978-1-63236-309-1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Perfect Game\" (完全試合, Pāfekuto Gēmu)\n\"The Unknown Soldiers\" (名も無き兵士, Na mo Naki Heishi)\n\"Promise\" (約束, Yakusoku)\n\"Hero\" (勇者, Yūsha)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTo break the enemy encirclement, Erwin launches a suicide attack with most of his men in order to distract the Beast Titan and allow Levi to flank him and his forces. The Beast Titan's forces are defeated, but he manages to escape and Erwin is mortally wounded. Meanwhile, Eren and his friends manage to defeat and capture both Reiner and Bertoldt, but Armin's body ends up entirely burned by the Colossal Titan's steam while distracting him long enough for Eren to defeat him.\n\n\n21\nDecember 9, 2016\nISBN 978-4-06-395815-7 [2]\nISBN 978-4-06-362347-5[58] (limited edition)\nApril 18, 2017[59]\nISBN 978-1-63236-327-5\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Falling Axe\" (大鉈, Ōnata)\n\"Midnight Sun\" (白夜, Byakuya)\n\"Basement\" (地下室, Chikashitsu)\n\"That Day\" (あの日, Ano Hi)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nZeke, the Beast Titan, rescues Reiner and flees, while the survivors of the Survey Corps are forced to choose between saving Erwin or Armin, both almost dying, with a single dose of the Titan serum in their possession. In the end, they decide to use the serum on Armin, and leave Bertoldt to be eaten by him, in order to recover his human form and inherit his powers, while Erwin passes away. With Shinganshina secured, Eren and the others explore the basement of his old house and recover his father's diaries revealing that mankind beyond the walls has not disappeared as they were always led to believe by the royalty, but is thriving instead. Grisha also reveals that their race, the Eldians, are oppressed outside the walls by the dominant race, the Marleyans, and that he once tried to stage a rebellion against them, until he and his companions were betrayed by his first son, who was actually Zeke.\n\n\n22\nApril 7, 2017\nISBN 978-4-06-395909-3 [60]\nISBN 978-4-06-362355-0[61] (limited edition)\nAugust 1, 2017[62]\nISBN 978-1-63236-425-8\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Boundary\" (境界線, Kyōkaisen)\n\"The Attack Titan\" (進撃の巨人, Shingeki no Kyojin)\n\"Meeting\" (会議, Kaigi)\n\"To the Other Side of the Wall\" (壁の向こう側へ, Kabe no Mukōgawa e)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAfter Zeke's betrayal, his parents and the rest of the revolutionaries were taken to Paradis Island, where the walls are situated, and Grisha was forced to watch Dina and the others being transformed into Titans and sent away, but was saved by Eren Kruger, an undercover agent known as \"Owl\", who used his Titan Shifting powers to kill all the Marley forces. After revealing that he received his powers thirteen years before, and will soon die because of them, Kruger passes them over to Grisha by having Grisha transform into a Titan and then eat him. Upon looking at Grisha's memories inside his mind, Eren discovers not only that he has less than a decade left to live, but that the Titan who killed his mother was actually Dina. Meanwhile, Historia receives a letter from Ymir, who reveals that she will soon be killed, and thanks Historia for having at least lived with her for a while. After disclosing all the info obtained from Grisha's documents to the public, the new government commands the effort to clear and reclaim Wall Maria from the Titans. However, Eren realizes that he only managed to use the power of the Coordinate when he was in contact with Dina, a member of the royal family turned titan, and, fearing for Historia's safety, decides to keep that information to himself.\n\n\n23\nAugust 9, 2017\nISBN 978-4-06510-100-1 [63]\nISBN 978-4-06510-007-3[64] (limited edition)\nDecember 19, 2017[65]\nISBN 978-1-63236-463-0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"The Other Side of the Ocean\" (海の向こう側, Umi no Mukōgawa)\n\"Marley's Soldiers\" (マーレの戦士, Māre no Senshi)\n\"Midnight Train\" (闇夜の列車, Yamiyo no Ressha)\n\"The Boy Inside The Wall\" (壁の中の少年, Kabe no Naka no Shōnen)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"December 19, 2017"
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2032162936651691127 | Red velvet cake | Red velvet cake - wikipedia Red velvet cake Jump to : navigation , search Red Velvet cake Four - layer slice of red velvet cake Type Layer cake Course Dessert Place of origin United States Region or state United States Main ingredients Flour , buttermilk , butter , sugar , cocoa powder , and / or cream cheese icing , beetroot , or red food colouring Cookbook : Red Velvet cake Media : Red Velvet cake Red Velvet cake is traditionally a red , red - brown , or `` mahogany '' colored layer cake , layered with white cream cheese icing or Ermine frosting ( sometimes called `` cooked roux '' frosting ) . It has a distinctive fluffy texture owing to the gas - producing reaction of alkaline buttermilk with acidic vinegar and / or acidic non-alkalized cocoa . The cake is commonly served on Christmas or Valentine 's Day . Common modern red velvet cake is made with red dye , however the red color was originally due to non-Dutched anthocyanin - rich cocoa . Common ingredients include : buttermilk , butter , cocoa , vinegar , and flour for the cake ; beetroot or red food coloring for the color . History ( edit ) James Beard 's reference , American Cookery ( 1972 ) , describes three red velvet cakes varying in the amounts of shortening , butter , and vegetable oil . All used red food coloring . The reaction of acidic vinegar and buttermilk tends to better reveal the red anthocyanin in cocoa and keeps the cake moist , light , and fluffy . This natural tinting may have been the source for the name `` red velvet '' , as well as `` Devil 's food '' and similar names for chocolate cakes . Contemporarily , chocolate has often undergone Dutch processing , which prevents the color change of the anthocyanins . A reconstruction of the original red velvet cake involves reducing or eliminating the vinegar and colorants , and using a non-Dutched cocoa to provide the needed acidity and color . A home - made red velvet cake roll with buttercream frosting When foods were rationed during World War II , bakers used boiled beet juices to enhance the color of their cakes . Beets are found in some red velvet cake recipes , where they also serve to retain moisture . Adams Extract , a Texas company , is credited with bringing the red velvet cake to kitchens across America during the Great Depression era , by being one of the first to sell red food coloring and other flavor extracts with the use of point - of - sale posters and tear - off recipe cards . The cake and its original recipe are well known in the United States from New York City 's famous Waldorf - Astoria Hotel , which has dubbed the confection Waldorf - Astoria cake . However , it is widely considered a Southern recipe . Traditionally , red velvet cake is iced with a French - style butter roux icing ( also called ermine icing ) , which is very light and fluffy , but time - consuming to prepare . Cream cheese frosting and buttercream frosting are variations which have increased in popularity . In Canada , the cake was a well - known dessert in the restaurants and bakeries of the Eaton 's department store chain in the 1940s and 1950s . Promoted as an exclusive Eaton 's recipe , with employees who knew the recipe sworn to silence , many mistakenly believed the cake was the invention of the department store matriarch , Lady Eaton . In recent years , red velvet cake and red velvet cupcakes have become increasingly popular in the US and many European countries . A resurgence in the popularity of this cake is attributed by some to the film Steel Magnolias ( 1989 ) , which included a red velvet groom 's cake made in the shape of an armadillo . Magnolia Bakery in Manhattan , has served it since its opening in 1996 , as did restaurants known for their Southern cooking like Amy Ruth 's in Harlem , which opened in 1998 . In 2000 , Cake Man Raven opened one of the first bakeries devoted to the cake in Brooklyn . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red velvet cakes . ^ Jump up to : Ben Starr ( 2015 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Real Red Velvet Cake '' . Jump up ^ Shane Wingerd ( 2009 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Ermine Wrapped Velvet '' . Jump up ^ Crocker , Betty . `` Red Velvet Cake '' . bettycrocker.com . General Mills . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The rediscovery of red velvet has gone way too far '' . Quartz. 2015 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beard , James ( 1972 ) . James Beard 's American Cookery . Boston : Little , Brown . Jump up ^ Scott , Suzanne ( June 7 , 2003 ) . `` It 's All Mixed Up ! The History and True Facts About Baking Devil 's Food Cake '' . New Jersey Baker 's Board of Trade . Archived from the original on 2004 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2004 - 10 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Fabricant , Florence ( 14 February 2007 ) . `` So Naughty , So Nice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Red Velvet Cake '' . The Big Bake Theory . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Parks , Stella ( 2011 - 10 - 02 ) . `` The Unknown History of Red Velvet Cake '' . Gilttaste.com . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Red Velvet , the ' Lady Gaga ' of cakes , wears well during the holidays '' . Post-gazette.com. 2011 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Martha Stewart . `` Cream Cheese Frosting for Red Velvet Cake '' . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim Severson . `` Red Velvet Cake : A Classic , Not a Gimmick '' . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Carol ; Katharine Mallinson ( 2004 ) . Lunch with Lady Eaton : Inside the Dining Rooms of a Nation . Toronto : ECW Press . ISBN 1 - 55022 - 650 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Amy Ruth 's Home - Style Southern Cuisine '' . New York magazine . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cake Man Raven has flown the coop -- no more red velvet cake in Fort Greene '' . NY Daily News . November 28 , 2012 . Cake List of cakes Butter cakes Devil 's food cake Gooey butter cake Pound cake Cheesecakes Fiadone Ostkaka Chocolate cakes Batik cake Black Forest cake Blackout cake Chantilly cake Flourless chocolate cake Fudge cake Garash cake German chocolate cake Hedgehog slice Joffre cake Kladdkaka Molten chocolate cake Sachertorte Torta caprese Fruitcakes Apple cake Avocado cake Banana cake Bánh chuối Black bun Bolo rei Cherry cake Clementine cake Dundee cake Fig cake Genoa cake Jewish apple cake Panforte Plum cake Raisin cake Layer cakes Angel cake Buckwheat gateau Dobos torte Esterházy torte Hot milk cake Maria Luisa cake Mille - feuille Cremeschnitte Napoleonka Šampita Tompouce Princess cake Prinzregententorte Rainbow cake Sarawak cake Spekkoek Torte Vínarterta Spit cakes Baumkuchen Kürtőskalács ( Chimney cake ) Šakotis Spettekaka Trdelník Sponge cakes Bánh bò Battenberg cake Boston cream pie Bundt cake Castella Charlotte Donauwelle Frankfurter Kranz French Fancy Frog cake Génoise Gugelhupf Ladyfinger Lamington Madeira cake Madeleine Mantecadas Marble cake Misérable cake Opera cake Pandan cake Paper wrapped cake Red velvet cake Rum cake Shortcake Spice cake Swiss roll Tres leches cake Upside - down cake Walnut and coffee cake Foam cakes and meringue Angel food cake Chiffon cake Dacquoise Kiev cake Pavlova Sans rival Spanische Windtorte Zuger Kirschtorte Yeast cakes Babka Banana bread Banbury cake Cacavellu Campanile Canestru Chorley cake Date and walnut loaf Flies ' graveyard Inuliata Pandoro Rum baba Streuselkuchen Sweetheart cake Welsh cake Special occasions Birthday cake Buccellato Bûche de Noël Christmas cake Doberge cake Groom 's cake Halloween cake King cake Rosca de reyes Kransekake Lekach Marry girl cake Mooncake Pan de Pascua Pop out cake Simnel cake Soul cake Stack cake Stollen Strenna Wedding cake Other Beer cake Better than sex cake Biscuit Bizcocho Bulla cake Cake balls Cake pop Carrot cake Coconut cake Coffee cake Croquembouche Cupcake Cupcone Gingerbread house man Heavy cake Ice cream cake Kuih Lolly cake Muffin Ontbijtkoek Pain d'épices Parkin Petit four Punschkrapfen Ruske kape Teacake Tiramisu Chocolate desserts Cakes Batik cake Black Forest cake Blackout cake Boston cream pie Bûche de Noël Chantilly cake Chocolate brownie Chocolate cake Chokladboll Death by Chocolate Devil 's food cake Éclair Flourless chocolate cake Fudge cake Garash cake German chocolate cake Hedgehog slice Kladdkaka Molten chocolate cake Pain au chocolat Prinzregententorte Red velvet cake Sachertorte Torta caprese Pies and tarts Chocolate creme pie Mississippi mud pie Cookies Chocolate chip cookie Chocolate salami Nanaimo bar Oreos S'mores Ice cream Chocolate chip cookie dough ice cream Chocolate ice cream Cookies and Cream Mint chocolate chip Milkshake Sundae Other Banana boat Brigadeiro Chocolate - covered bacon Chocolate - covered potato chips Chocolate crackles Chocolate pudding Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_velvet_cake&oldid=806749479 '' Categories : American desserts Cakes Chocolate desserts Cuisine of the Southern United States Eaton 's Christmas food Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Русский ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 22 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the name red velvet cake come from | [
"James Beard's reference, American Cookery (1972),[5] describes three red velvet cakes varying in the amounts of shortening, butter, and vegetable oil. All used red food coloring. The reaction of acidic vinegar and buttermilk tends to better reveal the red anthocyanin in cocoa and keeps the cake moist, light, and fluffy. This natural tinting may have been the source for the name \"red velvet\", as well as \"Devil's food\" and similar names for chocolate cakes.[6][7] Contemporarily, chocolate has often undergone Dutch processing, which prevents the color change of the anthocyanins.[8] A reconstruction of the original red velvet cake involves reducing or eliminating the vinegar and colorants, and using a non-Dutched cocoa to provide the needed acidity and color.[1]"
] | [
"This natural tinting may have been the source for the name"
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-969678182936028337 | Union Stock Yards | Union Stock Yards - wikipedia Union Stock Yards For the facilities in South Omaha , see Union Stockyards ( Omaha ) . Union Stock Yards , Chicago , 1947 The Union Stock Yard & Transit Co. , or The Yards , was the meatpacking district in Chicago for more than a century , starting in 1865 . The district was operated by a group of railroad companies that acquired swampland and turned it into a centralized processing area . By the 1890s , the railroad money behind the Union Stockyards was Vanderbilt money . The Union Stockyards operated in the New City community area for 106 years , helping Chicago become known as `` hog butcher for the world '' and the center of the American meatpacking industry for decades . The stockyards became the focal point of the rise of some of the earliest international companies . These companies refined novel industrial innovations and influenced financial markets . Both the rise and fall of the district owe their fortunes to the evolution of transportation services and technology in America . The stockyards have become an integral part of the popular culture of Chicago 's history . From the Civil War until the 1920s and peaking in 1924 , more meat was processed in Chicago than in any other place in the world . Construction began in June 1865 with an opening on Christmas Day in 1865 . The Yards closed at midnight on Friday , July 30 , 1971 , after several decades of decline during the decentralization of the meatpacking industry . The Union Stock Yard Gate was designated a Chicago Landmark on February 24 , 1972 , and a National Historic Landmark on May 29 , 1981 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Effect on industry 1.2 Fires 1.3 Workers and unions 1.4 Back of the Yards Community 2 Decline and current use 2.1 Gate 3 In popular culture 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Bibliography 7 External links History ( edit ) The Union Stock Yards in Chicago in 1878 Before construction of the various private stockyards , tavern owners provided pastures and care for cattle herds waiting to be sold . With the spreading service of railroads , several small stockyards were created in and around the City of Chicago . In 1848 , a stockyard called the Bulls Head Market was opened to the public . The Bulls Head Stock Yards were located at Madison Street and Ogden Avenue . In the years that followed , several small stockyards were scattered throughout the city . Between 1852 and 1865 , five ( 5 ) railroads were constructed to Chicago . The stockyards that sprang up were usually built along various rail lines of these new railroad companies . Some railroads built their own stockyards in Chicago . The Illinois Central and the Michigan Central railroads combined to build the largest set of pens on the lake shore east of Cottage Grove Avenue from 29th Street to 35th Street . In 1878 , the New York Central Railroad managed to buy a controlling interest in the Michigan Central Railroad . In this way , Cornelius Vanderbilt , owner of the New York Central Railroad , got his start in the stockyard business in Chicago . Several factors contributed to consolidation of the Chicago stockyards : westward expansion of railroads between 1850 and 1870 , which drove great commercial growth in Chicago as a major railroad center , and the Mississippi River blockade during the Civil War that closed all north - south river trade . The United States government purchased a great deal of beef and pork to feed the Union troops fighting the Civil War . As a consequence , hog receipts at the Chicago stockyards rose from 392,000 hogs in 1860 to 1,410,000 hogs over the winter butchering season of 1864 - 1865 ; over the same time period , beef receipts in Chicago rose from 117,000 head to 339,000 head . With an influx of butchers and small meat packing concerns , the number of businesses greatly increased to process the flood of livestock being shipped to the Chicago stockyards . The goal was to butcher and process the livestock locally rather than transferring it to other northern cities for butchering and processing . Keeping up with the huge number of animals arriving each day proved impossible until a new wave of consolidation and modernization altered the meatpacking business in the post-Civil War era . The Union Stock Yards , designed to consolidate operations , was built in 1864 on swampland south of the city . It was south and west of the earlier stock yards in an area bounded by Halsted Street on the east , South Racine Avenue on the west , with 39th Street as the northern boundary and 47th Street as the southern boundary . Led by the Alton , Chicago & St. Louis Railroad and the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway a consortium of nine railroad companies ( hence the `` Union '' name ) acquired the 320 - acre ( 1.3 km ) swampland area in southwest Chicago for $ 100,000 in 1864 . The stockyards were connected to the city 's main rail lines by 15 miles ( 24 km ) of track . In 1864 , the Union Stock Yards were located just outside the southern boundary of the City of Chicago . Within five years the area was incorporated into the city . Birdseye view , 1890 The yards in 1897 Play media Sheep exiting a train into the stockyards as filmed by the Edison Company in 1897 Eventually , the 375 - acre ( 1.52 km ) site had 2300 separate livestock pens , room to accommodate 75,000 hogs , 21,000 cattle and 22,000 sheep at any one time . Additionally , hotels , saloons , restaurants , and offices for merchants and brokers sprang up in the growing community around the stockyards . Led by Timothy Blackstone , a founder and the first president of the Union Stock Yards and Transit Company , `` The Yards '' experienced tremendous growth . Processing two million animals yearly by 1870 , in two decades the number rose to nine million by 1890 . Between 1865 and 1900 , approximately 400 million livestock were butchered within the confines of the Yards . Workers in the stockyards removing hides of animals By the start of the 20th century , the stockyards employed 25,000 people and produced 82 percent of the domestic meat consumed nationally . In 1921 , the stockyards employed 40,000 people . Two thousand men worked directly for the Union Stock Yard & Transit Co. , and the rest worked for companies such as meatpackers , which had plants in the stockyards . By 1900 , the 475 - acre ( 1.92 km ) stockyard contained 50 miles ( 80 km ) of road , and had 130 miles ( 210 km ) of track along its perimeter . At its largest area , The Yards covered nearly 1 square mile ( 3 km ) of land , from Halsted Street to Ashland Avenue and from 39th ( now Pershing Rd . ) to 47th Streets . General view of the Union Stock Yards , 1901 . At one time , 500,000 US gallons ( 2,000 m ) a day of Chicago River water were pumped into the stockyards . So much stockyard waste drained into the South Fork of the river that it was called Bubbly Creek due to the gaseous products of decomposition . The creek bubbles to this day . When the City permanently reversed the flow of the Chicago River in 1900 , the intent was to prevent the Stock Yards ' waste products , along with other sewage , from flowing into Lake Michigan and contaminating the City 's drinking water . The meatpacking district was served between 1908 and 1957 by a short Chicago ' L ' line with several stops , devoted primarily to the daily transport of thousands of workers and even tourists to the site . The line was constructed when the City of Chicago forced the removal of surface trackage on 40th Street . Evolving methods of transportation and distribution led to declining business and the closing of the Union Stock Yards in 1971 . National Wrecking Company negotiated a contract whereby National Wrecking cleared a 102 - acre site and removed some 50 acres of animal pens , auxiliary buildings and the eight story Exchange Building . It took approximately eight months to complete the job and ready the site for the building of an industrial park . Effect on industry ( edit ) Panorama of the beef industry in 1900 by a Chicago - based photographer 1905 International Live Stock Exposition catalogue The area and scale of the stockyards , along with technological advancements in rail transport and refrigeration , allowed for the creation of some of America 's first truly global companies led by entrepreneurs such as Gustavus Franklin Swift and Philip Danforth Armour . Philip Armour was the first person to build a modern large - scale meatpacking plant in Chicago in 1867 . The Armour plant was built at 45th Street and Elizabeth Avenue immediately to the west of the Union Stockyards . This new plant employed the modern `` assembly line '' ( or rather dis - assembly line ) method of work . The mechanized process with its killing wheel and conveyors helped inspire the automobile assembly line that Henry Ford popularized in 1913 . For a time the Armour plant , located on a twelve ( 12 ) acre site , was renowned as the largest factory in the world . In addition , hedging transactions by the stockyard companies was pivotal in the establishment and growth of the Chicago - based commodity exchanges and futures markets . Selling on the futures market allowed the seller to have a guaranteed price at a set time in the future . This was extremely helpful to those sellers who expected their cattle or hogs to come to market with a glut of other cattle or hogs when prices might necessarily be substantially lower than the guaranteed futures price . Following the arrival of Armour in 1867 , Gustav Swift 's company arrived in Chicago in 1875 and built another modern large - scale meatpacking plant at 42nd Street and South Justine Street . The Morris Company built a meatpacking plant at 42nd Street and Elizabeth Street . The Hammond Company and the Wilson Company also built a meatpacking plants in the area west of the Chicago stockyards . Eventually , meatpacking byproduct manufacturing of leather , soap , fertilizer , glue ( such as the large glue factory located at 44th Street and Loomis Street ) , pharmaceuticals , imitation ivory , gelatin , shoe polish , buttons , perfume , and violin strings prospered in the neighborhood . Additionally , there was a `` Hair Factory , '' located at 44th Street and Ashland Avenue , which processed hair from butchered animals into saleable items . Next to the Union Stock Yards , the International Amphitheatre building was built on west side of Halsted Street at 42nd Street in the 1930s , originally to hold the annual International Live Stock Exposition which began in 1900 . It became a venue for many national conventions . Historian William Cronon concludes : Because of the Chicago packers , ranchers in Wyoming and feedlot farmers in Iowa regularly found a reliable market for their animals , and on average received better prices for the animals they sold there . At the same time and for the same reason , Americans of all classes found a greater variety of more and better meats on their tables , purchased on average at lower prices than ever before . Seen in this light , the packers ' `` rigid system of economy '' seemed a very good thing indeed . Fires ( edit ) Aftermath of the 1934 fire . The memorial of the fire Wikimedia Commons has media related to the fires . The Chicago Union Stock Yards Fire started on December 22 , 1910 , destroying $400,000 of property and killing twenty - one firemen , including the Fire Marshal James J. Horan . Fifty engine companies and seven hook and ladder companies fought the fire until it was declared extinguished by Chief Seyferlich on December 23 . In 2004 , a memorial to all Chicago firefighters who have died in the line of duty was erected just behind the Union Stock Yards Gate at the intersection of Exchange Avenue and Peoria Street . A larger fire occurred on Saturday , May 19 , 1934 , which burned almost 90 % of the stockyards , including the exchange building , stockyard inn , and the International Livestock Exposition building . This larger fire was seen as far away as Indiana , and caused approximately $6 million worth of damages . While only one watchman was killed , a few cattle also perished , but the yards were in business the following Sunday evening . Workers and unions ( edit ) Following the opening of the new Union Stockyards on December 25 , 1865 , a community of workers began living in the area just west of the packing plants between Ashland Avenue and South Robey Street and bounded on the north by 43rd Street and on the south by 47th Street . At first , the residents were overwhelmingly Irish and German -- 60 % Irish and 30 % German . Officially designated the `` Town of Lake '' until its incorporation into the City of Chicago in about 1870 , the neighborhood was known locally as `` Packingtown . '' However , much later in the 1930s , the community would become known as the `` Back of the Yards . '' The overwhelming sensation about the neighborhood was the smell of the community caused not just by the packing plants located immediately to the east , but also by the 345 - acre Chicago Union Stock Yards containing 2,300 pens of livestock , located further east from the packing plants . Back of the Yards community ( edit ) Settlement in the area that was to become known as the `` Back of the Yards '' began in the 1850s before there were any meat packers or stockyards in the area . At this time the area was known as the `` Town of Lake . '' Indeed , the area would continue to be called Town of Lake until 1939 . Witness that the newspaper of the area was called the Town of Lake Journal . Only with the founding of the community organization called the `` Back of the Yards Neighborhood Council '' in 1939 did the neighborhood west and south of the meat packinghouses start being called the `` Back of the Yards . '' It was a name that the residents proudly claimed as their own . In 1939 , the Town of Lake Journal officially changed its name to Back of the Yards Journal . Pioneers to the area first called `` Town of Lake '' were S.S. Crocker and John Caffrey . Indeed , Crocker earned the nickname `` Father of the Town of Lake . '' By February 1865 the area was incorporated officially as `` Town of Lake '' the area still consisted of fewer than 700 persons . In the early 1860s the meat packing industry of the United States was still located in Cincinnati , Ohio , the original `` Porkopolis '' of the pre-Civil War era . However , with the end of the American Civil War , the meat packing industry had started to move westward along with the westward migration of the population of the United States . For the meat packing industry moving west meant coming to Chicago . As early as 1827 , Archibauld Clybourn had established himself as a butcher in a log slaughter house on the north branch of the Chicago River and supplied most to the garrison of Fort Dearborn . Other small butchers came later . In 1848 , the Bull 's Head Stockyard began operations at Madison Street and Ogden Avenue on the West Side of Chicago . Operations for this early stockyard , however , still meant holding and feeding cattle and hogs in transit to meat packing plants further east -- Indianapolis and , of course , Cincinnati . Decline and current Use ( edit ) The Union Stock Yards Livestock Pens , 1880 The prosperity of the stockyards was due to both the concentration of railroads and the evolution of refrigerated railroad cars . Its decline was due to further advances in post-World War II transportation and distribution . Direct sales of livestock from breeders to packers , facilitated by advancement in interstate trucking , made it cheaper to slaughter animals where they were raised and excluded the intermediary stockyards . At first , the major meatpacking companies resisted change , but Swift and Armour both surrendered and vacated their plants in the Yards in the 1950s . In 1971 , the area bounded by Pershing Road , Ashland , Halsted , and 47th Street became The Stockyards Industrial Park . The neighborhood to the west and south of the industrial park is still known as Back of the Yards , and is still home to a thriving immigrant population . Gate ( edit ) Main article : Union Stock Yard Gate Entry to the Union Stock Yards A remnant of the Union Stock Yard Gate still arches over Exchange Avenue , next to the firefighters ' memorial , and can be seen by those driving along Halsted Street . This limestone gate , marking the entrance to the stockyards , survives as one of the few relics of Chicago 's heritage of livestock and meatpacking . The steer head over the central arch is thought to represent `` Sherman , '' a prize - winning bull named after John B. Sherman , a founder of the Union Stock Yard and Transit Company . The gate is a designated U.S. National Historic Landmark . In popular culture ( edit ) In 1906 Upton Sinclair published The Jungle , uncovering the horrid conditions in the stockyards around the start of the 20th century . The stockyards are referred to in Carl Sandburg 's poem Chicago : `` proud to be Hog Butcher , Tool Maker , Stacker of Wheat , Player with Railroads and Freight Handler to the Nation . '' Frank Sinatra mentioned the yards in his 1964 song `` My Kind of Town , '' and the stockyards receive a mention in the opening chapter of Thomas Pynchon 's novel Against the Day . The Skip James song `` Hard Times Killing floor blues '' refers to the nickname of the slaughter part of the stockyards during the great depression in the 1930s . The Yards were a major tourist stop , with visitors such as Rudyard Kipling , Paul Bourget and Sarah Bernhardt . The play Saint Joan of the Stockyards , a version of the story of Joan of Arc by Bertolt Brecht , takes place in the stockyards . The 1950 film Union Station with William Holden has the final scene at the Union Stockyards . In `` Rose Fights Back '' , a 1989 episode of The Golden Girls , Rose Nyland reveals that she and her husband Charlie splurged on a trip to the Chicago Stock Yards as a romantic trip for their 20th Anniversary . See also ( edit ) Companies portal Chicago Board of Trade Chicago Mercantile Exchange Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ J'Nell L. Pate , Livestock Hotels : America 's Historic Stockyards ( Texas Christian University Press : Fort Worth , Texas , 2005 ) p. 79 . ^ Jump up to : Pacyga , Dominic ( 2005 ) . `` Union Stock Yard '' . Chicago Historical Society . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Sandburg , Carl ( 1916 ) . `` 1 . Chicago '' . Bartleby.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wade , Louise Carroll ( 2004 ) . Grossman , James R. ; Ann Durkin Keating ; Janice L. Ruff , eds . Meatpacking . Encyclopedia of Chicago . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 31015 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago Landmarks '' . Chicago Landmarks . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2007 . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` National Historic Landmarks Survey : Listing of National Historic Landmarks by State : Illinois '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Old Stone Gate , Chicago Union Stockyards '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved March 30 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1865 Chicago Union Stock Yard Completed '' . Chicago Public Library . 1997 . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : J'Nell L. Pate , Livestock Hotels : America 's Historic Stockyards , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Robert A. Slayton , Back of the Yards : The Making of a Local Democracy ( University of Chicago Press : Chicago , 1986 ) p. 16 ^ Jump up to : `` The Birth of the Chicago Union Stock Yards '' . Chicago Historical Society . 2001 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Brian ; Mike Schafer ( 2007 ) . New York Central Railroad . Saint Paul , MN : MBI and Voyageur Press . ISBN 9780760329283 . OCLC 85851554 . Jump up ^ Aaron E. Klein , The History of the New York Central System ( Smithmark Publishers , Inc. : New York , 1995 ) pp. 40 - 41 . ^ Jump up to : Rick Halpern , Down on the Killing Floor : Black and White Workers in Chicago 's Packinghouses , 1904 - 1954 ( University of Illinois Press : Urbana , Illinois , 1997 ) p. 10 . Jump up ^ J'Nell L. Pate , Livestock Hotels : America 's Historic Stockyards , p. 76 Jump up ^ Rick Halpern ( 1997 ) , Down on the Killing Floor , pp. 10 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Robert A. Slayton , Back of the Yards : The Making of a Local Democracy , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Birth of the Chicago Union Stock Yards '' . Chicago Historical Society . 2001 . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2007 . Retrieved March 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Halpern ( 1997 ) , Down on the Killing Floor , p. 11 Jump up ^ Halpern ( 1997 ) , Down on the Killing Floors , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Union Stock Yards '' . University of Chicago . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Mark R. ( 2004 ) . Grossman , James R. ; Ann Durkin Keating ; Janice L. Ruff , eds . Union Stock Yard & Transit Co . Encyclopedia of Chicago . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 31015 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meatpacking Technology '' . Chicago Historical Society . 2001 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2007 . Retrieved March 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1865 Chicago Stories '' . Chicago Public Library . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Solzman , David M. ( 1998 ) . The Chicago River : An Illustrated History and Guide to the River and its Waterways . Chicago : Loyola Press . pp. 226 -- 227 . ISBN 0 - 8294 - 1023 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Stock Yards branch '' . Chicago `` L ''. org . Retrieved March 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Arnstein & Lehr , The First 120 Years ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Robert A Slayton , Back of the Yards : The Making of Local Democracy ( University of Chicago Press : Chicago , 1986 ) p. 17 . Jump up ^ Down on the Killing Floor : Black and White Workers in Chicago 's Packinghouses , 1904 - 1954 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Rick Halpern , Down on the Killing Floor : Black and White Workers in Chicago 's Packinghouses , 1904 - 1954 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago & The World : America in 1889 : The Gilded Age '' . Auditorium Theatre of Roosevelt University . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Robert A. Slayton , Back of the Yards : The Making of a Local Democracy , p. 17 . Jump up ^ J'Nell L. Pate , Livestock Hotels : America 's Historic Stockyards , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Jeanette Swist , Back of the Yards ( Arcadia Publishing : Charleston , South Carolina , 2007 ) p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Jeanette Swist , Back of the Yards , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Chicago - International Amphitheater Archived May 20 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ William Cronon ( 2009 ) . Nature 's Metropolis : Chicago and the Great West . W.W. Norton . p. 254 . Jump up ^ `` 1910 , December 22 -- 23 : Chicago Union Stock Yards Fire '' . Chicago Public Library . 1996 . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Stern , Jeff ( September 1 , 2009 ) . `` Chicago , 1934 : the Union Stock Yards fire '' . Firehouse Magazine . Retrieved April 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert A. Slayton , Back of the Yards : The Making of a Local Democracy , p. 21 . Jump up ^ J'Nell L. Pate , Livestock Hotels : America 's Historic Stockyards , pp. 77 - 78 . Jump up ^ Robert A. Slayton , Back of the Yards : The Making of a Local Democracy ( University of Chicago Press : Chicago , 1986 ) , p. 97 . Jump up ^ J'Nell L. Pate , Livestock Hotels : America 's Historic Stockyards , p. 63 . Jump up ^ J'Nell L. Pate , Livestock Hotels : America 's Historic Stockyards , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Barrett , James R. ( 2005 ) . `` Back of the Yards '' . Chicago Historical Society . Retrieved March 9 , 2007 . Bibliography ( edit ) Anderson , John . `` ' Hog butcher for the world ' opens shop . '' Chicago Tribune , January 30 , 1997 , Chicago ed. : sec. 2 , p. 2 . Barrett , James R. Work and Community in the Jungle : Chicago 's Packinghouse Workers , 1894 - 1922 ( U of Illinois Press , 1990 ) . Cronon , William . Nature 's Metropolis : Chicago and the Great West ( 2009 ) . Grant , W. Jos . Illustrated History of the Union Stockyards . Chicago , 1901 . Halpern , Rick . Down on the Killing Floor : Black and White Workers in Chicago 's Packinghouses , 1904 -- 54 . ( Chicago : University of Illinois Press , 1997 ) . Hirsch , Susan , and Robert I. Goler . A City Comes of Age : Chicago in the 1890s . Chicago : Chicago Historical Society , 1990 . Holt , Glen E. , and Dominic A. Pacyga . Chicago : A Historical Guide to the Neighborhoods : the Loop and South Side . ( Chicago : Chicago Historical Society , 1979 ) . Horowitz , Roger , Negro and White , Unite and Fight ( University of Illinois Press : Urbana , Illinois , 1997 ) . Jablonsky , Thomas J. Pride in the Jungle : Community and Everyday Life in Back of the Yards Chicago . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1993 . Klein , Aaron E. , New York Central System ( Smithmark Publishers Inc. : New York , 1995 ) . Liste , J.G. , and George Schoettle . Union Stockyards Fire Photo Album . CHS : 1934 . Mahoney , Olivia . Go West ! Chicago and American Expansion . Chicago : Chicago Historical Society , 1999 . McLaughlin , John Gerard , Irish Chicago ( Arcadia Publishing : Charleston , South Carolina , 2003 ) . Pacyga , Dominic . Polish Immigrants and Industrial Chicago : Workers on the South Side , 1880 -- 1922 . Columbus : Ohio State University Press , 1991 . Pacyga , Dominic , and Ellen Skerrett . Chicago : City of Neighborhoods . Chicago : Loyola University Press , 1986 . Parkhurst , William . History of the Yards , 1865 -- 1953 . Chicago , 1953 . Pate , J'Nell L. , Livestock Hotels : America 's Historic Stockyards ( Texas Christian University Press : Fort Worth , Texas , 2005 ) . Rice , William . `` City creates nation 's livestock center . '' Chicago Tribune , July 16 , 1997 , Chicago ed. : sec. 7 , p. 7b . Skaggs , Jimmy . Prime Cut : Livestock Raising and Meatpacking in the U.S . College Station , TX : Texas A&M University Press , 1986 . Slayton , Robert A. Back of the Yards : The Making of a Local Democracy . ( Chicago : The University of Chicago Press , 1986 ) . Street , Paul . `` Packinghouse Blues . '' Chicago History 18 , no . 3 ( 1989 ) : 68 -- 85 . `` Bibliography '' . Chicago Historical Society . 2001 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2007 . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Swist , Jeannette , Back of the Yards ( Arcadia Publishing : Charleston , South Carolina , 2007 ) . Chicago ( Ill . ) . Fire Dept . Report of the Fire Marshal . 1910 . pp. 23 -- 24 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chicago stockyards . Chicago Historical Society 's `` History Files '' History of the Yards in A Biography of America Chicago Stockyards Industrial Park Photographs at the Newberry Library Coordinates : 41 ° 48 ′ 58 '' N 87 ° 39 ′ 25 '' W / 41.816 ° N 87.657 ° W / 41.816 ; - 87.657 Chicago articles By topic Architecture Beaches Climate Colleges and universities Community areas Crime Culture Demographics Economy companies Expressways Flag Geography Government Harbor History Politics Timeline Landmarks Literature Media Museums Neighborhoods Parks People Performing arts music theater Public schools list Skyscrapers Sports Tourism Transportation Visual arts Portal Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_Stock_Yards&oldid=854128286 '' Categories : Meat processing in the United States South Side , Chicago Defunct agriculture companies of the United States History of Chicago Landmarks in Chicago Defunct companies based in Chicago Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from August 2016 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 04 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which city was known as porkopolis after its slaughterhouse district | [
"Pioneers to the area first called \"Town of Lake\" were S. S. Crocker and John Caffrey. Indeed, Crocker earned the nickname \"Father of the Town of Lake.\"[17] By February 1865 the area was incorporated officially as \"Town of Lake\" the area still consisted of fewer than 700 persons. In the early 1860s the meat packing industry of the United States was still located in Cincinnati, Ohio, the original \"Porkopolis\" of the pre-Civil War era.[43] However, with the end of the American Civil War, the meat packing industry had started to move westward along with the westward migration of the population of the United States. For the meat packing industry moving west meant coming to Chicago. As early as 1827, Archibauld Clybourn had established himself as a butcher in a log slaughter house on the north branch of the Chicago River and supplied most to the garrison of Fort Dearborn. Other small butchers came later. In 1848, the Bull's Head Stockyard began operations at Madison Street and Ogden Avenue on the West Side of Chicago. Operations for this early stockyard, however, still meant holding and feeding cattle and hogs in transit to meat packing plants further east—Indianapolis[44] and, of course, Cincinnati.\n"
] | [
"Cincinnati, Ohio"
] |
2114479219570958002 | The First Cut Is the Deepest | The First Cut Is the Deepest - wikipedia The First Cut Is the Deepest Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The First Cut Is the Deepest ( disambiguation ) . `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' Song by Cat Stevens from the album New Masters Released December 1967 Recorded October 1967 Genre Rock Length 3 : 03 Label Deram , Decca Songwriter ( s ) Cat Stevens Producer ( s ) Mike Hurst `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' is a 1967 song written by Cat Stevens , originally released by P.P. Arnold in May 1967 . Stevens ' own version originally appeared on his album New Masters in December 1967 . The song has been widely covered and has become a hit single for four different artists : P.P. Arnold ( 1967 ) , Keith Hampshire ( 1973 ) , Rod Stewart ( 1977 ) , and Sheryl Crow ( 2003 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cat Stevens version 1.1 Personnel 2 P.P. Arnold version 3 Keith Hampshire version 4 Rod Stewart version 4.1 Chart performance 4.1. 1 Weekly singles charts 4.1. 2 Year - end charts 5 Sheryl Crow version 5.1 Music video 5.2 Chart performance 5.2. 1 Weekly charts 5.2. 2 Year - end charts 6 References 7 External links Cat Stevens version ( edit ) Stevens made a demo recording of `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' in 1965 , but originally hoped to become a songwriter . He wrote the song earlier to promote his songs to other artists , but did not record it as his own performance until early October 1967 with guitarist Big Jim Sullivan , and it did not appear until his second album , New Masters , was released in December 1967 . He sold the song for £ 30 to P.P. Arnold , and it became a huge hit for her , as well as an international hit for Keith Hampshire , Rod Stewart , and Sheryl Crow . The song has won Stevens songwriting awards , including two consecutive ASCAP songwriting awards for `` Songwriter of the Year '' in 2005 and 2006 . Personnel ( edit ) Cat Stevens - lead and backing vocals , acoustic guitar , piano Big Jim Sullivan - electric guitar Herbie Flowers - bass guitar Chris Hunt - drums P.P. Arnold version ( edit ) American expatriate singer P.P. Arnold had the first hit with the song , reaching number 18 on the UK Singles Chart with her version in May 1967 , well ahead of the song appearing on Stevens ' album . The Arnold hit featured an up - tempo , soulful vocal set against harpsichord , horns , and strings . Keith Hampshire version ( edit ) Keith Hampshire had the first chart - topping hit of the song when his recording of it became a number one hit in Canada in 1973 , reaching the top of the RPM 100 national singles chart on 12 May of that year . It also topped the Canadian Adult Contemporary chart . This recording also charted in the US , albeit outside the top 40 . Rod Stewart version ( edit ) `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' Single by Rod Stewart from the album A Night on the Town B - side `` I Do n't Want to Talk About It '' Released February 1977 Format 7 - inch single Recorded 1976 Genre Rock Length 3 : 21 Label Riva Songwriter ( s ) Cat Stevens Producer ( s ) Tom Dowd Rod Stewart singles chronology `` I Do n't Want to Talk About It '' ( 1976 ) `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' ( 1977 ) `` You 're in My Heart ( The Final Acclaim ) '' ( 1977 ) `` I Do n't Want to Talk About It '' ( 1976 ) `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' ( 1977 ) `` You 're in My Heart ( The Final Acclaim ) '' ( 1977 ) Stewart recorded the song at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio in Sheffield , Alabama , United States , and it appeared on his 1976 album A Night on the Town . It was released as a double A-side single with `` I Do n't Want to Talk About It '' . It was a huge success , and spent four weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart in May 1977 , number 11 in April in Canada , and also reached number 21 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the U.S. In a departure from the original , Stewart excludes the concluding `` But when it comes to being loved , she 's first '' from the refrain . In 1993 , he recorded a live version during a session of MTV Unplugged . This was included on the album Unplugged ... and Seated . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Peak position Australia KMR 19 Canada RPM 11 Germany Ireland Netherlands New Zealand 5 UK U.S. Billboard Hot 100 21 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary U.S. Cash Box Top 100 17 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Rank Australia 70 Canada 110 UK U.S. ( Joel Whitburn 's Pop Annual ) 136 Sheryl Crow version ( edit ) `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' Single by Sheryl Crow from the album The Very Best of Sheryl Crow Released 20 October 2003 Recorded 2003 Genre Pop , pop rock , country Length 3 : 44 Label A&M Songwriter ( s ) Cat Stevens Producer ( s ) John Shanks Sheryl Crow singles chronology `` It 's so Easy '' ( 2002 ) `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' ( 2003 ) `` Light in Your Eyes '' ( 2004 ) `` It 's so Easy '' ( 2002 ) `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' ( 2003 ) `` Light in Your Eyes '' ( 2004 ) Audio sample file help Sheryl Crow 's version of `` The First Cut Is The Deepest '' is the first single released from her 2003 compilation album The Very Best of Sheryl Crow . It became one of Crow 's biggest radio hits , remaining 36 weeks in the Billboard Hot 100 , and was also Crow 's first Top 40 solo country hit , following the success of her hit duet with Kid Rock , `` Picture '' . The song topped the airplay charts in the US and became a platinum seller , also reaching No. 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and went to number one on the AC chart for two nonconsecutive weeks . It was also featured during an episode of HBO 's The Sopranos and The CW 's One Tree Hill , in which she also guest starred . Music video ( edit ) The Sheryl Crow music video for `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' was directed by Wayne Isham . Filmed in southern Utah , the video features Crow in a rocky desert singing with her guitar , riding horses and interacting in a cowboy environment . Crow 's single was nominated for a Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the Grammy Awards , losing to `` Sunrise '' by Norah Jones . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 -- 04 ) Peak position Australian ARIA Charts 50 Austrian Singles Chart 31 Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 59 Irish Singles Chart 13 New Zealand RIANZ Charts 19 Poland ( ZPAV ) 42 UK Singles Chart 37 US Billboard Hot 100 14 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 35 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 10 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 28 Preceded by `` The Night The Lights Went Out In Georgia '' by Vicki Lawrence Canadian RPM 100 number - one single ( Keith Hampshire version ) 12 May 1973 Succeeded by `` The Cisco Kid '' by War ( band ) Preceded by `` Free '' by Deniece Williams UK number one single ( Rod Stewart version ) 21 May 1977 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Lucille '' by Kenny Rogers Preceded by `` You Raise Me Up '' by Josh Groban US Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one single ( Sheryl Crow version ) 10 April 2004 ( first run ) 1 May 2004 ( second run ) Succeeded by `` You Raise Me Up '' by Josh Groban `` 100 Years '' by Five for Fighting References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Islam , Yusuf ( 2008 ) . `` Biography 1964 '' . Official Website for Yusuf Islam . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Marrin , Minette ( 26 September 2004 ) . `` Profile : Yusuf Islam aka Cat Stevens : Not so much a zealot more a lost musician '' . The Sunday Times . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Yusuf Islam Named Songwriter of the Year at ASCAP Awards in London '' . Ascap.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Cat Stevens Biography on Yahoo ! Music '' . Yahoo ! Music . Archived from the original on 10 March 2007 . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.4813&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.4813.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.4813 Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . pp. 339 -- 40 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1977 '' . top-source.info . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending APRIL 02 , 19YY '' . Archived from the original on 30 September 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Cash Box magazine . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 200 Singles of ' 77 -- Volume 28 , No. 11 , December 31 1977 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1977 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1999 ) . Pop Annual . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 142 - X . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 10 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Sheryl Crow - The First Cut Is The Deepest '' . australian-charts.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lista Przebojów Trójki - Polskie Radio Online '' . Lp3.polskieradio.pl. 2014 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Sheryl Crow -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Sheryl Crow . Jump up ^ `` Sheryl Crow -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Sheryl Crow . Jump up ^ `` Sheryl Crow -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Sheryl Crow . Jump up ^ `` Sheryl Crow -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Sheryl Crow . Jump up ^ `` Sheryl Crow -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Sheryl Crow . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Cat Stevens / Yusuf Islam / Yusuf Studio pop albums As Cat Stevens Matthew and Son New Masters Mona Bone Jakon Tea for the Tillerman Teaser and the Firecat Catch Bull at Four Foreigner Buddha and the Chocolate Box Numbers Izitso Back to Earth As Yusuf An Other Cup Roadsinger Tell ' Em I 'm Gone Live albums Saturnight Majikat Spiritual albums The Life of the Last Prophet Prayers of the Last Prophet A Is for Allah I Look I See Footsteps in the Light Compilations Greatest Hits Footsteps in the Dark : Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Very Best of Cat Stevens Gold I Have No Cannons That Roar Singles `` I Love My Dog '' `` Matthew And Son '' `` I 'm Gonna Get Me A Gun '' `` A Bad Night '' `` Lady D'Arbanville '' `` Father And Son '' `` Wild World '' `` Moonshadow '' `` Peace Train '' `` Morning Has Broken '' `` Another Saturday Night '' `` Oh Very Young '' Other songs `` Blue Monday '' `` Boots and Sand '' `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' `` The First Cut Is The Deepest '' `` I Think I See The Light '' `` Here Comes My Baby '' `` Banapple Gas '' `` ( I Never Wanted ) To Be A Star '' `` If You Want To Sing Out , Sing Out '' `` Into White '' `` Trouble '' `` Where Do The Children Play ? '' Categories Albums Compilation albums Live albums Songs Songs written by Cat Stevens Related topics Discography Harold and Maude ( soundtrack ) Book Category Rod Stewart singles 1970s `` It 's All Over Now '' ( 1970 ) `` Reason to Believe '' / `` Maggie May '' ( 1971 ) `` Every Picture Tells a Story '' / `` Reason to Believe '' ( 1971 ) Spain only `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' / `` Mandolin Wind '' ( 1971 ) `` Handbags and Gladrags '' ( 1972 ) `` You Wear It Well '' ( 1972 ) `` Angel '' ( 1972 ) `` What 's Made Milwaukee Famous ( Has Made a Loser Out of Me ) '' ( 1972 ) `` Twistin ' the Night Away '' ( 1973 , 1987 ) `` Oh ! No Not My Baby '' ( 1973 ) `` Farewell '' / `` You Send Me '' ( 1973 ) `` Mine for Me '' ( 1974 ) `` You Can Make Me Dance , Sing or Anything '' ( 1974 ) Stewart / Faces `` Sailing '' ( 1975 ) `` This Old Heart of Mine '' ( 1975 ) `` Tonight 's the Night '' ( 1975 ) `` The Killing of Georgie '' ( 1976 ) `` Get Back '' ( 1976 ) `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' ( 1977 ) `` I Do n't Want to Talk About It '' ( 1977 , 1990 ) `` You 're in My Heart ( The Final Acclaim ) '' ( 1978 ) `` Hot Legs '' ( 1978 ) `` I Was Only Joking '' ( 1978 ) `` Da Ya Think I 'm Sexy ? '' ( 1978 , 1997 ) `` Ai n't Love a Bitch '' ( 1979 ) `` Blondes ( Have More Fun ) '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' ( 1980 ) `` Passion '' ( 1980 ) `` Tonight , I 'm Yours ( Do n't Hurt Me ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Young Turks '' ( 1982 ) `` How Long ? '' ( 1982 ) `` Baby Jane '' ( 1983 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1983 ) `` Infatuation '' ( 1984 ) `` Some Guys Have All the Luck '' ( 1984 ) `` All Right Now '' ( 1984 ) `` People Get Ready '' ( 1985 , 1991 , 1993 ) Stewart / Beck `` Love Touch '' ( 1986 ) `` In My Life '' ( 1987 ) `` Forever Young '' ( 1988 ) `` My Heart Ca n't Tell You No '' ( 1988 ) `` This Old Heart of Mine ( Is Weak for You ) '' ( 1989 ) Stewart / Isley `` Downtown Train '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` It Takes Two '' ( 1990 ) Stewart / Turner `` Rhythm of My Heart '' ( 1991 ) `` The Motown Song '' ( 1991 ) `` Your Song '' ( 1992 ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( 1993 ) `` Have I Told You Lately '' ( 1993 ) `` Reason to Believe '' ( unplugged , 1993 ) `` All for Love '' ( 1993 ) Stewart / Adams / Sting `` Leave Virginia Alone '' ( 1995 ) `` Lady Luck '' ( 1996 ) `` Ooh La La '' ( 1998 ) `` Rocks '' ( 1998 ) `` Cigarettes and Alcohol '' ( 1998 ) `` Faith of the Heart '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` These Foolish Things '' ( 2002 ) `` They Ca n't Take That Away from Me '' ( 2003 ) `` Time After Time '' ( 2003 ) `` What a Wonderful World '' ( 2004 ) `` Blue Moon '' ( 2004 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' ( 2005 ) `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' ( 2005 ) `` I 've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm '' ( 2006 ) `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' ( 2006 ) 2010s `` Everybody Hurts '' ( 2010 ) `` Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! '' ( 2012 ) `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' ( 2012 ) `` She Makes Me Happy '' ( 2013 ) `` It 's Over '' ( 2013 ) `` Brighton Beach '' ( 2013 ) `` Everyday '' ( 2015 ) `` Love Is '' ( 2015 ) Sheryl Crow Studio albums Tuesday Night Music Club Sheryl Crow The Globe Sessions C'mon , C'mon Wildflower Detours Home for Christmas 100 Miles from Memphis Feels Like Home Be Myself Compilation albums The Very Best of Sheryl Crow iTunes Originals Hits & Rarities Live albums Sheryl Crow and Friends : Live from Central Park Singles `` Leaving Las Vegas '' `` All I Wanna Do '' `` Strong Enough '' `` Ca n't Cry Anymore '' `` Run Baby Run '' `` What I Can Do for You '' `` If It Makes You Happy '' `` Everyday Is a Winding Road '' `` Hard to Make a Stand '' `` A Change Would Do You Good '' `` Home '' `` Tomorrow Never Dies '' `` My Favorite Mistake '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Anything but Down '' `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' `` Soak Up the Sun '' `` Steve McQueen '' `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' `` Light in Your Eyes '' `` Good Is Good '' `` Perfect Lie '' `` Always on Your Side '' `` Real Gone '' `` Not Fade Away '' `` Shine over Babylon '' `` Love Is Free '' `` Now That You 're Gone '' `` Motivation '' `` Summer Day '' `` Sign Your Name '' `` Easy '' `` Callin ' Me When I 'm Lonely '' `` Shotgun '' Guest singles `` Picture '' ( with Kid Rock ) `` Building Bridges '' ( with Brooks & Dunn and Vince Gill ) `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Coal Miner 's Daughter '' ( with Miranda Lambert and Loretta Lynn ) Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Ghost Brothers of Darkland County Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_First_Cut_Is_the_Deepest&oldid=800652993 '' Categories : 1967 singles 1977 singles 2003 singles Cat Stevens songs Rod Stewart songs Sheryl Crow songs Music videos directed by Wayne Isham UK Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs written by Cat Stevens Music videos directed by Bruce Gowers Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Song recordings produced by Mike Hurst ( producer ) Song recordings produced by Tom Dowd 1967 songs Immediate Records singles Riva Records singles Warner Bros. Records singles A&M Records singles Songs about betrayal Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from January 2012 Use British English from January 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français 日本 語 Português Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 21 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang the first cut is the deepest originally | [
"\"The First Cut Is the Deepest\" is a 1967 song written by Cat Stevens, originally released by P. P. Arnold in May 1967. Stevens' own version originally appeared on his album New Masters in December 1967."
] | [
"Cat Stevens"
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-2465507311290977473 | Little Caesars | Little Caesars - wikipedia Little Caesars Jump to : navigation , search Little Caesar Enterprises Inc . Fox Theatre , where the headquarters of Little Caesars is located Trading name Little Caesars Industry Restaurants Founded May 8 , 1959 ; 58 years ago ( 1959 - 05 - 08 ) Garden City , Michigan , U.S. Founders Mike Ilitch Marian Ilitch Headquarters 2211 Woodward Avenue Detroit , Michigan , U.S. Area served Worldwide Key people David Scrivano ( President ) Products Pizza , Chicken Wings , Crazy Bread Owners Ilitch Holdings Website littlecaesars.com/en-us/ Little Caesar Enterprises Inc. ( doing business as Little Caesars ) is the third - largest pizza chain in the United States , behind Pizza Hut and Domino 's Pizza . It operates and franchises pizza restaurants in the United States and internationally in Asia , the Middle East , Australia , Canada , Latin America and the Caribbean . The company was founded in 1959 and is based in Detroit , Michigan , headquartered in the Fox Theatre building in Downtown . Little Caesar Enterprises , Inc. operates as a subsidiary of Ilitch Holdings , Inc . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Corporate 2.1 Trademark 3 Franchise 3.1 International growth 4 Products 5 Community outreach 5.1 Love Kitchen 5.2 Veterans program 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Little Caesars Pizza was founded on May 8 , 1959 , by Detroit Tigers farm team shortstop Mike Ilitch and his wife Marian Ilitch . The first location was in a strip mall in Garden City , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . Mike wanted to call it simply `` Pizza Treat , '' but Marian did n't like the name . Marian considered Mike her `` little Caesar '' . Mike ultimately relented , and the store opened as `` Little Caesar 's Pizza Treat . '' The original store is still open today . The company is famous for its advertising catchphrase , `` Pizza ! Pizza ! '' which was introduced in 1979 . The phrase refers to two pizzas being offered for the comparable price of a single pizza from competitors . Originally , the pizzas were served in a single long package ( a piece of corrugated cardboard in 2 - by - 1 proportions , with two square pizzas placed side by side , then slid into a form - fitting paper sleeve that was folded and stapled closed ) . In addition to pizza , they served hot dogs , chicken , shrimp , and fish . Little Caesars has since discarded the unwieldy packaging in favor of typical pizza boxes . In 1998 , Little Caesars filled what was then the largest pizza order , filling an order of 13,386 pizzas from the VF Corporation of Greensboro , North Carolina . Starting in 2004 , the chain began offering `` Hot - N - Ready '' , a large pepperoni pizza sold for $5 . The concept was successful enough to become a permanent fixture of the chain , and Little Caesars ' business model has shifted to focus more on carryout . Little Caesars was among the first to use a new kind of speed cooking conveyor oven , the `` Rotary Air Impingement Oven '' as described in U.S. Patent 5676044 . On December 10 , 2014 , Little Caesars announced plans for a new 8 - story , 205,000 - square - foot Global Resource Center to be built at Woodward Avenue and Columbia Street in downtown Detroit . The new facility will double the size of Little Caesars World Headquarters Campus , currently located in the Fox Office Center building , which houses both the iconic Fox Theatre , and 186,000 square feet of office space for Little Caesars , and other Ilitch - affiliated ventures . The plans include a complete renovation of the 186,000 square foot Fox Office space into a modern , flexible , open and collaborative workspace . An overhead pedestrian bridge over Columbia Street will connect the Fox with the new Little Caesars Global Resource Center , and workspace for an additional 600 jobs to be brought to Detroit over time . On January 31 , 2016 , it was announced that the new Little Caesars Pizza Global Resource Center , has grown by one floor to be a nine - story building at Woodward and Columbia Street . It will sit next to the company 's current headquarters inside the Fox Theatre . Original plans called for a 205,000 - square - foot building ; it is now expected to be about 240,000 - square - feet . Corporate ( edit ) Ilitch Holdings , Inc. provides professional and technical services to companies owned by Marian Ilitch . These include the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League ( whose new NHL arena from 2017 onward is named for the American pizza chain ) , the Detroit Tigers of Major League Baseball , Blue Line Foodservice Distribution , Little Caesars Pizza Kits , Champion Foods , Olympia Entertainment , Olympia Development , Uptown Entertainment , and the Hockeytown Cafe ( also the site of City Theater ) , and the Fox Theatre in downtown Detroit . Trademark ( edit ) While Little Caesars owns the `` Pizza ! Pizza ! '' trademark in the U.S. , the unaffiliated Canadian Pizza Pizza restaurant chain , founded on New Year 's Eve in 1967 , in Toronto ( twelve years before Little Caesars began using its trademarked version in the United States ) owns the Canadian trademark . As a result , Little Caesars can not directly use its well - known slogan in Canada , due to a copyright claim by JAD Productions Corporation . Instead , the company has used `` Two Pizzas ! '' along with `` Delivery ! Delivery ! '' , `` Quality ! Quality ! '' or other such double - word tag lines in its advertising and packaging in Canada . They have used `` Hot ' N Ready ! '' in their TV commercials for their `` Hot ' N Ready '' pizzas . Franchise ( edit ) Franchise in Marquette , Michigan . A typical Little Caesars in Haltom City , Texas on U.S. 377 . Little Caesars sold its first franchise in 1962 , and , by 1987 , had restaurants in all 50 states . Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s , Little Caesars were commonly found in Kmart stores , more specifically in Big Kmarts and Super Kmarts . The first Kmart and the first Little Caesars were both built in Garden City , Michigan . After Kmart 's bankruptcy issues , some of today 's Kmarts have replaced the Little Caesars with their own branded `` K - Cafe '' . However , several Little Caesars remain . Little Caesars pizza was also included in many remodeled Kmart locations or re-branded stores such as Sears Grand or Sears Essentials . Today , Little Caesars is the fastest - growing pizza chain in the United States , and continues to expand across the country and internationally . Former Little Caesars Pizza Station in Brno , Czech Republic International growth ( edit ) By 1987 , the company was operating across the Northern United States , purchasing the Mother 's Pizza chain out of receivership in Canada , the United States , and the United Kingdom in 1989 . As of 2017 , the company is present in Canada ( some Canadian cities had locations since 1969 ) , Puerto Rico , Chile , US Virgin Islands , Guam , Honduras , Costa Rica , the Dominican Republic , Mexico , Panama , Turkey , Jordan , Egypt , Guatemala , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia , El Salvador , Jamaica , Bahrain , Australia and Trinidad and Tobago . Products ( edit ) Little Caesars specializes in a variety of pizzas . Several core menu items are part of the HOT - N - READY menu , designed to make popular items available for immediate carry - out at lower prices than competing chains , while others are made to order and customizable using an assortment of toppings , which vary by store . Standard pizza options include their Classic Cheese and / or Pepperoni , Italian Sausage Pizza , Hula Hawaiian Pizza , Three Meat Treat Pizza , Ultimate Supreme Pizza , and Veggie Pizza . In 2013 , they added the DEEP ! DEEP ! Dish Pizza , a Detroit - style pizza , to the menu , which can be ordered as a full - size , 8 - corner pizza , or as of 2014 , in a smaller portion with a Pepsi product as part of their lunchtime combo deal . Additional entrée options include flavored wings and bread , such as Crazy Bread and Italian Cheese Bread . Select locations offer salads . All Little Caesars locations carry Pepsi products . On occasion , Little Caesars releases limited time offers . In 2014 , they introduced the Soft Pretzel Crust Pizza , which was brought back for a second time in 2015 due to high demand . Little Caesars was the first among pizza chains in their category to introduce a pizza wrapped in bacon when they released the Bacon Wrapped Crust Pizza , also in 2015 , which featured their deep dish pizza wrapped in 3.5 feet of bacon . Community outreach ( edit ) Love Kitchen ( edit ) The Little Caesars Love Kitchen is a kitchen on wheels that serves pizza to those in need . Since its creation in 1985 , it has traveled to 48 states and 4 Canadian provinces and responded to several disasters , including the September 11 terrorist attacks . Former Presidents Bill Clinton and George H.W. Bush recognized the Love Kitchen by awarding Little Caesars with The President 's Volunteer Action Award Citation . Veterans Program ( edit ) In 2006 , Little Caesars started its Veterans Program , which provides incentives to honorably discharged veterans looking to open their own business when transitioning back to civilian life or seeking a career change . Mike Ilitch was inspired to start the program after hearing a story about a veteran , who lost both legs in war , returning to civilian life . See also ( edit ) List of pizza chains of the United States Detroit portal Companies portal Food portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The 2015 Pizza Power Report '' . PMQ Pizza Magazine . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise Opportunities '' . ( Archive ) Little Caesars. 5 / 5 . Retrieved on November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Little Caesar Enterprises , Inc. : Private Company Information - Bloomberg '' . www.bloomberg.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Inc. , Fanpop , . `` Little Caesars Article : Miscellaneous Facts About Little Caesars '' . www.fanpop.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Skid , Nathan ( 27 April 2009 ) . `` Hot - N - Steady : Renewed focus on value keeps Little Caesars cooking at age 50 '' . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Patent US5676044 - Rotary air impingement oven - Google Patents '' . Google.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Caesars Pizza Doubles Down on Detroit '' . Jump up ^ `` Little Caesars to build 8 - story downtown HQ next to Fox '' . Jump up ^ `` Area around new Red Wings arena teems with planned projects '' . Jump up ^ `` Ilitch Holdings , Inc . '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2006 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Milestones Little Caesars Australia '' . www.little-caesars.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Pizza Franchise Opportunities '' . Little Caesars ' official webpage . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` International Franchise Development '' . Little Caesars International . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` LITTLE CAESARS PIZZA ANNOUNCES 700 NEW INTERNATIONAL RESTAURANTS '' . Prnewswire.co.uk. 1999 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , Meredith ( 2 February 2013 ) . `` Mother 's Pizza rising again in east Hamilton '' . The Spectator. Hamilton ON . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Little Caesars International Jump up ^ `` Little Caesars Pizza - Pizza Franchise Opportunities Available '' . www.littlecaesars.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Little Caesars New DEEP ! DEEP ! Dish Pizza is not an April Fools ' Joke Probably '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` News : Little Caesars - New $5 Hot - N - Ready Lunch Combo '' . www.brandeating.com . Brand Eating . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Little Caesars Pizza - Pizza Franchise Opportunities Available '' . www.littlecaesars.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Kryza , Andy ( 2014 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Taste - test : We inhaled Little Caesars ' new pretzel crust pizza '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Little Caesars ' Bacon - Wrapped Crust is the Crust to End All Crusts '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Little Caesars Pizza > Giving Back > Love Kitchen '' . littlecaesars.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Little Caesars Veterans Program Veterans Program '' . franchise.littlecaesars.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Ilitch Family Little Caesars Australia '' . www.little-caesars.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . External links ( edit ) LittleCaesars.com - Official U.S. Website LittleCaesars.ca - Official Canada Website Little-Caesars.com.au - Australia Website LittleCaesarsinternational.com - World Pizza chains ( list ) International Boston Pizza California Pizza Kitchen Chuck E. Cheese 's Domino 's Pizza Little Caesars Papa John 's Pizza Pizza Hut Pizza Inn PizzaExpress Rossopomodoro Sbarro Shakey 's Pizza Sarpino 's Pizzeria Telepizza The Pizza Company Uno Pizzeria & Grill Vapiano Yellow Cab Pizza Co . Regional Asia Origus ( CN ) Aoki 's Pizza ( JP ) Greenwich Pizza ( PH ) Mr. Pizza ( KR ) Smokin ' Joe 's ( IN ) Pizza Corner ( IN ) Pizza - La ( JP ) Europe Ask Restaurant ( UK ) EasyPizza ( UK ) Kotipizza ( FI ) Peppes Pizza ( NO ) Prezzo Restaurant ( UK ) Speed Rabbit Pizza ( FR ) Spizzico ( IT ) Tops Pizza ( UK ) Zizzi ( UK ) North America Anthony 's Pizza ( AAFES ) Benedetti 's Pizza ( MX ) Blaze Pizza ( US ) CiCi 's Pizza ( US ) Donatos Pizza ( US ) Fox 's Pizza Den ( US ) Gatti 's Pizza ( US ) Giordano 's ( US ) Godfather 's Pizza ( US ) Greco Pizza Restaurant ( CA ) Happy 's Pizza ( US ) Home Run Inn ( US ) Hot Lips Pizza ( US ) Hungry Howie 's Pizza ( US ) Hunt Brothers Pizza ( US ) Imo 's Pizza ( US ) Jerry 's Subs & Pizza ( US ) Jet 's Pizza ( US ) Ledo Pizza ( US ) Lou Malnati 's ( US ) Marco 's Pizza ( US ) Mazzio 's ( US ) Mellow Mushroom ( US ) MOD Pizza ( US ) ( UK ) Mountain Mike 's Pizza ( US ) Noble Roman 's ( US ) Panago ( CA ) Papa Gino 's ( US ) Papa Murphy 's ( US ) Peter Piper Pizza ( US ) ( MX ) Pie Five ( US ) Pizza 73 ( CA ) Pizza Delight ( CA ) Pizza Factory ( US ) Pizza Haven ( US ) Pizza Nova ( CA ) Pizza Patrón ( US ) Pizza Pizza ( CA ) Pizza Ranch ( US ) Rosati 's ( US ) Round Table Pizza ( US ) South America Jeno 's Pizza ( CO ) Mario 's ( TT ) Mister Pizza ( BR ) Oceania Eagle Boys ( AU ) Hell Pizza ( NZ ) Pizza Capers ( AU ) Pizza Haven ( AU ) Master franchisees Domino 's Pizza Enterprises ( AU , BE , FR , MC , NL , NZ ) Domino 's Pizza Group ( CH , DE , IE , UK ) Jubilant FoodWorks ( Domino 's - BD , IN , LK , NP ) List articles List of Canadian pizza chains List of pizza chains of the United States List of pizza franchises Fast food and fast casual restaurant chains in the United States Chicken chains Coffeehouse chains Pizza chains Hamburgers A&W Arctic Circle Back Yard Big Boy BurgerFi Burger King Carl 's Jr . Checkers / Rally 's Cook Out Cheeburger Cheeburger Dairy Queen Fatburger Five Guys Flamers Freddy 's Fuddruckers Flamers Grill The Habit Hardee 's Hwy 55 In - N - Out Jack in the Box Johnny Rockets Krystal McDonald 's Red Robin Roy Rogers Shake Shack Smashburger Sonic Steak ' n Shake Wayback Wendy 's Whataburger White Castle Asian L&L Hawaiian Barbecue Manchu Wok Panda Express Pei Wei Asian Diner P.F. Chang 's China Bistro Pick Up Stix Baked goods Au Bon Pain Auntie Anne 's Bruegger 's Cinnabon Corner Bakery Cafe Dunkin ' Donuts Einstein Bros . Great American Cookies Honey Dew Donuts Krispy Kreme Mrs. Fields Nestlé Toll House Panera Bread Pretzelmaker / Pretzel Time Shipley Do - Nuts Tim Hortons T.J. Cinnamons Wetzel 's Winchell 's Beverages Argo Tea Biggby Coffee Caribou Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf Coffee Beanery Dunn Bros Gloria Jean 's Jamba Juice Juice It Up ! Orange Julius Peet 's Planet Smoothie Robeks Seattle 's Best Coffee Smoothie King Starbucks Teavana Tropical Smoothie Cafe Tully 's Frozen desserts Baskin - Robbins Ben & Jerry 's Braum 's Bruster 's Carvel Cold Stone Culver 's Dairy Queen Dippin ' Dots Fosters Freeze Friendly 's Golden Spoon Graeter 's Häagen - Dazs Handel 's Kiwi Yogurt MaggieMoo 's Marble Slab Menchie 's Pinkberry Red Mango Rita 's Sweet Frog Tastee - Freez TCBY Tropical Sno Tutti Frutti Yogen Früz Yogurtland Hot dogs Hot Dog on a Stick Nathan 's Famous Portillo 's Wienerschnitzel Mexican - style / Tex - Mex Baja Fresh Cafe Rio Chipotle Chronic Tacos Del Taco El Pollo Loco Freebirds Green / Red Burrito La Salsa Moe 's Pancheros Qdoba Rubio 's Taco Bell Taco Bueno Taco Cabana Taco del Mar Taco John 's Taco Mayo Taco Time Tijuana Flats Wahoo 's Fish Taco Noodles Fazoli 's Noodles & Company Skyline Chili Sandwiches Arby 's Atlanta Bread Blimpie Capriotti 's Charley 's Così Cousins D'Angelo Daphne 's Erbert & Gerbert 's Firehouse Subs Great Wraps Jason 's Jerry 's Subs Jersey Mike 's Jimmy John 's Lee 's Sandwiches Lenny 's Sub McAlister 's Deli Miami Subs Mr. Hero Newk 's Eatery Penn Station Port of Subs Potbelly Quiznos Rax Runza Sandella 's Schlotzsky 's Steak Escape Subway Togo 's Tubby 's Tudor 's Biscuit World Which Wich ? Seafood Arthur Treacher 's Captain D 's H. Salt Esquire Ivar 's Long John Silver 's Skippers Seafood & Chowder House Defunct Bresler 's Brigham 's Burger Chef Carrols D'Lites Druther 's Henry 's Hamburgers Hot ' n Now Hot Sam Pretzels Naugles Red Barn Sandy 's White Tower Zantigo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Caesars&oldid=801565153 '' Categories : Pizza chains of the United States Restaurants established in 1959 Restaurant chains in the United States Fast - food chains of the United States Companies based in Detroit Pizza chains of Canada Pizza franchises Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Nederlands Polski Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 13 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did little caesars start hot n ready | [
"Starting in 2004, the chain began offering \"Hot-N-Ready\", a large pepperoni pizza sold for $5. The concept was successful enough to become a permanent fixture of the chain, and Little Caesars' business model has shifted to focus more on carryout.[5]"
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5319602802707814312 | Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election, 2017 | Virginia Lieutenant gubernatorial election , 2017 - wikipedia Virginia Lieutenant gubernatorial election , 2017 Jump to : navigation , search Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election , 2017 ← 2013 November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 2021 → Nominee Justin Fairfax Jill Vogel Party Democratic Republican Incumbent Lieutenant - Governor Ralph Northam Democratic Elections in Virginia Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1788 - 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential primaries Democratic 2008 Republican 2008 2012 U.S. Senate elections 1922 1924 1928 1930 1934 1936 1940 1942 1946 1948 1952 1954 1958 1960 1964 1966 1970 1972 1976 1978 1982 1984 1988 1990 1994 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2018 U.S. House elections 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Special elections U.S. Senate , 1920 U.S. Senate , 1933 U.S. Senate , 1946 U.S. Senate , 1966 1st congressional district , 2007 State government ( show ) Gubernatorial elections 1851 1855 1859 1863 ( Confederate ) 1863 ( Union ) 1869 1873 1877 1881 1885 1889 1893 1897 1901 1905 1909 1913 1917 1921 1925 1929 1933 1937 1941 1945 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 2005 2009 2013 2017 Lieutenant Governor elections 2013 2017 Attorney General elections 2005 2013 2017 House of Delegates elections 2009 2017 Other elections 1989 1999 2003 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Ballot measures ( show ) 1970 1972 1976 1977 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2012 2014 2016 2016 Fairfax County Meals Tax Referendum Richmond ( show ) Mayoral elections 2016 City Council elections 2016 The Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election of 2017 will take place on November 7 , 2017 . After the party primary elections were held , the major party nominees are Jill Vogel ( Republican ) and Justin Fairfax ( Democrat ) . The incumbent Lieutenant Governor , Democrat Ralph Northam , is not running for re-election in order to run for Governor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Democratic primary 1.1 Nominee 1.2 Eliminated in primary 1.3 Declined 1.4 Endorsements 1.5 Results 2 Republican primary 2.1 Candidates 2.1. 1 Nominee 2.1. 2 Eliminated in primary 2.1. 3 Declined 2.2 Endorsements 2.3 Polling 2.4 Results 3 General election 3.1 Polling 3.2 Results 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Democratic primary ( edit ) Nominee ( edit ) Justin Fairfax , former Assistant United States Attorney and candidate for Attorney General in 2013 Eliminated in primary ( edit ) Susan Platt , former chief of staff to Joe Biden Gene Rossi , former Assistant United States Attorney and former gubernatorial aide Declined ( edit ) David Bowers , former Mayor of Roanoke and nominee for VA - 06 in 1998 Anne Holton , former Virginia Secretary of Education , former Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court Judge , and wife of Senator Tim Kaine Dwight C. Jones , former Mayor of Richmond and former Chair of the Democratic Party of Virginia Molly Joseph Ward , Secretary of Natural Resources and former Mayor of Hampton Kenny Alexander , Mayor of Norfolk and former State Senator Barbara Favola , State Senator Eileen Filler - Corn , State Delegate Mike Hamlar , businessman and candidate for the State Senate in 2015 Charniele Herring , State Delegate , former Chair of the Democratic Party of Virginia , and candidate for VA - 08 in 2014 Jennifer McClellan , State Senator Ralph Northam , incumbent Lieutenant Governor ( running for Governor ) Adam Parkhomenko , National Field Director for the Democratic National Committee , co-founder of Ready for Hillary and candidate for the State House in 2009 Chap Petersen , State Senator and candidate for Lieutenant Governor in 2005 Sam Rasoul , State Delegate and nominee for VA - 06 in 2008 Levar Stoney , Mayor of Richmond and former Secretary of the Commonwealth of Virginia Jennifer Wexton , State Senator ( running for Congress ) Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Justin Fairfax Congressional Representatives Gerry Connolly , Congressman , VA - 11 Donald McEachin , Congressman , VA - 4 State Representatives Rosalyn Dance , State Senator 16th District Chap Petersen , State Senator 34th District Scott Surovell , State Senator 36th District Paul Krizek , Delegate , 44th District Marcus Simon , Delegate , 53rd District Lashrecse Aird , Delegate 63rd District Jeffrey Bourne , Delegate 71st District Lamont Bagby , Delegate 74th District Roslyn Tyler , Delegate 75th District Local Representatives Bill Euille , Mayor Emeritus , City of Alexandria Sherman Lea , Sr. , Mayor , Roanoke Lisa Merkel , Mayor , Town of Herndon Stacey Kincaid , Sheriff , Fairfax County & City Phyllis Randall , Board of Supervisors Chairwoman , Loudoun County Koran Saines , Board of Supervisors Member , Loudoun County Kristen Umstattd , Board of Supervisors Member , Loudoun County Christian Dorsey , Board of Supervisors Member , Arlington County Willie Bailey , City Council Member , Alexandria John Chapman , City Council Member , Alexandria Sheila Olem , Councilwoman , Town of Herndon Derrick Wood , Councilman , Town of Dumfries Theo Stamos , Arlington County Commonwealth 's Attorney Penny Gross , Board of Supervisors Member , Fairfax County Rachel Rifkind , Mason District Democratic Party Chair , Fairfax County James Lander , School Board Member & Former Chairman , Arlington County Chris Lewis , School Board Member , Alexandria Marcia Price , Delegate , Newport News McKinley L. Price , Mayor , Newport News Tina Vick , Vice-Mayor , Newport News Gabe A. Morgan , Sr. , Sheriff , Newport News Kenny Wright , Mayor , Portsmouth Stephanie N. Morales , Commonwealth 's Attorney , Portsmouth Paige D. Cherry , Councilman & Democratic Party Chair , Portsmouth Anton A. Bell , Commonwealth 's Attorney , Hampton Will J. Moffett , Councilman , Hampton Jason S. Samuels , School Board Chair , Hampton Dr. Reginald Woodhouse , School Board Member , Hampton Bob McCabe , Sheriff , Norfolk Angelia Williams Graves , Councilwoman , Norfolk Paul R. Riddick , Councilman , Norfolk Evans Poston , Commissioner of the Revenue , Norfolk Dr. Ella P. Ward , Councilwoman , Chesapeake Amelia Ross Hammond , Councilwoman , Virginia Beach Raleigh H. Isaacs , Sr. , Sheriff , Suffolk Party Officials Evelyn Morris , Harris , DPVA Chair Democratic Black Caucus of Virginia Atima Omara , DNC Committeewoman & Former President Young Democrats of America Terron Sims , II , DNC Committeewoman & Former President Young Democrats of America Cesar Del Aguila , Former Democratic Party Chair , Fairfax County Rex Simmons , Former Democratic Party Chair , Fairfax County Delores Thomas , Democratic Party Co-Chair , Newport News Linwood Fisher , Democratic Party Chair , Norfolk Leslie A. Rinaldi , Democratic Party Chair , Suffolk Bud Ward , Democratic Party Co-Chair , Mathews Edith Turner , Democratic Party Co-Chair , Mathews Dianne Carter de Mayo , Democratic Party Chair , Gloucester Hallie J. Holmes , Democratic Party Chair , Middlesex Nancy Payne , Acting Democratic Party Chair , Accomack County Individuals Bettina Lawton , Activist / Former Candidate for Clerk of Court Bettina Lawton , Fairfax County & City Organizations Democracy for America People for the American Way Foundation Progressive Change Campaign Committee ( show ) Susan Platt State Representatives Kathleen Murphy , State Delegate Steve Heretic , State Delegate Patrick Hope , State Delegate Kaye Kory , State Delegate Former State Reperesentatives Jody Wagner , former Virginia Secretary of Finance Emilie Miller , Former State Senator Moody Stallings , Former State Senator Richard Cranwell , Former House Majority Leader , Former Democratic Party of Virginia Chair Ward Armstrong , Former House Minority Leader Alan Diamonstein , Former Delegate Local Representatives Kelly Burk , Mayor of Leesburg Jeanette Rishell , Mayor of Manassas Park John Flannery , Loudoun County Soil and Water Conservation Board Director John Foust , Fairfax County Supervisor Kathy Smith , Fairfax County Supervisor Connie Brennan , Nelson County Supervisor Rosemary Mahan , Westmoreland County Supervisor Jasmine Gore , Vice Mayor of Hopewell Meredith Richards , former Charlottesville Vice Mayor Libby Garvey , Arlington County Board Member Amy Laufer , Charlottesville City School Board Chair Ingrid Morroy , Arlington Commissioner of Revenue Patricia Richie - Folks , Treasurer of Manassas City Individuals C.R Suddith Jr , president of Treasurers ' Association of Virginia Linda Schultz , 2nd Congressional District Democratic Committee Chair Sandra Brandt , Former DNC Member Susan Hippen , Board Member of Board of Veteran Services , Commonwealth of VA Graham Weinschenk , Virginia Young Democrats Leader Derek Kitts , Veteran , Former 9th Congressional District Candidate Issac Sarver , Chair of 9th Congressional District Democrats Sheila Coats , Black Women United for Action Patsy Brown , CD - 10 Chairwoman Hannah Hart , internet personality Results ( edit ) Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Justin Fairfax 252,291 49.22 % Democratic Susan Platt 200,537 39.12 % Democratic Gene Rossi 59,797 11.66 % Total votes 512,625 100.00 % Republican primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Nominee ( edit ) Jill Vogel , State Senator Eliminated in primary ( edit ) Glenn Davis , State Delegate Bryce Reeves , State Senator Declined ( edit ) Ben Cline , State Delegate Micah Edmond , former congressional aide and nominee for VA - 08 in 2014 Shak Hill , financial consultant and candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2014 Israel O'Quinn , State Delegate Danny Vargas , businessman and candidate for the State House in 2015 E.W. Jackson , pastor , conservative activist , candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2012 and nominee for Lieutenant Governor in 2013 ( endorsed Vogel ) Ken Peterson , Goochland County Supervisor David Ramadan , former State Delegate ( endorsed Vogel ) Pete Snyder , technology executive and candidate for Lieutenant Governor in 2013 Corey Stewart , Chairman of the Prince William Board of County Supervisors and candidate for Lieutenant Governor in 2013 ( running for Governor ) Scott Taylor , U.S. Representative ( endorsed Reeves ) Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Glenn Davis Federal Officials Tom Davis , former U.S. Representative State Officials Kirk Cox , Majority leader of the Virginia House of Delegates Bob McDonnell , former Governor of Virginia Authors , Journalists , and Media Personalities Elwood Sanders , attorney , contributor to Virginia Right ! ( show ) Bryce Reeves Federal Officials Tom Garrett , U.S. Representative Ed Meese , former U.S. Attorney General State legislators Rich Anderson , State Delegate Dickie Bell , State Delegate Kathy Byron , State Delegate Jeff Campbell , State Delegate Bill Carrico , State Senator Ben Chafin , State Senator Amanda Chase , State Senator Mark Cole , State Delegate John Cosgrove , State Senator Bill DeSteph , State Senator Mark Dudenhefer , State Delegate Peter Farrell , State Delegate Matt Fariss , State Delegate Buddy Fowler , State Delegate Nick Freitas , State Delegate Emmett Hanger , State Senator Chris Head , State Delegate Bill Howell , Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates Tim Hugo , State Delegate Terry Kilgore , State Delegate Jay Leftwich , State Delegate Jim LeMunyon , State Delegate Ryan McDougle , State Senator Jackson Miller , State Delegate Jason Miyares , State Delegate Will Morefield , State Delegate Rick Morris , State Delegate Tommy Norment , Majority Leader of the Virginia Senate Bobby Orrock , State Delegate Brenda Pogge , State Delegate Margaret Ransone , State Delegate Roxann Robinson , State Delegate Bill Stanley , State Senator Richard Stuart , State Senator Glen Sturtevant , State Senator Scott Taylor , former State Delegate and U.S. Representative Frank Wagner , State Senator Sheriffs and law enforcement officials Mark Amos , Sheriff of Orange County Michael Brown , Sheriff of Bedford County Chadwick Cubbage , Sheriff of Page County David Decatur , Sheriff of Stafford County Steve Dempsey , Sheriff of King George County Danny Diggs , Sheriff of York County & Poquoson Keith Dunagan , Sheriff of Wythe County Ashland Fortune , Sheriff of Louisa County Todd Godwin , Sheriff of Accomack County Chip Harding , Sheriff of Albemarle County Roger Harris , Sheriff of Spotsylvania County Paul Higgs , Sheriff of Fredericksburg Glendell Hill , Sheriff of Prince William County Darrell Hodges , Sheriff of Cumberland County Scott Jenkins , Sheriff of Culpeper County Alan Jones , Sheriff of Charles City County Karl Leonard , Sheriff of Chesterfield County Tony Lippa , Sheriff of Caroline County James `` Doc '' Lyons , Sheriff of Northumberland County Patrick McCranie , Sheriff of Lancaster County Michael Mondul , Sheriff of Danville Hank Partin , Sheriff of Montgomery County Robert Plecker , Sheriff of Bath County Brian Roberts , Sheriff of Brunswick County Thomas Roseberry III , Sheriff of Bland County Daniel Smith , Sheriff of Patrick County Donald Smith , Sheriff of Augusta County Steve Smith , Sheriff of Richmond County Steven Smith , Sheriff of Greene County Richard Vaughan , Sheriff of Grayson County Individuals Paul Galanti , former 2nd Commissioner of the Virginia Department of Veterans Services Steve Forbes , Chairman and Editor - in - Chief of Forbes Media ( show ) Jill Vogel Federal elected officials Frank Wolf , former U.S. Representative Barbara Comstock , U.S. Representative Bob Goodlatte , U.S. Representative State Legislators Joe May , former State Delegate Steve Newman , state senator David Ramadan , former State Delegate Scott Lingamfelter , state delegate Local Officials Tony Buffington , Loudoun County Supervisor Ralph Buona , Loudoun County Supervisor Janet Clarke , former Loudoun County Supervisor Gary Clemens , Loudoun County Clerk of the Circuit Court Betsy Davis , Mayor of Middleburg Eric DeKenipp , Loudoun County School Board member Geary Higgins , Loudoun County Supervisor Beth Huck , Loudoun County School Board member Charlie King , 2015 Republican Nominee for Chairman of the Loudoun County Board of Supervisors Matt Letourneau , Loudoun County Supervisor Ron Meyer , Loudoun County Supervisor Jeff Morse , Loudoun County School Board member Bundles Murdock , former Middleburg Town Council member Jim Plowman , Loudoun County Commonwealth 's Attorney Ken Reid , former Loudoun County Supervisor Debbie Rose , Loudoun County School Board member Greg Stone , former Loudoun County Community Criminal Justice Board Member Jill Turgeon , Loudoun County School Board member Bob Wertz , Loudoun County Commissioner of the Revenue Scott York , former Chairman of the Loudoun County Board of Supervisors Roger Zurn , Loudoun County Treasurer Sheriffs and law enforcement officials Raymond Bell , Sheriff of Sussex County David Bushey , Sheriff of Middlesex County Timothy Carter , Sheriff of Shenandoah County Mike Chapman , Sheriff of Loudoun County Connie Compton , Sheriff of Rappahannock County L. Trevor Craddock , Sheriff of Craig County Chad Cubbage , Sheriff of Page County Robert Deeds , Sheriff of Williamsburg & James City County J.B. Gardner , Sheriff of Carroll County Kevin Hall , Sheriff of Alleghany County W. Randolph Hamilton , Jr. , Sheriff of Buena Vista Joe Harris , Sheriff of Waynesboro Bobby Hawkins , Sheriff of Mecklenburg County Eric Hess , Sheriff of Fluvanna County Darrell Hodges , Sheriff of Cumberland County Steve Hutcherson , Sheriff of Campbell County Bryan Hutcheson , Sheriff of Rockingham County & Harrisonburg Thomas Jones , Sheriff of Charlotte County Daniel McEathron , Sheriff of Warren County Lenny Millholland , Sheriff of Frederick County Bob Mosier , Sheriff of Fauquier County David Neal , Sheriff of Highland County Gary Parsons , Sheriff of Lee County Lane Perry , Sheriff of Henry County Tony Roper , Sheriff of Clarke County Ronald Sprinkle , Sheriff of Botetourt County Ken Stolle , Sheriff of Virginia Beach Les Taylor , Sheriff of Winchester Richard Vaughan , Sheriff of Grayson County E.W. Viar , Jr. , Sheriff of Amherst County Mike Wade , Sheriff of Henrico County Jeff Walton , Sheriff of King William County Party officials and activists Rick Buchanan , Chair of the Virginia Tea Party Patriot Federation and Vice Chair of the Virginia Fifth Congressional District Republican Committee Tom Cherry , Chairman of the Norfolk City Republican Committee Peter Churins , Chairman of the Charles City County Republican Committee Will Estrada , Chairman of the Loudoun County Republican Committee E.W. Jackson , pastor , conservative activist , candidate for U.S. Senate in 2012 and nominee in 2013 Ed Levine , Founder of Virginia Open Carry Bob West , Vice Chair of the Norfolk City Republican Committee Organization Virginia Citizens Defense League , pro-gun organization Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Glenn Davis Bryce Reeves Jill Vogel Undecided Public Opinion Strategies September 18 -- 21 , 2016 800 ± 3.46 % 12 % 8 % 13 % 66 % Results ( edit ) Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Jill Vogel 151,984 42.78 % Republican Bryce Reeves 142,196 40.03 % Republican Glenn Davis 61,072 17.19 % Total votes 355,252 100.00 % General election ( edit ) Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Justin Fairfax ( D ) Jill Vogel ( R ) Undecided Public Policy Polling September 21 -- 23 , 2017 849 ± 3.8 % 43 % 37 % 21 % Christopher Newport University September 12 -- 22 , 2017 776 ± 3.7 % 46 % 42 % 13 % Suffolk University September 13 -- 17 , 2017 500 ± 4.4 % 36 % 35 % 27 % Mason - Dixon September 10 -- 15 , 2017 625 ± 4.0 % 41 % 38 % 21 % University of Mary Washington September 5 -- 12 , 2017 562 LV ± 5.2 % 45 % 40 % 11 % 867 RV ± 4.1 % 45 % 37 % 14 % Virginia Commonwealth University July 17 -- 25 , 2017 538 LV ± 5.1 % 43 % 38 % 15 % 707 RV ± 4.5 % 41 % 34 % 18 % Gravis Marketing March 14 -- 19 , 2017 3,097 ± 1.6 % 40 % 37 % 23 % Hypothetical polling With Bryce Reeves Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Justin Fairfax ( D ) Bryce Reeves ( R ) Undecided Gravis Marketing March 14 -- 19 , 2017 3,097 ± 1.6 % 41 % 35 % 24 % With Glenn Davis Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Justin Fairfax ( D ) Glenn Davis ( R ) Undecided Gravis Marketing March 14 -- 19 , 2017 3,097 ± 1.6 % 42 % 37 % 21 % Results ( edit ) Virginia Lt. Gubernatorial election , 2017 Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic Justin Fairfax Republican Jill Vogel Total votes See also ( edit ) Virginia elections , 2017 Virginia gubernatorial election , 2017 Virginia Attorney General election , 2017 United States gubernatorial elections , 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Portnoy , Jenna ( 2 May 2016 ) . `` Democrat Justin Fairfax to run for lieutenant governor '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Patrick ( 13 June 2017 ) . `` Justin Fairfax wins Democratic nomination for lieutenant governor '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Feld , Lowell ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Adam Parkhomenko NOT Running for Virginia LG in 2017 ; Former Joe Biden Chief of Staff Susan Platt Jumping In ? '' . Blue Virginia . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Olivo , Antonio ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Former Biden chief of staff files to run for Va. lieutenant governor '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/firmsum.php?id=F135522&year=2016 Jump up ^ Weiner , Rachel ( August 7 , 2016 ) . `` Longtime Virginia prosecutor to seek lieutenant governor job '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rees , David ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Roanoke 's David Bowers mulls run for Lt. Governor '' . Daily Press . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dashiell , Joe ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Bowers weighs bid for Lieutenant Governor '' . WDBJ . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Feld , Lowell ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Who 's Running ( or Might Be Running ) for Virginia LG in 2017 on the Democratic Side ? ( 5 / 23 UPDATE ) '' . Blue Virginia . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , Markus ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` AG Mark Herring to run for re-election instead of governor '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schapiro , Jeff E. ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Looking for a few good candidates for lieutenant governor '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eberly , Tim ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` State Sen. Kenny Alexander announces run for Norfolk mayor '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Portnoy , Jenna ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Democrat Justin Fairfax to run for lieutenant governor '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` My Plans for 2017 Over the past ... - Eileen Filler - Corn Facebook '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Feld , Lowell ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Thursday News : GOP Courts Disaster with `` Trumpcare , '' as Colbert Calls It ; Perriello Enters Va . Gov. Race `` . Blue Virginia . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Feld , Lowell ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Mark Herring Announces for Reelection as Virginia Attorney General '' . Blue Virginia . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moomaw , Graham ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` After ' devastating ' 2016 election , McClellan plans next political chapter '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vozzella , Laura ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Ralph Northam confirms he 's running to become next Va. governor '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Feld , Lowell ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` Long - Time Hillary Clinton Aide Adam Parkhomenko for Virginia LG ? ? ? '' . Blue Virginia . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Jeanine ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Morning Line Odds on Virginia State Wide Races -- 2017 by Guest Poster John Fredericks '' . The Bull Elephant . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fairfax , Justin ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` BREAKING : Senator Chap Petersen ( D - Fairfax ) Endorses Justin Fairfax for Lt. Governor of Virginia in 2017 '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Feld , Lowell ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Del . Eileen Filler - Corn ( D ) Announce She Will NOT Run for Virginia Lt. Governor Nomination in 2017 '' . Blue Virginia . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moomaw , Graham ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Stoney launches mayoral bid , promising ' new energy ' at City Hall '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' I 'm going to be a voice for everyone : ' Levar Stoney wins Richmond mayoral race '' . WTVR.com. 2016 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Congressman Gerry Connolly Endorses Justin Fairfax for Lieutenant Governor of Virginia '' . Justin Fairfax for Lieutenant Governor . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Congressman Donald McEachin Endorses Justin Fairfax for Lt. Governor of Virginia '' . Justin Fairfax for Lieutenant Governor . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://bluevirginia.us/2017/05/justin-fairfax-endorsed-elected-officials-central-virginia Jump up ^ http://www.fairfaxforlg.com/index.php/campaign-endorsements/justin-fairfax-receives-major-endorsements-throughout-northern-virginia-from-top-democratic-elected-officials-and-party-activists-for-lieutenant-governor-of-virginia Jump up ^ http://www.fairfaxforlg.com/index.php/campaign-endorsements/justin-fairfax-receives-major-endorsements-throughout-hampton-roadstidewater-from-top-democratic-elected-officials-and-party-activists-for-lieutenant-governor-of-virginia Jump up ^ http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/DC-ANC-Commissioner-Says-Officers-Detained-Him-for-No-Reason-426390121.html Jump up ^ http://www.fairfaxforlg.com/index.php/campaign-endorsements/pfaw-endorses-justin-fairfax-as-the-next-lieutenant-governor Jump up ^ http://www.fairfaxforlg.com/index.php/campaign-updates/the-progressive-change-campaign-committee-endorses-justin-fairfax-for-lieutenant-governor-of-virginia Jump up ^ Platt , Susan ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Thank you Delegate Kathleen Murphy ! Honored to have your support '' . Facebook . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Platt , Susan ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` So honored to have endorsement of Mayor Kelly Burk , Leesburg ! '' . Facebook . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Platt , Susan ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Thank you Soil and Water Conservation Board Director John Flannery for your endorsement tonight ! '' . Facebook . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Platt , Susan ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` Thank you Supervisor John Foust for your endorsement ! '' . Facebook . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Platt , Susan ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Thank you Hopewell Vice Mayor Jasmine Gore for your support ! '' . Facebook . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/harto/status/874668848812666880 Jump up ^ Nolan , Jim ( 5 March 2016 ) . `` GOP 's Vogel running for lieutenant governor '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Patrick ( 13 June 2017 ) . `` Jill Vogel wins GOP nomination for lieutenant governor '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Patrick ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Virginia Beach Del . Glenn Davis to run for lieutenant governor '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vozzella , Laura ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` State Sen. Bryce Reeves to run for Va. lieutenant governor '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reisinger , Rollin ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Does Virginia Have a Venue Capable of Holding a 2017 Nominating Convention ? '' . Bearing Drift . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fredericks , John ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` GOP ' 17 LT Gov candidates so far '' . Twitter . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fredericks , John ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` We are looking into the LT Governor race but for now it 's all about @ tedcruz '' . Twitter . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kenney , Shaun ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Breaking : Danny Vargas Considering Bid for Lieutenant Governor '' . Bearing Drift . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nolan , Jim ( December 12 , 2015 ) . `` 2017 hopefuls out in force at GOP Advance in Hot Springs '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Matt ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` State Senator Bryce Reeves Announces Run for Lieutenant Governor '' . Bearing Drift . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kenney , Shaun ( 26 April 2016 ) . `` Jackson endorses Vogel for 2017 L.G. '' . Bearing Drift . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Boulden , Terrence J. ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Delegate Scott Taylor for ? ? ? ? ? ? ? '' . Virginia Virtucon . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rohr , Alex ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Second candidate in for tentative Senate 22 contest '' . The News & Advance . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nolan , Jim ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Lt. Gov. Northam exploring run for governor in 2017 '' . The Daily Progress . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Patrick ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Va . Beach Dels . Glenn Davis , Scott Taylor considering run for lieutenant governor '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vozzella , Laura ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Republican Pete Snyder will not run in 2017 , endorses Gillespie for Va. governor '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baker , Michelle ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Stewart Launches Bid '' . Prince William Times . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Delegate Scott Taylor Announces Exploratory Committee for Lieutenant Governor of Virginia '' . Scott Taylor for Delegate . November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bartel , Bill ( January 16 , 2016 ) . `` Del . Scott Taylor announces bid for 2nd District congressional seat '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Patrick ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` Former Congressman Tom Davis wants Virginia Beach 's Glenn Davis to be the next lieutenant governor '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.varight.com/news/has-glenn-davis-hit-on-a-winning-issue-confederate-monuments/ Jump up ^ Azzarelli , Sam ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Former Attorney General Ed Meese Endorses Bryce Reeves for Lt. Governor '' ( Press release ) . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Azzarelli , Sam ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Senator Amanda Chase Endorses Bryce Reeves for Lt. Governor '' ( Press release ) . Bryce Reeves for Lt. Governor . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Albertson , Steve ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Bryce Reeves racks up impressive endorsements in 2017 LG bid '' . The Bull Elephant . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Azzarelli , Sam ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` PAUL GALANTI ENDORSES REEVES FOR LT . GOVERNOR '' . Bryce Reeves . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Congressman Frank Wolf Endorses Vogel '' . Jill Vogel for Virginia . November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Loudoun Leaders Endorse Jill Vogel In Lieutenant Governor 's Race '' . Jill Vogel for Virginia . August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Senator Steve Newman Endorses Jill Vogel for Lieutenant Governor '' ( Press release ) . May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Del . Scott Lingamfelter Endorses Jill Vogel for Lieutenant Governor '' . Jill Vogel for Virginia . May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thirty - Two Sheriffs Endorse Jill Vogel for Lieutenant Governor '' . Jill Vogel for Virginia . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Tea Party Patriot Federation Chair Rick Buchanan Endorses Senator Jill Vogel for Lieutenant Governor '' . Jill Vogel for Virginia . July 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Norfolk City Republican Committee Chair Tom Cherry and Vice Chair Bob West Endorse Sen. Jill Vogel 's Campaign For Lieutenant Governor '' . Jill Vogel for Virginia . July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charles City Republican Committee Chair Peter Churins Endorses Sen. Jill Vogel For Lieutenant Governor '' . Jill Vogel for Virginia . August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official campaign websites Justin Fairfax for Lieutenant Governor Jill Vogel for Lieutenant Governor ( 2016 ← ) 2017 United States elections ( → 2018 ) U.S. Senate Alabama U.S. House California 's 34th Georgia 's 6th Kansas 's 4th Montana at - large South Carolina 's 5th Utah 's 3rd Governors New Jersey Virginia Mayors Albuquerque , NM Atlanta , GA Atlantic City , NJ Boston , MA Buffalo , NY Charlotte , NC Cincinnati , OH Cleveland , OH Detroit , MI El Paso , TX Frederick , MD Jackson , MS Jersey City , NJ Los Angeles , CA Miami , FL Minneapolis , MN New Orleans , LA New York , NY North Miami , FL Omaha , NE Pittsburgh , PA Raleigh , NC Rochester , NY St. Paul , MN San Antonio , TX Seattle , WA St. Louis , MO St. Petersburg , FL City Houston , TX Minneapolis , MN State California New Jersey Virginia Washington Territories Puerto Rican status referendum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election,_2017&oldid=802676441 '' Categories : Virginia elections , 2017 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial elections Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 18 : 50 . About Wikipedia | who is running for lt governor of va | [
"The Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election of 2017 will take place on November 7, 2017. After the party primary elections were held, the major party nominees are Jill Vogel (Republican) and Justin Fairfax (Democrat). The incumbent Lieutenant Governor, Democrat Ralph Northam, is not running for re-election in order to run for Governor.",
"The Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election of 2017 will take place on November 7, 2017. After the party primary elections were held, the major party nominees are Jill Vogel (Republican) and Justin Fairfax (Democrat). The incumbent Lieutenant Governor, Democrat Ralph Northam, is not running for re-election in order to run for Governor."
] | [
"Jill Vogel",
"Justin Fairfax"
] |
-232128038723635468 | OneRepublic | OneRepublic - Wikipedia OneRepublic Jump to : navigation , search OneRepublic OneRepublic performing in Toronto , Canada in 2017 . Background information Origin Colorado Springs , Colorado , U.S. Genres Pop rock pop alternative rock Years active 2002 -- present Labels Columbia Mosley Interscope Website onerepublic.com Members Ryan Tedder Zach Filkins Drew Brown Brent Kutzle Eddie Fisher Past members Jerrod Bettis Tim Myers OneRepublic is an American pop rock band formed in Colorado Springs , Colorado in 2002 by lead vocalist Ryan Tedder and guitarist Zach Filkins . It also consists of guitarist Drew Brown , bassist and cellist Brent Kutzle , and drummer Eddie Fisher . The band first achieved commercial success on Myspace as an unsigned act . In late 2003 , after OneRepublic played shows throughout the Los Angeles area , a number of record labels approached the band with interest , but the band ultimately signed with Velvet Hammer , an imprint of Columbia Records . They made their first album with producer Greg Wells during the summer and fall of 2005 at his studio , Rocket Carousel , in Culver City , California . The album was originally scheduled for release on June 6 , 2006 , but the group was dropped by Columbia two months before the album ever came out . The lead single of that album , `` Apologize '' , was released on April 30 , 2006 on Myspace and received some recognition there , becoming number one on the Myspace charts . In 2007 , OneRepublic released their debut album , Dreaming Out Loud . Its lead single , `` Apologize '' , was notably remixed by Timbaland , becoming a huge international success , reaching number one in sixteen countries and subsequently earning them a Grammy Award nomination . The second single , `` Stop and Stare '' , mirrored its predecessor 's success . The album was later certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . The band 's second album , Waking Up ( 2009 ) , produced the singles `` All the Right Moves '' , `` Secrets '' , `` Marchin On '' , and `` Good Life '' , with the latter reaching the top ten of the US Billboard Hot 100 . OneRepublic 's third album , Native ( 2013 ) , became the band 's first top ten album on the Billboard 200 , and highest charting album to date , charting at number four . The lead single , `` If I Lose Myself '' , charted within the top ten in several countries , while the album 's third single , `` Counting Stars '' , became the band 's most successful single in recent years , obtaining top five placements in Australia , Canada , Germany , Ireland , New Zealand , the U.S. and the UK . This marks their highest charting single in the United Kingdom to date . It has also peaked at number 2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , matching their highest peak of `` Apologize '' in 2007 . On October 7 , 2016 , OneRepublic released Oh My My , their fourth studio album , which featured a number of collaborators , including Cassius , Peter Gabriel , and Santigold . Preceded by the singles `` Wherever I Go '' , released on May 13 , 2016 , and `` Kids '' , released on August 12 , 2016 , it was recognized as a change in their sound in contrast to previous albums by both critics and the band itself . In 2017 , the band released the singles `` No Vacancy '' , `` Truth to Power '' , and `` Rich Love '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1996 : Origins 1.2 2002 -- 07 : Reformation 1.3 2007 -- 09 : Dreaming Out Loud 1.4 2009 -- 11 : Waking Up 1.5 2012 -- 14 : Native 1.6 2015 -- present : Oh My My and new singles 2 Musical style and influences 3 Band members 3.1 Current members 3.2 Touring members 3.3 Former members 3.4 Timeline 4 Discography 4.1 Studio albums 5 Tours 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) 1996 : origins ( edit ) The first incarnation of what evolved into OneRepublic formed in 1996 after Ryan Tedder and Zach Filkins befriended each other during their senior year at Colorado Springs Christian High School in Colorado Springs , Colorado . During a drive home , as Filkins and Tedder discussed favorite musicians including Fiona Apple , Peter Gabriel and U2 , they decided to put together a band . They enlisted a few musical friends and named their rock act This Beautiful Mess -- a phrase which first attained cult prominence a year earlier when Sixpence None the Richer released its award - winning second album , This Beautiful Mess . Tedder , Filkins & Co. had a few small gigs at Pikes Perk Coffee & Tea House , attended by friends and family . Senior year ended , and Tedder and Filkins parted ways , each attending different colleges . 2002 -- 07 : reformation ( edit ) Reuniting in Los Angeles in 2002 , Tedder and Filkins reformed their second band under the moniker Republic . Tedder , by then an established songwriter and record producer , had convinced Filkins who was living in Chicago to relocate . Nine months later , the band signed with Columbia Records . After a few line - up changes , the group finally settled with Tedder on vocals , Filkins on lead guitar and backing vocals , Eddie Fisher on drums , Brent Kutzle on bass and cello , and Drew Brown on guitar . The band 's name was changed to OneRepublic after the record company mentioned that the name Republic might result in legal action from other , similarly - named bands . The band worked in the studio for two and a half years and recorded its first full - length album . Two months before the album was due to be released , ( with `` Sleep '' as its debut single ) , OneRepublic was dropped by Columbia Records . The band was beginning to gain prominence on MySpace ; Tedder said it was the number - one unsigned act on MySpace , and credits the website for keeping the band together . The band caught the attention of a number of labels , including Timbaland 's Mosley Music Group . The band soon signed onto the label , becoming the first rock band to do so . 2007 -- 09 : Dreaming Out Loud ( edit ) OneRepublic 's debut album , Dreaming Out Loud , was released on November 20 , 2007 , and debuted at number 14 in the US with first week sales of 75,000 . Critical reception to the album ranged from negative to mixed . Allmusic gave the album a modest review , stating the `` album sounds derivative '' but also `` sounds cohesive and smoothly pleasant '' . Robert Christgau gave the album a negative review , and termed it a `` dud '' . Rolling Stone gave the album 2 out of 5 stars , but placed the band in its `` Artists to Watch '' list , which featured ten artists that , according to the magazine , `` ... are bringing the future of music , today . '' Their lead single , `` Apologize '' , was released in its original version from Dreaming Out Loud . Timbaland , who at the time was one of the most highly visible artists / producers , approached the band to be featured on a compilation album he was working on , Shock Value . Timbaland rearranged the song slightly to give it more of an R&B feel adding backing vocals , guitar bass line and new drum section . This along with the strong backing of the Timbaland name made it a major hit both in the United States and internationally . It peaked a number one globally , including eight consecutive weeks on the Billboard Pop 100 chart , subsequently reaching the top three of the Billboard Hot 100 . The song sold five million copies in the United States alone , receiving a five - times Platinum certification from the RIAA . The song was a massive hit internationally , reaching number one in sixteen countries , including Australia , Austria , Germany , Italy , New Zealand and Sweden . It also spent thirteen weeks at number one in Canada . It has since been certified over 2x Platinum in 6 countries worldwide , including 4x Platinum in Australia . The song ultimately earned the band their first Grammy nomination for best pop performance in a group or duo . The second single from the album , `` Stop and Stare '' , released in March 2008 , reached the top ten in eight countries worldwide , including charting at number four in the United Kingdom , and topping the UK Rock Chart . It also reached number twelve on the Billboard Hot 100 , and number nine on the Pop 100 . Additional singles included `` Say ( All I Need ) '' and `` Mercy '' . The album was later certified Platinum in the United States and Germany , as well as Gold in Australia , Austria and Canada . 2009 -- 11 : Waking up ( edit ) OneRepublic 's second studio album , Waking Up , was released on November 17 , 2009 , charting at number 21 on the Billboard 200 , and ultimately selling over 500,000 copies in the US and over 1 million worldwide . The lead single , `` All the Right Moves '' , was released on September 9 , 2009 , peaking at number 18 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and being certified 2x Platinum . `` Secrets '' , the second single from the album , reached the top five in Austria , Germany , Luxembourg , Poland and on the US Adult Pop Songs and Adult Contemporary charts . It has sold almost 4 million copies in the US as of August 2014 . Furthermore , it reached number 21 on the Hot 100 . The song was used in television series such as Lost , Pretty Little Liars and Nikita , as well as in the sci - fi fantasy movie , The Sorcerer 's Apprentice . `` Marchin On '' , the album 's third single made top ten appearances in Austria , Germany and Israel , however it was the fourth single `` Good Life '' that became the band 's most successful song from the album , particularly in the US . Released on November 19 , 2010 , it became their second top ten single on the Billboard Hot 100 at the time , peaking at number 8 and selling over 4 million copies in the US alone , earning a 4x Platinum certification . Rolling Stone put the song on its list of the best 15 whistling songs of all time . Waking Up was later certified Gold in Austria , Germany and the US for sales of over 500,000 , and has since sold over 1 million copies worldwide . OneRepublic perform at Zermatt Unplugged 2011 in Switzerland In 2009 , OneRepublic were featured on Leona Lewis 's second studio album Echo on the track `` Lost Then Found '' . On June 5 , 2010 , the band supported Pink on her Funhouse Summer Carnival Tour at Innsbruck . OneRepublic supported Bon Jovi at The O2 Arena for three dates in June 2010 . The band supported Maroon 5 for a fall 2010 tour . In November 2011 , OneRepublic released their first Christmas single , titled `` Christmas Without You '' . 2012 -- 14 : Native ( edit ) OneRepublic released their third studio album , Native , on March 22 , 2013 , marking the end of the band 's 3 and a half year hiatus . The album debuted at number 4 on the Billboard 200 becoming their first top 10 album in the US , with first week sales of 60,000 . It was also their best opening sales week since their debut album Dreaming Out Loud which sold 75,000 copies in its first week . `` Feel Again '' was originally released as the lead single on August 27 , 2012 , however after the album being delayed it was re-branded as a `` promotional single '' . The song was released as a part of Save the Children 's Every Beat Matters campaign , where a portion of the proceeds from the single 's sales would be donated . It peaked at number 36 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , additionally marking top ten positions in Germany and on the US Adult Pop Songs chart . The single was later certified Platinum in the US . The song was used in official trailer for The Spectacular Now . The album 's first global single , `` If I Lose Myself '' was released on January 8 , 2013 . It reached the top ten in Austria , Germany , Poland , Slovakia , Sweden and Switzerland , yet only managed to peak at number 74 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song has since been certified Gold in both Italy and Australia . The album 's third single , `` Counting Stars '' , has become their most successful single from the album thus far and the band 's biggest hit . The song achieved significant international success , charting within the top five in Australia , Austria , Czech Republic , Denmark , Germany , Hungary , Ireland , Israel , Luxembourg , Poland , New Zealand , Scotland , Slovakia and Spain . It reached number 1 in the UK , marking the band 's highest charting song ever in that country , while also peaking at number 2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , their first song to crack the top 5 since Apologize . The song has since peaked at number 1 in 5 countries worldwide , and has gone 5x platinum in Australia , 2x Platinum in New Zealand , Platinum in the UK , Gold in Switzerland and Germany , as well as currently holding a 3x Platinum certification in the US . On October 29 , 2015 , the video for `` Counting Stars '' became the first video , by a band to reach 1 billion views on YouTube . As of July 2017 , the music video has over 1.86 billion views and 6 million likes . On April 2 , 2013 , the band embarked on their headlining concert tour Native Tour in promotion for the album , beginning in Europe . This ran throughout 2013 / 14 and saw the band perform shows across Europe , North America , Asia and Australia and New Zealand . The 2013 North American tour was a co-headlining tour with singer - songwriter Sara Bareilles , while the 2014 Native Summer Tour was a co-headlining tour with The Script and American Authors . The tour finished in Russia on November 9 , 2014 , marking a total of 169 shows and the band 's largest tour to date . The album 's fourth single , `` Something I Need '' , was released on August 25 , 2013 . Despite little promotion of the song upon its release due to the late and unexpected success of `` Counting Stars '' , the song has still managed to be certified 2x Platinum in Australia and Platinum in New Zealand as of December 2013 . On April 8 , 2014 , OneRepublic confirmed via Twitter that their new song , `` Love Runs Out '' , recorded at Studio Faust Records in Prague , would be released . Tedder said that the band had intended the song to be the first single on Native , but that he could not think of a chorus for the song , so the song 's release was delayed . The song was added as the second track on the album 's re-release on April 14 . It was also an internationally successful track , breaking the top 5 in Austria , Germany , Canada , Switzerland , and the UK ; and reaching the top 15 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . It is used as the promotional song for the show How to Get Away with Murder . In September 2014 , OneRepublic released the music video for `` I Lived '' , the sixth single off their Native album . Tedder noted that he wrote the song for his 4 - year - old son . The related video raises awareness of cystic fibrosis by featuring a 15 - year - old named Bryan Warnecke who lives with the condition . A remix was released for the Coca - Cola ( RED ) campaign to fight AIDS . 2015 -- present : Oh My My and new singles ( edit ) In November 2014 , the group tweeted photos captioned : `` Hotel recording , Poland . Album 4 '' . and `` Mid afternoon , working on new album , and this is the view ... LP 4 is fun already '' In April 2015 , Ryan Tedder stated in an interview that OneRepublic was going in a whole new direction and they are yet to recycle the same sound once on any song that they have ever put out . Rhythm guitarist Drew Brown says that they are really excited about it and they think that it is the best thing they have ever done . In June 2015 , Tedder said that they were working on a new song called ' colors ' , which he said is one of his favorite songs going on the album . In that same month , they showed a video with them working on new melodies for the album . In September 2015 , it was confirmed that the band 's fourth upcoming studio album would be released in early 2016 . On September 9 , at one of Apple 's media events , held at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco , Apple CEO Tim Cook concluded the event by introducing the band for a surprise performance , a 3 - song set . In November , OneRepublic said on Twitter , `` Yes , We are looking at a window for 1st single now , ca n't say what it is yet , but it 's coming in the new year . Gotta narrow down songs now ! '' On April 18 , 2016 , the band posted a handwritten letter on their website and they set a countdown to May 12 at 9 PM . They started sending postcards to fans all over the world saying that the lead single from the 4th album is called `` Wherever I Go '' . On May 9 , OneRepublic announced that they will release their new song on May 13 . They will perform the single at the finale of The Voice of Italy on May 25 , 2016 . They played at MTV Music Evolution Manila 2016 on June 24 and at BBC Radio 1 's Big Weekend in Exeter on Sunday , May 29 . On May 13 , 2016 , the first single `` Wherever I Go '' of the upcoming album was released . On August 3 , the album 's official lead single , `` Kids '' , was announced . The song was released on August 12 . On August 25 , OneRepublic posted that the album would be called Oh My My , with a release date of October 7 , 2016 . The following week , the album 's artwork was revealed . Oh My My became the band 's highest - charting debut to date , landing at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 . On October 11 , 2016 , OneRepublic announced on their Twitter account that will be releasing singles through 2018 . On November 27 , 2016 , OneRepublic performed at halftime of the 104th Grey Cup at BMO Field in Toronto . On January 9 , 2017 , the band released their third single , Let 's Hurt Tonight , making it the soundtrack of the movie Collateral Beauty . On February 16 , 2017 , the band they will be headlining the 2017 Honda Civic Tour , which began on July 7 , 2017 . The fourth single , `` Lift Me Up '' , was released on June 9 , 2017 , in the form of a remix by Michael Brun . On April 27 , 2017 , OneRepublic lead vocalist and principal songwriter Ryan Tedder published a Facebook post revealing the band 's future in releasing new material . In the post , he stated that he dealt with `` crippling anxiety '' and became ill to constant touring , recording , and promoting the band 's releases . He clarified that OneRepublic would release `` new music as often as humanly possible ... monthly , weekly sometimes '' , departing from the typical album cycle system . Singles they have released since the announcement were `` No Vacancy '' , `` Truth to Power '' and `` Rich Love '' . Musical style and influences ( edit ) OneRepublic 's varied style of music has been described by Ryan Tedder : `` We 're no respecter of genre . If it 's a good song or a good artist whether rock , pop , indie or hip hop , they 've probably influenced us on some level ... nothing 's new under the sun , we 're a sum of a bunch of parts . '' Specific acts whom OneRepublic have cited as influences include the Beatles , U2 , M83 , and Prince . Band members ( edit ) Current members ( edit ) Ryan Tedder -- lead vocals , guitar , piano , keyboards , percussion ( 2002 -- present ) Zach Filkins -- guitar , viola , backing vocals ( 2002 -- present ) Drew Brown -- guitar , backing vocals , piano , keyboards , percussion ( 2002 -- present ) Brent Kutzle -- bass , cello , backing vocals , piano , keyboards , guitar ( 2007 -- present ) Eddie Fisher -- drums , percussion , guitar ( 2005 -- present ) Touring members ( edit ) Brian Willett -- keyboards , backing vocals , drums , percussion ( 2012 -- present ) Former members ( edit ) Jerrod Bettis -- drums , percussion ( 2002 -- 05 ) Tim Myers -- bass , guitar ( 2002 -- 07 ) Timeline ( edit ) Discography ( edit ) Main article : OneRepublic discography Studio albums ( edit ) Dreaming Out Loud ( 2007 ) Waking Up ( 2009 ) Native ( 2013 ) Oh My My ( 2016 ) Tours ( edit ) Tag This Tour ( 2008 -- 09 ) Good Life Tour ( 2010 -- 12 ) Native Tour ( 2013 -- 15 ) 16th Annual Honda Civic Tour ( 2017 ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by OneRepublic OneRepublic have won several music awards and landed many nominations , including ones for American Music Awards , Billboard Music Awards , World Music Awards , and Grammy Awards . Separately , lead singer Ryan Tedder has won four Grammy Awards due to his songwriting credits for Adele and Taylor Swift . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Heifetz , Elliah ( 2015 ) . `` OneRepublic -- Native '' . MusicOMH . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OneRepublic : Biography '' . OneRepublic . ^ Jump up to : `` Talking Shop : Ryan Tedder '' . BBC News Entertainment . November 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Music -- OneRepublic '' . BBC . ^ Jump up to : `` OneRepublic Waking Up '' ( pdf ) . Campbell.edu . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Freedman , Pete ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` One Love : Who the Hell is OneRepublic ? And What 's This About Them Being from the Springs ? Arijit is great '' . Colorado Springs Independent . Jump up ^ Amos , Joel D. ( June 9 , 2008 ) . `` One Republic has ' All I Need ' '' . SheKnows . Jump up ^ Brown , August ( November 20 , 2007 ) . `` Rocky road to the top '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith . `` Blake Shelton Set for His Best Sales Week Ever on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leahey , Andrew ( November 20 , 2007 ) . `` ( ( ( Dreaming Out Loud > Review ) ) ) '' . Allmusic . Retrieved March 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` OneRepublic -- Dreaming Our Loud '' . Robert Christgau . Retrieved March 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` OneRepublic : Artist to Watch 2009 '' . Rolling Stone : Rock and Roll Daily . October 26 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thrills , Adrian . `` He wrote Leona Lewis 's huge hit Bleeding Love and stood up to Simon Cowell but Ryan Tedder just wants to be a star himself '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OneRepublic 's `` Apologize '' Hits 3 Million Download Sales `` . Digital Media Wire . February 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Waking Up ( Deluxe Version ) by OneRepublic -- Download Waking Up ( Deluxe Version ) on iTunes '' . Itunes.apple.com . November 17 , 2009 . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hits And Misses Of ' 09 ! '' . PerezHilton.com . December 31 , 2009 . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi '' . The O2 . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dreadale , Andrea ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` OneRepublic Preps New Christmas Song , Plans New Single for March '' . ABC . ^ Jump up to : `` OneRepublic Going ' Native ' in March , Release Single '' . Billboard . January 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caufield , Keith ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's ' 20 / 20 ' Spends Second Week At No. 1 on Billboard 200 , Lil Wayne Enters at No. 2 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Twitter / OneRepublic : Perfect place to announce the . Twitter.com . Retrieved on September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sara Bareilles , OneRepublic Announce Co-Headlining Tour '' . Billboard.com . June 4 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tour '' . OneRepublic . Retrieved December 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ @ OneRepublic ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` # LOVERUNSOUT on April 14th . Sneak preview here : soundcloud.com/interscope/onerepublic-love-runs-out/s-Xn4Os ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Latest Chart News '' . Bigtop40 . Jump up ^ @ OneRepublic ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` Get # LoveRunsOut now on the new edition of NATIVE on @ iTunesMusic ! smarturl.it/native '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Corinthos , Aurelie ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` OneRepublic 's Ryan Tedder Wrote This Song for His Son -- And Now the Remix Will Help Fight AIDS '' . People . Jump up ^ Kotesha , Nisha . `` OneRepublic Join Search For Cystic Fibrosis Cure '' . Good News Shared . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Watch OneRepublic 's Touching ' I Lived ' Video , Dedicated to Fan With Cystic Fibrosis '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ @ OneRepublic ( November 1 , 2014 ) . `` Hotel recording , Poland . Album 4 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ @ OneRepublic ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Mid afternoon , working on new album , and this is the view ... LP 4 is fun already '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Reid , Tashauna . `` OneRepublic talks about Canadian tour and new music '' . CBC News . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Belgrade , Serbia studio on the road '' . Jump up ^ Julie Bort ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Tim Cook and Ryan Tedder selfie from Apple event -- Business Insider '' . Business Insider . Jump up ^ @ OneRepublic ( November 21 , 2015 ) . `` Yes , We are looking at a window for 1st single now , ca n't say what it is yet , but it 's coming in the new year . Gotta narrow down songs now ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` OneRepublic on Twitter '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Daw , Robbie ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` OneRepublic Reveal ' Oh My My ' Album Cover , Announce October Release Date '' . Idolator . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` OneRepublic Headlining 2017 Honda Civic Tour : See the Dates '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/OneRepublic/posts/10155575208448912 Jump up ^ `` One Republic on purevolume.com '' . PureVolume.com . Jump up ^ O'Donnell , Kevin ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` OneRepublic release epic new anthem ' Kids ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Getz , Dana ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` OneRepublic 's Ryan Tedder explains how Prince inspired their new single '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website OneRepublic Discography ( in English ) ( hide ) OneRepublic Ryan Tedder Zach Filkins Drew Brown Eddie Fisher Brent Kutzle Tim Myers Studio albums and singles Dreaming Out Loud ( 2007 ) `` Apologize '' `` Stop and Stare '' `` Say ( All I Need ) '' `` Mercy '' `` Come Home '' Waking Up ( 2009 ) `` All the Right Moves '' `` Secrets '' `` Marchin On '' `` Good Life '' Native ( 2013 ) `` Feel Again '' `` If I Lose Myself '' `` Counting Stars '' `` Something I Need '' `` Love Runs Out '' `` I Lived '' Oh My My ( 2016 ) `` Wherever I Go '' `` Kids '' `` Let 's Hurt Tonight '' `` Lift Me Up '' Other singles `` No Vacancy '' `` Truth to Power '' `` Rich Love '' Concert tours Native Tour 16th Annual Honda Civic Tour Related Discography Mosley Music Group Native Tour List of awards and nominations VIAF : 141101067 LCCN : no2007140678 GND : 10342127 - 0 BNF : cb15610587c ( data ) BIBSYS : 13005059 MusicBrainz : c33c2065 - b1c3 - 4406 - b066 - d33a9e2ea71a NKC : xx0076872 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OneRepublic&oldid=799095067 '' Categories : OneRepublic Musical groups established in 2002 Columbia Records artists Interscope Records artists American pop rock music groups Alternative rock groups from Colorado 2002 establishments in Colorado Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2015 Use mdy dates from July 2016 Use American English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 16 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does the music for the honda civic commercial | [
"OneRepublic is an American pop rock band formed in Colorado Springs, Colorado[2] in 2002 by lead vocalist Ryan Tedder and guitarist Zach Filkins. It also consists of guitarist Drew Brown, bassist and cellist Brent Kutzle, and drummer Eddie Fisher. The band first achieved commercial success on Myspace as an unsigned act.[3] In late 2003, after OneRepublic played shows throughout the Los Angeles area, a number of record labels approached the band with interest, but the band ultimately signed with Velvet Hammer, an imprint of Columbia Records. They made their first album with producer Greg Wells during the summer and fall of 2005 at his studio, Rocket Carousel, in Culver City, California. The album was originally scheduled for release on June 6, 2006, but the group was dropped by Columbia two months before the album ever came out. The lead single of that album, \"Apologize\", was released on April 30, 2006 on Myspace and received some recognition there, becoming number one on the Myspace charts."
] | [
"OneRepublic"
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2342447904523909555 | List of best-selling game consoles | List of best - selling game consoles - wikipedia List of best - selling game consoles This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 19 December 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Sony 's PlayStation 2 is the best - selling game system overall with over 155 million units worldwide . A video game console is a standardized computing device tailored for video gaming that requires a monitor or television set as an output . Handheld controllers are commonly used as input devices . Video game consoles may use one or more storage media like hard disk drives , optical discs , and memory cards for content . They weigh between 2 and 9 pounds ( 1 -- 4 kg ) on average , most are boxlike in shape , and their compact size allows them to be easily used in a variety of locations with an electrical outlet . Each are usually developed by a single business organization . Dedicated consoles can only play built - in games . Gaming consoles in general are also described as `` dedicated '' in distinction from the more versatile personal computer and other consumer electronics . Sanders Associates engineer Ralph H. Baer along with company employees Bill Harrison and Bill Rusch licensed their television gaming technology to contemporary major TV manufacturer Magnavox . This resulted in Magnavox Odyssey 's 1972 release -- the first commercially available video game console . A handheld game console is a lightweight device with a built - in screen , games controls , speakers , and has greater portability than a standard video game console . It is capable of playing multiple games unlike tabletop and handheld electronic game devices . Tabletop and handheld electronic game devices of the 1970s and 1980s are the precursors of handheld game consoles . Mattel introduced the first handheld electronic game with the 1977 release of Auto Race . Later , several companies -- including Coleco and Milton Bradley -- made their own single - game , lightweight tabletop or handheld electronic game devices . The oldest handheld game console with interchangeable cartridges is the Milton Bradley Microvision in 1979 . Nintendo is credited with popularizing the handheld console concept with the Game Boy 's release in 1989 and continues to dominate the handheld console market . Contents ( hide ) 1 Best - selling game consoles 1.1 All game consoles 1.2 Home game consoles 1.3 Handheld game consoles 2 Best - selling game consoles by firm 3 Notes 4 References Best - selling game consoles ( edit ) See also : List of best - selling game consoles by region and List of commercial failures in video gaming The Nintendo DS product line are the best - selling handheld consoles , selling 154.02 million units worldwide . The original ( left ) sold 18.79 million units . The majority of sales came from the DS Lite ( right ) at 93.86 million units . Two members of the DS product line , the DSi ( left ) and DSi XL ( right ) helped to further drive sales , moving 41.37 million units combined . The following tables contain video game consoles and handheld game consoles that have sold at least 1 million units worldwide either through to consumers or inside retail channels . Each console include sales from every iteration unless otherwise noted . The years correspond to when the home or handheld game console was first released -- excluding test markets . Each year links to the corresponding `` year in video gaming '' . Background shading indicates current generation consoles on the market . Dagger glyph indicates dedicated consoles . Double - dagger glyph indicates hybrid video game consoles . Hardware firms labelled Atari , Microsoft , Nintendo , Sega or Sony have more than two consoles listed ; those with a white background do not . All game consoles ( edit ) This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . Million - selling game consoles Platform Firm Released Units sold Ref . PlayStation 2 Sony 2000 > 155 million Nintendo DS Nintendo 154.02 million Game Boy Game Boy Color Nintendo 1989 1998 118.69 million PlayStation Sony 1994 102.49 million Wii Nintendo 2006 101.63 million Xbox 360 Microsoft 2005 84 million PlayStation 3 Sony 2006 > 83.8 million PlayStation Portable Sony 82 million Game Boy Advance Nintendo 2001 81.51 million PlayStation 4 Sony 2013 70.6 million Nintendo 3DS Nintendo 2011 68.98 million Nintendo Entertainment System Nintendo 61.91 million Super Nintendo Entertainment System Nintendo 1990 49.10 million Nintendo 64 Nintendo 32.93 million Sega Genesis Sega 1988 30.75 million Atari 2600 Atari 1977 30 million Xbox One Microsoft 2013 25 -- 30 million ( estimate ) Xbox Microsoft 2001 24 million GameCube Nintendo 2001 21.74 million Wii U Nintendo 2012 13.56 million Sega Game Gear Sega 1990 10.62 million PlayStation Vita Sony 2011 10 -- 15 million ( estimate ) Master System Sega 1986 10 -- 13 million Nintendo Switch Nintendo 2017 10 million TurboGrafx - 16 NEC / Hudson Soft 10 million Sega Saturn Sega 1994 9.26 million Dreamcast Sega 1998 9.13 million Sega Pico Sega 1993 > 3.4 million WonderSwan Bandai 1999 3.5 million Color TV - Game Nintendo 1977 3 million Intellivision Mattel 1980 3 million N - Gage Nokia 2003 3 million ColecoVision Coleco 1982 > 2 million Magnavox Odyssey2 Magnavox / Philips 1978 2 million Atari Lynx Atari 1989 > 1 million Philips CD - i Philips 1991 > 1 million Telstar Coleco 1976 > 1 million Atari 5200 Atari 1982 1 million Home game consoles ( edit ) Only the PlayStation ( top ) and Wii ( bottom ) join the PlayStation 2 in home consoles surpassing 100 million units sold . The first popular home console , the Atari 2600 ( 1980 version pictured ) , was released in 1977 . Million - selling home game consoles Platform Firm Released Units sold Ref . PlayStation 2 Sony 2000 > 155 million PlayStation Sony 1994 102.49 million Wii Nintendo 2006 101.63 million Xbox 360 Microsoft 2005 84 million PlayStation 3 Sony 2006 > 83.8 million PlayStation 4 Sony 2013 70.6 million Nintendo Entertainment System Nintendo 61.91 million Super Nintendo Entertainment System Nintendo 1990 49.10 million Nintendo 64 Nintendo 32.93 million Sega Genesis Sega 1988 30.75 million Atari 2600 Atari 1977 30 million Xbox One Microsoft 2013 25 -- 30 million ( estimate ) Xbox Microsoft 2001 24 million GameCube Nintendo 2001 21.74 million Wii U Nintendo 2012 13.56 million Master System Sega 1986 10 -- 13 million Nintendo Switch Nintendo 2017 10 million TurboGrafx - 16 NEC / Hudson Soft 10 million Sega Saturn Sega 1994 9.26 million Dreamcast Sega 1998 9.13 million Sega Pico Sega 1993 > 3.4 million Color TV Game Nintendo 1977 3 million Intellivision Mattel 1980 3 million ColecoVision Coleco 1982 > 2 million Magnavox Odyssey2 Magnavox / Philips 1978 2 million Philips CD - i Philips 1991 > 1 million Telstar Coleco 1976 > 1 million Atari 5200 Atari 1982 1 million Handheld game consoles ( edit ) See also : Comparison of handheld game consoles Sony 's PlayStation Portable signified the company 's debut in the handheld market . Forbes editor Penelope Patsuris noted `` The competition marks the first time that a company with real clout has challenged the lock that Nintendo has had on handheld gaming for 15 years . '' Million - selling handheld game consoles Platform Firm Released Units sold Ref . Nintendo DS Nintendo 154.02 million Game Boy Game Boy Color Nintendo 1989 1998 118.69 million PlayStation Portable Sony 82 million Game Boy Advance Nintendo 2001 81.51 million Nintendo 3DS Nintendo 2011 68.98 million Sega Game Gear Sega 1990 10.62 million PlayStation Vita Sony 2011 10 -- 15 million ( estimate ) Nintendo Switch Nintendo 2017 10 million WonderSwan Bandai 1999 3.5 million N - Gage Nokia 2003 3 million Atari Lynx Atari 1989 > 1 million Best - selling game consoles by firm ( edit ) Total amount of every console with at least 1 million units sold . Million - selling game consoles by firm Manufacturer Home console sales Handheld console sales Total sales Nintendo 283.67 million 415.79 million 699.46 million Sony > 388.69 million > 86 million > 474.69 million Microsoft 118 million -- 118 million Sega 59.14 -- 62.14 million > 14.02 million > 76.16 million Atari 31 million > 1 million > 32 million Hudson Soft / NEC 10 million -- 10 million Bandai -- 3.5 million 3.5 million Coleco > 3 million -- > 3 million Magnavox / Philips > 3 million -- > 3 million Mattel 3 million -- 3 million Nokia -- 3 million 3 million Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sony stopped divulging individual platform sales starting with 2012 fiscal reports , and continues to sporadically . PlayStation 2 : 138.8 million units sold as of Sony 's first fiscal quarter ending June 2009 ( Q1 FY2009 ) . Sony sold 16.2 million units from Q2 FY2009 until March 31 , 2012 . It was discontinued worldwide on January 4 , 2013 . PlayStation 3 : A Sony press release reported 80 million sold as of November 2 , 2013 . 3.4 million were shipped in 2014 and 0.4 million in the first quarter of 2015 . PlayStation Portable : 52.9 million units sold as of Q1 FY2009 . Sony sold 23.4 million units from Q2 FY2009 until March 31 , 2012 . On June 3 , 2014 , IGN reported a sales figure of 80 million , but the Associated Press noted `` More than 76 million PSP machines were sold , as of two years ago , the last time a tally was taken . '' Shipments to North America ended in January 2014 , and to Japan in June 2014 . Shipments to Europe ended during the latter part of 2014 . IGN reported in mid-November that 82 million PSP were manufactured and shipped at end of production . PlayStation Vita : 4 million reported by The Guardian on January 4 , 2013 . Glixel stated in June 2017 that 15 million were sold , while the Electronic Entertainment Design and Research suggests a couple million less by end of 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nintendo only provided a combined sales total . Before Game Boy Color 's release in late - 1998 , previous models sold 64.42 million units combined worldwide . ^ Jump up to : Starting with Microsoft 's fiscal quarter ending June 2014 ( Q4 ) , the company stopped divulging individual platform sales in their fiscal reports . Microsoft stated it will shift focus to the amount of active users on Xbox Live starting in late 2015 . Xbox 360 : Sold 84 million as of June 2014 . Xbox One : Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella unveiled at a December 3 , 2014 shareholder presentation that 10 million units were sold . Third - party estimates suggest sales reached approximately 25 - 30 million worldwide by late 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 30.75 million sold by Sega worldwide as of March 1996 , not including third - party sales . In addition , Tec Toy sold 3 million in Brazil , and Majesco Entertainment projected it would sell 1.5 million in the United States . ^ Jump up to : 10 -- 13 million , not including recent Brazil sales figures . Screen Digest wrote in a 1995 publication that the Master System 's active installed user base in Western Europe peaked at 6.25 million in 1993 . Those countries that peaked are France at 1.6 million , the United Kingdom at 1.35 million , Germany at 700 thousand , Spain at 550 thousand , the Netherlands at 200 thousand , and other Western European countries at 1.4 million . However , Belgium peaked in 1991 with 600 thousand , and Italy in 1992 with 400 thousand . Thus it is estimated approximately 6.8 million units were purchased in this part of Europe . 1 million were sold in Japan as of 1986 . 2 million were sold in the United States . 8 million were sold by Tectoy in Brazil as of 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Designed by Hudson and manufactured and marketed by NEC . ^ Jump up to : Sega sold this amount as of April 2005 . Its successor launched on August 6 , 2005 . Majesco re-manufactured and distributed the Pico in the United States starting at the end of 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Bandai released three WonderSwan iterations . A March 2003 Famitsu article reported the original ( March 1999 ) and color ( December 2000 ) versions sold approximately 3 million units combined , while the SwanCrystal ( July 2002 ) sold over 200 thousand units . Bandai announced the transition from hardware to third - party development in February 2003 due to declining sales and will supply software to the competitor 's Game Boy Advance by March 2004 . Average weekly Famitsu sales during the transition were only a couple hundred units , and the SwanCrystal went build to order starting in autumn 2003 . WonderSwan hardware designer Koto claimed over 3.5 million were sold . ^ Jump up to : The ColecoVision reached 2 million units sold by the spring of 1984 . Console quarterly sales dramatically decreased at this time , but it continued to sell modestly with most inventory gone by October 1985 . ^ Jump up to : The Wall Street Journal reported in November 1992 approximately 1 million were sold . Around June 1994 , Atari shifted its focus from the Lynx to its Jaguar console . ^ Jump up to : This Philips - reported figure was in The New York Times on September 15 , 1994 . The CD - i was discontinued in 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Coleco launched Telstar in 1976 and sold a million . Production and delivery issues , and dedicated consoles being replaced by electronic handheld games dramatically reduced sales in 1977 . Over a million Telstars were scrapped in 1978 , and it cost Coleco $22.3 million that year -- almost bankrupting the company . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ GameCentral staff ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox 360 beats Wii as the UK 's best - selling console '' . Metro . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Robin ( August 23 , 2012 ) . Peitz , Martin ; Waldfogel , Joel , eds . The Oxford Handbook of the Digital Economy . Oxford University Press . p. 84 . ISBN 9780195397840 . Retrieved December 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Shelly , Gary ; Misty , Vermaat ( February 25 , 2010 ) . Discovering Computers 2011 : Living in a Digital World , Complete . Shelly Cashman . Contributing authors : Quasney , Jeffrey ; Sebok , Susan ; Freund , Steven . Cengage Learning . p. 24 . ISBN 9781439079263 . Jump up ^ Retro Rogue. `` 2004 Holiday Gift Guide Review - Atari Flashback Console ( Atari ) '' . GameSpy . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chen , Brian ( August 29 , 2013 ) . `` New Device At Nintendo Is Cheaper , For Youths '' . The New York Times . p . B1 . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` It 's unofficial : dedicated gaming devices may be losing out to phones '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newman , Jared ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` PC Game Streaming Is Going to Be Huge '' . Time . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Benj ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` Videogames Turn 40 Years Old '' . 1UP.com . p. 4 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ University of Maribor ( April 24 , 2007 ) . `` D 4.1 - Standards and technology monitoring report ( revised version ) '' ( PDF ) ( 1.7 ed . ) . Sixth Framework Programme ( European Community ) : 20 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 30 , 2013 . Retrieved December 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Steinbock , Dan ( June 1 , 2005 ) . 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Jump up ^ `` Earnings Release FY14 Q3 '' . Microsoft . April 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Microsoft sold in 2.0 million Xbox console units , including 1.2 million Xbox One consoles . Jump up ^ `` Earnings Release FY14 Q4 '' . Microsoft . July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . We sold in 1.1 million consoles in the fourth quarter , as we drew down channel inventory , compared to 1.0 million consoles during the prior year . Jump up ^ Futter , Mike ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` ( Update ) Microsoft Will Focus Primarily On Xbox Live Usership , Not Console Shipments '' . Game Informer . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` E3 2014 : $399 Xbox One Out Now , Xbox 360 Sales Rise to 84 million '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Annual Meeting of Shareholders '' . Microsoft . December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Finally , our gaming business is thriving with the Xbox One hitting 10 million units sold . I am thrilled to welcome Mojang and Minecraft community to Microsoft . Jump up ^ Souppouris , Aaron ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sony has sold 50 million PlayStation 4s '' . Engadget . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sony Consolidated Historical Data 2012 - 2014 ( Unaudited ) '' ( xlsx ) . Sony . August 1 , 2017 . p. 6 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sony Consolidated Historical Data 2015 - 2017 ( Unaudited ) '' ( xlsx ) . Sony . October 31 , 2017 . p. 6 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` PLAYSTATION 4 SALES SURPASS 70.6 MILLION UNITS WORLDWIDE '' . Sony . December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Consolidated Financial Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo . October 30 , 2017 . p. 8 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` AtGames to Launch Atari Flashback 4 to Celebrate Atari 's 40th Anniversary ! '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . November 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gamers Catch Their Breath as Xbox 360 and Xbox Live Reinvent Next - Generation Gaming '' . Xbox.com . May 10 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2007 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yearly market report '' . Famitsu Weekly ( in Japanese ) ( 392 ) : 8 . June 21 , 1996 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Levi ( March 20 , 2009 ) . `` Genesis vs. SNES : By the Numbers '' . IGN . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Nintendo moved 49.1 million Super NES consoles over the course of the generation and beyond , far surpassing the Genesis , which sold a still impressive 29 million units . ( ... ) The Master System sold an anemic 13 million to the NES count of 62 million . Jump up ^ Forster , Winnie ( 2005 ) . The Encyclopedia of Game. Machines : Consoles , Handhelds , and Home Computers 1972 -- 2005 . Magdalena Gniatczynska . p. 139 . ISBN 3 - 00 - 015359 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Sega Consoles : Active installed base estimates '' . Screen Digest . March 1995 : 60 . ( cf . here ( 1 ) , here ( 2 ) , and here ( 3 ) ) Jump up ^ Nihon Kōgyō Shinbunsha ( 1986 ) . `` Amusement '' . Business Japan . Nihon Kogyo Shimbun. 31 ( 7 - 12 ) : 89 . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sheff & Eddy 1999 , p. 349 : `` Atari sold a handful of its 5200s and 7800s , and Sega sold a total of 2 million Master Systems . '' Jump up ^ Azevedo , Théo ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Console em produção há mais tempo , Master System já vendeu 8 mi no Brasil '' ( in Portuguese ) . Universo Online . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Comercializado no Brasil desde setembro de 1989 , o saudoso Master System já vendeu mais de 8 milhões de unidades no país , segundo a Tectoy . ^ Jump up to : `` Nintendo Switch sells 10 million worldwide '' . Nintendo.com . December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nutt , Christian . `` Stalled engine : The TurboGrafx - 16 turns 25 '' . Gamasutra . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Tom ( April 11 , 2012 ) . `` SNES celebrates 20th birthday in UK '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2012 . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ernkvist , Mirko ( August 21 , 2012 ) . Zackariasson , Peter ; Wilson , Timothy , eds . The Video Game Industry : Formation , Present State , and Future . Routledge . p. 158 . ISBN 9781136258244 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sega Corporation Annual Report 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Sega Corporation . August 1 , 2001 . p. 14 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . A total of 3.39 million hardware units and 23.87 million software units were sold worldwide during fiscal 2001 , for respective totals of 8.20 million units and 51.63 million units since Dreamcast was first brought to market . ^ Jump up to : `` Revisions to Annual Results Forecasts '' ( PDF ) . Sega Corporation . October 23 , 2001 . p. 4 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Regarding sales of Dreamcast hardware from inventory resulting from the withdrawal from Dreamcast production ( ... ) the Company exceeded initial targets with domestic sales of 130,000 units and U.S. sales of 530,000 units for the first half . Consequently , at the end of the half , Dreamcast inventories totaled 40,000 units domestically and 230,000 units for the United States , and we anticipate being able to sell all remaining units by the holiday season as initially planned . ^ Jump up to : `` Sega Corporation Annual Report 2002 '' ( PDF ) . Sega Corporation . July 1 , 2002 . p. 6 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . The year ended March 31 , 2002 was a turning point for Sega . We exited the hardware business , ceasing production of Dreamcast and selling through the remaining inventory . Jump up ^ `` Business Strategy : Interactive Education Business '' . Sega Toys . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2009 . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 食 育 、 安全 など の '' 五 育 `` を 取り入れ 、 エデュテイメ ント 事業 を 推進 「 遊び ながら 学ぶ 」 が 進化 する 『 Advanced PICO Beena 』 ( アドバンス ピコ ビーナ ) 8 月 発売 '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) ( in Japanese ) . Sega Toys. April 5 , 2005 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Majesco Signs Licensing Deal to Distribute Sega Pico Educational Systems : Systems Will Be Available In All Major Toy Retailers By Holiday Season '' ( Press release ) . Business Wire . August 5 , 1999 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ricciardi , John ( October 1 , 2002 ) . `` Hands - On With Bandai 's SwanCrystal ; Move over , Game Boy Advance - there 's a new bird in town '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . EGM Media Group ( 159 ) : 58 . ISSN 1058 - 918X . On July 12 , toy giant Bandai unleashed a third iteration ( in stylish red and blue models ) of their handheld WonderSwan system , the new - and - improved SwanCrystal , in Japan . ^ Jump up to : `` Bandai to Launch WonderSwan Color in Dec '' . Jiji Press English News Service . August 30 , 2000 . A new colored version of Bandai Co. 's < 7967 > WonderSwan handheld game machine will hit Japanese stores in early December , the Japanese game maker said Wednesday . ( ... ) The original WonderSwan , with its black - and - white displays , has sold 1.55 million units since its debut in March 1999 . ^ Jump up to : `` 第 21 回 スワン クリスタル 受注 生産 へ ! ワンダースワン の これ まで と これから を 探る ! ( 見習い 記者 の 取材 日記 ) '' . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . March 8 , 2003 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bandai to Supply Software for Nintendo 's Game Boy '' . Jiji Press English News Service . February 18 , 2003 . The move reflects declining sales of Bandai 's WonderSwan mobile game machine . The major Japanese toy maker is looking to supply two or three software titles for the rival company 's popular game machine by March next year . Bandai will shift its focus from sales of hardware to software for `` multiple platforms , '' including personal digital assistants , Takasu told a press conference . Jump up ^ `` Device solution '' . Koto . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Parish , Jeremy ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` The Famicom Legacy '' . USgamer . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2013 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sheff & Eddy 1999 , pp. 27 -- 28 : `` ( Color TV Game 6 ) was followed by a more powerful sequel , Color TV Game 15 . A million units of each were sold . The engineering team also came up with systems that played a more complex game , called `` Blockbuster , '' as well as a racing game . Half a million units of these were sold . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Intellivision : Intelligent Television '' . GameSpy . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Androvich , Mark ( February 19 , 2008 ) . `` N - gage 's Second Coming '' . Gamesindustry.biz . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2008 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . We had 700,000 active users and we had 3 million N - Gage devices out there . Jump up ^ `` Coleco Industries sales report '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire. April 17 , 1984 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . ' First quarter sales of ColecoVision were substantial , although much less that ( sic ) those for the year ago quarter , ' Greenberg said in a prepared statement . He said the company has sold 2 million ColecoVision games since its introduction in 1982 . ^ Jump up to : Kleinfield , N.R. ( July 21 , 1985 ) . `` Coleco Moves Out Of The Cabbage Patch '' . The New York Times . p . F4 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Coleco is now debating whether to withdraw from electronics altogether . Colecovision still sells , but it is a shadow of its former self . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( October 19 , 1985 ) . `` Coleco 's Net In Sharp Rise '' . The New York Times . p. 45 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Thursday , Coleco said the entire inventory of its troubled Adam personal computer has been sold , along with much of its Colecovision inventory . The company 's chairman , Arnold Greenberg , said Coleco expects no more charges against earnings from the two discontinued products . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 25 Video Game Consoles of All Time ( Magnavox Odyssey 2 ) '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Joseph ( November 16 , 1992 ) . `` Technology ( A Special Report ) : At Our Leisure -- - ( Not So ) Great Expectations : Hand - held Video Games Will Get Better , But Big Improvements May Take a While '' . The Wall Street Journal . p . R10 . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Meanwhile , Nintendo , the first on the market with its black - and - white Game Boy , has sold approximately 7.5 million portable systems , analysts estimate . Sega has sold about 1.6 million units of its color Game Gear system , while Atari Inc. has sold about one million units of its $99 Lynx color portable system . Jump up ^ Dvorak , John ( September 1999 ) . `` The Riddle of the Lynx '' . Computer Shopper . SX2 Media Labs : 97 . ISSN 0886 - 0556 . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . The Jaguar looked to be a winner , with popular new games and hot sales . Around June of 1994 the company decided to stop supporting the Lynx and concentrate on the Jaguar . Jump up ^ Elrich , David ( September 15 , 1994 ) . `` Video - Game Wars : Fighting It Out Off - Screen '' . The New York Times . p . C2 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . According to Philips , there are 1 million CD - i owners worldwide . Jump up ^ Townsend , Allie ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` Top 10 Failed Gaming Consoles '' . Time . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dillon , Roberto ( April 12 , 2011 ) . The Golden Age of Video Games : The Birth of a Multibillion Dollar Industry . Taylor & Francis . pp. 22 -- 23 . ISBN 9781439873236 . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mehegan , David ( May 8 , 1988 ) . `` Putting Coleco Industries Back Together '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . ISSN 0743 - 1791 . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . When the game ( Telstar ) crashed hard , earnings fell 50 percent in 1977 and the company lost $22 million in 1978 , barely skirting bankruptcy after Handel -- then chief financial officer -- found new credit and mollified angry creditors after months of tough negotiation . ^ Jump up to : Schrage , Michael ( May 22 , 1984 ) . `` Atari Introduces Game In Attempt for Survival '' . The Washington Post : C3 . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved July 29 , 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . The company has stopped producing its 5200 SuperSystem games player , more than 1 million of which were sold . Jump up ^ Reimer , Jeremy ( October 10 , 2005 ) . `` The evolution of gaming : computers , consoles , and arcade '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Théo Azevedo ( July 30 , 2012 ) . `` Vinte anos depois , Master System e Mega Drive vendem 150 mil unidades por ano no Brasil '' ( in Portuguese ) . UOL . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Base instalada : 5 milhões de Master System ; 3 milhões de Mega Drive Jump up ^ Sponsel , Sebastian ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Interview : Stefano Arnhold ( Tectoy ) '' . Sega - 16 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sega farms out Genesis '' . Consumer Electronics . March 2 , 1998 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2012 . WonderSwan Famitsu sources `` 2003 年 5 月 5 日 ~ 2003 年 5 月 11 日 '' . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . May 23 , 2003 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . `` 2003 年 5 月 12 日 ~ 2003 年 5 月 18 日 '' . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . May 30 , 2003 . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . `` 2003 年 6 月 9 日 ~ 2003 年 6 月 15 日 '' . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . June 27 , 2003 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . `` 2003 年 6 月 16 日 ~ 2003 年 6 月 22 日 '' . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . July 4 , 2003 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . `` 2003 年 7 月 21 日 ~ 2003 年 7 月 27 日 '' . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . August 8 , 2003 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . `` 2003 年 8 月 11 日 ~ 2003 年 8 月 17 日 '' . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . August 29 , 2003 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2012 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . `` 2003 年 9 月 15 日 ~ 2003 年 9 月 21 日 '' . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . October 3 , 2003 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . `` 2003 年 10 月 6 日 ~ 2003 年 10 月 12 日 '' . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . October 24 , 2003 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . `` 2003 年 10 月 13 日 ~ 2003 年 10 月 19 日 '' . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . October 31 , 2003 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . `` 2003 年 11 月 3 日 ~ 2003 年 11 月 9 日 '' . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . November 21 , 2003 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2009 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . `` 2003 年 11 月 10 日 ~ 2003 年 11 月 16 日 '' . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . November 28 , 2003 . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . `` 2003 年 11 月 17 日 ~ 2003 年 11 月 23 日 '' . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . December 5 , 2003 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . `` 2003 年 12 月 8 日 ~ 2003 年 12 月 14 日 '' . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . December 27 , 2003 . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . `` 2003 年 12 月 15 日 ~ 2003 年 12 月 21 日 '' . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . January 9 , 2004 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2005 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . `` 2003 年 12 月 22 日 ~ 2004 年 1 月 4 日 '' . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . January 16 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . `` 2004 年 1 月 5 日 ~ 2004 年 1 月 11 日 '' . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . January 23 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Release year sources Atari consoles Forster 2011 , p. 92 : `` The test release of the Atari 7800 went by practically unnoticed ( ... ) And so the Atari 7800 collected dust for two years , until the international success of the Nintendo Entertainment System quickly changed the minds of Atari 's new management . ( ... ) Atari shipped the now slightly outdated 7800 across the world . ( ... ) Only a few thousand 7800 consoles were shipped in the US during the first marketing attempt . '' Forster 2011 , p. 240 : Atari VCS 2600 , Atari 5200 , Atari Lynx . Microsoft consoles `` Important Dates '' . Microsoft . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Nintendo consoles Beuscher , Dave . `` Overview : Game Boy Color '' . AllGame . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . `` Company History '' . Nintendo . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Sheff & Eddy 1999 , p. 27 : `` Nintendo teamed with Mitsubishi to build the video - game system and , in 1977 , Nintendo entered the home market in Japan with the dramatic unveiling of Color TV Game 6 ( ... ) '' Sega consoles `` Business Strategy : Interactive Education Business '' . Sega Toys . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2009 . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . `` ゲーム ギア '' ( in Japanese ) . Sega . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . `` メガ ドライブ '' ( in Japanese ) . Sega . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Perry , Douglass . `` The Rise And Fall Of The Dreamcast '' . Gamasutra . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2014 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . `` セガ サターン '' ( in Japanese ) . Sega . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Sony consoles `` History of Sony Computer Entertainment '' . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Others Forster 2011 , p. 240 : Bandai Wonderswan and ColecoVision . Forster 2011 , p. 242 : Nokia N - Gage . `` Intellivision : Intelligent Television '' . GameSpy . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . After successful test marketing in 1979 , Mattel Electronics released its Intellivision system nationwide in late 1980 . Kleinfield , N.R. ( July 21 , 1985 ) . `` Coleco Moves Out Of The Cabbage Patch '' . The New York Times . p . F4 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . So , in 1976 , Coleco introduced Telstar , a Pong clone , for $50 , about half Atari 's price . Sheff & Eddy 1999 , p. 350 : `` To push its first video - game system , NEC formed a home - entertainment group and released PC Engine in Japan in October 1987 . '' Sheff & Eddy 1999 , p. 376 : `` Philips released CD - I years behind schedule , in October 1991 , months after CDTV , because of technical problems . '' `` Top 25 Video Game Consoles of All Time ( Magnavox Odyssey 2 ) '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Bibliography Forster , Winnie ( 2011 ) . Game Machines : The encyclopedia of consoles , handhelds & home computers 1972 - 2012 ( 2nd ed . ) . Enati Media . ISBN 9780987830500 . Sheff , David ; Eddy , Andy ( April 15 , 1999 ) . Game Over : Press Start to Continue - The Maturing of Mario . Cyberactive Media Group / GamePress . ISBN 9780966961706 . ( hide ) Best - selling video game hardware and software General Video games Video game franchises Longest - running video game franchises Console hardware by region Arcade games Best - selling video games by platform Atari Atari 2600 Microsoft Xbox Xbox 360 Xbox One Nintendo Nintendo Entertainment System Super Nintendo Entertainment System Nintendo 64 GameCube Wii Wii U Nintendo Switch Game Boy and Game Boy Color Game Boy Advance Nintendo DS and DSi Nintendo 3DS and New 3DS Sega Sega Genesis / Mega Drive Sony PlayStation PlayStation 2 PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 Other PC OS Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_best-selling_game_consoles&oldid=816135519 '' Categories : Lists of video game consoles Lists of bestsellers Handheld game consoles Video game console sales Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use mdy dates from July 2017 Dynamic lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 14 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has sold more ps4 or xbox one | [
"\nMillion-selling game consoles\n\nPlatform\nFirm\nReleased[2]\nUnits sold\nRef.\n\n\nPlayStation 2\nSony\n2000\n>155 million\n[note 1]\n\n\nNintendo DS\nNintendo\n2004\n154.02 million\n[16]\n\n\nGame Boy\nGame Boy Color\nNintendo\n1989\n1998\n118.69 million\n[note 2]\n\n\nPlayStation\nSony\n1994\n102.49 million\n[32]\n\n\nWii\nNintendo\n2006\n101.63 million\n[16]\n\n\nXbox 360\nMicrosoft\n2005\n84 million\n[note 3]\n\n\nPlayStation 3\nSony\n2006\n>83.8 million\n[note 1]\n\n\nPlayStation Portable\nSony\n2004\n82 million\n[note 1]\n\n\nGame Boy Advance\nNintendo\n2001\n81.51 million\n[16]\n\n\nPlayStation 4 \nSony\n2013\n70.6 million\n[39][40][41]\n\n\nNintendo 3DS \nNintendo\n2011\n68.98 million\n[42]\n\n\nNintendo Entertainment System\nNintendo\n1983\n61.91 million\n[16]\n\n\nSuper Nintendo Entertainment System\nNintendo\n1990\n49.10 million\n[16]\n\n\nNintendo 64\nNintendo\n1996\n32.93 million\n[16]\n\n\nSega Genesis\nSega\n1988\n30.75 million\n[note 4]\n\n\nAtari 2600\nAtari\n1977\n30 million\n[43]\n\n\nXbox One \nMicrosoft\n2013\n25–30 million\n(estimate)\n[note 3]\n\n\nXbox\nMicrosoft\n2001\n24 million\n[44]\n\n\nGameCube\nNintendo\n2001\n21.74 million\n[16]\n\n\nWii U\nNintendo\n2012\n13.56 million\n[16]\n\n\nSega Game Gear\nSega\n1990\n10.62 million\n[45]\n\n\nPlayStation Vita \nSony\n2011\n10–15 million\n(estimate)\n[note 1]\n\n\nMaster System\nSega\n1986\n10–13 million\n[note 5]\n\n\nNintendo Switch \nNintendo\n2017\n10 million\n[52]\n\n\nTurboGrafx-16\nNEC/Hudson Soft\n[note 6]\n1987\n10 million\n[54]\n\n\nSega Saturn\nSega\n1994\n9.26 million\n[55]\n\n\nDreamcast\nSega\n1998\n9.13 million\n[55][56][57][58]\n\n\nSega Pico\nSega\n1993\n>3.4 million\n[note 7]\n\n\nWonderSwan\nBandai\n1999\n3.5 million\n[note 8]\n\n\nColor TV-Game \nNintendo\n1977\n3 million\n[67][68]\n\n\nIntellivision\nMattel\n1980\n3 million\n[69]\n\n\nN-Gage\nNokia\n2003\n3 million\n[70]\n\n\nColecoVision\nColeco\n1982\n>2 million\n[note 9]\n\n\nMagnavox Odyssey²\nMagnavox/Philips\n1978\n2 million\n[74]\n\n\nAtari Lynx\nAtari\n1989\n>1 million\n[note 10]\n\n\nPhilips CD-i\nPhilips\n1991\n>1 million\n[note 11]\n\n\nTelstar \nColeco\n1976\n>1 million\n[79][note 12]\n\n\nAtari 5200\nAtari\n1982\n1 million\n[81]\n\n"
] | [
"PlayStation 4"
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-5613311594255894057 | New Palestine High School | New Palestine High School - wikipedia New Palestine High School New Palestine High School Address 4485 S Victory Dr New Palestine , ( Hancock County ) , Indiana 46163 United States Coordinates 39 ° 43 ′ 07 '' N 85 ° 53 ′ 26 '' W / 39.718653 ° N 85.890571 ° W / 39.718653 ; - 85.890571 Coordinates : 39 ° 43 ′ 07 '' N 85 ° 53 ′ 26 '' W / 39.718653 ° N 85.890571 ° W / 39.718653 ; - 85.890571 Information Type Public high school Established 1919 School district Southern Hancock County Community School Corporation Principal Keith Fessler Faculty 61 Grades 9 - 12 Enrollment 1,137 ( 2016 - 2017 ) Student to teacher ratio 22.9 : 1 Color ( s ) Athletics conference Hoosier Heritage Conference Mascot Dragon Newspaper Crimson Messenger Yearbook Avalon Vision statement Achieving our personal best in pursuit of excellence Website NPHS New Palestine High School is a rural public high school ( grades 9 - 12 ) located in New Palestine , Indiana , managed by the Community School Corporation of Southern Hancock County . As of the 2016 - 2017 school year it serves 1,137 students and employed 61 faculty members . New Palestine High School has repeatedly been named a Four - Star School by the Indiana Department of Education . In 2012 , it was named a National Blue Ribbon School by the United States Department of Education . Contents ( hide ) 1 Athletics and extracurricular activities 2 Notable graduates 3 References 4 External links Athletics and extracurricular activities ( edit ) New Palestine High School is part of the Hoosier Heritage Conference and offers soccer , tennis , cross country , American football , golf , volleyball , basketball , gymnastics , swimming , wrestling , baseball , softball and track and field . In addition , New Palestine High School has award - winning marching band , choir and journalism programs . New Palestine has won six Indiana High School Athletic Association state championships : in baseball ( 2004 ) , softball ( 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , 2017 ) , and football ( 2014 ) . In addition , the Dragons have had State Finals appearances in baseball ( 2003 , 2004 ) , softball ( 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2017 ) and football ( 1990 , 2014 , 2015 ) , as well as team state finals appearances in golf and gymnastics . NPHS also has eight individual IHSAA state championships , won by Kyle Ulrey ( 1 ) , Chad Red ( 4 ) and Alec White ( 1 ) in wrestling , as well as Lori Swegman ( 1 , 880 yard run ) and Samuel Voelz ( 1 , 800 meter run ) in track and field . A former football coach , Marvin Shepler , is a member of the Indiana Football Hall of Fame and a former basketball coach , Fred Keesling , is a member of the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame , and the IHSAA 's Mental Attitude Award for boys ' golf is named for him . Former football player , Todd Yoder , was also inducted in the Indiana Football Hall of Fame in 2015 . Notable graduates ( edit ) Angela Ahrendts , Senior Vice President , Retail and Online Stores , Apple Inc. ; former CEO of Burberry Todd Yoder , former professional football player Kent Raymond , former professional basketball player References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.ihsaa.org/Portals/0/ihsaa/documents/schools/201617SchoolDirectory.pdf Jump up ^ `` New Palestine High School '' . Indiana Department of Education . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.doe.in.gov/student-services/accreditation/four-star-schools Jump up ^ `` Yorktown , New Palestine High Schools make Blue Ribbon list '' . 13 WTHR Indianapolis . 2012 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://www.ihsaa.org/dnn/Sports/Girls/Track/IndividualStateChampions1/tabid/680/Default.aspx#2165177-880-yard-run External links ( edit ) New Palestine High School website PublicSchoolReview New Palestine Sports List of high schools in Indiana Hoosier Heritage Conference hide Hoosier Heritage Conference Delta Greenfield Central Mount Vernon ( Fortville ) New Castle New Palestine Pendleton Heights Shelbyville Yorktown Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Palestine_High_School&oldid=842133394 '' Categories : Public high schools in Indiana Schools in Hancock County , Indiana Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 13 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many students attend new palestine high school | [
"New Palestine High School is a rural public high school (grades 9-12) located in New Palestine, Indiana, managed by the Community School Corporation of Southern Hancock County. As of the 2016-2017 school year it serves 1,137 students and employed 61 faculty members.[2]"
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"1,137"
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-3467445197736902147 | Interstate 95 in North Carolina | Interstate 95 in North Carolina - wikipedia Interstate 95 in North Carolina Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the section of Interstate 95 in North Carolina . For the entire route , see Interstate 95 . Interstate 95 Route information Maintained by NCDOT Length : 181.71 mi ( 292.43 km ) Existed : 1958 -- present Major junctions South end : I - 95 at the South Carolina state line I ‐ 74 / US 74 near Lumberton US 13 / NC 295 in Eastover I ‐ 40 near Benson I ‐ 795 / US 264 near Wilson US 64 in Rocky Mount North end : I - 95 at the Virginia state line Location Counties : Robeson , Cumberland , Harnett , Johnston , Wilson , Nash , Halifax , Northampton Highway system Interstate Highway System Main Auxiliary Suffixed Business Future North Carolina Highway System Interstate U.S. State Scenic ← NC 94 NC 96 → Interstate 95 ( I - 95 ) is a major Interstate Highway , running along the East Coast of the United States from Florida to Maine . In North Carolina , I - 95 runs diagonally across the eastern third of the state , from Rowland at the South Carolina border to Pleasant Hill at the Virginia border . From south to north , the route passes through or near the cities of Lumberton , Fayetteville , Wilson , Rocky Mount and Roanoke Rapids . The entire route is rural , forming the informal border between the Piedmont and Coastal Plain regions of the state . There are two auxiliary routes for I - 95 in the state : Future I - 295 , a partially completed bypass of Fayetteville and I - 795 , a spur route connecting I - 95 to the city of Goldsboro . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route description 1.1 Services 1.2 Dedicated and memorial names 2 History 2.1 Tolls 3 Future 4 Auxiliary routes in North Carolina 5 Exit list 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Route description ( edit ) Interstate 95 enters North Carolina at the South Carolina line , just north of the South of the Border attraction and just to the south of the town of Rowland . Traveling mostly northeast from the border , the road enters Lumberton where it interchanges with I - 74 . Frontage roads through Lumberton have extensive travel services , including restaurants , shops , and hotels . Leaving Lumberton , the route turns due north through a rural area of the state , past the small farming community of St. Pauls . I - 95 serves as the eastern bypass of Fayetteville where Interstate 95 Business , an older alignment , connects I - 95 to downtown Fayetteville . I - 95 interchanges with I - 40 in Benson , North Carolina , U.S. 264 in Wilson , and U.S. 64 in Rocky Mount , three of the main east - west routes in the eastern part of the state . The last city it passes is Roanoke Rapids before leaving the state near the unincorporated community of Pleasant Hill at the Virginia border . For most of the route , I - 95 is paralleled closely by U.S. 301 . Services ( edit ) The North Carolina Department of Transportation ( NCDOT ) operate and maintain two welcome centers and six rest areas along I - 95 . Welcome centers , which have a travel information facility on site , are located at mile markers 5 ( northbound ) and 181 ( southbound ) ; rest areas are located at mile markers 47 ( north and southbound ) , 99 ( north and southbound ) and 142 ( north and southbound ) . Common at all locations are public restrooms , public telephones , vending machines , picnic area and barbecue grills . The North Carolina Department of Public Safety ( NCDPS ) operate and maintain four truck inspection / weigh stations along I - 95 . The Robeson County stations are located on both north and southbound at mile marker 24 , each has one fixed scale . The Halifax County stations are located on both north and southbound at mile marker 151 , each has two fixed scales . Dedicated and Memorial Names ( edit ) Interstate 95 in North Carolina feature numerous dedicated or memorialized bridges , interchanges and stretches of freeway . Blue Star Memorial Highway : Official North Carolina honorary name of Interstate 95 throughout the state ( approved on June 13 , 1980 ) . Dick Fleming Freeway : Official North Carolina name of Interstate 95 from exit 95 , in Smithfield , to exit 97 , in Selma , in Johnston County . He is honored as being a visionary businessman , who help spur businesses along the two exits and the establishment of Carolina Pottery Store in 1983 , which later grew to become Carolina Premium Outlets ( approved January , 2013 ; dedicated March 22 , 2013 ) . Hector MacLean Highway : Official North Carolina name of Interstate 95 within Lumberton city limits ( approved on October 3 , 1997 ) . History ( edit ) I - 95 Entering into NC from VA Established in 1956 , as part of the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 , I - 95 was routed along or near existing US 301 throughout the state of North Carolina . By 1961 , two stretches of the interstate opened : from mile marker 56 , in Fayetteville , to mile marker 107 , near Kenly ; the other a small bypass near Saint Pauls . In 1964 , the Saint Pauls section extended further south into Lumberton ; while another small stretch opened from US 158 , in Roanoke Rapids , to the Virginia state line . In 1969 , I - 95 was extended further south from Roanoke Rapids to exit 145 , in Gold Rock ( later used for NC 4 ) . In 1973 , Interstate 95 was completed from Saint Pauls to the South Carolina state line . By the mid 1970s , I - 95 had two gaps along its route : Fayetteville and Kenly - Gold Rock . In May 1978 , two Interstate 95 Business loops were established , both overlapping US 301 , to help connect through the gaps and make I - 95 appear as one continuous route throughout the state . In November 1978 , the first gap to be completed was the Kenly - Gold Rock section . The final section of Interstate 95 was completed in 1980 , an easterly bypass of Fayetteville . Tolls ( edit ) The idea of tolling I - 95 started in 2001 as a way to pay for improvements along the route . In 2003 , state officials sought permission from the Federal Highway Administration for a plan that would cost $3 billion and put toll booths every thirty miles along the entire route . However , this was quickly killed by Governor Mike Easley , who did not support tolls . In 2006 , when the Virginia General Assembly passed the resolution calling for an interstate compact to build a toll highway , North Carolina was asked to join in on the compact of putting tolls along the entire length of Interstate 95 in both states . Again , this was stopped by Governor Mike Easley , who did not see the benefit in such a compact and reiterated his opposition of tolls along Interstate 95 . In 2010 , North Carolina leaders revived talks on tolling Interstate 95 , submitting a request to the Federal Highway Administration to toll the entire route . Approval would be considered after an environmental assessment and other conditions . Support has grown in a number of factors including the fact that the interstate is mostly rural and used predominantly by out - of - state drivers . On January 20 , 2012 , NCDOT received final approval of the Environmental Assessment for improvements along I - 95 in North Carolina . The following recommendations were made : Widen I - 95 to eight lanes ( four lanes in each direction ) from exit 31 to exit 81 ; Widen the remaining sections of I - 95 to six lanes ( three lanes in each direction ) ; Make necessary repairs to pavement ; Raise and rebuild bridges ; Improve interchanges ; and Bring I - 95 up to current safety standards for interstates . It is estimated to cost $4.4 billion with recommendation that it should be paid through tolls . Construction would begin in two phases : Phase 1 ( exit 31 - exit 81 ) would begin in 2016 with tolls starting after completion ; phase 2 would begin in 2019 , which covers the remainder of the interstate . With a possible 2019 start date for the tolls , NCDOT plans to install nine overhead toll collection sensors every twenty miles with additional toll collection sensors at exits before tolls ( to reduce drivers from jumping off and on at each toll ) ; main toll stations will charge twenty miles each while exit tolls will charge ten miles each . Gaps along the route , where no toll collectors are located , will allow local traffic to utilize the interstate toll free . Though the toll rates have not been established , a NCDOT report suggest charging 19.2 cents per mile ( 11.9 ¢ / km ) for cars in the phase 1 section , with a much lower rate of 6.4 ¢ / mi ( 4.0 ¢ / km ) on phase 2 sections ; which would work out to be $19.20 from border to border ( trucks with three axles or more will be charged more ) . Drivers that do not carry a toll transponder ( i.e. North Carolina Quick Pass ) will have their license numbers recorded by cameras and will be billed by mail , at a higher toll rate . Future ( edit ) NCDOT plans to widen I - 95 from four to six lanes between mile markers 14 and 21 , in Robeson County . However , it is currently flagged `` Scheduled for Reprioritization , '' with no estimated cost or date established . An improvement project along I - 95 is in the development stage , between mile markers 56 and 81 , in Cumberland and Johnston counties . Improvements include upgraded interchanges , raise and rebuild bridges , and widening of the interstate . The total estimated cost is $526 million , with date of construction starting on the first phase on October , 2017 . However , it is currently flagged `` Subject to Reprioritization . '' Auxiliary routes in North Carolina ( edit ) Interstate City Type Notes Interstate 95 Business Fayetteville Business loop Expressway and boulevard grades . Interstate 95 Business Wilson and Rocky Mount Business loop Boulevard grade . Decommissioned . Interstate 295 Fayetteville Bypass Future ; completed segments designated as NC 295 . Interstate 495 Raleigh Connector Connected between I - 40 and I - 540 ; future to I - 95 in Rocky Mount . Replaced by I - 87 . Interstate 795 Wilson and Goldsboro Spur Exit list ( edit ) County Location mi km Exit Destinations Notes Robeson 0.00 0.00 I - 95 south -- Florence Continuation into South Carolina US 301 / US 501 -- Rowland , Laurinburg , Dillon Signed as exits 1A ( south ) and 1B ( north ) southbound ; exits 1 northbound and 1A southbound are in South Carolina 2.3 3.7 NC 130 to NC 904 -- Rowland , Fairmont 7.2 11.6 7 Raynham Road -- McDonald , Raynham 10.4 16.7 10 US 301 south -- Raynham South end of US 301 overlap Lumberton 13.0 20.9 13 I ‐ 74 / US 74 -- Whiteville , Wilmington , Laurinburg , Rockingham Signed as exits 13A ( east ) and 13B ( west ) ; cloverleaf interchange with C / D lanes 13.7 22.0 14 US 74 Permanently closed in 2007 ; replaced by exit 13 17.0 27.4 17 NC 72 / NC 711 -- Lumberton , Pembroke , Red Springs 18.7 30.1 19 Carthage Road 19.9 32.0 20 NC 211 to NC 41 -- Lumberton , Red Springs , Fairmont 21.5 34.6 22 US 301 north -- Lumberton North end of US 301 overlap 25.0 40.2 25 US 301 St. Pauls 31.4 50.5 31 NC 20 -- St. Pauls , Raeford 33.0 53.1 33 US 301 to NC 71 -- Parkton , St. Pauls I ‐ 295 Proposed interchange ( unfunded ) Cumberland 40.0 64.4 40 I ‐ 95 Bus . north to US 301 -- Fayetteville , Fort Bragg Hope Mills 41.3 66.5 41 NC 59 north -- Hope Mills 43.9 70.7 44 Snow Hill Road -- Fayetteville Regional Airport 46.0 74.0 46 NC 87 -- Elizabethtown , Fayetteville Signed as exits 46A ( south ) and 46B ( north ) ; cloverleaf interchange with C / D lanes Fayetteville 49.0 78.9 49 NC 53 / NC 210 -- Fayetteville Vander 51.6 83.0 52 NC 24 -- Fayetteville , Clinton Signed as exits 52A ( east ) and 52B ( west ) ; cloverleaf interchange with C / D lanes Eastover 54.6 87.9 55 Murphy Road 55.1 88.7 56 I ‐ 95 Bus . south to US 301 -- Fayetteville , Fort Bragg 58.0 93.3 58 US 13 north / NC 295 south to US 401 -- Newton Grove , Fort Bragg 61.2 98.5 61 Wade -- Steadman Road -- Wade 65.3 105.1 65 NC 82 -- Godwin , Falcon Harnett 69.5 111.8 70 Bud Hawkins Road 70.8 113.9 71 Long Branch Road Dunn 72.4 116.5 72 Pope Road 73.0 117.5 73 US 421 / NC 55 -- Dunn , Clinton , Newton Grove 75.0 120.7 75 Jonesboro Road 76.9 123.8 77 Hodges Chapel Road Johnston Benson 79.5 127.9 79 NC 50 / NC 242 to NC 27 -- Benson , Newton Grove 81.0 130.4 81 I ‐ 40 -- Wilmington , Raleigh , Durham Signed southbound as exits 81A ( west ) and 81B ( east ) Four Oaks 87.6 141.0 87 Keen Road -- Four Oaks 89.8 144.5 90 US 701 south / NC 96 -- Newton Grove Smithfield 93.1 149.8 93 Brogden Road -- Smithfield 94.8 152.6 95 US 70 Bus . -- Smithfield , Goldsboro To Carolina Premium Outlets Selma 96.9 155.9 97 US 70 ( NC 39 ) -- Selma , Pine Level , Goldsboro 98.0 157.7 98 Pine Level -- Selma Road -- Selma Micro 101.4 163.2 101 Pittman Road 102.5 165.0 102 Main Street -- Micro Kenly 104.6 168.3 105 Bagley Road 106.0 170.6 106 Truck Stop Road 107.2 172.5 107 US 301 -- Kenly , Wilson To Gov. Charles B. Aycock Birthplace and Tobacco Farm Life Museum Wilson 116.4 187.3 116 NC 42 -- Wilson , Clayton Wilson 119.4 192.2 119A I ‐ 795 south / US 264 east -- Wilson , Greenville , Goldsboro Signed as exits 119A ( east / south ) and 119B ( west ) Cloverleaf interchange with collector / distributor roadways 119B US 264 west -- Raleigh 121.5 195.5 121 US 264 Alt . -- Wilson , Sims Nash 126.9 204.2 127 NC 97 -- Rocky Mount -- Wilson Regional Airport 132.4 213.1 132 To NC 58 / Sandy Cross Road Rocky Mount Sunset Avenue Proposed interchange ( unfunded ) . 138.5 222.9 138 US 64 -- Nashville , Raleigh , Rocky Mount , Tarboro Signed as exits 138A ( west ) 138B ( east ) To NC Aquarium and Cape Hatteras National Seashore Cloverleaf interchange with collector / distributor roadways Dortches 140.8 226.6 141 NC 43 -- Red Oak Rocky Mount 145.0 233.4 145 NC 4 / NC 48 to US 301 -- Gold Rock , Rocky Mount 149.8 241.1 150 NC 33 -- Whitakers Halifax 153.7 247.4 154 NC 481 -- Enfield 160.5 258.3 160 NC 561 -- Halifax To Medoc Mountain State Park 167.7 269.9 168 NC 903 -- Halifax Roanoke Rapids 170.7 274.7 171 NC 125 -- Roanoke Rapids 173.0 278.4 173 US 158 -- Roanoke Rapids , Weldon Northampton 175.8 282.9 176 NC 46 -- Gaston , Garysburg 180.0 289.7 180 NC 48 -- Gaston 181.7 292.4 I - 95 north -- Richmond Continuation into Virginia 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Closed / former Concurrency terminus Unopened See also ( edit ) North Carolina portal U.S. Roads portal Cape Fear River Lake Gaston Lumber River Neuse River Roanoke River References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` I - 95 Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . North Carolina Department of Transportation . June 21 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2008 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Federal Highway Administration Route Log and Finder List , Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System Of Interstate and Defense Highways as of October 31 , 2002 ^ Jump up to : Google ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` Interstate 95 in North Carolina '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NCDOT : North Carolina Rest Areas System '' . North Carolina Department of Transportation . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NCDPS - Weigh Stations '' . North Carolina Department of Public Safety . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` North Carolina Memorial Highways and other Named Facilities '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NCDOT : NC Blue Star Memorial Marker Locations '' . Retrieved October 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Blue Star Memorial Marker Program Directory '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` NCDOT Names Section of I - 95 in Johnston County as Dick Fleming Freeway '' . Raleigh , NC : North Carolina Department of Transportation . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Opening of I - 95 Set For Monday '' . Spring Hope Enterprise . November 16 , 1978 . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NCRoads.com : I - 95 '' . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Siceloff , Bruce ( June 13 , 2010 ) . `` Talk of I - 95 tolls revives '' . The News & Observer . Raleigh , NC . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Interstate - Guide : Interstate 95 '' . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SJ 184 Interstate Route 95 '' . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff ( January 20 , 2012 ) . `` Environmental Assessment Approved for I - 95 Improvements '' . NCDOT . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( January 21 , 2012 ) . `` NC report recommends tolls on Interstate 95 '' . The News & Observer . Raleigh , NC . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dorsey , Steve ( January 21 , 2012 ) . `` NC DOT considers making I - 95 a toll road '' . Durham , NC : WTVD - TV . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Siceloff , Bruce ( February 12 , 2012 ) . `` Plan fights evasion of I - 95 toll in North Carolina '' . The News & Observer . Raleigh , NC . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NCDOT : Project I - 3806 '' . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NCDOT : Project I - 4745 '' . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` NCDOT Project U-2519 '' . North Carolina Department of Transportation . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` City of Rocky Mount TIP Status Report '' ( PDF ) . City of Rocky Mount . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` NCDOT Project U-5026 '' . North Carolina Department of Transportation . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Route map : Google KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / Interstate 95 in North Carolina KML is from Wikidata Media related to Interstate 95 in North Carolina at Wikimedia Commons Driving95 I - 95 Corridor Planning & Financial Study Internatate 95 North Carolina @ SoutheastRoads.com ( AARoads ) Exitlists.com ( I - 95 ) Interstate 95 Previous state : South Carolina North Carolina Next state : Virginia ( hide ) Auxiliary routes of Interstate 95 Florida 195 295 395 595 795 Georgia Business North Carolina 295 495 795 Business Virginia 195 295 395 495 595 895 District of Columbia 295 395 495 695 Maryland 195 295 395 495 595 695 795 895 Delaware 295 495 895 Pennsylvania 295 495 695 895 New Jersey 195 295 495 695 895 New York 295 495 695 895 Connecticut 395 Rhode Island 195 295 895 Massachusetts 195 295 395 495 695 895 Maine 195 295 395 495 Former Future Unbuilt Unsigned Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interstate_95_in_North_Carolina&oldid=813009045 '' Categories : Interstate 95 Interstate Highways in North Carolina Transportation in Fayetteville , North Carolina Transportation in Robeson County , North Carolina Transportation in Cumberland County , North Carolina Transportation in Harnett County , North Carolina Transportation in Johnston County , North Carolina Transportation in Wilson County , North Carolina Transportation in Nash County , North Carolina Transportation in Halifax County , North Carolina Transportation in Northampton County , North Carolina Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles using KML from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 1 December 2017 , at 05 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the last exit in north carolina | [
"\n\nCounty\nLocation\nmi[3]\nkm\nExit\nDestinations\nNotes\n\n\nRobeson\n\n0.00\n0.00\n\n I-95 south – Florence\nContinuation into South Carolina\n\n\n1\n US 301 / US 501 – Rowland, Laurinburg, Dillon\nSigned as exits 1A (south) and 1B (north) southbound; exits 1 northbound and 1A southbound are in South Carolina\n\n\n\n2.3\n3.7\n2\n NC 130 to NC 904 – Rowland, Fairmont\n\n\n\n\n7.2\n11.6\n7\nRaynham Road – McDonald, Raynham\n\n\n\n\n10.4\n16.7\n10\n US 301 south – Raynham\nSouth end of US 301 overlap\n\n\nLumberton\n13.0\n20.9\n13\n I‑74 / US 74 – Whiteville, Wilmington, Laurinburg, Rockingham\nSigned as exits 13A (east) and 13B (west); cloverleaf interchange with C/D lanes\n\n\n13.7\n22.0\n14\n US 74\nPermanently closed in 2007; replaced by exit 13\n\n\n17.0\n27.4\n17\n NC 72 / NC 711 – Lumberton, Pembroke, Red Springs\n\n\n\n18.7\n30.1\n19\nCarthage Road\n\n\n\n19.9\n32.0\n20\n NC 211 to NC 41 – Lumberton, Red Springs, Fairmont\n\n\n\n21.5\n34.6\n22\n US 301 north – Lumberton\nNorth end of US 301 overlap\n\n\n\n25.0\n40.2\n25\n US 301\n\n\n\nSt. Pauls\n31.4\n50.5\n31\n NC 20 – St. Pauls, Raeford\n\n\n\n33.0\n53.1\n33\n US 301 to NC 71 – Parkton, St. Pauls\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n I‑295\nProposed interchange (unfunded)[21]\n\n\nCumberland\n\n40.0\n64.4\n40\n I‑95 Bus. north to US 301 – Fayetteville, Fort Bragg\n\n\n\nHope Mills\n41.3\n66.5\n41\n NC 59 north – Hope Mills\n\n\n\n\n43.9\n70.7\n44\nSnow Hill Road – Fayetteville Regional Airport\n\n\n\n\n46.0\n74.0\n46\n NC 87 – Elizabethtown, Fayetteville\nSigned as exits 46A (south) and 46B (north); cloverleaf interchange with C/D lanes\n\n\nFayetteville\n49.0\n78.9\n49\n NC 53 / NC 210 – Fayetteville\n\n\n\nVander\n51.6\n83.0\n52\n NC 24 – Fayetteville, Clinton\nSigned as exits 52A (east) and 52B (west); cloverleaf interchange with C/D lanes\n\n\nEastover\n54.6\n87.9\n55\nMurphy Road\n\n\n\n55.1\n88.7\n56\n I‑95 Bus. south to US 301 – Fayetteville, Fort Bragg\n\n\n\n58.0\n93.3\n58\n US 13 north / NC 295 south to US 401 – Newton Grove, Fort Bragg\n\n\n\n\n61.2\n98.5\n61\nWade–Steadman Road – Wade\n\n\n\n\n65.3\n105.1\n65\n NC 82 – Godwin, Falcon\n\n\n\nHarnett\n\n69.5\n111.8\n70\nBud Hawkins Road\n\n\n\n\n70.8\n113.9\n71\nLong Branch Road\n\n\n\nDunn\n72.4\n116.5\n72\nPope Road\n\n\n\n73.0\n117.5\n73\n US 421 / NC 55 – Dunn, Clinton, Newton Grove\n\n\n\n\n75.0\n120.7\n75\nJonesboro Road\n\n\n\n\n76.9\n123.8\n77\nHodges Chapel Road\n\n\n\nJohnston\nBenson\n79.5\n127.9\n79\n NC 50 / NC 242 to NC 27 – Benson, Newton Grove\n\n\n\n81.0\n130.4\n81\n I‑40 – Wilmington, Raleigh, Durham\nSigned southbound as exits 81A (west) and 81B (east)\n\n\nFour Oaks\n87.6\n141.0\n87\nKeen Road – Four Oaks\n\n\n\n89.8\n144.5\n90\n US 701 south / NC 96 – Newton Grove\n\n\n\nSmithfield\n93.1\n149.8\n93\nBrogden Road – Smithfield\n\n\n\n94.8\n152.6\n95\n\n US 70 Bus. – Smithfield, Goldsboro\nTo Carolina Premium Outlets\n\n\nSelma\n96.9\n155.9\n97\n US 70 (NC 39) – Selma, Pine Level, Goldsboro\n\n\n\n98.0\n157.7\n98\nPine Level–Selma Road – Selma\n\n\n\nMicro\n101.4\n163.2\n101\nPittman Road\n\n\n\n102.5\n165.0\n102\nMain Street – Micro\n\n\n\nKenly\n104.6\n168.3\n105\nBagley Road\n\n\n\n106.0\n170.6\n106\nTruck Stop Road\n\n\n\n107.2\n172.5\n107\n US 301 – Kenly, Wilson\nTo Gov. Charles B. Aycock Birthplace and Tobacco Farm Life Museum\n\n\nWilson\n\n116.4\n187.3\n116\n NC 42 – Wilson, Clayton\n\n\n\nWilson\n119.4\n192.2\n119A\n I‑795 south / US 264 east – Wilson, Greenville, Goldsboro\nSigned as exits 119A (east/south) and 119B (west)\nCloverleaf interchange with collector/distributor roadways\n\n\n119B\n US 264 west – Raleigh\n\n\n121.5\n195.5\n121\n\n US 264 Alt. – Wilson, Sims\n\n\n\nNash\n\n126.9\n204.2\n127\n NC 97 – Rocky Mount–Wilson Regional Airport\n\n\n\n\n132.4\n213.1\n132\n To NC 58 / Sandy Cross Road\n\n\n\nRocky Mount\n\n\n\nSunset Avenue\nProposed interchange (unfunded).[22][23]\n\n\n138.5\n222.9\n138\n US 64 – Nashville, Raleigh, Rocky Mount, Tarboro\nSigned as exits 138A (west) 138B (east)\nTo NC Aquarium and Cape Hatteras National Seashore\nCloverleaf interchange with collector/distributor roadways\n\n\nDortches\n140.8\n226.6\n141\n NC 43 – Red Oak\n\n\n\nRocky Mount\n145.0\n233.4\n145\n NC 4 / NC 48 to US 301 – Gold Rock, Rocky Mount\n\n\n\n\n149.8\n241.1\n150\n NC 33 – Whitakers\n\n\n\nHalifax\n\n153.7\n247.4\n154\n NC 481 – Enfield\n\n\n\n\n160.5\n258.3\n160\n NC 561 – Halifax\nTo Medoc Mountain State Park\n\n\n\n167.7\n269.9\n168\n NC 903 – Halifax\n\n\n\nRoanoke Rapids\n170.7\n274.7\n171\n NC 125 – Roanoke Rapids\n\n\n\n173.0\n278.4\n173\n US 158 – Roanoke Rapids, Weldon\n\n\n\nNorthampton\n\n175.8\n282.9\n176\n NC 46 – Gaston, Garysburg\n\n\n\n\n180.0\n289.7\n180\n NC 48 – Gaston\n\n\n\n\n181.7\n292.4\n\n I-95 north – Richmond\nContinuation into Virginia\n\n\n1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi\n\n\n Closed/former\n Concurrency terminus\n Unopened\n\n\n\n\n"
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"180"
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279471325437182796 | Money in the Bank ladder match | Money in the Bank ladder match - wikipedia Money in the Bank ladder match For the pay - per - view event named after this match , see WWE Money in the Bank . The 2009 Money in the Bank ladder match was fought at WrestleMania XXV The 2011 Raw Money in the Bank ladder match The Money in the Bank ladder match is a multi-person ladder match held by the professional wrestling promotion WWE . First contested at WWE 's annual WrestleMania event beginning in 2005 , a separate Money in the Bank pay - per - view was established in 2010 . The prize in the match is a briefcase containing a contract for a championship match , which can be `` cashed in '' by the holder of the briefcase at any point in the year following their victory . If the contract is not used within the year of winning it , it will be invalid , but this has yet to happen . From its inception until 2017 , ladder matches only involved male wrestlers , with the contract being for a world championship match . Beginning with the 2017 event , women also have the opportunity to compete in such a match , with their prize being for a women 's championship match . The first match was contested in 2005 at WrestleMania 21 , after being invented by Chris Jericho . At the time , it was exclusive to wrestlers of the Raw brand , and Edge won the inaugural match . From then until Wrestlemania XXVI , the Money in the Bank ladder match , now open to all WWE brands , became a WrestleMania mainstay . 2010 saw a second and third Money in the Bank ladder match when the Money in the Bank pay - per - view debuted in July . Unlike the matches at WrestleMania , this new event included two such ladder matches -- one each for a contract for a WWE Championship match and a World Heavyweight Championship match , respectively . Before the establishment of the annual Money in the Bank pay - per - view , wrestlers were allowed to use the contract to claim a match for any world championship in WWE . After the establishment of the pay - per - view , the Money in the Bank contracts were specifically aimed at one or the other championship . With the unification of the WWE and World Heavyweight titles into the WWE World Heavyweight Championship in December 2013 , there was only a single briefcase / contract in play . This went into effect beginning at the 2014 Money in the Bank pay - per - view event . The brand split returned after the 2016 event along with a new world title , the WWE Universal Championship , but the 2017 pay - per - view event was made a SmackDown - exclusive event for a contract for a match for its world championship , the WWE Championship ( formerly WWE World Heavyweight Championship ) . The 2017 event also included the first - ever Women 's Money in the Bank ladder match , with the winner receiving a contract for a SmackDown Women 's Championship match . Due to the controversy surrounding the win of that match , the first non-pay - per - view Money in the Bank ladder match occurred on the June 27 episode of SmackDown Live . The 2018 event was dual branded , involving both the Raw and SmackDown brands , and with one men 's match and one women 's match . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept 2 History 2.1 2005 2.2 2006 2.3 2007 2.4 2008 2.5 2009 2.6 2010 2.6. 1 February -- April 2.6. 2 June -- November 2.7 2011 2.8 2012 2.9 2013 2.10 2014 2.11 2015 2.12 2016 2.13 2017 2.14 2018 3 Matches 3.1 Record 3.2 Cash - in matches 3.2. 1 Males 3.2. 2 Females 3.3 Participant list 3.3. 1 Males 3.3. 2 Females 4 References Concept ( edit ) The Money in the Bank ladder match can involve anywhere from 5 -- 10 participants , with the objective being to retrieve a briefcase that is suspended 20 feet above the ring . The match was originally only for male wrestlers until 2017 when women began to have their own ladder match . The briefcase contains a contract that guarantees a match for a world championship , and beginning in 2017 , a women 's championship . Originally , wrestlers had the option between the WWE Championship and the World Heavyweight Championship , regardless of the brand the wrestler belonged to . In 2006 , ECW 's world title , the ECW Championship , became a third option until 2010 as in February that year , the ECW brand along with the title was deactivated . Beginning with the inaugural Money in the Bank pay - per - view in 2010 , the event included two ladder matches , one for the Raw brand and one for SmackDown ; Raw 's ladder match was for a contract for a WWE Championship match while SmackDown 's contract was for a World Heavyweight Championship match . Although the brand split ended after the 2011 event , a ladder match dedicated to each championship continued through the 2013 event . In December 2013 , the titles were unified into the WWE World Heavyweight Championship . The next three years ' events included a sole ladder match with a contract guaranteeing a match for the unified title . The brand split returned after the 2016 event . The WWE World Heavyweight Championship ( renamed WWE Championship ) was made exclusive to SmackDown while Raw established the WWE Universal Championship as their top title . Despite this , the 2017 event was made a SmackDown exclusive pay - per - view and the contract was for its world title . The 2017 event also saw the first Women 's Money in the Bank match with its contract for a SmackDown Women 's Championship match . The 2018 event was dual branded , involving both the Raw and SmackDown brands . The primary gimmick of the Money in the Bank briefcase is that it can be cashed in at the holder 's sole discretion , at literally any time on any WWE programming , unless the contract is brand specific . This enables the holder to take advantage of a moment 's weakness in the champion , even if the champion had just finished a title defense for the night . This strategic use of the briefcase was popularized by Edge , the first Money in the Bank holder , who cashed it in at New Years Revolution in January 2006 , immediately after defending champion John Cena had finished a grueling Elimination Chamber match against five other wrestlers . Because Cena was exhausted and barely able to defend himself , Edge made quick work of the champion , thus setting a powerful precedent for all Money in the Bank holders to come . The contract is valid for one year and the briefcase holder -- dubbed `` Mr. / Ms. Money in the Bank '' -- can cash in the contract at the date , place , and time of their choosing . The briefcase may also be defended in matches , similar to how championships are defended . All of the briefcase holders have successfully defended and cashed in the contract except Mr. Kennedy . John Cena , Damien Sandow , and Baron Corbin are the only Money in the Bank contract holders to cash in and fail to gain a championship . To date , Cena has had the contract cashed in against him the most ( three times ) as Edge , Rob Van Dam , and Damien Sandow have all cashed in against him . Cena was also involved in all instances where the championship failed to change hands after cashing in the contract , once as the challenger ( which he won by disqualification against CM Punk ) and the second time as champion ( defeating Sandow clean ) , and lastly as a distraction causing Corbin to lose to champion Jinder Mahal . Edge , Daniel Bryan , and Seth Rollins are the only Money in the Bank contract holders to be given a title shot for a championship without having cashed in the contract for the title shot ( Edge won a championship tournament in 2005 on Raw to earn him a title match against Batista , Bryan faced then - World Heavyweight Champion Mark Henry in a steel cage match on a live Christmas episode of SmackDown in 2011 , and Rollins received a title shot in a triple threat match , also involving Cena and champion Brock Lesnar , at the 2015 Royal Rumble ) . History ( edit ) 2005 ( edit ) Edge was the first `` Mr. Money in the Bank '' In WWE storyline , the concept for the Money in the Bank match was introduced in March 2005 by Chris Jericho . Jericho then pitched the idea to Raw general manager Eric Bischoff , who liked it and promptly began to book the match for WrestleMania 21 . Edge won the inaugural match and held the contract until New Year 's Revolution in January 2006 . There , he cashed in his Money in the Bank contract against WWE Champion John Cena , who had just successfully defended the title in an Elimination Chamber match . Edge defeated Cena to become WWE Champion . 2006 ( edit ) The Money in the Bank idea was revived by Carlito on a February 2006 episode of Raw . Mr. McMahon approved the suggestion and set up qualifying matches for the match that would take place at WrestleMania 22 . It was later announced that the match was to be interpromotional , and SmackDown general manager Theodore Long also set up qualifying matches to select three members of his roster to compete . In the Raw brand qualifying matches , Rob Van Dam defeated Trevor Murdoch , Shelton Benjamin defeated Chavo Guerrero , and Ric Flair defeated Carlito . On SmackDown ! , Finlay defeated Bobby Lashley , Matt Hardy defeated Road Warrior Animal , and Bobby Lashley won a `` last chance battle royal '' . Rob Van Dam won the WrestleMania 22 Money in the Bank ladder match after pushing Shelton Benjamin and Matt Hardy off of a ladder , while he was on another ladder , and retrieving the briefcase . That April , he defended the contract and won the WWE Intercontinental Championship in a contract vs. title / winner take all match against Benjamin at Backlash. Van Dam announced in May 2006 that he would cash in his contract at One Night Stand against Cena in an Extreme Rules match . The match ended with Cena losing after Van Dam performed a Five Star Frog Splash. Van Dam is the first person to give prior notice to an opponent before cashing in his contract , presumably to ensure Cena appeared at the event . He is also the first person to win the title in a match where the contract was cashed in with prior notice . 2007 ( edit ) The third Money in the Bank ladder match was held at WrestleMania 23 , and was the first to involve eight participants from Raw , SmackDown ! , and ECW . Qualifying matches began on the February 19 episode of Raw . On the February 19 episode of Raw , two former Money in the Bank winners ( Edge and Rob Van Dam ) faced off , with Edge earning a pinfall win to earn the first spot in the match . Mr. Kennedy became `` Mr. Money in the Bank '' at WrestleMania 23 , but was unable to cash in the contract The next night on ECW , another cross-brand match took place , with CM Punk defeating Johnny Nitro to qualify . On that week 's SmackDown ! , King Booker defeated Kane in a Falls Count Anywhere match following interference from The Great Khali to become the third man to qualify . On the following episode of Raw , Jeff Hardy defeated Shelton Benjamin to become the fourth man to qualify . The next night on ECW , Mr. Kennedy defeated Sabu in an Extreme Rules match to earn the fifth spot . Two qualifying matches took place on the next SmackDown ! 's episode , with Matt Hardy defeating Joey Mercury , while Finlay won a triple threat match against Chris Benoit and Montel Vontavious Porter to qualify . What was to be the final qualifying match on Raw between Carlito and Ric Flair , it was deemed to be a no contest when The Great Khali interfered and attacked both men . The match was rescheduled for the next week on Raw , with Randy Orton bribing his way into the match , which was to be a triple threat elimination match that Orton won by pinning both Carlito and Flair after performing an RKO on each of them . Edge and Orton had recently stopped teaming together , and there was a lot of tension between them as they both attempted to get the other taken out of the Money in the Bank ladder match ; both failed , as Edge ultimately won a `` last chance battle royal '' after feigning injury to retain his slot . Orton was forced to fight Bobby Lashley on ECW to retain his spot , which he did . Kennedy ultimately won at WrestleMania 23 , after ramming Punk off the ladder using another ladder ( Edge had been taken out earlier by Jeff Hardy ) . During the next few weeks , Kennedy kept declaring that he would cash in the briefcase at WrestleMania XXIV , but he suffered a legit injury , and on the May 7 , 2007 episode of Raw , he lost the Money in the Bank briefcase to Edge . Kennedy is currently the only wrestler to lose the briefcase without cashing it in . The following night at the taping for the May 11 , 2007 SmackDown ! , episode World Heavyweight Champion The Undertaker and Batista fought to a draw in a steel cage match , after which a returning Mark Henry assaulted Undertaker and left him injured in the ring . As Henry was leaving , Edge came to the ring with his briefcase , handed it to referee Jim Korderas , and defeated the Undertaker after one spear to win the World Heavyweight Championship for the first time . 2008 ( edit ) CM Punk is the only two - time Money in the Bank ladder match winner The fourth Money in the Bank ladder match took place at WrestleMania XXIV and was intended to be another eight - man match - up , consisting of wrestlers from Raw , SmackDown , and ECW . Qualifying matches began on the February 18 episode of Raw , as both Jeff Hardy and Mr. Kennedy qualified by defeating Snitsky and Val Venis , respectively , in singles matches . On the February 22 episode of SmackDown , Shelton Benjamin qualified by defeating Jimmy Wang Yang in another singles match . Back on Raw , general manager William Regal placed Chris Jericho in a match against Jeff Hardy with the stipulation that if Jericho won , he would be in the ladder match . Jericho defeated Hardy in that match on February 25 . The following week on Raw , the two faced off once again , this time for Hardy 's WWE Intercontinental Championship . Jericho won the match and title , and it was revealed that Hardy was suspended from WWE for 60 days for violating the wellness policy . Hardy was subsequently removed from the Money in the Bank ladder match and WrestleMania altogether , making this ladder match a seven - man contest . Also on this episode of Raw , Carlito defeated Cody Rhodes to qualify . On a SmackDown / ECW live event on March 9 , United States Champion Montel Vontavious Porter defeated Jamie Noble to qualify . On the March 11 episode of ECW , CM Punk defeated Big Daddy V to qualify . On the March 14 episode of SmackDown , John Morrison defeated his tag team partner The Miz to be the last man to qualify . Punk won the WrestleMania XXIV match after trapping Jericho 's leg in a ladder and then climbing the ladder . Punk cashed in his title shot on the June 30 episode of Raw . A farewell speech by Jim Ross was interrupted by then - World Heavyweight Champion Edge who had him removed from the ring and then began to insult the crowd , saying that they would never get to see a world championship being defended on Raw ( as at the time both Edge and WWE Champion Triple H were members of the SmackDown brand and the ECW Championship was on the ECW brand after Mark Henry defeated then champion Kane of Raw and Big Show of Smackdown at Night of Champions ( 2008 ) in a triple threat match to win the title ) . When he was about to leave the arena , Batista came out and assaulted Edge in retaliation for Edge cheating to win their title match the previous night at Night of Champions . Punk then immediately ran to the ring with a referee to cash in his contract , then performed a Go to Sleep on Edge to win the World Heavyweight Championship , making it Raw - exclusive in the process . 2009 ( edit ) The fifth annual Money in the Bank ladder match was announced for WrestleMania XXV . Qualifying matches began on the February 23 episode of Raw , in which CM Punk qualified by defeating John Morrison and The Miz in a triple threat match . On the March 2 episode of Raw , Kane defeated Mike Knox and Rey Mysterio in another triple threat match . On the March 3 episode of ECW on Sci Fi , Mark Henry qualified for the match by defeating Santino Marella . Both Montel Vontavious Porter and Shelton Benjamin qualified for the match on the March 6 episode of SmackDown , defeating Matt and Jeff Hardy in respective single matches . On the March 9 episode of Raw , Kofi Kingston qualified by defeating Chris Jericho , after Jericho was distracted by Ric Flair . Christian qualified the following night on ECW on Sci Fi by winning a tri-brand battle royal . Finlay was the final person to qualify for the match when he defeated The Brian Kendrick on the March 13 episode of SmackDown . At WrestleMania XXV , Punk won the match and became the first wrestler to win two Money in the Bank ladder matches , and the only one to win the match for two consecutive years . On the May 1 episode of SmackDown , Punk challenged the World Heavyweight Champion Edge for a non-title match with the intent that if he defeated Edge , he would cash in his title shot right after the match . Later that night , Punk defeated Edge and attempted to cash in . However , before the ringside bell could ring to start the title match , Punk and Edge were both attacked by Umaga and Jeff Hardy respectively . As a consequence , the match never started and Punk retained his contract . Punk again tried to cash in for a World Heavyweight Championship match against Edge on the May 15 episode of SmackDown , but was again stopped by Umaga . After Jeff Hardy defeated Edge in a ladder match to win the World Heavyweight Championship at Extreme Rules , Punk cashed in to win the World Heavyweight Championship for the second time . As a result of the fans booing him for cashing on Hardy , who was very popular with the fans , Punk began a gradual change of character into a villain . February -- April ( edit ) Jack Swagger won the sixth Money in the Bank ladder match On the February 22 episode of Raw , it was announced that the sixth annual Money in the Bank ladder match would take place at WrestleMania XXVI . The first qualifying match was held later that night , where Christian defeated Carlito to qualify . Three more qualifying matches were held on the February 26 episode of SmackDown , with Dolph Ziggler defeating John Morrison and R - Truth in a Triple Threat match , Kane defeating Drew McIntyre , and Shelton Benjamin defeating CM Punk to qualify . The March 1 episode of Raw saw both Jack Swagger and Montel Vontavious Porter qualify by defeating Santino Marella and Zack Ryder respectively . Matt Hardy was the next to qualify for the match when he defeated Drew McIntyre on the March 5 episode of SmackDown . In what was initially declared as the final qualifying match , Evan Bourne defeated William Regal on the March 8 episode of Raw to become the eighth competitor . Due to his favorable association with WWE Chairman Mr. McMahon , McIntyre was given a third chance on the March 12 episode of SmackDown to qualify for the match . In what would also be made a WWE Intercontinental Championship defense by SmackDown general manager Theodore Long , McIntyre defeated local competitor Aaron Bolo to qualify . On the March 22 episode of Raw , the number of participants was once again increased to a record ten , when Kofi Kingston defeated Vladimir Kozlov to qualify . At WrestleMania XXVI , Jack Swagger won the match after knocking Christian off a ladder with the briefcase itself . The following night on Raw , Swagger attempted to cash in his shot against the WWE Champion John Cena after ambushing Cena . However , as Cena recovered too quickly from the ambush , Swagger cancelled his match and retained his contract . The next night , at the taping for the April 2 , 2010 episode of SmackDown , after Edge attacked then World Heavyweight Champion Chris Jericho , Swagger cashed in his contract and successfully claimed the World Heavyweight Championship . June -- November ( edit ) The Miz won Raw 's Money in the Bank ladder match in July 2010 In February 2010 , WWE announced that `` Money in the Bank '' would be the title to their July 18 pay - per - view event at the Sprint Center in Kansas City , Missouri . The event included two Money in the Bank ladder matches , one for each brand . Unlike previous iterations of the match , the winners could only challenge for their own brand 's World Championship . All eight competitors for the Raw brand 's match were announced on the June 28 episode of Raw by guest host Rob Zombie . The eight competitors were Randy Orton , The Miz , R - Truth , Chris Jericho , Evan Bourne , Ted DiBiase , John Morrison and Edge . On the July 5th episode of Raw , R - Truth was involved in an injury storyline with The Miz and was subsequently removed from the match and replaced by Mark Henry . Two days later , WWE announced six of the competitors for the SmackDown brand 's match through its official website : Matt Hardy , Kane , Cody Rhodes , Christian , Kofi Kingston and Big Show . On the July 9 episode of SmackDown , Drew McIntyre and Dolph Ziggler both competed in qualifying matches and were added to the match . At the PPV , Kane won the SmackDown Money in the Bank match . Kane later cashed it in the same night by defeating Rey Mysterio to win the World Heavyweight Championship . He also became the quickest man to cash in the briefcase . For Raw , The Miz won that brand 's Money in the Bank contract . After a couple of aborted attempts ( which due to the bell not sounding to start the matches , allowed Miz to keep the briefcase on said occasions ) , Miz finally cashed in his title opportunity on the November 22 , 2010 episode of Raw , immediately after Randy Orton successfully retained the WWE Championship against Wade Barrett in which The Nexus attacked Orton before the match and injured his right leg . Miz defeated Orton to win his first WWE Championship . 2011 ( edit ) The second Money in the Bank pay - per - view took place on July 17 , 2011 at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont , Illinois . Raw 's Alberto Del Rio and SmackDown 's Daniel Bryan won their respective brands ' 2011 Money in the Bank Ladder Match . At the end of the night , after CM Punk won the WWE Championship from John Cena , Mr. McMahon ordered Del Rio to come in and attempt to cash in his briefcase against Punk . ( Punk had threatened to leave the company after the pay - per - view , as his contract was expiring . ) Del Rio came out to do so , but Punk attacked him and fled through the crowd . A similar cash - in attempt was performed on then - champion Rey Mysterio on the July 25 , 2011 episode of Raw , but Del Rio was again unable to cash in the briefcase . However , Del Rio was able to cash in his briefcase and defeated CM Punk for the WWE Championship at SummerSlam on August 14 , 2011 . On the July 22 , 2011 episode of SmackDown , Daniel Bryan announced that he was going to cash his contract in at WrestleMania XXVIII . On the November 25 , 2011 episode of SmackDown , Daniel Bryan cashed in on World Heavyweight Champion Mark Henry , who had been knocked out by The Big Show . Bryan got the pinfall victory and was awarded the championship , however SmackDown General Manager Theodore Long overruled the match due to Henry not being medically cleared to compete , the first time a Money in the Bank cash - in match was reversed . Since the match never officially took place , Bryan was given the briefcase back and again reiterated that he planned on cashing in at WrestleMania XXVIII , although he was given a shot at the World Heavyweight Championship against Henry in a Steel Cage match on a live holiday - themed episode of SmackDown the following Tuesday , which Bryan lost . On December 18 , 2011 at TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs , after Big Show defeated Henry to win the World Heavyweight Championship , Henry attacked Big Show with a steel chair , allowing Bryan to cash in his briefcase on Big Show to win his first World Heavyweight Championship . 2012 ( edit ) Dolph Ziggler with AJ Lee , who is holding his Money in the Bank briefcase for the World Heavyweight Championship The third Money in the Bank pay - per - view took place on July 15 , 2012 at the US Airways Center in Phoenix , Arizona . There were the usual two Money in the Bank ladder matches ; however , the matches were no longer separated by brands ( as both Raw and SmackDown by this time had become full roster `` Supershows '' ) . Instead , they were separated by Championship ( WWE and World Heavyweight ) . In the first match of the night Dolph Ziggler defeated seven other competitors to win the World Heavyweight Championship contract Money in the Bank ladder match . He attempted to cash it in on that same night for a title shot against Sheamus but was attacked before the referee could call for the bell so he retained his contract . On the August 20 episode of Raw , Ziggler successfully defended his briefcase against Chris Jericho in career vs. contract match . As a result , Jericho was forced to leave WWE . In the last match of the evening , John Cena defeated Kane , The Big Show , The Miz , and Chris Jericho to win the WWE Championship Money in the Bank briefcase in his first Money in the Bank ladder match . A special stipulation had been added before hand that only former WWE Champions could participate in the WWE Championship Money in the Bank ladder match for 2012 . Cena won when the briefcase 's handle snapped off while using it against Big Show , having previously blocked Show 's KO Punch with it . On the July 16 , 2012 episode of Raw , Cena announced that he would cash his contract in the following week at Raw 1000 . He became only the second wrestler after Rob Van Dam to give prior notice to the opponent . At Raw 1000 , Cena failed to win the WWE Title when Big Show interfered in the match , causing champion CM Punk to be disqualified and retain the title ( as championships do n't change hands on disqualifications unless stipulated ) . This made Cena the first Money in the Bank winner to fail to win a title . During the December 3 , 2012 , episode of Raw , managing supervisor Vickie Guerrero was forced by Mr. McMahon to make Cena and Ziggler 's match at TLC : Tables , Ladders and Chairs a ladder match for Ziggler 's World Heavyweight Championship Money in the Bank contract . On December 16 , at the event , he successfully defended the briefcase with help from AJ Lee . On April 8 , 2013 , an episode of Raw , Ziggler cashed in his contract on World Champion Alberto Del Rio , following Del Rio 's handicap match win over Jack Swagger and Zeb Colter . Ziggler defeated Del Rio to win his second World Heavyweight Championship following nearly nine months of holding the briefcase . 2013 ( edit ) A fourth Money in the Bank pay - per - view took place on July 14 , 2013 at the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . There was the traditional two Money in the Bank ladder matches -- one for a WWE Championship contract , and the other for a World Heavyweight Championship contract . On the June 24 , 2013 episode of Raw , CM Punk , Daniel Bryan , Randy Orton , Sheamus , Christian , Kane , and Rob Van Dam were announced by WWE Chief Brand Officer Stephanie McMahon as the participants in the WWE Championship contract match . Kane was later removed after being injured due to an attack by The Wyatt Family on the July 8th episode of Raw . Orton went on to win the contract at the PPV . At the tapings for SmackDown on June 25 ( aired June 28 ) , SmackDown Senior Advisor Theodore Long announced that the participants in the World Heavyweight Championship contract match would be WWE United States Champion Dean Ambrose , Fandango , Antonio Cesaro , Jack Swagger , Wade Barrett , Cody Rhodes and Damien Sandow . Sandow won the contract at the PPV . At SummerSlam , Orton cashed in his contract on WWE Champion Daniel Bryan , who had defeated John Cena to win the championship . Orton defeated Bryan to win his seventh WWE Championship , after WWE COO Triple H , who was the special guest referee between Bryan and Cena , attacked Bryan with a Pedigree , following five weeks of holding the briefcase . On the October 28 , 2013 , episode of Raw , Sandow cashed in his contract on World Heavyweight Champion John Cena . Cena defeated Sandow , making Sandow the second wrestler to unsuccessfully cash in the contract and the first to lose a cash - in match via pinfall . On December 15 , 2013 at TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs , the WWE and World Heavyweight Championships were unified into the WWE World Heavyweight Championship . 2014 ( edit ) A fifth Money in the Bank pay - per - view took place on Sunday , June 29 , 2014 , at the TD Garden in Boston , Massachusetts . The original plan for the event was that the winner of the ladder match would receive a contract for a match for the now unified title as normal . However , on June 9 , defending WWE World Heavyweight Champion Daniel Bryan was forced to vacate the title due to a neck injury , and so the already announced ladder match ( consisting of John Cena , Randy Orton , Alberto Del Rio , Bray Wyatt , Cesaro , Sheamus , Kane and Roman Reigns ) became for the vacant championship instead . Seth Rollins cashing in his Money in the Bank contract at WrestleMania 31 On the June 17 episode of Main Event , Seth Rollins announced that in addition to the ladder match for the title , there would be a traditional Money in the Bank ladder match for a WWE World Heavyweight Championship contract at the PPV , and that Rollins would be the first entrant . Further entrants were Bad News Barrett , Dolph Ziggler , Rob Van Dam , Jack Swagger , Kofi Kingston and Dean Ambrose . The latter , who had threatened to disrupt the match , was added to the match on Rollins ' request . Bad News Barrett was later removed from the match due to an injury . Seth Rollins won the match and the contract after Kane interfered on behalf of The Authority and knocked Dean Ambrose off the ladder . He attempted to cash in the following night on new champion John Cena , but was stopped from doing so by Ambrose . Rollins once again failed to cash in his Money in the Bank briefcase , this time against WWE World Heavyweight Champion Brock Lesnar at Night of Champions after attacking him with a curb stomp . This failed attempt to cash in came after John Cena attacked Rollins , before the bell could be rung , due to Rollins costing Cena the championship minutes earlier . At WrestleMania 31 , Seth Rollins cashed in his briefcase during the main event championship match between defending champion Brock Lesnar and challenger Roman Reigns . By doing so , he turned the singles match between Lesnar and Reigns into a Triple Threat match . Rollins then proceeded to pin Reigns following a curb stomp and successfully captured the WWE World Heavyweight Championship . As a result , Rollins set various records : first , Rollins became the first person to cash in a contract while a championship match was in progress . He also became the first person to successfully cash in to win the then unified WWE World Heavyweight Championship . He became the first person to cash in his briefcase at WrestleMania . He also became the first to win the championship after cashing in without pinning the champion . 2015 ( edit ) On June 14 , 2015 , the sixth annual Money in the Bank pay - per - view took place in Columbus , Ohio . Dolph Ziggler , Sheamus , Kofi Kingston , Neville , Roman Reigns , Randy Orton and Kane participated in the traditional Money in the Bank ladder match . Sheamus won the match and received a WWE World Heavyweight Championship contract . At Survivor Series , Sheamus cashed in his contract by defeating Roman Reigns , who had just won the vacant championship after defeating Dean Ambrose in the tournament finals . 2016 ( edit ) On June 19 , the seventh annual Money in the Bank pay - per - view took place in Las Vegas . For the traditional Money in the Bank ladder match , Sami Zayn , Kevin Owens , Cesaro , Chris Jericho , Alberto Del Rio , and Dean Ambrose all won their qualifying matches on the May 23 episode of Raw to become entrants into the match . Originally slated to be a 7 - man ladder match , the seventh slot was later removed . Ambrose won the match and received a WWE World Heavyweight Championship match contract . After the conclusion of the main event , he cashed in the contract on Seth Rollins , who had just won the title from Roman Reigns . Ambrose was the second wrestler to cash in the contract on the same night as winning it . 2017 ( edit ) Carmella was the winner of the first women 's Money in the Bank ladder match The 2017 Money in the Bank pay - per - view took place on June 18 , 2017 at the Scottrade Center in St. Louis , Missouri as a SmackDown brand exclusive event . For the traditional ladder match , which had a contract for a match for SmackDown 's WWE Championship , SmackDown Commissioner Shane McMahon announced AJ Styles , Shinsuke Nakamura , Dolph Ziggler , Sami Zayn , and Baron Corbin as the original five participants . United States Champion Kevin Owens was added after he convinced Shane to make him the sixth participant . Mojo Rawley had the opportunity to make it a seven - man match if he could defeat WWE Champion Jinder Mahal , but failed to do so . At the event , Baron Corbin won the match and received a WWE Championship match contract . On the August 15 , 2017 episode of SmackDown Live , John Cena had a non-title match against WWE Champion Jinder Mahal . As Cena was pinning Mahal , Corbin attacked him , causing a disqualification . Corbin then cashed in his Money in the Bank contract on Mahal , but as soon as the bell rung , he attacked Cena , who was on the apron , allowing Mahal to quickly roll - up Corbin for the win . This made Corbin the third wrestler to unsuccessfully cash in the contract and the second to lose a cash - in match . On the May 30 episode of SmackDown Live , another Money in the Bank ladder match was added to the event , and for the first time , involving women . Charlotte Flair , Becky Lynch , Natalya , Carmella , and Tamina were originally scheduled to compete in a fatal five - way elimination match on that night to determine the number one contender for the SmackDown Women 's Championship against Naomi at Money in the Bank . Before their match could begin , a brawl broke out between the five and the match never occurred . McMahon then scheduled the five to compete in the first - ever women 's Money in the Bank ladder match at the event where the winner would receive a contract for a SmackDown Women 's Championship match . Carmella won the match after James Ellsworth retrieved the briefcase , and threw it to her . On the following episode of SmackDown Live , however , SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan forced Carmella to relinquish the briefcase since Ellsworth retrieved it for her . On that same episode , Bryan also scheduled a Money in the Bank ladder match rematch for the June 27 episode with Ellsworth banned from ringside ( later from the arena ) . That episode , Carmella , with some aid from the banned Ellsworth , retrieved the briefcase herself and reclaimed the SmackDown Women 's Championship match contract . On the April 10 , 2018 episode of SmackDown Live , after holding the contract for 287 days ( the longest time any wrestler has held on to a Money in the Bank briefcase ) , Carmella cashed in and defeated Charlotte Flair -- who had just suffered an attack from the debuting The IIconics ( Peyton Royce and Billie Kay ) -- for the SmackDown Women 's Championship . 2018 ( edit ) The 2018 Money in the Bank pay - per - view took place on June 17 , 2018 , at the Allstate Arena in the Chicago suburb of Rosemont , Illinois . For the first time since 2011 , the event was dual - branded , involving both the Raw and SmackDown brands . The event included one male match and one female match . The contracts granted the winners a match for the world championship of their respective brand . The men 's contract granted the winner a match for either Raw 's Universal Championship or SmackDown 's WWE Championship , while the women 's contract granted the winner a Raw Women 's Championship or SmackDown Women 's Championship match . Both the men 's and women 's ladder matches had eight participants , evenly divided between the two brands . Qualification matches for both ladder matches began on the May 7 episode of Raw . For the men 's match , Braun Strowman , Finn Bálor , Bobby Roode , and Kevin Owens qualified from Raw , while The Miz , Rusev , a member of The New Day ( eventually revealed to be Kofi Kingston ) , and Samoa Joe qualified from SmackDown . Strowman would go on to win the ladder match and contract . For the women 's match , Ember Moon , Alexa Bliss , Natalya , and Sasha Banks qualified from Raw , while Charlotte Flair , Becky Lynch , Lana , and Naomi qualified from SmackDown . Bliss would win the ladder match and later that night ( after causing a disqualification in the title match between Nia Jax and Ronda Rousey ) cashed in the contract and defeated Nia Jax to win the title , thus becoming the third wrestler ( and first woman ) to cash in her contract on the same night as winning it . Matches ( edit ) Raw Brand SmackDown Brand Year Event Prize Winner Other competitors Time 2005 WM 21 World Heavyweight Championship match Edge Chris Benoit , Chris Jericho , Shelton Benjamin , Kane and Christian 15 : 17 In the 2005 WWE draft , World Heavyweight Champion Batista was drafted to SmackDown and WWE Champion John Cena was drafted to Raw , thus enabling Edge to challenge for the WWE Championship instead . Successfully defended his contract in a Ladder match against Matt Hardy at WWE Homecoming on the October 3 , 2005 episode of Raw . Edge held the contract for 280 days . 2006 WM 22 Winner 's brand 's world championship match Rob Van Dam Matt Hardy , Shelton Benjamin , Ric Flair , Finlay and Bobby Lashley 12 : 14 Successfully defended his contract against Shelton Benjamin at Backlash in a contract vs championship winner take all match on April 30 , 2006 , winning Benjamin 's Intercontinental Championship in the process . Van Dam is the first person to choose the event where he cashed in the contract and the first person to win a title in a match where opponent was given prior notice to the cashing in of the contract . Van Dam held the contract for 70 days . 2007 WM 23 Any world championship match Mr. Kennedy Edge , Jeff Hardy , CM Punk , King Booker , Finlay , Matt Hardy and Randy Orton 24 : 10 Lost his contract in a match against Edge on the May 7 , 2007 episode of Raw . Mr. Kennedy held the contract for 36 days . As a result of the switch , Edge became a member of the SmackDown brand , marking the first time this occurred . Edge held the contract for 1 day . ( 4 days according to WWE , due to the episode of WWE SmackDown airing on tape delay . ) 2008 WM XXIV Any world championship match CM Punk Mr. Kennedy , Chris Jericho , Shelton Benjamin , Carlito , John Morrison and Montel Vontavious Porter 15 : 12 As a result of the cash - in , the World Heavyweight Championship transferred back to Raw , marking the first ( and only ) time this occurred . CM Punk held the contract for 92 days . 2009 WM XXV Any world championship match CM Punk Christian , Shelton Benjamin , Kane , Finlay , Montel Vontavious Porter , Kofi Kingston and Mark Henry 14 : 32 CM Punk held the contract for 63 days . CM Punk was the first back - to - back Money in the Bank contract winner . WM XXVI Any world championship match Jack Swagger Shelton Benjamin , Christian , Kane , Matt Hardy , Drew McIntyre , Kofi Kingston , Evan Bourne , Montel Vontavious Porter and Dolph Ziggler 13 : 44 Swagger becomes second MITB winner to switch brands after cashing in his contract . Swagger held the contract for 2 days . ( 5 days according to WWE , due to the episode of WWE SmackDown airing on tape delay . ) Money in the Bank World Heavyweight Championship match Kane Christian , Matt Hardy , Big Show , Dolph Ziggler , Kofi Kingston , Drew McIntyre and Cody Rhodes 26 : 18 Kane held the contract for 49 minutes . He was the first wrestler to cash in the contract on the same night as winning it . Kane is the fastest wrestler to cash the money in the bank contract . Money in the Bank WWE Championship match The Miz Randy Orton , Chris Jericho , Edge , John Morrison , Evan Bourne , Ted DiBiase and Mark Henry 20 : 26 The Miz held the contract for 127 days . 2011 Money in the Bank World Heavyweight Championship match Daniel Bryan Wade Barrett , Kane , Cody Rhodes , Sheamus , Sin Cara , Justin Gabriel and Heath Slater 24 : 27 His first cash - in and win against Mark Henry was nullified . This marks the first time that a successful cash - in was reverted . Bryan held the contract for 154 days . Money in the Bank WWE Championship match Alberto Del Rio The Miz , Rey Mysterio , Jack Swagger , R - Truth , Kofi Kingston , Evan Bourne and Alex Riley 15 : 54 Del Rio held the contract for 28 days . 2012 Money in the Bank World Heavyweight Championship match Dolph Ziggler Cody Rhodes , Damien Sandow , Christian , Tyson Kidd , Sin Cara , Tensai and Santino Marella 18 : 23 Successfully defended his contract against Chris Jericho on the August 20 , 2012 episode of Raw in a career vs contract match . Successfully defended his contract in a Ladder match against John Cena at TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs . Ziggler held the contract for 267 days . Money in the Bank WWE Championship match John Cena Chris Jericho , The Miz , Kane and Big Show 20 : 15 Cena is the first wrestler to not win a world championship in a cash - in match . He is also the second wrestler to announce when he was going to cash it in . Cena held the contract for 8 days . 2013 Money in the Bank World Heavyweight Championship match Damien Sandow Cody Rhodes , Wade Barrett , Dean Ambrose , Jack Swagger , Fandango and Antonio Cesaro 16 : 24 Second Money in the Bank winner to fail to win a world championship in a cash - in match . First wrestler to cleanly lose a cash - in match Sandow held the contract for 106 days Money in the Bank WWE Championship match Randy Orton CM Punk , Daniel Bryan , Christian , Sheamus and Rob Van Dam 28 : 38 Orton held the contract for 35 days . 2014 Money in the Bank WWE World Heavyweight Championship match Seth Rollins Kofi Kingston , Dolph Ziggler , Jack Swagger , Rob Van Dam and Dean Ambrose 23 : 10 Rollins held the contract for 273 days . Rollins is the first to cash in at WrestleMania , the first to win the championship after cashing in without pinning the champion and the first to cash in while a championship match was in progress . 2015 Money in the Bank WWE World Heavyweight Championship match Sheamus Dolph Ziggler , Kane , Kofi Kingston , Neville , Randy Orton and Roman Reigns 20 : 50 Sheamus held the contract for 161 days . 2016 Money in the Bank WWE World Heavyweight Championship match Dean Ambrose Sami Zayn , Cesaro , Chris Jericho , Kevin Owens and Alberto Del Rio 21 : 38 Ambrose held the contract for 57 minutes . Ambrose was the second wrestler to cash in the contract on the same night as winning it . Ambrose was the third winner to announce that he would cash in the contract in advance , albeit without a set date and before he had won the ladder match to collect the contract . 2017 Money in the Bank WWE SmackDown Women 's Championship match Carmella Becky Lynch , Charlotte Flair , Natalya and Tamina 13 : 20 This was the first Women 's Money in the Bank ladder match . Carmella held the contract for 2 days . SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan stripped Carmella of the briefcase two days after the event because of interference by Carmella 's manager James Ellsworth , who retrieved the briefcase for Carmella and dropped it to her . A rematch was scheduled for the June 27 episode of SmackDown . Money in the Bank WWE Championship match Baron Corbin AJ Styles , Shinsuke Nakamura , Dolph Ziggler , Sami Zayn and Kevin Owens 29 : 45 Third Money in the Bank winner to fail to win a world championship in a cash - in match . Second wrestler to cleanly lose a cash - in match . Corbin held the contract for 58 days . SmackDown Live WWE SmackDown Women 's Championship match Carmella Becky Lynch , Charlotte Flair , Natalya and Tamina 24 : 00 This was a rematch ordered by SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan after he stripped Carmella of the briefcase following the controversial finish at the Money in the Bank PPV . As a result of his actions during the original match , James Ellsworth was banned from the arena , though Ellsworth still interfered in the match on Carmella 's behalf . This was the first Money in the Bank ladder match to not air on pay - per - view , as well as the first to take place on SmackDown . Carmella held the contract for 287 days , which is the longest of any wrestler to hold the contract . 2018 Money in the Bank Women 's championship match Alexa Bliss Ember Moon , Charlotte Flair , Becky Lynch , Natalya , Lana , Naomi and Sasha Banks 18 : 30 Bliss held the contract for 2 hours and 52 minutes . Bliss was the third wrestler to cash in the contract on the same night as winning it , and the first woman to have done so . Money in the Bank World championship match Braun Strowman Finn Bálor , The Miz , Rusev , Bobby Roode , Kevin Owens , Kofi Kingston and Samoa Joe 19 : 53 Strowman has held the contract for 29 + days . Record ( edit ) Championship Successful cash - ins Attempts Success rate WWE ( World Heavyweight ) Championship 8 10 . 800 World Heavyweight Championship 7 8 . 875 WWE Raw Women 's Championship 1.000 WWE SmackDown Women 's Championship 1.000 Total 17 20 . 850 Cash - in matches ( edit ) Won match and title Won match but not title Lost match Males ( edit ) No . Case Holder Championship Date Location Event Results Edge WWE Championship January 8 , 2006 Albany , NY New Year 's Revolution Edge defeated John Cena after two Spears to win the championship following Cena 's victory in an Elimination Chamber match Rob Van Dam WWE Championship June 11 , 2006 New York , NY ECW One Night Stand Van Dam defeated John Cena in an Extreme Rules match after an attack by Edge and a Five - Star Frog Splash to win the championship Edge World Heavyweight Championship May 8 , 2007 ( aired May 11 , 2007 ) Pittsburgh , PA SmackDown ! Edge defeated The Undertaker after a Spear to win the championship after Undertaker went to a draw in a steel cage match with Batista and was attacked by Mark Henry CM Punk World Heavyweight Championship June 30 , 2008 Oklahoma City , OK Raw CM Punk defeated Edge after GTS to win the championship after Edge was attacked by Batista 5 CM Punk World Heavyweight Championship June 7 , 2009 New Orleans , LA Extreme Rules CM Punk defeated Jeff Hardy after two GTSs to win the championship following Hardy defeating Edge in a ladder match to win the championship 6 Jack Swagger World Heavyweight Championship March 30 , 2010 ( aired April 2 , 2010 ) Paradise , NV SmackDown Swagger defeated Chris Jericho after a gutwrench powerbomb to win the championship after Edge attacked an already injured Jericho 7 Kane World Heavyweight Championship July 18 , 2010 Kansas City , MO Money in the Bank Kane defeated Rey Mysterio after a Tombstone Piledriver to win the championship after Mysterio successfully defended the championship against Jack Swagger 8 The Miz WWE Championship November 22 , 2010 Orlando , FL Raw Miz defeated Randy Orton after a Skull Crushing Finale to win the championship after Orton was attacked by The Nexus following a successful defense of the championship against Nexus leader Wade Barrett 9 Alberto Del Rio WWE Championship August 14 , 2011 Los Angeles , CA SummerSlam Del Rio defeated CM Punk after a step - up enzuigiri to win the championship after Punk defeated John Cena to become undisputed champion and was then attacked by Kevin Nash 10 Daniel Bryan World Heavyweight Championship December 18 , 2011 Baltimore , MD TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs Bryan defeated Big Show after an attack by Mark Henry to win the championship after Show defeated Henry in a chairs match to win the title 11 John Cena WWE Championship July 23 , 2012 St Louis , MO Raw 1000 Cena won his cash - in match against CM Punk via disqualification after Big Show interfered , but failed to win the title because championships can not change hands via count - outs or disqualifications ( unless the match stipulation says otherwise ) 12 Dolph Ziggler World Heavyweight Championship April 8 , 2013 East Rutherford , NJ Raw Ziggler defeated Alberto Del Rio after a Zig Zag to win the championship after Del Rio was attacked by Jack Swagger , who he had defeated along with Zeb Colter in a 2 - on - 1 handicap match 13 Randy Orton WWE Championship August 18 , 2013 Los Angeles , CA SummerSlam Orton defeated Daniel Bryan after a Pedigree from Triple H ( who was special guest referee ) to win the championship after Bryan had defeated John Cena to win the title . This was the first cash - in to involve a guest referee 14 Damien Sandow World Heavyweight Championship October 28 , 2013 Orlando , FL Raw Sandow attacked champion John Cena and immediately cashed in the contract , but became the first man to lose a cash - in match when Cena won the match after an Attitude Adjustment 15 Seth Rollins WWE World Heavyweight Championship March 29 , 2015 Santa Clara , CA WrestleMania 31 During the main event between Roman Reigns and defending champion Brock Lesnar , Rollins cashed in his briefcase . The referee accepted the cash - in while the match was in progress and converted the singles match into a triple - threat match . Rollins then pinned Reigns after a Curb Stomp to win the title . This was the first cash - in where the contract holder did not pin the champion 16 Sheamus WWE World Heavyweight Championship November 22 , 2015 Atlanta , GA Survivor Series Sheamus defeated Roman Reigns after a Brogue Kick to win the championship after Reigns defeated Dean Ambrose to win the vacant title 17 Dean Ambrose WWE World Heavyweight Championship June 19 , 2016 Paradise , NV Money in the Bank Ambrose defeated Seth Rollins after a Dirty Deeds to win the championship after Rollins defeated Roman Reigns to win the title 18 Baron Corbin WWE Championship August 15 , 2017 Providence , RI SmackDown Live Corbin interfered in a match between John Cena and WWE Champion Jinder Mahal and attacked Cena , who won by disqualification . He then cashed in the contract after almost departing , but after the match started , he attacked Cena who was on the apron and was then rolled - up by Mahal . Females ( edit ) No . Case Holder Championship Date Location Event Results Carmella WWE SmackDown Women 's Championship April 10 , 2018 New Orleans , LA SmackDown Live Carmella defeated Charlotte Flair after a Princess Kick after Flair was attacked by the debuting IIconics ( Peyton Royce and Billie Kay ) . Alexa Bliss WWE Raw Women 's Championship June 17 , 2018 Rosemont , IL Money in the Bank Bliss interrupted the scheduled championship match between champion Nia Jax and Ronda Rousey by attacking both competitors with her briefcase . After incapacitating Rousey , she defeated Jax after a Bliss DDT and a Twisted Bliss to win the championship . Participant list ( edit ) Males ( edit ) Wrestler Victories Appearances CM Punk John Cena Seth Rollins Baron Corbin Braun Strowman Mr. Kennedy Damien Sandow Daniel Bryan Alberto Del Rio Edge Rob Van Dam Sheamus Dean Ambrose Jack Swagger Randy Orton The Miz Dolph Ziggler 6 Kane 7 Chris Benoit 0 Ric Flair 0 Bobby Lashley 0 Jeff Hardy 0 King Booker 0 Carlito 0 Ted DiBiase 0 Heath Slater 0 Justin Gabriel 0 Rey Mysterio 0 Alex Riley 0 R - Truth 0 Santino Marella 0 Tensai 0 Tyson Kidd 0 Fandango 0 Neville 0 Roman Reigns 0 AJ Styles 0 Shinsuke Nakamura 0 Finn Bálor 0 Rusev 0 Bobby Roode 0 Samoa Joe 0 Drew McIntyre 0 John Morrison 0 Mark Henry 0 Sin Cara 0 Big Show 0 Wade Barrett 0 ( Antonio ) Cesaro 0 Sami Zayn 0 Finlay 0 Montel Vontavious Porter 0 Evan Bourne 0 Kevin Owens 0 Matt Hardy 0 Cody Rhodes 0 Shelton Benjamin 0 5 Chris Jericho 0 5 Christian 0 6 Kofi Kingston 0 7 Females ( edit ) Wrestler Victories Appearances Carmella Alexa Bliss Ember Moon 0 Lana 0 Naomi 0 Sasha Banks 0 Tamina 0 Becky Lynch 0 Charlotte Flair 0 Natalya 0 References ( edit ) Professional wrestling portal ^ Jump up to : Shields , Brian ; Sullivan , Kevin ( 2009 ) . 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Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Clayton , Corey ( February 25 , 2008 ) . `` The Truth about Hornswoggle , According to JBL '' . WWE . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Hardy suspended '' . WWE . March 11 , 2008 . Retrieved March 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Adkins , Greg ( March 3 , 2008 ) . `` Big Showdown '' . WWE . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ( Even ) Mo ' Money ? '' . WWE . Retrieved March 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Medalis , Kara A. ( March 11 , 2008 ) . `` Tables , Helmets and Champions '' . WWE . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shaman clinches final spot '' . WWE . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sitterson , Aubrey ( February 23 , 2009 ) . `` '' Legacy '' gets hammered `` . WWE . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sitterson , Aubrey ( March 2 , 2009 ) . `` Breaking the news '' . WWE . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burdick , Michael ( March 3 , 2009 ) . `` Served with a Swagger and a smile '' . WWE . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burdick , Michael ( March 6 , 2009 ) . `` Disruption eruption '' . WWE . Retrieved March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sitterson , Aubrey ( March 9 , 2009 ) . `` In your house '' . WWE . Retrieved March 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Passero , Mitch ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` Christian bound for WrestleMania '' . WWE . Retrieved March 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burdick , Michael ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` Takin ' it back '' . WWE . Retrieved March 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rote , Andrew ( April 5 , 2009 ) . `` Twice as nice for CM Punk '' . WWE . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burdick , Michael ( May 1 , 2009 ) . `` Robbing the bank in the face of Judgment '' . WWE . Retrieved May 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Passero , Mitch ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Preparing for judgment '' . WWE . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Passero , Mitch ( June 7 , 2009 ) . `` Punk cashes in for gold '' . WWE . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . 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-3376460054567901297 | Ruby | Ruby - Wikipedia Ruby Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the mineral or gem . For other uses , see Ruby ( disambiguation ) . Ruby Natural ruby crystals from Winza , Tanzania General Oxide mineral variety Formula ( repeating unit ) aluminium oxide with chromium , Al O : Cr Crystal system Trigonal Crystal class Hexagonal scalenohedral ( 3m ) H-M symbol : ( 3 2 / m ) Space group R3c Identification Color Near colorless through pink through all shades of red to a deep crimson Crystal habit Terminated tabular hexagonal prisms . Cleavage No true cleavage Fracture Conchoidal , splintery Tenacity Brittle Mohs scale hardness 9.0 Luster Subadamantine , vitreous , pearly ( on partings ) Streak white Diaphaneity transparent , translucent Specific gravity 3.97 -- 4.05 Optical properties Uniaxial - Refractive index n = 1.768 -- 1.772 n = 1.760 -- 1.763 Birefringence 0.008 Pleochroism Strong : purplish - red -- orangy - red Dispersion 0.018 Ultraviolet fluorescence red under longwave References A ruby is a pink to blood - red colored gemstone , a variety of the mineral corundum ( aluminium oxide ) . Other varieties of gem - quality corundum are called sapphires . Ruby is one of the traditional cardinal gems , together with amethyst , sapphire , emerald , and diamond . The word ruby comes from ruber , Latin for red . The color of a ruby is due to the element chromium . The quality of a ruby is determined by its color , cut , and clarity , which , along with carat weight , affect its value . The brightest and most valuable shade of red called blood - red or pigeon blood , commands a large premium over other rubies of similar quality . After color follows clarity : similar to diamonds , a clear stone will command a premium , but a ruby without any needle - like rutile inclusions may indicate that the stone has been treated . Ruby is the traditional birthstone for July and is usually more pink than garnet , although some rhodolite garnets have a similar pinkish hue to most rubies . The world 's most expensive ruby is the Sunrise Ruby . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical properties 1.1 Ruby vs. pink sapphire 2 Natural occurrence 3 Factors affecting value 4 Treatments and enhancements 5 Synthetic and imitation rubies 6 Records and famous rubies 7 Historical and cultural references 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Physical properties Crystal structure of rubies Rubies have a hardness of 9.0 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness . Among the natural gems only moissanite and diamond are harder , with diamond having a Mohs hardness of 10.0 and moissanite falling somewhere in between corundum ( ruby ) and diamond in hardness . Sapphire , ruby , and pure corundum are α - alumina , the most stable form of Al O , in which 3 electrons leave each aluminum ion to join the regular octahedral group of six nearby O ions ; in pure corundum this leaves all of the aluminum ions with a very stable configuration of no unpaired electrons or unfilled energy levels , and the crystal is perfectly colorless . When a chromium atom replaces an occasional aluminum atom , it too loses 3 electrons to become a chromium ion to maintain the charge balance of the Al O crystal . However , the Cr ions are larger and have electron orbitals in different directions than aluminum . The octahedral arrangement of the O ions is distorted , and the energy levels of the different orbitals of those Cr ions are slightly altered because of the directions to the O ions . Those energy differences correspond to absorption in the ultraviolet , violet , and yellow - green regions of the spectrum . Transmittance of ruby in optical and near - IR spectra . Note the two broad violet and yellow - green absorption bands and one narrow absorption band at the wavelength of 694 nm , which is the wavelength of the ruby laser . If one percent of the aluminum ions are replaced by chromium in ruby , the yellow - green absorption results in a red color for the gem . Additionally , absorption at any of the above wavelengths stimulates fluorescent emission of 694 - nanometer - wavelength red light , which adds to its red color and perceived luster . After absorbing short - wavelength light , there is short interval of time when the crystal lattice of ruby is in an excited state before fluorescence occurs . If 694 - nanometer photons pass through the crystal during that time , they can stimulate more fluorescent photons to be emitted in - phase with them , thus strengthening the intensity of that red light . By arranging mirrors or other means to pass emitted light repeatedly through the crystal , a ruby laser in this way produces a very high intensity of coherent red light . All natural rubies have imperfections in them , including color impurities and inclusions of rutile needles known as `` silk '' . Gemologists use these needle inclusions found in natural rubies to distinguish them from synthetics , simulants , or substitutes . Usually , the rough stone is heated before cutting . These days , almost all rubies are treated in some form , with heat treatment being the most common practice . Untreated rubies of high quality command a large premium . Some rubies show a three - point or six - point asterism or `` star '' . These rubies are cut into cabochons to display the effect properly . Asterisms are best visible with a single - light source and move across the stone as the light moves or the stone is rotated . Such effects occur when light is reflected off the `` silk '' ( the structurally oriented rutile needle inclusions ) in a certain way . This is one example where inclusions increase the value of a gemstone . Furthermore , rubies can show color changes -- though this occurs very rarely -- as well as chatoyancy or the `` cat 's eye '' effect . Ruby vs. pink sapphire Generally , gemstone - quality corundum in all shades of red , including pink , are called rubies . However , in the United States , a minimum color saturation must be met to be called a ruby ; otherwise , the stone will be called a pink sapphire . Drawing a distinction between rubies and pink sapphires is relatively new , having arisen sometime in the 20th century . Often , the distinction between ruby and pink sapphire is not clear and can be debated . As a result of the difficulty and subjectiveness of such distinctions , trade organizations such as the International Colored Gemstone Association ( ICGA ) have adopted the broader definition for ruby which encompasses its lighter shades , including pink . Natural occurrence The Mogok Valley in Upper Myanmar ( Burma ) was for centuries the world 's main source for rubies . That region has produced some very fine rubies , but in recent years few good rubies have been found there . In central Myanmar , the area of Mong Hsu began producing rubies during the 1990s and rapidly became the world 's main ruby mining area . The most recently found ruby deposit in Myanmar is in Namya ( Namyazeik ) located in the northern state of Kachin . Historically , rubies have also been mined in Thailand , in the Pailin and Samlout District of Cambodia , as well as in Afghanistan , Australia , Brazil , Colombia , India , Namibia , Japan , and Scotland ; after the Second World War ruby deposits were found in Madagascar , Nepal , Pakistan , Tajikistan , Tanzania , and Vietnam . In Sri Lanka , lighter shades of rubies ( often `` pink sapphires '' ) are more commonly found . Republic of Macedonia is the only country in mainland Europe to have naturally occurring rubies . They can mainly be found around the city of Prilep . Macedonian ruby has a unique raspberry color . The ruby is also included on the Macedonian Coat of Arms . A few rubies have been found in the U.S. states of Montana , North Carolina , South Carolina and Wyoming . Spinel , another red gemstone , is sometimes found along with rubies in the same gem gravel or marble . Red spinel may be mistaken for ruby by those lacking experience with gems . However , the finest red spinels can have a value approaching that of the average ruby . Factors affecting value Rubies , as with other gemstones , are graded using criteria known as the four Cs , namely color , cut , clarity and carat weight . Rubies are also evaluated on the basis of their geographic origin . Color : In the evaluation of colored gemstones , color is the most important factor . Color divides into three components : hue , saturation and tone . Hue refers to color as we normally use the term . Transparent gemstones occur in the pure spectral hues of red , orange , yellow , green , blue , violet . In nature , there are rarely pure hues , so when speaking of the hue of a gemstone , we speak of primary and secondary and sometimes tertiary hues . Ruby is defined to be red . All other hues of the gem species corundum are called sapphire . Ruby may exhibit a range of secondary hues , including orange , purple , violet , and pink . A naturally occurring ruby crystal Natural ruby with inclusions A cut pink ruby Purple rubies Victorian ruby and diamond brooch The finest ruby is described as being a vivid medium - dark toned red . Secondary hues add an additional complication . Pink , orange , and purple are the normal secondary hues in ruby . Of the three , purple is preferred because it reinforces the red , making it appear richer . Purple also occupies a position on the color wheel halfway between red and blue . When a purplish - red ruby is set in yellow , the yellow neutralizes its complement blue , leaving the stone appearing to be pure red in the setting . Treatments and enhancements Improving the quality of gemstones by treating them is common practice . Some treatments are used in almost all cases and are therefore considered acceptable . During the late 1990s , a large supply of low - cost materials caused a sudden surge in supply of heat - treated rubies , leading to a downward pressure on ruby prices . Improvements used include color alteration , improving transparency by dissolving rutile inclusions , healing of fractures ( cracks ) or even completely filling them . The most common treatment is the application of heat . Most rubies at the lower end of the market are heat treated to improve color , remove purple tinge , blue patches , and silk . These heat treatments typically occur around temperatures of 1800 ° C ( 3300 ° F ) . Some rubies undergo a process of low tube heat , when the stone is heated over charcoal of a temperature of about 1300 ° C ( 2400 ° F ) for 20 to 30 minutes . The silk is partially broken , and the color is improved . Another treatment , which has become more frequent in recent years , is lead glass filling . Filling the fractures inside the ruby with lead glass ( or a similar material ) dramatically improves the transparency of the stone , making previously unsuitable rubies fit for applications in jewelry . The process is done in four steps : The rough stones are pre-polished to eradicate all surface impurities that may affect the process The rough is cleaned with hydrogen fluoride The first heating process during which no fillers are added . The heating process eradicates impurities inside the fractures . Although this can be done at temperatures up to 1400 ° C ( 2500 ° F ) it most likely occurs at a temperature of around 900 ° C ( 1600 ° F ) since the rutile silk is still intact . The second heating process in an electrical oven with different chemical additives . Different solutions and mixes have shown to be successful , however mostly lead - containing glass - powder is used at present . The ruby is dipped into oils , then covered with powder , embedded on a tile and placed in the oven where it is heated at around 900 ° C ( 1600 ° F ) for one hour in an oxidizing atmosphere . The orange colored powder transforms upon heating into a transparent to yellow - colored paste , which fills all fractures . After cooling the color of the paste is fully transparent and dramatically improves the overall transparency of the ruby . If a color needs to be added , the glass powder can be `` enhanced '' with copper or other metal oxides as well as elements such as sodium , calcium , potassium etc . The second heating process can be repeated three to four times , even applying different mixtures . When jewelry containing rubies is heated ( for repairs ) it should not be coated with boracic acid or any other substance , as this can etch the surface ; it does not have to be `` protected '' like a diamond . The treatment can identified by noting bubbles in cavities and fractures using a 10x loupe . Synthetic and imitation rubies Artificial ruby under a normal light ( top ) and under a green laser light ( bottom ) . Red light is emitted In 1837 , Gaudin made the first synthetic rubies by fusing potash alum at a high temperature with a little chromium as a pigment . In 1847 , Ebelmen made white sapphire by fusing alumina in boric acid . In 1877 , Frenic and Freil made crystal corundum from which small stones could be cut . Frimy and Auguste Verneuil manufactured artificial ruby by fusing BaF and Al O with a little chromium at red heat . In 1903 , Verneuil announced he could produce synthetic rubies on a commercial scale using this flame fusion process . By 1910 , Verneuil 's laboratory had expanded into a 30 furnace production facility , with annual gemstone production having reached 1,000 kilograms ( 2,000 lb ) in 1907 . Other processes in which synthetic rubies can be produced are through Czochralski 's pulling process , flux process , and the hydrothermal process . Most synthetic rubies originate from flame fusion , due to the low costs involved . Synthetic rubies may have no imperfections visible to the naked eye but magnification may reveal curves , striae and gas bubbles . The fewer the number and the less obvious the imperfections , the more valuable the ruby is ; unless there are no imperfections ( i.e. , a perfect ruby ) , in which case it will be suspected of being artificial . Dopants are added to some manufactured rubies so they can be identified as synthetic , but most need gemological testing to determine their origin . Synthetic rubies have technological uses as well as gemological ones . Rods of synthetic ruby are used to make ruby lasers and masers . The first working laser was made by Theodore H. Maiman in 1960 . Maiman used a solid - state light - pumped synthetic ruby to produce red laser light at a wavelength of 694 nanometers ( nm ) . Ruby lasers are still in use . Rubies are also used in applications where high hardness is required such as at wear exposed locations in modern mechanical clockworks , or as scanning probe tips in a coordinate measuring machine . Imitation rubies are also marketed . Red spinels , red garnets , and colored glass have been falsely claimed to be rubies . Imitations go back to Roman times and already in the 17th century techniques were developed to color foil red -- by burning scarlet wool in the bottom part of the furnace -- which was then placed under the imitation stone . Trade terms such as balas ruby for red spinel and rubellite for red tourmaline can mislead unsuspecting buyers . Such terms are therefore discouraged from use by many gemological associations such as the Laboratory Manual Harmonisation Committee ( LMHC ) . Records and famous rubies Rubies at the National Museum of Natural History , Washington , D.C. , USA The Smithsonian 's National Museum of Natural History in Washington , D.C. has some of the world 's largest and finest ruby gemstones . The 23.1 carats ( 4.62 g ) Burmese ruby , set in a platinum ring with diamonds , was donated by businessman and philanthropist Peter Buck in memory of his late wife Carmen Lúcia . This gemstone displays a richly saturated red color combined with an exceptional transparency . The finely proportioned cut provides vivid red reflections . The stone was mined from the Mogok region of Burma ( now Myanmar ) in the 1930s . In 2007 the London jeweler Garrard & Co featured on their website a heart - shaped 40.63 - carat ruby . On December 13 / 14 , 2011 Elizabeth Taylor 's complete jewellery collection was auctioned by Christie 's . Several ruby - set pieces were included in the sale , notably a ring set with an 8.24 ct gem that broke the ' price - per - carat ' record for rubies ( $512,925 per carat , i.e. over $4.2 million in total ) , and a necklace that sold for over $3.7 million . The Liberty Bell Ruby is the largest mined ruby in the world . It was stolen in a heist in 2011 . The Sunrise Ruby is the world 's most expensive ruby , most expensive coloured gemstone , and most expensive gemstone other than a diamond . In May 2015 , it sold at auction in Switzerland to an anonymous buyer for US $30 million . A synthetic ruby crystal became the gain medium in the world 's first optical laser , conceived , designed and constructed by Theodore H. `` Ted '' Maiman , on the 16th of May , 1961 at Hughes Research Laboratories . The concept of electromagnetic radiation amplification through the mechanism of Stimulated Emission had already been successfully demonstrated in the laboratory by way of the Maser , using other materials such as ammonia and indeed , later , ruby , but the Ruby Laser was the first device to work at optical ( 694.3 nm ) wavelengths . Maiman 's prototype laser is still in working order . Historical and cultural references In Job 28 : 18 and Proverbs 3 : 15 , wisdom is more valuable than rubies . In Proverbs 31 : 10 , a wife of noble character is worth more than rubies . An early recorded transport and trading of rubies arises in the literature on the North Silk Road of China , wherein about 200 BC rubies were carried along this ancient trackway moving westward from China . Rubies have always been held in high esteem in Asian countries . They were used to ornament armor , scabbards , and harnesses of noblemen in India and China . Rubies were laid beneath the foundation of buildings to secure good fortune to the structure . See also Book : Gemstones Gemology and Jewelry portal Anyolite Gemology List of gemstones List of minerals Verneuil process References Jump up ^ Corundum data on Webmineral Jump up ^ Ruby on Gemdat.org Jump up ^ Precious Stones , Max Bauer , p. 2 ^ Jump up to : `` Ruby : causes of color '' . Retrieved 28 Mar 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Matlins , Antoinette Leonard ( 2010 ) . Colored Gemstones . Gemstone Press . p. 203 . ISBN 0 - 943763 - 72 - X . Jump up ^ Reed , Peter ( 1991 ) . Gemmology . Butterworth - Heinemann . p. 337 . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 6449 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wise , Richard G. `` Gemstone Connoisseurship ; The Finer Points , Part II '' . Jump up ^ Hughes , Richard W. `` Walking the line in ruby & sapphire '' . ruby-sapphire.com . Jump up ^ Federman , David . `` Pink Sapphire '' . Modern Jeweler . Jump up ^ http://www.gemsociety.org/article/ruby-sapphire-identifying-origin-understanding-value-rarity-gem-corundum/ Jump up ^ `` This is the New Coat of Arms of Republic of Macedonia - Independent.mk '' . Independent.mk . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Wenk , Hans - Rudolf ; Bulakh , A.G. ( 2004 ) . Minerals : their constitution and origin . Cambridge , U.K. : Cambridge University Press . pp. 539 -- 541 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 52958 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Wise , Richard W. ( 2006 ) . Secrets Of The Gem Trade , The Connoisseur 's Guide To Precious Gemstones . Brunswick House Press . pp. 18 -- 22 . ISBN 0 - 9728223 - 8 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Heat Treatment of Ruby and Sapphire . Bangkok , Thailand : Gemlab Inc. 1992 . ISBN 0940965100 . Jump up ^ Vincent Pardieu Lead Glass Filled / Repaired Rubies . Asian Institute of Gemological Sciences Gem Testing Laboratory . February 2005 Jump up ^ Richard W. Hughes ( 1997 ) , Ruby & Sapphire , Boulder , CO , RWH Publishing , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9645097 - 6 - 4 Jump up ^ Milisenda , CC ( 2005 ) . `` Rubine mit bleihaltigen Glasern gefullt '' . Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft ( in German ) . Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft. 54 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 41 . Jump up ^ `` Lead Glass - Filled Rubies '' . GIA Global Dispatch . Gemological Institute of America . 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bahadur : a Handbook of Precious Stones '' . 1943 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Maiman , T.H. ( 1960 ) . `` Stimulated optical radiation in ruby '' . Nature . 187 ( 4736 ) : 493 -- 494 . Bibcode : 1960Natur. 187 ... 493M . doi : 10.1038 / 187493a0 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Nicols : A Lapidary or History of Gemstones '' . 1652 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Carmen Lúcia Ruby '' . Exhibitions . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Garrards -- Treasures ( large and important jewelry pieces ) '' . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ The Legendary Jewels , Evening Sale & Jewelry ( Sessions II and III ) Press Release Christie 's . Christies.com ( 2011 - 12 - 14 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Taylor 's ruby and diamond necklace . News.yahoo.com ( 2011 - 09 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2012/01/09/irreplaceable-2-million-ruby-stolen-in-wilmington-jewelry-heist/ Jump up ^ `` World 's most expensive coloured gem sells for $30 m '' . BBC . 13 May 2015 . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Laser inventor Maiman dies ; tribute to be held on anniversary of first laser '' . Laser Focus World . 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan , Silk Road , North China , The Megalithic Portal. 19 November 2007 Jump up ^ Smith , Henry G. ( 1896 ) . `` Chapter 2 , Sapphires , Rubies '' . Gems and Precious Stones . Charles Potter Government Printer , Australia . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ruby . International Colored Stone Association 's ruby overview page Webmineral crystallographic and mineral info Jewellery Forms Anklet Barrette Belt buckle Belly chain Bindi Bracelet Brooch Chatelaine Collar pin Crown Cufflink Earring Ferronnière Lapel pin Necklace Pectoral Pendant Ring Tiara Tie clip Tie pin Toe ring Watch pocket strap Making People Bench jeweler Clockmaker Goldsmith Silversmith Jewelry designer Lapidary Watchmaker Processes Carving Casting centrifugal lost - wax vacuum Enameling Engraving Filigree Kazaziye Metal clay Plating Polishing Repoussé and chasing Soldering Stonesetting Wire sculpture Wire wrapped jewelry Tools Draw plate File Hammer Mandrel Pliers Materials Precious metals Gold Palladium Platinum Rhodium Silver Precious metal alloys Britannia silver Colored gold Crown gold Electrum Shakudō Shibuichi Sterling silver Tumbaga Base metals Brass Bronze Copper Mokume - gane Pewter Stainless steel Titanium Tungsten Mineral gemstones Aventurine Agate Amethyst Beryl Carnelian Chrysoberyl Diamond Diopside Emerald Garnet Jade Jasper Lapis lazuli Larimar Malachite Marcasite Moonstone Obsidian Onyx Opal Pearl Peridot Prasiolite Quartz Ruby Sapphire Sodalite Spinel Sunstone Tanzanite Tiger 's eye Topaz Tourmaline Turquoise Zircon Organic gemstones Abalone Amber Ammolite Copal Coral Ivory Jet Nacre Other natural objects Bog - wood Hair Shell jewelry Toadstone Terms Carat ( mass ) Carat ( purity ) Finding Millesimal fineness Art jewelry Related topics Body piercing Fashion Gemology Phaleristics Metalworking Wearable art Gemstones Gemmological Classifiactions by E. Ya . Kievlenko , 1980 , updated Jewelry stones 1st order Diamond Ruby Emerald Blue Sapphire Alexandrite Natural marine pearls 2nd order Pink sapphire Demantoid Tsavorite Spinel Precious Black Opal Tanzanite 3rd order Yellow , Green , Violet Sapphires Aquamarine Orange topaz ( Imperial ) Rubellite Precious White and Fire Opal 4th order Tourmaline -- Verdelite Indicolite , polychromous Beryl -- Heliodor , pink , yellow - green Topaz yellow , blue , pink Peridot Garnets -- Spessartine ( malaya ) , Rhodolite , Almandine , Pyrope Amethyst Citrine Blue Turquoise Jewelry - Industrial stones 1st order Lazurite Jadeite Nephrite Malachite Amber ( Baltic amber ) Chrysoprase Charoite 2nd order Agate Amazonite Rhodonite Colorless , smoky and pink quartz Hematite Common opal Opaque iridescent feldspars Industrial stones Jasper Graphic granite Petrified wood Cacholong ( Porouse opal ) Marble onyx Obsidian Listwanite ( green mica ) Jet Selenite Fluorite Serpentinite Aventurine quartzite Ophicalcite ( Serpentine / Calcite ) Pagodite ( Pyrophyllite / Talc ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruby&oldid=800440177 '' Categories : Aluminium minerals Oxide minerals Superhard materials Trigonal minerals Luminescent minerals Corundum gemstones Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Pages with numeric Bible version references Use American English from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from August 2015 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Tools Wikiquote Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 15 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where can rubies be found in the us | [
"Historically, rubies have also been mined in Thailand, in the Pailin and Samlout District of Cambodia, as well as in Afghanistan, Australia, Brazil, Colombia, India, Namibia, Japan, and Scotland; after the Second World War ruby deposits were found in Madagascar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, and Vietnam.[10] In Sri Lanka, lighter shades of rubies (often \"pink sapphires\") are more commonly found. Republic of Macedonia is the only country in mainland Europe to have naturally occurring rubies. They can mainly be found around the city of Prilep. Macedonian ruby has a unique raspberry color. The ruby is also included on the Macedonian Coat of Arms.[11] A few rubies have been found in the U.S. states of Montana, North Carolina, South Carolina and Wyoming.",
"Historically, rubies have also been mined in Thailand, in the Pailin and Samlout District of Cambodia, as well as in Afghanistan, Australia, Brazil, Colombia, India, Namibia, Japan, and Scotland; after the Second World War ruby deposits were found in Madagascar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, and Vietnam.[10] In Sri Lanka, lighter shades of rubies (often \"pink sapphires\") are more commonly found. Republic of Macedonia is the only country in mainland Europe to have naturally occurring rubies. They can mainly be found around the city of Prilep. Macedonian ruby has a unique raspberry color. The ruby is also included on the Macedonian Coat of Arms.[11] A few rubies have been found in the U.S. states of Montana, North Carolina, South Carolina and Wyoming.",
"Historically, rubies have also been mined in Thailand, in the Pailin and Samlout District of Cambodia, as well as in Afghanistan, Australia, Brazil, Colombia, India, Namibia, Japan, and Scotland; after the Second World War ruby deposits were found in Madagascar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, and Vietnam.[10] In Sri Lanka, lighter shades of rubies (often \"pink sapphires\") are more commonly found. Republic of Macedonia is the only country in mainland Europe to have naturally occurring rubies. They can mainly be found around the city of Prilep. Macedonian ruby has a unique raspberry color. The ruby is also included on the Macedonian Coat of Arms.[11] A few rubies have been found in the U.S. states of Montana, North Carolina, South Carolina and Wyoming.",
"Historically, rubies have also been mined in Thailand, in the Pailin and Samlout District of Cambodia, as well as in Afghanistan, Australia, Brazil, Colombia, India, Namibia, Japan, and Scotland; after the Second World War ruby deposits were found in Madagascar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, and Vietnam.[10] In Sri Lanka, lighter shades of rubies (often \"pink sapphires\") are more commonly found. Republic of Macedonia is the only country in mainland Europe to have naturally occurring rubies. They can mainly be found around the city of Prilep. Macedonian ruby has a unique raspberry color. The ruby is also included on the Macedonian Coat of Arms.[11] A few rubies have been found in the U.S. states of Montana, North Carolina, South Carolina and Wyoming."
] | [
"Montana",
"North Carolina",
"South Carolina",
"Wyoming"
] |
3192511692713977835 | 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship | 2018 College football Playoff national championship - wikipedia 2018 College football Playoff national championship Jump to : navigation , search 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship Alabama Crimson Tide Georgia Bulldogs ( 12 -- 1 ) ( 13 -- 1 ) SEC SEC 26 23 Head coach : Nick Saban Head coach : Kirby Smart AP Coaches CFP AP Coaches CFP OT Total Alabama 0 0 10 10 6 26 Georgia 0 13 7 0 23 Date January 8 , 2018 Season 2017 Stadium Mercedes - Benz Stadium Location Atlanta , Georgia MVP Offensive : # 13 QB Tua Tagovailoa , Fr . Alabama Defensive : # 94 DT Da'Ron Payne , Jr . Alabama Favorite Alabama by 3.5 National anthem Zac Brown Band Referee Dan Capron ( Big Ten ) Halftime show Georgia Redcoat Marching Band Million Dollar Band Attendance 77,430 United States TV coverage Network ESPN / ESPN Radio / ESPN Deportes Announcers Chris Fowler , Kirk Herbstreit , Maria Taylor and Tom Rinaldi ( ESPN ) Sean McDonough , Todd Blackledge , Holly Rowe and Ian Fitzsimmons ( ESPN Radio ) College Football Playoff National Championship < 2017 2019 > The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship was a college football bowl game that determined the national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2017 season . The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Georgia Bulldogs 26 -- 23 in overtime . Alabama overcame a 13 -- 0 deficit at halftime . Tua Tagovailoa and Da'Ron Payne were respectively named the offensive and defensive players of the game . The College Football Playoff selection committee chose the semifinalists following the conclusion of the 2017 regular season . Alabama and Georgia advanced to the national championship after winning the semifinal games hosted by the Sugar Bowl and the Rose Bowl , respectively , on January 1 , 2018 . The championship game was played at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia on January 8 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 2018 College Football Playoff 3 Teams 3.1 Alabama 3.2 Georgia 4 Game summary 4.1 Scoring summary 4.2 Statistics 5 Broadcasting 6 Dispute 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship took place at Mercedes - Benz Stadium The Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia was announced as the host site for the fourth College Football National Championship on November 4 , 2015 . 2018 College football Playoff ( edit ) Semifinals Championship January 1 -- Sugar Bowl Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans 1 Clemson 6 4 Alabama 24 January 8 -- National Championship Mercedes - Benz Stadium , Atlanta 4 Alabama ( OT ) 26 January 1 -- Rose Bowl Rose Bowl , Pasadena 3 Georgia 23 2 Oklahoma 48 3 Georgia ( 2OT ) 54 This bracket : view talk edit The College Football Playoff ( CFP ) selected four teams to advance to the playoff : the Clemson Tigers , Oklahoma Sooners , Georgia Bulldogs , and Alabama Crimson Tide . Teams ( edit ) Alabama ( edit ) See also : 2017 Alabama Crimson Tide football team The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Clemson Tigers in the 2018 Sugar Bowl by a score of 24 -- 6 to reach the championship game . The Tide had a 12 -- 1 season , becoming the SEC West Division co-champions with the Auburn Tigers . The Crimson Tide were coached by Nick Saban . Georgia ( edit ) See also : 2017 Georgia Bulldogs football team The Georgia Bulldogs defeated the Oklahoma Sooners in the 2018 Rose Bowl by a score of 54 -- 48 in double overtime to reach the championship game . The Bulldogs had a 13 -- 1 season claiming their 13th Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) championship with a win over Auburn Tigers , 28 -- 7 . The Bulldogs were coached by Kirby Smart . Game summary ( edit ) After winning the coin toss , Alabama deferred to the second half and Georgia received the ball to begin the game . After two plays , quarterback Jake Fromm attempted a pass downfield and was intercepted by Tony Brown . Alabama began their first drive of the game , and , after eleven plays , that drive ended with kicker Andy Pappanastos missing a 40 - yard field goal . The teams each had three - and - outs for the game 's first two punts . During Georgia 's ensuing drive , the quarter ended , with no score . After a failed third down conversion , on the second play of the second quarter , Georgia kicker Rodrigo Blankenship hit a 41 - yard field goal to open the scoring and put Georgia in the lead by three . Alabama 's ensuing drive went nowhere , as they gained four yards on three plays and punted . Georgia took the ball and drove down the field , and found themselves with a first and goal at the Alabama 10 - yard - line ; the Tide defense held , however , and the Bulldogs settled for a second field goal and took a 6 -- 0 lead with just over seven and a half minutes until half . On Alabama 's next drive , the Georgia defense held yet again and Alabama 's JK Scott punted for the third time . Just prior to the punt , Georgia wide receiver Javon Wims was shown walking to the locker room , reportedly with a left shoulder injury . Both defenses then forced punts , and Georgia took back over with 1 : 19 remaining in the half on their own 31 - yard - line . Nine plays later , on Alabama 's 1 - yard - line , Mecole Hardman took a direct snap , faked a handoff , and ran into the end zone for the game 's first touchdown , putting Georgia up 13 -- 0 going into halftime . Because they deferred the coin toss , Alabama received the ball first in the second half . They started their drive on their own 22 - yard - line . Tua Tagovailoa , Alabama 's backup quarterback , started the second half for the Tide ; that drive quickly resulted in a three - and - out . The initial punt was blocked , but an offside call gave the Tide another chance to punt . Georgia started their drive on their own 36 - yard - line , but punted on 4th & 17 . Alabama took over on their own 44 - yard - line . The teams then traded touchdowns on consecutive drives ; Alabama scored their first points of the game on a 6 - yard pass from Tagovailoa to Ruggs , but Georgia immediately responded with an 80 - yard touchdown connection from Fromm to Mecole Hardman , putting Georgia up 20 -- 7 . On the second play of Alabama 's ensuing drive , Tagovailoa , while scrambling to the left , threw into traffic and was intercepted by Georgia 's Deandre Baker . Up 13 , the Bulldogs took over possession of the ball on Alabama 's 39 - yard - line . The Tide defense responded immediately , however , as Raekwon Davis intercepted a Jake Fromm pass on the first play of Georgia 's drive , returning the pick to the UGA 40 - yard - line . The Tide gained fifteen yards on six plays and kicker Andy Pappanastos avenged his earlier miss with a 43 - yard field goal that put Bama within ten . The teams then traded punts . Just prior to Alabama 's punt , it was announced that an Alabama defensive back , Kyriq McDonald , had collapsed on the sideline ; the situation was described as a `` serious medical emergency '' . He was loaded onto a medical stretcher awake and conscious . Georgia could not muster anything on offense that drive , and punted . The fourth quarter saw Tagovailoa lead the Tide to come back and tie the game at 20 with 3 : 49 . With three seconds remaining in the game , Andy Pappanastos missed a potential game - winning 36 - yard field goal to the left , sending the game to overtime . In overtime , Georgia scored on a 51 - yard field goal . On Alabama 's first offensive play in overtime , Tagovailoa was sacked for a 16 - yard loss , but immediately followed that with a game - winning 41 - yard touchdown pass to DeVonta Smith . Tagovailoa was named the offensive player of the game , and Da'Ron Payne was named the defensive player of the game . Scoring summary ( edit ) ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP Alabama Georgia 14 : 14 14 55 7 : 40 Georgia 41 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 0 7 : 33 13 70 5 : 19 Georgia 27 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 0 6 0 : 07 9 69 1 : 12 Georgia Mecole Hardman 1 - yard touchdown run , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 0 13 8 : 52 7 56 1 : 59 Alabama Henry Ruggs III 6 - yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa , Andy Pappanastos kick good 7 13 6 : 52 93 1 : 55 Georgia Mecole Hardman 80 - yard touchdown reception from Jake Fromm , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 7 20 5 : 20 6 15 1 : 06 Alabama 43 - yard field goal by Andy Pappanastos 10 20 9 : 24 8 71 2 : 15 Alabama 30 - yard field goal by Andy Pappanastos 13 20 3 : 49 8 66 3 : 21 Alabama Calvin Ridley 7 - yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa , Andy Pappanastos kick good 20 20 OT - 9 Georgia 51 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 20 23 OT 25 Alabama DeVonta Smith 41 - yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa 26 23 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 26 23 Statistics ( edit ) OT Total No. 4 Crimson Tide 0 0 10 10 6 26 No. 3 Bulldogs 0 13 7 0 23 Statistics Alabama Georgia First downs 20 22 Plays -- yards 71 -- 371 77 -- 365 Rushes -- yards 39 -- 184 45 -- 133 Passing yards 187 232 Passing : Comp -- Att -- Int 17 -- 32 -- 1 16 -- 32 -- 2 Time of possession 26 : 17 33 : 43 Sources : ESPN , StatBroadcast Team Player Statistics Alabama Passing Tua Tagovailoa 14 / 24 , 166 yds , 3 TD , 1 INT Rushing Najee Harris 6 car , 64 yds Receiving Calvin Ridley 4 rec , 32 yds , 1 TD Georgia Passing Jake Fromm 16 / 32 , 232 yds , 1 TD , 2 INT Rushing Sony Michel 14 car , 98 yds Receiving Riley Ridley 6 rec , 82 yds Sources : ESPN , StatBroadcast Broadcasting ( edit ) The game was televised nationally by ESPN . On January 8 , 2018 , the network announced that its broadcast would feature a live performance by Kendrick Lamar during halftime . This performance was separate from the event proper at Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( which featured a traditional halftime show with the marching bands of the participating teams ) , and originated from Centennial Olympic Park . Dispute ( edit ) Following an undefeated season in the American Athletic Conference and their victory over the Auburn Tigers in the 2018 Peach Bowl , the UCF Knights claimed the national championship by virtue of being the only undefeated team in the FBS level of college football . UCF held a victory parade at Disney World and hung a national championship banner at their stadium to celebrate this achievement . The school also paid national championship bonuses to all of its assistant coaches , many of whom left UCF after the Peach Bowl to follow head coach Scott Frost to his new head coaching job at Nebraska ; Frost himself ( who coached UCF in the game ) did not receive such a bonus because he had already been paid all of the bonuses allowed by his UCF contract . The selection committee ranked UCF 12th at the end of the regular season , below a number of two - loss teams from the Power Five conferences , which left them out of the CFP . The AP Poll ranked Alabama No. 1 in its final poll , receiving 57 first - place votes , while UCF was ranked No. 6 and received four first - place votes -- the first time in the CFP era that the AP poll did not have a unanimous No. 1 team . Additionally , the Knights finished the 2017 football season as the No. 1 team in the Colley Bias Free Matrix Rankings . The Colley Matrix is recognized by the NCAA in its list of `` national champion major selections . '' See also ( edit ) College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kirshner , Alex ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` A Big Ten officiating crew is working the all - SEC National Championship '' . sbnation.com . SB Nation . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alex Scarbrough ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Atlanta , Santa Clara and New Orleans land CFP title games for 2018 -- 20 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selection Committee Rankings : Final Top 25 Rankings '' ( PDF ) . College Football Playoff . December 3 , 2017 . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama 's Sugar Bowl win against Clemson sets up all - SEC final : Final score , stats , analysis '' . nola.com . January 1 , 2018 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Seth ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` Georgia to play for national championship after Rose Bowl win in 2 OT '' . ajc.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Drape , Joe ; Tracy , Marc ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` National Championship Game : Georgia vs. Alabama Live Score '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perez , A.J. ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` CFP players of the game : Alabama 's Tua Tagovailoa and Da'Ron Payne '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kendrick Lamar to Perform at College Football Playoff Title Game '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baker , Matt ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UCF is really claiming a national championship '' . tampabay.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` UCF Is Having a Parade at Disney World for National Championship Caliber Season '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gartland , Dan ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UCF Is Hanging a National Championship Banner at Its Stadium '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Chris ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UCF AD Says Coaches Will Be Paid National Championship Bonuses '' . SI.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ September 1 , 2018 ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Alabama is No. 1 in final AP poll for 11th time ; UCF 6th '' . Msn.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roger Simmons ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` National champions : UCF Knights finish season ranked No. 1 in Colley Matrix '' . orlandosentinel.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . 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Star Games East -- West Shrine Game ( Jan. 20 ) NFLPA Collegiate Bowl ( Jan. 20 ) Senior Bowl ( Jan. 27 ) NCAA Football Championship Games Division I FBS 2007 * 2008 * 2009 * 2010 * 2011 * 2012 * 2013 * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 * 2018 * 2019 * I-A 1993 * 1994 * 1995 * 1996 * 1997 * 1998 * 1999 * 2000 * 2001 * 2002 * 2003 * 2004 * 2005 * 2006 * FCS 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 * 2012 * 2013 * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 * 2018 * 2019 * I - AA 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 Division II 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Division III 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Games played in January are denoted by an asterisk Alabama Crimson Tide bowl games 1926 Rose Bowl 1927 Rose Bowl 1931 Rose Bowl 1935 Rose Bowl 1938 Rose Bowl 1942 Cotton Bowl Classic 1943 Orange Bowl 1945 Sugar Bowl 1946 Rose Bowl 1948 Sugar Bowl 1953 Orange Bowl 1954 Cotton Bowl Classic 1959 Liberty Bowl 1960 Bluebonnet Bowl 1962 Sugar Bowl 1963 Orange Bowl 1964 Sugar Bowl 1965 Orange Bowl 1966 Orange Bowl 1967 Sugar Bowl 1968 Cotton Bowl Classic 1968 Gator Bowl 1969 Liberty Bowl 1970 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1972 Orange Bowl 1973 Cotton Bowl Classic 1973 Sugar Bowl 1975 Orange Bowl 1975 Sugar Bowl 1976 Liberty Bowl 1978 Sugar Bowl 1979 Sugar Bowl 1980 Sugar Bowl 1981 Cotton Bowl Classic 1982 Cotton Bowl Classic 1982 Liberty Bowl 1983 Sun Bowl 1985 Aloha Bowl 1986 Sun Bowl 1988 Hall of Fame Bowl 1988 Sun Bowl 1990 Sugar Bowl 1991 Fiesta Bowl 1991 Blockbuster Bowl 1993 Sugar Bowl # 1993 Gator Bowl 1995 Florida Citrus Bowl 1997 Outback Bowl 1998 Music City Bowl 2000 Orange Bowl 2001 Independence Bowl 2004 Music City Bowl 2006 Cotton Bowl Classic 2006 Independence Bowl 2007 Independence Bowl 2009 Sugar Bowl 2010 BCS National Championship Game # 2011 Capital One Bowl 2012 BCS National Championship Game # 2013 BCS National Championship Game # 2014 Sugar Bowl 2015 Sugar Bowl / 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic ( Dec ) / 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship # 2016 Peach Bowl / 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship # 2018 Sugar Bowl / 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship # # denotes national championship game / denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game Georgia Bulldogs bowl games 1942 Orange Bowl 1943 Rose Bowl 1946 Oil Bowl 1947 Sugar Bowl 1948 Gator Bowl 1949 Orange Bowl 1950 Presidential Cup 1960 Orange Bowl 1964 Sun Bowl 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic 1967 Liberty Bowl 1969 Sugar Bowl 1969 Sun Bowl 1971 Gator Bowl 1973 Peach Bowl 1974 Tangerine Bowl 1976 Cotton Bowl Classic 1977 Sugar Bowl 1978 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1981 Sugar Bowl 1982 Sugar Bowl 1983 Sugar Bowl 1984 Cotton Bowl Classic 1984 Florida Citrus Bowl 1985 Sun Bowl 1986 Hall of Fame Bowl 1987 Liberty Bowl 1989 Gator Bowl 1989 Peach Bowl 1991 Independence Bowl 1993 Florida Citrus Bowl 1995 Peach Bowl 1998 Outback Bowl 1998 Peach Bowl 2000 Outback Bowl 2000 Oahu Bowl 2001 Music City Bowl 2003 Sugar Bowl 2004 Capital One Bowl 2005 Outback Bowl 2006 Sugar Bowl 2006 Chick - fil - A Bowl 2008 Sugar Bowl 2009 Capital One Bowl 2009 Independence Bowl 2010 Liberty Bowl 2012 Outback Bowl 2013 Capital One Bowl 2014 Gator Bowl 2014 Belk Bowl 2016 TaxSlayer Bowl 2016 Liberty Bowl 2018 Rose Bowl / 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship # # denotes national championship game / denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I championships Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Beach volleyball Bowling Cross country Fencing Field hockey Football ( FBS ) † Football ( FCS ) Men 's golf Women 's golf Men 's gymnastics Women 's gymnastics Men 's ice hockey Women 's ice hockey Indoor track and field Men 's lacrosse Women 's lacrosse Outdoor track and field Rifle Rowing Skiing Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Men 's swimming and diving Women 's swimming and diving Tennis Men 's volleyball Women 's volleyball Men 's water polo Women 's water polo Wrestling † Not an officially sanctioned NCAA championship Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship&oldid=825826609 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 NCAA football bowl games 2017 -- 18 College Football Playoff 2018 in sports in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Sports competitions in Atlanta American football in Georgia ( U.S. state ) 2010s in Atlanta Alabama Crimson Tide football bowl games Georgia Bulldogs football bowl games January 2018 sports events in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 17 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the national championship game going to be held | [
"\n\n2018 College Football Playoff National Championship\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAlabama Crimson Tide\nGeorgia Bulldogs\n\n\n(12–1)\n(13–1)\n\n\nSEC\nSEC\n\n\n26\n23\n\n\nHead coach: \nNick Saban\nHead coach: \nKirby Smart\n\n\n\n\n\nAP\nCoaches\nCFP\n\n\n4\n4\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAP\nCoaches\nCFP\n\n\n3\n3\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\nOT\nTotal\n\n\nAlabama\n0\n0\n10\n10\n6\n26\n\n\nGeorgia\n0\n13\n7\n0\n3\n23\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\nJanuary 8, 2018\n\n\nSeason\n2017\n\n\nStadium\nMercedes-Benz Stadium\n\n\nLocation\nAtlanta, Georgia\n\n\nMVP\nOffensive: #13 QB Tua Tagovailoa, Fr. Alabama\nDefensive: #94 DT Da'Ron Payne, Jr. Alabama\n\n\nFavorite\nAlabama by 3.5\n\n\nNational anthem\nZac Brown Band\n\n\nReferee\nDan Capron (Big Ten)[1]\n\n\nHalftime show\nGeorgia Redcoat Marching Band\nMillion Dollar Band\n\n\nAttendance\n77,430\n\n\nUnited States TV coverage\n\n\nNetwork\nESPN/ESPN Radio/ESPN Deportes\n\n\nAnnouncers\nChris Fowler, Kirk Herbstreit, Maria Taylor and Tom Rinaldi (ESPN)\nSean McDonough, Todd Blackledge, Holly Rowe and Ian Fitzsimmons (ESPN Radio)\n\n\n\n\n\nCollege Football Playoff National Championship\n\n\n 2017 \n2019 > \n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Atlanta, Georgia"
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-1749561716443925397 | 1896 Summer Olympics | 1896 Summer Olympics - wikipedia 1896 Summer Olympics Jump to : navigation , search Games of the I Olympiad Host city Athens , Greece Nations participating 14 Athletes participating 241 Events 43 in 9 sports Opening ceremony April 6 Closing ceremony April 15 Officially opened by King George I Stadium Panathenaic Stadium Summer Paris 1900 > The 1896 Summer Olympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 1896 , Therinoí Olympiakoí Agó̱nes 1896 ) , officially known as the Games of the I Olympiad , was the first international Olympic Games held in modern history . Organised by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , which had been created by Pierre de Coubertin , it was held in Athens , Greece , from 6 to 15 April 1896 . Winners were given a silver medal , while runners - up received a copper medal . Retroactively , the IOC has converted these to gold and silver , and awarded bronze medals to third placed athletes . Ten of the 14 participating nations earned medals . The United States won the most gold medals , 11 ; host nation Greece won the most medals overall , 46 . The highlight for the Greeks was the marathon victory by their compatriot Spyridon Louis . The most successful competitor was German wrestler and gymnast Carl Schuhmann , who won four events . Athens had been unanimously chosen to stage the inaugural modern Games during a congress organised by Coubertin in Paris on 23 June 1894 , during which the IOC was also created , because Greece was the birthplace of the Ancient Olympic Games . The main venue was the Panathenaic Stadium , where athletics and wrestling took place ; other venues included the Neo Phaliron Velodrome for cycling , and the Zappeion for fencing . The opening ceremony was held in the Panathenaic Stadium on 6 April , during which most of the competing athletes were aligned on the infield , grouped by nation . After a speech by the president of the organising committee , Crown Prince Constantine , his father officially opened the Games . Afterwards , nine bands and 150 choir singers performed an Olympic Hymn , composed by Spyridon Samaras , with words by poet Kostis Palamas . The 1896 Olympics were regarded as a great success . The Games had the largest international participation of any sporting event to that date . The Panathenaic Stadium , the only Olympic stadium used in the 1800s , overflowed with the largest crowd ever to watch a sporting event . After the Games , Coubertin and the IOC were petitioned by several prominent figures , including Greece 's King George and some of the American competitors in Athens , to hold all the following Games in Athens . However , the 1900 Summer Olympics were already planned for Paris and , except for the Intercalated Games of 1906 , the Olympics did not return to Greece until the 2004 Summer Olympics , 108 years later . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reviving the Games 2 Organization 3 Venues 4 Calendar 5 Opening ceremony 6 Events 6.1 Athletics 6.2 Cycling 6.3 Fencing 6.4 Gymnastics 6.5 Sailing 6.6 Shooting 6.7 Swimming 6.8 Tennis 6.9 Weightlifting 6.10 Wrestling 7 Closing ceremony 8 Participating nations 8.1 Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees 9 Medal count 10 Female competitors 11 Notes 12 External links 13 Further reading Reviving the Games ( edit ) During the 19th century , several small - scale sports festivals across Europe were named after the Ancient Olympic Games . The 1870 Olympics at the Panathenaic stadium , which had been refurbished for the occasion , had an audience of 30,000 people . Pierre de Coubertin , a French pedagogue and historian , adopted Dr William Penny Brookes ' idea to establish a multi-national and multi-sport event -- the ancient games only allowed male athletes of Greek origin to participate . In 1890 , Coubertin wrote an article in La Revue Athletique , which espoused the importance of Much Wenlock -- a rural market town in the English county of Shropshire . It was here that , in October 1850 , the local physician William Penny Brookes had founded the Wenlock Olympian Games , a festival of sports and recreations that included athletics and team sports , such as cricket , football and quoits . Coubertin also took inspiration from the earlier Greek games organised under the name of Olympics by businessman and philanthropist Evangelis Zappas in 1859 , 1870 and 1875 . The 1896 Athens Games was funded by the legacies of Evangelis Zappas and his cousin Konstantinos Zappas and by George Averoff who had been specifically requested by the Greek government , through crown prince Constantine , to sponsor the second refurbishment of the Panathenaic Stadium . This the Greek government did despite the fact that the cost of refurbishing the stadium in marble had already been funded in full by Evangelis Zappas forty years earlier . With deep feeling towards Baron de Coubertin 's courteous petition , I send him and the members of the Congress , with my sincere thanks , my best wishes for the revival of the Olympic Games . -- King George of Greece ( 21 June 1894 ) On 18 June 1894 , Coubertin organised a congress at the Sorbonne , Paris , to present his plans to representatives of sports societies from 11 countries . Following his proposal 's acceptance by the congress , a date for the first modern Olympic Games needed to be chosen . Coubertin suggested that the Games be held concurrently with the 1900 Universal Exposition of Paris . Concerned that a six - year waiting period might lessen public interest , congress members opted instead to hold the inaugural Games in 1896 . With a date established , members of the congress turned their attention to the selection of a host city . It remains a mystery how Athens was finally chosen to host the inaugural Games . In the following years both Coubertin and Demetrius Vikelas would offer recollections of the selection process that contradicted the official minutes of the congress . Most accounts hold that several congressmen first proposed London as the location , but Coubertin dissented . After a brief discussion with Vikelas , who represented Greece , Coubertin suggested Athens . Vikelas made the Athens proposal official on 23 June , and since Greece had been the original home of the Olympics , the congress unanimously approved the decision . Vikelas was then elected the first president of the newly established International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) . Organization ( edit ) News that the Olympic Games would return to Greece was well received by the Greek public , media , and royal family . According to Coubertin , `` the Crown Prince Constantine learned with great pleasure that the Games will be inaugurated in Athens . '' Coubertin went on to confirm that , `` the King and the Crown Prince will confer their patronage on the holding of these games . '' Constantine later conferred more than that ; he eagerly assumed the presidency of the 1896 organising committee . However , the country had financial troubles and was in political turmoil . The job of prime minister alternated between Charilaos Trikoupis and Theodoros Deligiannis frequently during the last years of the 19th century . Because of this financial and political instability , both prime minister Trikoupis and Stephanos Dragoumis , the president of the Zappas Olympic Committee , which had attempted to organise a series of national Olympiads , believed that Greece could not host the event . In late 1894 , the organising committee under Stephanos Skouloudis presented a report that the cost of the Games would be three times higher than originally estimated by Coubertin . They concluded the Games could not be held , and offered their resignation . The total cost of the Games was 3,740,000 gold drachmas . Demetrius Vikelas , the first president of the International Olympic Committee , was credited with the successful organisation of the 1896 Games With the prospect of reviving the Olympic games very much in doubt , Coubertin and Vikelas commenced a campaign to keep the Olympic movement alive . Their efforts culminated on 7 January 1895 when Vikelas announced that crown prince Constantine would assume the presidency of the organising committee . His first responsibility was to raise the funds necessary to host the Games . He relied on the patriotism of the Greek people to motivate them to provide the required finances . Constantine 's enthusiasm sparked a wave of contributions from the Greek public . This grassroots effort raised 330,000 drachmas . A special set of postage stamps were commissioned ; the sale of which raised 400,000 drachmas . Ticket sales added 200,000 drachmas . At the request of Constantine , businessman George Averoff agreed to pay for the restoration of the Panathenaic Stadium . Averoff would donate 920,000 drachmas to this project . As a tribute to his generosity , a statue of Averoff was constructed and unveiled on 5 April 1896 outside the stadium . It stands there to this day . Some of the athletes would take part in the Games because they happened to be in Athens at the time the Games were held , either on holiday or for work ( e.g. , some of the British competitors worked for the British embassy ) . A designated Olympic Village for the athletes did not appear until the 1932 Summer Olympics . Consequently , the athletes had to provide their own lodging . The first regulation voted on by the new IOC in 1894 was to allow only amateur athletes to participate in the Olympic Games . The various contests were thus held under amateur regulations with the exception of fencing matches . The rules and regulations were not uniform , so the Organising Committee had to choose among the codes of the various national athletic associations . The jury , the referees and the game director bore the same names as in antiquity ( Ephor , Helanodic and Alitarc ) . Prince George acted as final referee ; according to Coubertin , `` his presence gave weight and authority to the decisions of the ephors . '' Venues ( edit ) Panorama of the Panathenaic Stadium Seven venues were used for the 1896 Summer Olympics . Panathenaic Stadium was the main venue , hosting four of the nine sports contested . The city of Marathon served as host to the marathon event and the individual road race events . Swimming was held in the Bay of Zea , fencing at the Zappeion , sport shooting at Kallithea , and tennis at the Athens Lawn Tennis Club . Tennis was a sport unfamiliar to Greeks at the time of the 1896 Games . The Bay of Zea is a seaport and marina in the Athens area ; it was used as the swimming venue because the organizers of the Games wanted to avoid spending money on constructing a special purpose swimming venue . Four of the 1896 venues were reused as competition venues for the 2004 Games . The velodrome would be renovated into a football stadium in 1964 and was known as Karaiskakis Stadium . This venue was renovated in 2003 for use as a football venue for the 2004 Games . During the 2004 Games , Panathinaiko Stadium served as host for archery competitions and was the finish line for the athletic marathon event . The city of Marathon itself served as the starting point for both marathon events during the 2004 Games . The Zappeion served as the first home of the organizing committee ( ATHOC ) for the 2004 Games from 1998 to 1999 , and served as the main communications center during those Games . Venue Sports Capacity Ref . Athens Lawn Tennis Club Tennis Not listed . Bay of Zea Swimming Not listed . Kallithea Shooting Not listed . Marathon ( city ) Athletics ( Marathon ( sport ) ) , Cycling ( Individual road race ) . Not listed . Neo Phaliron Velodrome Cycling ( track ) Not listed . Panathinaiko Stadium Athletics , Gymnastics , Weightlifting , and Wrestling 80,000 Zappeion Fencing Not listed . Calendar ( edit ) Opening ceremony Event competitions Event finals Closing ceremony April 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Ceremonies Athletics Cycling Fencing Gymnastics Shooting Swimming Tennis Weightlifting Wrestling April 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Opening ceremony ( edit ) The opening ceremony in the Panathenaic Stadium On 6 April ( 25 March according to the Julian calendar then in use in Greece ) , the games of the First Olympiad were officially opened ; it was Easter Monday for both the Western and Eastern Christian Churches and the anniversary of Greece 's independence . The Panathenaic Stadium was filled with an estimated 80,000 spectators , including King George I of Greece , his wife Olga , and their sons . Most of the competing athletes were aligned on the infield , grouped by nation . After a speech by the president of the organising committee , Crown Prince Constantine , his father officially opened the Games with the words ( in Greek ) : `` I declare the opening of the first international Olympic Games in Athens . Long live the Nation . Long live the Greek people . '' Afterwards , nine bands and 150 choir singers performed an Olympic Hymn , composed by Spyridon Samaras , with words by poet Kostis Palamas . Thereafter , a variety of musical offerings provided the backgrounds to the Opening Ceremonies until 1960 , since which time the Samaras / Palamas composition has become the official Olympic Anthem ( decision taken by the IOC Session in 1958 ) . Other elements of current Olympic opening ceremonies were initiated later : the Olympic flame was first lit in 1928 , the first athletes ' oath was sworn at the 1920 Summer Olympics , and the first officials ' oath was taken at the 1972 Olympic Games . Events ( edit ) At the 1894 Sorbonne congress , a large roster of sports were suggested for the program in Athens . The first official announcements regarding the sporting events to be held featured sports such as football and cricket , but these plans were never finalised , and these sports did not make the final list for the Games . Rowing and yachting were scheduled , but had to be cancelled due to poor weather on the planned day of competition . As a result , the 1896 Summer Olympics programme featured 9 sports encompassing 10 disciplines and 43 events . The number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses . Athletics ( 12 ) Cycling Road ( 1 ) Track ( 5 ) Fencing ( 3 ) Gymnastics ( 8 ) Sailing ( 0 ) ( Canceled ) Shooting ( 5 ) Swimming ( 4 ) Tennis ( 2 ) Weightlifting ( 2 ) Wrestling ( 1 ) Athletics ( edit ) Main article : Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics The athletics events had the most international field of any of the sports . The major highlight was the marathon , held for the first time in international competition . Spyridon Louis , a previously unrecognised water carrier , won the event to become the only Greek athletics champion and a national hero . Although Greece had been favoured to win the discus and the shot put , the best Greek athletes finished just behind the American Robert Garrett in both events . No world records were set , as few top international competitors had elected to compete . In addition , the curves of the track were very tight , making fast times in the running events virtually impossible . Despite this , Thomas Burke , of the United States , won the 100 - meter race in 12.0 seconds and the 400 - meter race in 54.2 seconds . Burke was the only one who used the `` crouch start '' ( putting his knee on soil ) , confusing the jury . Eventually , he was allowed to start from this `` uncomfortable position '' . Australian competitor Edwin Flack came to Athens to watch the games , but decided to compete in the athletics events . He won two races -- the 800 - meter and the 1500 - meter . Frenchmen Léon Flameng ( left ) and Paul Masson won four cycling events Fencer Leonidas Pyrgos became the first Greek modern Olympic champion by winning the masters foil competition The German individual gymnastics champions : Schuhmann , Flatow , and Weingärtner Chile claims one athlete , Luis Subercaseaux , competed for the nation at the 1896 Summer Olympics . This makes Chile one of the 14 nations to appear at the inaugural Summer Olympic Games . Subercaseaux 's results are not listed in the official report , though that report typically includes only winners and Subercaseaux won no medals . A study conducted by Chilean forensic police decided ( by use of facial recognition ) , that Subercaseaux was the participant in a famous photo of 100 meter 's second series . Cycling ( edit ) Main article : Cycling at the 1896 Summer Olympics The rules of the International Cycling Association were used for the cycling competitions . The track cycling events were held at the newly built Neo Phaliron Velodrome . Only one road event was held , a race from Athens to Marathon and back ( 87 kilometres ) . In the track events , the best cyclist was Frenchman Paul Masson , who won the one lap time trial , the sprint event , and the 10,000 meters . In the 100 kilometres event , Masson entered as a pacemaker for his compatriot Léon Flameng . Flameng won the event , after a fall , and after stopping to wait for his Greek opponent Georgios Kolettis to fix a mechanical problem . The Austrian fencer Adolf Schmal won the 12 - hour race , which was completed by only two cyclists , while the road race event was won by Aristidis Konstantinidis . Fencing ( edit ) Main article : Fencing at the 1896 Summer Olympics The fencing events were held in the Zappeion , which , built with money Evangelis Zappas had given to revive the ancient Olympic Games , had never seen any athletic contests before . Unlike other sports ( in which only amateurs were allowed to take part at the Olympics ) , professionals were allowed to compete in fencing , though in a separate event . These professionals were considered gentlemen athletes , just as the amateurs . Four events were scheduled , but the épée event was cancelled for unknown reasons . The foil event was won by a Frenchman , Eugène - Henri Gravelotte , who beat his countryman , Henri Callot , in the final . The other two events , the sabre and the masters foil , were won by Greek fencers . Leonidas Pyrgos , who won the latter event , became the first Greek Olympic champion in the modern era . Gymnastics ( edit ) Main article : Gymnastics at the 1896 Summer Olympics The gymnastics competition was carried out on the infield of the Panathinaiko Stadium . Germany had sent an 11 - man team , which won five of the eight events , including both team events . In the team event on the horizontal bar , the German team was unopposed . Three Germans added individual titles : Hermann Weingärtner won the horizontal bar event , Alfred Flatow won the parallel bars ; and Carl Schuhmann , who also competed successfully in wrestling , won the vault . Louis Zutter , a Swiss gymnast , won the pommel horse , while Greeks Ioannis Mitropoulos and Nikolaos Andriakopoulos were victorious in the rings and rope climbing events , respectively . Sailing ( edit ) German team at the 1896 Summer Olympics A regatta of sailing boats was on the program of the Games of the First Olympiad for 31 March 1896 . However this event had to be given up . The Official English report states : The Regatta could not take place because some special boats embarkation had not been provided for . -- Charalambos Annino The German version gives a bit more clues : Die Wettkämpfe im Segeln wurden vereitelt , da man weder bei uns die besonderen Boote dafür besass , noch fremde Bewerber sich gemeldet hatten . -- same source . Shooting ( edit ) Main article : Shooting at the 1896 Summer Olympics Held at a range at Kallithea , the shooting competition consisted of five events -- two using a rifle and three with the pistol . The first event , the military rifle , was won by Pantelis Karasevdas , the only competitor to hit the target with all of his shots . The second event , for military pistols , was dominated by two American brothers : John and Sumner Paine became the first siblings to finish first and second in the same event . To avoid embarrassing their hosts , the brothers decided that only one of them would compete in the next pistol event , the free pistol . Sumner Paine won that event , thereby becoming the first relative of an Olympic champion to become Olympic champion himself . The Paine brothers did not compete in the 25 - meter pistol event , as the event judges determined that their weapons were not of the required calibre . In their absence , Ioannis Phrangoudis won . The final event , the free rifle , began on the same day . However , the event could not be completed due to darkness and was finalised the next morning , when Georgios Orphanidis was crowned the champion . Swimming ( edit ) Main article : Swimming at the 1896 Summer Olympics Alfréd Hajós , the first Olympic champion in swimming , is one of only two Olympians to have won medals in both sport and art competitions The swimming competition was held in the open sea because the organizers had refused to spend the money necessary for a specially constructed stadium . Nearly 20,000 spectators lined the Bay of Zea off the Piraeus coast to watch the events . The water in the bay was cold , and the competitors suffered during their races . There were three open events ( men 's 100 - metre freestyle , men 's 500 - metre freestyle , and men 's 1200 metre freestyle ) , in addition to a special event open only to Greek sailors , all of which were held on the same day ( 11 April ) . For Alfréd Hajós of Hungary , this meant he could only compete in two of the events , as they were held too close together , which made it impossible for him to adequately recuperate . Nevertheless , he won the two events in which he swam , the 100 and 1200 meter freestyle . Hajós later became one of only two Olympians to win a medal in both the athletic and artistic competitions , when he won a silver medal for architecture in 1924 . The 500 - meter freestyle was won by Austrian swimmer Paul Neumann , who defeated his opponents by more than a minute and a half . Tennis ( edit ) Main article : Tennis at the 1896 Summer Olympics Although tennis was already a major sport by the end of the 19th century , none of the top players turned up for the tournament in Athens . The competition was held at the courts of the Athens Lawn Tennis Club , and the infield of the velodrome used for the cycling events . John Pius Boland , who won the event , had been entered in the competition by a fellow - student of his at Oxford ; the Greek , Konstantinos Manos . As a member of the Athens Lawn Tennis sub-committee , Manos had been trying , with the assistance of Boland , to recruit competitors for the Athens Games from among the sporting circles of Oxford University . In the first round , Boland defeated Friedrich Traun , a promising tennis player from Hamburg , who had been eliminated in the 100 - meter sprint competition . Boland and Traun decided to team up for the doubles event , in which they reached the final and defeated their Greek and Egyptian opponents after losing the first set . Weightlifting ( edit ) Main article : Weightlifting at the 1896 Summer Olympics Launceston Elliot , winner of the one - armed weightlifting event , was popular with the Greek audience , who found him very handsome The sport of weightlifting was still young in 1896 , and the rules differed from those in use today . Competitions were held outdoors , in the infield of the main stadium , and there were no weight limits . The first event was held in a style now known as the `` clean and jerk '' . Two competitors stood out : Scotsman Launceston Elliot and Viggo Jensen of Denmark . Both of them lifted the same weight ; but the jury , with Prince George as the chairman , ruled that Jensen had done so in a better style . The British delegation , unfamiliar with this tie - breaking rule , lodged a protest . The lifters were eventually allowed to make further attempts , but neither lifter improved , and Jensen was declared the champion . Elliot got his revenge in the one hand lift event , which was held immediately after the two - handed one . Jensen had been slightly injured during his last two - handed attempt , and was no match for Elliot , who won the competition easily . The Greek audience was charmed by the Scottish victor , whom they considered very attractive . A curious incident occurred during the weightlifting event : a servant was ordered to remove the weights , which appeared to be a difficult task for him . Prince George came to his assistance ; he picked up the weight and threw it a considerable distance with ease , to the delight of the crowd . Wrestling ( edit ) Main article : Wrestling at the 1896 Summer Olympics Carl Schuhmann ( left ) and Georgios Tsitas shake hands before the final match of the wrestling competition No weight classes existed for the wrestling competition , held in the Panathenaic Stadium , which meant that there would only be one winner among competitors of all sizes . The rules used were similar to modern Greco - Roman wrestling , although there was no time limit , and not all leg holds were forbidden ( in contrast to current rules ) . Apart from the two Greek contestants , all the competitors had previously been active in other sports . Weightlifting champion Launceston Elliot faced gymnastics champion Carl Schuhmann . The latter won and advanced into the final , where he met Georgios Tsitas , who had previously defeated Stephanos Christopoulos . Darkness forced the final match to be suspended after 40 minutes ; it was continued the following day , when Schuhmann needed only fifteen minutes to finish the bout . Closing ceremony ( edit ) On the morning of Sunday 12 April ( 3 April , according to Julian calendar then used in Greece ) King George the great organised a banquet for officials and athletes ( even though some competitions had not yet been held ) . During his speech , he made clear that , as far as he was concerned , the Olympics should be held in Athens permanently . The official closing ceremony was held the following Wednesday , after being postponed from Tuesday due to rain . Again the royal family attended the ceremony , which was opened by the national anthem of Greece and an ode composed in ancient Greek by George S. Robertson , a British athlete and scholar . Afterwards , the king awarded prizes to the winners . Unlike today , the first - place winners received silver medals , an olive branch and a diploma . Athletes who placed second received copper medals , a branch of laurel and a diploma . Third place winners did not receive a medal . Some winners also received additional prizes , such as Spyridon Louis , who received a cup from Michel Bréal , a friend of Coubertin , who had conceived the marathon event . Louis then led the medalists on a lap of honour around the stadium , while the Olympic Hymn was played again . The King then formally announced that the first Olympiad was at an end , and left the Stadium , while the band played the Greek national hymn and the crowd cheered . Like the Greek king , many others supported the idea of holding the next Games in Athens ; most of the American competitors signed a letter to the Crown Prince expressing this wish . Coubertin , however , was heavily opposed to this idea , as he envisioned international rotation as one of the cornerstones of the modern Olympics . According to his wish , the next Games were held in Paris , although they would be somewhat overshadowed by the concurrently held Universal Exposition . Participating nations ( edit ) Participating countries The concept of national teams was not a major part of the Olympic movement until the Intercalated Games 10 years later , though many sources list the nationality of competitors in 1896 and give medal counts . There are significant conflicts with regard to which nations competed . The International Olympic Committee gives a figure of 14 , but does not list them . The following 14 are most likely the ones recognised by the IOC . Some sources list 12 , excluding Chile and Bulgaria ; others list 13 , including those two but excluding Italy . Egypt is also sometimes included because of Dionysios Kasdaglis ' participation . Belgium and Russia had entered the names of competitors , but withdrew . ( hide ) Participating Nations Australia -- Prior to 1901 Australia was not a unified nation but six separately administered British colonies , but the results of Edwin Flack are typically given with him listed as Australian . ( 1 ) Austria Austria - Hungary -- Austria was part of Austria -- Hungary at the time , though the results of Austrian athletes are typically reported separately . ( 3 ) Bulgaria -- The Bulgarian Olympic Committee claims that gymnast Charles Champaud was competing as a Bulgarian . Champaud was a Swiss national living in Bulgaria . Mallon and de Wael both list Champaud as Swiss . ( 1 ) Chile -- The Chilean Olympic Committee claims to have had one athlete , Luis Subercaseaux , compete in the 100 , 400 , and 800 - meter races in the athletics programme . No further details are given , and no mention is made of Subercaseaux in de Wael , or the Official Report . ( 1 ) Denmark ( 3 ) France ( 12 ) Germany ( 19 ) Great Britain -- The United Kingdom ( of Great Britain and Ireland ) maintains separate athletic organisations for each of its constituent countries . In the Olympic Games , the UK participates as a single entity , but conventionally under the name `` Great Britain '' rather than the more accurate `` United Kingdom '' . ( 10 ) Greece -- Greek results typically include the results of competitors from Cyprus , Smyrna and Egypt . Some sources give Cypriot results separately , though most count Anastasios Andreou , a Greek - Cypriot and the only athlete from Cyprus , as Greek ( Cyprus was a protectorate of the United Kingdom at the time ) . Kasdaglis , an athlete of Greek origins living in Alexandria , Egypt , is listed by the IOC as Greek during his competition in the singles tennis competition but Kasdaglis and his doubles tennis teammate , Greek athlete Demetrios Petrokokkinos , are listed as a mixed team . ( 169 ) Hungary Austria - Hungary - Hungary is usually listed separately from Austria , despite the two being formally joined as Austria -- Hungary at the time . ( 7 ) Italy -- The most prominent Italian involved with the games , Carlo Airoldi , was deemed a professional and excluded from competition . However , the shooter Giuseppe Rivabella was also Italian and did compete . ( 1 ) Sweden ( 1 ) -- Although Sweden was in state union with Norway at the time , Norway did not send any athletes . Switzerland ( 3 ) United States ( 14 ) Mixed team -- Tennis doubles teams could consist of players from different countries ; the IOC labels these Mixed Teams . Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees ( edit ) ( show ) IOC Country Athletes GRE Greece 169 GER Germany 19 USA United States 14 FRA France 12 GBR Great Britain 10 HUN Hungary 7 AUT Austria DEN Denmark SUI Switzerland 2 / 3 AUS Australia ITA Italy SWE Sweden BUL Bulgaria 0 / 1 Total 243 Medal count ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see 1896 Summer Olympics medal table . A silver medal was awarded to the winner of each event Ten of the 14 participating nations earned medals , in addition to three medals won by mixed teams , i.e. teams made up of athletes from multiple nations . The United States won the most gold medals * ( 11 ) , while host nation Greece won the most medals overall ( 46 ) as well as the most silver * ( 17 ) and bronze * ( 19 ) medals , finishing with one fewer gold medal than the United States . During these inaugural Olympics , winners were given a silver medal , an olive branch , and a diploma , while runners - up received a copper medal , laurel branch , and diploma . The IOC has retroactively assigned gold , silver and bronze medals to the three best placed athletes in each event to comport with more recent traditions . To sort this table by nation , total medal count , or any other column , click on the icon next to the column title . Key Host nation ( Greece ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total United States ( USA ) 11 7 20 Greece ( GRE ) 10 17 19 46 Germany ( GER ) 6 5 13 France ( FRA ) 5 11 5 Great Britain ( GBR ) 7 6 Hungary ( HUN ) 6 7 Austria ( AUT ) 5 8 Australia ( AUS ) 0 0 9 Denmark ( DEN ) 6 10 Switzerland ( SUI ) 0 11 Mixed team ( ZZX ) Total ( 11 NOCs ) 43 43 36 122 Female competitors ( edit ) Women were not allowed to compete at the 1896 Summer Olympics , because de Coubertin felt that their inclusion would be `` impractical , uninteresting , unaesthetic and incorrect '' . However , one woman , Stamata Revithi , ran the marathon course on 11 April , the day after the men had run the official race . Although she was not allowed to enter the stadium at the end of her race , Revithi finished the marathon in about five hours and 30 minutes , and found witnesses to sign their names and verify the starting and finishing times . Revithi intended to present this documentation to the Hellenic Olympic Committee , hoping that they would recognise her achievement . Neither her reports nor documents from the Hellenic Olympic Committee have been discovered to provide corroboration . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The number , given by the International Olympic Committee , is open to interpretation and could be as few as 10 and as many as 15 . There are numerous reasons for the disparity : National teams hardly existed at the time , and most athletes represented themselves or their clubs . In addition , countries were not always as well - defined as they are today . The number of countries here reflects the number used by most modern sources . See the relevant section for further details . Jump up ^ This number of competitors is according to the International Olympic Committee . The identities of 179 competitors are known . Mallon & Widlund calculate 245 athletes , while De Wael finds 246 . ^ Jump up to : Young ( 1996 ) , 153 Jump up ^ The Modern Olympics , A Struggle for Revival by David C. Young , Chapter 4 Jump up ^ Bijkerk ( 2004 ) , 457 Jump up ^ Toohey ( 2007 ) , 20 Jump up ^ Mullins , `` Pierre de Coubertin and the Wenlock Olympian Games '' Jump up ^ Matthews ( 2005 ) , 66 ; Young ( 1996 ) , 81 Jump up ^ Young ( 1996 ) , p. 117 Jump up ^ Memoire sure le conflit entre la Grece et la Roumanie concernant l'affaire Zappa -- Athens 1893 , by F. Martens Jump up ^ L'affaire Zappa -- Paris 1894 , by G. Streit ^ Jump up to : Young ( 1996 ) , p. 128 Jump up ^ Young ( 1996 ) , p. 14 Jump up ^ Young ( 1996 ) , 102 Jump up ^ Young ( 1996 ) , 100 -- 105 Jump up ^ Young ( 1996 ) , 108 Jump up ^ Young ( 1996 ) , 111 -- 118 Jump up ^ Zarnowski ( 1992 ) , 16 -- 32 Jump up ^ Young ( 1996 ) , 118 . According to Young ( 2004 ) , 153 , `` Vikelas and the other Greeks did most of the work . Coubertin did very little . '' Jump up ^ Darling ( 2004 ) , 135 Jump up ^ George Averoff Dead , New York Times Jump up ^ Some scholars allege that during the Sorbonne congress Coubertin was led by tactical considerations , and used the amateur requirement only as a bait in order to realize his actual aim -- namely the reintroduction of the Olympic Games -- more quickly ( Lennartz -- Wassong ( 2004 ) ) , 20 . Jump up ^ Professionalism vs amateurism was one of the dominant themes of the 19th century regarding athletics . In Greece the amateurism of athletes debate was taken a step further to encompass the question of the participation of the lower classes in the Games . In 1870 , during the Zappian Olympic Games , Philippos Ioannou , a classical scholar and professor , criticised the games , and attacked the ideal of amateurism . His contention was that they were a parody , because people from the working class had taken part in the games . Ioannou suggested that only young people from the upper class should be accepted in the following Olympiad ( Professionals and Amateurs , Foundation of the Hellenic World ) . ^ Jump up to : Coubertin ( 1896 ) , 46 -- 47 ^ Jump up to : History of the Athens Lawn Tennis Club . Archived 29 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine . ( in English ) & ( in Greek ) - accessed 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Worldportsource.com profile of the Zea , Greece marina . - accessed 4 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Lennartz , Karl ; Wassong , Stephen ( 2004 ) . `` Athens 1896 '' . In John E. Findling , Kimberly D. Pelle . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32278 - 3 . OCLC 52418065 ... p. 23 . Jump up ^ Stadia.gr profile of Karaiskakoid Stadium in 1895 , 1964 , and 2003 . - accessed 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ 2004 Summer Olympics official report . Archived 19 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Volume 2 . p. 324 . Accessed 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ 2004 Summer Olympics official report . Archived 19 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Volume 2 . pp. 237 , 242 , 244 . Accessed 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ 2004 Summer Olympics official report . Archived 19 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Volume 2 . p. 242 . Accessed 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ 2004 Summer Olympics official report . Volume 1 . pp. 116 - 7 ... Accessed 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ 2004 Summer Olympics official report . Archived 19 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Volume 2 . p. 20 . ( Listed as Zappeio ) . Accessed 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Wallechinsky , David and Jaime Loucky ( 2008 ) . `` Swimming ( Men ) : 100 - Meter Freestyle '' . In The Complete Book of the Olympics : 2008 Edition . London : Aurum Press Limited . pp. 897 - 8 . Jump up ^ 1896 Summer Olympic official report . Volume 2 . pp. 83 - 4 . Accessed 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ 1896 Summer Olympics official report . Volume 2 . pp. 86 - 90 , 100 - 2 . Accessed 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ 1896 Summer Olympics official report . Volume 2 . pp. 74 - 75 , 97 - 99 . Accessed 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ 1896 Summer Olympics official report . Volume 2 . pp. 31 - 49 . Accessed 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Zappeion history . - accessed 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Coubertin ( 1896 ) , 42 * Martin -- Gynn ( 2000 ) , 7 -- 8 ^ Jump up to : Athens 1896 -- Games of the I Olympiad , International Olympic Committee Jump up ^ `` The ignorant Olympians '' . Jump up ^ `` No spot the Olympics ? It 's not cricket '' . Jump up ^ Coubertin -- Philemon -- Politis -- Anninos ( 1897 ) , 98 -- 99 , 108 -- 109 Jump up ^ Sears ( 2001 ) , 159 ^ Jump up to : Fernando Arrechea Rivas . `` Olimpismo '' . olimpismo2007.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ LUN . `` www.lun.com '' . lun.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Coubertin ( 1896 ) , 46 -- 47 ; Lennartz -- Wassong ( 2004 ) , 23 ^ Jump up to : Lennartz - Wassong ( 2004 ) , 23 ^ Jump up to : Young ( 1996 ) , 148 Jump up ^ Young ( 1996 ) , 151 ^ Jump up to : Coubertin -- Philemon -- Politis -- Anninos ( 1897 ) , 76 , 83 -- 84 Jump up ^ Gillmeister ( 1995 ) , 23 -- 24 ^ Jump up to : Coubertin -- Philemon -- Politis -- Anninos ( 1897 ) , 70 -- 71 Jump up ^ Coubertin -- Philemon -- Politis -- Anninos ( 1897 ) , 93 -- 94 ^ Jump up to : Coubertin ( 1896 ) , 50 Jump up ^ Young ( 1996 ) , 156 Jump up ^ `` Athens 1896 '' . Bulgarian Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ De Wael , KONRAD Gymnastics 1896 Jump up ^ Guttmann ( 1994 ) , 128 ; `` La Presencia de Chile en los Juegos Olimpicos '' . Archived from the original on 2 July 2008 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 28 . , Olympic Committee of Chile ; McGehee ( 2000 ) , 107 Jump up ^ aboutolympics.co.uk. `` 1896 Athens Olympics '' . Retrieved 21 February 2011 . Fourteen nations were represented -- Australia , Austria - Hungary , Bulgaria , Chile , Denmark , Egypt , USA , France , Germany , Great Britain , Greece , Italy , Sweden and Switzerland Jump up ^ Mallon , Bill , and Ture Widlund ( 1988 ) . The 1896 Olympic Games . Results for All Competitors in All Events , with Commentary ( PDF ) . Jefferson : McFarland . p. 39 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0379 - 9 . Retrieved 21 February 2011 . Across the field , in answer to the Herald 's trumpet , come two Hungarians , a Chilian , a Frenchman , a German , an Englishman and an American , to run the 100 - meters race Jump up ^ Olympic Games Museum ( 2011 ) . `` Participating Countries -- Olympic Games Athens 1896 '' . olympic-museum.de . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Gillmeister ( 1998 ) , 364 ^ Jump up to : Athens 1896 -- Medal Table , International Olympic Committee Jump up ^ De Wael , Shooting 1896 Jump up ^ `` Giuseppe Rivabella '' . Sports - Reference . Retrieved 24 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Charles Champaud can be considered an athlete for either Switzerland or Bulgaria . Jump up ^ Coubertin -- Philemon -- Politis -- Anninos ( 1897 ) , 232 -- 234 Jump up ^ IOC Olympic Museum exhibition panel , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Women at the Olympic Games '' . topendsports.com . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin -- Gynn ( 2000 ) , 22 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1896 Summer Olympics . `` Athens 1896 '' . Olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . `` Results and Medalists '' . Olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . `` Almanac of the 18 June '' . Almanac of the Day . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . `` Athens 1896 '' . Bulgarian Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 7 July 2008 . Bijkerk , Anthony T. ( 2004 ) . `` Pierre de Coubertin '' . In John E. Findling , Kimberly D. Pelle . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32278 - 3 . OCLC 52418065 . Coubertin , Pierre De ; Hambidge , Jay ( November 1896 ) . `` The Olympic Games of 1896 '' . LIII ( 1 ) . The Century Magazine . Retrieved 28 June 2008 . Coubertin , Pierre De ; Timoleon J. Philemon , N.G. Politis and Charalambos Anninos ( 1897 ) . The Olympic Games : BC 776 -- AD 1896 ( PDF ) . The Olympic Games in 1896 -- Second Part . Athens : Charles Beck . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Darling , Janina K. ( 2004 ) . `` Panathenaic Stadium , Athens '' . Architecture of Greece . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32152 - 3 . OCLC 54500822 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . De Wael , Herman . `` Herman 's Top Athina 1896 Olympians '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 3 July 2008 . `` George Averoff Dead '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 4 August 1899 . Retrieved 31 July 2008 . Gillmeister , Heiner ( 1998 ) . Tennis : a Cultural History ( PDF ) . Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 7185 - 0195 - 0 . OCLC 67496016 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Gillmeister , Heiner ( Winter 1995 ) . `` Olympic Tennis : Some Afterthoughts '' ( PDF ) . Citius , Altius , Fortius. 3 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 25 . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Guttmann , Allen ( 1994 ) . Games and Empires : Modern Sports and Cultural Imperialism . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 10042 - 6 . OCLC 231638134 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . `` La Presencia de Chile en los Juegos Olimpicos '' ( in Spanish ) . Olympic Committee of Chile . Archived from the original on 2 July 2008 . Retrieved 3 July 2008 . Lennartz , Karl ; Wassong , Stephen ( 2004 ) . `` Athens 1896 '' . In John E. Findling , Kimberly D. Pelle . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32278 - 3 . OCLC 52418065 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Martin , David E. ; Gynn , Roger W.H. ( 2000 ) . `` The Olympic Marathon '' . Running through the Ages . Human Kinetics . ISBN 0 - 88011 - 969 - 1 . OCLC 42823784 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Matthews , George R. ( 2005 ) . `` The Ghost of Plato '' . America 's First Olympics : The St. Louis Games Of 1904 . University of Missouri Press . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1588 - 2 . OCLC 58468164 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . McGehee , Richard V. ( 2000 ) . `` The Impact of Imported Sports on the Popular Culture of Nineteenth - and Early Twentieth - Century Mexico and Central America '' . In Ingrid Elizabeth Fey , Karen Racine . Strange Pilgrimages : Exile , Travel , and National Identity in Latin America ( PDF ) . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 8420 - 2694 - 0 . OCLC 237382448 . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Mullins , Samuel P. `` Pierre de Coubertin and the Wenlock Olympian Games '' . Proceedings of the International Olympic Academy -- Selected 1980s Proceedings . University of Leeds . Archived from the original on 18 February 2011 . Retrieved 11 July 2008 . `` Professionals and Amateurs '' . From Ancient Olympia to Athens of 1896 . Foundation of the Hellenic World . Retrieved 18 July 2008 . Sears , Edward S. ( 2001 ) . `` The Revival of the Olympic Games '' . Running through the Ages . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0971 - 1 . OCLC 46650949 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Toohey , Kristine ( 2007 ) . The Olympic Games : A Social Sciences Perspective . CABI . ISBN 1 - 84593 - 355 - 9 . Young , David C. ( 1996 ) . The Modern Olympics : A Struggle for Revival . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 7207 - 3 . Young , David C. ( 2004 ) . `` The Modern Olympic Games '' . A Brief History of the Olympic Games . Oxford : Blackwell . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1130 - 5 . OCLC 54111254 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Zarnowski , C. Frank ( Summer 1992 ) . `` A Look at Olympic Costs '' ( PDF ) . Citius , Altius , Fortius. 1 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 32 . Retrieved 24 March 2007 . Further reading ( edit ) Greenberg , Stan ( 1996 ) . The Guinness Book of Olympic Facts and Feats . Enfield : Guinness . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 639 - 1 . OCLC 35921786 . Kluge , Volker ( 1997 ) . Olympische Sommerspiele : die Chronik I. Berlin : Sportverlag . ISBN 3 - 328 - 00715 - 6 . OCLC 38258227 . Lennartz , Karl ( ed . ) ( 1996 ) . Die olympischen Spiele 1896 in Athen : Erläuterungen zum Neudruck des Offiziellen Berichtes . Kassel : Agon . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) MacAloon , John J ( 1982 ) . This Great Symbol : Pierre de Coubertin and the Origins of the Modern Olympic Games . Chicago : The University of Chicago Press . Smith , Michael Llewellyn ( 2004 ) . Olympics in Athens 1896 . The Invention of the Modern Olympic Games . London : Profile Books . ISBN 1 - 86197 - 342 - X . OCLC 186174794 . Wallechinsky , David ( 2000 ) . The Complete Book of the Summer Olympics . Woodstock : Overlook Press . ISBN 1 - 58567 - 033 - 2 . OCLC 43561597 . Randall , David ( 2011 ) . 1896 : The First Modern Olympics ( ebook ) . London : Blacktoad Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9570591 - 0 - 8 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Preceded by Ancient Olympic Games Summer Olympic Games Athens I Olympiad ( 1896 ) Succeeded by Paris Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Nations at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece Australia Austria Bulgaria Chile Denmark France Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Italy Sweden Switzerland United States Mixed teams Events at the 1896 Summer Olympics ( Athens ) Athletics Cycling Fencing Gymnastics Shooting Swimming Tennis Weightlifting Wrestling Venues of the 1896 Summer Olympics Athens Lawn Tennis Club Bay of Zea Kallithea Marathon ( city ) Neo Phaliron Velodrome Panathenaic Stadium Zappeion Olympics portal Greece portal VIAF : 157754206 LCCN : n86132303 GND : 2021067 - X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1896_Summer_Olympics&oldid=811585731 '' Categories : 1896 Summer Olympics 19th century in Athens 1896 in Greek sport History of Greece ( 1863 -- 1909 ) Olympic Games in Greece Sports events in Athens Summer Olympics by year International sports competitions hosted by Greece 1896 in Greece 1896 in multi-sport events First events April 1896 sports events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Greek - language external links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages EngvarB from April 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2016 Articles containing Greek - language text CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Аҧсшәа Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 16 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the first modern olympics take place | [
"The 1896 Summer Olympics (Greek: Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 1896, Therinoí Olympiakoí Agó̱nes 1896), officially known as the Games of the I Olympiad, was the first international Olympic Games held in modern history. Organised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), which had been created by Pierre de Coubertin, it was held in Athens, Greece, from 6 to 15 April 1896."
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"Athens, Greece"
] |
-6908489001358501741 | Vocal range | Vocal range - wikipedia Vocal range Jump to : navigation , search This article is about voice categories in classical music . For range of human vocal tones , see Voice classification in non-classical music . Vocal range is the measure of the breadth of pitches that a human voice can phonate . Its most common application is within the context of singing , where it is used as a defining characteristic for classifying singing voices into groups known as voice types . It is also a topic of study within linguistics , phonetics , and speech and language pathology , particularly in relation to the study of tonal languages and certain types of vocal disorders , although it has little practical application in terms of speech . Contents ( hide ) 1 Singing and the definition of vocal range 2 Vocal range and voice classification 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Singing and the definition of vocal range ( edit ) While the broadest definition of `` vocal range '' is simply the span from the lowest to the highest note a particular voice can produce , this broad definition is often not what is meant when `` vocal range '' is discussed in the context of singing . Vocal pedagogists tend to define the vocal range as the total span of `` musically useful '' pitches that a singer can produce . This is because some of the notes a voice can produce may not be considered usable by the singer within performance for various reasons . For example , within opera all singers must project over an orchestra without the aid of a microphone . An opera singer would therefore only be able to include the notes that they are able to adequately project over an orchestra within his or her vocal range . In contrast , a pop artist could include notes that could be heard with the aid of a microphone . Another factor to consider is the use of different forms of vocal production . The human voice is capable of producing sounds using different physiological processes within the larynx . These different forms of voice production are known as vocal registers . While the exact number and definition of vocal registers is a controversial topic within the field of singing , the sciences identify only four registers : the whistle register , the falsetto register , the modal register , and the vocal fry register . Typically only the usable pitches within the modal register -- the register used in normal speech and most singing -- are included when determining singers ' vocal ranges . There are exceptions , as in opera , where countertenors employ falsetto and coloratura sopranos use the whistle register ; notes from these registers would therefore be included in the vocal ranges of these voices . Vocal range and voice classification ( edit ) Vocal range plays such an important role in classifying singing voices into voice types that sometimes the two terms are confused with one another . A voice type is a particular kind of human singing voice perceived as having certain identifying qualities or characteristics ; vocal range being only one of those characteristics . Other factors are vocal weight , vocal tessitura , vocal timbre , vocal transition points , physical characteristics , speech level , scientific testing , and vocal registration . All of these factors combined are used to categorize a singer 's voice into a particular kind of singing voice or voice type . The discipline of voice classification developed within European classical music and is not generally applicable to other forms of singing . Voice classification is often used within opera to associate possible roles with potential voices . There are several systems in use including the German Fach system , the Italian opera tradition , and French opera tradition . There are other systems of classification as well , most commonly the choral music system . No system is universally applied or accepted . Most of the voice types identified by such systems , however , are sub-types that fall under seven different major voice categories that are for the most part acknowledged across all of the major voice classification systems . Women are typically divided into three main groups : soprano , mezzo - soprano , and contralto . Men are usually divided into four main groups : countertenor , tenor , baritone , and bass . When considering the pre-pubescent voices of children an eighth term , treble , can be applied . Within each of these major categories there are several sub-categories that identify specific vocal qualities like coloratura facility and vocal weight to differentiate between voices . Vocal range itself does not determine a singer 's voice type . While each voice type does have a general vocal range associated with it , human singing voices may possess vocal ranges that encompass more than one voice type or are in between the typical ranges of two voice types . Therefore , voice teachers use vocal range as only one factor among many in classifying a singer 's voice . More important than range in voice classification is tessitura , or where the voice is most comfortable singing , and vocal timbre , or the characteristic sound of the singing voice . For example , a female singer may have a vocal range that encompasses the high notes of a mezzo - soprano and the low notes of a soprano . A voice teacher would therefore look to see whether the singer were more comfortable singing higher , or lower . If the singer were more comfortable singing higher , then the teacher would probably classify her as a soprano . The teacher would also consider the sound of the voice ; sopranos tend to have a lighter and less rich vocal sound than a mezzo - soprano . A voice teacher , however , would never classify a singer in more than one voice type , regardless of the size of the vocal range of the singer . Within the operatic systems of classification , there are six basic voice types . The ranges given below are approximations and are not meant to be too rigidly applied . Soprano : the highest female voice , being able to sing C ( middle C ) to C ( high C ) , and possibly higher . Mezzo - soprano : a female voice between A ( A below middle C ) and A ( 2nd A above middle C ) . Contralto : the lowest female voice , F ( F below middle C ) to E. Rare contraltos possess a range similar to the tenor . Tenor : the highest male voice , B ( 2nd B below middle C ) to A ( A above Middle C ) , and possibly higher . Baritone : a male voice , G ( two Gs below middle C ) to F ( F above middle C ) . Bass : the lowest male voice , E ( two Es below middle C ) to E ( the E above middle C ) . Some men , in falsetto voice or as a result of certain rare physiological conditions , can sing in the same range as women . These do not fall into the female categories , instead called countertenors within classical music . Within contemporary music , however , the use of the term tenor for these male voices would be more appropriate . Within choral music there are only four categories for adult singers . First , for women : soprano and alto , and for men : tenor and bass . In the UK , the term `` male alto '' refers to a man who uses falsetto vocal production to sing in the alto section of a chorus . This practice is much less common outside the UK where the term countertenor is more often applied . Countertenors are also widely employed within opera as solo vocalists , though the term `` male alto '' is never used to refer to a solo vocalist . Children 's voices , both male and female , are described as trebles , although boy soprano is widely used as well . See also ( edit ) Ambitus Voice classification in non-classical music References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : McKinney , James ( 1994 ) . The Diagnosis and Correction of Vocal Faults . Genovex Music Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56593 - 940 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Appelman , D. Ralph ( 1986 ) . The Science of Vocal Pedagogy : Theory and Application . Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 20378 - 6 . Jump up ^ Shewan , Robert ( January -- February 1979 ) . `` Voice Classification : An Examination of Methodology '' . The NATS Bulletin . 35 : 17 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : Stark , James ( 2003 ) . Bel Canto : A History of Vocal Pedagogy . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8614 - 3 . Jump up ^ Peckham , Anne ( 2005 ) . Vocal Workouts for the Contemporary Singer . Berklee Press Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87639 - 047 - 4 . Jump up ^ Smith , Brenda ( 2005 ) . Choral Pedagogy . Plural Publishing , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59756 - 043 - 6 . External links ( edit ) A history of vocal definition Accurate average vocal ranges Singing Voice National Center for Voice and Speech 's official website The Voice Foundation 's official website Extensive vocal range demonstration on YouTube , Georgia Brown Musical range or compass and register Vocal register Whistle Falsetto Modal Vocal fry Voice type Soprano Boy soprano Castrato Mezzo - soprano Contralto Countertenor Tenor Baritone Bass Sound Treble Bass Sub-bass Chest voice Clef Extension Head voice Passaggio Pedal tone Organ registration Tessitura Timbre Vocal range Vocal weight Vocal music Types Genres Singing Choral Opera Lied Vocables Voice classification Voice type Bass voice Bass - baritone Baritone Tenor voice Countertenor Contralto Mezzo - soprano Soprano Fach Non-classical music Concepts Techniques Backup vocals Coloratura Chest voice Crooning Falsetto Head voice Lead vocals Passaggio Quintus Rapping Scat singing Sprechgesang Tessitura Timbre Vocal pedagogy Vocal range Vocal register Vocal resonation Vocal weight Death growl Sound equipment ( popular music ) Microphone Monitor speaker In - ear monitor Pitch correction Sound reinforcement system Miscellaneous Choirmaster Vocal coach Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vocal_range&oldid=833151140 '' Categories : Opera terminology Singing Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Dansk فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Limburgs Nederlands Português Simple English Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 23 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is considered a high note to sing | [
"\nSoprano: the highest female voice, being able to sing C4 (middle C) to C6 (high C), and possibly higher.\nMezzo-soprano: a female voice between A3 (A below middle C) and A5 (2nd A above middle C).\nContralto: the lowest female voice, F3 (F below middle C) to E5. Rare contraltos possess a range similar to the tenor.\nTenor: the highest male voice, B2 (2nd B below middle C) to A4 (A above Middle C), and possibly higher.\nBaritone: a male voice, G2 (two Gs below middle C) to F4 (F above middle C).\nBass: the lowest male voice, E2 (two Es below middle C) to E4 (the E above middle C).\n"
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"C6 (high C)"
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-4393728395784877225 | Semen | Semen - wikipedia Semen Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Semen ( disambiguation ) . Spermatozoa , in this case human , are a primary component in normal semen , and the agents of fertilization of the female ova Semen , also known as seminal fluid , is an organic fluid that may contain spermatozoa . It is secreted by the gonads ( sexual glands ) and other sexual organs of male or hermaphroditic animals and can fertilize female ova . In humans , seminal fluid contains several components besides spermatozoa : proteolytic and other enzymes as well as fructose are elements of seminal fluid which promote the survival of spermatozoa , and provide a medium through which they can move or `` swim '' . Semen is produced and originates from the seminal vesicle , which is located in the pelvis . The process that results in the discharge of semen is called ejaculation . Semen is also a form of genetic material . In animals , semen has been collected for cryoconservation . Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources is a practice that calls for the collection of genetic material in efforts for conservation of a particular breed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physiology 1.1 Fertilization 1.2 Human semen 1.2. 1 Composition 1.2. 2 Appearance and consistency 1.3 Quality 1.4 Quantity 1.4. 1 Increasing semen volume 1.5 Storage 2 Health 2.1 Disease transmission 2.2 Blood in semen ( hematospermia ) 2.3 Semen allergy 2.4 Benefits to females 3 Society and culture 3.1 Qigong 3.2 Greek philosophy 3.3 Sacred semen 3.4 Semen in espionage 3.5 Ingestion 3.5. 1 Cultural practices 3.5. 2 Spiritual views 3.5. 3 Sexual practices 3.6 Euphemisms 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Physiology Fertilization Depending on the species , spermatozoa can fertilize ova externally or internally . In external fertilization , the spermatozoa fertilize the ova directly , outside of the female 's sexual organs . Female fish , for example , spawn ova into their aquatic environment , where they are fertilized by the semen of the male fish . During internal fertilization , however , fertilization occurs inside the female 's sexual organs . Internal fertilization takes place after insemination of a female by a male through copulation . In most vertebrates , including amphibians , reptiles , birds and monotreme mammals , copulation is achieved through the physical mating of the cloaca of the male and female . In marsupial and placental mammals , copulation occurs through the vagina . Human semen Composition During the process of ejaculation , sperm passes through the ejaculatory ducts and mixes with fluids from the seminal vesicles , the prostate , and the bulbourethral glands to form the semen . The seminal vesicles produce a yellowish viscous fluid rich in fructose and other substances that makes up about 70 % of human semen . The prostatic secretion , influenced by dihydrotestosterone , is a whitish ( sometimes clear ) , thin fluid containing proteolytic enzymes , citric acid , acid phosphatase and lipids . The bulbourethral glands secrete a clear secretion into the lumen of the urethra to lubricate it . Sertoli cells , which nurture and support developing spermatocytes , secrete a fluid into seminiferous tubules that helps transport sperm to the genital ducts . The ductuli efferentes possess cuboidal cells with microvilli and lysosomal granules that modify the ductal fluid by reabsorbing some fluid . Once the semen enters the ductus epididymis the principal cells , which contain pinocytotic vessels indicating fluid reabsorption , secrete glycerophosphocholine which most likely inhibits premature capacitation . The accessory genital ducts , the seminal vesicle , prostate glands , and the bulbourethral glands , produce most of the seminal fluid . Seminal plasma of humans contains a complex range of organic and inorganic constituents . The seminal plasma provides a nutritive and protective medium for the spermatozoa during their journey through the female reproductive tract . The normal environment of the vagina is a hostile one for sperm cells , as it is very acidic ( from the native microflora producing lactic acid ) , viscous , and patrolled by immune cells . The components in the seminal plasma attempt to compensate for this hostile environment . Basic amines such as putrescine , spermine , spermidine and cadaverine are responsible for the smell and flavor of semen . These alkaline bases counteract and buffer the acidic environment of the vaginal canal , and protect DNA inside the sperm from acidic denaturation . The components and contributions of semen are as follows : Gland ( s ) Approximate fraction Description testes 2 -- 5 % Approximately 200 - to 500 - million spermatozoa ( also called sperm or spermatozoans ) , produced in the testes , are released per ejaculation . If a man has undergone a vasectomy , he will have no sperm in the ejaculation . seminal vesicles 65 -- 75 % amino acids , citrate , enzymes , flavins , fructose ( 2 -- 5 mg per mL semen , the main energy source of sperm cells , which rely entirely on sugars from the seminal plasma for energy ) , phosphorylcholine , prostaglandins ( involved in suppressing an immune response by the female against the foreign semen ) , proteins , vitamin C prostate 25 -- 30 % acid phosphatase , citric acid , fibrinolysin , prostate specific antigen , proteolytic enzymes , zinc ( the zinc level is about 135 ± 40 micrograms / ml for healthy men . Zinc serves to help to stabilize the DNA - containing chromatin in the sperm cells . A zinc deficiency may result in lowered fertility because of increased sperm fragility . Zinc deficiency can also adversely affect spermatogenesis . ) bulbourethral glands < 1 % galactose , mucus ( serve to increase the mobility of sperm cells in the vagina and cervix by creating a less viscous channel for the sperm cells to swim through , and preventing their diffusion out of the semen . Contributes to the cohesive jelly - like texture of semen . ) , pre-ejaculate , sialic acid A 1992 World Health Organization report described normal human semen as having a volume of 2 ml or greater , pH of 7.2 to 8.0 , sperm concentration of 20 × 10 spermatozoa / ml or more , sperm count of 40 × 10 spermatozoa per ejaculate or more , and motility of 50 % or more with forward progression ( categories a and b ) of 25 % or more with rapid progression ( category a ) within 60 minutes of ejaculation . A 2005 review of the literature found that the average reported physical and chemical properties of human semen were as follows : Property Per 100 mL In average volume ( 3.4 mL ) Calcium ( mg ) 27.6 0.938 Chloride ( mg ) 142 4.83 Citrate ( mg ) 528 18.0 Fructose ( mg ) 272 9.25 Glucose ( mg ) 102 3.47 Lactic acid ( mg ) 62 2.11 Magnesium ( mg ) 11 0.374 Potassium ( mg ) 109 3.71 Protein ( g ) 5.04 0.171 Sodium ( mg ) 300 10.2 Urea ( mg ) 45 1.53 Zinc ( mg ) 16.5 0.561 Buffering capacity ( β ) 25 Osmolarity ( mOsm ) 354 pH 7.7 Viscosity ( cP ) 3 -- 7 Volume ( mL ) 3.4 Values for average volume have been calculated and rounded to three significant figures . All other values are those given in the review . Appearance and consistency Human semen in a petri dish Semen is typically translucent with white , grey or even yellowish tint . Blood in the semen can cause a pink or reddish colour , known as hematospermia , and may indicate a medical problem which should be evaluated by a doctor if the symptom persists . After ejaculation , the latter part of the ejaculated semen coagulates immediately , forming globules , while the earlier part of the ejaculate typically does not . After a period typically ranging from 15 -- 30 minutes , prostate - specific antigen present in the semen causes the decoagulation of the seminal coagulum . It is postulated that the initial clotting helps keep the semen in the vagina , while liquefaction frees the sperm to make their journey to the ova . A 2005 review found that the average reported viscosity of human semen in the literature was 3 -- 7 cP . Quality Main article : Semen quality Semen quality is a measure of the ability of semen to accomplish fertilization . Thus , it is a measure of fertility in a man . It is the sperm in the semen that is the fertile component , and therefore semen quality involves both sperm quantity and sperm quality . Quantity The volume of semen ejaculate varies but is generally about 1 teaspoonful or less . A review of 30 studies concluded that the average was around 3.4 milliliters ( ml ) , with some studies finding amounts as high as 5.0 ml or as low as 2.3 ml . In a study with Swedish and Danish men , a prolonged interval between ejaculations caused an increase of the sperm count in the semen but not an increase of its amount . Increasing semen volume Some dietary supplements have been marketed with claims to increase seminal volume . Like other supplements , including so - called herbal viagra , these are not approved or regulated by the Food and Drug Administration ( as licensed medications would be ) , and none of the claims have been scientifically verified . Similar claims are made about traditional aphrodisiac foods , with an equal lack of verification . Storage Semen can be stored in diluents such as the Illini Variable Temperature ( IVT ) diluent , which have been reported to be able to preserve high fertility of semen for over seven days . The IVT diluent is composed of several salts , sugars and antibacterial agents and gassed with CO . Semen cryopreservation can be used for far longer storage durations . For human sperm , the longest reported successful storage with this method is 21 years . Health Disease transmission Semen can transmit many sexually transmitted diseases and pathogens , including viruses like HIV and Ebola . Swallowing semen carries no additional risk other than those inherent in fellatio . This includes transmission risk for sexually transmitted diseases such as human papillomavirus ( HPV ) or herpes , especially for people with bleeding gums , gingivitis or open sores . Viruses in semen survive for a long time once outside the body . Blood in semen ( hematospermia ) Main article : Hematospermia The presence of blood in semen or hematospermia may be undetectable ( it only can be seen microscopically ) or visible in the fluid . Its cause could be the result of inflammation , infection , blockage , or injury of the male reproductive tract or a problem within the urethra , testicles , epididymis or prostate . It usually clears up without treatment , or with antibiotics , but if persistent further semen analysis and other urogenital system tests might be needed to find out the cause . Semen allergy In rare circumstances , humans can develop an allergy to semen , called human seminal plasma sensitivity . It appears as a typical localized or systemic allergic response upon contact with seminal fluid . There is no one protein in semen responsible for the reaction . Symptoms can appear after first intercourse or after subsequent intercourse . A semen allergy can be distinguished from a latex allergy by determining if the symptoms disappear with use of a condom . Desensitization treatments are often very successful . Benefits to females Females may benefit from absorbing seminal fluid . Such benefits include male insects transferring nutrients to females via their ejaculate ; in both humans and bovines the fluid has antiviral and antibacterial properties ; and useful bacteria such as Lactobacillus have been detected in fluid transferred from birds and mammals . Society and culture Qigong Qigong and Chinese medicine place huge emphasis on a form of energy called 精 ( pinyin : jīng , also a morpheme denoting `` essence '' or `` spirit '' ) -- which one attempts to develop and accumulate . `` Jing '' is sexual energy and is considered to dissipate with ejaculation so masturbation is considered `` energy suicide '' amongst those who practice this art . According to Qigong theory , energy from many pathways / meridians becomes diverted and transfers itself to the sexual organs during sexual excitement . The ensuing orgasm and ejaculation will then finally expel the energy from the system completely . The Chinese proverb 一滴 精 , 十 滴 血 ( pinyin : yì dī jīng , shí dī xuè , literally : a drop of semen is equal to ten drops of blood ) illustrates this point . The scientific term for semen in Chinese is 精液 ( pinyin : jīng yè , literally : fluid of essence / jing ) and the term for sperm is 精子 ( pinyin : jīng zǐ , literally : basic element of essence / jing ) , two modern terms with classical referents . Greek philosophy In Ancient Greece , Aristotle remarked on the importance of semen : `` For Aristotle , semen is the residue derived from nourishment , that is of blood , that has been highly concocted to the optimum temperature and substance . This can only be emitted by the male as only the male , by nature of his very being , has the requisite heat to concoct blood into semen . '' According to Aristotle , there is a direct connection between food and semen : `` Sperms are the excretion of our food , or to put it more clearly , as the most perfect component of our food . '' The connection between food and physical growth , on the one hand , and semen , on the other , allows Aristotle to warn against `` engag ( ing ) in sexual activity at too early an age ... ( since ) this will affect the growth of their bodies . Nourishment that would otherwise make the body grow is diverted to the production of semen . Aristotle is saying that at this stage the body is still growing ; it is best for sexual activity to begin when its growth is ' no longer abundant ' , for when the body is more or less at full height , the transformation of nourishment into semen does not drain the body of needed material . '' Additionally , `` Aristotle tells us that the region round the eyes was the region of the head most fruitful of seed ( '' most seedy '' σπερματικώτατος ) , pointing to generally recognised effects upon the eyes of sexual indulgence and to practices which imply that seed comes from liquid in the region of the eyes . '' This may be explained by the belief of the Pythagoreans that `` semen is a drop of the brain ( τὸ δε σπέρμα εἶναι σταγόνα ἐγκέφαλου ) . '' Greek Stoic philosophy conceived of the Logos spermatikos ( `` seminal word '' ) as the principle of active reason that fecundated passive matter . The Jewish philosopher Philo similarly spoke in sexual terms of the Logos as the masculine principle of reason that sowed seeds of virtue in the feminine soul . The Christian Platonist Clement of Alexandria likened the Logos to physical blood as the `` substance of the soul '' , and noted that some held `` that the animal semen is substantially foam of its blood '' . Clement reflected an early Christian view that `` the seed ought not be wasted nor scattered thoughtlessly nor sown in a way it can not grow . '' Women were believed to have their own version , which was stored in the womb and released during climax . Retention was believed to cause female hysteria . In Ancient Greek Religion as a whole , semen is considered a form of miasma , and ritual purification was to be practised after its discharge . Sacred semen In some pre-industrial societies , semen and other body fluids were revered because they were believed to be magical . Blood is an example of such a fluid , but semen was also widely believed to be of supernatural origin and effect and was , as a result , considered holy or sacred . Dew was once thought to be a sort of rain that fertilized the earth and , in time , became a metaphor for semen . The Bible employs the term `` dew '' in this sense in such verses as Song of Solomon 5 : 2 and Psalm 110 : 3 , declaring , in the latter verse , for example , that the people should follow only a king who was virile enough to be full of the `` dew '' of youth . It was widely believed in ancient times that gemstones were drops of divine semen which had coagulated after having fertilized the earth . There is an ancient Chinese belief that jade , in particular , was the dried semen of the celestial dragon . Based on the resemblance of dandelion juice to human semen , it was historically believed that the flower magically promoted the flow of sperm . This belief possibly derives from the doctrine of signatures . The orchid 's twin bulbs were thought to resemble the testicles , which is the etymology of the disease orchiditis . There was an ancient Roman belief that the flower sprang from the spilled semen of copulating satyrs . In primitive mythology around the world , semen is very often considered analogous to breast milk in some way . In the traditions of Bali , it is considered to be the returning or refunding of the milk of the mother in an alimentary metaphor . The wife feeds her husband who returns to her his semen , the milk of human kindness , as it were . In some systems of medical philosophy , such Herbert Nowell 's `` vital force '' theory , semen is regarded as the product of a complex physiological interaction between a man and a woman , rather than merely the product of the male reproductive system . Semen in espionage Semen stain on carpet observed with and without ultraviolet light When the British Secret Intelligence Service discovered that semen made a good invisible ink , Sir George Mansfield Smith - Cumming noted of his agents that `` Every man ( is ) his own stylo '' . Ingestion Cultural practices In some cultures , semen is considered to have special properties associated with masculinity . Several tribes of Papua New Guinea , including the Sambia and the Etoro , believe that semen promotes sexual maturation among the younger men of their tribe . To them , semen possesses the manly nature of the tribal elders , and in order to pass down their authority and powers , younger men of their next generation must fellate their elders and ingest their semen . Prepubescent and postpubescent males are required to engage in this practice . This act may also be associated with the culturally active homosexuality throughout these and other tribes . Spiritual views The church father Epiphanius records that the Borborites and other libertine Gnostic sects consumed semen as the Body of Christ . The Pistis Sophia and Testimony of Truth harshly condemn such practices . In the modern St. Priapus Church , consumption of semen in the presence of others is a form of worship . Sexual practices There are several sexual practices involving the ingestion of semen . They can be done with one or more partners , like snowballing , felching and creampie eating , or with multiple partners , like the practices of bukkake and gokkun , which originate from Japan . Euphemisms A huge variety of euphemisms and dysphemisms have been invented to describe semen . For a complete list of terms , see sexual slang . Common slang terms for semen include cum , jizz , spunk ( primarily British English ) , spooge and / or splooge , load , nut , and less commonly , love juice . The term cum sometimes also refers to an orgasm , while load is derived from the phrase blowing a load , referring to an ejaculation . See also Health and fitness portal Medicine portal Sexuality portal Cum shot Milt Semen extender Sperm donation Spermadhesin Spermatozoon Vaginal lubrication References ^ Jump up to : Mann , T ( 1954 ) . `` The Biochemistry of Semen '' . London : Methuen & Co ; New York : John Wiley & Sons . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Guyton , Arthur C. ( 1991 ) . Textbook of Medical Physiology ( 8th ed . ) . Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders . pp. 890 -- 891 . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 3994 - 1 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Clare ( 1948 ) . `` Relation between the Volume and Fructose Content of Human Semen '' . Nature . 162 ( 4125 ) : 812 . doi : 10.1038 / 162812a0 . PMID 18121921 . Jump up ^ Canale , D. ; Bartelloni , M. ; Negroni , A. ; Meschini , P. ; Izzo , P.L. ; Bianchi , B. ; Menchini - Fabris , G.F. ( 1986 ) . `` Zinc in human semen '' . International Journal of Andrology. 9 ( 6 ) : 477 -- 80 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2605.1986. tb00909. x . PMID 3570537 . Jump up ^ World Health Organization ( 2003 ) . Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Human Semen and Semen -- Cervical Mucus Interaction , 4th edition . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 60 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 64599 - 9 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Owen , D.H. ; Katz , DF ( 2005 ) . `` A Review of the Physical and Chemical Properties of Human Semen and the Formulation of a Semen Simulant '' . Journal of Andrology. 26 ( 4 ) : 459 -- 69 . doi : 10.2164 / jandrol. 04104 . PMID 15955884 . Jump up ^ `` HealthCentral.com - Trusted , Reliable and Up To Date Health Information '' . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gallup , Gordon G ; Burch , Rebecca L ( 2004 ) . `` ( Semen Displacement as a Sperm Competition Strategy in Humans ) '' . Evolutionary Psychology . 2 ( 5 ) : 12 -- 23 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dean , Dr. John . `` Semen and sperm quality '' . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Baker , R ( 1993 ) . `` Human sperm competition : Ejaculate adjustment by males and the function of masturbation '' . Animal Behaviour. 46 ( 5 ) : 861 . doi : 10.1006 / anbe. 1993.1271 . Jump up ^ Balk , S.P. ; Ko , YJ ; Bubley , GJ ( 2003 ) . `` Biology of Prostate - Specific Antigen '' . Journal of Clinical Oncology. 21 ( 2 ) : 383 -- 91 . doi : 10.1200 / JCO. 2003.02. 083 . PMID 12525533 . Jump up ^ Richthoff , J. ; Rylander , L ; Hagmar , L ; Malm , J ; Giwercman , A ( 2002 ) . `` Higher sperm counts in Southern Sweden compared with Denmark '' . Human Reproduction. 17 ( 9 ) : 2468 -- 73 . doi : 10.1093 / humrep / 17.9. 2468 . PMID 12202443 . ^ Jump up to : Watson , PF ( 1993 ) . `` The potential impact of sperm encapsulation technology on the importance of timing of artificial insemination : A perspective in the light of published work '' . Reproduction , Fertility and Development . 5 ( 6 ) : 691 -- 9 . doi : 10.1071 / RD9930691 . PMID 9627729 . Jump up ^ `` Child born after 21 year semen storage using Planer controlled rate freezer '' ( Press release ) . Planer . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Poiani , Aldo ( July 2006 ) . `` Complexity of Seminal Fluid : A Review '' . Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 60 ( 3 ) : 295 -- 296 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doctors sweat over whether Ebola positive man spread virus - Times of India '' . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Sara . The Gynecological Sourcebook , McGraw - Hill Professional , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 140279 - 9 p151 Jump up ^ Dianne Hales ( 2008 ) . An Invitation to Health Brief 2010 - 2011 . Cengage Learning . pp. 269 -- 271 . ISBN 0495391921 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Jonathan A. ( 2011 ) . `` Human Seminal Plasma Hypersensitivity : An Under - Recognized Women 's Health Issue '' . Postgraduate Medicine . doi : 10.3810 / pgm. 2011.01. 2253 . Jump up ^ Sublett , J. Wesley ; Bernstein , Jonathan A. ( 2011 ) . `` Seminal Plasma Hypersensitivity Reactions : An Updated Review '' . Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine . doi : 10.1002 / msj. 20283 . Jump up ^ Qigong Bible , Chapter # 8 , by Gary J. Clyman . Contribution To Clyman 's Book by Frank Ranz , January 1989 Jump up ^ `` Home '' . hunyuantaijiacademy.com . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Salmon , J.B. ; L. Foxhall ( 1998 ) . Thinking Men : Masculinity and Its Self - representation in the Classical Tradition . Routledge . p. 158 . Jump up ^ Sumathipala , A. ( 2004 ) . `` Culture - bound syndromes : The story of dhat syndrome '' . The British Journal of Psychiatry . 184 ( 3 ) : 200 -- 9 . doi : 10.1192 / bjp. 184.3. 200 . PMID 14990517 . Jump up ^ Aristotle ( 1997 ) . Politics . Richard Kraut ( trans . ) . Oxford UP . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 875114 - 4 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Onians , R.B. ( 1951 ) . The Origins of European Thought . Cambridge . p. 203 . ISBN 0 - 405 - 04853 - X . Jump up ^ Diogenes Laertius , Life of Pythagoras , 19 . Archived 2016 - 04 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Smith , Justin E.H. ( 2006 ) . The Problem of Animal Generation in Early Modern Philosophy . Montreal : Concordia University . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 511 - 21763 - 0 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Tripolitis , Antonia ( 2002 ) . Religions of the Hellenistic - Roman Age . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . pp. 37 -- 38 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4913 - X . Jump up ^ `` And when she ( intelligence ) lives as a comely wife with comely Reason ( Logos ) , that is with virtuous Reason , this self - same Reason himself undertakes the care of her , sowing , like a husband , the most excellent concepts in her . '' Philo , De Spec . Leg. , § 7 . Mead , G.R.S ( 1906 ) . `` Philo of Alexandria and the Hellenistic Theology '' . Thrice Greatest Hermes : Studies in Hellenistic Theosophy and Gnosis . I. London and Benares : The Theosophical Publishing Society . p. 222 . ISBN 0 - 87728 - 947 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` And that the blood is the Word , is testified by the blood of Abel , the righteous interceding with God . '' Clement of Alexandria , The Paedagogus , 1 , 47 . Jump up ^ Cf . Leviticus 17 : 14 ; Clement of Alexandria , The Paedagogus , 1 , 39 . Jump up ^ Clement of Alexandria , The Paedagogus , 1 , 48 . Jump up ^ Clement of Alexandria , The Paedagogus , 2 , 91 . See also : Onan . Jump up ^ Roach , Mary ( 2009 ) . Bonk : the curious coupling of science and sex . New York : W.W. Norton & Co. p. 214 . ISBN 9780393334791 . Jump up ^ Parker , Robert . 1996 . Miasma : Pollution and Purification in Early Greek Religion . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Song of Solomon 5 : 2 KJV - I sleep , but my heart waketh : it is the Bible Gateway Jump up ^ Psalm 110 : 3 KJV - Thy people shall be willing in the day Bible Gateway Jump up ^ Walker , Barbara ( October 19 , 1988 ) . The Woman 's Dictionary of Symbols and Sacred Objects ( Trade PB ) . San Francisco : HarperSanFrancisco . p. 576 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 250923 - 3 . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bellows , Laura J. ( 2003 ) . Personhood , procreative fluids , and power : re-thinking hierarchy in Bali . OCLC 224223971 . Jump up ^ The Independent review of The Quest for C : Mansfield Cumming and the founding of the British Secret Service by Alan Judd Jump up ^ Robert T. Francoeur , Raymond J. Noonan ( 2004 ) The Continuum Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality p. 819 Jump up ^ Hank Hyena ( September 16 , 1999 ) . `` Semen Warriors Of New Guinea '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Herdt , Gilbert ( editor ) ( January 28 , 1993 ) . Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 08096 - 3 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Epiphanius , Panarion , 26 , 4 . Jump up ^ I.e. , the Simonians ; Epiphanius , Panarion , 21 , 4 . Jump up ^ `` We have heard that there are men on the earth who take the sperm of men and the flux of women , and mix them with lentils and eat them , saying , ' We believe in Esau and Jacob ' '' ( 386 -- 387 ) . Mead , G.R.S ( 1896 ) . Pistis Sophia . London : The Theosophical Publishing Society . p. 390 . ISBN 1 - 4179 - 1276 - 6 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Marvin ( 2007 ) . `` The Testimony of Truth '' . The Nag Hammadi Scriptures . trans . Birger A. Pearson . Harper Collins . p. 624 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 052378 - 7 . Jump up ^ J. Gordon Melton ( 1996 , 5th ed . ) . Encyclopedia of American Religions ( Detroit , Mich. : Gale ) ISBN 0 - 8103 - 7714 - 4 p. 952 . Jump up ^ NG Hatfield ( 31 May 2008 ) . `` Proper Use of Ejaculatory Slang : Male Finishing School , Part I '' . Points in Case . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Rafik , Amal . Passion Masters : Sex Secrets of a Forbidden Cult . Google Books : Blue Moon Books . ISBN 978 - 1562012007 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Semen . Grizard , G ; Sion , B ; Bauchart , D ; Boucher , D ( 2000 ) . `` Separation and quantification of cholesterol and major phospholipid classes in human semen by high - performance liquid chromatography and light - scattering detection '' . Journal of Chromatography B. 740 ( 1 ) : 101 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / S0378 - 4347 ( 00 ) 00039 - 6 . PMID 10798299 . SUNY Podcast -- Semen study results Hyena , Hank ( August 21 , 2000 ) . `` The quest for sweet semen '' . Salon.com . Salon Media Group , Inc . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | why does seminal fluid have a high content of sugar | [
"\n\nGland(s)\nApproximate fraction\nDescription\n\n\ntestes\n2–5%\nApproximately 200- to 500-million spermatozoa (also called sperm or spermatozoans), produced in the testes, are released per ejaculation. If a man has undergone a vasectomy, he will have no sperm in the ejaculation.\n\n\nseminal vesicles\n65–75%\namino acids, citrate, enzymes, flavins, fructose (2–5 mg per mL semen,[3] the main energy source of sperm cells, which rely entirely on sugars from the seminal plasma for energy), phosphorylcholine, prostaglandins (involved in suppressing an immune response by the female against the foreign semen), proteins, vitamin C\n\n\nprostate\n25–30%\nacid phosphatase, citric acid, fibrinolysin, prostate specific antigen, proteolytic enzymes, zinc (the zinc level is about 135±40 micrograms/ml for healthy men.[4] Zinc serves to help to stabilize the DNA-containing chromatin in the sperm cells. A zinc deficiency may result in lowered fertility because of increased sperm fragility. Zinc deficiency can also adversely affect spermatogenesis.)\n\n\nbulbourethral glands\n\ngalactose, mucus (serve to increase the mobility of sperm cells in the vagina and cervix by creating a less viscous channel for the sperm cells to swim through, and preventing their diffusion out of the semen. Contributes to the cohesive jelly-like texture of semen.), pre-ejaculate, sialic acid\n\n"
] | [
"the main energy source of sperm cells, which rely entirely on sugars from the seminal plasma for energy), phosphorylcholine, prostaglandins (involved in suppressing an immune response by the female against the foreign semen), proteins, vitamin C"
] |
1473670061990820970 | The Voice (U.S. season 1) | The Voice ( U.S. season 1 ) - wikipedia The Voice ( U.S. season 1 ) The Voice Season 1 Broadcast from April 26 -- June 29 , 2011 Coaches Adam Levine CeeLo Green Christina Aguilera Blake Shelton Host ( s ) Carson Daly Alison Haislip ( social media ) Broadcaster NBC Winner Javier Colon Origin Stratford , Connecticut Song `` Stitch by Stitch '' Genre ( s ) R&B neo-soul soul acoustic Coach Adam Levine Runner - up Dia Frampton Chronology 2011 ▶ The Voice is a reality talent show . The series is part of the franchise The Voice and is based on a similar competition format in the Netherlands , The Voice of Holland . The show is hosted by Carson Daly , with Alison Haislip serving as the backstage and social networking correspondent . The winner receives $100,000 and a record deal with Universal Republic Records . Christina Aguilera CeeLo Green , Maroon 5 frontman Adam Levine and Blake Shelton are the coaches . Each team of singers are mentored and developed by their coach . In the second stage , coaches have two of their team members battle against each other by singing the same song , with the coach choosing which team member to advance . In the final phase , the remaining contestants compete against each other in live broadcasts . The television audience helps to decide who advances . When one remains for each coach , the four contestants compete against each other in the finale . The American series premiered on April 26 , 2011 on the NBC television network . The winner of the first season was Javier Colon , mentored by coach Adam Levine . The season finale aired on June 29 , 2011 . It immediately proved to be a hit for NBC and the network renewed the show for a second season . Contents 1 Overview 2 Auditions 3 Coaches , host , and social media correspondent 4 Teams 5 Blind auditions 5.1 Episode 1 ( April 26 ) 5.2 Episode 2 ( May 3 ) 5.2. 1 Second chance 6 The Battles 7 Live shows 7.1 Week 1 ( June 7 & 13 ) 7.2 Week 2 ( June 14 & 20 ) 7.3 Week 3 ( June 21 & 22 ) 7.4 Week 4 : Finale ( June 28 & 29 ) 8 Elimination chart 9 Performances by guests / coaches 10 The Voice Live on Tour 11 Tour dates 12 Contestant appearances on earlier talent shows 13 Reception and TV ratings 14 References Overview ( edit ) The series consists of three phases : a blind audition , a battle phase and live performance shows . Four coaches , all famous musicians , choose teams of contestants through a blind audition process . Each coach has the length of the auditioner 's performance ( about one minute ) to decide if he or she wants that singer on his or her team ; if two or more coaches want the same singer ( as happened with all but one singer in the premiere episode ) , then the singer gets to choose their coach . In the final 32 ( live shows ) , Green , J , Am and Shelton were joined by Sia Furler , Monica , music producer Adam Blackstone and Reba McEntire . Chicago New York Nashville Miami Minneapolis Austin Los Angeles Seattle Cities where the auditions were held . Auditions ( edit ) Contestant auditions were held in eight cities across the United States between mid-January and mid-February 2017 : Chicago , New York , Miami , Nashville , Minneapolis , Austin , Los Angeles , and Seattle . Contestants were also allowed to submit an online applications , which ended on March 1 , 2017 . For the online auditions , contestants were required to sing one of ten preselected songs . Contestants on The Voice as revealed by airing of promotional advertisements or shows were Javier Colon , Frenchie Davis , Nakia , Lukas Rossi , Cherie Oakley , and Dia Frampton . Coaches , host , and social media correspondent ( edit ) In late February 2011 , NBC began announcements of the coaches for the series . First to sign on were CeeLo Green and Adam Levine ( frontman for Maroon 5 ) . CeeLo Green came on board in early March 2011 . Blake Shelton was added as the final coach on March 7 , 2011 . Carson Daly was announced as the show 's first host . Alison Haislip was announced as the show 's `` backstage online and social media correspondent '' during the live shows . Teams ( edit ) Color key Winner Runner - up Third / Fourth place Eliminated in the live shows Eliminated in the battles Coaches Top 32 Artists Adam Levine Javier Colon Casey Weston Devon Barley Jeff Jenkins Casey Desmond Rebecca Loebe Angela Wolff Tim Mahoney CeeLo Green Vicci Martinez Nakia Curtis Grimes The Thompson Sisters Emily Valentine Kelsey Rey Tje Austin Niki Dawson Christina Aguilera Beverly McClellan Frenchie Davis Raquel Castro Lily Elise Cherie Oakley Julia Eason Justin Grennan Tarralyn Ramsey Blake Shelton Dia Frampton Xenia Jared Blake Patrick Thomas Sara Oromchi Serabee Elenowen Tyler Robinson Blind Auditions ( edit ) Color key ✔ Coach hit his / her `` I WANT YOU '' button Artist defaulted to this coach 's team Artist elected to join this coach 's team Artist eliminated with no coach pressing his or her `` I WANT YOU '' button Episode 1 ( April 26 ) ( edit ) The first of two Blind Audition taped episodes was broadcast on April 26 , 2011 . The coaches performed coach CeeLo 's song , `` Crazy '' at the start of the show . Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and contestant 's choices Adam CeeLo Christina Blake Tarralyn Ramsey 31 Jacksonville , Florida `` Breathe '' -- ✔ ✔ -- Patrick Thomas 20 Nashville , Tennessee `` Live Like You Were Dying '' ✔ ✔ -- ✔ Jared Blake 32 Star City , Arkansas `` Good Girls Go Bad '' -- -- -- -- Vicci Martinez 26 Tacoma , Washington `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- ✔ ✔ -- 5 Sonia Rao 24 Freehold Township , New Jersey `` If I Ai n't Got You '' -- -- -- -- 6 Elenowen ( Josh & Nicole Johnson ) N / A Nashville , Tennessee `` Falling Slowly '' -- ✔ -- ✔ 7 Frenchie Davis 31 Los Angeles , California `` I Kissed a Girl '' -- -- ✔ -- 8 Kelsey Rey 20 Sebastian , Florida `` American Boy '' ✔ ✔ ✔ -- 9 Jeff Jenkins 22 Jones Creek , Texas `` Bless the Broken Road '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ 10 Rebecca Loebe 27 Atlanta , Georgia `` Come as You Are '' ✔ -- ✔ -- 11 Joann Rizzo 56 Freehold Township , New Jersey `` I Say a Little Prayer '' -- -- -- -- 12 Xenia 16 Temecula , California `` Breakeven '' -- ✔ -- ✔ 13 Tje Austin 27 Austin , Texas `` Just the Way You Are '' ✔ ✔ -- -- 14 Javier Colon 33 Stratford , Connecticut `` Time After Time '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ 15 Beverly McClellan 41 Fort Lauderdale , Florida `` Piece of My Heart '' ✔ -- ✔ -- Episode 2 ( May 3 ) ( edit ) The second and final episode of the Blind Audition rounds was broadcast on May 3 , 2011 . Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and aritst 's choices Adam CeeLo Christina Blake Cherie Oakley 29 Nashville , Tennessee `` Gunpowder & Lead '' -- -- ✔ -- Devon Barley 19 Mattapoisett , Massachusetts `` I 'm Yours '' ✔ ✔ -- -- Joshua Hand 29 West Palm Beach , Florida `` Paparazzi '' -- -- -- -- Raquel Castro 16 Long Island , New York `` Bleeding Love '' -- -- ✔ -- 5 Emily Valentine 23 Hollywood , California `` Sober '' -- ✔ -- ✔ 6 Niki Dawson 19 Jacksonville , Florida `` Teenage Dream '' -- ✔ -- -- 7 Sara Oromchi 18 San Jose , California `` Imagine '' -- -- -- ✔ 8 Tim Mahoney 39 Minneapolis , Minnesota `` Bring It On Home to Me '' ✔ -- -- -- 9 Julia Eason 18 Palos Verdes , California `` Mercy '' -- ✔ ✔ -- 10 Angela Wolff 25 Metter , Georgia `` The House That Built Me '' -- -- -- -- 11 Tyler Robinson 20 Folsom , California `` Hey , Soul Sister '' -- -- -- ✔ 12 Nakia 36 Austin , Texas `` Forget You '' -- ✔ -- ✔ 13 Serabee 34 Mississippi `` Son of a Preacher Man '' -- -- -- ✔ 14 Casey Desmond 25 Boston , Massachusetts `` Born This Way '' ✔ -- -- -- 15 Justin Grennan 30 Enumclaw , Washington `` Drops of Jupiter '' -- -- ✔ -- 16 Dia Frampton 23 St. George , Utah `` Bubbly '' -- ✔ -- ✔ 17 Curtis Grimes 25 Gilmer , Texas `` Hillbilly Bone '' -- ✔ -- -- 18 The Thompson Sisters ( Tori & Taylor Thompson ) 17 & 19 Santa Maria , California `` Stuck Like Glue '' -- ✔ -- -- Second chance ( edit ) As , by the end of the regular audition round , only Cee Lo Green had completed his full team of eight finalists , with Christina Aguilera and Blake Shelton with seven finalists and Adam Levine only six , selected contestants eliminated previously were given a second chance . The performances in the `` second chance round '' were as follows ( with N / A meaning the coach has already filled his / her Final 8 ) : Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam CeeLo Christina Blake Lily Elise 20 San Anselmo , California `` If I Ai n't Got You '' -- Team full ✔ -- Sonia Rao 24 Freehold Borough , New Jersey `` Chasing Pavements '' -- Team full -- Jared Blake 32 Star City , Arkansas `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' -- ✔ Casey Weston 18 Naples , Florida `` Stupid Boy '' ✔ Team full 5 Angela Wolff 25 Metter , Georgia `` Rolling in the Deep '' ✔ The battles ( edit ) After the Blind Auditions , each coach had eight contestants for the Battle rounds that aired from May 10 to May 31 , 2011 . Coaches begin narrowing down the playing field by training the contestants with the help of `` trusted advisors '' . Each episode featured four battles consisting of pairings from within each team , and each battle concluding with the respective coach eliminating one of the two contestants ; the four winners for each coach advanced to the live shows . The trusted advisors for these episodes are : Adam Blackstone working with Adam Levine ; Reba McEntire working with Blake Shelton ; Monica working with CeeLo Green ; and Sia Furler working with Christina Aguilera . Color key Artist won the Battle and advances to the Live shows Artist lost the Battle and was eliminated Episode Coach Order Winner Song Loser Episode 3 ( Tuesday , May 10 , 2011 ) Christina Aguilera Frenchie Davis `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' Tarralyn Ramsey Blake Shelton Patrick Thomas `` Burning Love '' Tyler Robinson Adam Levine Casey Weston `` Leather and Lace '' Tim Mahoney CeeLo Green Vicci Martinez `` Perfect '' Niki Dawson Episode 4 ( Tuesday , May 17 , 2011 ) CeeLo Green Nakia `` Closer '' Tje Austin Blake Shelton Jared Blake `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' Elenowen Adam Levine Javier Colon `` Stand By Me '' Angela Wolff Christina Aguilera Beverly McClellan `` Baba O'Riley '' Justin Grennan Episode 5 ( Tuesday , May 24 , 2011 ) Christina Aguilera Raquel Castro `` Only Girl ( In The World ) '' Julia Eason Blake Shelton Dia Frampton `` You Ca n't Hurry Love '' Serabee Adam Levine Devon Barley `` Creep '' Rebecca Loebe CeeLo Green The Thompson Sisters `` Unwritten '' Kelsey Rey Episode 6 ( Tuesday , May 31 , 2011 ) Adam Levine Jeff Jenkins `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' Casey Desmond Blake Shelton Xenia `` I 'll Stand by You '' Sara Oromchi Christina Aguilera Lily Elise `` Since U Been Gone '' Cherie Oakley CeeLo Green Curtis Grimes `` Need You Now '' Emily Valentine Live shows ( edit ) Week 1 ( June 7 & 13 ) ( edit ) After the Final 16 were decided , with four finalists for each coach , June 7 , 2011 saw the launching of the live shows ( EDT ) with Team Christina Aguilera and Team Blake Shelton performing . Public voting across multiple platforms ( phone , smartphone app , web , and iTunes Store ) commenced at this point , with two candidates eliminated from each participating team in the first two live shows . Voting lines were opened immediately after the broadcast of each live show on Tuesday and stayed open until 10 AM EDT the following Monday ( June 13 for week 1 ) . Color key Artist was saved by the public 's vote Artist was saved by his / her coach Artist was eliminated Order Coach Artist Song Result Christina Aguilera Raquel Castro `` Blow '' Eliminated Blake Shelton Jared Blake `` Use Somebody '' Eliminated Christina Aguilera Beverly McClellan `` I 'm the Only One '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton Dia Frampton `` Heartless '' Public 's vote 5 Xenia `` Price Tag '' Blake 's choice 6 Christina Aguilera Lily Elise `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' Eliminated 7 Blake Shelton Patrick Thomas `` I Hope You Dance '' Eliminated 8 Christina Aguilera Frenchie Davis `` When Love Takes Over '' Christina 's Choice Non-competition performances Order Performers Song The Voice coaches `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' , `` We Will Rock You '' , `` We Are the Champions '' Christina And Her 4 Finalists `` Lady Marmalade '' Blake Shelton and his 4 finalists `` This Love '' Week 2 ( June 14 & 20 ) ( edit ) On June 14 , 2011 , Team Adam and Team CeeLo performed . Voting proceeded as before -- following the episode 's close and continuing until 10 AM EDT June 20 . Results from week seven From Christina Aguilera 's team , the top Public 's vote went to Beverly McClellan . Given the chance to save one additional contestant on his team , Aguilera chose to save Frenchie Davis . Thus both Lily Elise and Raquel Castro were eliminated From Blake Shelton 's team , the top Public 's vote went to Dia Frampton . Blake Shelton chose to save Xenia , eliminating Jared Blake and Patrick Thomas Order Coach Artist Song Result CeeLo Green The Thompson Sisters `` Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy '' Eliminated Adam Levine Casey Weston `` Black Horse and the Cherry Tree '' Adam 's Choice CeeLo Green Vicci Martinez `` Jolene '' Public 's vote Adam Levine Devon Barley `` Stop and Stare '' Eliminated 5 CeeLo Green Nakia `` Sex on Fire '' CeeLo 's Choice 6 Adam Levine Jeff Jenkins `` Jesus , Take the Wheel '' Eliminated 7 CeeLo Green Curtis Grimes `` Addicted to Love '' Eliminated 8 Adam Levine Javier Colon `` Angel '' Public 's vote Non-competition performances Order Performers Song 08.1 CeeLo and his 4 Finalists `` Everyday People '' 08.2 Adam & His Team ( Casey Weston , Devon Barley , Jeff Jenkins and Javier Colon ) and John Burroughs High School Choir `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' Week 3 ( June 21 & 22 ) ( edit ) Results from week eight From CeeLo 's team , the top Public 's vote went to Vicci Martinez . Given the chance to save one additional contestant on his team , CeeLo chose to save Nakia . Accordingly , The Thompson Sisters and Curtis Grimes were eliminated . From Adam 's team , the top Public 's vote went to Javier Colon . Given the chance to save one additional contestant on his team , Adam chose to save Casey Weston . Devon Barley and Jeff Jenkins were eliminated . Semifinals On June 21 , 2011 , the final eight performed . Voting proceeded following the episode until 10 AM EDT June 22 . Order Coach Contestant Song Coach points Public points Total points Result Christina Aguilera Frenchie Davis `` Like a Prayer '' 50 43 93 Eliminated CeeLo Green Nakia `` Whataya Want from Me '' 51 25 76 Eliminated Blake Shelton Dia Frampton `` Losing My Religion '' 50 56 106 Advanced to Finals Adam Levine Casey Weston `` I Will Always Love You '' 35 27 62 Eliminated 5 Christina Aguilera Beverly McClellan `` The Thrill Is Gone '' 50 57 107 Advanced to Finals 6 Adam Levine Javier Colon `` Fix You '' 65 73 138 Advanced to Finals 7 Blake Shelton Xenia `` The Man Who Ca n't Be Moved '' 50 44 94 Eliminated 8 CeeLo Green Vicci Martinez `` Dog Days Are Over '' 49 75 124 Advanced to Finals Non-competition performances Order Performers Song Maroon 5 and Christina Aguilera `` Moves Like Jagger '' Blake Shelton & his team `` Honey Bee '' The Final 8 `` Faith / Freedom ! 90 '' medley CeeLo Green `` Bright Lights Bigger City '' Week 4 : finale ( June 28 & 29 ) ( edit ) On June 28 , 2011 , the four finalists each performed an original song and a duet with their coach . Voting proceeded immediately following the episode 's close until 10 AM Eastern June 29 . Artist Coach Order Original song Order Duet with coach Result Javier Colon Adam Levine `` Stitch by Stitch '' 6 `` Man in the Mirror '' Winner Dia Frampton Blake Shelton `` Inventing Shadows '' 5 `` I Wo n't Back Down '' Runner - up Vicci Martinez CeeLo Green `` Afraid to Sleep '' 8 `` Love is a Battlefield '' 3rd / 4th place Beverly McClellan Christina Aguilera `` Lovesick '' 7 `` Beautiful '' Note ^ The songs `` Stitch by Stitch '' , `` Inventing Shadows '' , `` Afraid to Sleep '' , and `` Lovesick '' are all original compositions of Javier Colon , Dia Frampton , Vicci Martinez , and Beverly McClellan respectively . Non-competition performances Order Performers Song The Voice Coaches `` Under Pressure '' Pitbull and Ne - Yo `` Give Me Everything '' Brad Paisley and Blake Shelton `` Do n't Drink the Water '' Finals results Airing on June 29 , after performances and recaps , Daly first declared that the top two were just 2 % apart . Then the top two artists were announced : Dia Frampton and Javier Colon . Despite Dia Frampton 's original song , `` Inventing Shadows '' , topping the iTunes singles chart , Javier Colon was declared the first season winner of The Voice . Non-competition performances Order Performers Song Vicci Martinez and Patrick Monahan `` Drops of Jupiter '' Javier Colon and Stevie Nicks `` Landslide '' Beverly McClellan and Ryan Tedder `` Good Life '' Dia Frampton and Miranda Lambert `` The House That Built Me '' Elimination chart ( edit ) Color key Artist 's info Artist from Team Adam Artist from Team CeeLo Artist from Team Christina Artist from Team Blake Result details Winner Runner - up Third and Fourth place Artist advanced to the finals Artist was saved by his / her coach Artist was saved by the public Artist received the fewest accumulated total points and was eliminated Artist was eliminated Artist did not perform on that particular week Live show results per week Artist Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Finale Javier Colon Safe Advanced Winner Dia Frampton Safe Advanced Runner - up Vicci Martinez Safe Advanced 3rd / 4th place Beverly McClellan Safe Advanced Xenia Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( week 3 ) Casey Weston Safe Eliminated Nakia Safe Eliminated Frenchie Davis Safe Eliminated Devon Barley Eliminated Eliminated ( week 2 ) Curtis Grimes Eliminated Jeff Jenkins Eliminated The Thompson Sisters Eliminated Raquel Castro Eliminated Eliminated ( week 1 ) Jared Blake Eliminated Lily Elise Eliminated Patrick Thomas Eliminated Performances by guests / coaches ( edit ) Episode Show segment Performer ( s ) Title Hot 100 reaction Hot Digital Songs reaction Performance type 9 Semi-finals Maroon 5 ft . Christina Aguilera `` Moves Like Jagger '' 8 ( debut ) 2 ( debut ) Live performance Blake Shelton ( with Dia Frampton and Xenia ) `` Honey Bee '' 15 ( + 6 ) 11 ( + 8 ) Live performance 10 Semi-finals Results CeeLo Green `` Bright Lights Bigger City '' did not chart did not chart Live performance 11 Finals Pitbull ft . Ne - Yo `` Give Me Everything '' 2 ( - 1 ) 3 ( + 1 ) Live performance Brad Paisley ft . Blake Shelton `` Do n't Drink the Water '' did not chart did not chart Live performance 12 Finals Results Patrick Monahan ( with Vicci Martinez ) `` Drops of Jupiter '' did not chart did not chart Live performance ( duet ) Stevie Nicks ( with Javier Colon ) `` Landslide '' did not chart did not chart Live performance ( duet ) Ryan Tedder ( with Beverly McClellan ) `` Good Life '' 9 ( + 9 ) 12 ( + 5 ) Live performance ( duet ) Miranda Lambert ( with Dia Frampton ) `` The House That Built Me '' did not chart did not chart Live performance ( duet ) The Voice live on tour ( edit ) In the final episode , Daly announced a summer concert tour . This tour had six stops across the United States , including Los Angeles , Las Vegas , Chicago , Boston , Wallingford and New York . The tour featured the top two finalists from each team , including Javier Colon , Dia Frampton , Vicci Martinez , Beverly McClellan , Xenia , Frenchie Davis , Nakia , and Casey Weston . Out of the six dates , the New York show was a sell - out . However , as overall ticket sales were lackluster , the tour was cancelled in subsequent seasons . In 2014 , the tour was resumed from June 21 , 2014 to August 2 , 2014 , including the contestants of the fifth season , the sixth season and the first season contestant Dia Frampton . Tour dates ( edit ) Date City Country Venue July 27 , 2011 Los Angeles United States Gibson Amphitheatre July 30 , 2011 Las Vegas MGM Grand Garden Arena August 2 , 2011 Chicago Rosemont Theatre August 4 , 2011 Boston Bank of America Pavilion August 5 , 2011 Wallingford Oakdale Theatre August 6 , 2011 New York City Beacon Theatre Contestant appearances on earlier Talent shows ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Frenchie Davis was a semi-finalist on the season two of American Idol but was disqualified . Emily Valentine auditioned for the eighth season of American Idol under the name Emily Wynn - Hughes but was cut in the Hollywood Rounds . Kelsey Rey auditioned on American Idol under the name Kelsey Laverack for the seventh season , but was cut and appeared again in the ninth season and was eliminated in the Hollywood Rounds . The Thompson Sisters appeared on American Juniors in 2003 as separate acts ; both winning the highest prize on the show to join the American Juniors group . Vicci Martinez appeared on Star Search in 2003 , but did not make it past the semi-finals . Reception and TV Ratings ( edit ) The premiere episode , in what was seen as a relative surprise , was the most watched telecast on the night it aired , garnering more viewers than high - profile competitors Dancing with the Stars on ABC ( in persons 18 to 49 ; DWTS had more overall viewers ) and Glee on Fox . The series debut garnered 11.775 million viewers from 9 to 11 p.m. It peaked at 10 : 45 p.m. with 13.398 million viewers ( live + SD ) . Rolling Stone 's Mallika Rao said of the show 's premiere episode , `` Could this concept be the best Dutch import since tulips and Eddie Van Halen ? '' Despite a high viewership in its debut , the show has received mixed reviews on Metacritic , which holds at a 58 . No . Episode Original air date Viewers ( millions ) The Blind Auditions Premiere , Part 1 April 26 , 2011 11.78 The Blind Auditions , Part 2 May 3 , 2011 12.58 The Battles Premiere , Part 1 May 10 , 2011 10.45 The Battles Premiere , Part 2 May 17 , 2011 10.01 5 The Battles , Part 3 May 24 , 2011 8.48 6 The Battles , Part 4 May 31 , 2011 14.41 7 Live Quarterfinals , Part 1 June 7 , 2011 12.31 8 Live Quarterfinals , Part 2 June 14 , 2011 12.33 9 Live Semifinals Performance June 21 , 2011 12.05 10 Live Semifinals , Results June 22 , 2011 10.01 11 Live Finale Performance June 28 , 2011 12.70 12 Live Finale Results June 29 , 2011 11.05 References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ Morabito , Andrea ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Cee Lo Green , Adam Levine Named Coaches of ' The Voice ' '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Voice ' to Return for Second Season on NBC , Followed by New Musical Drama ' Smash ' Starring Katharine McPhee '' . Popcrush.com. 2011 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ The Voice . `` NBC Renews The Voice For Second Season '' . IsMyShowCancelled.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim ( April 29 , 2011 ) . `` Reba , Monica , Sia joining ' The Voice ' '' . MSN . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's New Singing Competition Series ' The Voice ' ( Working Title ) Announces Open Auditions In Cities Across America In 2011 '' ( Press release ) . NBC - Universal . December 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC.com Brings the Audition Experience Directly to Viewers With New Interactive Tool for Upcoming Reality Competition Series `` The Voice '' `` . The Futon Critic . February 18 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Voice -- Online Auditions '' . Official website . NBC . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBC YouTube channel : Time after Time '' . April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frenchie Davis returns ! ' Idol ' castoff passes blind audition on NBC 's ' The Voice ' '' . March 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC.com : The Voice Promo '' . April 2011 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ' Rock Star : Supernova ' Winner Lukas Rossi to Compete on ' The Voice ' Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Cee Lo Green , Maroon 5 's Adam Levine Join NBC 's ' The Voice ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` Official : Christina Aguilera joins NBC 's ' The Voice ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( March 7 , 2011 ) . `` Blake Shelton Joins NBC 's ' The Voice ' as Fourth Judge '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Carson Daly to Host NBC 's ' The Voice ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Names Alison Haislip , G4 's `` Attack of the Show ! '' , As Backstage Online and Social Media Correspondent for New Musical Competition Series `` The Voice '' `` . The Futon Critic . March 28 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Peppy , Tracy . `` WATCH : Christina Aguilera & ' The Voice ' Coaches ' `` Crazy '' Performance ! `` . iVillage . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ NBC : Live blogging The Voice - Week 1 ^ Jump up to : NBC : Live blogging The Voice - Week 2 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/469358/beyonce-notches-4th-billboard-200-no-1-with-4 ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Hot 100 Archive ( July 09 , 2011 ) '' . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Hot Digital Songs Archive ( July 09 , 2011 ) '' . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Hot 100 Archive ( July 16 , 2011 ) '' . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Hot Digital Songs Archive ( July 16 , 2011 ) '' . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ ' The Voice ' Tour Sets Summer Dates Jump up ^ Idols , Voices and Others Take a Crack at Post-TV Careers Jump up ^ Whitney , Alyse . `` Does The Voice Tour ? You Asked , We Answered ! '' . Wetpaint.com . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Kenneally , Tim ( 2011 - 04 - 27 ) . Ratings : ' The Voice ' Beats ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' Glee ' in Major Upset . The Wrap . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Mallika , Rao ( 2011 - 04 - 27 ) . `` ' The Voice ' Recap : The Shtick Succeeded '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ The Voice : Season 1 Metacritic . Jump up ^ Rome , Emily . `` NBC 's ' Idol ' rival ' The Voice ' debuts huge ; highest rated premiere of the season Inside TV EW.com '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Dancing With The Stars , ' ' Glee , ' ' The Biggest Loser , ' ' Hellcats ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope , ' ' Traffic Light ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' Glee , ' ' Dancing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope , ' ' Traffic Light ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Breaking In , ' ' The Good Wife , ' ' Body of Proof ' Adjusted Down ; ' NCIS , ' ' NCIS : LA , ' ' Glee , ' ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Dancing with the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Tuesday : Heat / Mavs NBA Finals Ratings Up ; ' America 's Got Talent ' Premiere & ' The Voice ' Jump '' . TV by the Numbers . May 31 , 2011 . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Tuesday : TV Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' America 's Got Talent ' Boost NBC '' . TV by the Numbers . June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . June 15 , 2011 . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . June 22 , 2011 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : Wednesday Final Ratings : Unscrambled Program Ratings for ' The Voice , ' ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' So You Think You Can Dance '' . TV by the Numbers . June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' The Voice , ' ' MasterChef , ' ' 101 Ways ' Adjusted Up - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' So You Think You Can Dance ' Adjusted Up - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . General `` The Voice - Season 1 Episode Guide '' . NBC.com . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . The Voice ( U.S. ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Winners Javier Colon Jermaine Paul Cassadee Pope Danielle Bradbery Tessanne Chin Josh Kaufman Craig Wayne Boyd Sawyer Fredericks Jordan Smith Alisan Porter Sundance Head Chris Blue Chloe Kohanski Brynn Cartelli Winner 's singles `` Stitch by Stitch '' `` I Believe I Can Fly '' `` Cry '' `` Born to Fly '' `` Tumbling Down '' `` Set Fire to the Rain '' `` My Baby 's Got a Smile on Her Face '' `` Please '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` Down That Road '' `` Darlin ' Do n't Go '' `` Money on You '' `` Wish I Did n't Love You '' `` Walk My Way '' Runners - up Dia Frampton Juliet Simms Terry McDermott Michelle Chamuel Jacquie Lee Jake Worthington Matt McAndrew Meghan Linsey Emily Ann Roberts Adam Wakefield Billy Gilman Lauren Duski Addison Agen Britton Buchanan Other notable artists Vicci Martinez Frenchie Davis Rebecca Loebe Xenia Tje Austin Beverly McClellan Raquel Castro Nakia Serabee Casey Desmond Justin Grennan The Thompson Sisters Jared Blake Casey Weston RaeLynn Jesse Campbell Chris Mann Tony Lucca Gwen Sebastian Kim Yarbrough Angel Taylor Pip Katrina Parker Erin Martin Moses Stone Jordis Unga Naia Kete Charlotte Sometimes Tony Vincent Mathai Lex Land Nicholas David Amanda Brown Melanie Martinez MacKenzie Bourg Collin McLoughlin Suzanna Choffel Jordan Pruitt Rod Michael Chris Trousdale Anita Antoinette Cupid The Swon Brothers Sasha Allen Judith Hill Kris Thomas Jeff Lewis Julie Roberts Holly Tucker Will Champlin James Wolpert Cole Vosbury Josh Logan E.G. Daily Holly Henry Donna Allen Dominic Scott Kay Christina Grimmie Sisaundra Lewis Paula DeAnda Lindsay Pagano Chris Jamison Taylor John Williams Andy Cherry MEGG Koryn Hawthorne Barrett Baber Jeffery Austin Madi Davis Amy Vachal Viktor Király Keith Semple Alex Kandel Tyler Dickerson Mary Sarah Daniel Passino Owen Danoff Emily Keener Tamar Davis Chase Walker Chris Cron Josh Hoyer Hunter Plake Mark Isaiah Brooke Simpson Esera Tuaolo Katrina Rose Natalie Stovall Kyla Jade Spensha Baker Related articles Awards and nominations Discography Contestants The Voice : Neon Dreams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Voice_(U.S._season_1)&oldid=853816623 '' Categories : The Voice ( U.S. TV series ) 2011 American television seasons Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Gaeilge ქართული Português Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 03 : 57 ( UTC ) . 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-5274240507573462921 | Greenbrier Valley Airport | Greenbrier Valley Airport - wikipedia Greenbrier Valley Airport Jump to : navigation , search Greenbrier Valley Airport IATA : LWB ICAO : KLWB FAA LID : LWB Summary Airport type Public Owner Greenbrier County Airport Authority Serves Lewisburg , West Virginia Location Greenbrier County , West Virginia , near Lewisburg and White Sulphur Springs Elevation AMSL 2,301 ft / 701 m Coordinates 37 ° 51 ′ 30 '' N 080 ° 23 ′ 58 '' W / 37.85833 ° N 80.39944 ° W / 37.85833 ; - 80.39944 Coordinates : 37 ° 51 ′ 30 '' N 080 ° 23 ′ 58 '' W / 37.85833 ° N 80.39944 ° W / 37.85833 ; - 80.39944 Website www.gvairport.com Map LWB LWB Show map of West Virginia Show map of the US Show all Location of airport in West Virginia / United States Runways Direction Length Surface ft m 4 / 22 7,003 2,135 Asphalt Statistics ( 2012 ) Aircraft operations 23,954 Based aircraft 26 Source : Federal Aviation Administration Greenbrier Valley Airport ( IATA : LWB , ICAO : KLWB , FAA LID : LWB ) is a public airport three miles ( 5 km ) north of Lewisburg in Greenbrier County , West Virginia , United States . It has one runway and is owned by the Greenbrier County Airport Authority . Silver Airways ( `` United Express '' ) has scheduled airline flights , subsidized by the Essential Air Service program , to Washington - Dulles International Airport , which replaced Cleveland - Hopkins International Airport in summer 2012 . Silver Airways also flies to Atlanta - Hartsfield International Airport as an independent airline , replacing Delta Connection . Federal Aviation Administration records say the airport had 7,153 passenger boardings ( enplanements ) in calendar year 2008 , 4,651 in 2009 and 12,293 in 2010 . It is in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011 -- 2015 , which called it a non-primary commercial service airport based on enplanements in 2008 / 2009 ( between 2,500 and 10,000 per year ) . The 2013 Federal sequester was forecasted to result in the closure of the airport 's control tower which would have then required pilots to rely on air traffic controllers from other airports . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Facilities and aircraft 3 Airline and destinations 3.1 Past scheduled passenger jet service 3.2 Destination statistics 4 See also 5 References 6 Other sources 7 External links History ( edit ) During World War II the airfield was used by the United States Army Air Forces . Facilities and aircraft ( edit ) Greenbrier Valley Airport covers 472 acres ( 191 ha ) at an elevation of 2,301 feet ( 701 m ) above mean sea level . Its one runway , 4 / 22 , is 7,003 by 150 feet ( 2,135 x 46 m ) asphalt . In the year ending November 30 , 2011 the airport had 22,107 aircraft operations , average 60 per day : 67 % general aviation , 18 % air taxi , 10 % scheduled commercial , and 5 % military . 26 aircraft were then based at this airport : 88 % single - engine , 8 % multi-engine , and 4 % jet . The airport has four rental car companies , Avis , Hertz , Enterprise , and National . Airline and destinations ( edit ) The following passenger airline operates scheduled passenger flights : Airlines Destinations ViaAir Charlotte ViaAir currently operates Embraer ERJ - 145 regional jets on its flights serving the airport . Silver Airways previously served the airport with Saab 340B regional turboprop aircraft . Service ended September 30 , 2016 . Past scheduled passenger jet service ( edit ) Historically , the airport was served with jet aircraft by Piedmont Airlines followed by Air Atlanta and US Airways . During the late 1970s and early 1980s , Piedmont was operating Boeing 737 - 200 jet service nonstop to Roanoke , VA ( ROA ) with direct flights continuing on to Atlanta ( ATL ) and New York LaGuardia Airport ( LGA ) . Piedmont also previously served the airport with NAMC YS - 11 turboprops during the mid 1970s . During the mid 1980s , Air Atlanta was flying Boeing 727 jet service nonstop to both New York John F. Kennedy Airport ( JFK ) and Atlanta ( ATL ) with direct one stop 727 flights to Philadelphia ( PHL ) via New York and also to Miami ( MIA ) via Atlanta . In the late 1990s , US Airways was operating Fokker 100 twin jets nonstop to New York LaGuardia Airport ( LGA ) . Destination statistics ( edit ) - Rank ` City Passengers Charlotte , North Carolina 1,190 See also ( edit ) West Virginia World War II Army Airfields References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : FAA Airport Master Record for LWB ( Form 5010 PDF ) . Federal Aviation Administration . Effective April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IATA Airport Code Search ( LWB : Greenbrier Valley ) '' . International Air Transport Association . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Enplanements for CY 2008 '' ( PDF , 1.0 MB ) . CY 2008 Passenger Boarding and All - Cargo Data . Federal Aviation Administration . December 18 , 2009 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Enplanements for CY 2010 '' ( PDF , 189 KB ) . CY 2010 Passenger Boarding and All - Cargo Data . Federal Aviation Administration . October 4 , 2011 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 2015 NPIAS Report , Appendix A '' ( PDF ) . National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems . Federal Aviation Administration . October 4 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF , 2.03 MB ) on October 27 , 2012 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` FAA Contract Tower Closure List '' . American Association of Airport Executives . March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FAA : 149 control towers to close at small airports '' . USA Today . March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.departedflights.com , Dec. 15 , 1978 & Sept. 15 , 1983 Piedmont Airlines system timetables Jump up ^ Feb. 1 , 1976 North American Official Airline Guide ( OAG ) , Greenbrier ( LWB ) flight schedules Jump up ^ http://www.departedflights.com , Sept. 27 , 1986 Air Atlanta system timetable . Jump up ^ http://www.timetableimages.com , Dec. 1 , 1986 Air Atlanta system timetable Jump up ^ http://www.departedflights.com , June 1 , 1999 Official Airline Guide ( OAG ) , New York LaGuardia - Greenbrier flight schedules Jump up ^ `` RITA BTS Transtats '' . Bureau of Transportation Statistics . January 2017 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Other sources ( edit ) Essential Air Service documents ( Docket OST - 2003 - 15553 ) from the U.S. Department of Transportation : Notice of Air Midwest ( June 30 , 2003 ) : to terminate scheduled air service at Greenbrier / White Sulphur Springs , West Virginia . Order 2004 - 2 - 13 ( February 19 , 2004 ) : selecting Air Midwest , Inc. , d / b / a US Airways Express , to provide essential air service at Greenbrier / White Sulphur Springs / Lewisburg , West Virginia , for a two - year period at an annual subsidy rate of $40,579 ; and , sets final rates for Air Midwest hold - in service at the community , which ends with the beginning of the two - year rate team . Order 2006 - 4 - 8 ( April 11 , 2006 ) : selecting Air Midwest , Inc. , d / b / a US Airways Express , to provide year - round essential air service at Greenbrier / White Sulphur Springs / Lewisburg , West Virginia , for the two - year period beginning June 1 , 2006 , at an annual subsidy rate of $685,040 . Order 2007 - 7 - 21 ( July 31 , 2007 ) : selecting Gulfstream International Airlines , Inc. to provide subsidized essential air service ( EAS ) at DuBois and Franklin / Oil City , Pennsylvania , Greenbrier / White Sulphur Springs / Lewisburg , West Virginia , and Athens , Georgia , at a total annual subsidy rate of $4,077,792 ( $1,159,229 for DuBois , $763,741 for Franklin / Oil City , $1,329,477 for Greenbrier / White Sulphur Springs / Lewisburg , and $825,345 for Athens ) for the two - year period beginning when Gulfstream inaugurates service through the end of the 24th month thereafter . Order 2008 - 5 - 3 ( May 6 , 2008 ) : selecting Gulfstream International Airlines , Inc. to provide subsidized essential air service ( EAS ) at DuBois and Franklin / Oil City , Pennsylvania , and Greenbrier / White Sulphur Springs / Lewisburg ( Lewisburg ) , West Virginia , at a total annual subsidy rate of $5,577,594 ( $2,020,095 for DuBois , $1,226,773 for Franklin / Oil City , and $2,330,725 for Lewisburg ) for the two - year period beginning when Gulfstream inaugurates service through the end of the 24th month thereafter . Letter of Air Midwest LLC ( May 14 , 2008 ) : advising that it has decided to discontinue all air carrier operations , liquidate its assets and surrender its FAA and DOT certificates . Air Midwest is also providing its service terminations schedules ( May 23 : Athens , Dubois , Franklin / Oil City , Greenbrier / White Sulphur Springs / Lewisburg ; May 31 : Ely , Visalia , Merced , Kingman , Prescott ; June 30 : Colombia , El Dorado , Harrison , Hot Springs , Jonesboro , Grand Island , Kirksville , Joplin , McCook ) . Order 2010 - 5 - 22 ( May 19 , 2010 ) : requesting proposals from carriers interested in providing essential air service ( EAS ) at Bradford , DuBois , and Oil City / Franklin , Pennsylvania , and Jamestown , New York , for the next two - year period from October 1 , 2010 , through September 30 , 2012 , with or without subsidy . Not soliciting proposals for Greenbrier / White Sulphur Springs , West Virginia ( In Order 2008 - 5 - 3 , May 6 , 2008 , Greenbrier was included under the same contract as DuBois and Oil City / Franklin . However , on June 10 , 2010 , Atlantic Southeast Airlines and Pinnacle Airlines , both operating as Delta Connection , will inaugurate subsidy - free service from Greenbrier Valley Airport to both Atlanta - Hartsfield Jackson International Airport and New York LaGuardia Airport with 50 - seat Canadair CRJ - 200 aircraft . Delta Connection will provide one daily nonstop round trip in the Greenbrier - Atlanta market and one daily nonstop round trip in the Greenbrier - New York LaGuardia market . Ninety Day Notice of Atlantic Southeast Airlines , Inc . ( December 16 , 2011 ) : of termination of service at Greenbrier / White Sulphur Springs , WV . Ninety Day Notice of Pinnacle Airlines , Inc . ( December 16 , 2011 ) : of termination of service at Greenbrier / White Sulphur Springs , WV . Order 2012 - 5 - 17 ( May 22 , 2012 ) : selecting Silver Airways , formerly Gulfstream International Airways , to provide Essential Air Service ( EAS ) at Muscle Shoals , Alabama , Greenville , Laurel / Hattiesburg , and Tupelo , Mississippi , and Greenbrier / White Sulphur Springs , West Virginia ( Lewisburg ) , using 34 - passenger Saab 340 aircraft , for a combined annual subsidy of $16,098,538 . Order 2012 - 6 - 5 ( June 7 , 2012 ) : extending the Essential Air Service ( EAS ) obligation of Delta Air Lines , Inc. , at Greenbrier / White Sulphur Springs , West Virginia , for an additional 30 days , through July 13 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Greenbrier Valley Airport , official website Lewisburg / Greenbrier Valley Airport at the West Virginia DOT Airport Directory Aerial image as of October 1990 from USGS The National Map FAA Airport Diagram ( PDF ) , effective October 12 , 2017 FAA Terminal Procedures for LWB , effective October 12 , 2017 Resources for this airport : AirNav airport information for KLWB ASN accident history for LWB FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker NOAA / NWS latest weather observations SkyVector aeronautical chart for KLWB FAA current LWB delay information USAAF First Air Force in World War II Airfields First Air Force Group Training Stations First Air Force Replacement Training Stations First Air Force Tactical Airfields Freeman Army Airfield Godman Army Airfield Selfridge Field Units Commands I Bomber Command I Fighter Command I Ground Air Support Command Wings 25th Antisubmarine 50th Troop Carrier 52d Troop Carrier 53d Troop Carrier 60th Troop Carrier 61st Troop Carrier Boston Fighter New York Fighter Norfolk Fighter Philadelphia Fighter Groups Bombardment 2d Bombardment 13th Bombardment 22d Bombardment 34th Bombardment 43d Bombardment 45th Bombardment 301st Bombardment 302d Bombardment 400th Bombardment 402d Bombardment 455th Bombardment 459th Bombardment 460th Bombardment 471st Bombardment Combat Cargo 1st Combat Cargo 2d Combat Cargo 4th Combat Cargo Fighter 8th Fighter 31st Fighter 33d Fighter 52d Fighter 56th Fighter 57th Fighter 58th Fighter 59th Fighter 79th Fighter 80th Fighter 83d Fighter 87th Fighter 324th Fighter 325th Fighter 326th Fighter 327th Fighter 332d Fighter 348th Fighter 352d Fighter 353d Fighter 355th Fighter 356th Fighter 358th Fighter 359th Fighter 361st Fighter 362d Fighter 365th Fighter 366th Fighter 368th Fighter 370th Fighter 371st Fighter 373d Fighter 402d Fighter 413th Fighter 476th Fighter Reconnaissance 26th Reconnaissance 73d Reconnaissance Troop Carrier 10th Troop Carrier 60th Troop Carrier 61st Troop Carrier 62d Troop Carrier 63d Troop Carrier 89th Troop Carrier 313th Troop Carrier 314th Troop Carrier 315th Troop Carrier 316th Troop Carrier 317th Troop Carrier 349th Troop Carrier 375th Troop Carrier 403d Troop Carrier 433d Troop Carrier 434th Troop Carrier 435th Troop Carrier 436th Troop Carrier 437th Troop Carrier 438th Troop Carrier 439th Troop Carrier 440th Troop Carrier 441st Troop Carrier 442d Troop Carrier Other 1st Search Attack 477th Composite Incidents Freeman Field Mutiny United States Army Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth Twentieth Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenbrier_Valley_Airport&oldid=808182655 '' Categories : Airports in West Virginia Essential Air Service Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in West Virginia Buildings and structures in Greenbrier County , West Virginia Transportation in Greenbrier County , West Virginia Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano فارسی Тоҷикӣ Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 11 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the closest airport to white sulphur springs west virginia | [
"\n\nGreenbrier Valley Airport\n\n\n\n\n\nIATA: LWB\nICAO: KLWB\nFAA LID: LWB\n\n\n\n\n\nSummary\n\n\nAirport type\nPublic\n\n\nOwner\nGreenbrier County Airport Authority\n\n\nServes\nLewisburg, West Virginia\n\n\nLocation\nGreenbrier County, West Virginia, near Lewisburg and White Sulphur Springs\n\n\nElevation AMSL\n2,301 ft / 701 m\n\n\nCoordinates\n37°51′30″N 080°23′58″W / 37.85833°N 80.39944°W / 37.85833; -80.39944Coordinates: 37°51′30″N 080°23′58″W / 37.85833°N 80.39944°W / 37.85833; -80.39944\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.gvairport.com\n\n\nMap\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLWB\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLWB\n\n\n\n\n\nShow map of West VirginiaShow map of the USShow all\nLocation of airport in West Virginia / United States\n\n\nRunways\n\n\n\n\n\nDirection\nLength\nSurface\n\n\nft\nm\n\n\n4/22\n7,003\n2,135\nAsphalt\n\n\n\n\n\nStatistics (2012)\n\n\n\n\n\nAircraft operations\n23,954\n\n\nBased aircraft\n26\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: Federal Aviation Administration[1]\n\n\n"
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"Greenbrier Valley Airport"
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-552103783394113425 | Cinco de Mayo | Cinco de Mayo - wikipedia Cinco de Mayo `` 5th of May '' redirects here . For the date , see May 5 . Not to be confused with Mexican Independence Day , which occurs on September 16 . Cinco de Mayo Battle of Puebla Observed by Americans , Mexicans , mixed nationality Type Multinational Significance Celebration of the Mexican victory over French forces at the Battle of Puebla , on May 5 , 1862 Celebrations Parades , food , music , folkloric dancing , battle reenactments Date May 5 Frequency yearly Related to El Día de la Batalla de Puebla Cinco de Mayo ( pronounced ( ˈsiŋko ðe ˈmaʝo ) in Latin America , Spanish for `` Fifth of May '' ) is an annual celebration held on May 5 . The date is observed to commemorate the Mexican Army 's unlikely victory over the French Empire at the Battle of Puebla , on May 5 , 1862 , under the leadership of General Ignacio Zaragoza . In the United States , Cinco de Mayo has taken on a significance beyond that in Mexico . More popularly celebrated in the United States than Mexico , the date has become associated with the celebration of Mexican - American culture . In Mexico , the commemoration of the battle continues to be mostly ceremonial , such as through military parades or battle reenactments . Cinco de Mayo is sometimes mistaken for Mexico 's Independence Day -- the most important national holiday in Mexico -- which is celebrated on September 16 , commemorating the Cry of Dolores that initiated the war of Mexican independence from Spain . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Events leading to the Battle of Puebla 1.2 French invasion and Mexican victory 1.3 Events after the battle 1.4 Significance 2 History of the holiday 2.1 United States 2.2 Mexico 2.3 Elsewhere 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) `` May 5 , 1862 and the siege of Puebla '' , a 1901 image from the Biblioteca del Niño Mexicano , a series of booklets for children detailing the history of Mexico Events leading to the Battle of Puebla ( edit ) Cinco de Mayo has its roots in the Second French intervention in Mexico , which took place in the aftermath of the 1846 -- 48 Mexican -- American War and the 1858 -- 61 Reform War . The Reform War was a civil war that pitted Liberals ( who believed in separation of church and state , and freedom of religion ) against Conservatives ( who favored a tight bond between the Catholic Church and the Mexican state ) . These wars nearly bankrupted the Mexican Treasury . On July 17 , 1861 , Mexican President Benito Juárez issued a moratorium in which all foreign debt payments would be suspended for two years . In response , Britain , France , and Spain sent naval forces to Veracruz to demand reimbursement . Britain and Spain negotiated with Mexico and withdrew , but France , at the time ruled by Napoleon III , decided to use the opportunity to establish an empire in Mexico that would favor French interests , the Second Mexican Empire . The empire was part of an envisioned `` Latin America '' ( term used to imply cultural kinship of the region with France ) that would rebuild French influence in the American continent and exclude Anglophone American territories . French invasion and Mexican victory ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Puebla Late in 1861 , a well - armed French fleet stormed Veracruz , landing a large French force and driving President Juárez and his government into retreat . Moving on from Veracruz towards Mexico City , the French army encountered heavy resistance from the Mexicans close to Puebla , at the Mexican forts of Loreto and Guadalupe . The French army of 8,000 attacked the poorly equipped Mexican army of 4,000 . On May 5 , 1862 , the Mexicans decisively defeated the French army . The victory represented a significant morale boost to the Mexican army and the Mexican people at large and helped establish a sense of national unity and patriotism . Events after the Battle ( edit ) The Mexican victory , however , was short - lived . A year later , with 30,000 troops , the French were able to defeat the Mexican army , capture Mexico City , and install Emperor Maximilian I as ruler of Mexico . The French victory was itself short - lived , lasting only three years , from 1864 to 1867 . By 1865 , `` with the American Civil War now over , the U.S. began to provide more political and military assistance to Mexico to expel the French '' . Upon the conclusion of the American Civil War , Napoleon III , facing a persistent Mexican guerilla resistance , the threat of war with Prussia , and `` the prospect of a serious scrap with the United States '' , retreated from Mexico starting in 1866 . The Mexicans recaptured Mexico City , and Maximilian I was apprehended and executed , along with his Mexican generals Miguel Miramón and Tomás Mejía Camacho in Cerro de las Campanas , Querétaro . `` On June 5 , 1867 , Benito Juárez finally entered Mexico City where he installed a new government and reorganized his administration . '' Significance ( edit ) The Battle of Puebla was significant , both nationally and internationally , for several reasons . First , although considerably outnumbered , the Mexicans defeated a much - better - equipped French army . `` This battle was significant in that the 4,000 Mexican soldiers were greatly outnumbered by the well - equipped French army of 8,000 that had not been defeated for almost 50 years . '' Second , since the Battle of Puebla , some have argued that no country in the Americas has subsequently been invaded by any other European military force . Historian Justo Sierra has written in his Political Evolution of the Mexican People that , had Mexico not defeated the French in Puebla on May 5 , 1862 , France would have gone to the aid of the Confederacy in the U.S. Civil War and the United States ' destiny would have been different . History of the holiday ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Cinco de Mayo performers at the White House According to a paper published by the UCLA Center for the Study of Latino Health and Culture about the origin of the observance of Cinco de Mayo in the United States , the modern American focus on that day first started in California in 1863 in response to the resistance to French rule in Mexico . `` Far up in the gold country town of Columbia ( now Columbia State Park ) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifle shots and fireworks , sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches . '' A 2007 UCLA Newsroom article notes that , `` the holiday , which has been celebrated in California continuously since 1863 , is virtually ignored in Mexico . '' TIME magazine reports that `` Cinco de Mayo started to come into vogue in 1940s America during the rise of the Chicano Movement . '' The holiday crossed over from California into the rest of the United States in the 1950s and 1960s but did not gain popularity until the 1980s when marketers , especially beer companies , capitalized on the celebratory nature of the day and began to promote it . It grew in popularity and evolved into a celebration of Mexican culture and heritage , first in areas with large Mexican - American populations , like Los Angeles , Chicago , Houston and San Jose . In a 1998 study in the Journal of American Culture it was reported that there were more than 120 official US celebrations of Cinco de Mayo in 21 different states . An update in 2006 found that the number of official Cinco de Mayo events was 150 or more , according to José Alamillo , a professor of ethnic studies at Washington State University in Pullman , who has studied the cultural impact of Cinco de Mayo north of the border . Los Angeles ' Fiesta Broadway has been billed as the largest Cinco de Mayo celebration in the world , which it most certainly was at its peak in the 1990s when it attracted crowds of 500,000 or more . In recent years attendance has seen a dramatic decrease . Cinco de Mayo celebration in Saint Paul , Minnesota On June 7 , 2005 , the United States Congress issued a concurrent resolution calling on the President of the United States to issue a proclamation calling upon the people of the United States to observe Cinco de Mayo with appropriate ceremonies and activities . To celebrate , many display Cinco de Mayo banners while school districts hold special events to educate students about its historical significance . Special events and celebrations highlight Mexican culture , especially in its music and regional dancing . Examples include baile folklórico and mariachi demonstrations held annually at the Plaza del Pueblo de Los Ángeles , near Olvera Street . Commercial interests in the United States have capitalized on the celebration , advertising Mexican products and services , with an emphasis on alcoholic beverages , foods , and music . According to Nielsen , in 2013 more than $600 million worth of beer was purchased in the United States for Cinco de Mayo , more than for the Super Bowl or St. Patrick 's Day . Mexico ( edit ) The former Forts of Guadalupe and Loreto now house a museum . On May 9 , 1862 , President Juárez declared that the anniversary of the Battle of Puebla would be a national holiday regarded as `` Battle of Puebla Day '' or `` Battle of Cinco de Mayo '' . Today , the commemoration of the battle is not observed as a national holiday in Mexico ( i.e. not a statutory holiday ) . However , all public schools are closed nationwide in Mexico on May 5 . The day is an official holiday in the State of Puebla , where the Battle took place , and also a full holiday ( no work ) in the neighboring State of Veracruz . In Puebla , historical reenactments , parades , and meals take place to commemorate the battle . Parade participants dress as French and Mexican soldiers to reenact the battle . Every year the city also hosts the Festival Internacional de Puebla , which gathers national and international artists , traditional musicians and dancers . As well as the Festival Internacional del Mole , with an emphasis on the city 's iconic mole poblano . In Mexico City , military commemoration is occasionally held at the Campo Marte . A street , Avenida Cinco de Mayo , in the Historic Center of Mexico City was named after the battle in 1862 by Benito Juárez . Elsewhere ( edit ) Events tied to Cinco de Mayo also occur outside Mexico and the United States . As in the United States , celebrations elsewhere also emphasize Mexican cuisine , culture and music . For example , Windsor , Ontario , Canada , holds a `` Cinco de Mayo Street Festival '' , some Canadian pubs play Mexican music and serve Mexican food and drink , and a sky - diving club near Vancouver holds a Cinco de Mayo skydiving event . In the Cayman Islands , in the Caribbean , there is an annual Cinco de Mayo air guitar competition , and at Montego Bay , Jamaica , there is a Cinco de Mayo celebration . The city of Brisbane , Queensland , Australia , holds an annual Mexican Festival to honor the day , and celebrations are held in London and New Zealand . Other celebrations of the day can also be found in Cape Town , South Africa , Lagos , Nigeria , and in Paris . Cinco de Mayo is celebrated in Japan in Osaka and in Tokyo 's Yoyogi Park Event Space as a celebration of Latin American culture . See also ( edit ) Siege of Puebla ( 1863 ) , fall of Puebla to the Imperialists Third Battle of Puebla ( 1867 ) , recapture of Puebla and decisive victory for the restoration of the Republic References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Other sources give the size of the French force as 6,500. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ According to Mexico 's National Institute of Historical Studies on the Mexican Revolution the Mexican force consisted of 4,802 soldiers. ( 2 ) And Peter Hicks of the French Fondation Napoléon and other French sources state the size of the Mexican force was 12,000 men . ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . Hayes - Batista clarifies on page 60 of his El Cinco de Mayo : An American Tradition that after the smaller Mexican force had defeated the French on May 5 , they received reinforcements on May 6 and 7 of approximately 12,000 additional Mexican soldiers . Jump up ^ It has been pointed out that , contrary to reports on PBS and in Philadelphia 's The Bulletin , the French were in fact considered to have been defeated by the Russians at the Siege of Petropavlovsk in 1854 . Jump up ^ The statement in The Bulletin is , `` This was the last time any army from another continent invaded the Americas . '' Note it says `` invaded '' , and not `` attacked . '' Thus , since Cinco de Mayo no army from another continent has invaded the Americas . The War of the Falklands War , for example , was fought in the Americas but the Islands were invaded by a military from the Americas ( the Argentine military ) . They were subsequently attacked ( not invaded ) by the UK . Another example , Pearl Harbor , experienced an attack , not an invasion by the Japanese . The only possible exception to the Cinco de Mayo claim above might be the brief occupation / invasion of two of the Alaskan Aleutian Islands by the Japanese military during WWII . This event , however , was so insignificant as to be virtually negligible : the islands invaded had a total population of 12 Americans and some 45 natives , the invasion was short - lived , and the battle fought there had no notoriety other than the psychological effect on the Americans that the Japanese had invaded American territory again ( Alaska was not yet a full - fledged state ) . In short , the military importance of these small pieces of land was nowhere comparable to the superior military significance of the Battle of Puebla . Citations ^ Jump up to : Lovgren , Stefan ( May 5 , 2006 ) . `` Cinco de Mayo , From Mexican Fiesta to Popular U.S. Holiday '' . National Geographic News . Jump up ^ `` RECOGNIZING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CINCO DE MAYO '' . Congress.gov . House of Representatives . May 4 , 2009 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinco de Mayo '' . University of California at Los Angeles . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2006 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo celebrations run all weekend '' . Deseret News . Retrieved May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo has become a day for celebrating Mexican culture in the United States , and celebrations there easily outshine those in Mexico '' . About.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Krogstad , Jens ( May 5 , 2003 ) . `` University community celebrates Cinco de Mayo '' . The Minnesota Daily . University of Minnesota . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2007 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Today , the holiday is celebrated more in the United States than in Mexico Jump up ^ `` Why is Cinco de Mayo More Popular in America Than in Mexico ? '' . US News & World Report . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Lauren Effron ( May 5 , 2010 ) . `` Cinco de Mayo : NOT Mexico 's Independence Day '' . Discovery Channel . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Minster , Christopher ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Cinco De Mayo / The Battle of Puebla '' . About.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Herz , May . `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Inside Mexico . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo '' . History.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Mexico Online . April 25 , 2007 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo : What 's all the fuss about ? '' Julia Goralka . The Washington Times . May 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Happy Cinco de Mayo -- Sorta . Ray Suarez . PBS News Hour . May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo . Mexico Online : The Oldest and most trusted online guide to Mexico . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo . 2011 . The History Channel website . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Significance of `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Ignacio González. 1996 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo - The Backstory . Archived May 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Tony Azios . ' Llero . Jaws Communications . 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cheryl VanBuskirk ( May 7 , 2009 ) . `` Cinco De Mayo : Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May '' . The Bulletin : Philadelphia 's Family Newspaper . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved May 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ History Channel.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Happy Cinco de Mayo : Top 10 Drunkest Holidays ... Time . By Frances Romero . Wednesday , May . 05 , 2010 ... Retrieved May 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Mexico Online . April 25 , 2007 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Mexico Online : The Oldest and most trusted online guide to Mexico . Jump up ^ Michael C. Meyer ; William H. Beezley ( 2000 ) . The Oxford History of Mexico . Oxford University Press . pp. 387 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Cinco De Mayo : Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May . Archived May 11 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Cheryl VanBuskirk . The Bulletin : Philadelphia 's Family Newspaper . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US . May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Battle of Puebla and Cinco de Mayo . PBS . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cinco De Mayo : Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May . Archived May 11 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Cheryl VanBuskirk . The Bulletin : Philadelphia 's Family Newspaper , May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico 's Lasting European Influence . By Jose Antonio Burciaga . Free Lance - Star Publishing . May , 2007 . ( First released in The Hispanic News Link. 1981 . ) '' . Banderasnews.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert L. Bidwell ( Apr 1971 ) . `` The Political Evolution of the Mexican People . By Justo Sierra . Translated by Charles Ramsdell . Austin , TX : The University of Texas Press . 1969 '' . Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs . Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami . 13 ( 2 ) : 306 -- 308 . JSTOR 174689 . ^ Jump up to : Southern California Quarterly `` Cinco de Mayo 's First Seventy - Five Years in Alta California : From Spontaneous Behavior to Sedimented Memory , 1862 to 1937 '' Spring 2007 ( see American observation of Cinco de Mayo started in California ) Retrieved October 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hayes - Bautista , David E. ( April 2009 ) . `` Cinco de Mayo : The Real Story '' . EGP News . Eastern Group Publications . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Far up in the gold country town of Columbia ( now Columbia State Park ) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifles shots and fireworks , sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo minor holiday in Mexico . UPI . World News . May 5 , 2010 . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Verified March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cesares , Oscar ( May 5 , 2010 ) . `` Holiday of Cinco de Mayo is minor event in Mexico '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo '' . History.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lovgren , Stefan . `` Cinco de Mayo History : From Bloodshed to Beer Fest '' . National Geographic . Los Angeles . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Canalis , John ( April 26 , 1992 ) . L.A. hosts nation 's biggest Cinco de Mayo party . UPI Archives . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jamison , Peter ( April 24 , 2016 ) . With thinner crowds in a smaller space , Fiesta Broadway feels deeply diminished . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress ( U.S.A. ) Declaration . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kane , Courtney ( May 2 , 2003 ) . `` Marketers extend their holiday efforts to a Mexican celebration and even to Lent '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ( Cinco de Mayo ) gives us an opportunity ... to really get a jump - start on the summer beer - selling season Jump up ^ `` Constellation Brands and Crown Imports Ring in Cinco de Mayo at New York Stock Exchange '' . ACNNewswire.com . Victor , New York : Asian Corporate News Network . May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Salem , Nancy ( May 4 , 2007 ) . `` Cinco de Mayo 's history neglected ; it 's an excuse to party '' . The Albuquerque Tribune . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . From my perspective as a marketing professional , Cinco de Mayo has morphed into a national holiday designed by Fifth Avenue to sell alcohol and excite consumership around a party - type theme Jump up ^ Alamillo , José M. `` Contesting Cinco de Mayo : Cultural Politics and Commercialization of Ethnic Festivals , 1930 -- 1950 '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved May 8 , 2007 . Cinco de Mayo is not just a fiesta anymore , the gringos have taken it on as a good sales pitch Jump up ^ `` What Is Cinco de Mayo ? '' . The New York Times . 5 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Did You Know ? Cinco de Mayo is more widely celebrated in USA than Mexico . Tony Burton . Mexconnect . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cultural adaptation : the Cinco de Mayo holiday is far more widely celebrated in the USA than in Mexico . Geo - Mexico . May 2 , 2011 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 25 Latino Craft Projects : Celebrating Culture in Your Library . Ana Elba Pabon . Diana Borrego. 2003 . American Library Association . Page 14 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 7 Things You May Not Know About Cinco de Mayo . Jesse Greenspan . May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Congressional Record -- House . Page 7488 . 9 May 2001 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Note that contrary to most other sources , this source states the date Juarez declared Cinco de Mayo to be a national holiday was September 8 , 1862 . Jump up ^ Holidays 2013 . Archived May 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . U.S. Consulate in Mexico . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Los días de 2013 que , por ley , debes descansar . January 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Calendario Escolar 2012 -- 2013 . Archived April 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Secretaria de Educacion Publica . Government of Mexico . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Calendario Puebla 2012 ... Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Circular 0077 - 13 Calendario Oficial de Días Festivos 2013 . Adelante . Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` How people actually celebrate Cinco de Mayo in Mexico '' . Business Insider . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peña Nieto no estará en Puebla para desfile del 5 de Mayo ; conmemora Batalla en Campo Marte '' . SDPnoticias.com ( in Spanish ) . May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo at Kensington Court -- Eyes on Windsor '' . eyesonwindsor.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Windsor Cinco de Mayo Celebration 2017 Windsor , CA -- Official Website '' . www.townofwindsor.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Canadian celebration Archived August 27 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. ; St. Albert , Canada 2012 celebration ; Montreal celebration . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo Skydiving Boogie 2008 '' . Abbotsford , British Columbia , Canada . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cayman Cinco de Mayo air guitar Archived January 16 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jamaica celebration Archived July 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brisbane Cinco de Mayo Mexican Festival '' ; Brisbane celebration Archived July 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Where to Celebrate Cinco de Mayo in London '' . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mexican Ambassador to New Zealand honors Cinco de Mayo . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo in South Africa Retrieved May 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo in Lagos , Nigeria Retrieved May 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` El cinco de mayo -- Paris -- jeudi 05 mai '' After Work . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo festivals in Osaka and Tokyo Retrieved May 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Cinco De Mayo Festival in Tokyo '' Archived February 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . JapanBases.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo 2013 : Celebrating the Americas '' Cinco de Mayo Festival . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Sources Hayes - Bautista , David E. El Cinco de Mayo : An American Tradition ( University of California Press ; 2012 ) 293 pages External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cinco de Mayo . Cinco De Mayo Videos on The History Channel Cinco De Mayo Quick Facts `` Cinco de Mayo is NOT Mexican Independence Day ? '' on The Law Library of Congress 's blog `` Origin of the Cinco De Mayo celebration '' -- Mexican American News / Xcano Media Public holidays in Mexico Statutory holidays Año Nuevo Día de la Constitución Natalicio de Benito Juárez Día del Trabajo Día de Independencia Día de la Revolución Transmisión del Poder Ejecutivo Federal Navidad Civic holidays Día del Ejército Día de la Bandera Aniversario de la Expropiación petrolera Heroica Defensa de Veracruz Cinco de Mayo Natalicio de Miguel Hidalgo Día de la Marina Grito de Dolores Día de los Niños Héroes Consumación de la Independencia Natalicio de José Ma . 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See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinco_de_Mayo&oldid=848660183 '' Categories : Public holidays in Mexico Public holidays in the United States May observances Mexican - American culture Second French intervention in Mexico Remembrance days Spring ( season ) events in Mexico Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Use mdy dates from May 2018 Infobox holiday fixed day Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 July 2018 , at 12 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did they start celebrating cinco de mayo | [
"According to a paper published by the UCLA Center for the Study of Latino Health and Culture about the origin of the observance of Cinco de Mayo in the United States, the modern American focus on that day first started in California in 1863 in response to the resistance to French rule in Mexico.[30] \"Far up in the gold country town of Columbia (now Columbia State Park) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifle shots and fireworks, sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches.\"[31]\n"
] | [
"1863"
] |
6957510803288979362 | Smith & Wesson M&P | Smith & Wesson M&P - wikipedia Smith & Wesson M&P Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the full - size and compact centerfire pistol line . For other uses , see Smith & Wesson M&P ( disambiguation ) . Smith & Wesson M&P A Smith & Wesson M&P with a detached magazine . Type Semi-automatic pistol Place of origin United States Service history In service 2005 -- present Used by See Users Production history Manufacturer Smith & Wesson Produced 2005 -- present Variants M&P Full - Size ( 9mm , . 40 ) M&P45 Full - Size M&P45 Mid-Size M&Pc ( Compact Size ) M&P Pro Series M&P9 JG M&P9L M&P Shield ( 9mm , . 40 , . 45 ACP ) M&P22 M&P Bodyguard 380 M&P M2. 0 Specifications Cartridge . 22 LR . 380 ACP 9 × 19mm Parabellum . 40 S&W . 357 SIG . 45 ACP Action Short recoil , locked breech Feed system Detachable box magazine Sights various iron sights The Smith & Wesson M&P ( Military and Police ) is a polymer - framed , short recoil operated , locked breech semi-automatic pistol introduced in the summer of 2005 by the American company Smith & Wesson . It uses a Browning - type locking system . While targeted at law enforcement agencies , the M&P is also widely available on the commercial market . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Design details 2.1 Accessories 3 Variants 4 Users 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The M&P is a hybrid evolution of the Smith & Wesson Sigma and Smith & Wesson SW99 design but does not share parts compatibility with the Sigma . The M&P design has an improved trigger and enhanced ergonomics that allow for end - user customization . An industry standard picatinny rail and a higher grip has been afforded with an improved grip and beavertail . Many of the ergonomic study elements that had been incorporated into the Sigma and the Smith & Wesson SW99 were brought over to the M&P . The improved trigger weight and feel and the unique takedown method ( not requiring a dry - fire pull of the trigger ) were meant to set the M&P apart from the popular Glock pistols . Design details ( edit ) The M&P is a striker - fired semi-automatic pistol . This trigger system prevents the firearm from discharging unless the trigger is fully depressed , even if the pistol is dropped . An internal lock and / or magazine disconnect are available as options and an optional external thumb safety became available in 2009 . The pistol frame is made out of Zytel polymer reinforced with a stainless steel chassis . The pistol comes with three removable and interchangeable grips . The slide and barrel are made out of stainless steel that after hardening is treated with a proprietary nitriding process called Melonite . The Melonite process produces a matte gray non-glare surface with a 68 Rockwell C surface hardness rating . The pistol has a very low slide profile which holds the barrel axis close to the shooter 's hand and makes the M&P more comfortable to shoot by reducing muzzle rise and allowing for faster aim recovery in rapid shooting sequence . The slide has four contact points with the frame . This was done to make the rail system self cleaning , by leaving room for any dirt or small foreign objects to fall out of the weapon . As the slide of the pistol enters battery , the striker engages the sear . At this point , the sear is held back in a partially cocked condition . When the trigger of the M&P is pulled , the trigger bar first engages the firing pin safety plunger , lifting it upward , and releasing firing pin safety . At the rearward extreme of the trigger bar 's travel , it engages the sear . The sear is rotated downward by the trigger bar , fully cocking , then releasing the striker . The striker makes contact with the primer of the chambered round , which in turn ignites the gunpowder and propels the bullet forward . According to renowned M&P gunsmith Dan Burwell , the angle on the rear face of the sear creates a camming action against the striker . This camming action moves the striker to the rear very slightly during the trigger pull , thus finishing the `` cocking '' . This system is similar to the partially tensioned striker found in the Glock series of pistols . When the pistol cycles for the next shot , the striker will be automatically pre-set in a 98 % cocked position . Because the striker is only 98 % cocked prior to the trigger being pulled , Smith & Wesson classifies the M&P 's action as `` striker fired ( double action only ) '' . The M&P factory trigger is of the jointed type and has a trigger travel of 7.6 mm ( 0.3 in ) and is rated at 29 N ( 6.5 lb ) . The M&P45c models have a slightly higher rated trigger pull of 31 N ( 7.0 lb ) . The competition oriented M&P40 Pro Series have a reduced trigger pull of 20 N ( 4.5 lb ) due to the installation of a Smith & Wesson performance center sear . Massachusetts ( MA ) approved models have a trigger pull of 45 N ( 10 lb ) . Several safety features are prominent on the M&P . A sear deactivation lever permits the shooter to disassemble the pistol without having to pull the trigger to accomplish disassembly . The pistol also has a loaded chamber indicator viewing opening on top of the slide . Ergonomics were a key focus in the design of the firearm , and as a result , three interchangeable palm swell grips are included ( small , medium and large ) . The trigger guard is designed to accommodate gloves . The frame of the M&P has a magazine release button that can be changed from the left to the right side . The magazine drops free when the magazine release is pressed . The firearm features an ambidextrous slide stop and reversible magazine release for either right or left hand operation . The pistols are delivered with two magazines . The standard iron sights are of the three dot type and made of steel . Both the front and rear sights are dove - tailed into the slide , and can be horizontally drifted to adjust for windage correction . An integrated Picatinny rail can be found underneath the slide on the front of the frame for attaching tactical lights , lasers and other accessories . Accessories ( edit ) Additionally , there are ten - round magazine versions of each pistol available for the California , Massachusetts , New York , Australian , and Canadian markets . Novak tritium night sights are also an available option for both the full - sized and compact versions . Another optional accessory is the stainless steel lanyard pin . The new pin replaces the original solid plastic pin with one that has a stainless steel ring embedded for use with a lanyard . Variants ( edit ) Smith & Wesson M&P9 Shield with LaserMax centerfire lasers The M&P is available in 9 × 19mm Parabellum , . 357 SIG , . 40 S&W , and . 45 ACP , with barrel lengths in 5.0 `` , 4.5 '' , 4.25 `` , 4.1 '' 4.0 `` , 3.5 '' , and 3.1 `` . The M&P Pro Series is available in 9 × 19mm Parabellum and . 40 S&W with 4.25 '' and 5 '' barrels . The M&P9 Pro Series 5 '' and M&P40 Pro Series 5 '' pistols feature a Novak fiber optic green front sight and Novak reduced - glare rear sights , instead of the night sights found on the 4.25 '' models , since the 5 '' models are aimed at competition . The M&P9 JG is a standard size Champion series variant named for Julie Golob and fitted with a Warren Tactical rear sight and a fiber optic front sight . Besides the three standard black grip inserts it comes with two small and medium - sized pink grip inserts . A portion of the proceeds from sale of these models will go to a breast cancer awareness charity and an awareness ribbon is etched on the slide of the pistol . In 2007 the full - size . 45 ACP version of the M&P was introduced sporting a 114 mm ( 4.5 in ) barrel . This model also won Handgun of the Year in 2007 . In 2008 , Smith & Wesson introduced new versions of the M&P : the M&P45 Mid-size , the M&P45 Compact , the M&P9L , and the M&P Pro Series . The M&P45 Mid-size sports a 102 mm ( 4 in ) barrel and a full - sized grip , and the M&P45 Compact targets the concealed carry market with its 4 '' barrel and shorter grip ( with eight or ten - round capacity ) . In 2011 , Smith & Wesson released the M&P22 , a cosmetically similar handgun chambered in . 22 Long Rifle . The internal construction and blowback operation of this rimfire cartridge variant is the same as the Walther P22 , which Smith & Wesson used to import into the United States , and completely differs from the center fire M&P variants . Rather than the three - dot sights found on other models , the M&P22 has a single dot on the front sight and notch rear that is adjustable for elevation and windage . In 2013 the scaled down M&P22 Compact was released . In 2012 , Smith & Wesson introduced the M&P Shield in 9mm and . 40 S&W . The Shield is a subcompact single - stack magazine variant of the M&P line . The Shield has roughly the same silhouette as the M&P Compact but is considerably thinner at less than 1 - inch in width . The Shield is the first M&P to incorporate an improved trigger with positive reset . In 2016 a . 45 ACP variant Shield was added to Smith and Wesson 's product line . The . 45 ACP Shield variant has a 0.2 '' longer barrel ( measuring 3.3 `` ) and exhibits larger overall dimensions . In 2014 , Smith & Wesson introduced the M&P Bodyguard 380 in . 380 ACP . The M&P Bodyguard is functionally identical to the previous released Bodyguard 380 , which it replaces . The M&P branded Bodyguard removes the integrated laser sight of the previous pistol and brings the aesthetics in line with the rest M&P product line . Unlike the rest of the M&P pistols , the M&P Bodyguard is not striker - fired . It is a more traditional double - action - only hammer - fired pistol intended for personal protection , concealed carry or as a law enforcement `` back - up '' gun . In 2017 , Smith & Wesson introduced the M&P 2.0 series . Changes include a full - length steel chassis , a rough textured grip , and the improved trigger system of the Pro series . ( 1 ) Model Barrel length ( in inches ) Cartridge Capacity ( rounds per magazine ) ( width × height × length , in inches ) Weight ( without magazine , in ounces ) Frame color M&P22 4.1 . 22 LR 10 or 12 1.6 × 5.5 × 7.5 ( with thumb safety , 1.2 wide w / o ) 24.0 Black M&P22 Compact 3.6 . 22 LR 10 1.5 × 5.0 × 6.7 ( with thumb safety ) 15.3 Black Compact 3.5 9mm . 40 S&W . 357 SIG 10 or 12 10 10 1.2 × 4.3 × 6.7 21.7 21.9 22.2 Black or Dark Earth Full Size 4.25 9mm . 40 S&W . 357 SIG 10 or 17 10 or 15 10 or 15 1.2 × 5.5 × 7.5 24.0 24.25 25.5 . 357 SIG Black . 40 S&W & 9mm Black or Dark Earth M&P9L 5.0 9mm 10 or 17 1.2 × 5.5 × 8.25 25.2 Black M&P9 Pro Series 4.25 9mm 17 , 15 , & 10 1.2 × 5.5 × 7.5 24.0 Black M&P9 Pro Series 5 '' 5.0 9mm 17 , 15 , & 10 1.2 × 5.5 × 8.25 24.0 Black M&P40 Pro Series 4.25 . 40 S&W 15 1.2 × 5.5 × 7.5 24.0 Black M&P40 Pro Series 5 '' 5.0 . 40 S&W 15 1.2 × 5.5 × 8.5 26.0 Black M&P45c -- Compact Size 4.0 . 45 ACP 8 1.2 × 4.8 × 7.125 26.2 Black or Dark Earth M&P45 -- Mid-Size 4.0 . 45 ACP 10 1.2 × 5.5 × 7.5 27.7 Black or Dark Earth M&P45 -- Full Size 4.5 . 45 ACP 10 1.2 × 5.5 × 7.75 29.6 Black or Dark Earth M&P Shield 3.1 3.3 (. 45 ACP ) 9mm . 40 S&W . 45 ACP 7 or 8 6 or 7 6 or 7 0.95 × 4.6 × 6.1 ( excluding . 45 ACP ) 19.0 19.0 20.5 Black M&P Bodyguard 380 2.75 . 380 ACP 6 . 75 × 4.1 × 5.25 12.0 Black Users ( edit ) Australia - M&P40 South Australia Police Victoria Police Belgium : 8,000 M&P9 pistols were purchased by the Federal Police in 2011 , replacing the Browning Hi - Power . Encountering jamming problems , Belgian police decided to send back 6000 pistols to S&W for repair . Canada : Gatineau Police Department Greater Sudbury Police Service Halton Regional Police , ref > Press release < / ref > Peel Regional Police Colombia : Administrative Department of Security France : Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety Institute ( IRSN ) India : Mumbai Police Italy : M&P9 ; Ministry of Interior Iraq : Iraqi Military Lebanon : Lebanese security forces Malaysia : Malaysian Prison Department Mexico : Mexican police Pakistan : Sindh Police Agency Puerto Rico : M&P40 ; Puerto Rico Police Department in 2009 South Korea : Korean National Police ( KNP ) Spain : Spanish Transport Police Taiwan : Certain officers of the Taiwan National Police Trinidad and Tobago : Police Service Thailand : Ministry of Interior United Nations : Security Forces in the Netherlands United States : M&P9 , M&P40 , M&P45 , M&P357 Various U.S. police departments Los Angeles County Sheriff 's Department ( LASD ) , M&P9 Phasing out as optional on - duty and off - duty weapons due to operational concerns Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) Vermont State Police ( VSP ) , M&P40 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Smith and Wesson M&P Pistols Adopted by 276 Police Departments in the USA '' . Guns , Holsters and Gear. 2008 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` S&W M&P pistols now with thumb safety ( sic ) '' . The Firearms Blog . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Quinn , Jeff . `` Smith & Wesson 's New M&P . 40 S&W Pistol '' Gunblast Web site . Accessed 17 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` is the M&P striker pre-cocked ? ? ? -- MP - Pistol Index '' . Mp-pistol.com. 2012 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Scarlata , Paul . `` Smith & Wesson M&P : A Semiautomatic Pistol Worthy Of Its Name '' . Shootingtimes.com . Archived from the original on 31 December 2010 . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Product : Model M&P9 '' . Smith-wesson.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` MA Compliant Trigger Pull '' . Smith-wesson.com . Archived from the original on 13 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Jeff . `` Smith & Wesson 's 9mm M&P Semi-Auto Pistol '' Archived 7 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Gunblast Web site . Accessed 17 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Ramage , Ken ( 2008 ) . Gun Digest 2009 : The World 's Greatest Gun Book . Iola , Wisconsin : F + W Media , Inc. p. 182 . ISBN 0 - 89689 - 647 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Handgun of the Year Award 1992 through 2011 '' . Shooting Industry Magazine . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Smith & Wesson M&P22 Review '' . Shooting Times . 2012 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Dick . `` Palm - Size Power : The Smith & Wesson M&P Shield Review -- Guns & Ammo '' . Gunsandammo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.gunsandammo.com/first-look/first-look-smith-wesson-mp45-shield/ Jump up ^ `` New from Smith & Wesson : the M&P Bodyguard 380 '' . Tactical Network International . 2014 . Archived from the original on 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Smith & Wesson to Equip South Australia Police Force '' . 2009 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( 2010 - 04 - 29 ) . `` Victoria Police switches to semi-automatic weapons '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` New pistol chosen for Victoria Police '' . 2010 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 6000 pistolets de la police défectueux : `` Inacceptable ! '' selon le SLFP ( French ) `` . rtbf.be. 2014 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Nieuwe dienstwapens politie blokkeren soms ( Dutch ) '' . deredactie.be. 2014 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smith & Wesson Receives M&P Pistol Order From Canada 's Halton Regional Police Service '' . 2008 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smith & Wesson Receives M&P Pistol Order From Canada 's Halton Regional Police Service '' . 2008 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` St. Thomas Police Service Annual Report 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Crown appealing decision to drop charges against S - CAP 11 '' . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Press Releases Jump up ^ `` No bang in Mumbai Police 's new guns '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 8 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Smith & Wesson Fills M&P9 Pistol Order for Iraqi Military and Security Forces '' . Earth Times . 2008 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smith & Wesson Ships Orders for M&P Pistols To International Law Enforcement Agencies '' . PoliceOne.com. 28 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 2 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Entregan más recursos a la Policía de PR , Puerto Rico '' . Noticiasonline.com. 4 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 February 2012 . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Taiwan Police 's got New Pistols -- Women Officers and Detectives will be given priority ( in Traditional Chinese ) 2011 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 18 '' . Dailynews.sina.com. 2011 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` West Virginia State Police and Wyoming Highway Patrol Upgrade to New Smith & Wesson ® Pistols '' ( PDF ) . Smith-wesson.com . December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Sheriff Selects S&W 's M&P9 Duty Pistol '' . www.policemag.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Farago , Robert ( 2015 - 12 - 17 ) . `` LA Sheriff Department 's Swap to Smith & Wesson M&P Highlights Inadequate Police Training '' . thetruthaboutguns.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Smith & Wesson M&P Pistol Authorized By U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration '' . smith-wesson.com. 2009 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.policemag.com/channel/weapons/news/2011/12/16/smith-wesson-converts-two-state-agencies-to-the-m-p-pistol.aspx External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Smith & Wesson M&P . Official page Safety & Instruction Manual M&P Pistols Safety & Instruction Manual M&P22 Pistol Smith & Wesson M&P : A Semiautomatic Pistol Worthy Of Its Name by Paul Scarlata M&P Forum M&P Pistol fans group Reports on a M&P 9 × 19mm Parabellum endurance test over 62,333 rounds conducted by pistol-training.com Smith & Wesson Revolvers Top Hinge Model 1 Model 1 1 / 2 Smith & Wesson Model No. 2 Army Top Break Model 2 Model 3 Safety Hammerless I - frame Model 30 Kit Gun J - frame Model 36 Bodyguard Model 60 Model 340PD Centennial Model 640 K - frame Model 10 Model 12 Model 13 Model 14 Model 15 Model 17 Model 19 Model 617 Model 64 Model 65 Model 66 Model 67 L - frame Model 581 Model 586 Model 619 Model 620 Model 646 Model 681 Model 686 M - frame Ladysmith N - frame Triple Lock . 38 / 44 Model 22 Model 27 Model 28 Model 29 Model 57 Model 610 Model 625 Model 629 X-frame Model 460 Model 500 Z - frame Governor C - frame ( experimental ) Model 73 Semi-automatic pistols Model 1006 Model 1913 Model 22A Model 39 Model 4006 Model 41 Model 410 Model 422 Model 4506 Model 457 Model 469 Model 52 Model 5906 Model 6904 Model 59 Model 61 Model 645 Model 910 Bodyguard 380 M&P M&P22 SD VE SW1911 SW99 Sigma Long guns Model 1940 M&P10 M&P15 M&P15 - 22 Model 320 Model 76 Assault Shotgun Cartridges . 22 Short . 32 S&W . 32 S&W Long . 35 S&W Auto . 356 TSW . 357 Magnum . 38 S&W . 38 Special . 40 S&W . 41 Magnum . 44 Russian . 44 Special . 44 S&W American . 44 Magnum . 45 Schofield . 460 S&W Magnum . 500 S&W Special . 500 S&W Magnum Horace Smith Daniel B. Wesson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smith_%26_Wesson_M%26P&oldid=842299572 '' Categories : . 22 LR pistols . 357 SIG firearms . 40 S&W firearms . 45 ACP firearms 9mm Parabellum firearms Smith & Wesson semi-automatic pistols Police weapons Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from September 2010 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2017 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Français Norsk Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 15 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | m & p shield 9mm single action or double | [
"As the slide of the pistol enters battery, the striker engages the sear. At this point, the sear is held back in a partially cocked condition. When the trigger of the M&P is pulled, the trigger bar first engages the firing pin safety plunger, lifting it upward, and releasing firing pin safety. At the rearward extreme of the trigger bar's travel, it engages the sear. The sear is rotated downward by the trigger bar, fully cocking, then releasing the striker. The striker makes contact with the primer of the chambered round, which in turn ignites the gunpowder and propels the bullet forward. According to renowned M&P gunsmith Dan Burwell, the angle on the rear face of the sear creates a camming action against the striker. This camming action moves the striker to the rear very slightly during the trigger pull, thus finishing the \"cocking\".[4] This system is similar to the partially tensioned striker found in the Glock series of pistols. When the pistol cycles for the next shot, the striker will be automatically pre-set in a 98% cocked position. Because the striker is only 98% cocked prior to the trigger being pulled, Smith & Wesson classifies the M&P's action as \"striker fired (double action only)\".[5][6]"
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5160436053356136868 | Alan Halsall | Alan Halsall - Wikipedia Alan Halsall Jump to : navigation , search For the football goalkeeper , see Alan Halsall ( footballer ) . Alan Halsall Alan David Halsall ( 1982 - 08 - 11 ) 11 August 1982 ( age 35 ) Walkden , Greater Manchester , England Occupation Actor Years active 1989 -- present Television Coronation Street ( 1998 -- present ) , Stanton Blues ( 1998 ) , Heartbeat ( 1998 -- 99 ) Spouse ( s ) Lucy - Jo Hudson ( m . 2009 ) Children Alan David Halsall ( born 11 August 1982 ) is an English actor known for playing Tyrone Dobbs in Coronation Street , a role which he has played since 1998 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Awards and nominations 4 Personal life 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Halsall was brought up in Walkden , Salford and attended Walkden High School . He lives in Swinton . Career ( edit ) Halsall has been in Coronation Street since November 1998 , but had previously appeared in a variety of television shows including Heartbeat , Hetty Wainthropp Investigates and Queer As Folk ( 1999 ) . He also featured in the CITV four - part series Matt 's Million . Halsall won the 2013 National Television Awards Outstanding Serial Drama Performance award for his role on Coronation Street . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Nominated work Award Result 2013 Coronation Street National Television Awards Outstanding Serial Drama Performance Won Coronation Street The British Soap Awards Best Actor Won Coronation Street The British Soap Awards Best On - Screen Partnership ( with Jennie McAlpine Nominated Personal life ( edit ) Halsall is married to former Coronation Street and Wild at Heart actress , Lucy - Jo Hudson . They met on set and began dating in 2005 . They married on 13 June 2009 in Cheshire . On 18 February 2013 , via Twitter , the couple announced they were expecting their first child , a baby girl . On 8 September 2013 , Hudson gave birth to their daughter , 9 days after her due date , named Sienna - Rae . The couple announced they were splitting in March 2016 , and they got back together after several weeks apart . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bolton Evening News , 11 February , 2002 . Jump up ^ Bolton Evening News , 21 February 2000 Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Lucy - Jo Hudson wants low - key wedding '' . 4 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Corrie lovers tie the knot in Cheshire '' . 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Emma ( 8 September 2013 ) . `` Coronation Street 's Alan Halsall and Lucy - Jo Hudson welcome baby girl '' . Jump up ^ `` Coronation Street actors Alan Halsall and Lucy - Jo Hudson split '' . External links ( edit ) Alan Halsall on IMDb ( hide ) NTA Outstanding Serial Drama Performance Matt Littler ( 2008 ) Lacey Turner ( 2010 ) Lacey Turner ( 2011 ) Alan Halsall ( 2012 ) Katherine Kelly ( 2013 ) Julie Hesmondhalgh ( 2014 ) Danny Dyer ( 2015 ) Danny Dyer ( 2016 ) Lacey Turner ( 2017 ) This article about a British television actor or actress born in the 1980s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Halsall&oldid=813881994 '' Categories : 1982 births Living people English male child actors English male soap opera actors English male television actors People educated at Walkden High School People from Walkden British television actor , 1980s birth stubs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 19 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is tyrone out of coronation street married to | [
"Halsall is married to former Coronation Street and Wild at Heart actress, Lucy-Jo Hudson. They met on set and began dating in 2005.[3] They married on 13 June 2009 in Cheshire.[4] On 18 February 2013, via Twitter, the couple announced they were expecting their first child, a baby girl. On 8 September 2013, Hudson gave birth to their daughter, 9 days after her due date, named Sienna-Rae.[5] The couple announced they were splitting in March 2016, and they got back together after several weeks apart.[6]"
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-8598203546154518065 | The Little Mermaid (musical) | The Little Mermaid ( musical ) - wikipedia The Little Mermaid ( musical ) Jump to : navigation , search The Little Mermaid Playbill cover at the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre Music Alan Menken Lyrics Howard Ashman Glenn Slater Book Doug Wright Basis The Little Mermaid by Hans Christian Andersen The Little Mermaid by John Musker Ron Clements Productions 2007 Denver ( tryout ) 2008 Broadway 2010 Israel Tour 2011 Manila 2012 Netherlands Tour 2012 Moscow 2013 Tokyo 2014 Copenhagen 2016 Nagoya 2018 São Paulo The Little Mermaid is a stage musical produced by Disney Theatrical , based on the animated 1989 Disney film of the same name and the classic story of the same name by Hans Christian Andersen about a mermaid who dreams of the world above the sea and gives up her voice to find love . Its book is by Doug Wright , music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Howard Ashman ( written for the film ) , with additional lyrics by Glenn Slater . Its underwater setting and story about aquatic characters requires unusual technical designs and strategies to create gliding movements for the actors . After a pre-Broadway tryout in Denver , Colorado from July to September 2007 , the musical began Broadway previews in November 3 2007 at the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre , replacing Disney 's Beauty and the Beast . The production officially opened on January 10 , 2008 and closed on August 30 , 2009 after 685 performances and 50 previews . It introduced Broadway debuts by director Francesca Zambello and Sierra Boggess in the title role . Subsequent productions have been seen in US regional theatres and internationally . A modified version of the musical with a new book and direction by Glenn Casale was developed in 2012 , and this version is the basis for subsequent productions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Reimagining 2 Productions 2.1 Original production 2.1. 1 Tryout 2.1. 2 Broadway 2.1. 3 Postponed US Tour 2.2 Regional US and Canada productions 2.3 International productions 2.3. 1 Israel ( 2010 - 2011 ) 2.3. 2 Philippines ( 2011 ) 2.3. 3 The Netherlands ( 2012 - 2013 ) 2.3. 4 Russia ( 2012 - 2014 ) 2.3. 5 Japan ( 2013 - ) 2.3. 6 Denmark ( 2014 ) 3 Synopsis of the Broadway Production 3.1 Act I 3.2 Act II 3.3 Changes from the 1989 film 4 Musical numbers 4.1 Reinvented version 5 Roles and original cast 6 Original Broadway cast recording 7 Response 8 Awards and nominations 9 References 10 External links Development ( edit ) `` It ( then ) becomes about how does she live underwater , and how do you make that world ? It 's about the truthfulness to the story and that , in essence , gave me the idea to create something that was really a jewel - box -- something that was very simple and in terms of the set , very translucent , takes light beautifully and ( is ) architectural and sculptural to suggest an underwater world without actually being in real water or having people swimming . ' '' -- Francesca Zambello , director Disney Theatrical had success with stage adaptations of its animated musical films Beauty and the Beast in 1994 and The Lion King in 1997 . Thomas Schumacher , head of Disney Theatrical , proposed another adaptation , this time of the 1989 film The Little Mermaid , approaching songwriter Alan Menken , who had composed the music for the film , to be part of the production team . Schumacher initially brought on director / choreographer Matthew Bourne to helm the musical , but Bourne left when their visions on the project differed . Schumacher then approached Francesca Zambello , telling her that `` We have n't found a way to do the water '' . Zambello 's experience with the fantasy elements of opera made her open to the project , and the decision was made that there would be no water , wires or flying in the production . Playwright Doug Wright was brought on as book writer , focusing the story line on Ariel 's longing not for her prince , but for `` a world in which she feels truly realized in her own terms ... Her ambitions are bigger than any one man . '' For the songs , Menken brought on lyricist Glenn Slater , whom he 'd worked with on Home on the Range , and together they wrote ten new songs for the stage musical , adding ' 60s rock , vaudeville and 1920s Brechtian cabaret to the sound of the show . In creating the underwater world on stage , director Zambello asked her design team to use translucent materials to create abstract shapes and manipulate light to give the watery illusion . The design team consisted of George Tsypin for sets , Natasha Katz for lighting and Tatiana Noginova for costumes , all three of who had previously worked with Zambello . For the performers ' movements , choreographer Stephen Mear had the actors wear Heelys wheeled footwear , dubbed `` merblades '' , while tails on sprung - steel rods , designed by Michael Curry , were attached to their hips . Sierra Boggess , who originated the role of Ariel , was an ice - skater and had no trouble with the Heelys , but the rest of the cast took some getting used to the footwear . Ariel 's tail originally had a motor inside that allowed the fluke to move independently , but the mechanics made the tail heavy and loud and were removed . Rehearsals for the Broadway production began on May 29 , 2007 at the New 42nd Street Studios in New York . The cast had six weeks of rehearsals before the pre-Broadway tryout . Reimagining ( edit ) After the Broadway production under - performed at the box office and closed in 2009 , director Glenn Casale was brought on to reinvent the musical for the 2012 Dutch production . He made changes to the score and book , including introducing a new song , `` Daddy 's Little Angel '' to replace `` I Want the Good Times Back '' ( which gives Ursula and Triton a new backstory ) , and replacing the Heelys worn by the actors to introduce aerial effects and flying harnasses to create the illusion of being underwater . The new stage design was made by Bob Crowley , with the world above water made to look like a pop - up book , using cardboard waves and rocks . Following the success of the Dutch production , Casale then worked with California Musical Theatre to present a regional production of the musical in the round . The various changes introduced by Casale in these productions have been incorporated into the official version of the show that Disney Theatrical currently licenses for regional and professional productions . Productions ( edit ) Original production ( edit ) Tryout ( edit ) The show had a pre-Broadway tryout at the Denver Center for the Performing Arts ' Ellie Caulkins Opera House from July 26 , 2007 through September 9 , 2007 . Every seat available ( approximately 95,000 seats ) for the 6 - week run was sold out . Broadway ( edit ) The musical began previews on Broadway at the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre on November 3 , 2007 and was temporarily shut down on November 10 , 2007 due to the 2007 Broadway stagehand strike . The strike ended on November 28 , 2007 , and the show resumed previews the next day . The official opening date was postponed from December 6 , 2007 to January 10 , 2008 . Jodi Benson and Pat Carroll , who starred in the 1989 animated film as Ariel and Ursula , respectively , attended the opening night ceremony . Direction was by Francesca Zambello , making her Broadway debut , with choreography by Stephen Mear . Scenic design was by George Tsypin , costumes by Tatiana Noginova and lighting by Natasha Katz . The original cast featured newcomer Sierra Boggess in the title role of Ariel , Sean Palmer as Prince Eric , Brian D'Addario and Trevor Braun alternated as Flounder , Norm Lewis as King Triton , Sherie Rene Scott as Ursula , Tituss Burgess as Sebastian , Tyler Maynard as Flotsam , Derrick Baskin as Jetsam , Jonathan Freeman as Grimsby , and John Treacy Egan as Chef Louis . Notable replacements included Faith Prince as Ursula and Drew Seeley as Prince Eric . The production closed on August 30 , 2009 , after 50 previews and 685 performances . Thomas Schumacher , producer and president of Disney Theatrical Productions said , `` it would be fiscally irresponsible to our shareholders to risk operating losses with such a big show in the historically challenging fall months . We are closing the Broadway production to concentrate on the long future life of this title . '' Postponed US tour ( edit ) The first national US tour of the musical had previously been scheduled to start in the fall of 2010 , but was postponed in August 2014 for the fall of 2015 . Regional US and canada productions ( edit ) Regional US productions include the Tuacahn Amphitheatre in Ivins , Utah ( 2011 , 2014 ) ; The Muny , St. Louis , Missouri ( 2011 ) ; the California Musical Theatre , Sacramento ( 2012 ) ; the Paper Mill Playhouse in Millburn , New Jersey ( 2013 ) , the Chanhassen Dinner Theatres in Minneapolis - Saint Paul , Minnesota ( 2014 ) , the Music Hall at Fair Park in Dallas , Texas ( 2014 ) , and the White Plains Performing Arts Center , New York ( 2014 ) . There have also been limited tours of regional productions , such as a 2015 tour by Theatre Under the Stars , and a 2016 tour which launched at the 5th Avenue Theatre on November 23 , 2016 and will make stops in Orlando , Cincinnati , Atlanta and Louisville , among other cities . The production staged at the California Musical Theatre ( Sacramento ) , directed by Glen Casale , is notable for having been performed in the round . The Canadian premiere opened on August 13 , 2014 and ran until August 29th , 2014 at Rainbow Stage , Winnipeg , MB . Colleen Furlan starred as Ariel along with Marc Devigne as Prince Eric and Jennifer Lyon as Ursula . The production was directed by Ann Hodges , choreographed by Linda Garneau and the music director was Elizabeth Baird . The costumes used were made for this original cast by Kansas City Costumes . Another Canadian production opened on November 19 , 2014 , at the Dunfield Theatre in Cambridge , Ontario , where it ran until December 21 , 2014 . International productions ( edit ) Israel ( 2010 - 2011 ) ( edit ) A Hebrew production ran in Tel Aviv and other cities in Israel during the 2010 / 2011 season , directed by Moshe Kaftan and starring Rinat Gabai as Ariel and Guy Zu - Aretz as Prince Eric . Philippines ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Atlantis Productions staged its own version on the show at the Meralco Theater in Manila , where it ran from November 18 , 2011 to December 11 , 2011 , with Rachelle Ann Go as Ariel and Erik Santos as Prince Eric . The production incorporated Asian elements into its costume design by Eric Pineda . A majority of the cast members played as puppeteer - actors , who controled wayang or shadow puppets , bunraku or traditional Japanese puppets , and nang kaloung or Cambodian puppets during certain parts of the show . The Netherlands ( 2012 - 2013 ) ( edit ) The Dutch version , produced by Stage Entertainment , officially opened on June 16 , 2012 at the Nieuwe Luxor Theater in Rotterdam and after touring The Netherlands , it performed a whole season at the Beatrix Theater in Utrecht , from September 5 , 2012 to July 7 , 2013 , playing more than 400 performances . This is the first production of the revised version of the musical , directed by Glen Casale and featuring new set design by Bob Crowley . New songs ( `` Daddy 's Little Angel '' ) were written , and some of the songs were omitted ( `` Sweet Child '' Reprise , `` I Want The Good Times Back '' ) . The set design was changed to include flying harnesses and aerial effects to create the underwater illusion , and the world above is depicted with a storybook design . Casale 's changes to the production have since been incorporated into the official licensed version of the musical . Russia ( 2012 - 2014 ) ( edit ) In Russia The Little Mermaid opened on October 8 , 2012 at the Rossiya Theatre Theatre in Moscow , using the Dutch designs and directions by Bob Crowley and Glenn Casale , respectively . Produced by Stage Entertainment , the show took its final curtain call on April 13 , 2014 , after 502 performances and having seen by more than 700.000 people . This production won two Golden Mask National Theatre Awards , for Best Production for an Operetta / Musical and Best Actress for Manana Gogitidze 's portrayal of Ursula . Japan ( 2013 - ) ( edit ) A Japanese production ran at Shiki 's Natsu Theatre in Tokyo from April 7 , 2013 to Abril 9 , 2017 , with the designs and directions used in the Dutch production by Bob Crowley and Glenn Casale , respectively . After closing in Tokyo , the show was transferred to Fukuoka from August 11 , 2017 . Concurrently , a second production opened in Nagoya on October 15 , 2016 . Denmark ( 2014 ) ( edit ) After its successful production of Aladdin during the 2012 / 2013 season , the Fredericia Teater teamed up once again with Disney Theatrical to stage a local version of The Little Mermaid in Denmark , where it ran from July 17 to August 17 , 2014 at the Copenhagen Opera House , and from August 28 to October 26 , 2014 at the Fredericia Teater . Synopsis of the Broadway production ( edit ) Act I ( edit ) Sierra Boggess as Ariel in `` Part of Your World '' Prince Eric , his adviser , Grimsby , and sailors are aboard a ship at sea , discussing the `` mythical '' merfolk that supposedly live under the sea . Grimsby wants Eric to return to court to fulfill his birthright as king . However , Eric hears a beautiful voice and commands it to be followed ( `` Fathoms Below '' ) . Deep on the ocean floor in the merfolk kingdom , a concert in honor of a thwarted coup d'état by Ursula is underway , being performed by the daughters of Triton the sea king . King Triton 's court composer , Sebastian the crab , has composed a song for girls to perform ( `` Daughters of Triton '' ) . However , the youngest daughter , Ariel , is not there for her solo , bringing the concert to a halt . Ariel has forgotten about the concert and is swimming around the surface , admiring a new item for her collection , a fork . She reveals that she is fascinated with the human world ( `` The World Above '' ) . Together with her best friend Flounder , Ariel visits Scuttle and his fellow seagulls to ask about the human things she 's collected , and he explains them somewhat erroneously ( `` Human Stuff '' ) . Elsewhere , the sea witch Ursula is planning revenge against her brother , King Triton . She was banished from the palace for using black magic , and tells her minions Flotsam and Jetsam to keep an eye on Ariel , whom she thinks will be the key to getting the crown and trident ( `` I Want the Good Times Back '' ) . When Ariel returns home , she is berated by King Triton , who is angered to learn that she has been on the surface : King Triton is xenophobic towards humans , believing them to be nothing but savage fish - eaters . Ariel rushes off upset , and King Triton assigns Sebastian to watch over Ariel to make sure she does n't get into trouble . Ariel sits alone in her grotto , which contains her collection of human things , and imagines living in the human world ( `` Part of Your World '' ) . Ariel and Flounder meet Scuttle at the surface to see Prince Eric 's ship up close . On board , Grimsby tells Eric that he must find a bride and take his place as king . A storm suddenly hits , and Eric is tossed overboard . Ariel saves him from drowning and drags him to shore . She realizes that she is falling in love with him , and vows to find a way to be with him ( `` Part of Your World ( Reprise ) '' ) . After Ariel returns home , her behavior makes her sisters and Flounder suspect that she has fallen in love ( `` She 's in Love '' ) . On land , Eric is determined to find the woman who saved his life , but the only clue he has is ( `` Her Voice '' ) . Sebastian reveals to King Triton that Ariel has saved a human . Triton angrily confronts her about it ( `` The World Above ( Reprise ) '' ) and uses his trident to destroy Ariel 's human collection . After the king leaves , Sebastian tries to comfort Ariel by pointing out the wonders of the undersea world ( `` Under the Sea '' ) , but she is furious with him for reporting to her father and sneaks off with Flounder during the song . Once she 's away , she 's stopped by Flotsam and Jetsam , who sweet talk her into seeking help from Ursula ( `` Sweet Child '' ) . Ariel goes to meet Ursula , who presents a deal : Ariel will be turned into a human for three days , during which she has to win the kiss of true love from Eric . If she does , she will be human permanently ; if not , her soul will belong to Ursula . In exchange , Ariel must give up her voice , which will stay in Ursula 's magic nautilus shell ( `` Poor Unfortunate Souls '' ) . Ariel signs the agreement and sings into the shell , after which she is transformed into a human and swims up to the surface . Act ii ( edit ) Sebastian and Flounder bring Ariel , newly human , to shore . Scuttle and the seagulls give her a pep talk to raise her spirits and help her get used to her new legs ( `` Positoovity '' ) . Eric arrives , but when Ariel tries to talk to him , she can not speak . Eric brings Ariel back to his palace , where Carlotta , the head mistress , and the maids bathe and dress Ariel . Ariel is fascinated by the human world , while the maids wonder why Eric has brought such a girl to the palace ( `` Beyond My Wildest Dreams '' ) . That night Chef Louis cooks dinner for Ariel , Grimsby , and Eric , and almost cooks Sebastian for the grand finale ( `` Les Poissons '' / `` Les Poissons ( Reprise ) '' ) . Eric and Ariel spend time together , during which Eric teaches her to dance ( `` One Step Closer '' ) . Meanwhile , Ursula is anxiously waiting for the three days to end and sends Flotsam and Jetsam to hurry things along ( `` I Want the Good Times Back ( Reprise ) '' ) . After a tour of the kingdom , Eric takes Ariel on a quiet boat ride through a lagoon . Sebastian and Scuttle watch anxiously and try to create a romantic atmosphere for Eric to kiss Ariel ( `` Kiss the Girl '' ) . As they are about to kiss , Flotsam and Jetsam give the boat an `` electric shock '' and swim away gloating ( `` Sweet Child ( Reprise ) '' ) . As the second day ends , Ariel wishes she had more time and could tell Eric everything , Triton worries about where his daughter has gone , Sebastian is concerned that Ariel 's time as a human is almost up , and Eric still dreams of finding the girl who saved him even though he does not want to lose Ariel ( `` If Only ( Quartet ) '' ) . Sebastian returns to the sea and tells an angry King Triton about Ariel 's deal with Ursula . On Ariel 's last day as a human , Grimsby has arranged a contest for all foreign princesses to sing for Eric , so he may choose one for his bride ( `` The Contest '' ) . Eric is n't interested in any of them , and Ariel asks to participate , dancing for him . Eric picks her , but before they can embrace , Ursula appears , declaring that the sun has set and Ariel now belongs to her . Flotsam and Jetsam grab Ariel to take her back to the sea . King Triton arrives to confront his sister , agreeing to take Ariel 's place . Ursula claims the trident and declares herself queen ( `` Poor Unfortunate Souls ( Reprise ) '' ) . She banishes Triton with a wave of the trident . During a battle with Eric 's ship , Ariel grabs Ursula 's Nautilus shell and regains her voice ( which causes a horrified Flotsam and Jetsman to swim away ) . Ursula begs Ariel to return the shell to her , as her power is contained within it , and even tries to sweet - talk her into doing so , saying she can turn her human again and reunite her with her prince . Ariel is torn , but ultimately destroys the shell just in time , which destroys Ursula and restores King Triton to his throne and daughter . Eric and Ariel are reunited on the beach , and Eric asks King Triton for his blessing to marry Ariel . King Triton says that it is Ariel 's place to answer , and she accepts Eric 's proposal . King Triton then says goodbye to his daughter ( `` If Only ( Reprise ) '' ) . In honor of his daughter , Triton declares peace between the humans and merfolk . Ariel and Eric are married and sail away on a ship ( `` Finale '' ) . Changes from the 1989 film ( edit ) In adapting the film into a live stage musical , the following significant changes are made : The shark chase sequence that introduced Ariel and Flounder early in the film has been replaced by a new introductory song for Ariel in which she admires a fork from `` The World Above '' . Other new songs are `` Human Stuff '' , `` I Want the Good Times Back '' , `` She 's in Love '' , `` Her Voice '' , `` Sweet Child '' , `` Positoovity '' , `` Beyond My Wildest Dreams '' , `` One Step Closer '' , `` If Only '' and `` The Contest '' , and some songs from the film are extended , such as `` Fathoms Below '' . `` Under the Sea '' is the same as the film version , but in the film it was performed while Sebastian is trying to stop Ariel from daydreaming about Eric ; in the musical it occurs later , after King Triton destroys Ariel 's collection of human things . In some later productions , however , the song is sung to try to stop Ariel from thinking about Eric like in the film . The musical depicts Ursula as King Triton 's sister , a concept that was included in an early version of the film but did not make the final product . The musical 's writer Doug Wright was given the early notes and scripts of the film , and used this element in adapting the story . In the final stage version , Ursula and Triton are explicitly equal , and upon the death of their father , Poseidon , she received a magic nautilus shell while he received the trident . Each ruled half the oceans , until her cruelty and use of black magic led to him deposing her and assuming full reign over the entire ocean world . Her nautilus shell embodies her power , while in the film it was merely a necklace she used to store Ariel 's voice . Ursula also uses the shell to spy on Ariel , while in the film she used Flotsam and Jetsam for that purpose . In the musical Ariel defeats her by destroying the shell . She is destroyed when her shell is broken ; she does not grow to monstrous proportions as in the film . In the reinvented version of the musical , Ursula and Triton had multiple older sisters , who were all killed by Ursula out of jealousy . When Ursula became the ruler of the seven seas , Triton overthrew her and became king , which is why she wants revenge . The magic nautilus shell was a gift to Ursula from Poseidon , to ease his guilt because he did n't give her as much attention as his other daughters . At the climax of the show it 's revealed that Ursula is also responsible for the death of Ariel 's mother . In the musical , the storm at sea sequence is simplified , and Eric merely falls overboard ; his sheepdog , Max , is not included , and there is no gunpowder explosion . Ursula 's alter ego , Vanessa , is also not included , thereby omitting the subplot of Eric 's brainwashing , leading to `` The Contest '' . In the film , Flotsam and Jetsam are killed when Ursula accidentally zaps them with the trident ; in the musical they swim away after Ariel takes Ursula 's nautilus shell . Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I `` Overture '' -- Orchestra `` Fathoms Below '' † -- Pilot , Sailors , Prince Eric , Grimsby `` Daughters of Triton '' * -- Mersisters `` The World Above '' -- Ariel `` Human Stuff '' -- Scuttle , Gulls `` I Want the Good Times Back '' -- Ursula , Flotsam , Jetsam , Eels `` Part of Your World '' * -- Ariel `` Storm at Sea '' -- Orchestra `` Part of Your World ( Reprise ) '' * -- Ariel `` She 's in Love '' -- Mersisters , Flounder `` Her Voice '' -- Prince Eric `` The World Above ( Reprise ) '' -- King Triton `` Under the Sea '' * -- Sebastian , Sea Creatures `` Under the Sea ( Reprise ) '' * -- Sebastian , Sea Creatures `` Sweet Child '' -- Flotsam , Jetsam `` Poor Unfortunate Souls '' * -- Ursula , Ariel Act II `` Entr'acte '' -- Orchestra `` Positoovity '' -- Scuttle , Gulls `` Beyond My Wildest Dreams '' -- Ariel , Carlotta , Maids `` Les Poissons '' * -- Chef Louis `` Les Poissons ( Reprise ) '' -- Chef Louis , Chefs `` One Step Closer '' -- Prince Eric `` I Want the Good Times Back ( Reprise ) '' -- Ursula , Flotsam , Jetsam `` Kiss the Girl '' * -- Sebastian , Animals `` Sweet Child ( Reprise ) '' -- Flotsam , Jetsam `` If Only ( Quartet ) '' -- Ariel , Prince Eric , Sebastian , King Triton `` The Contest '' -- Grimsby , Princesses `` Poor Unfortunate Souls ( Reprise ) '' -- Ursula `` If Only ( Reprise ) '' -- King Triton , Ariel `` Finale '' -- Prince Eric , Ariel , Ensemble Music by Alan Menken and All Lyrics by Glenn Slater , except as noted : * Lyrics by Howard Ashman † Lyrics by Howard Ashman and Glenn Slater The songs `` Where I Belong '' ( Eric ) and Ursula 's reprise of `` Her Voice '' were cut and the `` Finale '' was re-worked after the Denver tryout . It included a short reprise of `` Fathoms Below '' . Also , the duet between Ariel and Eric was originally a bit longer with a poetic device about him being her land and her being his sea . Three other songs were cut from the show before the tryout but were available on the leaked demo tape . These included Ursula 's `` Wasting Away '' , `` All Good Things Must End '' , and an alternate version of `` Poor Unfortunate Souls ( Reprise ) '' . Reinvented version ( edit ) Glenn Casale reinvented the show after the Broadway production closed , with an altered songlist ( different order , omitted , shortened , replaced or combined songs ) , and this later version is the basis for the regional US productions and international productions in the Netherlands , Russia , and Japan . `` I Want the Good Times Back '' and its reprise are replaced by a song called `` Daddy 's Little Angel '' , and `` Under the Sea '' , which was previously performed after Triton destroys Ariel 's grotto , is moved to before that sequence . Ariel sings a reprise of `` If Only '' after the grotto destruction and the `` Human Stuff '' sequence is dialogue - only . Carlotta is entirely omitted , leaving Grimsby with her lines . In the international productions `` Daughters of Triton '' is the opening number of the musical , and it leads into Ariel 's introduction `` The World Above '' , followed by Eric 's introduction `` Fathoms Below '' . In the regional US productions Ariel sings `` The World Above '' as the show 's opening number and there is another reprise of `` If Only '' in which King Triton laments over the loss of his wife . Roles and original cast ( edit ) Character Original Broadway Cast Character Description Princess Ariel Sierra Boggess She dreams of life on land instead of `` under the sea '' . She is the youngest daughter of King Triton , and the apparent niece of Ursula . Prince Eric Sean Palmer He is destined to recover the girl that saved him from drowning , ignorant to the fact that it is Ariel , with whom he eventually falls in love . Sebastian Tituss Burgess Ariel 's musical and practical guardian , Triton 's faithful servant , and court composer . He serves as the musical 's primary comic relief , and reluctantly assists Ariel in her efforts to charm Prince Eric . Ursula Sherie Rene Scott She tricks Ariel into trading her voice for a pair of human legs in order to hopefully win Prince Eric 's heart , only to attempt to take advantage of Ariel 's naivety . She is the apparent sister of King Triton , and aunt of Ariel . King Triton Norm Lewis The strict but caring father of Ariel , and ruler over Atlantica . He originally hates humans , due to the loss of his wife , causing him to commonly reprimand Ariel for her constant human explorations , but eventually realizes it is best to let her follow her dreams . He is the apparent brother of Ursula . Scuttle Eddie Korbich He believes he is an expert on human artifacts , although he is mainly incorrect , and is often consulted by Ariel for information on her discovered `` treasures '' . He also serves as a comic relief , alongside Sebastian . Flounder Cody Hanford and J.J. Singleton † , Trevor Braun and Brian D'Addario Ariel 's loyal companion . He often accompanies Ariel on her excursions in search of human artifacts . Flotsam Tyler Maynard One of Ursula 's sly and slippery henchmen . Jetsam Derrick Baskin Another one of Ursula 's cunning henchmen . Grimsby Jonathan Freeman Prince Eric 's faithful servant and friend . Seemingly a close friend of Eric 's late father , Grimsby 's main initiative is to ensure that Eric marries a princess to maintain his promise to the deceased king . He realizes Ariel is a princess , and is more than happy to let them wed . Chef Louis John Treacy Egan The castle chef , who tries to capture Sebastian and cook him for dinner . Carlotta Heidi Blickenstaff Carlotta is seemingly the castle 's primary maid and housekeeper . Despite the remarks of her fellow maids and servants , she is exceptionally kind to Ariel and does her best to make her feel comfortable . † Cody Hanford and J.J. Singleton were first cast as Flounder , but had to leave the show shortly after opening because they had grown taller than Sierra Boggess . Trevor Braun and Brian D'Addario replaced them . D'Addario was the vocalist on the original cast recording and performed on the show 's opening night . Original Broadway cast Recording ( edit ) Disney 's The Little Mermaid : Original Broadway Cast Recording is the cast album for the 2008 musical . It was released on February 26 , 2008 by Walt Disney Records , produced by Alan Menken and features performances from the show 's cast , which includes Boggess , Burgess , Scott , Lewis and Korbich . The recording contains twenty - nine songs from the musical . It was nominated for a Grammy Award . It ranked No. 26 when it entered the Billboard 200 albums chart in March 2008 , the second highest position for a cast album in 25 years ( after Rent ) . All music composed by Alan Menken , Howard Ashman and Glenn Slater . Disney 's The Little Mermaid : Original Broadway Cast Recording No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Overture '' Alan Menken 2 : 52 2 . `` Fathoms Below '' Sean Palmer , Jonathan Freeman , Ensemble 2 : 34 3 . `` Daughters of Triton '' Kay Trinidad , Chelsea Morgan Stock , Cathryn Basile , Zakiya Young Mizen , Michelle Lookadoo , Cicly Daniels , Tituss Burgess 1 : 19 4 . `` The World Above '' Sierra Boggess 1 : 34 5 . `` Human Stuff '' Eddie Korbich , Tituss Burgess , Ensemble 2 : 31 6 . `` I Want the Good Times Back '' Sherie René Scott * , Tyler Maynard , Derrick Baskin 4 : 57 7 . `` Part of Your World '' Sierra Boggess 3 : 24 8 . `` Storm at Sea '' Alan Menken 2 : 00 9 . `` Part of Your World ( Reprise ) '' Sierra Boggess , Eddie Korbich 2 : 02 10 . `` She 's in Love '' Brian D'Addario , Kay Trinidad , Cicly Daniels , Michelle Lookadoo , Zakiya Young Mizen , Chelsea Morgan Stock 3 : 39 11 . `` Her Voice '' Sean Palmer 3 : 15 12 . `` The World Above ( Reprise ) '' Norm Lewis & Sierra Boggess 1 : 17 13 . `` Under the Sea '' Tituss Burgess , Ensemble 4 : 06 14 . `` Under the Sea ( Reprise ) '' Tituss Burgess , Ensemble 1 : 14 15 . `` Sweet Child '' Tyler Maynard , Derrick Baskin , Sierra Boggess 1 : 53 16 . `` Poor Unfortunate Souls '' Sherie René Scott , Sierra Boggess 5 : 20 17 . `` Positoovity '' Eddie Korbich , Ensemble 4 : 04 18 . `` Beyond My Wildest Dreams '' Sierra Boggess , Heidi Blickenstaff , Ensemble 3 : 03 19 . `` Les Poissons '' John Treacy Egan 1 : 54 20 . `` Les Poissons ( Reprise ) '' John Treacy Egan , Ensemble 1 : 56 21 . `` One Step Closer '' Sean Palmer 4 : 22 22 . `` I Want the Good Times Back ( Reprise ) '' Sherie René Scott , Tyler Maynard , Derrick Baskin 1 : 38 23 . `` Kiss the Girl '' Tituss Burgess , Eddie Korbich , Sean Palmer , Ensemble 3 : 10 24 . `` Sweet Child ( Reprise ) '' Tyler Maynard , Derrick Baskin 1 : 12 25 . `` If Only ( Quartet ) '' Sierra Boggess , Sean Palmer , Tituss Burgess , Norm Lewis 4 : 55 26 . `` The Contest '' Jonathan Freeman , Ensemble 1 : 33 27 . `` Poor Unfortunate Souls ( Reprise ) '' Norm Lewis , Sherie René Scott 1 : 51 28 . `` If Only ( Reprise ) '' Sierra Boggess , Norm Lewis 1 : 45 29 . `` Finale Ultimo '' Sean Palmer , Sierra Boggess , Company 2 : 33 Response ( edit ) Audience response of the targeted family demographic to the musical has been generally positive . Critics gave the show a mixed response , with some praising it , and some calling it `` less than witty '' and `` bloated '' . Ben Brantley of the New York Times was especially critical , saying that the `` charm - free '' musical is `` stripped of the movie 's generation - crossing appeal . Coherence of plot , endearing quirks of character , even the melodious wit of the original score ( supplemented by new , substandard songs ... ) have been swallowed by an unfocused spectacle . '' Time Magazine , however , commented , `` It was one of the most ravishing things I have ever seen on a Broadway stage . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Nominee Result 2008 Tony Awards Best Original Score Alan Menken ( music ) , Howard Ashman and Glenn Slater ( lyrics ) Nominated Best Lighting Design of a Musical Natasha Katz Nominated Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Actress in a Musical Sierra Boggess Nominated Outstanding Set Design George Tsypin Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design Natasha Katz Nominated Outer Critics Circle Awards Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Sherie Rene Scott Nominated Drama League Award Distinguished Performance Award Sierra Boggess Nominated Grammy Awards Best Musical Show Album Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hetrick , Adam ( October 17 , 2007 ) . `` Fresh Water : After Denver The Little Mermaid Gets Ready to Make a Splash on Broadway '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2008 . Retrieved January 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Lassell , Michael ( 2009 ) . The Little Mermaid : A Broadway Musical - From the Deep Blue Sea to the Great White Way . Disney Editions New York . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4231 - 1272 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lunden , Jeff ( January 11 , 2008 ) . `` ' The Little Mermaid , ' Heeling Hard to Broadway Port '' . Playbill.com . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Elisa ( January 9 , 2008 ) . `` ' Mermaid ' composer Alan Menken gets his sea legs on Broadway '' . USAToday.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jim ( 2014 - 07 - 23 ) . `` How Glenn Casale Helped The Little Mermaid Find Her Feet After This Disney Stage Show Stumbled on Broadway '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid Opens in Rotterdam , 6 / 16 ; in Moscow , 10 / 6 '' , Broadwayworld.com Jump up ^ Rendell , Bob . `` Disney 's The Little Mermaid Theatrical Stage Musical Successfully Re-Imagined at Paper Mill '' . TalkingBroadway.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Moore , John ( September 1 , 2007 ) . `` On point : Fans more `` in the swim '' than critics `` . DenverPost.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( November 11 , 2007 ) . `` Day Two : The Strike , But Not The Shows , Go On '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2007 . Retrieved November 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( November 28 , 2007 ) . `` It 's Over ! : Labor Dispute Resolved as Stagehands Strike Ends Nov. 28 '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2007 . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( November 29 , 2007 ) . `` Mermaid Will Resume Nov. 29 and Will Officially Flip Her Fins Jan. 10 '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2007 . Retrieved November 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Scott , Brian ( January 21 , 2008 ) . `` Part of Her World '' . TheaterMania.com . Archived from the original on 14 January 2008 . Retrieved January 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . Davy Jones ' Locker : Broadway 's Little Mermaid to End Aug. 30 ; National Tour Planned , '' Playbill.com , June 30 , 2009 Jump up ^ Ng , David ( June 30 , 2009 ) . `` Last dive for Broadway 's ' The Little Mermaid ' set for Aug. 30 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth and Gans , Andrew. `` ' Little Mermaid ' to End Aug. 30 ; National Tour Planned '' Archived 2011 - 01 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com , June 30 , 2009 Jump up ^ Grigware , Don ( 2014 - 08 - 19 ) . `` BWW Interview : Renowned Theatre Director GLENN CASALE Continues to Keep an Astoundingly Busy Schedule '' . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) tuacahn.org Jump up ^ LEGALLY BLONDE , MERMAID , LITTLE SHOP et al. Lead Muny 's 2011 Summer Season , Broadwayworld.com Jump up ^ 12 -- 13 Season Archived 2012 - 03 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Paper Mill Announces 2012 -- 2013 Season -- A CHORUS LINE , THOROUGHLY MODERN MILLIE , LITTLE MERMAID , SOUND OF MUSIC & More ! broadwayworld.com Jump up ^ `` Chanhassen Dinner Theatres '' . Jump up ^ Disney 's new ' Little Mermaid ' should get on swimmingly in Dallas Dallas Morning News , Retrieved February 15 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Calendar : Disney 's The Little Mermaid '' . ArtsWestchester.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Simmons , David ( 2015 - 08 - 20 ) . `` ' The Little Mermaid , ' hitting the Saenger Sept. 15 - 20 , still gets people talking '' . NOLA.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) . `` Jennifer Allen to Play Ursula in Limited Tour of Little Mermaid , Starting in Seattle '' . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Tickets RainbowStage - Rainbow Stage '' . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , accessed on November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hebrew The Little Mermaid makes a big splash '' jpost.com , December 8 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid opens in Manila '' broadwayworld.com , November 24 , 2011 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 2012 - 05 - 16 ) . `` The Little Mermaid Will Swim into Holland and Russia '' . Playbill.com . Jump up ^ `` Official Website : The Little Mermaid NL '' . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Cookiewall - Het Financieele Dagblad '' . Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid opens in Moscow at the Rossia Theatre '' broadwayworld.com , October 8 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid receives two Awards in Moscow '' broadwayworld.com , May 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid opens in Tokyo this weekend '' broadwayworld.com , April 5 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` 新 劇場 オープン ! 『 リトル マーメイド 』 名古屋 公演 が 開幕 しま した ! '' shiki.jp , October 17 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Lynne Kurdziel Formato directs the Scandinavian premiere of Disney 's The Little Mermaid '' elon.edu , August 18 , 2014 Jump up ^ ( 2006 ) Treasures Untold : The Making of Disney 's ' The Little Mermaid ( Documentary featurette ) . Bonus material from The Little Mermaid : Platinum Edition DVD . Walt Disney Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Jones , Arnold Wayne ( 2016 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Doug Wright Talks How to Adapt ' The Little Mermaid ' for Stage '' . Backstage.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ In the junior version developed for high school productions , she is no longer Triton 's sister , though she did try to stage a coup against him and is also responsible for the death of Ariel 's mother . Jump up ^ This is all told in the new song `` Daddy 's Little Angel '' Jump up ^ The Little Mermaid : Original Japanese Cast Recording ( booklet ) . Japan : Walt Disney Records . 2013 . AVCW - 12970 . ^ Jump up to : Gans , Andrew ( 2008 - 12 - 03 ) . `` Gypsy , In the Heights , Mermaid , Pacific and Frankenstein Are Grammy - Nominated '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved December 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred . `` Chart Beat : Fred discusses Usher 's Love in This Club , ' American ' Idols ' , Janet Jackson and more ! '' , Billboard , March 6 , 2008 , accessed August 13 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid ( Original Broadway Cast Recording ) by Original Cast '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Mermaid reviews at BroadwayBox '' . BroadwayBox.com . January 11 , 2000 . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Howard ( January 11 , 2000 ) . `` Theater review : The Little Mermaid , in a Broadway splash '' . Philly dot com . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Finkle , David ( January 11 , 2000 ) . `` The Little Mermaid '' . TheaterMania.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Marks , Peter ( January 11 , 2008 ) . `` ' Little Mermaid ' : On Broadway , Just A Fish Out of Water '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( January 11 , 2008 ) . `` Fish Out of Water in the Deep Blue Sea '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Zoglin , Richard ( January 16 , 2008 ) . `` The Little Mermaid : In Defense of Disney '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved January 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 2008 - 05 - 13 ) . `` 2007 -- 2008 Tony Nominations Announced ; In the Heights Earns 13 Noms '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved May 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 2008 - 04 - 21 ) . `` Drama Desk Nominees Announced ; Catered Affair Garners 12 Noms '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( April 21 , 2008 ) . `` Young Frankenstein Tops Outer Critics Circle Awards Nominations '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2008 . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( April 22 , 2008 ) . `` 74th Annual Drama League Award Nominees Announced '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2008 . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) The Little Mermaid at the Internet Broadway Database Song list at DenverPost.com , dated August 17 , 2007 Article about a preview of the show at Yahoo Broadway , dated October 11 , 2007 BroadwayWorld TV : Making of Disney 's The Little Mermaid CD Hans Christian Andersen 's `` The Little Mermaid '' Films The Daydreamer ( 1966 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1968 ) Hans Christian Andersen 's The Little Mermaid ( 1975 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1976 Czech film ) The Little Mermaid ( 1976 Russian film ) The Little Mermaid ( 1992 ) Mermaid ( 2007 ) Television Mahō no Mako - chan ( 1970 ) Adventures of the Little Mermaid ( 1991 ) The Idle Mermaid ( 2014 ) Other The Little Mermaid ( statue ) Mermaids The Lure Disney franchise Films The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea ( 2000 ) The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning ( 2008 ) Series The Little Mermaid ( 1992 -- 1994 ) episodes Characters Ariel Ursula Sebastian Music Albums The Little Mermaid Sebastian from The Little Mermaid Sebastian : Party Gras ! Songs from the Sea Splash Hits Songs `` Fathoms Below '' `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Poor Unfortunate Souls '' `` Les Poissons '' `` Kiss the Girl '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Adaptations Musical Once Upon a Time `` Ariel '' `` Dark Hollow '' `` The Jolly Roger '' `` Poor Unfortunate Soul '' Attractions Ariel 's Grotto Ariel 's Undersea Adventure King Triton 's Carousel of the Sea Mermaid Lagoon Scuttle 's Scooters Voyage of the Little Mermaid Video games The Little Mermaid Ariel the Little Mermaid Ariel 's Story Studio Disney 's The Little Mermaid Print Studio Disney 's The Little Mermaid Activity Center The Little Mermaid II : Pinball Frenzy Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Disney Theatrical Productions Animated Disney film adaptations Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Tarzan ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2008 ) Aladdin ( 2011 ) Frozen ( 2017 ) Pinocchio ( 2017 ) Disney live - action film adaptations Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) High School Musical on Stage ! ( 2007 ) High School Musical 2 : On Stage ! ( 2008 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Other adaptations King David ( 1997 ) Aida ( 2000 ) On the Record ( 2004 ) Peter and the Starcatcher ( 2009 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Little_Mermaid_(musical)&oldid=810067335 '' Categories : Disney 's The Little Mermaid 2007 musicals Broadway musicals Musicals based on films Plays based on fairy tales Sororicide in fiction Walt Disney Theatrical Works based on The Little Mermaid Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with IBDb links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 04 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played ariel in the little mermaid on broadway | [
"Direction was by Francesca Zambello, making her Broadway debut, with choreography by Stephen Mear. Scenic design was by George Tsypin, costumes by Tatiana Noginova and lighting by Natasha Katz. The original cast featured newcomer Sierra Boggess in the title role of Ariel, Sean Palmer as Prince Eric, Brian D'Addario and Trevor Braun alternated as Flounder, Norm Lewis as King Triton, Sherie Rene Scott as Ursula, Tituss Burgess as Sebastian, Tyler Maynard as Flotsam, Derrick Baskin as Jetsam, Jonathan Freeman as Grimsby, and John Treacy Egan as Chef Louis. Notable replacements included Faith Prince as Ursula and Drew Seeley as Prince Eric. The production closed on August 30, 2009, after 50 previews and 685 performances.[13] Thomas Schumacher, producer and president of Disney Theatrical Productions said, \"it would be fiscally irresponsible to our shareholders to risk operating losses with such a big show in the historically challenging fall months. We are closing the Broadway production to concentrate on the long future life of this title.\"[14]"
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-1864702401119207390 | Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick | Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick - wikipedia Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' Single by Ian Dury and the Blockheads B - side `` There Ai n't Half Been Some Clever Bastards '' Released 23 November 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 23 ) Format 7 '' single , 12 '' single Recorded 1978 at The Workhouse Studio , London Genre Rock post-punk disco Length 3 : 43 Label Stiff Songwriter ( s ) Ian Dury Chaz Jankel Producer ( s ) Laurie Latham Ian Dury and the Blockheads singles chronology `` What a Waste '' ( 1978 ) `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' ( 1978 ) `` Reasons to be Cheerful , Part 3 '' ( 1979 ) `` What a Waste '' ( 1978 ) `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' ( 1978 ) `` Reasons to be Cheerful , Part 3 '' ( 1979 ) Audio sample file help `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' is a song by Ian Dury and the Blockheads , first released as a single on Stiff Records in the UK on 23 November 1978 . Written by Dury and the Blockheads ' multi-instrumentalist Chaz Jankel , it is the group 's most successful single , reaching number one on the UK Singles Chart in January 1979 as well as reaching the top three in Ireland , Australia and New Zealand , and it was also a top 20 hit in several European countries . `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' was named the 12th best single of 1978 by the writers of British music magazine NME , and best single of 1979 in the annual ' Pazz & Jop ' poll organised by music critic Robert Christgau in The Village Voice . It was also named the 3rd best post-punk 7 `` 's ever made by Fact magazine . By September 2017 , it had sold over 1.29 million copies in the UK , making it the 114th biggest selling single of all time in the UK . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Recording 3 Release and promotion 4 B - side 5 Track listing 5.1 1978 original release 5.2 1979 US & Canada `` Disco Single '' release 5.3 1985 remix 5.4 1991 remix 6 Charts and certifications 6.1 Peak positions 6.2 Year - end charts 6.3 Certifications 7 Cover versions 8 References 9 Bibliography Composition ( edit ) Co-writer Chaz Jankel has repeated a story both in Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll : The Life of Ian Dury and Ian Dury & The Blockheads : Song by Song that the song was written in Rolvenden , Kent during a jamming session between him and Dury . Jankel relates that the music was inspired by a piano part near the end of `` Wake Up and Make Love with Me '' ( a song on Dury 's solo debut New Boots and Panties ! ! that Jankel had co-written ) and that after listening to it , Dury presented the lyrics for `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' to him the same afternoon . This was later corroborated by Dury . Dury mentioned a number of origins for his lyrics , including claiming that he had written them up to three years earlier and it had just taken him all that time to realise their quality . Blockheads guitarist John Turnbull gives a different account , claiming the lyrics were written while on tour in America six months prior to the song 's recording and that he was still adjusting in - studio . He said the line `` it 's nice to be a lunatic '' was originally `` it do n't take arithmetic '' . Whilst researching his book Ian Dury : The Definitive Biography , Will Birch discovered that Dury wrote the lyrics for `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' as early as 1976 . Ian 's typed manuscript , which differs only slightly from the later recorded version and with hand written notes about arrangement and instrumentation ( ' drums and fuzz bass doing Roy Buchanan volume trick ' after first chorus , for example ) , was posted to a friend in September of that year . The ' lunatic ' line reads ' one two three fourithmatic ' . ' O'er the hills and far away ' was originally ' down to Hammersmith Broadway ' . The manuscript , complete with handwritten annotations , was reproduced in Hallo Sausages , the book of Dury 's lyrics compiled by his daughter Jemima . According to Jemima it appeared that the origins of the song could be traced as far back as 1974 . The song is noted for a complex 16 - notes - to - the - bar bassline played by Norman Watt - Roy , which producer Laurie Latham believed had been influenced by seeing Weather Report bassist Jaco Pastorius in concert , and the saxophone solo in the instrumental break in which Davey Payne plays two saxophones simultaneously . In addition to English , the song 's lyrics contain phrases in both French and German . According to Dury , the song has an anti-violence message . Recording ( edit ) The song was recorded in The Workhouse Studio on the Old Kent Road , London , the same place Dury 's debut album New Boots and Panties ! ! had been recorded . It was produced by Laurie Latham , who had been producing Dury 's records since his debut solo single `` Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll '' in August 1977 , although Latham is uncredited on the single . The song was recorded live with all the Blockheads placed in different positions in the studio 's live area , with Jankel playing a Bechstein grand piano , Mickey Gallagher playing the Hammond organ , and Dury sat on a stool in the centre singing into a hand - held microphone . At least 11 takes of the song were recorded before one , reportedly an early take , was chosen for the single release . Gallagher remains jaded about this method , and much of the band as well as producer Latham remain unhappy with the chosen take 's mix , claiming it to be too dominated by piano and vocals . Latham said later : `` I was never happy with the mix anyway . My authority had diminished ( since the recording of New Boots and Panties ! ! ) and it was a complete free - for - all , with the whole band in there while Chaz basically took over and pushed faders around ... I myself was n't entirely happy because I did n't think we could hear enough bass , but then I 'm never happy with mixes ... The piano sound was another thing I was unhappy with . Because we did it live , I did n't have enough compressors -- God knows why we did n't hire more equipment . On a track like that the piano needs a bit of compression and dynamically some sorting out . Well , to me it sounds like it 's getting lost in certain places where it should n't , such as ( the end of the saxophone solo ) . The piano sort of disappears at that point . It gets very roomy and ambient . Still , in the end I suppose all these blemishes give the track a certain character , and if people do talk about the bass then that suggests they can hear it . '' Despite this , Chaz Jankel often re-tells the story that after recording it he phoned his mother and told her , `` I 've just recorded my first number one '' . Release and promotion ( edit ) On radio `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' was a popular song from its release , but in the UK the single was initially kept from the number one position in the charts for two weeks by The Village People 's smash hit `` Y.M.C.A. '' , which was number one for three consecutive weeks . On the 27 January 1979 , however , Turnbull , Watt - Roy and drummer Charley Charles were waiting outside the Gaumont State Cinema , Kilburn , London , listening to a car radio when it was announced that `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' was the new number one . Dury was on holiday in Cannes , and was at the beach when the hotel staff brought him a bottle of champagne and told him the news . For their appearance on the British television programme Top of the Pops the whole band bought Moss Bros suits . The promotional video for the single was made by Laurie Lewis , a friend of Dury 's from Walthamstow Art School who had been studying film - making . While the video simply showed the band performing on stage , it was significant for Dury , who for the first time had appeared in public without his pink jacket or long sleeved shirt hiding his withered left arm . As sales of the single approached the one million mark , in February 1979 Stiff announced that the record would be deleted when it reached the milestone , and the dealer ordering the millionth copy of the single would receive a `` mystery prize '' . However , sales stalled at 979,000 during the single 's original chart run , and it was not until downloads were made eligible for inclusion in the UK singles chart , from 2004 onwards , that `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' finally became a million - seller . The song has been used for numerous purposes since its release including various adverts ( including one in 2006 for financial company Capital One ) and in numerous television programmes ( including the Doctor Who episode `` Tooth and Claw '' ) . It has had its lyrics changed often , including in one instance to ' hit me with your oven chip ' . This , combined with its continued popularity and original chart success has ensured that today the song is incredibly easily to find on CD , not only on all of Ian Dury 's compilations but in numerous various artists ' compilations . However , like many of Ian Dury 's stand alone singles , this was not originally the case , and in keeping with his then - policy of not including singles on his albums the song was omitted from Do it Yourself , the next Ian Dury & The Blockheads album . It was not available again until the release of Jukebox Dury years later . Though none of the 11 + takes of the original song have been released , two live versions exist on Ian Dury 's two live albums Warts ' n ' Audience and Straight From The Desk both including ad libs in the song 's third verse , the Warts ' n ' Audience version name checking the Brixton Academy and the Straight from the Desk version name checking Dagenham Heathway . The Straight From the Desk version also includes an extended instrumental break . Paul Hardcastle remixed the track in 1985 , stripping all the instrumental tracks and using only Dury 's vocal , and re-recording the instrumental parts with keyboards . The remix reached number 55 in the UK Singles Chart . Another remix of the track was done in 1991 which reached number 73 in the chart . B - side ( edit ) The B - side was `` There Ai n't Half Been Some Clever Bastards '' , written by Dury and Russell Hardy , his co-writer from their time in the pub - rock band Kilburn and the High Roads . The song affectionately describes the achievements of Noël Coward , Vincent van Gogh and Albert Einstein in a working class ( specifically Cockney ) manner and amusingly describes Leonardo da Vinci as an ' Italian geezer ' . According to Jemima Dury , her father had deliberately chosen to put one of the Kilburns ' old songs on the B - side , knowing that the single was likely to be a big hit and that Hardy and their previous managers ( who part - owned the publishing company to which Dury and Hardy had been signed ) would benefit financially . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written and composed by Ian Dury and Chaz Jankel , except where indicated . 1978 original release ( edit ) 7 '' single `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' -- 3 : 43 `` There Ai n't Half Been Some Clever Bastards '' ( Dury , Russell Hardy ) -- 2 : 59 12 '' single `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' -- 3 : 58 `` There Ai n't Half Been Some Clever Bastards '' ( Dury , Hardy ) -- 2 : 59 The 12 '' version of the single features a different mix of `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' to the 7 '' version . The two sides of the single are labelled `` A Wing '' and `` B Wing '' , in reference to prison blocks . The A-side has the caption `` 6_ Tricks , Points % ✓ '' while the B - side has the captions `` Late start high on fence '' and `` Segovia rules '' printed on the label . `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' is credited to `` Ian & the Blockheads -- Under the musical direction of Chaz Jankel '' , while `` There Ai n't Half Been Some Clever Bastards '' is credited to the musicians individually as `` Michael Gallagher , John Turnbull , Davey Payne , Norman Watt - Roy , Charlie Charles , Chaz Blockhead and Ian Blockhead '' . The cover of the single credits `` There Ai n't Half Been Some Clever Bastards '' to `` ID and the Blocks '' . The cover was designed by Stiff 's Barney Bubbles , anonymously as usual . 1979 US & Canada `` Disco Single '' release ( edit ) 12 '' single `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' ( Disco Version ) -- 5 : 20 `` Reasons to be Cheerful , Part 3 '' ( Dury , Davey Payne , Jankel ) -- 4 : 53 1985 remix ( edit ) All tracks remixed by Paul Hardcastle . 7 '' single `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' -- 4 : 11 `` Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll '' -- 3 : 20 12 '' single `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' -- 4 : 11 `` Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll '' -- 3 : 20 `` Reasons to be Cheerful '' ( Dury , Payne , Jankel ) -- 4 : 48 `` Wake Up ( And Make Love to Me ) '' -- 2 : 53 1991 remix ( edit ) Remixed by Dean Thatcher and Jagz for Flying Vinyl . 7 '' single `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick ' 91 '' ( The Flying Remix ) -- 3 : 54 `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' ( Original Version ) -- 3 : 42 12 '' single `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick ' 91 '' ( The Flying Remix ) -- 6 : 50 `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' ( Original Version ) -- 3 : 42 `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' ( Live Version ) -- 5 : 18 CD single `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick ' 91 '' ( The Flying Remix 7 '' Version ) -- 3 : 54 `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick ' 91 '' ( The Flying Remix 12 '' Version ) -- 6 : 50 `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' ( Original Version ) -- 3 : 42 `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' ( Live Version ) -- 5 : 18 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Peak positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 -- 79 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 12 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 14 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 22 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 9 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 9 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 27 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 13 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 1,129,369 Cover versions ( edit ) A dance version of the track was released in Europe by Jezebel Brown & the Ya Yas in 1991 . The song was also recorded as a duet by German alternative acts Freaky Fukin Weirdoz and Nina Hagen and released as a single in Germany in 1994 . It appears on Hagen 's compilation album Sternenmädchen , released in 2001 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mason , Stewart . `` Ian Dury - Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Singles of the Year '' . NME . London , England : IPC Media . 23 December 1978 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert . `` The 1979 Pazz & Jop Critics Poll '' . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Ingram , Matt ( 31 October 2010 ) . `` 20 best : Post-Punk 7 '' s ever made `` . Fact . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Rob ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Dury , Jemima , ed. ( 2012 ) . Hallo Sausages : The Lyrics of Ian Dury . London , England : Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4088 - 1214 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Dury , 2012 . p. 118 . ^ Jump up to : Buskin , Richard ( October 2007 ) . `` Classic Tracks : Ian Dury & The Blockheads -- ' Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick ' '' . Sound on Sound . Cambridge , England : SOS Publications Ltd : 156 -- 64 . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dury Deletion '' . Music Week . London , England : Spotlight Publications : 3 . 24 February 1979 . Jump up ^ `` Pendulum and Black Eyed Peas make historic week for sales charts '' . Music Week . London , England : United Business Media . 1 June 2010 . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David , ed. ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London , England : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 173 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904994 - 10 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , New South Wales , Australia : Australian Chart Book . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 646 - 11917 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Ian Dury & the Blockheads -- Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ian Dury & the Blockheads -- Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Ian Dury & the Blockheads -- Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Ian Dury & the Blockheads -- Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Ian Dury & the Blockheads -- Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Ian Dury & the Blockheads -- Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Ian Dury & the Blockheads -- Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles 1979 '' . Music Week . London , England : Spotlight Publications : 27 . 22 December 1979 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Ian Dury & the Blockheads -- Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Enter Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick in the search field and then press Enter . Bibliography ( edit ) Balls , Richard ( 2000 ) . Sex and Drugs and Rock and Roll : The Life of Ian Dury . London , England : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 7721 - 1 . Drury , Jim ( 2004 ) . Ian Dury and the Blockheads : Song by Song . London , England : Sanctuary Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86074 - 557 - 7 . Birch , Will ( 2010 ) . Ian Dury : The Definitive Biography . London , England : Pan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 51148 - 3 . Preceded by `` Y.M.C.A. '' by Village People UK number - one single 27 January 1979 Succeeded by `` Heart of Glass '' by Blondie hide The Blockheads Chaz Jankel Norman Watt - Roy John Turnbull Mick Gallagher Derek Hussey John Roberts Lee Harris Gilad Atzmon Davey Payne Dave Lewis Luke Gallagher Ian Dury Charlie Charles Stephen Monti Merlin Rhys - Jones Will Parnell Dylan Howe Wilko Johnson Studio albums Do It Yourself Laughter Mr. Love Pants Ten More Turnips from the Tip Live albums Straight from the Desk Singles `` What a Waste '' `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' `` Reasons to be Cheerful , Part 3 '' `` Sueperman 's Big Sister '' `` Dance Little Rude Boy '' Related articles Discography Live Stiffs Live hide Ian Dury Studio albums New Boots and Panties ! ! Lord Upminster 4,000 Weeks ' Holiday ( w / The Music Students ) Apples The Bus Driver 's Prayer & Other Stories With The Blockheads Do It Yourself Laughter Live ! Warts ' n ' Audience Mr. Love Pants Straight from the Desk Ten More Turnips from the Tip With Kilburn & the High Roads Handsome Wotabunch ! The Best Of Kilburn & the High Roads Singles `` Rough Kids '' `` Crippled With Nerves '' `` Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll '' `` Sweet Gene Vincent '' `` What a Waste '' `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' `` Billy Bentley '' `` Reasons to be Cheerful , Part 3 '' `` I Want To Be Straight '' `` Sueperman 's Big Sister '' `` Spasticus Autisticus '' `` Really Glad You Came '' `` Very Personal '' `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick ( remix ) '' `` Profoundly In Love With Pandora '' `` Apples '' `` Dance Little Rude Boy '' `` Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll '' ( re-release ) Compilations Live Stiffs Live Films Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hit_Me_with_Your_Rhythm_Stick&oldid=836857076 '' Categories : 1978 songs 1978 singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Stiff Records singles Ian Dury songs Songs written by Ian Dury Songs written by Chaz Jankel List songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Tip Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UK Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 07 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang hit me with your rythm stick | [
"\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" is a song by Ian Dury and the Blockheads, first released as a single on Stiff Records in the UK on 23 November 1978. Written by Dury and the Blockheads' multi-instrumentalist Chaz Jankel, it is the group's most successful single, reaching number one on the UK Singles Chart in January 1979 as well as reaching the top three in Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, and it was also a top 20 hit in several European countries."
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"by Ian Dury and the Blockheads"
] |
-5636187461192986143 | Northumberland Development Project | Northumberland development project - wikipedia Northumberland development project Jump to : navigation , search Northumberland Development Project Artist 's impression of the Northumberland Development Project Full name Northumberland Development Project Location London , England , United Kingdom 51 ° 36 ′ 17.1 '' N 0 ° 03 ′ 59.1 '' W / 51.604750 ° N 0.066417 ° W / 51.604750 ; - 0.066417 Owner Tottenham Hotspur F.C. Operator Tottenham Hotspur F.C. Capacity 61,559 Field size 105 x 68 m Surface Grass ( Association football games ) Artificial turf ( American football games ) Construction Broke ground 2014 Built 2015 -- ( incomplete ) Opened 2018 ( planned ) Construction cost Estimated at around £ 750 million Architect Populous Structural engineer Buro Happold General contractor McLaren Construction Main contractors Mace The Northumberland Development Project is a project to build a football stadium in London which will replace White Hart Lane as the home stadium of Tottenham Hotspur . The stadium has a planned capacity of 61,559 spectators . The development plans have been revised several times and currently comprise a combination of 579 new homes , a 180 - room hotel , a local community health centre , a `` Tottenham Experience '' -- a Spurs museum and club shop , an extreme sports facility and the already complete Lilywhite House , which contains a supermarket , university technical college and new club administration buildings . Following periods of consultation with the local community , and several rounds of negotiations with Haringey Council and then - Mayor of London , Boris Johnson , planning permissions for the project were issued in September 2011 . A compulsory purchase order ( CPO ) issued in July 2014 giving approval for the new stadium scheme to proceed was subject to an unsuccessful legal challenge in February 2015 . During the long CPO delays , the current designs were developed and the new planning application was approved for them by Haringey Council on 17 December 2015 . The anticipated stadium opening date has been revised several times and is currently scheduled for the 2018 -- 19 season . The new stadium will also serve as a venue for at least two of the National Football League ( NFL ) 's London Games each season . The NFL has invested £ 10 million ( $12.8 m ) in Tottenham 's new stadium , just over 1 % of the budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Design agency 1.2 Projected opening dates 1.3 Temporary stadium options 1.4 Development project plans 1.5 Project funding 2 Planning permission 2.1 Planning applications 2.2 Regeneration and infrastructure projects 2.3 Compulsory purchase order proceedings 3 Olympic Stadium plans 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) The club stated in 2007 that it was considering options for increasing stadium capacity involving redevelopment of the current site or a move to a new site . It advised in the 2007 / 8 Interim Financial Statement that the preferred option would be announced in the first half of 2008 , but later delayed this decision until the autumn of 2008 . The club had also considered a move to a new site . One possibility for the club was to use the Olympic Stadium after the London 2012 Olympics . This would have involved a move out of the Tottenham area and the stadium was required to retain a running track , so the club dropped the plan . Design Agency ( edit ) In November 2007 Tony Winterbottom , formerly of the London Development Agency , who had worked on development of Arsenal 's Emirates Stadium , was reported as leading the development of the options for the new stadium . In April 2008 it was revealed in the press that investigations were taking place into the possible use of the adjacent Wingate industrial estate . If planning permission and the agreement of the current businesses there was granted , a 55 -- 60,000 - seat stadium could be constructed on the current White Hart Lane site . In December 2008 , the design for the new stadium , by KSS Design Group and Buro Happold was revealed . A new design team was announced in July 2015 alongside revised stadium plans . Populous in respect of the stadium design , the hotel and the visitor attractions ; Allies and Morrison for the new homes ; and Donald Insall Associates as heritage architect . Projected opening dates ( edit ) The projected completion date has been put back on several occasions . In 2009 , the Spurs ' chairman Daniel Levy stated that Spurs intend to move into the partially built new stadium for the start of the 2012 -- 13 season , with the final 56,250 - seat venue ready for the following campaign . Subsequent delays in 2013 relating to compulsory purchase put the completion date back to first to 2016 and in April 2014 , it was revised to Summer 2017 . Following the 2015 High Court case the opening date was revised to 2018 / 19 season . Temporary stadium options ( edit ) Tottenham Hotspur indicated that to mitigate delays that occurred in the planning process it sook to accelerate the construction of the new stadium by relocating on a temporary basis to an alternative stadium venue . Several stadia were mooted for ground - sharing , including Wembley Stadium and Stadium mk , the Milton Keynes Dons ' ground . Other locations include the Boleyn Ground once West Ham United have relocated to the London Stadium , the Rugby Football Union 's Twickenham Stadium , and even a ground - share with West Ham at London Stadium in Stratford . After some time it was announced on 28 May 2016 , that Tottenham would play European matches at Wembley from the 2016 / 17 season , with all games to be played at the stadium in the 2017 / 18 season . Development project plans ( edit ) The new stadium under development in May 2017 , West Stand of White Hart Lane partially demolished The Northumberland Development Project covers an area of around 20 acres ( 81,000 m ) , bordered by Park Lane to the South , Worcester Avenue to the East , Northumberland Park to the North and the High Road to the West . Initial plans were that the new stadium would be built alongside the existing White Hart Lane Construction of the new stadium in July 2017 Tottenham Hotspur had originally planned to move into the new stadium , while it is partially built , for the beginning of the 2012 -- 13 season , and the stadium would be completed by the end of the following season . However , delays due to the compulsory purchase order , need to submit revised plans and seek funding have delayed the project . September 2012 saw the start of the project with work on the site where a Sainsburys supermarket is now located , as part of Phase 1 , the construction of Lilywhite House . The estimated completion date of the whole project was then anticipated as 2016 . Spurs have not released the projected cost of the stadium , although it is estimated the original plans were around £ 400 million . Instead of maintaining the White Hart Lane name , the club plans to pursue corporate sponsorship of the stadium , with Spurs eyeing potential suitors in the UAE and FedEx . Lilywhite House The project overall design announced in July 2015 comprises : Stadium with a 61,000 capacity , including single tier stand with 17,000 seats . Incorporating fully retractable pitch for NFL games . Media and medical facilities along with player changing facilities were enhanced in the June 2015 design revision with stadium car parking relocated from ground level to a newly designed basement area . Offices incorporating both Grade II listed and new buildings comprising ticket offices , club store the Tottenham Hotspur Foundation and museum . Public open space , incorporating a multi-use games area and cafes . Redevelopment of the High Road for improved crowd management . 579 new homes ( increased from 200 in 2012 ) , including affordable housing . New 180 bedroom hotel with 49 serviced apartments will occupy the upper floors . New community health centre . Extreme Sports venue , including the tallest indoor climbing wall in the world . Sainsbury 's supermarket with parking , with club offices above . The supermarket opened in November 2013 , with the offices in February 2015 , as the completed Lilywhite House . A primary school run by the E-ACT Free Schools Trust in partnership with the Department for Education and the club . A University Technical College specialising in sports , science and health in partnership with Middlesex University was given provisional approval by the Secretary of State for Education in April 2013 and final agreement was reached with the club in September 2013 . But in September 2017 it will be the building used for the London Academy of Excellence Tottenham . The building itself was opened in September 2014 in the Lilywhite House . The club , which is a founding participant of the 10 : 10 environmental campaign has summarised the energy saving measures and other environmentally friendly elements of the project which it claims will reduce carbon dioxide emissions by around 40 % compared to current Building Regulation requirements and make it one of the most environmentally sustainable stadiums in the United Kingdom . Project funding ( edit ) On 21 August 2009 Tottenham Hotspur made a Stock Exchange announcement that it was issuing 30 million new shares aimed at raising £ 15 million to fund the first stage of the proposed development . The funds specifically relate to the professional costs required to advance the project to the point where a full planning application can be submitted . The club 's major shareholder , ENIC International Ltd subscribed to take up 27.8 million of the shares . The club have also bid for an investment from the Regional Growth Fund ( RGF ) . A decision is still awaited . On 22 July 2011 , supporter group Supporting Our Future submitted a proposal for a £ 50 million funding initiative to Spurs to support the Northumberland Development Project by way of a Community Share scheme . This proposal was presented after polling Spurs fans on their views of the club and Northumberland Park Development , and extensive consultation with the club , Haringey Council , and Supporters Direct . The club announced in April 2014 that it had divested some ' non-core ' properties to the west of the High Road relating to phase 1 of the project to TH Property Limited , a subsidiary of ENIC , with the proceeds used to pay down debt secured against those properties . In April 2017 , it was reported that the NFL contributed £ 10 million to provide American football accommodations in exchange for allowing two NFL games per year in the stadium . Planning permission ( edit ) Planning applications ( edit ) The club originally submitted a planning application for the stadium to Haringey Council in October 2009 , with a view to starting construction in 2010 . However , following criticism by English Heritage , and the Government 's advisory body on architecture , the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment , and other conservation groups about the proposed demolition of listed buildings , in May 2010 the club withdrew its planning application in favour of a revised plan , which retained the listed buildings , reduced the number of new - build residential houses and improved the public spaces . On 30 September the Planning Committee of Haringey Council unanimously approved the revised planning application . Daniel Levy , Tottenham chairman said : - `` Clearly we are delighted with this unanimous decision and are grateful to all those who expressed such clear support for the plans . I should stress that there is still much work to be done . We shall continue to work with Haringey Council and the application will now be considered by the Mayor of London and referred to the Secretary of State . '' '' The Mayor of London gave his approval to the plans to redevelop the stadium on 25 November 2010 . The club confirmed , on 9 December 2010 , that the Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs had written to confirm that she did not propose to call in the planning application and that English Heritage would not be seeking further consideration of the listed building consent application for the Northumberland Development Project , the club concluded the Section 106 agreement with Haringey Council and planning permission was granted on 20 September 2011 . In December 2015 , largely revised plans were approved by Haringey Council that would enable the higher capacity 61,000 seat stadium to be built as well as widening of the High Road pavement leading to the new stadium by demolishing three buildings ( Edmonton Dispensary , The Red House , and the former White Hart Public House ) . Regeneration and infrastructure projects ( edit ) Following the riots in the Tottenham area other parts of London and elsewhere in England in August 2011 the Greater London Authority and Haringey Council announced on 28 September that it would relieve the club of all community infrastructure payments that planners would normally require , estimated at £ 8.5 m , and to provide a further £ 8.5 m for regeneration and infrastructure projects . As part of the agreement an additional £ 9m was also committed by the London Borough of Haringey to improve services for residents in the area . Reports that the development would not be pursued resulted in concessions by Haringey Council on the section 106 planning obligations for the development . The initial demand of 50 % affordable housing was abandoned while Spurs increased the number of dwellings to be created as part of the development from 200 to 285 market - rates homes . The initial Section 106 agreement for £ 16.436 m investment in community infrastructure was reduced to £ 0.477 m . The council agreed instead in February 2012 to produce an `` area - wide regeneration masterplan '' involving the mass clearance of the existing homes and businesses , the creation of a relocated White Hart Lane station and a walkway for fans from the station to the stadium , and the building of new apartments . This is a controversial outcome , given the high levels of deprivation in Tottenham and the high levels of demand for social housing . The club planned to rename the White Hart Lane station to Tottenham Hotspur . Compulsory purchase order proceedings ( edit ) In April 2013 a Public Inquiry was held about the last remaining property to be acquired . Following this , the Planning Inspector recommended refusal of Haringey 's application for a Compulsory Purchase Order in his report dated 24 September 2013 , because he thought it was unacceptable that the London Borough of Haringey had waived the affordable housing requirement in the original S. 106 Agreement . On 11 July 2014 , a much delayed decision by Eric Pickles , the Secretary of State for the Department for Communities and Local Government agreed with a compulsory purchase order made by the London Borough of Haringey enabling the project to proceed . Tottenham Hotspur issued a statement reporting it had ensured that the plans for the new stadium had been `` optimised and future - proofed '' during the long process of granting the compulsory purchase order . In September 2014 , the remaining business with two plots on the development site , Archway Sheet Metal Works , initiated a legal challenge in the High Court that the compulsory purchase order was unlawful and invalid . On 20 February 2015 , the High Court judge ruled that the compulsory purchase order was legal and valid . He also refused permission to appeal though it could be referred directly to the Court of Appeal , which on 13 March 2015 Archway Steel confirmed to the Club it would not be pursuing . On 31 March 2015 , in a joint statement the Club and Archway Sheet Metal Works announced that agreement had been concluded on the sale of the remaining plots on the Paxton Road required for the development to proceed . Olympic stadium plans ( edit ) On 1 October 2010 Daniel Levy confirmed in a press statement issued following planning approval of the Northumberland Development plan the previous day that the club had also registered an interest in the Olympic Stadium site in conjunction with AEG ( Europe ) as the deadline for declaring interest was on 30 September 2010 . The Chairman explained that : - `` It is only prudent and good management that we ensure that we investigate all possible options for the club . We were informed by the Olympic Park Legacy Company that were we not to register an interest at this time , there would not be an opportunity at any future date . '' On 12 November 2010 the Olympic Park Legacy Company ( OPLC ) announced that together with West Ham United , the Tottenham Hotspur / AEG consortium were the preferred bidders to take over the Olympic stadium after the 2012 Olympics . The OPLC advised that negotiations would proceed with both bidders and the winning bid would be confirmed in March 2011 . On 13 January 2011 , David Lammy , the Member of Parliament for Tottenham threatened to take legal action against the use of name ' Tottenham ' if the club went ahead with a move out of Tottenham . The OPLC announced on 11 February 2011 , that West Ham had been selected as the preferred bidder for the Olympic Stadium , subject to the decision being ratified by Government departments and the Mayor of London . In a statement Tottenham Hotspur advised that as the deal was not yet concluded the club would continue to `` monitor the situation '' . Spurs then applied for a judicial review to overturn the OPLC 's decision , however this appeal was rejected in June 2011 The Olympic Legacy Company announced on 5 July 2011 that an independent review into the awarding of the Olympic Park Stadium to West Ham F.C. was to be carried out on its behalf by auditors Moore Stephens . This was a consequence of the discovery on 30 June 2011 that an employee of the Legacy Company , Dionne Knight , had been engaged by West Ham to carry out consultancy work relating to the Olympic Stadium without permission of the OPLC . The OPLC announced that Ms Knight had been suspended while a possible conflict of interest was investigated . It also became known that Ms Knight had already declared to the OPLC that she was in a personal relationship with a director of the football club . Meanwhile , Tottenham Hotspur announced it was seeking another judicial review of the decision to award the stadium to West Ham after the Olympics . On 24 August 2011 , Tottenham and Leyton Orient won a review of the decision , being told that they had an arguable case . The review was due to take place on 18 October 2011 . However , on 11 October 2011 the deal to sell the stadium to West Ham collapsed . On 17 October 2011 it was announced by the government that Tottenham Hotspur ( and Leyton Orient F.C. ) had withdrawn legal action seeking a judicial review into the handing of the Olympic Stadium to West Ham . See also ( edit ) London portal English football portal American football portal Ground developments to football stadiums in the English football league system Potential London NFL franchise References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tottenham 's new stadium gets capacity boost to 61,559 as Haringey Council approves planning application '' . Daily Mail Sport. 5 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mace wins £ 400m Spurs stadium deal '' . Construction Enquirer. 21 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tottenham reveal new ground plan '' . BBC Sport. 30 October 2008 . Retrieved 24 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : ollege_and_more_flats_1_1187677 new plans for stadium site Tottenahm and Wood Green Journal 25 January 2012 , Retrieved 29 May 2013 ^ Jump up to : Stadium Plans `` THFC Official website Accessed 2 October 2010 Jump up ^ `` Tottenham sign planning agreement to build new stadium '' . BBC . 20 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Tottenham Hotspur stadium scheme gets the green light '' . Department for Communities and Local Government . 11 July 2014 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : plans for new stadium given massive boost as business looking to block move loses High Court appeal . Daily Telegraph 20 February 2015 , Accessed 20 February 2015 Jump up ^ `` STADIUM UPDATE '' . tottenhamhotspur.com. 17 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tottenham Hotspur stadium dispute firm in court challenge BBC News online 15 January 2015 , Accessed 20 February 2015 Jump up ^ `` Tottenham Hotspur will host NFL matches at new stadium '' . BBC Sport. 8 July 2015 . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ http://stadiumdb.com/news/2017/04/london_nfl_invests_in_tottenham_stadium Jump up ^ `` Stadium Update '' . Tottenhamhotspur.com. 6 May 2008 . Retrieved 25 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs rule out 2012 stadium move '' . BBC Sport. 16 October 2006 . Retrieved 24 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Mihir Bose ( 5 November 2007 ) . `` Tottenham plan stadium expansion '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 3 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Spurs consider White Hart Lane exit for 55,000 - seat stadium The Guardian , 9 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs reveal images of new ground '' . BBC Sport. 15 December 2008 . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Project Update THFC Website , Accessed 12 July 2015 Jump up ^ Spurs aim for new stadium by 2012 ^ Jump up to : Work Begins on Stadium Plans Haringey Independent , Retrieved 28 May 2013 ^ Jump up to : Tottenham release financial results and give new stadium update fcbusiness 2 April 2014 , Accessed 20 February 2015 Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36404799 Jump up ^ `` Spurs reveal images of new ground '' . BBC Sport. 15 December 2008 . Retrieved 24 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Sheringham , Sam ( 26 October 2009 ) . `` Spurs aim for new stadium by 2012 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Isaacs , Marc ( 14 November 2008 ) . `` Tottenham Hotspur release plans for new stadium as Harry Redknapp praised '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 24 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham Hotspur Seek UAE Sponsorship '' . Khaleej Times . 12 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Northumberland Development Project Update -- Basement Application THFC website published 23 June 2015 , Accessed 26 June 2015 Jump up ^ TOTTENHAM HOTSPUR AND SAINSBURY 'S ANNOUNCE NEW STORE AS PART OF NEW STADIUM SCHEME THFC website . Retrieved 29 February 2011 ^ Jump up to : http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/club-announcement-160215/ Jump up ^ E-ACT free school to open in Tottenham Hotspur stadium housing development The Independent . Retrieved 24 May 2012 Jump up ^ plans for University Sports College Haringey Independent 4 April 1913 , Retrieved 28 May 2013 Jump up ^ Out - Law news Tottenham Hotspur FC reach agreement for university college development , Retrieved 18 September 2013 Jump up ^ `` Stock Exchange Announcement -- Placing of new shares to raise £ 15 million '' . Tottenham Hotspur. 9 August 2009 . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Northumberland Development Project -- Club submits bid to Regional Growth Fund ( RGF ) '' . Northumberland Development Project -- Club submits bid to Regional Growth Fund ( RGF ) . Tottenham Hotspur FC . Jump up ^ Supporting Our Future -- News -- Supporting Our Future Community Share Proposal to Tottenham Hotspur FC and Haringey Borough Council Jump up ^ Supporting Our Future -- News -- Fan Referendum 2011 , Results Now Online ! Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Tottenham 's plans to redevelop White Hart Lane shown red card Times online . Retrieved 22 May 2010 Jump up ^ Northumberland Development Project Update -- News Articles -- Tottenhamhotspur.com . Retrieved 20 September 2011 Jump up ^ Tottenham 's revised stadium plans approved by Haringey Council BBC News . Retrieved 17 December 2015 Jump up ^ `` Club reveal next stage plans for Northumberland Development Tottenham stadium : Club offered White Hart Lane deal '' . BBC . 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 18 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Spurs staying in Tottenham is `` excellent news '' Enfield Independent . Retrieved 24 May 2012 Jump up ^ `` Spurs given green light to drop affordable homes '' . insidehousing.co.uk. 14 February 2012 . Retrieved 14 Aug 2014 . Jump up ^ Conn , David ( 30 October 2013 ) . `` Tottenham 's new stadium : how club can cash in on development plan '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Collomosse , Tom ( 12 October 2016 ) . `` Tottenham set to pay under £ 12m to change White Hart Lane station name as TfL file planning application for major improvements '' . Evening Standard . Jump up ^ DCLG letter dated 11 July 2014 , followed by report of David Nicholson , original inspector for local inquiry , whose recommendations were rejected by Eric Pickles Jump up ^ `` NORTHUMBERLAND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT -- CPO CONFIRMED '' . Tottenham Hotspur. 11 July 2014 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Tottenham stadium delay means club face season away from home BBC Sport website 10 December 2014 , Accessed 20 February 2015 Jump up ^ Northumberland Development Project Update THFC News website 13 March 2015 , Accessed 15 March 2015 Jump up ^ Joint Statement THFC website published 31 March 2015 , Accessed 31 March 2015 Jump up ^ `` Tottenham and West Ham lead London 2012 stadium bid '' BBC News online , Accessed 12 November 2010 Jump up ^ Leave Tottenham and you become Stratford Hotspur , local MP tells club , Accessed 13 January 2011 Jump up ^ West Ham chosen as preferred Olympic Stadium tenant BBC Sport online Retrieved 12 February 2011 Jump up ^ Kirk , Tristan . `` Spurs judicial review bid over Olympic Stadium rejected by judge '' . Spurs judicial review bid over Olympic Stadium rejected by judge . Haringey Independent . Retrieved 25 June 2011 . Jump up ^ London 2012 : OPLC reviews Olympic Stadium bid process `` BBC News online '' . Retrieved 16 July 2011 Jump up ^ `` Spurs win right to challenge 2012 stadium decision '' . BBC News . 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Stadium Bid Collapsed '' . soccernet. 11 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham Hotspur ends 2012 Olympic Stadium legal bid '' . BBC News . 18 October 2011 . External links ( edit ) Tottenham Hotspur Future Plans Tottenham Hotspur Football Club Players Managers Reserves & Academy Records & Statistics Honours Current Season History History Seasons European Record Home Stadium White Hart Lane Wembley Stadium Northumberland Development Project ( Planned ) Rivalries North London derby Chelsea rivalry Other Superleague Formula team Tottenham Hotspur Ladies F.C. Future and proposed sports stadiums in Great Britain Proposed New White Hart Lane -- London ( 61,000 ) City of Birmingham Stadium -- Birmingham ( 55,000 ) Crystal Palace Park -- London ( 40,000 ) New Queens Park -- London ( 40,000 ) New Stadium -- Aberdeen ( 22,000 ) Fossetts Farm -- Southend ( 22,000 ) UWE Stadium -- Bristol ( 21,700 ) Brentford Community Stadium -- Brentford ( 17,250 ) Five Towns Stadium -- Castleford ( 13,000 ) Newmarket Stadium -- Wakefield ( 12,000 ) Plough Lane -- Wimbledon ( 11,000 ) Olive Grove -- Sheffield ( 10,000 ) Stadium for Cornwall -- Threemilestone ( 10,000 ) York Community Stadium -- York ( 8,005 ) New Swinton Stadium -- Swinton ( 750 ) Calder Park -- Aberdeen Approved and current major construction projects in London Development sites Battersea Power Station Brent Cross Cricklewood Chelsea Barracks Cherry Orchard Road Convoys Wharf Earl 's Court Elephant and Castle ( Heygate Estate ) Embassy Gardens Greenwich Peninsula Kidbrooke Village King 's Cross Central Lewisham Gateway London Riverside Northumberland Development Project One Tower Bridge Olympic Park ( East Village ) Paddington Waterside Royal Albert Dock Ruskin Square Southall Gas Works Wembley City Westfield Croydon Westfield London Phase 2 Wood Wharf Buildings One Blackfriars 22 Bishopsgate 40 Leadenhall Street 100 Bishopsgate Baltimore Tower Heron Quays West Landmark Pinnacle North Quay One Park Place Principal Place Riverside South Spire London St George Wharf Tower The Scalpel Transport Crossrail ( Bond Street station , Paddington station , Tottenham Court Road station ) Northern line extension to Battersea Victoria Underground station Thameslink Programme ( Farringdon station , London Bridge station ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northumberland_Development_Project&oldid=812095656 '' Categories : Tottenham Hotspur F.C. Sports venues in London Football venues in London American football venues in the United Kingdom National Football League venues NFL International Series Stadiums under construction Proposed stadiums in the United Kingdom Proposed football venues in England Hidden categories : Use British English from June 2013 Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 עברית 日本 語 Norsk Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 00 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where will the new tottenham stadium be built | [
"\nNorthumberland Development Project\n\n\nArtist's impression of the Northumberland Development Project\n\n\n\nFull name\nNorthumberland Development Project\n\n\nLocation\nLondon, England, United Kingdom\n\n\nCoordinates\n51°36′17.1″N 0°03′59.1″W / 51.604750°N 0.066417°W / 51.604750; -0.066417\n\n\nOwner\nTottenham Hotspur F.C.\n\n\nOperator\nTottenham Hotspur F.C.\n\n\nCapacity\n61,559[1]\n\n\nField size\n105 x 68 m\n\n\nSurface\nGrass (Association football games)\nArtificial turf (American football games)\n\n\nConstruction\n\n\nBroke ground\n2014\n\n\nBuilt\n2015– (incomplete)\n\n\nOpened\n2018 (planned)\n\n\nConstruction cost\nEstimated at around £750 million\n\n\nArchitect\nPopulous\n\n\nStructural engineer\nBuro Happold\n\n\nGeneral contractor\nMcLaren Construction\n\n\nMain contractors\nMace[2]\n\n"
] | [
"London, England, United Kingdom"
] |
-6561142121338395840 | Fiddler on the Roof (film) | Fiddler on the Roof ( film ) - wikipedia Fiddler on the Roof ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fiddler on the Roof Theatrical release poster by Ted CoConis Directed by Norman Jewison Produced by Norman Jewison Walter Mirisch ( Uncredited ) Screenplay by Joseph Stein Based on Tevye and His Daughters by Sholem Aleichem Starring Topol Norma Crane Leonard Frey Molly Picon Paul Mann Music by Jerry Bock ( Music ) Sheldon Harnick ( Lyrics ) John Williams ( Adaptation ) Cinematography Oswald Morris Edited by Antony Gibbs Robert Lawrence Production company The Mirisch Production Company Distributed by United Artists Release date November 3 , 1971 ( 1971 - 11 - 03 ) Running time 179 minutes Country United States Language English Hebrew Russian Budget $9 million Box office $83.3 million Fiddler on the Roof is a 1971 American musical comedy - drama film produced and directed by Norman Jewison . It is an adaptation of the 1964 Broadway musical of the same name , with music composed by Jerry Bock , lyrics by Sheldon Harnick , and screenplay by Joseph Stein . Starring Topol , Norma Crane , Leonard Frey , Molly Picon , and Paul Mann , the film centers on Tevye , the father of five daughters , and his attempts to maintain his Jewish religious and cultural traditions as outside influences encroach upon the family 's lives . He must cope both with the strong - willed actions of his three older daughters , who wish to marry for love -- each one 's choice of a husband moves further away from the customs of his faith -- and with the edict of the Tsar that evicts the Jews from the town of Anatevka . Throughout the film , Tevye breaks the fourth wall by talking directly to the audience as well as to God . In addition to the difficulties of being poor , Tevye speaks of the Jewish community 's constant fear of harassment from their non-Jewish neighbors . The film was released to critical acclaim and won three Academy Awards , including Best Music , Scoring Adaptation and Original Song Score for arranger - conductor John Williams . It was nominated for several more , including Best Picture , Best Actor for Topol as Tevye , and Best Supporting Actor for Frey , who played Motel Kamzoil the Tailor . Both Topol and Frey had previously performed in stage productions of the musical ; Topol as Tevye in the London production and Frey in a minor part as Mendel , the rabbi 's son , on Broadway . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Act 1 1.2 Intermission 1.3 Act 2 2 Cast 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 5 Differences from the Broadway musical 6 Release 6.1 Roadshow presentation 6.2 Reception 7 Awards and honors 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) The film 's plot largely follows that of the musical from which it is adapted . Act 1 ( edit ) In 1905 , Tevye , a poor Jewish milkman living in the Ukrainian village of Anatevka , a typical shtetl in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia , compares the lives of the Jews of Anatevka to a fiddler on the roof , using tradition to `` scratch out a pleasant , simple tune '' without breaking their necks . In town , Tevye meets Perchik , a radical Marxist from Kiev . Tevye invites Perchik to stay with his family , and offers him food in exchange for Perchik tutoring his daughters . Tevye arranges for his oldest daughter , Tzeitel , to marry Lazar Wolf , a wealthy butcher . Tzeitel is in love with her childhood sweetheart , Motel Kamzoil , and begs her father not to make her marry Lazar Wolf . Although he is initially angry , Tevye realizes that Tzeitel loves Motel and yields to his daughter 's demands . In order to convince his wife Golde that Tzeitel should not be married to Lazar Wolf , Tevye claims to have had a nightmare . He says that Golde 's deceased grandmother told him Tzeitel is supposed to marry Motel , and that Lazar Wolf 's late wife , Fruma - Sarah , threatened to kill Tzeitel if the two are married . Golde concludes that the dream was a message from their ancestors , and Tzeitel and Motel arrange to be married . Meanwhile , Tevye 's second daughter , Hodel , and Perchik begin to fall in love . They argue over the story of Leah and the place of old religious traditions in a changing world . The two dance together , which is considered forbidden by Orthodox Jewish tradition . Perchik tells Hodel that they just changed an old tradition . At Tzeitel and Motel 's wedding , an argument breaks out after Lazar Wolf presents the newlyweds with gifts . When Tevye tries to speak to Lazar about the Torah , Lazar refuses to listen , arguing that the wedding should have been his all along . Minutes later , another argument breaks out over whether a girl should be able to choose her own husband . Perchik addresses the crowd and says that , since they love each other , it should be left for the couple to decide . He creates further controversy by asking Hodel to dance with him . The crowd gradually warms to the idea and Tevye and Golde , then Motel and Tzeitel , join in dancing . The wedding proceeds with great joy . Suddenly , the military presence in the town and the constable arrive and begin a pogrom . The constable stops the attack on the wedding celebration after Perchik is wounded in the scuffle with the Tsar 's men ; however , he allows the men to continue destroying property in the village . Tevye and the immediate family stand still , until Tevye angrily orders them to clean up instead of standing around . Tevye silently asks why God allowed this to happen to them . Intermission ( edit ) In its original theatrical release , the film was shown with an intermission and entr'acte music . Act 2 ( edit ) Months later , Perchik prepares to leave Anatevka for the revolution . He proposes to Hodel , and she accepts . When they tell Tevye , he is furious that they have decided to marry without his permission , but he again relents because they love each other . Tevye tells Golde his reasons for consenting to their daughter 's marriage , which leads them to re-evaluate their own arranged marriage . Tevye and Golde ultimately realize that , despite having been paired by a matchmaker , they do love each other . Weeks later , Perchik is arrested in Kiev and is exiled to Siberia . Hodel decides to join him there . She promises Tevye that she and Perchik will be married under a canopy . Meanwhile , Tzeitel and Motel become parents , and Motel finally buys the sewing machine for which he has long scrimped and saved . Tevye 's third daughter Chava falls in love with a Russian Orthodox Christian named Fyedka . Tevye tells Chava to be distant friends with Fyedka , because of the difference in their religions . When Chava eventually works up the courage to ask Tevye 's permission to marry Fyedka , Tevye tells her that marrying outside the family 's faith is against tradition . He forbids her from having any contact with Fyedka or from even mentioning his name . The next morning , Fyedka and Chava elope and are married in a Russian Orthodox church . Golde learns of the marriage when she meets up with the priest . When a grief - stricken Golde tells Tevye about the marriage , he tells her that Chava is dead to the family and that they shall forget her altogether . Chava asks Tevye to accept her marriage . In a soliloquy , Tevye concludes that he can not accept Chava marrying a non-Jew . He accuses her of abandoning the Jewish faith and disowns her . One winter day , the Jews of Anatevka are notified that they have three days to leave the village or be forced out by the government . Tevye , his family and friends begin packing up to leave , heading for various parts of Europe , Palestine , and the United States . Lazer Wolf plans to emigrate to Chicago , to live with his former sister in law , whom he detests , but has no other living options . Lazer and Tevya share one last embrace before departing . Yente , the Matchmaker , plans to emigrate to Jerusalem , Palestine , and says goodbye to Golde with an embrace before departing . Tevye receives letters from Hodel mentioning that she is working hard while Perchik stays in the Siberian prison . It is hoped that when Perchik is released , they will join the others in the United States . Chava and her husband Fyedka come to Tevye 's house and tell the family that they are leaving , being unable to stay in a place that would force innocent people out . They head to Kraków , Poland . Tevye shows signs of forgiving Chava by murmuring under his breath `` And God be with you , '' silently urging Tzeitel to repeat his words to Chava . Golde calls out to Chava and Fyedka , telling them where they will be living in New York . The Constable silently watches as the mass evacuation of Anatevka takes place . The community forms their circle at a crossroad one last time before scattering in different directions . Tevye spots the fiddler and motions to him to come along , symbolizing that even though he must leave his town , his traditions will always be with him . Cast ( edit ) Topol as Tevye Norma Crane as Golde , his wife Rosalind Harris as Tzeitel , the oldest daughter Michele Marsh as Hodel , the second daughter Neva Small as Chava , the third daughter Molly Picon as Yente , the matchmaker Paul Mann as Lazar Wolf , the butcher , Tzeitel 's older suitor Leonard Frey as Motel Kamzoil , the tailor , Tzeitel 's eventual husband Michael Glaser as Perchik , the revolutionary , Hodel 's eventual husband Raymond Lovelock as Fyedka , a Christian , Chava 's eventual husband Elaine Edwards as Shprintze , the fourth daughter Candy Bonstein as Bielke , the fifth daughter Shimen Rushkin as Mordcha Zvee Scooler as Rabbi Louis Zorich as Constable Alfie Scopp as Avram Howard Goorney as Nachum Barry Dennen as Mendel Ruth Madoc as Fruma - Sarah , the butcher 's late wife Patience Collier as Grandmother Tzeitel Tutte Lemkow as Fiddler Marika Rivera as Rifka Aharon Ipale as Sheftel Roger Lloyd Pack as Sexton Vernon Dobtcheff as Russian official Kenneth Waller ( uncredited ) Norman Jewison : ( uncredited ) as the Rabbi in the `` Tevye 's Dream '' sequence ( singing `` Mazel Tov '' ) Musical numbers ( edit ) `` Prologue / Tradition '' -- Tevye and Company `` Matchmaker '' -- Tzeitel , Hodel , Chava , Shprintze , and Bielke `` If I Were a Rich Man '' -- Tevye `` Sabbath Prayer '' -- Tevye , Golde , and Chorus `` To Life '' -- Tevye , Lazar Wolf , and Male Company `` Tevye 's Monologue ( Tzeitel and Motel ) '' -- Tevye `` Miracle of Miracles '' -- Motel `` Tevye 's Dream '' -- Tevye , Golde , Grandmother Tzeitel , Rabbi , Fruma - Sarah , and Chorus `` Sunrise , Sunset '' -- Tevye , Golde , Perchik , Hodel , and Chorus `` Wedding Celebration / The Bottle Dance '' `` Entr'acte '' -- Orchestra `` Tevye 's Monologue ( Hodel and Perchik ) '' -- Tevye `` Do You Love Me ? '' -- Tevye and Golde `` Far from the Home I Love '' -- Hodel `` Chava Ballet Sequence ( Little Bird , Little Chavaleh ) '' -- Tevye `` Tevye 's Monologue ( Chava and Fyedka ) '' -- Tevye `` Anatevka '' -- Tevye , Golde , Lazar Wolf , Yente , Mendel , Mordcha , and Company Production ( edit ) The decision to cast Topol , instead of Zero Mostel , as Tevye was a somewhat controversial one , as the role had originated with Mostel and he had made it famous . Years later , Jewison explained that he felt Mostel 's larger - than - life personality , while fine on stage , would cause film audiences to see him as Mostel , rather than the character of Tevye . Principal photography was done at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire , England . Most of the exterior shots were done in SFR Yugoslavia -- specifically in Mala Gorica , Lekenik , and Zagreb within the Yugoslav constituent republic of Croatia . Isaac Stern provided the violin solos . Director Norman Jewison has a cameo as a rabbi during Tevya 's dream sequence . Differences from the Broadway musical ( edit ) The film follows the plot of the stage play very closely , retaining nearly all of the play 's dialogue , although it omits the songs `` Now I Have Everything '' and `` The Rumor ( I Just Heard ) '' . Lyrical portions of `` Tevye 's Dream ( Tailor Motel Kemzoil ) '' , were omitted to avoid repetition . Changes were also made in the song `` Tradition , '' with the film omitting the dialogue between Reb Nachum the beggar ( who , in the film , can not speak ) and Lazar Wolf as well as dialogue spoken by Yente and Avram . In addition , in the film , two men argue about whether a horse claimed to be six years old was actually twelve , rather than whether the horse was actually a mule . Seven additional scenes were added to the film : The Constable gets orders from his superior for a `` demonstration '' against the Jews ( referred to by the superior as `` Christ - killers '' ) in Anatevka . Perchik is arrested at a workers ' rally in Kiev . Golde goes to the priest to look for Chava ( described by her in the stage production ) . Motel gets dressed for his upcoming wedding to Tzeitel . The Rabbi and his students inside the synagogue receive news of the arrival of Motel 's new sewing machine . The Rabbi takes the Torah out of the ark inside the synagogue for the last time . He weeps and chants quietly about having to abandon the synagogue . Tevye feeds his animals in the barn for the final time . He tells his lame horse to take care of his leg and to treat his new owner and master well . The scene with Hodel and Perchik , where he plans to leave to start a revolution , was extended in the film . A new song intended to be sung by Perchik was recorded ( `` Any Day Now '' ) , but was omitted from the final print ; however , it was included in the 2004 re-released soundtrack . When the film was re-released in 1979 , 32 minutes were cut , including the songs `` Far from the Home I Love '' and `` Anatevka '' . In the film , Tevye and Lazar Wolf discuss Wolf 's proposed marriage to Tzeitel in Wolf 's home , while in the stage version , the two meet in a tavern . The film shows Wolf 's home as filled with golden artifacts . Prior to Wolf entering the scene , Tevye speaks to a female servant , who tells him not to touch anything . Although a faithful adaptation of the original stage version , Fiddler scholar Jan Lisa Huttner has noted several differences between stage and screen . She argues that changes in American culture and politics and developments in Israel led the filmmakers to portray certain characters differently and to offer a different version of Anatevka . For example , the Broadway production cast Bea Arthur as a tall , booming Yente , while the film portrays Yente as tiny and timid . Huttner also notes that the `` Chagall color palette '' of the original Broadway production was exchanged for a grittier , more realistic depiction of the village of Anatevka . Release ( edit ) Roadshow presentation ( edit ) Because the film follows the stage musical so closely , and the musical did not have an overture , the filmmakers chose to eliminate the customary film overture played before the beginning of most motion pictures shown in a roadshow - style presentation . However , there is a solo by the Fiddler played over the opening credits ( after the conclusion of `` Tradition '' ) , there is an intermission featuring entr'acte music , and exit music is played at the end after the closing credits . Reception ( edit ) The film was a success , earning United Artists profits of $6.1 million , plus distribution profits of $8 million . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an 81 % rating based on 37 reviews , with an average of 7.7 / 10 . Awards and honors ( edit ) Year Award Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result 1972 Academy Awards Best Picture Norman Jewison Nominated Best Actor Topol Nominated Best Supporting Actor Leonard Frey Nominated Best Director Norman Jewison Nominated Best Art Direction Art Direction : Robert F. Boyle and Michael Stringer ; Set Decoration : Peter Lamont Nominated Best Music , Scoring Adaptation and Original Song Score John Williams Won Best Cinematography Oswald Morris Won Best Sound Gordon K. McCallum and David Hildyard Won Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy Won Best Actor in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy Topol Won Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Paul Mann Nominated Best Director Norman Jewison Nominated BAFTA Awards Best Cinematography Oswald Morris Nominated Best Editing Antony Gibbs , Robert Lawrence Nominated Best Sound Track Les Wiggins , David Hildyard , Gordon K. McCallum Nominated American Cinema Editors Best Edited Feature Film Antony Gibbs , Robert Lawrence Nominated British Society of Cinematographers Oswald Morris Won David di Donatello Best Foreign Actor Topol Won Motion Picture Sound Editors Best Sound Editor - Dialogue Won Sant Jordi Awards Best Performance in a Foreign Film Topol Won Writers Guild of America Award Best Comedy Adapted from Another Medium Joseph Stein Nominated 2007 Satellite Awards Best DVD Extras ( for the collector 's edition ) Nominated American Film Institute recognition AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : Sunrise , Sunset - Nominated If I Were a Rich Man - Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers - # 82 See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1971 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fiddler on the Roof ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . August 19 , 1971 . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Movie Box Office Figures . LDS Film . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/25/obituaries/leonard-frey-actor-dies-at-49-was-in-fiddler-and-other-films.html Jump up ^ http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=54251 , AFI.com , accessed October 17 , 2016 Jump up ^ Walker , Craig ( 2011 ) . On The Buses : The Complete Story . Andrews UK Limited . ISBN 9781908382849 . ^ Jump up to : Huttner , Jan Lisa . `` Fiddler : Stage versus Screen '' , JUF.org , November 14 , 2011 , accessed September 7 , 2015 Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof , AFI.com , accessed September 7 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` My Kinda Town - Second City Tzivi '' . September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tino Balio , United Artists : The Company That Changed the Film Industry , University of Wisconsin Press , 1987 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ `` Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Fiddler on the Roof ( film ) Fiddler on the Roof on IMDb Fiddler on the Roof at the TCM Movie Database Fiddler on the Roof at Box Office Mojo Fiddler on the Roof at Rotten Tomatoes Fiddler on the Roof Characters Tevye Inspiration Sholem Aleichem 's Tevye and his Daughters Adaptations Fiddler on the Roof ( 1964 musical ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 film ) Songs Act 1 Tradition Matchmaker , Matchmaker If I Were a Rich Man Sabbath Prayer To Life Miracle of Miracles Tevye 's Dream Sunrise , Sunset Act 2 Now I Have Everything Do You Love Me ? The Rumor / I Just Heard Far From the Home I Love Chavaleh ( Little Bird ) Anatevka Any Day Now Miscellaneous List of awards and nominations for the musical Fiddler on the Roof A Shoggoth on the Roof ( parody musical ) Films directed by Norman Jewison 40 Pounds of Trouble ( 1962 ) The Thrill of It All ( 1963 ) Send Me No Flowers ( 1964 ) The Art of Love ( 1965 ) The Cincinnati Kid ( 1965 ) The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) The Thomas Crown Affair ( 1968 ) Gaily , Gaily ( 1969 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 ) Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1973 ) Rollerball ( 1975 ) F.I.S.T. ( 1978 ) ... And Justice for All ( 1979 ) Best Friends ( 1982 ) A Soldier 's Story ( 1984 ) Agnes of God ( 1985 ) Moonstruck ( 1987 ) In Country ( 1989 ) Other People 's Money ( 1991 ) Only You ( 1994 ) Bogus ( 1996 ) The Hurricane ( 1999 ) Dinner with Friends ( 2001 ) The Statement ( 2003 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy An American in Paris ( 1951 ) With a Song in My Heart ( 1952 ) Carmen Jones ( 1954 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) The King and I ( 1956 ) Les Girls ( 1957 ) Gigi / Auntie Mame ( 1958 ) Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) Song Without End / The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story / A Majority of One ( 1961 ) The Music Man / That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming ( 1966 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) The Secret of Santa Vittoria ( 1969 ) MASH ( 1970 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) The Longest Yard ( 1974 ) The Sunshine Boys ( 1975 ) A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) The Goodbye Girl ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) Breaking Away ( 1979 ) Coal Miner 's Daughter ( 1980 ) Arthur ( 1981 ) Tootsie ( 1982 ) Yentl ( 1983 ) Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) Hope and Glory ( 1987 ) Working Girl ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Green Card ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) The Player ( 1992 ) Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Evita ( 1996 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Almost Famous ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) The Hangover ( 2009 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiddler_on_the_Roof_(film)&oldid=802568776 '' Categories : 1971 films American films English - language films Hebrew - language films Russian - language films 1970s comedy - drama films 1970s musical comedy films American comedy - drama films American musical comedy films American musical drama films Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners Film scores by John Williams Films about Jews and Judaism Films based on adaptations Films based on musicals Films directed by Norman Jewison Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films set in 1905 Films set in Ukraine Films set in the Russian Empire Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Croatia Films shot in England Films shot in London Films shot in Yugoslavia Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award Interfaith romance films Self - reflexive films Yiddish culture United Artists films Adaptations of works by Sholem Aleichem Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from April 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 00 : 57 . 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"Fiddler on the Roof is a 1971 American musical comedy-drama film produced and directed by Norman Jewison. It is an adaptation of the 1964 Broadway musical of the same name, with music composed by Jerry Bock, lyrics by Sheldon Harnick, and screenplay by Joseph Stein. Starring Topol, Norma Crane, Leonard Frey, Molly Picon, and Paul Mann, the film centers on Tevye, the father of five daughters, and his attempts to maintain his Jewish religious and cultural traditions as outside influences encroach upon the family's lives. He must cope both with the strong-willed actions of his three older daughters, who wish to marry for love – each one's choice of a husband moves further away from the customs of his faith – and with the edict of the Tsar that evicts the Jews from the town of Anatevka. Throughout the film, Tevye breaks the fourth wall by talking directly to the audience as well as to God. In addition to the difficulties of being poor, Tevye speaks of the Jewish community's constant fear of harassment from their non-Jewish neighbors."
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-9199363858975338994 | Smilodon | Smilodon - wikipedia Smilodon Jump to : navigation , search For the extinct genus of archosaurian reptile originally named Smilodon , see Zanclodon . Smilodon Temporal range : Early Pleistocene to Early Holocene , 2.5 -- 0.01 Ma PreЄ Є Pg ↓ S. fatalis skeleton at National Museum of Natural History , Washington , D.C. Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Carnivora Suborder : Feliformia Family : Felidae Subfamily : † Machairodontinae Tribe : † Smilodontini Genus : † Smilodon Lund , 1842 Species S. populator Lund , 1842 ( type ) S. fatalis Leidy , 1869 S. gracilis Cope , 1880 Synonyms Genus synonymy ( show ) Munifelis Muñis , 1845 Trucifelis Leidy , 1868 Smilodontopsis Brown , 1908 Prosmilodon Rusconi , 1929 Smilodontidion Kraglievich , 1948 Species synonymy ( show ) S. populator : Munifelis bonaerensis Muñis , 1845 Smilodon blainvillii Desmarest , 1860 Machaerodus bonaerensis Burmeister , 1867 Machaerodus necator Gervais , 1878 Smilodon ensenadensis Ameghino , 1888 Machaerodus ensenadensis Ameghino , 1889 Smilodon crucians Ameghino , 1904 Smilodon bonaerensis Ameghino , 1907 Smilodon neogaeus ensenadensis Boule & Thévenin , 1920 Smilodon ( Prosmilodon ) ensenadensis Rusconi , 1929 Smilodon neogaeus de Paula Couto , 1940 Smilodon necator de Paula Couto , 1940 Smilodon ( Prosmilodon ) ensenadensis ferox Kraglievich , 1947 Smilodon ( Prosmilodon ) ensenadensis minor Kraglievich , 1948 Smilodontidion riggii Kraglievich , 1948 Machaerodus neogaeus Pictet , 1953 Felis smilodon Desmarest , 1953 Smilodon populator populator de Paula Couto , 1955 S. fatalis : Felis ( Trucifelis ) fatalis Leidy , 1868 Trucifelis fatalis Leidy , 1869 Machaerodus fatalis Lydekker , 1884 Drepanodon floridanus Leidy , 1889 Machaerodus floridanus Leidy , 1889 Uncia mercerii Cope , 1895 Smilodon floridanus Adams , 1896 Machaerodus ( Smilodon ) mercerii Cope , 1899 Smilodon californicus Bovard , 1907 Smilodontopsis troglodytes Brown , 1908 Smilodontopsis conardi Brown , 1908 Smilodontopsis mercerii Brown , 1908 Smilodon nebraskensis Matthew , 1918 Machaerodus mercerii Matthew , 1918 Smilodon ( Trucifelis ) californicus Merriam & Stock , 1932 Smilodon ( Trucifelis ) fatalis Merriam & Stock , 1932 Smilodon ( Trucifelis ) nebraskensis Merriam & Stock , 1932 Smilodon ( Trucifelis ) californicus brevipes Merriam & Stock , 1932 Smilodon trinitensis Slaughter , 1960 S. gracilis : Machaerodus ( Smilodon ) gracilis Cope , 1899 Smilodon ( Smilodontopsis ) gracilis Merriam & Stock , 1932 Megantereon gracilis Broom & Schepers 1946 Ischyrosmilus gracilis Churcher , 1984 Smilodontopsis gracilis Berta , 1995 Smilodon is an extinct genus of machairodont felid . It is one of the most famous prehistoric mammals , and the best known saber - toothed cat . Although commonly known as the saber - toothed tiger , it was not closely related to the tiger or other modern cats . Smilodon lived in the Americas during the Pleistocene epoch ( 2.5 mya -- 10,000 years ago ) . The genus was named in 1842 , based on fossils from Brazil . Three species are recognized today : S. gracilis , S. fatalis , and S. populator . The two latter species were probably descended from S. gracilis , which itself probably evolved from Megantereon . The largest collection of Smilodon fossils has been obtained from the Rancho La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles , California . Overall , Smilodon was more robustly built than any extant cat , with particularly well - developed forelimbs and exceptionally long upper canine teeth . Its jaw had a bigger gape than that of modern cats , and its upper canines were slender and fragile , being adapted for precision killing . S. gracilis was the smallest species at 55 to 100 kg ( 120 to 220 lb ) in weight . S. fatalis had a weight of 160 to 280 kg ( 350 to 620 lb ) and height of 100 cm ( 39 in ) . Both of these species are mainly known from North America , but remains from South America have also been attributed to them . S. populator from South America was the largest species , at 220 to 400 kg ( 490 to 880 lb ) in weight and 120 cm ( 47 in ) in height , and was among the largest known felids . The coat pattern of Smilodon is unknown , but it has been artistically restored with plain or spotted patterns . In North America , Smilodon hunted large herbivores such as bison and camels , and it remained successful even when encountering new prey species in South America . Smilodon is thought to have killed its prey by holding it still with its forelimbs and biting it , but it is unclear in what manner the bite itself was delivered . Scientists debate whether Smilodon had a social or a solitary lifestyle ; analysis of modern predator behavior as well as of Smilodon 's fossil remains could be construed to lend support to either view . Smilodon probably lived in closed habitats such as forests and bush , which would have provided cover for ambushing prey . Smilodon died out at the same time that most North and South American megafauna disappeared , about 10,000 years ago . Its reliance on large animals has been proposed as the cause of its extinction , along with climate change and competition with other species , but the exact cause is unknown . Contents ( hide ) 1 Taxonomy 1.1 Evolution 2 Description 3 Paleobiology 3.1 Predatory behavior 3.2 Natural traps 3.3 Social life 3.4 Development 3.5 Paleopathology 4 Distribution and habitat 5 Extinction 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography Taxonomy ( edit ) S. populator skull and syntype canine from Lund 's collection , Zoological Museum , Copenhagen During the 1830s , Danish naturalist Peter Wilhelm Lund and his assistants collected fossils in the calcareous caves near the small town of Lagoa Santa , Minas Gerais , Brazil . Among the thousands of fossils found , he recognized a few isolated cheek teeth as belonging to a hyena , which he named Hyaena neogaea in 1839 . After more material was found ( including canine teeth and foot bones ) , Lund concluded the fossils instead belonged to a distinct genus of felid , though transitional to the hyenas . He stated it would have matched the largest modern predators in size , and was more robust than any modern cat . Lund originally wanted to name the new genus Hyaenodon , but realizing this had recently become preoccupied by another prehistoric predator , he instead named it Smilodon populator in 1842 . He explained the Ancient Greek meaning of Smilodon as σμίλη ( smilē ) , a scalpel or two - edged knife , and οδόντος ( odontús ) , tooth . This has also been translated as `` tooth shaped like double - edged knife '' . He explained the species name populator as `` the destroyer '' , which has also been translated as `` he who brings devastation '' . By 1846 , Lund had acquired nearly every part of the skeleton ( from different individuals ) , and more specimens were found in neighboring countries by other collectors in the following years . Though some later authors used Lund 's original species name neogaea instead of populator , it is now considered an invalid nomen nudum ( `` naked name '' ) , as it was not accompanied with a proper description and no type specimens were designated . Some South American specimens have been referred to other genera , subgenera , species , and subspecies , such as Smilodontidion riggii , Smilodon ( Prosmilodon ) ensenadensis , and S. bonaeriensis , but these are now thought to be junior synonyms of S. populator . 1869 lithograph of the holotype molar and maxilla fragment of S. fatalis Fossils of Smilodon were discovered in North America from the second half of the 19th century onwards . In 1869 , American paleontologist Joseph Leidy described a maxilla fragment with a molar , which had been discovered in a petroleum bed in Hardin County , Texas . He referred the specimen to the genus Felis ( which was then used for most cats , extant as well as extinct ) but found it distinct enough to be part of its own subgenus , as F. ( Trucifelis ) fatalis . The species name means `` fate '' or `` destiny '' , but it is thought Leidy intended it to mean `` fatal '' . In an 1880 article about extinct American cats , American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope pointed out that the F. fatalis molar was identical to that of Smilodon , and he proposed the new combination S. fatalis . Most North American finds were scanty until excavations began in the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles , where hundreds of individuals of S. fatalis have been found since 1875 . S. fatalis has junior synonyms such as S. mercerii , S. floridanus , and S. californicus . American paleontologist Annalisa Berta considered the holotype of S. fatalis too incomplete to be an adequate type specimen , and the species has at times been proposed to be a junior synonym of S. populator . Swedish paleontologists Björn Kurtén and Lars Werdelin supported the distinctness of the two species in 1990 . In his 1880 article about extinct cats , Cope also named a third species of Smilodon , S. gracilis . The species was based on a partial canine , which had been obtained in a cave near the Schuylkill River in Pennsylvania . Cope found the canine to be distinct from that of the other Smilodon species due to its smaller size and more compressed base . Its specific name refers to the species ' lighter build . This species is known from fewer and less complete remains than the other members of the genus . S. gracilis has at times been considered part of genera such as Megantereon and Ischyrosmilus . S. populator , S. fatalis and S. gracilis are currently considered the only valid species of Smilodon , and features used to define most of their junior synonyms have been dismissed as variation between individuals of the same species ( intraspecific variation ) . One of the most famous of prehistoric mammals , Smilodon has often been featured in popular media and is the state fossil of California . Evolution ( edit ) S. populator skeleton , Museo de La Plata , Buenos Aires Long the most completely known saber - toothed cat , Smilodon is still one of the best - known members of the group , to the point where the two concepts have been confused . The term `` saber - tooth '' refers to an ecomorph consisting of various groups of extinct predatory synapsids ( mammals and close relatives ) , which convergently evolved extremely long maxillary canines , as well as adaptations to the skull and skeleton related to their use . This includes members of Gorgonopsia , Thylacosmilidae , Machaeroidinae , Nimravidae , Barbourofelidae , and Machairodontinae . Within the family Felidae ( true cats ) , members of the subfamily Machairodontinae are referred to as saber - toothed cats , and this group is itself divided into three tribes : Metailurini ( false saber - tooths ) ; Homotherini ( scimitar - toothed cats ) ; and Smilodontini ( dirk - toothed cats ) , to which Smilodon belongs . Members of Smilodontini are defined by their long slender canines with fine to no serrations , whereas Homotherini are typified by shorter , broad , and more flattened canines , with coarser serrations . Members of Metailurini were less specialized and had shorter , less flattened canines , and are not recognized as members of Machairodontinae by some researchers . Isolated S. populator canine tooth ; the tip points to the right The earliest felids are known from the Oligocene of Europe , such as Proailurus , and the earliest one with saber - tooth features is the Miocene genus Pseudaelurus . The skull and mandible morphology of the earliest saber - toothed cats was similar to that of the modern clouded leopards ( Neofelis ) . The lineage further adapted to the precision killing of large animals by developing elongated canine teeth and wider gapes , in the process sacrificing high bite force . As their canines became longer , the bodies of the cats became more robust for immobilizing prey . In derived smilodontins and homotherins , the lumbar region of the spine and the tail became shortened , as did the hind limbs . Based on mitochondrial DNA sequences extracted from fossils , the lineages of Homotherium and Smilodon are estimated to have diverged about 18 Ma ago . The earliest species of Smilodon is S. gracilis , which existed from 2.5 million to 500,000 years ago ( early Blancan to Irvingtonian ages ) and was the successor in North America of Megantereon , from which it probably evolved . Megantereon itself had entered North America from Eurasia during the Pliocene , along with Homotherium . S. gracilis reached the northern regions of South America in the Early Pleistocene as part of the Great American Interchange . The younger Smilodon species are probably derived from S. gracilis . S. fatalis existed 1.6 million -- 10,000 years ago ( late Irvingtonian to Rancholabrean ages ) , and replaced S. gracilis in North America . S. populator existed 1 million -- 10,000 years ago ( Ensenadan to Lujanian ages ) ; it occurred in the eastern parts of South America . Despite the colloquial name `` saber - toothed tiger '' , Smilodon is not closely related to the modern tiger ( which belongs in the subfamily Pantherinae ) , or any other extant felid . A 1992 ancient DNA analysis suggested that Smilodon should be grouped with modern cats ( subfamilies Felinae and Pantherinae ) . A 2005 study found that Smilodon belonged to a separate lineage . A study published in 2006 confirmed this , showing that the Machairodontinae diverged early from the ancestors of modern cats and were not closely related to any living species . The following cladogram based on fossils and DNA analysis shows the placement of Smilodon among extinct and extant felids , after Rincón and colleagues , 2011 : S. populator statue in Tierpark Berlin , Erich Oehme , 1964 Felidae Proailurus Pseudaelurus Panthera ( tigers , lions , jaguars , and leopards ) Caracal Leopardus ( ocelot and relatives ) Felis ( domestic cats and relatives ) Herpailurus ( jaguarundi ) Miracinonyx ( American cheetah ) Puma ( cougar ) Dinofelis Nimravides Machairodus Homotherium Xenosmilus Paramachairodus Megantereon Smilodon gracilis Smilodon populator Smilodon fatalis Description ( edit ) S. populator ( green ) , S. fatalis ( purple ) , and S. gracilis ( orange ) shown to scale Smilodon was around the size of modern big cats , but was more robustly built . It had a reduced lumbar region , high scapula , short tail , and broad limbs with relatively short feet . Smilodon is most famous for its relatively long canine teeth , which are the longest found in the saber - toothed cats , at about 28 cm ( 11 in ) long in the largest species , S. populator . The canines were slender and had fine serrations on the front and back side . The skull was robustly proportioned and the muzzle was short and broad . The cheek bones ( zygomata ) were deep and widely arched , the sagittal crest was prominent , and the frontal region was slightly convex . The mandible had a flange on each side of the front . The upper incisors were large , sharp , and slanted forwards . There was a diastema ( gap ) between the incisors and molars of the mandible . The lower incisors were broad , recurved , and placed in a straight line across . The p3 premolar tooth of the mandible was present in most early specimens , but lost in later specimens ; it was only present in 6 % of the La Brea sample . There is some dispute over whether Smilodon was sexually dimorphic . Some studies of S. fatalis fossils have found little difference between the sexes . Conversely , a 2012 study found that , while fossils of S. fatalis show less variation in size among individuals than modern Panthera , they do appear to show the same difference between the sexes in some traits . Restoration of S. populator with plain coat , Charles R. Knight , 1903 S. gracilis was the smallest species , estimated at 55 to 100 kg ( 120 to 220 lb ) in weight , about the size of a jaguar . It was similar to its predecessor Megantereon of the same size , but its dentition and skull were more advanced , approaching S. fatalis . S. fatalis was intermediate in size between S. gracilis and S. populator . It ranged from 160 to 280 kg ( 350 to 620 lb ) . and reached a shoulder height of 100 cm ( 39 in ) and body length of 175 cm ( 69 in ) . It was similar to a lion in dimensions , but was more robust and muscular , and therefore had a larger body mass . Its skull was also similar to that of Megantereon , though more massive and with larger canines . S. populator was among the largest known felids , with a body mass range of 220 to 400 kg ( 490 to 880 lb ) , and one estimate suggesting up to 470 kg ( 1,040 lb ) . It stood at a shoulder height of 120 cm ( 47 in ) . Compared to S. fatalis , S. populator was more robust and had a more elongated and narrow skull with a straighter upper profile , higher positioned nasal bones , a more vertical occiput , more massive metapodials and slightly longer forelimbs relative to hindlimbs . Large tracks from Argentina ( for which the ichnotaxon name Smilodonichium has been proposed ) have been attributed to S. populator , and measure 17.6 cm ( 6.9 in ) by 19.2 cm ( 7.6 in ) . This is larger than tracks of the Bengal tiger , to which the footprints have been compared . Restoration of S. fatalis with spotted coat Traditionally , saber - toothed cats have been artistically restored with external features similar to those of extant felids , by artists such as Charles R. Knight in collaboration with various paleontologists in the early 20th century . In 1969 , paleontologist G. J. Miller instead proposed that Smilodon would have looked very different from a typical cat and similar to a bulldog , with a lower lip line ( to allow its mouth to open wide without tearing the facial tissues ) , a more retracted nose and lower - placed ears . Paleoartist Mauricio Antón and coauthors disputed this in 1998 and maintained that the facial features of Smilodon were overall not very different from those of other cats . Antón noted that modern animals like the hippopotamus are able to achieve a wide gap without tearing tissue by the moderate folding of the orbicularis oris muscle , and such a muscle configuration exists in modern large felids . Antón stated that extant phylogenetic bracketing ( where the features of the closest extant relatives of a fossil taxon are used as reference ) is the most reliable way of restoring the life - appearance of prehistoric animals , and the cat - like Smilodon restorations by Knight are therefore still accurate . Smilodon and other saber - toothed cats have been reconstructed with both plain - colored coats and with spotted patterns ( which appears to be the ancestral condition for feliforms ) , both of which are considered possible . Studies of modern cat species have found that species that live in the open tend to have uniform coats while those that live in more vegetated habitats have more markings , with some exceptions . Some coat features , such as the manes of male lions or the stripes of the tiger , are too unusual to predict from fossils . Paleobiology ( edit ) Predatory behavior ( edit ) S. fatalis fighting dire wolves over a Columbian mammoth carcass in the La Brea Tar Pits , Robert Bruce Horsfall , 1913 An apex predator , Smilodon primarily hunted large mammals . Isotopes preserved in the bones of S. fatalis in the La Brea Tar Pits reveal that ruminants like bison ( Bison antiquus , which was much larger than the modern American bison ) and camels ( Camelops ) were most commonly taken by the cats there . In addition , isotopes preserved in the tooth enamel of S. gracilis specimens from Florida show that this species fed on the peccary Platygonus and the llama - like Hemiauchenia . In rare cases , Smilodon may have also targeted glyptodonts , based on a Glyptotherium skull that bears elliptical puncture marks consistent with the size and diameter of its canine teeth . This was a juvenile glyptodont with an incompletely developed cephalic shield ( head armor ) . Isotopic studies of dire wolf ( Canis dirus ) and American lion ( Panthera leo atrox ) bones show an overlap with S. fatalis in prey , which suggests that they were competitors . The availability of prey in the Rancho La Brea area was likely comparable to modern East Africa . As Smilodon migrated to South America , its diet changed ; bison were absent , the horses and proboscideans were different , and native ungulates such as toxodonts and litopterns were completely unfamiliar , yet S. populator thrived as well there as its relatives in North America . The differences between the North and South American species may be due to the difference in prey between the two continents . Smilodon probably avoided eating bone and would have left enough food for scavengers . Smilodon itself may have scavenged dire wolf kills . It has been suggested that Smilodon was a pure scavenger that used its canines for display to assert dominance over carcasses , but this theory is not supported today as no modern terrestrial mammals are pure scavengers . The brain of Smilodon had sulcal patterns similar to modern cats , which suggests an increased complexity of the regions that control the sense of hearing , sight , and coordination of the limbs . Felid saber - tooths in general had relatively small eyes that were not as forward - facing as those of modern cats , which have good binocular vision to help them move in trees . Smilodon was likely an ambush predator that concealed itself in dense vegetation , as its limb proportions were similar to modern forest dwelling cats , and its short tail would not have helped it balance while running . Unlike its ancestor Megantereon , which was at least partially scansorial and therefore able to climb trees , Smilodon was probably completely terrestrial due to its greater weight and lack of climbing adaptations . The heel bone of Smilodon was fairly long , which suggests it was a good jumper . Its well - developed flexor and extensor muscles in its forearms probably enabled it to pull down , and securely hold down , large prey . Analysis of the cross-sections of S. fatalis humeri indicated that they were strengthened by cortical thickening to such an extent that they would have been able to sustain greater loading than those of extant big cats , or of the extinct American lion . The thickening of S. fatalis femurs was within the range of extant felids . Its canines were fragile and could not have bitten into bone ; due to the risk of breaking , these cats had to subdue and restrain their prey with their powerful forelimbs before they could use their canine teeth , and likely used quick slashing or stabbing bites rather than the slow , suffocating bites typically used by modern cats . On rare occasions , as evidenced by fossils , Smilodon was willing to risk biting into bone with its canines . This may have been focused more towards competition such as other Smilodon or potential threats such as other carnivores than on prey . Maximum gape ( A ) and reconstructions of neck bite in prey of different sizes ( B , C ) Debate continues as to how Smilodon killed its prey . Traditionally , the most popular theory is that the cat delivered a deep stabbing bite or open - jawed stabbing thrust to the throat , generally cutting through the jugular vein and / or the trachea and thus killing the prey very quickly . Another hypothesis suggests that Smilodon targeted the belly of its prey . This is disputed , as the curvature of their prey 's belly would likely have prevented the cat from getting a good bite or stab . In regard to how Smilodon delivered its bite , the `` canine shear - bite '' hypothesis has been favored , where flexion of the neck and rotation of the skull assisted in biting the prey , but this may be mechanically impossible . The mandibular flanges may have helped resist bending forces when the mandible was pulled against the hide of a prey . The protruding incisors were arranged in an arch , and were used to hold the prey still and stabilize it while the canine bite was delivered . The contact surface between the canine crown and the gum was enlarged , which helped stabilize the tooth and helped the cat sense when the tooth had penetrated to its maximum extent . Since saber - toothed cats generally had a relatively large infraorbital foramen ( opening ) in the skull , which housed nerves associated with the whiskers , it has been suggested the improved senses would have helped the cats ' precision when biting outside their field of vision , and thereby prevent breakage of the canines . The blade - like carnassial teeth were used to cut skin to access the meat , and the reduced molars suggest that they were less adapted for crushing bones than modern cats . As the food of modern cats enters the mouth through the side while cutting with the carnassials , not the front incisors between the canines , the animals do not need to gape widely , so the canines of Smilodon would likewise not have been a hindrance when feeding . La Brea S. fatalis skull cast with jaws at maximum gape Despite being more powerfully built than other large cats , Smilodon had a weaker bite . Modern big cats have more pronounced zygomatic arches , while these were smaller in Smilodon , which restricted the thickness and therefore power of the temporalis muscles and thus reduced Smilodon 's bite force . Analysis of its narrow jaws indicates that it could produce a bite only a third as strong as that of a lion ( the bite force quotient measured for the lion is 112 ) . There seems to be a general rule that the saber - toothed cats with the largest canines had proportionally weaker bites . Analyses of canine bending strength ( the ability of the canine teeth to resist bending forces without breaking ) and bite forces indicate that the saber - toothed cats ' teeth were stronger relative to the bite force than those of modern big cats . In addition , Smilodon 's gape could have reached almost 120 degrees , while that of the modern lion reaches 65 degrees . This made the gape wide enough to allow Smilodon to grasp large prey despite the long canines . Natural traps ( edit ) Mounted skeletons of S. fatalis and a dire wolf near mired Paramylodon Many Smilodon specimens have been excavated from asphalt seeps that acted as natural carnivore traps . Animals were accidentally trapped in the seeps and became bait for predators that came to scavenge , but these were then trapped themselves . The best - known of such traps are at La Brea in Los Angeles , which have produced over 166,000 Smilodon fatalis specimens that form the largest collection in the world . The sediments of the pits there were accumulated 40,000 to 10,000 years ago , in the Late Pleistocene . Though the trapped animals were buried quickly , predators often managed to remove limb bones from them , but they were themselves often trapped and then scavenged by other predators ; 90 % of the excavated bones belonged to predators . The Talara Tar Seeps in Peru represent a similar scenario , and have also produced fossils of Smilodon . Unlike in La Brea , many of the bones were broken or show signs of weathering . This may have been because the layers were shallower , so the thrashing of trapped animals damaged the bones of previously trapped animals . Many of the carnivores at Talara were juveniles , possibly indicating that inexperienced and less fit animals had a greater chance of being trapped . Though Lund thought accumulations of Smilodon and herbivore fossils in the Lagoa Santa Caves were due to the cats using the caves as dens , these are probably the result of animals dying on the surface , and water currents subsequently dragging their bones to the floor of the cave , but some individuals may also have died after becoming lost in the caves . Social life ( edit ) S. fatalis pair approaching a group of Paramylodon , one mired , at the La Brea Tar Pits , Charles R. Knight , 1921 Scientists debate whether Smilodon was social . One study of African predators found that social predators like lions and spotted hyenas respond more to the distress calls of prey than solitary species . Since S. fatalis fossils are common at the La Brea Tar Pits , and were likely attracted by the distress calls of stuck prey , this could mean that this species was social as well . One critical study claims that the study neglects other factors , such as body mass ( heavier animals are more likely to get stuck than lighter ones ) , intelligence ( some social animals , like the American lion , may have avoided the tar because they were better able to recognize the hazard ) , lack of visual and olfactory lures , the type of audio lure , and the length of the distress calls ( the actual distress calls of the trapped prey animals would have lasted longer than the calls used in the study ) . The author of that study ponders what predators would have responded if the recordings were played in India , where the otherwise solitary tigers are known to aggregate around a single carcass . The authors of the original study responded that though effects of the calls in the tar pits and the playback experiments would not be identical , this would not be enough to overturn their conclusions . In addition , they stated that weight and intelligence would not likely affect the results as lighter carnivores are far more numerous than heavy herbivores and the social ( and seemingly intelligent ) dire wolf is also found in the pits . Lion pride attacking an African buffalo in Tanzania ; Smilodon may also have hunted in groups Another argument for sociality is based on the healed injuries in several Smilodon fossils , which would suggest that the animals needed others to provide it food . This argument has been questioned , as cats can recover quickly from even severe bone damage and an injured Smilodon could survive if it had access to water . The brain of Smilodon was relatively small compared to other cat species . Some researchers have argued that Smilodon 's brain would have been too small for it to have been a social animal . An analysis of brain size in living big cats found no correlation between brain size and sociality . Another argument against Smilodon being social is that being an ambush hunter in closed habitat would likely have made group - living unnecessary , as in most modern cats . Yet it has also been proposed that being the largest predator in an environment comparable to the savanna of Africa , Smilodon may have had a social structure similar to modern lions , which possibly live in groups primarily to defend optimal territory from other lions ( lions are the only social big cats today ) . Whether Smilodon was sexually dimorphic has implications for its reproductive behavior . Based on their conclusions that Smilodon fatalis had no sexual dimorphism , Van Valkenburgh and Sacco ( 2002 ) suggested that , if the cats were social , they would likely have lived in monogamous pairs ( along with offspring ) with no intense competition among males for females . Likewise , Meachen - Samuels and Binder ( 2010 ) concluded that aggression between males was less pronounced in S. fatalis than in the American lion . Christiansen and Harris ( 2012 ) found that , as S. fatalis did exhibit some sexual dimorphism , there would have been evolutionary selection for competition between males . The structure of the hyoid bones suggest that Smilodon communicated by roaring , like modern big cats . Development ( edit ) Undersides of S. fatalis skulls , showing canine replacement , George C. Page Museum Smilodon started developing its adult saber - teeth when the animal turned one - and - a-half years of age , shortly after the completion of the eruption of the cat 's baby teeth . Both baby and adult canines would be present side by side in the mouth for an 11 - month period , and the muscles used in making the powerful bite were developed at about one - and - a-half years old as well , eight months earlier than in a modern lion . After Smilodon turned around 20 months of age , the infant teeth were shed while the adult canines grew at an average growth rate of 7 mm ( 0.3 in ) per month during a 12 - month period . They reached their full size at around 3 years of age , later than for modern species of big cat . Juvenile and adolescent Smilodon specimens are extremely rare at Rancho La Brea , where the study was performed , indicating that they remained hidden or at denning sites during hunts , and depended on parental care while their canines were developing . A 2017 study indicates that juveniles were born with a robust build similar to the adults . Comparison of the bones of juvenile S. fatalis specimens from La Brea with those of the contemporaneous American lion revealed that the two cats shared a similar growth curve . Felid forelimb development during ontogeny ( changes during growth ) has remained tightly constrained . The curve is similar to that for modern cats such as tigers and cougars , but shifts more towards the robust direction of the axes than is seen in modern felids . Paleopathology ( edit ) Several Smilodon fossils show signs of ankylosing spondylitis , hyperostosis and trauma ; some also had arthritis , which gave them fused vertebrae . One study of 1,000 Smilodon skulls found that 30 % of them had eroded parietal bones , which is where the largest jaw muscles attach . They also showed signs of microfractures , and the weakening and thinning of bones possibly caused by mechanical stress from the constant need to make stabbing motions with the canines . Bony growths where the deltoid muscle inserted in the humerus is a common pathology for a La Brea specimen , which was probably due to repeated strain when Smilodon attempted to pull down prey with its forelimbs . Sternum injuries are also common , probably due to collision with prey . Some bones also show evidence of having been bitten by other Smilodon , with one skull showing an unhealed wound from a canine , seemingly fatal , and a scapula from the same site that had been pierced by a canine . The frequency of trauma in S. fatalis specimens was 4.3 % , compared to 2.8 % in the dire wolf , which implies the ambush predatory behavior of the former led to greater risk of injury than the pursuit predatory behavior of the latter . Smilodon remains exhibit relatively more shoulder and lumbar vertebrae injuries . Distribution and habitat ( edit ) S. fatalis in climbing posture , Cleveland Museum of Natural History Smilodon lived during the Pleistocene epoch ( 2.5 mya -- 10,000 years ago ) , and was perhaps the most recent of the saber - toothed cats . Smilodon probably lived in a closed habitat such as forest or bush . Fossils of the genus have been found throughout the Americas . In North America , the varied habitat supported other saber - toothed cats in addition to Smilodon , such as Homotherium and Xenosmilus ; the habitat here varied from subtropical forests and savannah in the south , to treeless mammoth steppes in the north . Smilodon inhabited the temperate latitudes of North America , where the mosaic vegetation of woods , shrubs , and grasses in the southwest supported large herbivores such as horses , bison , antelope , deer , camels , mammoths , mastodons , and ground sloths . Other large carnivores included dire wolves , short - faced bear ( Arctodus simus ) and the American lion . Due to competition from larger carnivores in North America , S. fatalis was perhaps not able to attain the same size as S. populator . The similar sizes of S. fatalis and the American lion suggests niche overlap and direct competition between these species , and they appear to have fed on similarly sized prey . S. gracilis entered South America during the early to middle Pleistocene , where it probably gave rise to S. populator , which lived in the eastern part of the continent . S. fatalis also entered western South America in the late Pleistocene , and the two species were thought to be divided by the Andes mountains . However , in 2018 , a skull of S. fatalis found in Uruguay east of the Andes was reported , which puts the idea that the two species were allopatric ( geographically separated ) into question . The American interchange resulted in a mix of native and invasive species sharing the prairies and woodlands in South America ; North American herbivores included proboscideans , horses , camelids and deer , South American herbivores included toxodonts , litopterns , ground sloths , and glyptodonts . Native metatherian predators ( including the saber - toothed thylacosmilids ) had gone extinct by the Pliocene , and were replaced by North American carnivores such as canids , bears , and large cats . S. populator was very successful , while Homotherium never became widespread in South America . The extinction of the thylacosmilids has been attributed to competition with Smilodon , but this is probably incorrect , as they seem to have disappeared before the arrival of the large cats . The phorusrhacid `` terror birds '' may have dominated the large predator niche in South America until Smilodon arrived . S. populator may have been able to reach larger size than S. fatalis due to a lack of competition in Pleistocene South America ; S. populator arrived after the extinction of Arctotherium angustidens , one of the largest carnivores ever , and could therefore assume the niche of mega-carnivore . S. populator preferred large prey from open habitats such as grassland and plains , based on evidence gathered from isotope ratios that determined the animal 's diet . In this way , the South American Smilodon species was probably similar to the modern lion . S. populator probably competed with the canid Protocyon there , but not with the jaguar , which fed primarily on smaller prey . Extinction ( edit ) 1880 skeletal diagram of S. populator Along with most of the Pleistocene megafauna , Smilodon became extinct 10,000 years ago in the Quaternary extinction event . Its extinction has been linked to the decline and extinction of large herbivores , which were replaced by smaller and more agile ones like deer . Hence , Smilodon could have been too specialized at hunting large prey and may have been unable to adapt . A 2012 study of Smilodon tooth wear found no evidence that they were limited by food resources . Other explanations include climate change and competition with humans ( who entered the Americas around the time Smilodon disappeared ) , or a combination of several factors , all of which apply to the general Pleistocene extinction event , rather than specifically to the extinction of the saber - toothed cats . Some early writers theorized that the last saber - toothed cats , Smilodon and Homotherium , became extinct through competition with the faster and more generalized felids that replaced them . It was even proposed that the saber - toothed predators were inferior to modern cats , as the ever - growing canines were thought to inhibit their owners from feeding properly . Yet fast felids , such as the American lion and the American cheetah , also became extinct during the Late Pleistocene . The fact that saber - teeth evolved many times in unrelated lineages also attests to the success of this feature . The latest Smilodon fatalis specimen recovered from the Rancho La Brea tar pits has been dated to 13,025 years ago . The latest Smilodon populator remains found in the cave of Cueva del Medio , near the town of Soria , northeast Última Esperanza Province , Magallanes Region in southern-most Chile , and have been dated 10,935 -- 11,209 years ago . 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Jump up ^ Van Valkenburgh , B. ; Maddox , T. ; Funston , P.J. ; Mills , M.G.L. ; Grether , G.F. ; Carbone , C. ( 2009 ) . `` Sociality in Rancho La Brea Smilodon : arguments favour ' evidence ' over ' coincidence ' '' . Biology Letters. 5 ( 4 ) : 563 -- 564 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2009.0261 . PMC 2781931 . Jump up ^ Heald , F. ( 1989 ) . `` Injuries and diseases in Smilodon californicus '' . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ( Supplement ) . 9 : 24A . ^ Jump up to : McCall , S. ; Naples , V. ; Martin , L. ( 2003 ) . `` Assessing behavior in extinct animals : was Smilodon social ? '' . Brain , Behavior and Evolution. 61 ( 3 ) : 159 -- 164 . doi : 10.1159 / 000069752 . PMID 12697957 . Jump up ^ Radinsky , L.B. ( 1975 ) . `` Evolution of the felid brain '' . Brain , Behavior and Evolution. 11 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 214 -- 254 . doi : 10.1159 / 000123636 . PMID 1181005 . Jump up ^ Yamaguchi , N. ; Kitchener , A.C. ; Gilissen , E. ; MacDonald , D.W. ( 2009 ) . `` Brain size of the lion ( Panthera leo ) and the tiger ( P. tigris ) : implications for intrageneric phylogeny , intraspecific differences and the effects of captivity '' . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society . 98 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 93 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2009. 01249. x . Jump up ^ Hearld , F. ; Shaw , C. ( 1991 ) . `` Sabertooth Cats '' . In Seidensticker , J. ; Lumpkin , S . The Great Cats . Rodale Pr . p. 26 . ISBN 1 - 875137 - 90 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Dagger - like canines of saber - toothed cats took years to grow '' . ScienceDaily. 2015 - 07 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Mihlbachler , M.C. ; Wysocki , M.A. ; Feranec , R.S. ; Tseng , Z.J. ; Bjornsson , C.S. ( 2015 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Using a novel absolute ontogenetic age determination technique to calculate the timing of tooth eruption in the saber - toothed cat , Smilodon fatalis '' . PLoS ONE . 10 ( 7 ) : e0129847 . Bibcode : 2015PLoSO ... 1029847W . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0129847 . PMC 4489498 . PMID 26132165 . Jump up ^ Feranec , R.C. ( 2004 ) . `` Isotopic evidence of saber - tooth development , growth rate , and diet from the adult canine of Smilodon fatalis from Rancho La Brea '' . Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology. 206 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 303 -- 310 . doi : 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2004.01. 009 . Jump up ^ Long , K. ; Prothero , D. ; Madan , M. ; Syverson , V.J.P. ; Smith , T. ( 2017 ) . `` Did saber - tooth kittens grow up musclebound ? A study of postnatal limb bone allometry in felids from the Pleistocene of Rancho La Brea '' . PLOS ONE . 12 ( 9 ) : e0183175 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0183175 . Jump up ^ Bjorkengren , A.G. ; Sartoris , D.J. ; Shermis , S. ; Resnick , D. ( 1987 ) . `` Patterns of paravertebral ossification in the prehistoric saber - toothed cat '' . American Journal of Roentgenology. 148 ( 4 ) : 779 -- 782 . doi : 10.2214 / ajr. 148.4. 779 . PMID 3103404 . Jump up ^ Duckler , G.L. ( 1997 ) . `` Parietal depressions in skulls of the extinct saber - toothed felid Smilodon fatalis : evidence of mechanical strain '' . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17 ( 3 ) : 600 -- 609 . doi : 10.1080 / 02724634.1997. 10011006 . Jump up ^ Brown , C. ; Balisi , M. ; Shaw , C.A. ; Van Valkenburgh , B. ( 2017 ) . `` Skeletal trauma reflects hunting behaviour in extinct sabre - tooth cats and dire wolves '' . Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 ( 5 ) : 0131 . doi : 10.1038 / s41559 - 017 - 0131 . Jump up ^ Meloro , C. ; Elton , S. ; Louys , J. ; Bishop , L.C. ; Ditchfield , P. ( 2013 ) . `` Cats in the forest : predicting habitat adaptations from humerus morphometry in extant and fossil Felidae ( Carnivora ) '' . Paleobiology. 39 ( 3 ) : 323 -- 344 . doi : 10.1666 / 12001 . Jump up ^ DeSantis , L.R.G. ; Schubert , B.W. ; Schmitt - Linville , E. ; Ungar , P. ; Donohue , S. ; Haupt , R.J. ( September 15 , 2015 ) . John M. Harris , ed . `` Dental microwear textures of carnivorans from the La Brea Tar Pits , California and potential extinction implications '' ( PDF ) . Science Series 42 . Contributions in Science ( A special volume entitled La Brea and Beyond : the Paleontology of Asphalt - Preserved Biotas in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 's excavations at Rancho La Brea ) . Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County : 37 -- 52 . ^ Jump up to : Sherani , S. ( 2016 ) . A new specimen - dependent method of estimating felid body mass ( No. e2327v2 ) . PeerJ Preprints . Jump up ^ Manzuetti , A. ; Perea , D. ; Ubilla , M. ; Rinderknecht , A. ( 2018 ) . `` First record of Smilodon fatalis Leidy , 1868 ( Felidae , Machairodontinae ) in the extra-Andean region of South America ( late Pleistocene , Sopas Formation ) , Uruguay : Taxonomic and paleobiogeographic implications '' . Quaternary Science Reviews . 180 : 57 . Bibcode : 2018QSRv ... 180 ... 1M . doi : 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2017.11. 024 . Jump up ^ Bocherens , H. ; Cotte , M. ; Bonini , R. ; Scian , D. ; Straccia , P. ; Soibelzon , L. ; Prevosti , F.J. ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) . `` Paleobiology of sabretooth cat Smilodon population in the Pampean Region ( Buenos Aires Province , Argentina ) around the Last Glacial Maximum : Insights from carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in bone collagen '' . Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology. 449 : 463 -- 474 . doi : 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2016.02. 017 . Jump up ^ Hays , B. ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) . `` Saber - toothed cats were the lions of prehistoric South America '' . UPI Science News . UPI . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : DeSantis , L.R.G. ; Schubert , B.W. ; Scott , J.R. ; Ungar , P.S. ( 2012 ) . `` Implications of diet for the extinction of saber - toothed cats and American lions '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 12 ) : e52453 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO ... 752453D . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0052453 . PMC 3530457 . PMID 23300674 . ^ Jump up to : Antón 2013 , pp. 217 -- 230 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , F.R. ; Fet , E.V. ; Harris , J.M. ( 2009 ) . `` Compilation , calibration , and synthesis of faunal and floral radiocarbon dates , Rancho La Brea , California '' . Contributions to Science . 518 : 1 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Prieto , Alfredo ; Labarca , Rafael ; Sierpe , Víctor ( 2010 ) . `` New evidence of the sabertooth cat Smilodon ( Carnivora : Machairodontinae ) in the late Pleistocene of southern Chilean Patagonia '' . Revista chilena de historia natural . 83 ( 2 ) . doi : 10.4067 / S0716 - 078X2010000200010 . Bibliography ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Smilodon ( category ) Wikispecies has information related to Smilodon Antón , M. ( 2013 ) . Sabertooth ( 1st ed . ) . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 01042 - 1 . OCLC 857070029 . ( hide ) Machairodonts Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Clade : Synapsida Class : Mammalia Order : Carnivora Family : Felidae Homotherini Amphimachairodus Lokotunjailurus Homotherium Nimravides Xenosmilus Metailurini Adelphailurus Dinofelis Pontosmilus Stenailurus Metailurus Yoshi Smilodontini Megantereon Paramachairodus Rhizosmilodon Smilodon Promegantereon Machairodontini Hemimachairodus Miomachairodus Machairodus Taxon identifiers Wd : Q188717 EoL : 4443389 Fossilworks : 41079 GBIF : 3240061 iNaturalist : 317779 NCBI : 13265 LCCN : sh85123647 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smilodon&oldid=837599396 '' Categories : Smilodon Prehistoric mammal genera Pleistocene carnivorans Pleistocene mammals of North America Pleistocene mammals of South America Pleistocene first appearances Pleistocene genus extinctions Holocene extinctions Fossil taxa described in 1842 Taxa named by Peter Wilhelm Lund Hidden categories : CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Featured articles Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Afrikaans Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiZulu Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 21 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the saber tooth tiger go extinct | [
"Smilodon is an extinct genus of machairodont felid. It is one of the most famous prehistoric mammals, and the best known saber-toothed cat. Although commonly known as the saber-toothed tiger, it was not closely related to the tiger or other modern cats. Smilodon lived in the Americas during the Pleistocene epoch (2.5 mya–10,000 years ago). The genus was named in 1842, based on fossils from Brazil. Three species are recognized today: S. gracilis, S. fatalis, and S. populator. The two latter species were probably descended from S. gracilis, which itself probably evolved from Megantereon. The largest collection of Smilodon fossils has been obtained from the Rancho La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles, California."
] | [
"10,000 years ago"
] |
-8647748768836553484 | Aquatic locomotion | Aquatic locomotion - wikipedia Aquatic locomotion This is the current revision of this page , as edited by KolbertBot ( talk contribs ) at 09 : 16 , 28 August 2017 ( Bot : HTTP → HTTPS ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 09 : 16 , 28 August 2017 by KolbertBot ( talk contribs ) ( Bot : HTTP → HTTPS ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Aquatic locomotion is biologically propelled motion through a liquid medium . The simplest propulsive systems are composed of cilia and flagella . Swimming has evolved a number of times in a range of organisms including arthropods , fish , molluscs , reptiles , birds , and mammals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Evolution of swimming 2 Micro-organisms 2.1 Bacterial 2.2 Ciliates 2.3 Flagellates 2.4 Pseudopodia 3 Invertebrates 3.1 Jet propulsion 4 Fish 4.1 Body - caudal fin ( BCF ) propulsion 4.2 Median paired fin ( MPF ) propulsion 4.3 Hydrofoils 4.4 Drag powered swimming 5 Amphibians 6 Reptiles 7 Fin and flipper locomotion 8 Escape reactions 9 Efficiency 9.1 Minimizing drag 9.2 Buoyancy 9.3 Temperature 9.4 Submergence 10 Secondary evolution 11 Human swimming 12 See also 13 References Evolution of swimming ( edit ) Swimming evolved a number of times in unrelated lineages . Supposed jellyfish fossils occur in the Ediacaran , but the first free - swimming animals appear in the Early to Middle Cambrian . These are mostly related to the arthropods , and include the Anomalocaridids , which swam by means of lateral lobes in a fashion reminiscent of today 's cuttlefish . Cephalopods joined the ranks of the nekton in the late Cambrian , and chordates were probably swimming from the Early Cambrian . Many terrestrial animals retain some capacity to swim , however some have returned to the water and developed the capacities for aquatic locomotion . Most apes ( including humans ) , however , lost the swimming instinct . In 2013 Pedro Renato Bender , a research fellow at the University of the Witwatersrand 's Institute for Human Evolution , proposed a theory to explain the loss of that instinct . Termed the Saci last common ancestor hypothesis ( after Saci , a Brazilian folklore character who can not cross water barriers ) , it holds that the loss of instinctive swimming ability in apes is best explained as a consequence of constraints related to the adaptation to an arboreal life in the last common ancestor of apes . Bender hypothesized that the ancestral ape increasingly avoided deep - water bodies when the risks of being exposed to water were clearly higher than the advantages of crossing them . A decreasing contact with water bodies then could have led to the disaappearance of the doggy paddle instinct . Microorganisms ( edit ) Bacterial ( edit ) Main article : Micro-organisms Ciliates ( edit ) Ciliates use small flagella called cilia to move through the water . One ciliate will generally have hundreds to thousands of cilia that are densely packed together in arrays . During movement , an individual cilium deforms using a high - friction power stroke followed by a low - friction recovery stroke . Since there are multiple cilia packed together on an individual organism , they display collective behavior in a metachronal rhythm . This means the deformation of one cilium is in phase with the deformation of its neighbor , causing deformation waves that propagate along the surface of the organism . These propagating waves of cilia are what allow the organism to use the cilia in a coordinated manner to move . A typical example of a ciliated microorganism is the Paramecium , a one - celled , ciliated protozoan covered by thousands of cilia . The cilia beating together allow the Paramecium to propel through the water at speeds of 500 micrometers per second . The flagellum of a Gram - negative bacteria is rotated by a molecular motor at its base Salmon spermatozoa for artificial propagation Flagellates ( edit ) Certain organisms such as bacteria and animal sperm have flagellum which have developed a way to move in liquid environments . A rotary motor model shows that bacteria uses the protons of an electrochemical gradient in order to move their flagella . Torque in the flagella of bacteria is created by particles that conduct protons around the base of the flagellum . The direction of rotation of the flagella in bacteria comes from the occupancy of the proton channels along the perimeter of the flagellar motor . Movement of sperm is called sperm motility . The middle of the mammalian spermatozoon contains mitochondria that power the movement of the flagellum of the sperm . The motor around the base produces torque , just like in bacteria for movement through the aqueous environment . Pseudopodia ( edit ) Movement using a pseudopod is accomplished through increases in pressure at one point on the cell membrane . This pressure increase is the result of actin polymerization between the cortex and the membrane . As the pressure increases the cell membrane is pushed outward creating the pseudopod . When the pseudopod moves outward , the rest of the body is pulled forward by cortical tension . The result is cell movement through the fluid medium . Furthermore , the direction of movement is determined by chemotaxis . When chemoattraction occurs in a particular area of the cell membrane , actin polymerization can begin and move the cell in that direction . An excellent example of an organism that utilizes pseudopods is Naegleria fowleri . A Simple Animation Invertebrates ( edit ) Shrimp paddle with special swimming legs ( pleopods ) Daphnia swims by beating its antennae Among the radiata , jellyfish and their kin , the main form of swimming is to flex their cup shaped bodies . All jellyfish are free - swimming , although many of these spend most of their time swimming passively . Passive swimming is akin to gliding ; the organism floats , using currents where it can , and does not exert any energy into controlling its position or motion . Active swimming , in contrast , involves the expenditure of energy to travel to a desired location . In bilateria , there are many methods of swimming . The arrow worms ( chaetognatha ) undulate their finned bodies , not unlike fish . Nematodes swim by undulating their fin-less bodies . Some Arthropod groups can swim - including many crustaceans . Most crustaceans , such as shrimp , will usually swim by paddling with special swimming legs ( pleopods ) . Swimming crabs swim with modified walking legs ( pereiopods ) . Daphnia , a crustacean , swims by beating its antennae instead . There are also a number of forms of swimming molluscs . Many free - swimming sea slugs , such as sea angels , flap fin - like structures . Some shelled molluscs , such as scallops can briefly swim by clapping their two shells open and closed . The molluscs most evolved for swimming are the cephalopods . Among the Deuterostomia , there are a number of swimmers as well . Feather stars can swim by undulating their many arms ( 1 ) . Salps move by pumping waters through their gelatinous bodies . The deuterosomes most evolved for swimming are found among the vertebrates , notably the fish . Jet propulsion ( edit ) Octopuses swim headfirst , with arms trailing behind Jellyfish pulsate their bell for a type of jet locomotion Scallops swim by clapping their two shells open and closed Main article : Jet propulsion Jet propulsion is a method of aquatic locomotion where animals fill a muscular cavity and squirt out water to propel them in the opposite direction of the squirting water . Most organisms are equipped with one of two designs for jet propulsion ; they can draw water from the rear and expel it from the rear , such as jellyfish , or draw water from front and expel it from the rear , such as salps . Filling up the cavity causes an increase in both the mass and drag of the animal . Because of the expanse of the contracting cavity , the animal 's velocity fluctuates as it moves through the water , accelerating while expelling water and decelerating while vacuuming water . Even though these fluctuations in drag and mass can be ignored if the frequency of the jet - propulsion cycles is high enough , jet - propulsion is a relatively inefficient method of aquatic locomotion . All cephalopods can move by jet propulsion , but this is a very energy - consuming way to travel compared to the tail propulsion used by fish . The relative efficiency of jet propulsion decreases further as animal size increases . Since the Paleozoic , as competition with fish produced an environment where efficient motion was crucial to survival , jet propulsion has taken a back role , with fins and tentacles used to maintain a steady velocity . The stop - start motion provided by the jets , however , continues to be useful for providing bursts of high speed - not least when capturing prey or avoiding predators . Indeed , it makes cephalopods the fastest marine invertebrates , and they can out accelerate most fish . Oxygenated water is taken into the mantle cavity to the gills and through muscular contraction of this cavity , the spent water is expelled through the hyponome , created by a fold in the mantle . Motion of the cephalopods is usually backward as water is forced out anteriorly through the hyponome , but direction can be controlled somewhat by pointing it in different directions . Most cephalopods float ( i.e. are neutrally buoyant ) , so do not need to swim to remain afloat . Squid swim more slowly than fish , but use more power to generate their speed . The loss in efficiency is due to the amount of water the squid can accelerate out of its mantle cavity . Jellyfish use a one - way water cavity design which generates a phase of continuous cycles of jet - propulsion followed by a rest phase . The Froude efficiency is about 0.09 , which indicates a very costly method of locomotion . The metabolic cost of transport for jellyfish is high when compared to a fish of equal mass . Other jet - propelled animals have similar problems in efficiency . Scallops , which use a similar design to jellyfish , swim by quickly opening and closing their shells , which draws in water and expels it from all sides . This locomotion is used as a means to escape predators such as starfish . Afterwards , the shell acts as a hydrofoil to counteract the scallop 's tendency to sink . The Froude efficiency is low for this type of movement , about 0.3 , which is why it 's used as an emergency escape mechanism from predators . However , the amount of work the scallop has to do is mitigated by the elastic hinge that connects the two shells of the bivalve . Squids swim by drawing water into their mantle cavity and expelling it through their siphon . The Froude efficiency of their jet - propulsion system is around 0.29 , which is much lower than a fish of the same mass . Much of the work done by scallop muscles to close its shell is stored as elastic energy in abductin tissue , which acts as a spring to open the shell . The elasticity causes the work done against the water to be low because of the large openings the water has to enter and the small openings the water has to leave . The inertial work of scallop jet - propulsion is also low . Because of the low inertial work , the energy savings created by the elastic tissue is so small that it 's negligible . Medusae can also use their elastic mesoglea to enlarge their bell . Their mantle contains a layer of muscle sandwiched between elastic fibers . The muscle fibers run around the bell circumferentially while the elastic fibers run through the muscle and along the sides of the bell to prevent lengthening . After making a single contraction , the bell vibrates passively at the resonant frequency to refill the bell . However , in contrast with scallops , the inertial work is similar to the hydrodynamic work due to how medusas expel water - through a large opening at low velocity . Because of this , the negative pressure created by the vibrating cavity is lower than the positive pressure of the jet , meaning that inertial work of the mantle is small . Thus , jet - propulsion is shown as an inefficient swimming technique . Fish ( edit ) Open water fish , like this Atlantic bluefin tuna , are usually streamlined for straightline speed , with a deeply forked tail and a smooth body shaped like a spindle tapered at both ends . Many reef fish , like this queen angelfish , have a body flattened like a pancake , with pectoral and pelvic fins that act with the flattened body to maximize manoeuvrability . See also : Fish locomotion Many fish swim through water by creating undulations with their bodies or oscillating their fins . The undulations create components of forward thrust complemented by a rearward force , side forces which are wasted portions of energy , and a normal force that is between the forward thrust and side force . Different fish swim by undulating different parts of their bodies . Eel - shaped fish undulate their entire body in rhythmic sequences . Streamlined fish , such as salmon , undulate the caudal portions of their bodies . Some fish , such as sharks , use stiff , strong fins to create dynamic lift and propel themselves . It is common for fish to use more than one form of propulsion , although they will display one dominant mode of swimming Gait changes have even been observed in juvenile reef fish of various sizes . Depending on their needs , fish can rapidly alternate between synchronized fin beats and alternating fin beats According to Guinness World Records 2009 , Hippocampus zosterae ( the dwarf seahorse ) is the slowest moving fish , with a top speed of about 5 feet ( 150 cm ) per hour . They swim very poorly , rapidly fluttering a dorsal fin and using pectoral fins ( located behind their eyes ) to steer . Seahorses have no caudal fin . Body - caudal fin ( bcf ) propulsion ( edit ) Anguilliform : Anguilliform swimmers are typically slow swimmers . They undulate the majority of their body and use their head as the fulcrum for the load they are moving . At any point during their undulation , their body has an amplitude between 0.5 - 1.0 wavelengths . The amplitude that they move their body through allows them to swim backwards . Anguilliform locomotion is usually seen in fish with long , slender bodies like eels , lampreys , oarfish , and a number of catfish species . Subcarangiform , Carangiform , Thunniform : These swimmers undulate the posterior half of their body and are much faster than anguilliform swimmers . At any point while they are swimming , a wavelength < 1 can be seen in the undulation pattern of the body . Some Carangiform swimmers include nurse sharks , bamboo sharks , and reef sharks . Thunniform swimmers are very fast and some common Thunniform swimmers include tuna , white sharks , salmon , jacks , and mako sharks . Thunniform swimmers only undulate their high aspect ratio caudal fin , so they are usually very stiff to push more water out of the way . Ostraciiform : Ostraciiform swimmers oscillate their caudal region , making them relatively slow swimmers . Boxfish , torpedo rays , and momyrs employ Ostraciiform locomotion . The cow fish uses Osctraciiform locomotion to hover in the water column . Median paired fin ( mpf ) propulsion ( edit ) Tetraodoniform , Balistiform , Diodontiform : These swimmers oscillate their median fins . They are typically slow swimmers , and some notable examples include the oceanic sunfish ( which has extremely modified anal and dorsal fins ) , puffer fish , and triggerfish . Rajiform , Amiiform , Gymnotiform : This locomotory mode is accomplished by undulation of the pectoral and median fins . During their undulation pattern , a wavelength > 1 can be seen in their fins . They are typically slow to moderate swimmers , and some examples include rays , bowfin , and knife fishes . The black ghost knife fish is a Gymnotiform swimmer that has a very long ventral ribbon fin . Thrust is produced by passing waves down the ribbon fin while the body remains rigid . This also allows the ghost knife fish to swim in reverse . Labriform : Labriform swimmers are also slow swimmers . They oscillate their pectoral fins to create thrust . Oscillating fins create thrust when a starting vortex is shed from the trailing edge of the fin . As the foil departs from the starting vortex , the effect of that vortex diminishes , while the bound circulation remains , producing lift . Labriform swimming can be viewed as continuously starting and stopping . Wrasses and surf perch are common Labriform swimmers Hydrofoils ( edit ) The leopard shark angles its pectoral fins so they behave as hydrofoils to control the animal 's pitch Hydrofoils , or fins , are used to push against the water to create a normal force to provide thrust , propelling the animal through water . Sea turtles and penguins beat their paired hydrofoils to create lift . Some paired fins , such as pectoral fins on leopard sharks , can be angled at varying degrees to allow the animal to rise , fall , or maintain its level in the water column . The reduction of fin surface area helps to minimize drag , and therefore increase efficiency . Regardless of size of the animal , at any particular speed , maximum possible lift is proportional to ( wing area ) x ( speed ) . Dolphins and whales have large , horizontal caudal hydrofoils , while many fish and sharks have vertical caudal hydrofoils . Porpoising ( seen in cetaceans , penguins , and pinnipeds ) may save energy if they are moving fast . Since drag increases with speed , the work required to swim unit distance is greater at higher speeds , but the work needed to jump unit distance is independent of speed . Seals propel themselves through the water with their caudal tail , while sea lions create thrust solely with their pectoral flippers . Drag powered swimming ( edit ) The slowest - moving fishes are the sea horses , often found in reefs As with moving through any fluid , friction is created when molecules of the fluid collide with organism . The collision causes drag against moving fish , which is why many fish are streamlined in shape . Streamlined shapes work to reduce drag by orienting elongated objects parallel to the force of drag , therefore allowing the current to pass over and taper off the end of the fish . This streamlined shape allows for more efficient use of energy locomotion . Some flat - shaped fish can take advantage of pressure drag by having a flat bottom surface and curved top surface . The pressure drag created allows for the upward lift of the fish . Appendages of aquatic organisms propel them in two main and biomechanically extreme mechanisms . Some use lift powered swimming , which can be compared to flying as appendages flap like wings , and reduce drag on the surface of the appendage . Others use drag powered swimming , which can be compared to oars rowing a boat , with movement in a horizontal plane , or paddling , with movement in the parasagittal plane . Drag swimmers use a cyclic motion where they push water back in a power stroke , and return their limb forward in the return or recovery stroke . When they push water directly backwards , this moves their body forward , but as they return their limbs to the starting position , they push water forward , which will thus pull them back to some degree , and so opposes the direction that the body is heading . This opposing force is called drag . The return - stroke drag causes drag swimmers to employ different strategies than lift swimmers . Reducing drag on the return stroke is essential for optimizing efficiency . For example , ducks paddle through the water spreading the webs of their feet as they move water back , and then when they return their feet to the front they pull their webs together to reduce the subsequent pull of water forward . The legs of water beetles have little hairs which spread out to catch up and move water back in the power stroke , but lay flat as the appendage moves forward in the return stroke . Also , the water beetle 's legs have a side that is wider and is held perpendicular to the motion when pushing backward , but the leg is then rotated when the limb is to return forward , so that the thinner side will catch up less water . Drag swimmers experience a lessened efficiency in swimming due to resistance which affects their optimum speed . The less drag a fish experiences , the more it will be able to maintain higher speeds . Morphology of the fish can be designed to reduce drag , such as streamlining the body . The cost of transport is much higher for the drag swimmer , and when deviating from its optimum speed , the drag swimmer is energetically strained much more than the lift swimmer . There are natural processes in place to optimize energy use , and it is thought that adjustments of metabolic rates can compensate in part for mechanical disadvantages . Semi-aquatic animals compared to fully aquatic animals exhibit exacerbation of drag . Design that allows them to function out of the water limits the efficiency possible to be reached when in the water . In water swimming at the surface exposes them to resistive wave drag and is associated with a higher cost than submerged swimming . Swimming below the surface exposes them to resistance due to return strokes and pressure , but primarily friction . Frictional drag is due to fluid viscosity and morphology characteristics . Pressure drag is due to the difference of water flow around the body and is also affected by body morphology . Semi-aquatic organisms encounter increased resistive forces when in or out of the water , as they are not specialized for either habitat . The morphology of otters and beavers , for example , must meet needs for both environments . Their fur decreases streamlining and creates additional drag . The platypus may be a good example of an intermediate between drag and lift swimmers because it has been shown to have a rowing mechanism which is similar to lift - based pectoral oscillation . The limbs of semi-aquatic organisms are reserved for use on land and using them in water not only increases the cost of locomotion , but limits them to drag - based modes . Although they are less efficient , drag swimmers are able to produce more thrust at low speeds than lift swimmers . They are also thought to be better for maneuverability due to the large thrust produced . Amphibians ( edit ) Common toad ( Bufo bufo ) swimming Most of the Amphibia have a larval state , which has inherited anguilliform motion , and a laterally compressed tail to go with it , from fish ancestors . The corresponding tetrapod adult forms , even in the tail - retaining sub-class Urodeles , are sometimes aquatic to only a negligible extent ( as in the genus Salamandra , whose tail has lost its suitability for aquatic propulsion ) , but the majority of Urodeles , from the newts to the giant salamander Megalobatrachus , retain a laterally compressed tail for a life that is aquatic to a considerable degree , which can use in a carangiform motion . Of the tailless amphibians ( the frogs and toads of the sub-class Anura ) the majority are aquatic to an insignificant extent in adult life , but in that considerable minority that are mainly aquatic we encounter for the first time the problem of adapting the tailless - tetrapod structure for aquatic propulsion . The mode that they use is unrelated to any used by fish . With their flexible back legs and webbed feet they execute something close to the leg movements of a human ' breast stroke , ' rather more efficiently because the legs are better streamlined . Reptiles ( edit ) Nile crocodile ( Crocodylus niloticus ) swimming From the point of view of aquatic propulsion , the descent of modern members of the class Reptilia from archaic tailed Amphibia is most obvious in the case of the order Crocodilia ( crocodiles and alligators ) , which use their deep , laterally compressed tails in an essentially carangiform mode of propulsion ( see fish carangiform propulsion ) . Terrestrial snakes , in spite of their ' bad ' hydromechanical shape with roughly circular cross-section and gradual posterior taper , swim fairly readily when required , by an anguilliform propulsion ( see fish anguilliform propulsion ) Cheloniidae ( true turtles ) have found a beautiful solution to the problem of tetrapod swimming through the development of their forelimbs into flippers of high - aspect - ratio wing shape , with which they imitate a bird 's propulsive mode more accurately than do the eagle - rays themselves . Immature Hawaiian green sea turtle in shallow waters Macroplata Fin and flipper locomotion ( edit ) Main article : Fin and flipper locomotion Comparative skeletal anatomy of a typical otariid seal and a typical phocid seal Aquatic reptiles such as sea turtles and extinct species like Pliosauroids predominantly use their pectoral flippers to propel themselves through the water and their pelvic flippers for maneuvering . During swimming they move their pectoral flippers in a dorso - ventral motion , causing forward motion . During swimming , they rotate their front flippers to decrease drag through the water column and increase efficiency . Newly hatched sea turtles exhibit several behavioral skills that help orientate themselves towards the ocean as well as identifying the transition from sand to water . If rotated in the pitch , yaw or roll direction , the hatchlings are capable of counteracting the forces acting upon them by correcting with either their pectoral or pelvic flippers and redirecting themselves towards the open ocean . Among mammals otariids ( fur seals ) swim primarily with their front flippers , using the rear flippers for steering , and phocids ( true seals ) move the rear flippers laterally , pushing the animal through the water . Escape reactions ( edit ) Animated representation of lobstering Some arthropods , such as lobsters and shrimps , can propel themselves backwards quickly by flicking their tail , known as lobstering or the caridoid escape reaction . Varieties of fish , such as teleosts , also use fast - starts to escape from predators . Fast - starts are characterized by the muscle contraction on one side of the fish twisting the fish into a C - shape . Afterwards , muscle contraction occurs on the opposite side to allow the fish to enter into a steady swimming state with waves of undulation traveling alongside the body . The power of the bending motion comes from fast - twitch muscle fibers located in the central region of the fish . The signal to perform this contraction comes from a set of Mauthner cells which simultaneously send a signal to the muscles on one side of the fish . Mauthner cells are activated when something startles the fish and can be activated by visual or sound - based stimuli . Fast - starts are split up into three stages . Stage one , which is called the preparatory stroke , is characterized by the initial bending to a C - shape with small delay caused by hydrodynamic resistance . Stage two , the propulsive stroke , involves the body bending rapidly to the other side , which may occur multiple times . Stage three , the rest phase , cause the fish to return to normal steady - state swimming and the body undulations begin to cease . Large muscles located closer to the central portion of the fish are stronger and generate more force than the muscles in the tail . This asymmetry in muscle composition causes body undulations that occur in Stage 3 . Once the fast - start is completed , the position of the fish has been shown to have a certain level of unpredictability , which helps fish survive against predators . The rate at which the body can bend is limited by resistance contained in the inertia of each body part . However , this inertia assists the fish in creating propulsion as a result of the momentum created against the water . The forward propulsion created from C - starts , and steady - state swimming in general , is a result of the body of the fish pushing against the water . Waves of undulation create rearward momentum against the water providing the forward thrust required to push the fish forward . Efficiency ( edit ) See also : Froude number The Froude propulsion efficiency is defined as the ratio of power output to the power input : nf = 2U / ( U + U ) where U1 = free stream velocity and U2 = jet velocity . A good efficiency for carangiform propulsion is between 50 and 80 % . Minimizing drag ( edit ) Pressure differences occur outside the boundary layer of swimming organisms due to disrupted flow around the body . The difference on the up - and down - stream surfaces of the body is pressure drag , which creates a downstream force on the object . Frictional drag , on the other hand , is a result of fluid viscosity in the boundary layer . Higher turbulence causes greater frictional drag . Reynolds number ( Re ) is the measure of the relationships between inertial and viscous forces in flow ( ( animal 's length x animal 's velocity ) / kinematic viscosity of the fluid ) . Turbulent flow can be found at higher Re values , where the boundary layer separates and creates a wake , and laminar flow can be found at lower Re values , when the boundary layer separation is delayed , reducing wake and kinetic energy loss to opposing water momentum . The body shape of a swimming organism affects the resulting drag . Long , slender bodies reduce pressure drag by streamlining , while short , round bodies reduce frictional drag ; therefore , the optimal shape of an organism depends on its niche . Swimming organisms with a fusiform shape are likely to experience the greatest reduction in both pressure and frictional drag . Wing shape also affects the amount of drag experienced by an organism , as with different methods of stroke , recovery of the pre-stroke position results in the accumulation of drag . High - speed ram ventilation creates laminar flow of water from the gills along the body of an organism . The secretion of mucus along the organism 's body surface , or the addition of long - chained polymers to the velocity gradient , can reduce frictional drag experienced by the organism . Buoyancy ( edit ) Many aquatic / marine organisms have developed organs to compensate for their weight and control their buoyancy in the water . These structures , make the density of their bodies very close to that of the surrounding water . Some hydrozoans , such as siphonophores , has gas - filled floats ; the Nautilus , Sepia , and Spirula ( Cephalopods ) have chambers of gas within their shells ; and most teleost fish and many lantern fish ( Myctophidae ) are equipped with swim bladders . Many aquatic and marine organisms may also be composed of low - density materials . Deep - water teleosts , which do not have a swim bladder , have few lipids and proteins , deeply ossified bones , and watery tissues that maintain their buoyancy . Some sharks ' livers are composed of low - density lipids , such as hydrocarbon squalene or wax esters ( also found in Myctophidae without swim bladders ) , which provide buoyancy . Swimming animals that are denser than water must generate lift or adapt a benthic lifestyle . Movement of the fish to generate hydrodynamic lift is necessary to prevent sinking . Often , their bodies act as hydrofoils , a task that is more effective in flat - bodied fish . At a small tilt angle , the lift is greater for flat fish than it is for fish with narrow bodies . Narrow - bodied fish use their fins as hydrofoils while their bodies remain horizontal . In sharks , the heterocercal tail shape drives water downward , creating a counteracting upward force while thrusting the shark forward . The lift generated is assisted by the pectoral fins and upward - angle body positioning . It is supposed that tunas primarily use their pectoral fins for lift . Buoyancy maintenance is metabolically expensive . Growing and sustaining a buoyancy organ , adjusting the composition of biological makeup , and exerting physical strain to stay in motion demands large amounts of energy . It is proposed that lift may be physically generated at a lower energy cost by swimming upward and gliding downward , in a `` climb and glide '' motion , rather than constant swimming on a plane . Temperature ( edit ) Temperature can also greatly affect the ability of aquatic organisms to move through water . This is because temperature not only affects the properties of the water , but also the organisms in the water , as most have an ideal range specific to their body and metabolic needs . Q10 ( temperature coefficient ) , the factor by which a rate increases at a 10 ° C increase in temperature , is used to measure how organisms ' performance relies on temperature . Most have increased rates as water becomes warmer , but some have limits to this and others find ways to alter such effects , such as by endothermy or earlier recruitment of faster muscle . For example , Crocodylus porosus , or estuarine crocodiles , were found to increase swimming speed from 15 ° C to 23 ° C and then to have peak swimming speed from 23 ° C to 33 ° C. However , performance began to decline as temperature rose beyond that point , showing a limit to the range of temperatures at which this species could ideally perform . Submergence ( edit ) The more of the animal 's body that is submerged while swimming , the less energy it uses . Swimming on the surface requires two to three times more energy than when completely submerged . This is because of the bow wave that is formed at the front when the animal is pushing the surface of the water when swimming , creating extra drag . Secondary evolution ( edit ) Chinstrap penguin leaping over water Swimming dog While tetrapods lost many of their natural adaptations to swimming when they evolved onto the land , many have re-evolved the ability to swim or have indeed returned to a completely aquatic lifestyle . Primarily or exclusively aquatic animals have re-evolved from terrestrial tetrapods multiple times : examples include amphibians such as newts , reptiles such as crocodiles , sea turtles , ichthyosaurs , plesiosaurs and mosasaurs , marine mammals such as whales , seals and otters , and birds such as penguins . Many species of snakes are also aquatic and live their entire lives in the water . Among invertebrates , a number of insect species have adaptations for aquatic life and locomotion . Examples of aquatic insects include dragonfly larvae , water boatmen , and diving beetles . There are also aquatic spiders , although they tend to prefer other modes of locomotion under water than swimming proper . Even though primarily terrestrial tetrapods have lost many of their adaptations to swimming , the ability to swim has been preserved or re-developed in many of them . It may never have been completely lost . Examples are : Some breeds of dog swim recreationally . Umbra , a world record - holding dog , can swim 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) in 73 minutes , placing her in the top 25 % in human long - distance swimming competitions . Although most cats hate water , adult cats are good swimmers . The fishing cat is one wild species of cat that has evolved special adaptations for an aquatic or semi-aquatic lifestyle -- webbed digits . Tigers and some individual jaguars are the only big cats known to go into water readily , though other big cats , including lions , have been observed swimming . A few domestic cat breeds also like swimming , such as the Turkish Van . Horses , moose , and elk are very powerful swimmers , and can travel long distances in the water . Elephants are also capable of swimming , even in deep waters . Eyewitnesses have confirmed that camels , including dromedary and Bactrian camels , can swim , despite the fact that there is little deep water in their natural habitats . Both domestic and wild rabbits can swim . Domestic rabbits are sometimes trained to swim as a circus attraction . A wild rabbit famously swam in an apparent attack on U.S. President Jimmy Carter 's boat when it was threatened in its natural habitat . The guinea pig ( or cavy ) is noted as having an excellent swimming ability . Mice can swim quite well . They do panic when placed in water , but many lab mice are used in the Morris water maze , a test to measure learning . When mice swim , they use their tails like flagella and kick with their legs . Many snakes are excellent swimmers as well . Large adult anacondas spend the majority of their time in the water , and have difficulty moving on land . Many monkeys can naturally swim and some , like the proboscis monkey , crab - eating macaque , and rhesus macaque swim regularly . Human swimming ( edit ) Main articles : Human swimming and History of swimming Swimming has been known amongst humans since prehistoric times ; the earliest record of swimming dates back to Stone Age paintings from around 7,000 years ago . Competitive swimming started in Europe around 1800 and was part of the first modern 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens , though not in a form comparable to the contemporary events . It was not until 1908 that regulations were implemented by the International Swimming Federation to produce competitive swimming . See also ( edit ) Swimming portal Fish fins Role of skin in locomotion Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water Undulatory locomotion References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kröger , B. ; Yun - bai , Y.B. ( 2009 ) . `` Pulsed cephalopod diversification during the Ordovician '' . Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology. 273 : 174 -- 201 . doi : 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2008.12. 015 . Jump up ^ Shu , D.G. ; Morris , S.C. ; Han , J. ; Zhang , Z.F. ; Yasui , K. ; Janvier , P. ; Chen , L. ; Zhang , X.L. ; Liu , J.N. ; Li , Y. ; Liu , H. - Q. ( 2003 ) , `` Head and backbone of the Early Cambrian vertebrate Haikouichthys '' , Nature , 421 ( 6922 ) : 526 -- 529 , Bibcode : 2003Natur. 421 ... 526S , PMID 12556891 , doi : 10.1038 / nature01264 Jump up ^ `` Behavior In Water '' . Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The use of convergence as a tool in the reconstruction of human past , with special focus on water use in hominin evolution '' ( PDF ) . WIReDSpace ( Wits Institutional Repository on DSpace ) . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauga , Eric ; Thomas R Powers ( 25 August 2009 ) . `` The hydrodynamics of swimming microorganisms '' . Reports on progress in physics . 72 ( 9 ) . Jump up ^ Brady , Richard M. ( 1993 ) . `` Torque and switching in the bacterial flagellar motor . An electrostatic model '' . Biophysical Journal . 64 ( 4 ) : 961 -- 973 . Bibcode : 1993BpJ ... 64 ... 961B . doi : 10.1016 / S0006 - 3495 ( 93 ) 81462 - 0 . Jump up ^ Mortimer , Sharon T. ( 1997 ) . `` A critical review of the physiological importance and analysis of sperm movement in mammals '' . Human Reproduction Update. 3 ( 5 ) : 403 -- 439 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / 3.5. 403 . Jump up ^ M.P. Neilson ; J.A. Mackenzie ; S.D. Webbs ; R.H. Insall ( 2011 ) . `` Modeling cell movement and chemotaxis using pseudopod - based feedback '' . Siam Journal on Scientific Computing. 33 ( 3 / 4 ) : 1035 -- 1057 . doi : 10.1137 / 100788938 . Jump up ^ Schuster , F.L. ; Visvesvara , G.S. ( 2004 ) . `` Free - living amoebae as opportunistic and non-opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals '' . International Journal for Parasitology. 34 ( 9 ) : 1001 -- 1027 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijpara. 2004.06. 004 . ^ Jump up to : Wilbur , Karl M. ; Clarke , M.R. ; Trueman , E.R. , eds. ( 1985 ) , `` 11 : Evolution of Buoyancy and Locomotion in recent cephalopods '' , The Mollusca , 12 . Paleontology and neontology of Cephalopods , New York : Academic Press , ISBN 0 - 12 - 728702 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Wilbur , Karl M. ; Clarke , M.R. ; Trueman , E.R. , eds. ( 1985 ) , The Mollusca , 12 . Paleontology and neontology of Cephalopods , New York : Academic Press , ISBN 0 - 12 - 728702 - 7 Jump up ^ Marion Nixon ; J.Z. Young . ( 2003 ) . The brains and lives of cephalopods . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 852761 - 6 . Jump up ^ Daniel L. Gilbert ; William J. Adelman ; John M. Arnold ( 1990 ) . Squid as Experimental Animals . Daniel L. Gilbert , John M. Arnold ( illustrated ed . ) . Springer , . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 43513 - 3 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Reece , & Mitchell , p. 612 ^ Jump up to : Levinton , Jeffrey S. Marine Biology : Function , Biodiversity , Ecology . 3rd ed . New York , New York : Oxford University Press , 2008 . Print . ^ Jump up to : McNeill Alexander , R. Exploring Biomechanics : Animals in Motion . 2nd ed . New York , New York : W.H. Freeman & Co , 1992 . Print . Jump up ^ Hale , Melina , R. Day , D. Thorsen , M. Westneat. 2006 . Pectoral fin coordination and gait transitions in steadily swimming juvenile reef fishes . The Journal of Experimental Biology ( 209 ) : 3708 - 3718 . Jump up ^ Guinness Book of World Records ( 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : Sfakiotakis , Michael , D. Lane , B. Davies . 1999 . Review of Fish Swimming Modes for Aquatic Locomotion . Journal of Oceanic Engineering ( 24 : 2 ) 237 - 252 . Jump up ^ Lauder , G. , and Jayne , B. Pectoral fin Locomotion in Fishes : Testing Drag - Based Models Using Three - Dimensional Kinematics . Oxford Journals. 2011 . Jump up ^ Ohlberger , J. , G. Staaks , and F. Hoker . Swimming efficiency and the influence of morphology on swimming costs in fishes. J Comp Physiol B. 176 : 17 - 25 . 2005 . Jump up ^ Fish , Frank E. Biomechanics and Energetics in Aquatic and Semiaquatic Mammals : Platypus to Whale . Chicago Journals. 2011 . Jump up ^ Walker , J. , and M. Westneat . Mechanical Performance of aquatic rowing and flying . The Royal Society . 10.1098. 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Lighthill , MJ . Hydromechanics of Aquatic Animal Propulsion - Annu. Rev. Fluid . Mech. - 1969 1 - 413 - 446 . Jump up ^ Wakeling , James M. and Ian A. Johnston . `` Body bending during fast - starts in fish can be explain in terms of muscle torque and hydrodynamic resistance . '' The Journal of Experimental Biology 202.6 ( 1999 ) : 675 - 682 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton , Robert C. et al . `` The Mauthner - initiated startle response in teleost fish . '' F. exp. Biol. 66 ( 1977 ) : 65 - 81 . Jump up ^ Wakeling , J.M. `` Biomechanics of fast - start swimming in fish . '' Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A. 131 ( 2001 ) : 31 - 40 . ^ Jump up to : Feldkamp , S.D. `` Swimming in the California sea lion : morphometrics , drag , and energetics . '' J. exp. Biol. 131 , 117 - 135 ( 1987 ) . Jump up ^ Marcinek , David J. ; Susanna B. Blackwell ; Heidi Dewar ; Ellen V. Freund ; Charles Farwell ; Daniel Dau ; Andrew C. Seitz ; Barbara A. Block ( 2001 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Depth and muscle temperature of Pacific bluefin tuna examined with acoustic and pop - up satellite archival tags '' . Marine Biology . 138 ( 4 ) : 869 -- 885 . doi : 10.1007 / s002270000492 . Jump up ^ Elsworth , Peter G. ; Frank Seebacher ; Craig E. Franklin ( April 2003 ) . `` Sustained Swimming Performance in Crocodiles ( Crocodylus porosus ) : Effects of Body Size and Temperature '' . Journal of Herpetology. 37 ( 2 ) : 363 -- 368 . doi : 10.1670 / 0022 - 1511 ( 2003 ) 037 ( 0363 : sspicc ) 2.0.co ; 2 . Jump up ^ Nature 's Flyers : Birds , Insects , and the Biomechanics of Flight Jump up ^ SWIMMING DOG VIDEOS Swimming Background Jump up ^ The Straight Dope Mailbag : The Straight Dope Mailbag : Is the camel the only animal that ca n't swim ? Jump up ^ News of the Odd - Jimmy Carter Attacked by Killer Rabbit ( April 20 , 1979 ) Jump up ^ Harkness , John E. ; Wagner , Joseph E. ( 1995 ) . The Biology and Medicine of Rabbits and Rodents . Williams & Wilkins . pp. 30 -- 39 . ISBN 0 - 683 - 03919 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kehm , G ( 2007 ) . Olympic Swimming and Diving : Great Moments in Olympic History . The Rosen Publishing Group . pp. 14 . ISBN 1 - 4042 - 0970 - 0 . ( hide ) Fins , limbs and wings Fins Aquatic locomotion Cephalopod fin Fish locomotion Fin and flipper locomotion Caudal fin Dorsal fin Fish fin flipper Lobe - finned fish Ray - finned fish Pectoral fins Limbs Limb development Limb morphology digitigrade plantigrade unguligrade uniped biped facultative biped triped quadruped Arthropod Cephalopod Tetrapod dactyly Digit Wings Flying and gliding animals Bat wing Bird wing keel skeleton feathers Insect wing Pterosaur wing Wingspan Evolution Evolution of fish Evolution of tetrapods Evolution of birds Origin of birds Origin of avian flight Evolution of cetaceans Comparative anatomy Convergent evolution Analogous structures Homologous structures Related Animal locomotion Gait Robot locomotion Samara Terrestrial locomotion Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water Rotating locomotion Undulatory locomotion Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aquatic_locomotion&oldid=797626331 '' Categories : Anthropology Aquatic locomotion Ethology Swimming Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Galego Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 09 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what part of the fish is used to propel the fish through the water | [
"Many fish swim through water by creating undulations with their bodies or oscillating their fins. The undulations create components of forward thrust complemented by a rearward force, side forces which are wasted portions of energy, and a normal force that is between the forward thrust and side force. Different fish swim by undulating different parts of their bodies. Eel-shaped fish undulate their entire body in rhythmic sequences. Streamlined fish, such as salmon, undulate the caudal portions of their bodies. Some fish, such as sharks, use stiff, strong fins to create dynamic lift and propel themselves. It is common for fish to use more than one form of propulsion, although they will display one dominant mode of swimming [16] Gait changes have even been observed in juvenile reef fish of various sizes. Depending on their needs, fish can rapidly alternate between synchronized fin beats and alternating fin beats [17]",
"Many fish swim through water by creating undulations with their bodies or oscillating their fins. The undulations create components of forward thrust complemented by a rearward force, side forces which are wasted portions of energy, and a normal force that is between the forward thrust and side force. Different fish swim by undulating different parts of their bodies. Eel-shaped fish undulate their entire body in rhythmic sequences. Streamlined fish, such as salmon, undulate the caudal portions of their bodies. Some fish, such as sharks, use stiff, strong fins to create dynamic lift and propel themselves. It is common for fish to use more than one form of propulsion, although they will display one dominant mode of swimming [16] Gait changes have even been observed in juvenile reef fish of various sizes. Depending on their needs, fish can rapidly alternate between synchronized fin beats and alternating fin beats [17]"
] | [
"their fins",
"their bodies"
] |
5989561923982303798 | The Great Gig in the Sky | The Great Gig in the Sky - wikipedia The Great Gig in the Sky Jump to : navigation , search `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' Song by Pink Floyd from the album The Dark Side of the Moon Published World Copyrights Ltd Released 1 March 1973 Recorded September 1972 -- January 1973 Genre Progressive rock Length 4 : 36 Label Harvest Songwriter ( s ) Richard Wright , Clare Torry Producer ( s ) Pink Floyd Echoes : The Best of Pink Floyd track listing 26 tracks ( show ) Disc one `` Astronomy Domine '' `` See Emily Play '' `` The Happiest Days of Our Lives '' `` Another Brick in the Wall ( Part 2 ) '' `` Echoes '' `` Hey You '' `` Marooned '' `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' `` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun '' `` Money '' `` Keep Talking '' `` Sheep '' `` Sorrow '' Disc two `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond ( Parts I -- VII ) '' `` Time '' `` The Fletcher Memorial Home '' `` Comfortably Numb '' `` When the Tigers Broke Free '' `` One of These Days '' `` Us and Them '' `` Learning to Fly '' `` Arnold Layne '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Jugband Blues '' `` High Hopes '' `` Bike '' Audio sample file help `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' is the fifth track on The Dark Side of the Moon , the 1973 album by the English progressive rock band Pink Floyd . The song features music by Richard Wright and non-lexical vocals by Clare Torry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Clare Torry 's vocals 3 Quotes from those involved 4 Lawsuit 5 Spoken parts 6 Reception 7 Live performances 8 Commercial re-use 9 Cover versions 10 Personnel 11 References 12 External links Composition ( edit ) Fender ' Duo 1000 ' double - neck steel guitar ( 1962 ) , purchased in Seattle in October 1970 by David Gilmour , and used on ' Great Gig in the Sky ' ; displayed at the Pink Floyd : Their Mortal Remains exhibition The song began life as a Richard Wright chord progression , known variously as `` The Mortality Sequence '' or `` The Religion Song '' . During 1972 it was performed live as a simple organ instrumental , accompanied by spoken - word samples from the Bible and snippets of speeches by Malcolm Muggeridge , a British writer known for his conservative religious views . When the band came to record Dark Side in 1973 , the lead instrument had been switched to a piano . Various sound effects were tried over the track , including recordings of NASA astronauts communicating on space missions , but none were satisfactory . Finally , a couple of weeks before the album was due to be finished , the band thought of having a female singer `` wail '' over the music . Clare Torry 's vocals ( edit ) As the band began casting around for a singer , album engineer Alan Parsons suggested Clare Torry , a 25 - year - old songwriter and session vocalist . Parsons had previously worked with Torry , and had liked her voice on a compilation album of covers . An accountant from Abbey Road Studios called Dennis contacted Torry and tried to arrange a session for the same evening , but she was initially unenthusiastic . Torry was not a particular fan of Pink Floyd , and she had various other commitments , including , she later admitted , tickets to see Chuck Berry that evening . Eventually , however , a session was scheduled for the following Sunday . The band played the instrumental track for Torry and asked her to improvise a vocal . At first , Torry struggled to divine what the band wanted , but then she was inspired to pretend that she herself was an instrument . She performed two complete takes , the second one more emotional than the first . David Gilmour asked for a third take , but halfway through Torry stopped , feeling she was getting repetitive and had already done the best she could . The final album track was assembled from all three takes . The members of the band were deeply impressed by Torry 's performance , but were so reserved in their outward response that she left under the impression that her vocals would never make the final cut . She only became aware they were used when she saw the album at a local record store , spotted her name in the credits and purchased it . Quotes from those involved ( edit ) Richard Wright : Great Gig in the Sky ? It was just me playing in the studio , playing some chords , and probably Dave or Roger saying `` Hmm ... that sounds nice . Maybe we could use that for this part of the album . '' And then , me going away and trying to develop it . So then I wrote the music for that , and then there was a middle bit , with Clare Torry singing , that fantastic voice . We wanted something for that bit , and she came in and sang on it . Roger Waters : It was something that Rick had already written . It 's a great chord sequence . `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' and the piano part on `` Us and Them , '' in my view , are the best things that Rick did -- they 're both really beautiful . And Alan ( Parsons ) suggested Clare Torry . I 've no idea whose idea it was to have someone wailing on it . Clare came into the studio one day , and we said , `` There 's no lyrics . It 's about dying -- have a bit of a sing on that , girl . '' I think she only did one take . And we all said , `` Wow , that 's that done . Here 's your sixty quid . '' Alan Parsons : She ( Torry ) had done a covers album ; I can remember that she did a version of `` Light My Fire . '' I just thought she had a great voice . When the situation came up , they started head - scratching , saying , `` Who are we going to get to sing on this ? '' I said , `` I 've got an idea -- I know this girl . '' She came , and in a couple of hours it was all done . She had to be told not to sing any words : when she first started , she was doing `` Oh yeah baby '' and all that kind of stuff , so she had to be restrained on that . But there was no real direction -- she just had to feel it . David Gilmour : Clare Torry did n't really look the part . She was Alan Parsons ' idea . We wanted to put a girl on there , screaming orgasmically . Alan had worked with her previously , so we gave her try . And she was fantastic . We had to encourage her a little bit . We gave her some dynamic hints : `` Maybe you 'd like to do this piece quietly , and this piece louder . '' She did maybe half a dozen takes , and then afterwards we compiled the final performance out of all the bits . It was n't done in one single take . Clare Torry : I went in , put the headphones on , and started going ' Ooh - aah , baby , baby -- yeah , yeah , yeah . ' They said , ' No , no -- we do n't want that . If we wanted that we 'd have got Doris Troy . ' They said , ' Try some longer notes ' , so I started doing that a bit . And all this time , I was getting more familiar with the backing track . ( ... ) That was when I thought , ' Maybe I should just pretend I 'm an instrument . ' So I said , ' Start the track again . ' One of my most enduring memories is that there was a lovely can ( i.e headphone ) balance . Alan Parsons got a lovely sound on my voice : echoey , but not too echoey . When I closed my eyes -- which I always did -- it was just all - enveloping ; a lovely vocal sound , which for a singer , is always inspirational . Chris Thomas , who was brought in to assist Alan Parsons in mixing the album mentions that they were actually in mixdown at the time . On the DVD Classic Albums : Pink Floyd -- The Making of The Dark Side of the Moon , various members mention that they had this song and were n't quite sure what to do with it . Wright further mentions that when she finished , she was apologetic about her performance even though those present were amazed at her improvisation . Lawsuit ( edit ) In 2004 , Torry sued Pink Floyd and EMI for songwriting royalties , on the basis that her contribution to `` Great Gig in the Sky '' constituted co-authorship with Richard Wright . Originally , she had been paid the standard Sunday flat studio rate of £ 30 ( equivalent to £ 400 in 2016 ) . In 2005 , prior to a hearing in the High Court , an out - of - court settlement was reached . Although the terms of the settlement were not disclosed all pressings after 2005 list the composition to Richard Wright and Clare Torry . Spoken parts ( edit ) On Classic Albums : Pink Floyd -- The Making of The Dark Side of the Moon , it is pointed out that during the recording of the album , in which death and life had been a consistent theme , the members of the band went around asking questions and recording responses by the folks working inside Abbey Road . Among the questions , they were asked `` Are you afraid of dying ? '' The responses of doorman Gerry O'Driscoll and the wife of their road Manager Peter Watts were used , as well as other spoken parts throughout the album ( `` I 've always been mad '' `` That geezer was cruisin ' for a bruisin '' ) ( At 0 : 38 ) And I am not frightened of dying . Any time will do , I do n't mind . Why should I be frightened of dying ? There 's no reason for it -- you 've got to go sometime . -- Gerry O'Driscoll , Abbey Road Studios janitorial `` browncoat '' ( At 3 : 33 , faintly ) I never said I was frightened of dying . -- Patricia ' Puddie ' Watts , wife of road manager Peter Watts Reception ( edit ) In a contemporary review for The Dark Side of the Moon , Lloyd Grossman of Rolling Stone described `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' as a track ( Pink Floyd ) could have `` shortened or dispensed '' . Live performances ( edit ) An early incarnation of the song , titled `` The Mortality Sequence '' and lacking the vocals later contributed by Clare Torry , was performed by Pink Floyd throughout 1972 . In its final version , `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' was performed live from 1973 -- 1975 , and from 1987 -- 1994 . During the band 's 1974 -- 1975 tour , David Gilmour played both pedal steel guitar and the Hammond organ , allowing Richard Wright to concentrate solely on piano ( his keyboards were arranged where he could n't play both ) . Gilmour 's pedal steel for `` Great Gig '' was located accordingly beside Wright 's Hammond . Starting in 1987 , additional touring keyboardist Jon Carin took over the Hammond parts . Up to three singers performed the vocals , each taking different parts of the song . On the 1974 -- 75 tour , vocal duties were handled by Venetta Fields and Carlena Williams , both former members of The Blackberries . On the Delicate Sound of Thunder video , the vocals are shared by Rachel Fury , Durga McBroom and Margret Taylor . Clare Torry returned for the Knebworth ' 90 concert . The 1994 live album P U L S E features a version sung by Sam Brown , Durga McBroom and Claudia Fontaine . When the Floyd 's manager , Steve O'Rourke , died in 2003 , Gilmour , Wright , and Mason played `` Fat Old Sun '' and `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' at O'Rourke's funeral . Commercial re-use ( edit ) A short clip of the song was used in a 1974 TV advertisement for Dole bananas . A re-recorded version was used as the backing music in a UK television advertisement for the analgesic Nurofen in 1990 . The band was not involved in this version , but Clare Torry again did the vocal with Neil Conti on drums and Lati Kronlund on bass . ' Rick wrote that music . He remade it for them . It 's down to the writer . If my name had been on that track too it would n't have happened . I would n't do it . But that 's Rick 's business . I did n't approve of it , but I have no control over it . ' -- David Gilmour , Cover versions ( edit ) On the Easy Star All - Stars ' Dub Side of the Moon album , there are two different dub music versions of the track , `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' ( Track 4 ) and `` Great Dub in the Sky '' ( Track 11 ) . The London Philharmonic Orchestra performs an instrumental version , arranged by Jaz Coleman and conducted by Peter Scholes , on the 1995 album Us and Them : Symphonic Pink Floyd . Phish does a live cover on track 6 of disc 3 of Live Phish Vol. 7 . Seattle local band The Squirrels did a full - length parody `` tribute '' of The Dark Side of the Moon in 1999 entitled The Not - So - Bright Side of the Moon . Their version of `` Great Gig '' has vocalist Baby Cheevers singing after guitarist Joey Kline says `` Sorry , the girl did n't show up ! '' On the 2009 Flaming Lips remake of Dark Side , Peaches performs Clare Torry 's vocals and Henry Rollins recreates the interview samples . The progressive metal band Dream Theater performs this song in their `` Official Bootlegs : Covers '' series , with Theresa Thomason taking over vocal duties . The Bluecoats Drum and Bugle Corps , from Canton , Ohio , played an arrangement of the song with multiple trumpets performing the vocal part for their Drum Corps International world championship winning 2016 show `` Down Side Up . '' The Australian Pink Floyd Show performed the song with Ola Bieńkowska doing a near - exact replica of the vocal . Personnel ( edit ) Richard Wright -- piano , Hammond organ David Gilmour -- pedal steel guitar Roger Waters -- bass Nick Mason -- drums with : Clare Torry -- vocals References ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ Some CD pressings merge `` Speak to Me '' and `` Breathe '' . Citations ^ Jump up to : Povey 2007 , Discography : The Dark Side of the Moon Jump up ^ Harris 2006 , p. 142 ; Mabbett 1995 ; Blake 2008 , pp. 198 . See also Nerpil , Hannah ( 19 September 2008 ) . `` Richard Wright 's Greatest Hits : 10 Pink Floyd Classics '' . The Times Online . London . Retrieved 26 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Most of the material in this paragraph is compiled from Blake 2008 , pp. 198 -- 199 ; Harris 2006 , pp. 141 -- 144 ; Mason 2005 , pp. 174 . Jump up ^ Blake 2008 , pp. 198 Jump up ^ Harris 2006 , p. 143 Jump up ^ Torry , Clare . `` Pink Floyd Clare Torry `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' interview '' ( Interview ) . 5 : 48 . I was convinced it would never see the light of day because they had n't commented . They had n't said `` great '' , `` awful '' , nothing ! I honestly thought they did n't like it . And I did n't give it much thought because I never thought anybody would hear it . Jump up ^ Torry , Clare . `` Pink Floyd Clare Torry `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' interview '' ( Interview ) . 6 : 44 . There used to be a record shop in King 's Road ( ... ) near where I lived , and there in the window was this now - familiar cover , `` Pink Floyd new album '' , so I thought `` oh I wonder if that 's what I did '' , see I had no idea . And so I walked in and opened the album . ( ... ) I do n't think it had a title when I did the singing , it was just called `` scat '' or something , and there it was `` Great Gig in the Sky '' , vocals Clare Torry , so I thought `` oh I 'll have to buy that '' . Jump up ^ Kendall , Charlie ( 1984 ) . `` Shades of Pink -- The Definitive Pink Floyd Profile '' . The Source Radio Show . Archived from the original on 11 September 2012 . Retrieved 26 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dark Side ' at 30 : Roger Waters '' . Rolling Stone . March 12 , 2003 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2009 . Retrieved 18 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dark Side ' at 30 : Alan Parsons '' . Rolling Stone . March 12 , 2003 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2009 . Retrieved 18 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dark Side ' at 30 : David Gilmour '' . Rolling Stone . March 12 , 2003 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2009 . Retrieved 18 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Harris , John ( October 2005 ) . `` Clare Torry - Brain Damage exclusive '' . Brain Damage . Retrieved 18 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Nick Wright interview , Classic Albums : Pink Floyd -- The Making of The Dark Side of the Moon Jump up ^ UK Consumer Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark , Gregory ( 2017 ) . `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seventies Singer '' . 2005 . Retrieved 23 January 2009 . A female vocalist may have become the first British artist to win an out - of - court settlement for a piece of music recorded over 30 years ago . Clare Torry was paid £ 30 to perform on Pink Floyd 's 1973 album ' Dark Side of the Moon ' and was given a written credit at the time . Yet the session singer , who contributed to the track The Great Gig in the Sky , has taken her claim to the High Court where she has won a half - share on copyright ownership on the song performed . Although most details of the case are secret , the Daily Telegraph has reported the singer secured a cash payment with Pink Floyd and their label , EMI . Jump up ^ Harris 2006 , pp. 135 ^ Jump up to : Sutcliffe , Phil ; Henderson , Peter ( March 1998 ) . `` The True Story of Dark Side of the Moon '' . Mojo ( 52 ) . Retrieved from http://www.pinkfloyd-co.com/band/interviews/art-rev/art-mojo98.html on 23 December 2010 . There is confusion in this article over who `` Puddie '' or `` Puddy '' Watts is . For clarification see Harris 2006 or David Gilmour 's response to the Mojo article , retrieved from http://pinkfloyd.1accesshost.com/artic/letter.htm Jump up ^ Grossman , Lloyd ( 24 May 1973 ) . `` Pink Floyd : Dark Side of the Moon '' . Rolling Stone . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Mason 2005 Jump up ^ Manning , Toby ( 2006 ) . `` Which One 's Pink ? '' . The Rough Guide to Pink Floyd ( 1st ed . ) . London : Rough Guides . p. 147 . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 575 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Dole Bananas Commercial '' . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Echoes FAQ '' . Retrieved 29 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Phil Sutcliffe ( July 1995 ) . `` The 30 Year Technicolor Dream '' . Mojo Magazine . Archived from the original on 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Bibliography Blake , Mark ( 2008 ) . Comfortably Numb -- The Inside Story of Pink Floyd . Da Capo . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81752 - 7 . Harris , John ( 2006 ) . The Dark Side of the Moon ( third ed . ) . Harper Perennial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 779090 - 6 . Mabbett , Andy ( 1995 ) . The Complete Guide to the Music of Pink Floyd . London : Omnibus . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 4301 - X . Mason , Nick ( 2005 ) . Philip Dodd , ed . Inside Out : A Personal History of Pink Floyd ( Paperback ed . ) . Phoenix . ISBN 0 - 7538 - 1906 - 6 . Povey , Glenn ( 2007 ) . Echoes . Mind Head Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9554624 - 0 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) The Dark Side of the Moon Songs Side one `` Speak to Me '' `` Breathe '' `` On the Run '' `` Time '' `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' Side two `` Money '' `` Us and Them '' `` Any Colour You Like '' `` Brain Damage '' `` Eclipse '' Related articles Dark Side of the Moon Tour The Dark Side of the Moon Live Dark Side of the Rainbow Darkside Tribute albums Dub Side of the Moon Dubber Side of the Moon The Flaming Lips and Stardeath and White Dwarfs Doing The Dark Side of the Moon From the Dark Side of the Moon Return to the Dark Side of the Moon Us and Them : Symphonic Pink Floyd Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Gig_in_the_Sky&oldid=815390642 '' Categories : 1973 songs Pink Floyd songs The Flaming Lips songs Peaches ( musician ) songs Rock instrumentals Songs about death Songs written by Richard Wright ( musician ) Song recordings produced by David Gilmour Song recordings produced by Roger Waters Song recordings produced by Richard Wright ( musician ) Song recordings produced by Nick Mason Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2013 Use British English from June 2012 Use dmy dates from June 2012 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 15 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang on pink floyd great gig in the sky | [
"\"The Great Gig in the Sky\" is the fifth track[nb 1] on The Dark Side of the Moon, the 1973 album by the English progressive rock band Pink Floyd. The song features music by Richard Wright and non-lexical vocals by Clare Torry."
] | [
"Clare Torry"
] |
-2433319115945844016 | Sonny with a Chance (season 2) | Sonny with a Chance ( season 2 ) - wikipedia Sonny with a Chance ( season 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search Sonny with a Chance ( season 2 ) The Sonny with a Chance season two cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 25 Release Original network Disney Channel Original release March 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 14 ) -- January 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 02 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 The second and final season of the television series Sonny with a Chance aired on Disney Channel from March 14 , 2010 to January 2 , 2011 . The six main characters are Sonny Monroe ( Demi Lovato ) , Tawni Hart ( Tiffany Thornton ) , Chad Dylan Cooper ( Sterling Knight ) , Nico Harris ( Brandon Mychal Smith ) , Grady Mitchell ( Doug Brochu ) , and Zora Lancaster ( Allisyn Ashley Arm ) . Recurring cast members and guest stars this season include Michael Kostroff , Nancy McKeon , Vicki Lewis , G. Hannelius , Estelle Harris , Carol Locatell , Larry Gelman , Lou Ferrigno , Shaquille O'Neal , Allstar Weekend , Joe Jonas and Raven - Symoné . Contents ( hide ) 1 Opening sequence 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 References 5 External links Opening sequence ( edit ) The opening sequence for season two remains virtually the same , with only the portion where Sonny knocks the title logo into place being reshot . Production ( edit ) Disney Channel initially renewed Sonny for a second season on June 1 , 2009 , alongside the fourth season of Hannah Montana . Production for the series moved from NBC Studios in Burbank , California to Hollywood Center Studios in Hollywood , California . Episodes were taped from November 2 , 2009 and ended on June 4 , 2010 . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Sonny with a Chance episodes The season consisted of 26 episodes . This season was filmed from November 2009 to June 2010 No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 22 `` Walk a Mile in My Pants '' Eric Dean Seaton Amy Engelberg & Wendy Engelberg March 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 14 ) 202 6.3 Sonny is hosting a Walk - a-Thon For Books where all the participants will be wearing Tawni 's Extreme Skinny Jeans , although Sonny and the rest of So Random ! have trouble walking in the jeans while Tawni was comfortable with the jeans . Chad finds out about the upcoming event , so he and the rest of Mackenzie Falls decide to host a Walk - A-Thon Against Books where all the contestants will also be wearing Tawni 's Extreme Skinny Jeans . However , the next day , Tawni becomes incapacitated , and is sent to hospital , accompanied by Sonny . Upon arriving the hospital , Tawni is diagnosed with SPS ( Skinny Pants Syndrome ) , an infection that cuts the blood circulation , where it affects your ability to walk . Then , a TV network broadcasts the `` Walk - A-Thon '' events , where both teams also become incapacitated , because of the SPS , so they all end up in hospital and have their pants cut off , much to Tawni 's dismay . Later that day , Tawni is given the balloon pants , a medicine that she has to wear until her legs are healed . Tawni becomes fed up with her balloon pants , and she tries to wear the skinny jeans , only to learn that all her fans also suffered SPS , so Tawni and everyone decide to make charity music video `` Stop SPS '' , in order to fight against SPS . So Random ! sketches : `` Sicky Vicky '' : Sonny plays Vicky , a sick girl who hosts a TV show from her bed giving tips about fun things to do when you are sick . Untitled Hula Sketch : The cast rehearses a hula sketch . `` Stop SPS '' : The casts of So Random ! and Mackenzie Falls unite to film the music video to stop Skinny Pants Syndrome . Absent : Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora Note : On this episode 's first broadcast , the 16 : 9 widescreen picture seen on Disney Channel HD was mistakenly compressed into the 4 : 3 center cut picture on Disney Channel 's SD feed ; the rebroadcast on March 21 , 2010 corrected this . This is the first episode broadcast that was taped at Hollywood Center Studios , joining Wizards of Waverly Place , The Suite Life on Deck and Jonas at the lot ; the series was shot at NBC Studios in Burbank for the first season . The series ' record breaking season premiere was led in by the season finale for Hannah Montana , which topped the week with 7.6 million viewers . 23 `` Sonny Get Your Goat '' Eric Dean Seaton Dava Savel March 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 21 ) 204 3.2 Sonny and Tawni are invited on an exchange program to Glendovia because of the success of their `` Check - it - Out Girls '' sketch , but refuse to go together due to an unknown argument . When Tawni goes she is shocked to discover that it is a cultural wasteland and that the Glendovians think the characters are real check out girls . Meanwhile , an exchange student impresses a girl Nico and Grady like , and they both think it is because of his mustache . They then wear a mustache trying to impress her , but they get themselves stuck in their own mustaches because of the glue . So Random ! sketch : `` The Check - it - out Girls '' : A popular sketch which was a recurring segment in Season 1 . Guest Stars : Michael Kostroff as Marshall , Sam Lerner as Dinka Absent : Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora Title Reference : Annie Get Your Gun 24 `` Gassie Passes '' Eric Dean Seaton Dava Savel March 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 28 ) 205 2.9 Feeling that Gassie does n't get the affection that he deserves , Sonny takes it upon herself to show the dog love , love that it does n't get from its trainer . Sonny then finds out that giving the dog affection effects Gassie 's mood to flatulate on command when filming the `` Gassie '' sketches as well jeopardizing the feature film `` Gassie and We '' . Sonny then gives Gassie too many dog treats that may have killed him . In the end it turns out Gassie was in shock from too many meatball treats and gets the love he deserves , also putting Chad into shock by pretending to be dead . Meanwhile , Nico and Grady borrow money from Dakota Condor to invest in fart noise lunch boxes for `` Gassie and We '' . So Random ! sketch : `` Gassie the Toot'n Pooch '' Guest star : Siobhan Fallon Hogan as Bella , Gassie 's trainer 25 `` Sonny with a Song '' John Fortenberry Michael Feldman & Steve Marmel April 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 11 ) 209 3.2 Sonny 's favorite musician , Trey Brothers , is visiting and she would like to spend time with him to show him some songs she has written . However , Tawni likes Trey and thinks Sonny is trying to steal him from her . So she says that Sonny 's song is her song . But then things get more complicated when Trey steals `` Tawni 's song '' . Meanwhile , Nico and Grady try to find out how to work a magic box . Guest star : Guy Burnet as Trey Brothers Absent : Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora Songs featured : `` Me , Myself and Time '' Note : This episode is Sonny 's first time performing a song . 26 5 `` High School Miserable '' Carl Lauten Michael Feldman & Steve Marmel April 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 18 ) 206 5.4 Sonny and her fellow cast members are disappointed with their studio perks , they then write a letter to Mr. Condor expressing their dissatisfaction . Mr. Condor becomes upset by this and fires the cast forcing them to attend public high school and hires his daughter Dakota as the one and only star of So Random ! . Title reference : High School Musical So Random ! sketches : `` The Real Princesses of New Jersey '' : A parody of both The Real Housewives of New Jersey reality - show and the Disney Princess franchise , performed by Sonny ( Snow - White / `` Snowy '' ) , Tawni ( Cinderella / `` Cindy '' ) , Zora ( Sleeping - Beauty / `` Beauty '' ) , and Grady ( the Magic Mirror ) . `` Sally Jenson : Kid Lawyer '' : The cast rehearses this sketch , with Dakota later replacing Zora . `` Rappin ' Pirate '' : A sketch mentioned by the other cast members , normally performed by Nico , later replaced by Dakota . Guest star : E.E. Bell as Principal 27 6 `` The Legend of Candy Face '' Eric Dean Seaton Dan Cohen & F.J. Pratt May 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 02 ) 203 3.5 When the casts of So Random ! and Mackenzie Falls keep doing ridiculous things to each other , Sonny tries to make peace so Ms. Bitterman decides do take them to the woods so they can start trusting each other . While on a team building retreat in the woods , Ms. Bitterman tells the group about the legend of `` Candyface '' . When mysterious events start happening and personal items are found broken , the So Random ! cast is convinced that `` Candyface '' is responsible . So Random ! sketch : `` Mackenzie Stalls '' : The cast of So Random ! parody Mackenzie Falls , but instead of the setting being by a waterfall , the setting of the sketch is in a school bathroom . Guest stars : Vicki Lewis as Mrs. Bitterman , William Jonathan Georges as Devon , Leslie - Anne Huff as Penelope , Ashley Jackson as Chloe and DeVaughn Nixon as Trevor Note : Chad 's hair is short in the beginning , but after the theme , it 's long again . Ms. Bitterman makes a joke about a guy named Bernie who `` made off '' with her money , referencing Bernie Madoff 's Ponzi scheme scandal of 2008 . 28 7 `` Gummy with a Chance '' Carl Lauten Josh Herman & Adam Schwartz May 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 09 ) 207 3.4 Tawni bans gum from the set after `` almost dying '' from tripping over Sonny 's leftover pieces . Even though Sonny has a ritual of chewing gum just before going on stage and feels she ca n't be funny without it . Meanwhile , Chad invites Nico and Grady to exercise in his personal gym as a ploy to use their workouts to power his new `` green '' dressing room . So Random ! sketches : `` Sicky Vicky '' and `` Toe - nail Fairy '' ( played by Tawni ) 29 8 `` Random Acts of Disrespect '' Leslie Kolins Small Dan Cohen & F.J. Pratt May 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 16 ) 208 5.5 When Grace , an elderly woman , wins the `` Be So Random ! for a Day '' contest , the So Random ! cast ends up planning an `` old geezer '' sketch that not only offends Grace and her entire retirement home , but all elderly people . Grace and her friends turn the tables and play a practical joke on the cast . Meanwhile , Chad attempts to help a group of kids with their fear of clowns and ends up looking like one himself . References During one sketch , other Disney Channel shows are ( verbally ) parodied , including That 's So Raven , Wizards of Waverly Place , and Hannah Montana . The end - credits sequence features parodies of routines from The Benny Hill Show ( the `` Yakety Sax '' chase - sequences , and patting Jackie Wright 's bald head ) , and Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In ( Arte Johnson 's `` man on a tricycle '' ) . Guest stars : Estelle Harris as Grace Gallagher , Carol Locatell as Edith and Larry Gelman as Buddy Absent : Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora 30 9 `` Grady with a Chance of Sonny '' Eric Dean Seaton Lanny Horn & Josh Silverstein May 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 23 ) 216 5.5 When Grady 's brother , Grant , makes fun of him for not having a girlfriend , Sonny steps in and pretends to be his girlfriend . They try to keep the act going when Grant visits and Sonny tries to squeeze in a date with Tridark , star Blake Radisson . Meanwhile , Nico and Tawni pull a prank on Chad just before he gets ready to shoot a commercial for his self - titled energy bar . Guest star : Preston Jones as Grant Mitchell Absent : Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora 31 10 `` Falling for the Falls '' ( Part 1 ) Eric Dean Seaton Michael Feldman & Steve Marmel June 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 13 ) 201 3.6 Sonny and her mom start watching Mackenzie Falls and eventually become addicted to it . When the season finale is coming up , Sonny ca n't wait for it and just asks Chad what happens between Mackenzie and Chloe in the finale , though she words it as if she wants him to ask her out instead , which he does . When the other the So Random ! cast members finds out Sonny is watching Mackenzie Falls , they disapprove and Sonny is afraid to tell them about her and Chad . Meanwhile , the cast are working on Astronomy projects and Grady and Nico try to find a way to get Sonny to do it for them . 32 11 `` Falling for the Falls '' ( Part 2 ) Eric Dean Seaton Michael Feldman & Steve Marmel June 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 20 ) 217 3.8 Sonny and Chad try to keep their relationship a secret from their fellow So Random ! and Mackenzie Falls cast members . However , they keep slipping up and saying the words `` Chad '' and `` Sonny '' during their rehearsals . This makes the cast members of both shows suspicious . When they go on their first date , Chad messes up because he is nervous and ends up spitting water on Sonny . The cast of So Random ! then finds out about their date when the incident is posted on the cover of `` Tween Weekly '' magazine . Chad blames Sonny for what happened and Sonny , infuriated , `` breaks up '' with him . He then climbs through her window into her house to apologize , and shows Sonny a billboard he had made that says he is a fool for her . They then restart their relationship and have a `` second first date '' as the rest of So Random ! watches angrily . Last Appearance of : Connie Munroe 33 / 34 12 / 13 `` Sonny with a Secret '' Eric Dean Seaton Michael Feldman & Steve Marmel July 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 18 ) 212 -- 213 6.1 Sonny celebrating her one - year anniversary with So Random ! is hindered when is she accused of being of thief . From stealing a necklace at a department store , to stealing Nico and Grady 's gold coin and possibly stealing the idea of the `` Sicky Vicky '' sketch . When proof of the contrary is to no avail , she is fired from the show . Sonny is eventually cleared of accusations and re-hired after it 's revealed that one of the members from Mackenzie Falls was the one to frame Sonny because of her relationship with Chad . Meanwhile , Tawni is annoyed at the fact that she is constantly ignored . Absent : Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora ( in part one only ) Guest stars : Leslie - Anne Huff as Penelope and Regan Burns as Ryan Loughlin Note : This episode was broadcast in a 4 : 3 letterbox format on Disney Channel 's standard definition feed . Also , when showing Sonny back in Wisconsin , she is wearing a brown wig , because in season 1 , her hair is brown in contrast to season 2 , where her hair is black . She had to wear a wig because they were filmed together , but one was before her hair changed to black . 35 14 `` The Problem with Pauly '' Shelley Jensen Josh Herman & Adam Schwartz August 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 08 ) 214 4.5 Sonny meets Pauly the star of their favorite childhood show , Pauly and Pals . She agrees to wear the Pauly suit at fan meet and greet so that Hank ( Bobby Slayton ) , the actor that plays Pauly , can get a break . But Sonny 's commitment to being Pauly hinders a seven - week anniversary date she planned with Chad , in addition Hank does not want to return to his job . Absent : Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora 36 15 `` That 's So Sonny '' Eric Dean Seaton Dava Savel August 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 29 ) 215 4.0 Chad is upset that he does not have 1,000,000 fans on Flitter ( a parody of Twitter ) and things get worse when they start to decrease . Sonny enlists the help of Amber Algoode , the president of his fan club and a master of disguise to fix things . Amber uses her disguises to spy on the other So Random ! cast members to hear what they think of Chad . When she finds out that they like Chad now that he is dating Sonny , Amber insists that Chad dump Sonny , so that people will find him interesting again and to reach his 1,000,000 fans mark . Guest star : Raven - Symoné as Amber Algoode Absent : Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora 37 16 `` Chad Without a Chance '' Eric Dean Seaton Amy Engelberg & Wendy Engelberg September 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 19 ) 210 4.0 When Sonny catches the flu , Chad agrees to substitute for her with other So Random ! cast members . The cast members have arranged a daily chart in which they are allowed to spend individual time with Sonny . With Chad substituting , he agrees to dump Tawni 's dates over the phone , help Nico get a date with the studio masseuse , assist Zora with her martial arts and offers to be Grady 's therapist , all leading to disastrous results . So Random ! sketch : `` Sicky Vicky '' : In this sketch Sicky Vicky talks to the audience about ways to have fun when you are sick with Pink eye . 38 17 `` My Two Chads '' Eric Dean Seaton Dan Cohen & F.J. Pratt September 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) 211 4.0 Sonny finds out that Chad has sent his stunt double Chaz on every `` dangerous '' date with her , so she breaks up with him . Nico and Grady worry about being bored all the time . Tawni becomes the celebrity host of a pirate - themed friendship game show , with Sonny pairing with Chad and Nico pairing with Grady . In the end , Sonny gave Chad a second chance . Absent : Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora Special guest star : Lou Ferrigno as Himself 39 18 `` A So Random ! Halloween Special '' Eric Dean Seaton Josh Herman & Adam Schwartz October 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 17 ) 226 4.0 The first of two specials in the season , the show features a full episode of the show within a show , So Random ! . Segments include `` Check It Out Girls '' , `` Halloween Do 's and Don'ts '' and `` Roadkill McGill 's Roadside Diner '' . The show also features musical performances from Sonny Munroe and Allstar Weekend ; and celebrity host , Shaquille O'Neal . So Random ! sketches : `` Check - it - out girls '' `` The Monster Under My Bed '' : A sketch from the Halloween Special . Sonny plays a mother and Zora is her daughter who gets attacked by a monster under her bed ( Grady ) . `` Halloween Party Do 's and Dont 's '' : A Halloween sketch with all the casts being at a Halloween Party , saying good and bad things . `` Roadkill McGrill 's Roadside Diner '' : Sonny and Nico are eating animal food from two country people ( Tawni and Grady ) . `` Making Babies Cry '' : A videoclip with the So Random ! cast with Nico playing Romeo Baby Smooth , a singer that likes making babies cry . Note : This is Sonny 's second time performing a song . Special guest stars : Shaquille O'Neal as Himself and Allstar Weekend as Themselves Songs featured : `` Come Down With Love '' and `` Work of Art '' 40 19 `` Sonny with a 100 % Chance of Meddling '' Ron Mosely Lanny Horn & Josh Silverstein October 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 24 ) 219 4.7 Sonny sees that Zora was attracted to Wesley Willilger ( Billy Unger ) , a child actor guest - starring on Mackenzie Falls . Sonny tries to set a date for Wesley and Zora in a group date with Sonny , Tawni , Nico and Grady . Wesley then gets the wrong message that the date was arranged for him and Sonny to get together . Meanwhile , Nico and Grady enter a cell phone film festival with Dakota Condor as the star of their film , but Dakota 's usual unruly behavior drives the guys crazy . So Random ! sketch : : `` Counselor Jenny and Dan Dan the Guitar Man '' : A sketch about camp counselors selling insensitive camp songs for a television commercial , `` the same songs that got fired from over 100 summer camps . '' 41 20 `` Dakota 's Revenge '' Eric Dean Seaton Dava Savel November 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 14 ) 223 3.7 Dakota 's new bike gets run over accidentally by Tawni and Sonny and Tawni try desperately to get Izzy ( Richard Libertini ) the show 's prop master to fix it . Meanwhile , Chad writes Dakota a song for her birthday , But Grady and Nico plan on pulling a prank on him to ruin his moment . Last Appearance of : Dakota Condor 42 21 `` Sonny with a Kiss '' Eric Dean Seaton Ellen Byron & Lissa Kapstrom November 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 21 ) 220 3.6 When revealed in an interview that they have yet to share a kiss , Sonny and Chad start to feel pressured by their friends and fans to make it happen . After coming to the realization that there was a lot less pressure when they were just friends , Sonny and Chad decide to break up ; they then have their first kiss , finally deciding to get back together . Meanwhile , Nico and Grady believe their temporary dressing room is being haunted by a dead comedian . So Random ! sketch : `` The Toilet Genie and the Nerd '' : Grady plays The Toilet Genie , a genie from a high school bathroom toilet who grants wishes to nerd Nico . Absent : Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora Guest star : Johari Johnson as Tia 43 22 `` A So Random ! Holiday Special '' Eric Dean Seaton Michael Feldman & Steve Marmel November 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 28 ) 218 3.8 Chad Dylan Cooper hosts a fully produced , jolly - themed `` So Random ! '' holiday special , with special musical guest Joe Jonas . Sketches include `` A Jonas for Christmas '' , `` The 12 Days of Sickmas with Sicky Vicky '' , `` Holiday Cooking with Roadkill McGill '' and `` Christmas with the Real Princesses of New Jersey '' . Note : Sonny performs a duet for the first time and this is her third time performing a song . Special guest star : Joe Jonas as Himself Songs featured : `` Sing My Song for You '' 44 23 `` Sonny with a Grant '' Eric Dean Seaton Michael Feldman & Steve Marmel December 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 05 ) 221 4.0 Grady 's older brother Grant makes another visit into town just when Grady was about to spend some alone time alone while the other cast members are on vacation , except for Tawni when a hurricane canceles her cruise . Chad is fired from `` Mackenzie Falls '' with Grant being as the new Mackenzie . Absent : Brandon Mychal Smith as Nico and Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora , but their names are both mentioned . Last Appearance of : Mr. Condor Note : This is the second time that Brandon Mychal Smith was absent for an episode . He was absent for only one episode in the first season . Delta House and the yellow and blue hats are a parody of the movie `` National Lampoon 's Animal House '' . 45 24 `` Marshall with a Chance '' Shannon Flynn Carla Banks Waddles December 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 12 ) 224 3.2 Marshall is frustrated by the cast 's unfunny sketch ideas with the cast later making a video making fun of him . Marshall sees the video realizing how mean he was and decides to quit `` So Random '' to pursue his own acting career with a one - man play entitled `` My Life with Ma '' . So Random ! sketch : Two sketches related to the Japanese herb Wasabi including the game show `` Where the Wasabi '' and a Wasabi public service announcement featuring Grady . Guest star : Benjamin Byron Davis as Savage Stan Absent : Sterling Knight as Chad Dylan Cooper Note : This is the third time that Sterling Knight was absent for an episode and his only time being absent this season . Last Appearance of : Marshall Pike 46 25 `` Sonny with a Choice '' Eric Dean Seaton Dan Cohen & F.J. Pratt December 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 19 ) 222 4.7 Once again `` So Random ! '' and `` Mackenzie Falls '' are nominated for `` Best Tween Show '' in the Tween Choice Awards but this time `` So Random ! '' wins and Chad gets really jealous . He then tells Sonny that he had the votes recounted meaning that `` Mackenzie Falls '' actually won . Sonny is then upset by this and breaks up with Chad . Meanwhile , Nico steals Grady 's joke at the award show . Grady is very angry and Nico tries to make it up to Grady . Note : This is the final appearance of Zora Lancaster in Sonny with a Chance , although she appears in So Random ! . 47 26 `` New Girl '' Sean McNamara Michael Feldman & Steve Marmel January 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 02 ) 225 5.7 Sonny writes a song about Chad after breaking up with him , because he 's very self - centered in her point of view , but has hard time performing it . Meanwhile , Grady develops a crush on Mel Winters ( Skyler Day ) , a waitress at the Random 's new hangout `` The Patio '' . Coincidentally she is also Sonny 's new neighbor . At first , they hate each other , and Mel thinks that the crowd will hate her singing , but Sonny thinks that they will like it , so they make a bet . Later , she almost performs the song , but Sonny realizes that Chad paid the audience to clap at everything before she sang , so that Sonny would win the bet . She then confronts Chad , who was behind a shrub at the Patio , and they fight once more . Then , the next day , she gets a real crowd , and performs the song and Mel and Sonny develop a friendship . Later , Chad and Sonny run into each other . They talk , and he walks away . She starts humming the song she wrote , while walking away , revealing that she still has feelings for Chad . Absent : Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora Final Appearance of : Sonny Munroe Note : This is the final episode of Sonny With a Chance due to Lovato 's departure . This was supposed to be a turning point in the show . This episode was going to bring in a new character to the show and a new location . The show was then going to be turned into more of a teen sitcom drama show like what Jonas LA turned into . Of course all of these plans went into play before Lovato announced her departure . So Random ! continues without Demi Lovato . In the sequel show , Chad Dylan Cooper ( Sterling Knight ) joins the cast of So Random replacing Sonny Munroe . This is also Sonny 's fourth and final time performing a song . Songs featured : `` What to Do '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel Renews Hannah with a Change , Sonny with a Chance '' . TV Guide . June 1 , 2009 . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( March 30 , 2010 ) . `` Disney Channel Claims its Most - Watched March Ever in Total Day in Total Viewers , Kids 6 -- 11 and Tweens 9 -- 14 '' . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ `` Cable TV Ratings for Week Ending March 21 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . TV - aholic . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cable TV Ratings for Week Ending March 28 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . TV - aholic . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cable TV Ratings for Week Ending April 11 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . TV - aholic . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 20 , 2010 ) . `` Good Luck Charlie is TV 's # 1 Telecast In Kids 6 - 11 and Tweens 9 - 14 '' . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 11 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable : NBA , ' Army Wives ' Tops With 18 - 49 ; ' The Pacific ' Dives Below 2 Million '' . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 11 , 2010 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : NBA Playoffs , WWE RAW and iCarly Top Weekly Cable Viewing '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 25 , 2010 ) . `` Disney Channel 's ' Good Luck Charlie ' and ' Sonny With a Chance ' Top Ratings With Tweens '' . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Cable TV Top 25 : Disney 's Toy Story 2 Tops Burn Notice , Royal Pains , Pawn Stars , True Blood '' . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 22 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Leverage , True Blood , Army Wives , Drop Dead Diva & Much More '' . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : Deadliest Catch , The Closer , Rizzoli & Isles & Home Run Derby Top Week 's Viewership '' . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : The Closer , Rizzoli & Isles , Burn Notice , Royal Pains , Covert Affairs Top Week 's Cable Viewing '' . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 31 , 2010 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : The Closer , Rizzoli & Isles , Burn Notice , Royal Pains , Covert Affairs Top Week 's Cable Viewing '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( September 28 , 2010 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football , ' ' Jersey Shore , ' ' iCarly , ' ' SpongeBob , ' ' Pawn Stars ' Top Week 's Cable Viewing '' . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 19 , 2010 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : Brett Favre , New York Yankees , Badgers -- Buckeyes , Chilean Miners Rescue & ' iCarly ' Top Week 's Cable Viewing '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney Channel Stands as TV 's No. 1 Network in Total Day for the 19th Consecutive Week Among Tweens 9 - 14 '' . TheFutonCritic.com . October 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : The Walking Dead , Sarah Palin ( again , still ) ; Boardwalk Empire Drops ; Real Housewives , Sonny With a Chance , Kendra & Much More '' . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 23 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Sarah Palin 's Alaska Falls ; The Walking Dead ( again , still ) ; Boardwalk Empire ; Real Housewives , Sonny With a Chance , Kendra & Much More '' . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 30 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Boardwalk Empire Dips ; Soul Train Awards , Real Housewives , Dexter , Top Gear & More '' . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 7 , 2010 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : NFL , Lebron 's Return to Cleveland , The Walking Dead , Big Time Rush and WWE RAW Top Week 's Cable Viewing '' . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 14 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Sarah Palin 's Alaska ' Up With Kate ; ' Dexter ' Finale , ' Top Gear , ' ' Kendra ' Steady + ' Real Housewives ' & Much More '' . TVbytheNumbers . External links ( edit ) List of Sonny With a Chance ( season 2 ) episodes at TV.com ( hide ) Sonny with a Chance Episodes Seasons ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Related Characters Soundtrack Me , Myself and Time So Random ! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonny_with_a_Chance_(season_2)&oldid=838219934 '' Categories : 2010 American television seasons 2011 American television seasons Sonny with a Chance Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Polski Português Română Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 17 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | sonny with a chance season 2 last episode | [
"\n\nNo. in\nseries\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n22\n1\n\"Walk a Mile in My Pants\"\nEric Dean Seaton\nAmy Engelberg & Wendy Engelberg\nMarch 14, 2010 (2010-03-14)\n202\n6.3[2]\n\n\n\nSonny is hosting a Walk-a-Thon For Books where all the participants will be wearing Tawni's Extreme Skinny Jeans, although Sonny and the rest of So Random! have trouble walking in the jeans while Tawni was comfortable with the jeans. Chad finds out about the upcoming event, so he and the rest of Mackenzie Falls decide to host a Walk-A-Thon Against Books where all the contestants will also be wearing Tawni's Extreme Skinny Jeans. However, the next day, Tawni becomes incapacitated, and is sent to hospital, accompanied by Sonny. Upon arriving the hospital, Tawni is diagnosed with SPS (Skinny Pants Syndrome), an infection that cuts the blood circulation, where it affects your ability to walk. Then, a TV network broadcasts the \"Walk-A-Thon\" events, where both teams also become incapacitated, because of the SPS, so they all end up in hospital and have their pants cut off, much to Tawni's dismay. Later that day, Tawni is given the balloon pants, a medicine that she has to wear until her legs are healed. Tawni becomes fed up with her balloon pants, and she tries to wear the skinny jeans, only to learn that all her fans also suffered SPS, so Tawni and everyone decide to make charity music video \"Stop SPS\", in order to fight against SPS.\nSo Random! sketches:\n\n\"Sicky Vicky\": Sonny plays Vicky, a sick girl who hosts a TV show from her bed giving tips about fun things to do when you are sick.\nUntitled Hula Sketch: The cast rehearses a hula sketch.\n\"Stop SPS\": The casts of So Random! and Mackenzie Falls unite to film the music video to stop Skinny Pants Syndrome.\n\nAbsent: Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora\nNote: On this episode's first broadcast, the 16:9 widescreen picture seen on Disney Channel HD was mistakenly compressed into the 4:3 center cut picture on Disney Channel's SD feed; the rebroadcast on March 21, 2010 corrected this. This is the first episode broadcast that was taped at Hollywood Center Studios, joining Wizards of Waverly Place, The Suite Life on Deck and Jonas at the lot; the series was shot at NBC Studios in Burbank for the first season. The series' record breaking season premiere was led in by the season finale for Hannah Montana, which topped the week with 7.6 million viewers.[2]\n\n\n\n23\n2\n\"Sonny Get Your Goat\"\nEric Dean Seaton\nDava Savel\nMarch 21, 2010 (2010-03-21)\n204\n3.2[3]\n\n\n\nSonny and Tawni are invited on an exchange program to Glendovia because of the success of their \"Check-it-Out Girls\" sketch, but refuse to go together due to an unknown argument. When Tawni goes she is shocked to discover that it is a cultural wasteland and that the Glendovians think the characters are real check out girls. Meanwhile, an exchange student impresses a girl Nico and Grady like, and they both think it is because of his mustache. They then wear a mustache trying to impress her, but they get themselves stuck in their own mustaches because of the glue.\nSo Random! sketch:\n\n\"The Check-it-out Girls\": A popular sketch which was a recurring segment in Season 1.\n\nGuest Stars: Michael Kostroff as Marshall, Sam Lerner as Dinka\nAbsent: Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora\nTitle Reference: Annie Get Your Gun\n\n\n\n24\n3\n\"Gassie Passes\"\nEric Dean Seaton\nDava Savel\nMarch 28, 2010 (2010-03-28)\n205\n2.9[4]\n\n\n\nFeeling that Gassie doesn't get the affection that he deserves, Sonny takes it upon herself to show the dog love, love that it doesn't get from its trainer. Sonny then finds out that giving the dog affection effects Gassie's mood to flatulate on command when filming the \"Gassie\" sketches as well jeopardizing the feature film \"Gassie and We\". Sonny then gives Gassie too many dog treats that may have killed him. In the end it turns out Gassie was in shock from too many meatball treats and gets the love he deserves, also putting Chad into shock by pretending to be dead. Meanwhile, Nico and Grady borrow money from Dakota Condor to invest in fart noise lunch boxes for \"Gassie and We\".\nSo Random! sketch:\n\n\"Gassie the Toot'n Pooch\"\n\nGuest star: Siobhan Fallon Hogan as Bella, Gassie's trainer\n\n\n\n25\n4\n\"Sonny with a Song\"\nJohn Fortenberry\nMichael Feldman & Steve Marmel\nApril 11, 2010 (2010-04-11)\n209\n3.2[5]\n\n\n\nSonny’s favorite musician, Trey Brothers, is visiting and she would like to spend time with him to show him some songs she has written. However, Tawni likes Trey and thinks Sonny is trying to steal him from her. So she says that Sonny's song is her song. But then things get more complicated when Trey steals \"Tawni's song\". Meanwhile, Nico and Grady try to find out how to work a magic box.\nGuest star: Guy Burnet as Trey Brothers\nAbsent: Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora\nSongs featured: \"Me, Myself and Time\"\nNote: This episode is Sonny's first time performing a song.\n\n\n26\n5\n\"High School Miserable\"\nCarl Lauten\nMichael Feldman & Steve Marmel\nApril 18, 2010 (2010-04-18)\n206\n5.4[6]\n\n\n\nSonny and her fellow cast members are disappointed with their studio perks, they then write a letter to Mr. Condor expressing their dissatisfaction. Mr. Condor becomes upset by this and fires the cast forcing them to attend public high school and hires his daughter Dakota as the one and only star of So Random!.\nTitle reference: High School Musical\nSo Random! sketches:\n\n\"The Real Princesses of New Jersey\": A parody of both The Real Housewives of New Jersey reality-show and the Disney Princess franchise, performed by Sonny (Snow-White/\"Snowy\"), Tawni (Cinderella/\"Cindy\"), Zora (Sleeping-Beauty/\"Beauty\"), and Grady (the Magic Mirror).\n\"Sally Jenson: Kid Lawyer\": The cast rehearses this sketch, with Dakota later replacing Zora.\n\"Rappin' Pirate\": A sketch mentioned by the other cast members, normally performed by Nico, later replaced by Dakota.\n\nGuest star: E. E. Bell as Principal\n\n\n\n27\n6\n\"The Legend of Candy Face\"\nEric Dean Seaton\nDan Cohen & F.J. Pratt\nMay 2, 2010 (2010-05-02)\n203\n3.5[7]\n\n\n\nWhen the casts of So Random! and Mackenzie Falls keep doing ridiculous things to each other, Sonny tries to make peace so Ms. Bitterman decides do take them to the woods so they can start trusting each other. While on a team building retreat in the woods, Ms. Bitterman tells the group about the legend of \"Candyface\". When mysterious events start happening and personal items are found broken, the So Random! cast is convinced that \"Candyface\" is responsible.\nSo Random! sketch:\n\n\"Mackenzie Stalls\": The cast of So Random! parody Mackenzie Falls, but instead of the setting being by a waterfall, the setting of the sketch is in a school bathroom.\n\nGuest stars: Vicki Lewis as Mrs. Bitterman, William Jonathan Georges as Devon, Leslie-Anne Huff as Penelope, Ashley Jackson as Chloe and DeVaughn Nixon as Trevor\nNote: Chad's hair is short in the beginning, but after the theme, it's long again. Ms. Bitterman makes a joke about a guy named Bernie who \"made off\" with her money, referencing Bernie Madoff's Ponzi scheme scandal of 2008.\n\n\n\n28\n7\n\"Gummy with a Chance\"\nCarl Lauten\nJosh Herman & Adam Schwartz\nMay 9, 2010 (2010-05-09)\n207\n3.4[8]\n\n\n\nTawni bans gum from the set after \"almost dying\" from tripping over Sonny's leftover pieces. Even though Sonny has a ritual of chewing gum just before going on stage and feels she can't be funny without it. Meanwhile, Chad invites Nico and Grady to exercise in his personal gym as a ploy to use their workouts to power his new \"green\" dressing room.\nSo Random! sketches: \"Sicky Vicky\" and \"Toe-nail Fairy\" (played by Tawni)\n\n\n29\n8\n\"Random Acts of Disrespect\"\nLeslie Kolins Small\nDan Cohen & F.J. Pratt\nMay 16, 2010 (2010-05-16)\n208\n5.5[9]\n\n\n\nWhen Grace, an elderly woman, wins the \"Be So Random! for a Day\" contest, the So Random! cast ends up planning an \"old geezer\" sketch that not only offends Grace and her entire retirement home, but all elderly people. Grace and her friends turn the tables and play a practical joke on the cast. Meanwhile, Chad attempts to help a group of kids with their fear of clowns and ends up looking like one himself.\nReferences\n\nDuring one sketch, other Disney Channel shows are (verbally) parodied, including That's So Raven, Wizards of Waverly Place, and Hannah Montana.\nThe end-credits sequence features parodies of routines from The Benny Hill Show (the \"Yakety Sax\" chase-sequences, and patting Jackie Wright's bald head), and Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In (Arte Johnson's \"man on a tricycle\").\n\nGuest stars: Estelle Harris as Grace Gallagher, Carol Locatell as Edith and Larry Gelman as Buddy\nAbsent: Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora\n\n\n\n30\n9\n\"Grady with a Chance of Sonny\"\nEric Dean Seaton\nLanny Horn & Josh Silverstein\nMay 23, 2010 (2010-05-23)\n216\n5.5[9]\n\n\n\nWhen Grady's brother, Grant, makes fun of him for not having a girlfriend, Sonny steps in and pretends to be his girlfriend. They try to keep the act going when Grant visits and Sonny tries to squeeze in a date with Tridark, star Blake Radisson. Meanwhile, Nico and Tawni pull a prank on Chad just before he gets ready to shoot a commercial for his self-titled energy bar.\nGuest star: Preston Jones as Grant Mitchell\nAbsent: Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora\n\n\n31\n10\n\"Falling for the Falls\" (Part 1)\nEric Dean Seaton\nMichael Feldman & Steve Marmel\nJune 13, 2010 (2010-06-13)\n201\n3.6[10]\n\n\nSonny and her mom start watching Mackenzie Falls and eventually become addicted to it. When the season finale is coming up, Sonny can't wait for it and just asks Chad what happens between Mackenzie and Chloe in the finale, though she words it as if she wants him to ask her out instead, which he does. When the other the So Random! cast members finds out Sonny is watching Mackenzie Falls, they disapprove and Sonny is afraid to tell them about her and Chad. Meanwhile, the cast are working on Astronomy projects and Grady and Nico try to find a way to get Sonny to do it for them.\n\n\n32\n11\n\"Falling for the Falls\" (Part 2)\nEric Dean Seaton\nMichael Feldman & Steve Marmel\nJune 20, 2010 (2010-06-20)\n217\n3.8[11]\n\n\n\nSonny and Chad try to keep their relationship a secret from their fellow So Random! and Mackenzie Falls cast members. However, they keep slipping up and saying the words \"Chad\" and \"Sonny\" during their rehearsals. This makes the cast members of both shows suspicious. When they go on their first date, Chad messes up because he is nervous and ends up spitting water on Sonny. The cast of So Random! then finds out about their date when the incident is posted on the cover of \"Tween Weekly\" magazine. Chad blames Sonny for what happened and Sonny, infuriated, \"breaks up\" with him. He then climbs through her window into her house to apologize, and shows Sonny a billboard he had made that says he is a fool for her. They then restart their relationship and have a \"second first date\" as the rest of So Random! watches angrily.\nLast Appearance of: Connie Munroe\n\n\n33/34\n12/13\n\"Sonny with a Secret\"\nEric Dean Seaton\nMichael Feldman & Steve Marmel\nJuly 18, 2010 (2010-07-18)\n212–213\n6.1[12]\n\n\n\nSonny celebrating her one-year anniversary with So Random! is hindered when is she accused of being of thief. From stealing a necklace at a department store, to stealing Nico and Grady's gold coin and possibly stealing the idea of the \"Sicky Vicky\" sketch. When proof of the contrary is to no avail, she is fired from the show. Sonny is eventually cleared of accusations and re-hired after it's revealed that one of the members from Mackenzie Falls was the one to frame Sonny because of her relationship with Chad. Meanwhile, Tawni is annoyed at the fact that she is constantly ignored.\nAbsent: Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora (in part one only)\nGuest stars: Leslie-Anne Huff as Penelope and Regan Burns as Ryan Loughlin\nNote: This episode was broadcast in a 4:3 letterbox format on Disney Channel's standard definition feed. Also, when showing Sonny back in Wisconsin, she is wearing a brown wig, because in season 1, her hair is brown in contrast to season 2, where her hair is black. She had to wear a wig because they were filmed together, but one was before her hair changed to black.\n\n\n35\n14\n\"The Problem with Pauly\"\nShelley Jensen\nJosh Herman & Adam Schwartz\nAugust 8, 2010 (2010-08-08)\n214\n4.5[13]\n\n\n\nSonny meets Pauly the star of their favorite childhood show, Pauly and Pals. She agrees to wear the Pauly suit at fan meet and greet so that Hank (Bobby Slayton), the actor that plays Pauly, can get a break. But Sonny's commitment to being Pauly hinders a seven-week anniversary date she planned with Chad, in addition Hank does not want to return to his job.\nAbsent: Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora\n\n\n36\n15\n\"That's So Sonny\"\nEric Dean Seaton\nDava Savel\nAugust 29, 2010 (2010-08-29)\n215\n4.0[14]\n\n\n\nChad is upset that he does not have 1,000,000 fans on Flitter (a parody of Twitter) and things get worse when they start to decrease. Sonny enlists the help of Amber Algoode, the president of his fan club and a master of disguise to fix things. Amber uses her disguises to spy on the other So Random! cast members to hear what they think of Chad. When she finds out that they like Chad now that he is dating Sonny, Amber insists that Chad dump Sonny, so that people will find him interesting again and to reach his 1,000,000 fans mark.\nGuest star: Raven-Symoné as Amber Algoode\nAbsent: Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora\n\n\n37\n16\n\"Chad Without a Chance\"\nEric Dean Seaton\nAmy Engelberg & Wendy Engelberg\nSeptember 19, 2010 (2010-09-19)\n210\n4.0[15]\n\n\n\nWhen Sonny catches the flu, Chad agrees to substitute for her with other So Random! cast members. The cast members have arranged a daily chart in which they are allowed to spend individual time with Sonny. With Chad substituting, he agrees to dump Tawni's dates over the phone, help Nico get a date with the studio masseuse, assist Zora with her martial arts and offers to be Grady's therapist, all leading to disastrous results.\nSo Random! sketch: \"Sicky Vicky\": In this sketch Sicky Vicky talks to the audience about ways to have fun when you are sick with Pink eye.\n\n\n38\n17\n\"My Two Chads\"\nEric Dean Seaton\nDan Cohen & F.J. Pratt\nSeptember 26, 2010 (2010-09-26)\n211\n4.0[15]\n\n\n\nSonny finds out that Chad has sent his stunt double Chaz on every \"dangerous\" date with her, so she breaks up with him. Nico and Grady worry about being bored all the time. Tawni becomes the celebrity host of a pirate-themed friendship game show, with Sonny pairing with Chad and Nico pairing with Grady. In the end, Sonny gave Chad a second chance.\nAbsent: Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora\nSpecial guest star: Lou Ferrigno as Himself\n\n\n39\n18\n\"A So Random! Halloween Special\"\nEric Dean Seaton\nJosh Herman & Adam Schwartz\nOctober 17, 2010 (2010-10-17)\n226\n4.0[16]\n\n\n\nThe first of two specials in the season, the show features a full episode of the show within a show, So Random!. Segments include \"Check It Out Girls\", \"Halloween Do's and Don'ts\" and \"Roadkill McGill's Roadside Diner\". The show also features musical performances from Sonny Munroe and Allstar Weekend; and celebrity host, Shaquille O'Neal.\nSo Random! sketches:\n\n\"Check-it-out girls\"\n\"The Monster Under My Bed\": A sketch from the Halloween Special. Sonny plays a mother and Zora is her daughter who gets attacked by a monster under her bed (Grady).\n\"Halloween Party Do's and Dont's\": A Halloween sketch with all the casts being at a Halloween Party, saying good and bad things.\n\"Roadkill McGrill's Roadside Diner\": Sonny and Nico are eating animal food from two country people (Tawni and Grady).\n\"Making Babies Cry\": A videoclip with the So Random! cast with Nico playing Romeo Baby Smooth, a singer that likes making babies cry.\n\nNote: This is Sonny's second time performing a song.\nSpecial guest stars: Shaquille O'Neal as Himself and Allstar Weekend as Themselves\nSongs featured: \"Come Down With Love\" and \"Work of Art\"\n\n\n\n40\n19\n\"Sonny with a 100% Chance of Meddling\"\nRon Mosely\nLanny Horn & Josh Silverstein\nOctober 24, 2010 (2010-10-24)\n219\n4.7[17]\n\n\n\nSonny sees that Zora was attracted to Wesley Willilger (Billy Unger), a child actor guest-starring on Mackenzie Falls. Sonny tries to set a date for Wesley and Zora in a group date with Sonny, Tawni, Nico and Grady. Wesley then gets the wrong message that the date was arranged for him and Sonny to get together. Meanwhile, Nico and Grady enter a cell phone film festival with Dakota Condor as the star of their film, but Dakota's usual unruly behavior drives the guys crazy.\nSo Random! sketch:: \"Counselor Jenny and Dan Dan the Guitar Man\": A sketch about camp counselors selling insensitive camp songs for a television commercial, \"the same songs that got fired from over 100 summer camps.\"\n\n\n41\n20\n\"Dakota's Revenge\"\nEric Dean Seaton\nDava Savel\nNovember 14, 2010 (2010-11-14)\n223\n3.7[18]\n\n\n\nDakota's new bike gets run over accidentally by Tawni and Sonny and Tawni try desperately to get Izzy (Richard Libertini) the show's prop master to fix it. Meanwhile, Chad writes Dakota a song for her birthday, But Grady and Nico plan on pulling a prank on him to ruin his moment.\nLast Appearance of: Dakota Condor\n\n\n42\n21\n\"Sonny with a Kiss\"\nEric Dean Seaton\nEllen Byron & Lissa Kapstrom\nNovember 21, 2010 (2010-11-21)\n220\n3.6[19]\n\n\n\nWhen revealed in an interview that they have yet to share a kiss, Sonny and Chad start to feel pressured by their friends and fans to make it happen. After coming to the realization that there was a lot less pressure when they were just friends, Sonny and Chad decide to break up; they then have their first kiss, finally deciding to get back together. Meanwhile, Nico and Grady believe their temporary dressing room is being haunted by a dead comedian.\nSo Random! sketch: \"The Toilet Genie and the Nerd\": Grady plays The Toilet Genie, a genie from a high school bathroom toilet who grants wishes to nerd Nico.\nAbsent: Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora\nGuest star: Johari Johnson as Tia\n\n\n43\n22\n\"A So Random! Holiday Special\"\nEric Dean Seaton\nMichael Feldman & Steve Marmel\nNovember 28, 2010 (2010-11-28)\n218\n3.8[20]\n\n\n\nChad Dylan Cooper hosts a fully produced, jolly-themed \"So Random!\" holiday special, with special musical guest Joe Jonas. Sketches include \"A Jonas for Christmas\", \"The 12 Days of Sickmas with Sicky Vicky\", \"Holiday Cooking with Roadkill McGill\" and \"Christmas with the Real Princesses of New Jersey\".\nNote: Sonny performs a duet for the first time and this is her third time performing a song.\nSpecial guest star: Joe Jonas as Himself\nSongs featured: \"Sing My Song for You\"\n\n\n44\n23\n\"Sonny with a Grant\"\nEric Dean Seaton\nMichael Feldman & Steve Marmel\nDecember 5, 2010 (2010-12-05)\n221\n4.0[21]\n\n\n\nGrady's older brother Grant makes another visit into town just when Grady was about to spend some alone time alone while the other cast members are on vacation, except for Tawni when a hurricane canceles her cruise. Chad is fired from \"Mackenzie Falls\" with Grant being as the new Mackenzie.\nAbsent: Brandon Mychal Smith as Nico and Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora, but their names are both mentioned.\nLast Appearance of: Mr. Condor\nNote: This is the second time that Brandon Mychal Smith was absent for an episode. He was absent for only one episode in the first season.\nDelta House and the yellow and blue hats are a parody of the movie \"National Lampoon's Animal House\".\n\n\n45\n24\n\"Marshall with a Chance\"\nShannon Flynn\nCarla Banks Waddles\nDecember 12, 2010 (2010-12-12)\n224\n3.2[22]\n\n\n\nMarshall is frustrated by the cast's unfunny sketch ideas with the cast later making a video making fun of him. Marshall sees the video realizing how mean he was and decides to quit \"So Random\" to pursue his own acting career with a one-man play entitled \"My Life with Ma\".\nSo Random! sketch: Two sketches related to the Japanese herb Wasabi including the game show \"Where the Wasabi\" and a Wasabi public service announcement featuring Grady.\nGuest star: Benjamin Byron Davis as Savage Stan\nAbsent: Sterling Knight as Chad Dylan Cooper\nNote: This is the third time that Sterling Knight was absent for an episode and his only time being absent this season.\nLast Appearance of: Marshall Pike\n\n\n46\n25\n\"Sonny with a Choice\"\nEric Dean Seaton\nDan Cohen & F.J. Pratt\nDecember 19, 2010 (2010-12-19)\n222\n4.7[17]\n\n\n\nOnce again \"So Random!\" and \"Mackenzie Falls\" are nominated for \"Best Tween Show\" in the Tween Choice Awards but this time \"So Random!\" wins and Chad gets really jealous. He then tells Sonny that he had the votes recounted meaning that \"Mackenzie Falls\" actually won. Sonny is then upset by this and breaks up with Chad. Meanwhile, Nico steals Grady's joke at the award show. Grady is very angry and Nico tries to make it up to Grady.\nNote: This is the final appearance of Zora Lancaster in Sonny with a Chance, although she appears in So Random!.\n\n\n47\n26\n\"New Girl\"\nSean McNamara\nMichael Feldman & Steve Marmel\nJanuary 2, 2011 (2011-01-02)\n225\n5.7[17]\n\n\n\nSonny writes a song about Chad after breaking up with him, because he's very self-centered in her point of view, but has hard time performing it. Meanwhile, Grady develops a crush on Mel Winters (Skyler Day), a waitress at the Random's new hangout \"The Patio\". Coincidentally she is also Sonny's new neighbor. At first, they hate each other, and Mel thinks that the crowd will hate her singing, but Sonny thinks that they will like it, so they make a bet. Later, she almost performs the song, but Sonny realizes that Chad paid the audience to clap at everything before she sang, so that Sonny would win the bet. She then confronts Chad, who was behind a shrub at the Patio, and they fight once more. Then, the next day, she gets a real crowd, and performs the song and Mel and Sonny develop a friendship. Later, Chad and Sonny run into each other. They talk, and he walks away. She starts humming the song she wrote, while walking away, revealing that she still has feelings for Chad.\nAbsent: Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora\nFinal Appearance of: Sonny Munroe\nNote: This is the final episode of Sonny With a Chance due to Lovato's departure. This was supposed to be a turning point in the show. This episode was going to bring in a new character to the show and a new location. The show was then going to be turned into more of a teen sitcom drama show like what Jonas LA turned into. Of course all of these plans went into play before Lovato announced her departure. So Random! continues without Demi Lovato. In the sequel show, Chad Dylan Cooper (Sterling Knight) joins the cast of So Random replacing Sonny Munroe. This is also Sonny's fourth and final time performing a song.\nSongs featured: \"What to Do\"\n\n"
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6160692623305422384 | Rene Kirby | Rene Kirby - Wikipedia Rene Kirby Jump to : navigation , search Rene Kirby ( 1955 - 02 - 27 ) February 27 , 1955 ( age 63 ) Burlington , Vermont , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 2001 -- 2005 Rene Kirby ( born February 27 , 1955 ) is an American film and television actor . He is perhaps best known for his performance in the Farrelly Brothers ' film Shallow Hal . In this film he plays the role of Walt , a man who , like Kirby himself , was born with spina bifida . Film and television appearances ( edit ) Shallow Hal ( 2001 ) - Walt Stuck on You ( 2003 ) - Phil Rupp Carnivàle Episode titled ' The Road to Damascus ' ( 2005 ) - Hoppy External links ( edit ) Rene Kirby on IMDb VIAF : 4625096 This article about a United States film and television actor or actress born in the 1950s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rene_Kirby&oldid=742581778 '' Categories : 1955 births American male film actors American male television actors Living people People with spina bifida People from Burlington , Vermont Male actors from Vermont American screen actor , 1950s birth stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2016 , at 15 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the crippled guy in shallow hal | [
"Rene Kirby (born February 27, 1955) is an American film and television actor. He is perhaps best known for his performance in the Farrelly Brothers' film Shallow Hal. In this film he plays the role of Walt, a man who, like Kirby himself, was born with spina bifida."
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1907656969853721362 | Closed shop | Closed shop - wikipedia Closed shop Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A pre-entry closed shop ( or simply closed shop ) is a form of union security agreement under which the employer agrees to hire union members only , and employees must remain members of the union at all times in order to remain employed . This is different from a post-entry closed shop ( US : union shop ) , which is an agreement requiring all employees to join the union if they are not already members . In a union shop , the union must accept as a member any person hired by the employer . International Labour Organization covenants do not address the legality of closed shop provisions , leaving the question up to each individual nation . The legal status of closed shop agreements varies widely from country to country , ranging from bans on the agreement , to extensive regulation of the agreement to not mentioning it at all . Contents ( hide ) 1 Legal status 1.1 United States 1.2 Canada 1.3 United Kingdom 1.4 Australia 2 See also 3 Further reading 4 References Legal status ( edit ) United States ( edit ) The Taft -- Hartley Act outlawed the closed shop in the United States in 1947 . The union shop was ruled illegal by the Supreme Court . States that have passed right - to - work laws go further by not allowing employers to require employees to pay the agency fee . An employer may not lawfully agree with a union to hire only union members , but it may agree to require employees to join the union or pay the equivalent of union dues to it , within a set period after starting employment . Similarly , while a union could require an employer that had agreed to a closed shop contract prior to 1947 to fire an employee who had been expelled from the union for any reason , it can not demand that an employer fire an employee under a union shop contract for any reason other than failure to pay those dues that are uniformly required of all employees . The United States Government does not permit the union shop in any federal agency regardless of state law allowing for such . Construction unions and unions in other industries with similar employment patterns have coped with the prohibition of closed shops by using exclusive hiring halls as a means of controlling the supply of labor . While such exclusive hiring halls do not , in a strictly formal sense , require union membership as a condition of employment , they do so in practical terms , in that an employee seeking to be dispatched to work through the union 's hiring hall must either pay union dues or pay a roughly equivalent hiring hall fee . So long as the hiring hall is run on a non-discriminatory basis and adheres to clearly stated eligibility and dispatch standards , it is lawful . The Taft -- Hartley Act also bars unions from requiring unreasonably high initiation fees as a condition of membership in order to prevent unions from using initiation fees as a device to keep non-union employees out of a particular industry . Also , the National Labor Relations Act permits construction employers to enter into pre-hire agreements , in which they agree to draw their workforces from a pool of employees dispatched by the union . The NLRA prohibits pre-hire agreements outside the construction industry . For the entertainment industry , unions representing performers have as their first rule one banning any represented performer from working on any non-union production . Penalties are imposed on the union member , not on the employer , and can lead to loss of union membership . Most major productions are union productions , and non-members join the Screen Actors Guild through performing as extras and earning three union vouchers , or by being given a speaking line and entering that way . The other performance unions do not have minimum membership standards , but joining the union bars one from working on non-union productions . All four major sports leagues are union shops , even though a franchise may be located in a state that has a right - to - work law or constitutional provision . Canada ( edit ) The status of closed shops varies from province to province within Canada . The Supreme Court has ruled that , while Section Two of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms guaranteed both the freedom to associate and the freedom not to associate , employees in a work - environment largely dominated by a union were beneficiaries of union policies , and as such should pay union fees , regardless of membership status . However , religious and conscientious objectors were allowed the option of paying the amount to a registered charity instead . United Kingdom ( edit ) Dunn and Gennard found 111 United Kingdom cases of dismissals on the introduction of a closed shop , involving 325 individuals . They state `` While proponents of the closed shop may argue that an estimated minimum 325 dismissals is a relatively small number compared with the total population covered by closed shops , critics would see the figure as substantial arguing that one dismissal is one too many . '' In relation to the pre-entry closed shop , they state `` Its raison d'être is to exclude people from jobs by denying them union membership '' . All forms of closed shops in the UK are illegal following the introduction of the Employment Act 1990 . They were further curtailed under section 137 ( 1 ) ( a ) of the Trade Union and Labour Relations ( Consolidation ) Act 1992 ( c. 52 ) passed by the Conservative government at the time . The Labour Party , then in opposition , had supported closed shops until December 1989 , when it abandoned the policy in accordance with European legislation . However , Labour shadow arts minister Thangam Debbonaire announced to an Equity conference in May 2016 that she favoured the introduction of a `` limited '' closed shop for actors , as part of Jeremy Corbyn 's pledge to strengthen and introduce a new package of employment rights beneficial to employees . Equity was one of the last trade unions in the United Kingdom to offer a pre-entry closed shop until the 1990 act . Australia ( edit ) All forms of closed shops in the Commonwealth are illegal under Workplace Relations Act 1996 . There was an attempt by the Howard Government to change the definition of what constituted a closed shop under the Workplace Relations Legislation Amendment ( More Jobs , More Pay ) Bill 1999 . However the bill was subsequently defeated . See also ( edit ) Organized labour portal Open shop Merit shop Master contract Hiring hall Union shop Bump ( union ) Rookes v Barnard Agency shop Further reading ( edit ) Johnsen , J.E. The Closed Shop . 1942 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Pynes , Joan . Human Resources Management for Public and Nonprofit Organizations . 2d ed . Hoboken , N.J. : John Wiley and Sons , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 7879 - 7078 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Case ( s ) No ( s ) . 188 , Report No. 34 ( Denmark ) : Complaints against the Government of Denmark presented by Swiss Printing Workers ' Union and the Swiss Federation of National Christian Trade Unions . '' Document No. 031960034188 . Cases of the Committee on Freedom of Association . International Labor Organization . March 4 , 1959 . Jump up ^ `` Pattern Makers v. NLRB , 473 U.S. 95 , 126 ( 1985 ) '' . U.S. Supreme Court . June 27 , 1985 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ 29 USCA 158 ^ Jump up to : Dunn , Stephen ; Gennard , John ( 1984 ) . The Closed Shop on British Industry . London and Basingstoke : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 26203 - 4 . Jump up ^ http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1992/ukpga_19920052_en_9#pt3-pb1-l1g137 Jump up ^ `` 1989 : Labour 's union U-turn '' . BBC News . 18 December 1989 . ^ Jump up to : Landin , Conrad ( 24 May 2016 ) . `` Equity : Closed shop ' way forward for arts ' '' . Morning Star . Bristol . p. 2 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Destroyer , Cask . `` Division 5A - Closed Shops '' . Austlii . Retrieved 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bills of Previous Parliaments '' . Workplace Relations Legislation Amendment ( More Jobs , Better Pay ) Bill 1999 . Parliament of Australia . Retrieved 25 January 2012 . ( hide ) Trade unions and organized labor Trade union ( public sector ) Labor history Labor rights Labor movement Formation Structure Labor council Union organizer National trade union center Global union federation Union representative Clerk of the Chapel Father of the Chapel Local union Union dues Vigilance committee Union label Salt Trades Hall Duty of fair representation Models Organizing model Service model Social Movement Unionism Community unionism Members - only unionism One Big Union Open - source unionism Business unionism Dual unionism Solidarity unionism Syndicalism Types Company union Independent union General union Craft unionism Industrial unionism Industrial relations Shops and hiring Closed shop Open shop Agency shop Union shop Hiring hall Bump Scope clause Actions Unfair list Strike action recognition secondary action Strike notice Occupation of factories Precarious work Precarity General strike Sitdown strike Slowdown Bossnapping Stay - away Labor unrest Grievance Organizational dissent Overtime ban Industrial action Walkout Contingent work Whipsaw strike Wildcat strike action Work - to - rule Green ban Picketing Bargaining Collective bargaining Collaborative bargaining Mutual gains bargaining Pattern bargaining Bargaining unit Union security agreement Master contract Enterprise bargaining agreement Compensation Strike pay Union wage premium Workers ' compensation Reactions Opposition to trade unions Labor spies in the United States Union busting Givebacks Churn and burn Paper local Anti-union violence Anti-union violence in the United States Union violence Big labor Demarcation dispute Strikebreaker Goon squad Featherbedding Other topics International comparisons of labor unions Labor code Labor law Eight - hour day Worker center Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Closed_shop&oldid=802047071 '' Categories : Labour relations Criticism of trade unions Business law Labour law Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Français 한국어 Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 17 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the federal law which made closed shops and preferential shops illegal was the | [
"The Taft–Hartley Act outlawed the closed shop in the United States in 1947. The union shop was ruled illegal by the Supreme Court.[4] States that have passed right-to-work laws go further by not allowing employers to require employees to pay the agency fee. An employer may not lawfully agree with a union to hire only union members, but it may agree to require employees to join the union or pay the equivalent of union dues to it, within a set period after starting employment. Similarly, while a union could require an employer that had agreed to a closed shop contract prior to 1947 to fire an employee who had been expelled from the union for any reason, it cannot demand that an employer fire an employee under a union shop contract for any reason other than failure to pay those dues that are uniformly required of all employees."
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"Taft–Hartley Act"
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118314051481132129 | FIFA World Cup anthems and songs | FIFA World Cup anthems and songs - wikipedia FIFA World Cup anthems and songs This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) FIFA World Cup anthems and songs are tunes and songs adopted officially by FIFA to be used prior to the World Cup event and to accompany the championships during the event . They are also used in advertising campaigns for the World Cup . The chosen songs are usually multilingual and include English , the official language of the organising country , Spanish and other languages . The official versions also result in cover versions in many other languages performed by the original artist or by local artists . Contents 1 Anthems and Songs 2 Official albums 3 See also 4 References Anthems and songs ( edit ) World Cup Country Title Language Performer ( s ) Writer ( s ) & Producer ( s ) Official Audio ( s ) &Video ( s ) Live Performance 1962 Chile `` El Rock del Mundial '' Spanish Los Ramblers Jorge Rojas Astorga Audio 1966 England `` World Cup Willie ( Where in this World are We Going ) '' English Lonnie Donegan Audio 1970 Mexico `` Fútbol México 70 '' Spanish Los Hermanos Zavala Roberto do Nascimento Audio West Germany `` Futbol '' Polish , English , German Russian , Spanish Maryla Rodowicz Jonasz Kofta , Leszek Bogdanowicz Audio Live Performance - Opening Ceremony 1978 Argentina `` El Mundial '' Buenos Aires Municipal Symphony Ennio Morricone Audio 1982 Spain `` Mundial ' 82 '' Spanish Plácido Domingo Audio 1986 Mexico `` A Special Kind of Hero '' English Stephanie Lawrence Rick Wakeman 1986 World Cup Official Film `` Hot Hot Hot '' English Arrow Alphonsus Cassell and Leston Paul Music Video `` El mundo unido por un balón '' ( Official Song ) Spanish Juan Carlos Abara Spanish Audio 1990 Italy `` Un'estate italiana ( To Be Number One ) '' Italian , English Edoardo Bennato and Gianna Nannini ( Italian ) Giorgio Moroder Project ( English ) Edoardo Bennato , Giorgio Moroder , Gianna Nannini and Tom Whitlock Official Music Video ( Italian - 1 ) Official Music Video ( Italian - 2 ) Official Music Video ( English - 1 ) Official Music Video ( English - 2 ) Live Performance - Opening Ceremony ( Italian ) Live Performance - Opening Ceremony ( English ) 1994 United States `` Gloryland '' English Daryl Hall and Sounds of Blackness Charlie Skarbek and Rick Blaskey Official Music Video - 1 Official Music Video - 2 Music Video ( Instrumental - 1 ) Music Video ( Instrumental - 2 ) Audio Live Performance - Opening Ceremony `` We Are the Champions '' English Queen Official Music Video Official Lyric Video 1998 France `` La Cour des Grands ( Do You Mind If I Play ) '' ( Official Anthem ) French , English Youssou N'Dour & Axelle Red Official Music Video Live Performance - Opening Ceremony `` La Copa de la Vida ( The Cup of Life ) '' ( Official Song ) English , Spanish Ricky Martin Desmond Child and Robi Rosa Official Music Video ( English ) Official Music Video ( Spanish ) `` Carnaval de Paris '' Dario G Dario G Official Music Video `` Together Now '' English , Spanish Jean Michel Jarre and Tetsuya Komuro Jean Michel Jarre , Tetsuya Komuro and Olivia Lufkin Official Music Video 2002 South Korea Japan ( Jointly Hosted ) `` Anthem '' ( Official Anthem ) Vangelis Vangelis / Takkyu Ishino Music Video Audio ( Synthesized ) Music Video ( Remixed ) `` Boom '' ( Official Song ) English Anastacia Anastacia , Glen Ballard Official Music Video `` Let 's Get Together Now '' ( Official Local Song ) Japanese , Korean Voices of KOREA / JAPAN Live Performance - Opening Ceremony Live Performance - Closing Ceremony `` Vamos Al Mundial '' ( Univision Version ) Spanish Jennifer Peña Claudia Garcia Official Music Video 2006 Germany `` Zeit dass sich was dreht ( Celebrate The Day ) '' ( Official Anthem ) German , French , Bambara English Herbert Grönemeyer featuring Amadou & Mariam Herbert Grönemeyer Official Music Video Live Performance - Opening Ceremony `` The Time of Our Lives '' ( Official Song ) English , Spanish Il Divo featuring Toni Braxton Jörgen Elofsson & Steve Mac Official Music Video `` Hips Do n't Lie ( Bamboo mix ) '' English , Spanish Shakira featuring Wyclef Jean Jerry Duplessis , Omar Alfanno & LaTavia Parker Official Music Video Love Generation ( song ) English Bob Sinclar featuring Gary Pine Duane Harden , Christophe le Friant , Gary Pine , Jay Woodhouse , JG Schreiner , Alain Wisniak Official Music Video `` Arriba , Arriba '' Spanish Ana Barbara , Mariana Seoane , Anaís Martínez , Pablo Montero Music Video South Africa `` Sign of a Victory '' ( Official Anthem ) English R. Kelly featuring Soweto Spiritual Singers R. Kelly Official Music Video `` Waka Waka '' English , Spanish , Fang Shakira featuring Freshlyground Shakira , Freshlyground Official Music Video Live Performance - Closing Ceremony `` Wavin ' Flag '' ( official FIFA song ) English K'Naan K'naan , Bruno Mars , Philip Lawrence , Jean Daval Official Music Video `` Wavin ' Flag '' ( Spanish Celebration Mix ) English , Spanish K'Naan , David Bisbal Official Music Video 2014 Brazil `` Dar um Jeito ( We Will Find a Way ) '' ( Official Anthem ) English , Portuguese , Spanish Carlos Santana featuring Wyclef & Avicii & Alexandre Pires Alexandre Pires , Arash Pournouri , Rami Yacoub , Carl Falk Tim Bergling , Arnon Woolfson , Diogo Vianna , Wyclef Jean Official Music Video `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' ( Official Song ) English , Portuguese , Spanish Pitbull featuring Jennifer Lopez & Claudia Leitte Jennifer Lopez , Claudia Leitte , Pitbull , Thomas Troelsen Danny Mercer , Sia Furler , Lukasz Gottwald , Henry Walter , Nadir Khayat Official Music Video `` Tatu Bom de Bola '' ( Official Mascot Song ) Portuguese Arlindo Cruz Arlindo Cruz Official Music Video `` La La La ( Brasil 2014 ) '' English , Portuguese , Spanish Shakira featuring Carlinhos Brown Shakira , Carlinhos Brown , Jay Singh , Lukasz Gottwald Mathieu Jomphe - Lepine , Max Martin Henry Walter , Raelene Arreguin , John J Conte Jr . Official Music Video `` Magic in the Air '' French Magic System and Chawki Magic System ( A'Salfo , Manadja , Goudé , Tino ) , RedOne , Alex PChawki Official Music Video `` Adrenalina '' ( Univision version ) Spanish Wisin , Ricky Martin and J - LO Juan Luis Morera , José Torres , Carlos E. Ortiz Official Music Video `` Time of Our Lives '' ( The Official BeIN Sports Song ) Arabic , French , English Ahmed Chawki RedOne Official Music Video `` The World Is Ours '' ( Coca - Cola official promotional anthem ) English David Correy , Monobloco Official Music Video `` La Copa de Todos '' ( Coca - Cola promotional anthem Spanish mix ) Spanish , English David Correy , Paty Cantú , Wisin , Monobloco Official Music Video 2018 Russia `` Live It Up '' ( Official Song ) English , Spanish Nicky Jam featuring Will Smith and Era Istrefi Nicky Jam , Will Smith , Era Istrefi Diplo Official Audio Official Music Video `` Komanda 2018 '' ( Команда 2018 , Team 2018 ) Russian Polina Gagarina featuring Egor Kreed and DJ Smash DJ Smash Official Music Video `` Colors '' ( Coca - Cola promotional anthem ) and also ( Spanglish version ) & ( Pakistani version ) English , Spanish , Urdu Jason Derulo , Maluma , Qurat - ul - Ain Balouch Jason Derulo , Robin Weisse , Jamie Sanderson , Nija Charles , Ishmael Sadiq Montague , Geoffrey Earley , Diamond Platnumz Sermstyle , ISM Official Music Video Official Spanish Music Video Official Pakistani Music Video Official Swahili Music Video `` Positivo '' ( Telemundo Version ) Spanish J Balvin and Michael Brun J Balvin , Michael Brun , Fernando Lugo Official Promo Official Music Video `` United by Love '' English , Russian , Spanish Natalia Oreiro Ettore Grenci , Sonia Molina , Diego Córdoba Official Lyrics Video Official Music Video Official albums ( edit ) 1994 -- Gloryland World Cup USA 94 1998 -- Music of the World Cup : Allez ! Ola ! Ole ! 2002 -- The Official Album of the 2002 FIFA World Cup 2006 -- Voices from the FIFA World Cup 2010 -- Listen Up ! The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup Album 2014 -- One Love , One Rhythm -- The 2014 FIFA World Cup Official Album See also ( edit ) UEFA European Championship anthems and songs AFC Asian Cup anthems and songs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Songs '' . World Cup Theme Songs . 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Theme Song '' . WorldcupThemeSong . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Catalina Uribe . `` Soccer songs : A look at all the World Cup anthems '' . Terra Networks . Jump up ^ Laing , Dave ( 16 September 2010 ) . `` Arrow obituary '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Hot , Hot , Hot - Arrow - Song Info - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull 's ' We Are One ( Ole , Ola ) ' Featuring Jennifer Lopez , Claudia Leitte Named FIFA 'S Official World Cup Song '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Launches `` The World 's Cup '' Celebrating the Power of the 2014 FIFA World Cup TM to Bring Everyone Together `` . The Coca - Cola Company . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Banjarmasin Post . `` VIDEO Lirik Lagu Piala Dunia Rusia 2018 , Jason Derulo ' Colors ' dan Polina Gagarina ' Komanda ' '' ( in Indonesian ) . Jump up ^ Aguila , Justino ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Epic , Ultra & United : 2018 World Cup Anthems to Fire You Up , Latin - style ! '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ TSIOULCAS , ANASTASIA ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` This Year 's World Cup Songs , Ranked '' . NPR . Jump up ^ `` Natalia Oreiro no se conforma con una y sacó otra canción para el Mundial '' . El Observador ( Uruguay ) . June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mundial Rusia 2018 : Natalia Oreiro fue por más y lanzó una nueva canción para la copa del mundo '' . La Nación . June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Could any of this year 's World Cup songs be made worse by a Chris Waddle rap ? '' . The Big Issue . Jump up ^ Saw , Yadana ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` The Beautiful Game : yet the songs sound the same '' . Radio New Zealand . FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Music of FIFA World Cup Official albums `` Gloryland ( 1994 ) '' `` Allez ! Ola ! Ole ! ( 1998 ) '' `` The Official Album ( 2002 ) '' `` Voices ( 2006 ) '' `` Listen Up ! ( 2010 ) '' `` One Love , One Rhythm ( 2014 ) '' Official anthems `` La Cour des Grands ( Do You Mind If I Play ) ( 1998 ) '' `` Anthem ( 2002 ) '' `` Celebrate the Day ( 2006 ) '' `` Sign of a Victory ( 2010 ) '' `` Dar um Jeito ( We Will Find a Way ) ( 2014 ) '' Official songs `` El Rock del Mundial ( 1962 ) '' `` World Cup Willie ( 1966 ) '' `` Fútbol México 70 ( 1970 ) '' `` Fußball Ist Unser Leben ( 1974 ) '' `` La Marcha del Mundial ( 1978 ) '' `` El Mundial ( 1982 ) '' `` El Mundo Unido Por Un Balón ( 1986 ) '' `` Un'estate italiana ( To Be Number One ) ( 1990 ) '' `` Gloryland ( 1994 ) '' `` The Cup of Life ( La Copa de la Vida ) ( 1998 ) '' `` Boom ( 2002 ) '' `` The Time of Our Lives ( 2006 ) '' `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) ( 2010 ) '' `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) ( 2014 ) '' `` Live It Up ( 2018 ) '' Other official songs `` Hot Hot Hot ( 1986 ) '' `` World in Motion ( 1990 ) '' `` Put ' Em Under Pressure ( 1990 ) '' `` We Are the Champions ( 1994 ) '' `` Together Now ( 1998 ) '' `` Let 's Get Together Now ( 2002 ) '' `` We 're on the Ball '' `` Oh Africa '' `` Vida '' `` Olé '' `` La La La ( Brazil 2014 ) ( 2014 ) '' Other songs / Non-official songs `` Back Home '' `` Argentine Melody ( Cancion de Argentina ) '' `` Nessun dorma '' `` Shibobo '' `` Top of the World ( Olé , Olé , Olé ) '' `` Vindaloo '' `` Carnaval de Paris '' `` Tema da Vitória '' `` 3 Lions ' 98 '' `` A Little Less Conversation ( JXL version ) '' `` Who Do You Think You Are Kidding Jurgen Klinsmann ? '' `` We Are the Champions ( Ding a Dang Dong ) '' `` Allez Ola Olé '' `` Everywhere You Go '' `` Wavin ' Flag ( Coca - Cola Celebration Mix ) ( 2010 ) '' `` Shout for England `` Adrenalina ( Univision version ) FIFA World Cup symbols Albums ( official ) 1994 : Gloryland 1998 : Allez ! Ola ! Ole ! 2002 : The Official Album 2006 : Voices 2010 : Listen Up ! 2014 : One Love , One Rhythm Anthems ( official ) 1998 : `` La Cour des Grands ( Do You Mind If I Play ) '' 2002 : `` Anthem '' 2006 : `` Celebrate the Day '' 2010 : `` Sign of a Victory '' 2014 : `` Dar um Jeito ( We Will Find a Way ) '' 2018 : `` Komanda '' 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Songs ( official ) 1962 : `` El Rock del Mundial '' 1966 : `` World Cup Willie ( Where in this World are We Going ) '' 1970 : `` Fútbol México 70 '' 1974 : `` Futbol '' 1978 : `` El Mundial '' 1982 : `` Mundial ' 82 '' 1986 : `` A Special Kind of Hero '' 1990 : `` Un'estate italiana '' 1994 : `` Gloryland '' 1998 : `` The Cup of Life '' 2002 : `` Boom '' 2006 : `` The Time of Our Lives '' 2010 : `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' 2014 : `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' 2018 : `` Live It Up '' 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Films ( official ) 1954 : German Giants 1958 : Hinein ! 1962 : Viva Brazil 1966 : Goal ! 1970 : The World at Their Feet 1974 : Heading for glory 1978 : Campeones 1982 : G'olé ! 1986 : Hero 1990 : Soccer Shoot - Out 1994 : Two Billion Hearts 1998 : La Coupe de la Gloire 2002 : Seven Games from Glory 2006 : The Grand Finale 2010 : The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup Film in 3D 2014 : Brasil ! : FIFA World Cup Brazil 2018 : TBA 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Mascots ( official ) 1966 : World Cup Willie 1970 : Juanito 1974 : Tip and Tap 1978 : Gauchito 1982 : Naranjito 1986 : Pique 1990 : Ciao 1994 : Striker , the World Cup Pup 1998 : Footix 2002 : Ato , Kaz , and Nik 2006 : Goleo VI and Pille 2010 : Zakumi 2014 : Fuleco 2018 : Zabivaka 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Balls ( official ) 1970 : Telstar 1974 : Telstar Durlast 1978 : Tango Durlast 1982 : Tango España 1986 : Azteca 1990 : Etrusco Unico 1994 : Questra 1998 : Tricolore 2002 : Fevernova 2006 : + Teamgeist 2010 : Jabulani 2014 : Brazuca 2018 : Telstar 18 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Video games 1986 : World Cup Carnival 1990 : World Cup Soccer : Italia ' 90 World Cup Italia ' 90 1994 : World Cup USA ' 94 1998 : World Cup 98 Jikkyou World Soccer : World Cup France ' 98 World Soccer Jikkyou Winning Eleven 3 : World Cup France ' 98 2002 : 2002 FIFA World Cup 2006 : 2006 FIFA World Cup 2010 : 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa 2014 : 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil 2018 : FIFA 18 FIFA World Cup DLC 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Instruments 2010 : Vuvuzela 2014 : Caxirola 2018 : Spoon 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup_anthems_and_songs&oldid=855040354 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup songs Football songs and chants Hidden categories : CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) Articles needing additional references from July 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Magyar Polski Português Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 14 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is singing the main title for world cup 2018 | [
"\n\nWorld Cup\n\nCountry\n\nTitle\n\nLanguage\n\nPerformer(s)\n\nWriter(s) & Producer(s)\n\nOfficial Audio(s)&Video(s)\n\nLive Performance\n\n\n 1962 \n Chile\n\"El Rock del Mundial\"\nSpanish\nLos Ramblers\nJorge Rojas Astorga\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1966 \n England\n\"World Cup Willie (Where in this World are We Going)\"\nEnglish\nLonnie Donegan\n\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1970 \n Mexico\n\"Fútbol México 70\"\nSpanish\nLos Hermanos Zavala\nRoberto do Nascimento\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1974 \n West Germany\n\"Futbol\"\nPolish, English, GermanRussian, Spanish\nMaryla Rodowicz\nJonasz Kofta, Leszek Bogdanowicz\nAudio\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n 1978 \n Argentina\n\"El Mundial\"\n\nBuenos Aires Municipal Symphony\nEnnio Morricone\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1982 \n Spain\n\"Mundial '82\"\nSpanish\n\n\nPlácido Domingo\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1986 \n Mexico\n\"A Special Kind of Hero\"[3]\nEnglish\nStephanie Lawrence\nRick Wakeman\n1986 World Cup Official Film\n\n\n\n\n\"Hot Hot Hot\"[4]\nEnglish\nArrow\nAlphonsus Cassell and Leston Paul[5]\nMusic Video\n\n\n\n\n\"El mundo unido por un balón\" (Official Song)\nSpanish\nJuan Carlos Abara\nSpanish\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1990 \n Italy\n\"Un'estate italiana (To Be Number One)\"\nItalian, English\nEdoardo Bennato and Gianna Nannini (Italian)Giorgio Moroder Project (English)\nEdoardo Bennato, Giorgio Moroder, Gianna Nannini and Tom Whitlock\nOfficial Music Video (Italian-1)Official Music Video (Italian-2)Official Music Video (English-1)Official Music Video (English-2)\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony (Italian)\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony (English) \n\n\n\n 1994 \n United States\n\"Gloryland\"\nEnglish\nDaryl Hall and Sounds of Blackness\nCharlie Skarbek and Rick Blaskey\nOfficial Music Video-1Official Music Video-2Music Video (Instrumental-1)Music Video (Instrumental-2)Audio\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n\"We Are the Champions\"\nEnglish\nQueen\n\nOfficial Music Video\nOfficial Lyric Video\n\n\n\n\n\n 1998 \n France\n\"La Cour des Grands (Do You Mind If I Play)\" (Official Anthem)\nFrench, English\nYoussou N'Dour & Axelle Red\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n\"La Copa de la Vida (The Cup of Life)\" (Official Song)\nEnglish, Spanish\nRicky Martin\nDesmond Child and Robi Rosa\nOfficial Music Video (English)Official Music Video (Spanish)\n\n\n\n\n\"Carnaval de Paris\"\n\nDario G\nDario G\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Together Now\"\nEnglish, Spanish\nJean Michel Jarre and Tetsuya Komuro\nJean Michel Jarre, Tetsuya Komuro and Olivia Lufkin\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n 2002 \n South Korea Japan(Jointly Hosted)\n\"Anthem\" (Official Anthem)\n\nVangelis\nVangelis / Takkyu Ishino\nMusic VideoAudio (Synthesized)Music Video (Remixed)\n\n\n\n\n\"Boom\" (Official Song)\nEnglish\nAnastacia\nAnastacia, Glen Ballard\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Let's Get Together Now\" (Official Local Song)\nJapanese, Korean\nVoices of KOREA/JAPAN\n\n\n\nLive Performance - Opening CeremonyLive Performance - Closing Ceremony\n\n\n\"Vamos Al Mundial\" (Univision Version)\nSpanish\nJennifer Peña\nClaudia Garcia\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n 2006 \n Germany\n\"Zeit dass sich was dreht (Celebrate The Day)\" (Official Anthem)\nGerman, French, BambaraEnglish\nHerbert Grönemeyer featuring Amadou & Mariam\nHerbert Grönemeyer\nOfficial Music Video\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n\"The Time of Our Lives\" (Official Song)\nEnglish, Spanish\nIl Divo featuring Toni Braxton\nJörgen Elofsson & Steve Mac\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Hips Don't Lie (Bamboo mix)\"\nEnglish, Spanish\nShakira featuring Wyclef Jean\nJerry Duplessis, Omar Alfanno & LaTavia Parker\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\nLove Generation (song)\n\nEnglish\n\nBob Sinclar featuring Gary Pine\n\nDuane Harden, Christophe le Friant, Gary Pine, Jay Woodhouse, JG Schreiner, Alain Wisniak\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Arriba, Arriba\"\nSpanish\nAna Barbara, Mariana Seoane, Anaís Martínez, Pablo Montero\n\nMusic Video\n\n\n\n\n 2010 \n South Africa\n\"Sign of a Victory\" (Official Anthem)\nEnglish\nR. Kelly featuring Soweto Spiritual Singers\nR. Kelly\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Waka Waka\"\nEnglish, Spanish, Fang\nShakira featuring Freshlyground\nShakira, Freshlyground\nOfficial Music Video\n\nLive Performance - Closing Ceremony\n\n\n\"Wavin' Flag\" (official FIFA song)\nEnglish\nK'Naan\nK'naan, Bruno Mars, Philip Lawrence, Jean Daval\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Wavin' Flag\" (Spanish Celebration Mix)\n\nEnglish, Spanish\n\nK'Naan, David Bisbal\n\n\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n 2014 \n Brazil\n\"Dar um Jeito (We Will Find a Way)\" (Official Anthem)\nEnglish, Portuguese, Spanish\nCarlos Santana featuring Wyclef & Avicii & Alexandre Pires\nAlexandre Pires, Arash Pournouri, Rami Yacoub, Carl FalkTim Bergling, Arnon Woolfson, Diogo Vianna, Wyclef Jean\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"We Are One (Ole Ola)\" (Official Song)[6]\nEnglish, Portuguese, Spanish\nPitbull featuring Jennifer Lopez & Claudia Leitte\nJennifer Lopez, Claudia Leitte, Pitbull, Thomas Troelsen Danny Mercer, Sia Furler, Lukasz Gottwald, Henry Walter, Nadir Khayat\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Tatu Bom de Bola\" (Official Mascot Song)\nPortuguese\nArlindo Cruz\nArlindo Cruz\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"La La La (Brasil 2014)\"\nEnglish , Portuguese, Spanish\nShakira featuring Carlinhos Brown\nShakira, Carlinhos Brown, Jay Singh, Lukasz GottwaldMathieu Jomphe-Lepine, Max Martin Henry Walter, Raelene Arreguin, John J Conte Jr.\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Magic in the Air\"\nFrench\nMagic System and Chawki\nMagic System (A'Salfo, Manadja,Goudé, Tino), RedOne, Alex PChawki\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Adrenalina\" (Univision version)\nSpanish\nWisin, Ricky Martin and J-LO\nJuan Luis Morera, José Torres, Carlos E. Ortiz\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Time of Our Lives\" (The Official BeIN Sports Song)\nArabic, French, English\nAhmed Chawki\nRedOne\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"The World Is Ours\"[7] (Coca-Cola official promotional anthem)\n\nEnglish\n\nDavid Correy, Monobloco\n\n\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"La Copa de Todos\" (Coca-Cola promotional anthem Spanish mix)\n\nSpanish, English\n\nDavid Correy, Paty Cantú, Wisin, Monobloco\n\n\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n 2018 \n Russia\n\"Live It Up\" (Official Song)\nEnglish, Spanish\nNicky Jam featuring Will Smith and Era Istrefi\nNicky Jam, Will Smith, Era Istrefi\nDiplo\n\n\nOfficial Audio\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Komanda 2018\" (Команда 2018, Team 2018) [8]\n\nRussian\nPolina Gagarina featuring Egor Kreed and DJ Smash\n\nDJ Smash\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Colors\" (Coca-Cola promotional anthem) and also (Spanglish version) & (Pakistani version)\nEnglish,\nSpanish, Urdu\n\n\nJason Derulo, Maluma, Qurat-ul-Ain Balouch\nJason Derulo, Robin Weisse, Jamie Sanderson, Nija Charles, Ishmael Sadiq Montague, Geoffrey Earley, Diamond Platnumz\nSermstyle, ISM\n\n\nOfficial Music Video\nOfficial Spanish Music Video\nOfficial Pakistani Music Video\nOfficial Swahili Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Positivo\" (Telemundo Version)\nSpanish\nJ Balvin and Michael Brun\nJ Balvin, Michael Brun, Fernando Lugo\n\nOfficial PromoOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"United by Love\"[9][10][11][12][13][14]\nEnglish, Russian, Spanish\nNatalia Oreiro\nEttore Grenci, Sonia Molina, Diego Córdoba\nOfficial Lyrics Video\nOfficial Music Video \n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Natalia Oreiro"
] |
-29834232693970731 | New Zealanders | New Zealanders - wikipedia New Zealanders Jump to : navigation , search New Zealanders Meeting of European and Māori New Zealanders , 1863 Total population c. 5.5 million Regions with significant populations New Zealand c . 4,790,000 Australia 640,770 United Kingdom 58,286 United States 22,872 Canada 9,475 Netherlands 4,260 United Arab Emirates 4,000 Japan 3,146 Hong Kong 3,000 Germany 2,631 Ireland 2,195 France 890 Languages English Other minority languages Religion Christianity ( Anglican , Protestantism , Roman Catholicism ) Other minority religions New Zealanders , colloquially known as Kiwis , are people associated with New Zealand , sharing a common history , culture , and language ( New Zealand English ) . People of various ethnicities and national origins are citizens of New Zealand , governed by its nationality law . Originally composed solely of the indigenous Māori , the ethnic makeup of the population has been dominated since the 19th century by New Zealanders of European descent , mainly of Scottish , English , Welsh and Irish ancestry , with smaller percentages of other European ancestries such as German , Dutch , Scandinavian and South Slavic . Today , the ethnic makeup of the New Zealand population is undergoing a process of change , with new waves of immigration , higher birth rates and increasing interracial marriage resulting in the New Zealand population of Māori , Asian , Pacific Islander and multiracial descent growing at a higher rate than those of solely European descent , with such groups projected to make up a larger proportion of the population in the future . New Zealand has an estimated resident population of around 4,793,700 ( as of June 2017 ) . Over one million New Zealanders recorded in the 2013 New Zealand census were born overseas . While most New Zealanders are resident in New Zealand , there is also a significant diaspora , estimated at around 750,000 . Of these , around 640,800 lived in Australia ( a June 2013 estimate ) , which was equivalent to 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 % of the domestic population of New Zealand . Other communities of New Zealanders abroad are predominantly concentrated in other English - speaking countries , specifically the United Kingdom , the United States and Canada , with smaller numbers located elsewhere . Despite its multiethnic composition , the culture held in common by most New Zealanders can also be referred to as mainstream New Zealand culture , a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of British and other Northern European colonists , settlers , and immigrants . It also includes influences of Māori culture . Large - scale immigration in the 20th and 21st centuries from Asia , such as Chinese and Indians , introduced a variety of elements . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ethnic origins 1.1 European 1.1. 1 Post-Second World War European immigration 1.2 Māori 1.3 Asian 1.4 Pacific Islanders 1.5 Middle Eastern , Latin American and African 1.6 Others 2 Race and ethnic relations 3 Culture 3.1 National personifications 3.2 Language 3.3 Religion 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Ethnic origins ( edit ) Main article : List of ethnic origins of New Zealanders See also : New Zealand census 1961 New Zealand census Ethnic group Population % of New Zealand population European 2,216,886 91.8 91.8 Māori 167,086 6.9 6.9 Others 31,012 1.3 1.3 Total 2,414,984 100 100 2013 New Zealand census Ethnic group Population % of New Zealand population European 2,969,391 74.0 74 Māori 598,602 14.9 14.9 Asian 471,708 11.8 11.8 Pacific Islander 295,941 7.4 7.4 ME / LA / African 46,956 1.2 1.2 Other 67,752 1.7 1.7 Total 4,242,048 ... The table above shows the broad ethnic composition of the New Zealand population at the 1961 census compared to that from the most recent data of the 2013 census . People of European descent constituted the majority of the 4.2 million people living in New Zealand , with 2,969,391 or 74.0 % of the population in the 2013 New Zealand census . Those of full or part - Māori ancestry comprise 14.9 % of New Zealanders . The residual `` others '' ethnic group consists largely of Asians and Pacific Islanders . Crowd at an Anzac Day Dawn Service at Wellington Cenotaph , 2011 European ( edit ) Main articles : European New Zealanders and Pākehā New Zealand school students of European descent Most European New Zealanders are of British and Irish ancestry , with smaller percentages of other European ancestries such as Germans , Poles ( historically noted as German due to Partitions of Poland ) , French , Dutch , Scandinavian and South Slavs . In the 1961 census , over 90 % self - identified as people of European descent . The Māori language loanword Pākehā has been used to refer to European New Zealanders , although others reject this appellation . The word Pākehā today is increasingly used to refer to all non-Polynesian New Zealanders . The first Europeans known to have reached New Zealand were Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman and his crew in 1642 . Māori killed several of the crew and no more Europeans went to New Zealand until British explorer James Cook 's voyage of 1768 -- 71 . Cook reached New Zealand in 1769 and mapped almost the entire coastline . Following Cook , New Zealand was visited by numerous European and North American whaling , sealing and trading ships . They traded European food and goods , especially metal tools and weapons , for Māori timber , food , artefacts and water . On occasion , Europeans and Māori traded goods for sex . The Treaty of Waitangi was signed between Māori and the British Becoming aware of the lawless nature of European settlement and of increasing French interest in the territory , the British government appointed James Busby as British Resident to New Zealand in 1832 . Busby failed to bring law and order to European settlement , but did oversee the introduction of the first national flag on 20 March 1834 , after an unregistered New Zealand ship was seized in Australia . The nebulous United Tribes of New Zealand later , in October 1835 , sent the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand to King William IV of the United Kingdom , asking him for protection . Ongoing unrest and the legal standing of the Declaration of Independence prompted the Colonial Office to send Captain William Hobson to New Zealand to claim sovereignty for the British Crown and negotiate a treaty with the Māori . The Treaty of Waitangi was first signed in the Bay of Islands on 6 February 1840 . The drafting was done hastily and confusion and disagreement continue to surround the translation . The Treaty however remains regarded as New Zealand 's foundation as a nation and is revered by Māori as a guarantee of their rights . In response to New Zealand Company attempts to establish a separate colony in Wellington , and French claims in Akaroa , Hobson , now Lieutenant - Governor , declared British sovereignty over all of New Zealand on 21 May 1840 . The two proclamations published in the New Zealand Advertiser and Bay Of Islands Gazette issue of 19 June 1840 `` assert ( s ) on the grounds of Discovery , the Sovereign Rights of Her Majesty over the Southern Islands of New Zealand , commonly called ' The Middle Island ' ( South Island ) and ' Stewart 's Island ' ( Stewart Island / Rakiura ) ; and the Island , commonly called ' The Northern Island ' , having been ceded Sovereignty to Her Majesty . '' The second proclamation expanded on how sovereignty over the `` Northern Island '' had been ceded under the treaty signed that February . Following the formalising of sovereignty , the organised and structured flow of migrants from Great Britain and Ireland began , and by 1860 more than 100,000 British and Irish settlers lived throughout New Zealand . The Otago Association actively recruited settlers from Scotland , creating a definite Scottish influence in that region , while the Canterbury Association recruited settlers from the south of England , creating a definite English influence over that region . By 1870 the non-Māori population reached over 250,000 . Other settlers came from Germany , Scandinavia , and other parts of Europe as well as from China and the Indian subcontinent , but British and Irish settlers made up the vast majority , and did so for the next 150 years . Between 1881 and the 1920s , the New Zealand Parliament passed legislation that intended to limit Asiatic migration to New Zealand , and prevented Asians from naturalising . In particular , the New Zealand government levied a poll tax on Chinese immigrants up until the 1930s , when Japan went to war with China . New Zealand finally abolished the poll tax in 1944 . An influx of Jewish refugees from central Europe came in the 1930s . Many of the persons of Polish origin in New Zealand arrived as orphans from Eastern Poland via Siberia and Iran in 1944 during World War II . Post-second World War European immigration ( edit ) New Zealand explorer and mountaineer Edmund Hillary , a much loved national fugure With the agencies of the United Nations dealing with humanitarian efforts following the Second World War , New Zealand accepted about 5,000 refugees and displaced persons from Europe , and more than 1,100 Hungarians between 1956 and 1959 ( see Refugee migration into New Zealand ) . The post-WWII immigration included more persons from Greece , Italy , Poland and the former Yugoslavia . New Zealand limited immigration to those who would meet a labour shortage in New Zealand . To encourage those to come , the Government introduced free and assisted passages in 1947 , a schema expanded by the First National Government in 1950 . However , when it became clear that not enough skilled migrants would come from the British Isles alone , recruitment began in Northern European countries . New Zealand signed a bilateral agreement for skilled migrants with the Netherlands , and a large number of Dutch immigrants arrived in New Zealand . Others came in the 1950s from Denmark , Germany , Switzerland and Austria to meet needs in specialised occupations . By the 1960s , the policy of excluding people based on nationality yielded a population overwhelmingly European in origin . By the mid-1960s , a desire for cheap unskilled labour led to ethnic diversification . Māori ( edit ) Main article : Māori people Four Māori women , c. 1870 The Māori people are most likely descended from people who emigrated from Taiwan to Melanesia and then travelled east through to the Society Islands . After a pause of 70 to 265 years , a new wave of exploration led to the discovery and settlement of New Zealand in about AD 1250 -- 1300 , making New Zealand one of the most recently settled major landmasses . Some researchers have suggested an earlier wave of arrivals dating to as early as AD 50 -- 150 ; these people then either died out or left the islands . Over the following centuries the Polynesian settlers developed into a distinct culture now known as Māori . The population was divided into iwi ( tribes ) and hapū ( subtribes ) which would cooperate , compete and sometimes fight with each other . At some point a group of Māori migrated to the Chatham Islands where they developed their distinct Moriori culture . Due to New Zealand 's geographic isolation , 500 years passed before the next phase of settlement , the arrival of Europeans . Only then did the indigenous inhabitants need to distinguish themselves from the new arrivals , using the term `` Māori '' which means `` normal '' or `` ordinary '' . Ihaia Te Kirikumara , a Māori rangatira In the 1860s , disputes over questionable land purchases led to the Māori Wars , which resulted in large tracts of tribal land being confiscated by the colonial government . Settlements such as Parihaka in Taranaki have become almost legendary because of injustices done there . With the loss of much of their land , Māori went into a period of decline , and in the late 19th century it was believed that the Māori population would cease to exist as a separate race and would be assimilated into the European population . However , the predicted decline did not occur , and numbers recovered . Despite a high degree of intermingling between the Māori and European populations , Māori were able to retain their cultural identity and in the 1960s and 1970s Māoridom underwent a cultural revival . Contemporary ethnographic presentation of Māori children The Māori population has seen stability in the 21st century . In the 2013 Census , 598,602 people identified as being part of the Māori ethnic group , accounting for 14.9 % of the New Zealand population , while 668,724 people ( 17.5 % ) claimed Māori descent . 278,199 people identified as of sole Māori ethnicity , while 291,015 identified as of both European and Māori ethnicity ( with or without a third ethnicity ) , due to a high rate of intermarriage between the two cultures . Under the Maori Affairs Amendment Act 1974 , a Māori is defined as `` a person of the Māori race of New Zealand ; and includes any descendant of such a Māori . '' According to the 2006 census , the largest iwi by population is Ngāpuhi ( 125,601 ) , followed by Ngāti Porou ( 71,049 ) , Ngāi Tahu ( 54,819 ) and Waikato ( 40,083 ) . However , over 110,000 people of Māori descent in the 2013 census could not identify their iwi . Outside of New Zealand , a large Māori population exists in Australia , estimated at 155,000 in 2011 . The Māori Party has suggested a special seat should be created in the New Zealand parliament representing Māori in Australia . Smaller communities also exist in the United Kingdom ( approx . 8,000 ) , the United States ( up to 3,500 ) and Canada ( approx . 1,000 ) . The most common region this group lived in was Auckland Region ( 23.9 percent or 142,770 people ) . They are the second - largest ethnic group in New Zealand , after European New Zealanders . In addition , more than 120,000 Māori live in Australia . The Māori language ( known as Te Reo Māori ) is still spoken to some extent by about a fifth of all Māori , representing 3 % of the total population . Many New Zealanders regularly use Māori words and expressions , such as `` kia ora '' , while speaking English . Māori are active in all spheres of New Zealand culture and society , with independent representation in areas such as media , politics and sport . Asian ( edit ) Main article : Asian New Zealanders Lion dancers perform at Auckland 's Lantern Festival In the 2013 Census , Asian ancestries total was 11.8 % of the population , Chinese remained the largest Asian ethnic group in 2013 , with 171,411 people while Indian was the second - largest Asian ethnic group in 2013 , with 155,178 with Filipino a distant third with 40,350 people . The Asian component actually predates the Pacific component . There had been people of Asian ethnicity living in New Zealand from the early days of European settlement , albeit in very small numbers . During the period of gold rushes later in the nineteenth century the number of Chinese temporary settlers both from China and from Australia and America increased sharply . This was an interlude in many respects , though there was a small population which remained and settled permanently . However , a century later in the 1980s and 1990s the number of people of Asian ethnicities grew rapidly , and they are likely to exceed the Pacific population within the next few years . Pacific Islanders ( edit ) Cook Islands dancers at Auckland 's Pasifika Festival In the 1950s and 1960s , New Zealand encouraged migrants from the South Pacific . The country had a large demand for unskilled labour in the manufacturing sector . As long as this demand continued , migrants were encouraged by the government to come from the South Pacific , and many overstayed . However , when the boom times stopped , some blamed the migrants for the economic downturn affecting the country , and many of those people suffered dawn raids from 1974 . Middle Eastern , Latin American and African ( edit ) Main articles : Middle Eastern , Latin American , and African New Zealanders This component was 1.2 % of the total population in the 2013 census . The Latin American ethnic group almost doubled in size between the 2006 and 2013 censuses , increasing from 6,654 people to 13,182 . A more recent component comprises refugees and other settlers from Africa and the Middle East , most recently from Somalia . While there had been previous settlers from the Middle East , such as Syrians , people from Equatorial Africa have been very few in the past . Middle Eastern ethnic group -- 20,406 African ethnic group -- 13,464 Others ( edit ) In 2013 , 67,752 people or 1.7 % self - identified with one or more ethnicities other than European , Māori , Pacific , Asian , Middle Eastern , Latin American , and African . The vast majority of these people , 65,973 people , identified only as ' New Zealander ' . Race and ethnic relations ( edit ) See also : Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements Prime Minister Norman Kirk walks hand in hand with a Māori boy , Waitangi Day 1973 Successive government policies on the relationship between Māori and non-Māori people have worsened race relations . After 1840 , many issues to do with sovereignty and land ownership remained unresolved and , for a long time , invisible while Māori lived in rural communities . When Māori and Pākehā began living in closer proximity , the belief that the country had `` the best race relations in the world '' was tested . The first Race Relations Concilitator was appointed in 1971 to help combat racial discrimination among New Zealanders . Agitation regarding Treaty of Waitangi violations intensified in the 1970s . The Waitangi Tribunal was set up in 1975 to consider alleged breaches , and in 1984 was empowered to look back to 1840 . Culture ( edit ) Further information : Culture of New Zealand New Zealand culture is essentially a Western culture influenced by the unique environment and geographic isolation of the islands , and the cultural input of the Māori and the various waves of multi-ethnic migration which followed the British colonisation of New Zealand . British settlers brought a legal , political , and economic system that has flourished , along with the British system of agriculture that has transformed the landscape . The British brought the Protestant work ethic -- the industrious newcomers astonished Māori people . In return , settlers noted the athletic ability , musicality , and courage of the Māori . However , British paternalism soon brought an extensive welfare system that created a large Māori underclass . Illustration of Anzac troops after the fighting at Gallipoli during the First World War The development of a New Zealand identity and national character , separate from the British colonial identity , is most often linked with the period surrounding the First World War , which gave rise to the concept of the Anzac spirit . However , cultural links between New Zealand and Great Britain are maintained by a common language , sustained immigration from the UK , and the fact that many young New Zealanders spend time in Britain on `` overseas experience '' , known as `` OE '' . New Zealanders also identify closely with Australians , as a result of the two nations ' shared historical , cultural and geographic characteristics . A Māori war dance , called a haka The New Zealand government promotes Māori culture by supporting Māori - language schools , by ensuring the language is visible in government departments and literature , by insisting on traditional Māori welcomes ( pōwhiri ) at government functions and state school award programs , and by having Māori run the welfare services targeted at their people . New Zealanders are distinctive for their twangy dialect of English and propensity to travel long distances , and are quickly associated with the All Blacks rugby team and the haka . A tradition of resourcefulness came from the pioneering backgrounds of both European and Māori colonists . National personifications ( edit ) See also : National symbols of New Zealand A statue of Zealandia as a Second Boer War memorial in Palmerston . Zealandia is a national personification of New Zealand and New Zealanders . In her stereotypical form , Zealandia appears as a woman of European descent who is dressed in flowing robes ( or gown ) . She is similar in dress and appearance to Britannia ( the female personification of Britain ) , who is said to be the mother of Zealandia . As a rhetorical evocation of a New Zealand national identity , Zealandia appeared on postage stamps , posters , cartoons , war memorials , and New Zealand government publications most commonly during the first half of the 20th century . The personification was a commonly used symbol of the New Zealand Centennial Exhibition , which was held in Wellington in 1939 and 1940 . Two large Zealandia statues serve as war memorials that honour the casualties of the Second Boer War : one is in Waimate and the other is in Palmerston . Some smaller statues exist in museums and in private hands . The female figure who appears on the left side of the national coat of arms has been identified as Zealandia ( in a `` cut down nightie '' ) . Language ( edit ) Main article : Languages of New Zealand English ( New Zealand English ) is the dominant language spoken by New Zealanders , and a de facto official language of New Zealand . According to the 2013 New Zealand census , 96.1 % of New Zealanders spoke English . The country 's de jure official languages are Māori ( Te Reo ) and New Zealand Sign Language ( NZSL ) . Other languages are also used by ethnic communities . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in New Zealand John Dew is the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Wellington and a cardinal Just under half of the population at the 2013 census declared an affiliation to Christianity . However , regular church attendance is probably closer to 15 % . Before European colonisation the religion of the indigenous Māori population was animistic , but the subsequent efforts of missionaries such as Samuel Marsden resulted in most Māori converting to Christianity . Religious affiliation has been collected in the New Zealand census since 1851 . One of the many complications in interpreting religious affiliation data in New Zealand is the large proportion who object to answering the question , roughly 173,000 in 2013 . Most reporting of percentages is based on the total number of responses , rather than the total population . In the early 20th century New Zealand census data indicates that the vast majority of New Zealanders affiliated with Christianity . The total percentages in the 1921 non-Māori census were 45 % Anglicans , 19.9 % Presbyterians , 13.6 % Catholics , 9.5 % Methodists and 11.2 % Others . Statistics for Māori were only available from 1936 , with 35.8 % Anglicans , 19.9 % Ratana , 13.9 % Catholics , 7.2 % Ringatu , 7.1 % Methodists , 6.5 % Latter Day Saints , 1.3 % Methodists and 8.3 % Others recorded at this census . See also ( edit ) New Zealand portal Demographics of New Zealand List of New Zealanders List of Prime Ministers of New Zealand New Zealand -- Wikipedia book References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Australian Department of Immigration and Border Protection ( 2 January 2014 ) . `` Fact Sheet 17 -- New Zealanders in Australia '' . Archived from the original on 12 February 2014 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : John Bryant and David Law ( September 2004 ) . `` New Zealand 's Diaspora and Overseas - born Population : The diaspora '' . New Zealand Treasury . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Matthew Chung ( 6 November 2009 ) . `` From F1 to Fifa , the show rolls on '' . The National . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Living in Hong Kong '' . New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anzahl der Ausländer in Deutschland nach Herkunftsland ( Stand : 31 . Dezember 2014 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Pressemitteilungen - Ausländische Bevölkerung - Statistisches Bundesamt ( Destatis ) '' ( in German ) . Destatis.de. 2016 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Census QuickStats about culture and identity -- Religious affiliation '' . Stats NZ -- stats.govt.nz. 15 April 2014 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Gary Morley ( 24 June 2010 ) . `` Kiwis hope to take flight at World Cup '' . CNN . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kiwi and people : early history '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Gillian Smeith and Kim Dunstan ( June 2004 ) . `` Ethnic Population Projections : Issues and Trends '' . Statistics New Zealand . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Subnational Population Estimates : At 30 June 2017 ( provisional ) '' . Statistics New Zealand . 24 October 2017 . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . For urban areas , `` Subnational population estimates ( UA , AU ) , by age and sex , at 30 June 1996 , 2001 , 2006 - 16 ( 2017 boundary ) '' . Statistics New Zealand . 24 October 2017 . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Number of overseas - born tops 1 million , 2013 Census shows '' . Statistics New Zealand . 15 April 2014 . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : TOTAL POPULATION BY ETHNIC ORIGIN , 1916 - 1971 The New Zealand population can broadly be classified , according to ethnic origin , into three main groups : Europeans , Maoris and `` others '' ... ( Page : 53 . ) Jump up ^ Total and Mäori Populations 1858 -- 2001 Censuses of Population and Dwellings Statistics New Zealand ^ Jump up to : 2013 Census QuickStats about culture and identity Archived 2015 - 01 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . Available from stats.govt.nz . ^ Jump up to : 2013 Census results : New Zealand Jump up ^ Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand : New Zealand Peoples Archived 2008 - 07 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Misa , Tapu ( 8 March 2006 ) . `` Ethnic Census status tells the whole truth '' . New Zealand Herald . Archived from the original on 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Draft Report of a Review of the Official Ethnicity Statistical Standard : Proposals to Address the ' New Zealander ' Response Issue '' ( PDF ) . Statistics New Zealand . April 2009 . Retrieved 18 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Ranford , Jodie . `` ' Pakeha ' , Its Origin and Meaning '' . Māori News . Retrieved 20 February 2008 . Originally the Pakeha were the early European settlers , however , today ' Pakeha ' is used to describe any peoples of non-Maori or non-Polynesian heritage . Pakeha is not an ethnicity but rather a way to differentiate between the historical origins of our settlers , the Polynesians and the Europeans , the Maori and the other ^ Jump up to : Mein Smith ( 2005 ) , pg 23 . Jump up ^ King ( 2003 ) pg 122 . Jump up ^ Political and constitutional timeline , New Zealand History online , Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Updated 6 December 2009 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Advertiser and Bay Of Islands Gazette , 19 June 1840 '' . Hocken Library . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History of Immigration - 1840 - 1852 '' . Jump up ^ `` History of Immigration - 1853 - 1870 '' . Jump up ^ `` 1881 -- 1914 : restrictions on Chinese and others '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Jump up ^ `` Polish Orphans '' . Te Ara. 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilmshurst , J.M. ; Hunt , T.L. ; Lipo , C.P. ; Anderson , A.J. ( 2010 ) . `` High - precision radiocarbon dating shows recent and rapid initial human colonization of East Polynesia '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 108 ( 5 ) : 1815 . Bibcode : 2011PNAS ... 108.1815 W . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1015876108 . PMC 3033267 . PMID 21187404 . Jump up ^ Irwin , Geoff ; Walrond , Carl ( 4 March 2009 ) . `` When was New Zealand first settled ? -- The date debate '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 14 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Mein Smith ( 2005 ) , pg 6 . Jump up ^ Lowe , David J. ( 2008 ) . Lowe , David J. , ed . Guidebook for Pre-conference North Island Field Trip A1 ' Ashes and Issues ' ( 28 -- 30 November 2008 ) . Australian and New Zealand 4th Joint Soils Conference , Massey University , Palmerston North ( 1 -- 5 December 2008 ) ( PDF ) . New Zealand Society of Soil Science . pp. 142 -- 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 473 - 14476 - 0 . Retrieved 14 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Sutton et al. ( 2008 ) , pg 109 . `` This paper ... affirms the Long Chronology ( first settlement up to 2000 years BP ) , recognizing it as the most plausible hypothesis . '' Jump up ^ Clark ( 1994 ) pg 123 -- 135 Jump up ^ Davis , Denise ( 11 September 2007 ) . `` The impact of new arrivals '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Hare , McLintock , Alexander ; Gully , John Sidney ( 1966 ) . `` The Word ' Maori ' '' . An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Parihaka Attack '' . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Māori - Urbanisation and renaissance '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ethnic group ( detailed single and combination ) by age group and sex , for the census usually resident population count , 2013 -- NZ. Stat '' . Statistics New Zealand . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Hamer , Paul ( 2012 ) , Māori in Australia : An Update from the 2011 Australian census and the 2011 New Zealand General Election , SSRN 2167613 Jump up ^ `` Sharples suggests Maori seat in Australia '' . Television New Zealand . 1 October 2007 . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Walrond , Carl ( 4 March 2009 ) . `` Māori overseas '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 7 December 2010 . Jump up ^ New Zealand - born figures from the 2000 U.S. Census ; maximum figure represents sum of `` Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander '' and people of mixed race . United States Census Bureau ( 2003 ) . `` Census 2000 Foreign - Born Profiles ( STP - 159 ) : Country of Birth : New Zealand '' ( PDF ) . ( 103 KB ) . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Islands and New Zealand '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ 2013 Census tables about a place : New Zealand Ethnic groups of people in New Zealand Jump up ^ `` The people of New Zealand '' . TeAra.govt.nz . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About the Waitangi Tribunal '' . waitangitribunal.govt.nz . Waitangi Tribunal . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maori and Welfare '' . The New Zealand Initiative . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Spirit of ANZAC '' . ANZAC Day Commemoration Committee . 26 November 2015 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Make your overseas experience relevant to New Zealand '' . newzealandnow.govt.nz . New Zealand Immigration . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australia and New Zealand - Common culture '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Haerewa , Ngarangi . `` Māori Culture : What Is A Pōwhiri ? '' . Culture Trip . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Gray , Mel ; Coates , John ; Bird , Michael Yellow ( 2008 ) . Indigenous Social Work Around the World : Towards Culturally Relevant Education and Practice . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 114 . ISBN 9780754648383 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfe , Richard ( July -- September 1994 ) . `` Zealandia -- mother of the nation ? '' . New Zealand Geographic . No. 23 . Auckland . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Denis James Matthews Glover , `` A National Symbol ? '' in An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand ( A.H. McLintock ed , 1966 ) . Retrieved on 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ National Arms of New Zealand - Heraldry of the World . Last modified on 21 January 2016 . Retrieved on 5 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Table 28 , 2013 Census Data -- QuickStats About Culture and Identity -- Tables . Jump up ^ Opie , Stephen ( June 2008 ) . Bible Engagement in New Zealand : Survey of Attitudes and Behaviour ( PDF ) . Bible Society of New Zealand . p. 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 May 2010 . Retrieved 29 May 2010 . Jump up ^ New Zealand Historical Atlas ( 1997 ) McKinnon , Malcolm ( Editor ) ; David Bateman , Plate 70 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to People of New Zealand . 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255840579396315604 | List of Cleveland Browns first-round draft picks | List of Cleveland Browns first - round draft picks - wikipedia List of Cleveland Browns first - round draft picks Jump to : navigation , search Hall of Famer Jim Brown was the Browns first round draft pick in 1957 The Cleveland Browns joined the National Football League ( NFL ) in 1950 with the Baltimore Colts and San Francisco 49ers after having spent four seasons with the All - America Football Conference . The Browns ' first selection as an NFL team was Ken Carpenter , a wide receiver from Oregon State . The team 's most recent first round selections were Baker Mayfield , quarterback at Oklahoma and Denzel Ward , cornerback at Ohio State . Every year during April , each NFL franchise seeks to add new players to its roster through a collegiate draft known as `` the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting '' , which is more commonly known as the NFL Draft . Teams are ranked in inverse order based on the previous season 's record , with the worst record picking first , and the second worst picking second and so on . The two exceptions to this order are made for teams that appeared in the previous Super Bowl ; the Super Bowl champion always picks 32nd , and the Super Bowl loser always picks 31st . Teams have the option of trading away their picks to other teams for different picks , players , cash , or a combination thereof . Thus , it is not uncommon for a team 's actual draft pick to differ from their assigned draft pick , or for a team to have extra or no draft picks in any round due to these trades . The Browns did not have any draft choices from 1996 to 1998 , because then - owner Art Modell took all the team 's players to Baltimore , Maryland , effectively stopping the franchise . However , the NFL mandated that the Browns ' name , colors , and franchise history remain in Cleveland and that the team would reactivate by 1999 . In 1999 , the Browns selected number one overall , drafting University of Kentucky quarterback Tim Couch . The Browns have selected number one overall five times : Bobby Garrett ( 1954 ) , Tim Couch ( 1999 ) , Courtney Brown ( 2000 ) , Myles Garrett ( 2017 ) and Baker Mayfield ( 2018 ) . The team has also selected number two overall only once and number three overall five times . The Browns have selected players from the University of Michigan five times , Ohio State University and the University of Southern California four times , and the University of Florida three times . Four eventual Hall of Famers were selected by the Browns : Doug Atkins , Jim Brown , Paul Warfield , and Ozzie Newsome . Player selections ( edit ) Selected number one overall * Enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame † Year Pick Player name Position College Notes National Football League , Early Era ( 1950 -- 1969 ) 1950 13 Ken Carpenter WR / RB Oregon State 1951 14 Kenny Konz DB LSU 1952 10 Bert Rechichar DB / RB / K / LB / P Tennessee 12 Harry Agganis QB Boston 1953 11 Doug Atkins † DL / E Tennessee 1954 Bobby Garrett * QB Stanford 12 John Bauer OL Illinois 1955 13 Kurt Burris CB / LB Oklahoma 1956 13 Preston Carpenter E / RB / TE Arkansas 1957 6 Jim Brown † FB Syracuse 1958 13 Jim Shofner DB Texas Christian 1959 11 Rich Kreitling WR / E Illinois 1960 8 Jim Houston DL / LB Ohio State 1961 10 Bobby Crespino WR / E / TE Mississippi 1962 Gary Collins WR / P Maryland 11 Leroy Jackson RB Western Illinois 1963 9 Tom Hutchinson E / WR Kentucky 1964 11 Paul Warfield † WR / E Ohio State 1965 -- -- No Pick -- -- 1966 14 Milt Morin TE Massachusetts 1967 18 Bob Matheson DL / LB Duke 1968 21 Marv Upshaw DL / K Trinity 1969 20 Ron Johnson RB Michigan National Football League , Modern Era ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 Mike Phipps QB Purdue 21 Bob McKay OT Texas 1971 14 Clarence Scott DB Kansas 1972 18 Thom Darden DB Michigan 1973 16 Steve Holden WR Arizona State 22 Pete Adams OG USC -- -- No Pick -- -- 5 Mack Mitchell DL Houston 1976 7 Mike Pruitt FB / RB Purdue 1977 17 Robert Jackson LB Texas A&M 1978 12 Clay Matthews LB USC 23 Ozzie Newsome † TE Alabama 1979 20 Willis Adams WR Houston 1980 27 Charles White RB USC 1981 22 Hanford Dixon CB Southern Miss 1982 Chip Banks LB / WR USC -- -- No Pick -- -- 1984 18 Don Rogers UCLA 1985 -- -- No Pick -- -- 1986 -- -- No Pick -- -- 5 Mike Junkin LB Duke 1988 21 Clifford Charlton LB Florida 1989 13 Eric Metcalf RB / WR Texas 1990 -- -- No Pick -- -- 1991 Eric Turner DB UCLA 1992 9 Tommy Vardell FB / RB Stanford 1993 14 Steve Everitt Michigan 1994 9 Antonio Langham CB Alabama 29 Derrick Alexander WR Michigan 1995 30 Craig Powell LB Ohio State Franchise suspended , no team in Cleveland from 1996 -- 1998 1997 1998 1999 Tim Couch * QB Kentucky 2000 Courtney Brown * DE Penn State 2001 Gerard Warren DT Florida 2002 16 William Green RB Boston College 2003 21 Jeff Faine Notre Dame 6 Kellen Winslow II TE Miami 2005 Braylon Edwards WR Michigan 2006 13 Kamerion Wimbley LB Florida State 2007 Joe Thomas OT Wisconsin 22 Brady Quinn QB Notre Dame 2008 -- -- No Pick -- -- 2009 21 -- Alex Mack California 7 -- Joe Haden CB Florida 2011 21 -- Phil Taylor DT Baylor 2012 -- Trent Richardson RB Alabama 22 -- Brandon Weeden QB Oklahoma State 2013 6 -- Barkevious Mingo OLB LSU 2014 8 -- Justin Gilbert CB Oklahoma State 22 -- Johnny Manziel QB Texas A&M 2015 12 -- Danny Shelton DT Washington 19 -- Cameron Erving Florida State 2016 15 -- Corey Coleman WR Baylor 2017 Myles Garrett * DE Texas A&M 25 Jabrill Peppers Michigan 29 David Njoku TE Miami 2018 Baker Mayfield * QB Oklahoma Denzel Ward CB Ohio State Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Browns acquired their first pick in 1952 from Detroit for E / T Jim Martin . Jump up ^ Harry Agganis did not take a snap for the Browns in the NFL , opting instead to play professional baseball for the Boston Red Sox as the team 's starting first baseman . Jump up ^ The Browns first pick in 1954 was a bonus lottery choice . Jump up ^ The Browns traded their first pick in 1961 to Dallas for T Paul Dickson and the Cowboys ' first pick in 1962 . The Browns acquired another pick from Detroit along with LB Robert Long for QB Jim Ninowski . Jump up ^ The Browns acquired their first pick in 1962 from Dallas along with T Paul Dickson for the Browns ' first pick in 1961 . Jump up ^ The Browns traded the rights to Jackson to Washington for the Redskins ' rights to Ernie Davis . Davis was later diagnosed with leukemia and died before playing a game with the Browns . Jump up ^ The Browns first pick in 1965 was traded to San Francisco for G Ted Connolly . Jump up ^ The Browns acquired their first pick in 1970 from Miami for WR Paul Warfield . Jump up ^ The Browns acquired their first pick in 1973 from New York along with the Giants ' second choice ( acquired from New England ) for DE Jack Gregory and CB Freddie Summers . Jump up ^ The Browns ' first pick in 1974 was traded to San Diego along with the Browns ' second pick in 1975 for LB Bob Babich and the Chargers ' fourth pick in 1975 . Jump up ^ The Browns ' acquired their second pick in 1978 from Los Angeles along with Washington 's fourth pick ( acquired from Washington through Chicago for the Bears ' first pick ) for QB Mike Phipps . Jump up ^ The Browns traded their first pick in 1979 to San Diego for the Chargers ' first and second picks . Jump up ^ The Browns traded their first and New England 's sixth pick ( acquired from New England ) to Los Angeles for the Rams ' first and fourth picks plus San Diego 's second and Green Bay 's fifth ( acquired from San Diego and Green Bay respectively ) picks . Jump up ^ The Browns ' first pick in 1983 was traded to Buffalo along with the Browns ' third pick in 1984 and fifth pick in 1985 for LB Tom Cousineau . Jump up ^ The Browns traded their first pick in 1985 to Buffalo along with the Browns ' third pick and the Browns ' first and sixth picks in 1986 for Buffalo 's first pick in the 1985 supplemental draft . Jump up ^ The Browns traded their first pick in 1986 to Buffalo along with the Browns ' sixth pick and the Browns first and third picks from 1985 for Buffalo 's first pick in the 1985 supplemental draft . Jump up ^ The Browns traded their first pick in 1987 to San Diego along with Browns ' second pick and LB Chip Banks for San Diego 's first and second picks . Jump up ^ The Browns traded their first pick in 1988 to Denver along with the Browns ' second , fifth and ninth picks for the Broncos ' first pick . Jump up ^ The Browns traded their first pick in 1990 to Green Bay along with the Browns ' third and fifth picks in 1989 and RB Herman Fontenot for the Packers ' second pick and fifth pick in 1989 . Jump up ^ The Browns acquired their first pick in 1993 from Denver along with the Broncos ' third pick for the Browns ' first pick . Jump up ^ The Browns acquired their second pick in 1994 from Philadelphia for the Browns ' third pick and the Browns ' second pick in the 1995 draft . Jump up ^ The Browns traded their first pick in 1995 to San Francisco for the 49ers ' first and fourth picks and the 49ers ' first pick in the 1996 draft . Jump up ^ The Browns won this pick via a coin flip against Atlanta . Jump up ^ The Browns traded their first pick in 2004 to Detroit along with the Browns ' second pick for the Lions ' first pick . Jump up ^ The Browns traded their first pick in 2006 to Baltimore for the Ravens ' first pick . Jump up ^ The Browns won this pick via a coin toss against Tampa Bay . ^ Jump up to : The Browns traded their second - round pick in 2007 and first - round pick in 2008 to Dallas for their first - round pick in 2007 . Jump up ^ Cleveland traded down three times in the first round , sending the fifth overall pick to the Jets ( who used it to select Mark Sanchez ) , and then traded down two more times ( with Tampa Bay and Philadelphia ) before selecting Alex Mack with the 21st overall pick . Grossi , Tony ( 2009 - 04 - 25 ) . `` Cleveland Browns get more picks ( and more Jets ) on a busy opening day in NFL draft '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . References ( edit ) Alder , James . `` NFL Draft Basics : Determining Order of Selection '' . football.about.com . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 21 . `` Harry Agganis , The Golden Greek '' . Agganis Arena , Boston University . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 04 . `` History : Cleveland Browns Draft History '' . Cleveland Browns official Web site . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 09 . `` databaseFootball.com -- Cleveland Browns '' . databaseFootball.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 06 . `` Browns win coin flip , pick 16th '' . National Football League official Web site . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 09 . `` Browns win coin toss , third pick in draft '' . National Football League official Web site . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 09 . `` Draft History -- Cleveland Browns '' . National Football League official Web site . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . `` Hall of Famers by Franchise '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame official Web site . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 07 . `` Cleveland Browns '' . Sports E-cyclopedia . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 07 . Cleveland Browns Founded in 1946 Based in Cleveland , Ohio Headquartered in Berea , Ohio Franchise History Players Head coaches Seasons Logos and uniforms First - round draft picks 1999 expansion draft Starting quarterbacks Pro Bowlers Stadiums Cleveland Stadium FirstEnergy Stadium Key personnel Owners : Jimmy Haslam Dee Haslam President ( de facto ) : Paul DePodesta General manager : John Dorsey Head coach : Hue Jackson Culture and lore Art Modell Cleveland sports curse Dawg Pound Draft Day Hot Tub Time Machine Kardiac Kids Marty Ball Miracle at the Met Paul Brown Red Right 88 Relocation controversy `` The Best Man '' The Drive The Express The Fortune Cookie The Fumble Rivalries Cincinnati Bengals Pittsburgh Steelers Playoff appearances ( 28 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1958 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1971 1972 1980 1982 1985 1986 1988 1989 1994 2002 Division championships ( 12 ) 1946 1947 1948 1967 1968 1969 1971 1980 1985 1986 1989 Conference championships ( 11 ) 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1964 1965 1968 1969 League championships ( 8 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1954 1955 1964 Retired numbers 14 32 45 46 76 Hall of Fame inductees Players : Brown DeLamielleure Ford Gatski Graham Groza Hickerson Kelly Lavelli McCormack Mitchell Motley Newsome Warfield Willis Coach : Brown Media Broadcasters Radio network Flagships : WKNR WKRK - FM WNCX Television : WEWS - TV SportsTime Ohio Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1950 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : North Division Former league affiliation League : All - America Football Conference ( 1946 -- 1949 ) Seasons ( 69 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Cleveland Browns first - round draft picks Carpenter Konz Rechichar Agganis Atkins B. Garrett Bauer Burris Carpenter Brown Shofner Kreitling Houston Crespino Collins L. Jackson Hutchinson Warfield Morin Matheson Upshaw Johnson Phipps McKay Scott Darden Holden Adams Mitchell Pruitt R. Jackson Newsome Matthews Adams White Dixon Banks Rogers Junkin Charlton Metcalf Turner Vardell Everitt Langham Alexander Powell Couch Brown Warren Green Faine Winslow Edwards Wimbley Thomas Quinn Mack Haden Taylor Richardson Weeden Mingo Gilbert Manziel Shelton Erving Coleman M. Garrett Peppers Njoku Mayfield Ward Lists of NFL first - round draft picks by team American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Oakland Raiders Los Angeles Chargers National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Defunct Teams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Cleveland_Browns_first-round_draft_picks&oldid=838684244 '' Categories : Lists of first - round draft picks by National Football League team Cleveland Browns players Cleveland Browns lists Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 28 April 2018 , at 16 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did the cleveland browns draft so far | [
"\n\nYear\nPick\nPlayer name\nPosition\nCollege\nNotes\n\n\nNational Football League, Early Era (1950–1969)\n\n\n1950\n13\nKen Carpenter\nWR/RB\nOregon State\n\n\n\n1951\n14\nKenny Konz\nDB\nLSU\n\n\n\n1952\n10\nBert Rechichar\nDB/RB/K/LB/P\nTennessee\n[1]\n\n\n12\nHarry Agganis\nQB\nBoston\n[2]\n\n\n1953\n11\nDoug Atkins †\nDL/E\nTennessee\n\n\n\n1954\n1\nBobby Garrett *\nQB\nStanford\n[3]\n\n\n12\nJohn Bauer\nOL\nIllinois\n\n\n\n1955\n13\nKurt Burris\nCB/LB\nOklahoma\n\n\n\n1956\n13\nPreston Carpenter\nE/RB/TE\nArkansas\n\n\n\n1957\n6\nJim Brown †\nFB\nSyracuse\n\n\n\n1958\n13\nJim Shofner\nDB\nTexas Christian\n\n\n\n1959\n11\nRich Kreitling\nWR/E\nIllinois\n\n\n\n1960\n8\nJim Houston\nDL/LB\nOhio State\n\n\n\n1961\n10\nBobby Crespino\nWR/E/TE\nMississippi\n[4]\n\n\n1962\n4\nGary Collins\nWR/P\nMaryland\n[5]\n\n\n11\nLeroy Jackson\nRB\nWestern Illinois\n[6]\n\n\n1963\n9\nTom Hutchinson\nE/WR\nKentucky\n\n\n\n1964\n11\nPaul Warfield †\nWR/E\nOhio State\n\n\n\n1965\n—\n— No Pick\n—\n—\n[7]\n\n\n1966\n14\nMilt Morin\nTE\nMassachusetts\n\n\n\n1967\n18\nBob Matheson\nDL/LB\nDuke\n\n\n\n1968\n21\nMarv Upshaw\nDL/K\nTrinity\n\n\n\n1969\n20\nRon Johnson\nRB\nMichigan\n\n\n\nNational Football League, Modern Era (1970–present)\n\n\n1970\n3\nMike Phipps\nQB\nPurdue\n[8]\n\n\n21\nBob McKay\nOT\nTexas\n\n\n\n1971\n14\nClarence Scott\nDB\nKansas\n\n\n\n1972\n18\nThom Darden\nDB\nMichigan\n\n\n\n1973\n16\nSteve Holden\nWR\nArizona State\n[9]\n\n\n22\nPete Adams\nOG\nUSC\n\n\n\n1974\n—\n— No Pick\n—\n—\n[10]\n\n\n1975\n5\nMack Mitchell\nDL\nHouston\n\n\n\n1976\n7\nMike Pruitt\nFB/RB\nPurdue\n\n\n\n1977\n17\nRobert Jackson\nLB\nTexas A&M\n\n\n\n1978\n12\nClay Matthews\nLB\nUSC\n\n\n\n23\nOzzie Newsome †\nTE\nAlabama\n[11]\n\n\n1979\n20\nWillis Adams\nWR\nHouston\n[12]\n\n\n1980\n27\nCharles White\nRB\nUSC\n[13]\n\n\n1981\n22\nHanford Dixon\nCB\nSouthern Miss\n\n\n\n1982\n3\nChip Banks\nLB/WR\nUSC\n\n\n\n1983\n—\n— No Pick\n—\n—\n[14]\n\n\n1984\n18\nDon Rogers\nS\nUCLA\n\n\n\n1985\n—\n— No Pick\n—\n—\n[15]\n\n\n1986\n—\n— No Pick\n—\n—\n[16]\n\n\n1987\n5\nMike Junkin\nLB\nDuke\n[17]\n\n\n1988\n21\nClifford Charlton\nLB\nFlorida\n\n\n\n1989\n13\nEric Metcalf\nRB/WR\nTexas\n[18]\n\n\n1990\n—\n— No Pick\n—\n—\n[19]\n\n\n1991\n2\nEric Turner\nDB\nUCLA\n\n\n\n1992\n9\nTommy Vardell\nFB/RB\nStanford\n\n\n\n1993\n14\nSteve Everitt\nC\nMichigan\n[20]\n\n\n1994\n9\nAntonio Langham\nCB\nAlabama\n\n\n\n29\nDerrick Alexander\nWR\nMichigan\n[21]\n\n\n1995\n30\nCraig Powell\nLB\nOhio State\n[22]\n\n\n1996\nFranchise suspended, no team in Cleveland from 1996–1998\n\n\n1997\n\n\n1998\n\n\n1999\n1\nTim Couch *\nQB\nKentucky\n\n\n\n2000\n1\nCourtney Brown *\nDE\nPenn State\n\n\n\n2001\n3\nGerard Warren\nDT\nFlorida\n\n\n\n2002\n16\nWilliam Green\nRB\nBoston College\n[23]\n\n\n2003\n21\nJeff Faine\nC\nNotre Dame\n\n\n\n2004\n6\nKellen Winslow II\nTE\nMiami\n[24]\n\n\n2005\n3\nBraylon Edwards\nWR\nMichigan\n\n\n\n2006\n13\nKamerion Wimbley\nLB\nFlorida State\n[25]\n\n\n2007\n3\nJoe Thomas\nOT\nWisconsin\n[26]\n\n\n22\nBrady Quinn\nQB\nNotre Dame\n[27]\n\n\n2008\n—\n— No Pick\n—\n—\n[27]\n\n\n2009\n21\n— Alex Mack\nC\nCalifornia\n[28]\n\n\n2010\n7\n— Joe Haden\nCB\nFlorida\n\n\n\n2011\n21\n— Phil Taylor\nDT\nBaylor\n\n\n\n2012\n3\n— Trent Richardson\nRB\nAlabama\n\n\n\n22\n— Brandon Weeden\nQB\nOklahoma State\n\n\n\n2013\n6\n— Barkevious Mingo\nOLB\nLSU\n\n\n\n2014\n8\n— Justin Gilbert\nCB\nOklahoma State\n\n\n\n22\n— Johnny Manziel\nQB\nTexas A&M\n\n\n\n2015\n12\n— Danny Shelton\nDT\nWashington\n\n\n\n19\n— Cameron Erving\nC\nFlorida State\n\n\n\n2016\n15\n— Corey Coleman\nWR\nBaylor\n\n\n\n2017\n1\nMyles Garrett *\nDE\nTexas A&M\n\n\n\n25\nJabrill Peppers\nS\nMichigan\n\n\n\n29\nDavid Njoku\nTE\nMiami\n\n\n\n2018\n1\nBaker Mayfield *\nQB\nOklahoma\n\n\n\n4\nDenzel Ward\nCB\nOhio State\n\n\n",
"\n\nYear\nPick\nPlayer name\nPosition\nCollege\nNotes\n\n\nNational Football League, Early Era (1950–1969)\n\n\n1950\n13\nKen Carpenter\nWR/RB\nOregon State\n\n\n\n1951\n14\nKenny Konz\nDB\nLSU\n\n\n\n1952\n10\nBert Rechichar\nDB/RB/K/LB/P\nTennessee\n[1]\n\n\n12\nHarry Agganis\nQB\nBoston\n[2]\n\n\n1953\n11\nDoug Atkins †\nDL/E\nTennessee\n\n\n\n1954\n1\nBobby Garrett *\nQB\nStanford\n[3]\n\n\n12\nJohn Bauer\nOL\nIllinois\n\n\n\n1955\n13\nKurt Burris\nCB/LB\nOklahoma\n\n\n\n1956\n13\nPreston Carpenter\nE/RB/TE\nArkansas\n\n\n\n1957\n6\nJim Brown †\nFB\nSyracuse\n\n\n\n1958\n13\nJim Shofner\nDB\nTexas Christian\n\n\n\n1959\n11\nRich Kreitling\nWR/E\nIllinois\n\n\n\n1960\n8\nJim Houston\nDL/LB\nOhio State\n\n\n\n1961\n10\nBobby Crespino\nWR/E/TE\nMississippi\n[4]\n\n\n1962\n4\nGary Collins\nWR/P\nMaryland\n[5]\n\n\n11\nLeroy Jackson\nRB\nWestern Illinois\n[6]\n\n\n1963\n9\nTom Hutchinson\nE/WR\nKentucky\n\n\n\n1964\n11\nPaul Warfield †\nWR/E\nOhio State\n\n\n\n1965\n—\n— No Pick\n—\n—\n[7]\n\n\n1966\n14\nMilt Morin\nTE\nMassachusetts\n\n\n\n1967\n18\nBob Matheson\nDL/LB\nDuke\n\n\n\n1968\n21\nMarv Upshaw\nDL/K\nTrinity\n\n\n\n1969\n20\nRon Johnson\nRB\nMichigan\n\n\n\nNational Football League, Modern Era (1970–present)\n\n\n1970\n3\nMike Phipps\nQB\nPurdue\n[8]\n\n\n21\nBob McKay\nOT\nTexas\n\n\n\n1971\n14\nClarence Scott\nDB\nKansas\n\n\n\n1972\n18\nThom Darden\nDB\nMichigan\n\n\n\n1973\n16\nSteve Holden\nWR\nArizona State\n[9]\n\n\n22\nPete Adams\nOG\nUSC\n\n\n\n1974\n—\n— No Pick\n—\n—\n[10]\n\n\n1975\n5\nMack Mitchell\nDL\nHouston\n\n\n\n1976\n7\nMike Pruitt\nFB/RB\nPurdue\n\n\n\n1977\n17\nRobert Jackson\nLB\nTexas A&M\n\n\n\n1978\n12\nClay Matthews\nLB\nUSC\n\n\n\n23\nOzzie Newsome †\nTE\nAlabama\n[11]\n\n\n1979\n20\nWillis Adams\nWR\nHouston\n[12]\n\n\n1980\n27\nCharles White\nRB\nUSC\n[13]\n\n\n1981\n22\nHanford Dixon\nCB\nSouthern Miss\n\n\n\n1982\n3\nChip Banks\nLB/WR\nUSC\n\n\n\n1983\n—\n— No Pick\n—\n—\n[14]\n\n\n1984\n18\nDon Rogers\nS\nUCLA\n\n\n\n1985\n—\n— No Pick\n—\n—\n[15]\n\n\n1986\n—\n— No Pick\n—\n—\n[16]\n\n\n1987\n5\nMike Junkin\nLB\nDuke\n[17]\n\n\n1988\n21\nClifford Charlton\nLB\nFlorida\n\n\n\n1989\n13\nEric Metcalf\nRB/WR\nTexas\n[18]\n\n\n1990\n—\n— No Pick\n—\n—\n[19]\n\n\n1991\n2\nEric Turner\nDB\nUCLA\n\n\n\n1992\n9\nTommy Vardell\nFB/RB\nStanford\n\n\n\n1993\n14\nSteve Everitt\nC\nMichigan\n[20]\n\n\n1994\n9\nAntonio Langham\nCB\nAlabama\n\n\n\n29\nDerrick Alexander\nWR\nMichigan\n[21]\n\n\n1995\n30\nCraig Powell\nLB\nOhio State\n[22]\n\n\n1996\nFranchise suspended, no team in Cleveland from 1996–1998\n\n\n1997\n\n\n1998\n\n\n1999\n1\nTim Couch *\nQB\nKentucky\n\n\n\n2000\n1\nCourtney Brown *\nDE\nPenn State\n\n\n\n2001\n3\nGerard Warren\nDT\nFlorida\n\n\n\n2002\n16\nWilliam Green\nRB\nBoston College\n[23]\n\n\n2003\n21\nJeff Faine\nC\nNotre Dame\n\n\n\n2004\n6\nKellen Winslow II\nTE\nMiami\n[24]\n\n\n2005\n3\nBraylon Edwards\nWR\nMichigan\n\n\n\n2006\n13\nKamerion Wimbley\nLB\nFlorida State\n[25]\n\n\n2007\n3\nJoe Thomas\nOT\nWisconsin\n[26]\n\n\n22\nBrady Quinn\nQB\nNotre Dame\n[27]\n\n\n2008\n—\n— No Pick\n—\n—\n[27]\n\n\n2009\n21\n— Alex Mack\nC\nCalifornia\n[28]\n\n\n2010\n7\n— Joe Haden\nCB\nFlorida\n\n\n\n2011\n21\n— Phil Taylor\nDT\nBaylor\n\n\n\n2012\n3\n— Trent Richardson\nRB\nAlabama\n\n\n\n22\n— Brandon Weeden\nQB\nOklahoma State\n\n\n\n2013\n6\n— Barkevious Mingo\nOLB\nLSU\n\n\n\n2014\n8\n— Justin Gilbert\nCB\nOklahoma State\n\n\n\n22\n— Johnny Manziel\nQB\nTexas A&M\n\n\n\n2015\n12\n— Danny Shelton\nDT\nWashington\n\n\n\n19\n— Cameron Erving\nC\nFlorida State\n\n\n\n2016\n15\n— Corey Coleman\nWR\nBaylor\n\n\n\n2017\n1\nMyles Garrett *\nDE\nTexas A&M\n\n\n\n25\nJabrill Peppers\nS\nMichigan\n\n\n\n29\nDavid Njoku\nTE\nMiami\n\n\n\n2018\n1\nBaker Mayfield *\nQB\nOklahoma\n\n\n\n4\nDenzel Ward\nCB\nOhio State\n\n\n"
] | [
"Baker Mayfield",
"Denzel Ward"
] |
4372537673938791325 | I Am Frankie | I Am Frankie - wikipedia I Am Frankie Jump to : navigation , search I Am Frankie Genre Drama Created by Marcela Citterio Starring Alex Hook Uriel Baldesco Armani Barrett Kristi Beckett Kyson Facer Sophia Forest Mohana Krishnan Jayce Mroz Nicole Alyse Nelson Carson Rowland J.D. Ballard Todd Allen Durken Joy Kigin Michael Laurino Carrie Schroeder Voices of Mark Jacobson Opening theme `` Getting Real '' by Matthew Tishler and Jeannie Lurie Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 19 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Eric Gaunaurd Tatiana Rodríguez Producer ( s ) Danny Mendoza Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Paradiso Pictures Nickelodeon Productions Release Original network Nickelodeon Original release September 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 04 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Yo Soy Franky External links Website I Am Frankie is an American drama television series created by Marcela Citterio that first aired a sneak peek of the pilot on September 4 , 2017 , and later officially premiered on Nickelodeon on September 11 , 2017 . The series stars Alex Hook in the titular role of Frankie Gaines , who is an android attempting to pass herself off as a normal school girl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 4 Episodes 4.1 Pilot ( 2017 ) 4.2 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 4.3 Special ( 2017 ) 5 Ratings 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Sigourney is a scientist working for the company EGG ( short for Electronic Giga Genetics ) who has developed a teenage android girl named Frankie . When the head of EGG , Mr. Kingston , plans to use Frankie for the military company WARPA ( short for Weaponized Android Research Project Agency ) for Project Q , Sigourney quits her job , smuggles Frankie out of EGG , and moves her family as far away from EGG as possible so that Frankie can live a normal life . As Frankie adapts to a normal life as a high school student at Sepulveda High , she befriends a girl named Dayton and gains a rival named Tammy . While she and her family work to keep her secret safe so that EGG does n't find her Mr. Kingston is determined to do whatever it takes to locate Frankie . Unbeknownst to Mr. Kingston , he 's not the only one who 's after her . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Alex Hook as Frankie , an android girl who was created by Sigourney who used to work for EGG and seeks to become a real human . Uriel Baldesco as Lucia , a follower of Tammy and a member of Sepulveda High School 's Brain Squad . Armani Barrett as Byron , a member of Sepulveda High School 's Brain Squad who is into robotics . Kristi Beckett as Makayla , a follower of Tammy and a member of Sepulveda High School 's Brain Squad . Kyson Facer as Andrew , a student at Sepulveda High School who is one of Frankie and Tammy 's love interests . He is later revealed to be an android created by James . Sophia Forest as Jenny , the daughter of Sigourney who gets Frankie as an older sister . Mohana Krishnan as Tammy , a girl and leader of Sepulveda High School 's Brain Squad who becomes Frankie 's rival and seeks to find the truth about her . Jayce Mroz as Robbie , an intelligent student who follows Frankie and Dayton around . Nicole Alyse Nelson as Dayton , a girl who becomes Frankie 's best friend and one of a few people to know the truth about Frankie . Carson Rowland as Cole , the brother of Dayton who is one of Frankie 's love interests . J.D. Ballard as Mr. Kingston , the head of EGG who seeks to reclaim Frankie to be used in WARPA 's Project Q. In `` I Am ... Bound for Glory '' , he is later revealed to be Dayton and Cole 's father Tom operating under an alias . Todd Allen Durkin as James , a former EGG scientist who used to work with Sigourney and wants to destroy Frankie . Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough , the principal of Sepulveda High School . Michael Laurino as Will , the father of Jenny and husband of Sigourney who gains Frankie as a daughter . Carrie Schroeder as Sigourney , a former EGG scientist who built Frankie . Mark Jacobson as the Voice of `` PEGS1 '' , a small floating egg - shaped robot that works for Mr. Kingston . Recurring ( edit ) Justin Jarzombeck as John Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson Production ( edit ) On January 20 , 2016 , Nickelodeon announced that it had green - lit I Am Frankie to series with its first season to contain 20 episodes . The series is the first global series to be produced at the new Viacom International Studio in Miami , Florida . The series was originally produced as Yo Soy Franky by Nickelodeon Latin America in Colombia and Catharina Ledeboer , who has previously worked on Every Witch Way and Talia in the Kitchen , adapted the series into English for global audiences . It was stated that production of the series would begin sometime in 2016 . The series officially debuted on September 11 , 2017 , after a special sneak peek of the premiere aired on September 4 , 2017 . The premiere episode was made available on Nickelodeon streaming platforms starting on August 21 , 2017 . Nickelodeon renewed the series for a second season on November 13 , 2017 . Filming for the second season was planned to begin in March 2018 . Episodes ( edit ) Pilot ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` I Am ... a Gaines '' Steve Wright Charlotte Owen September 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 04 ) 101 1.27 EGG scientist Sigourney Gaines invents an android called Frankie and sneaks her out of EGG to be a birthday present for her daughter , Jenny , as a way to keep Mr. Gilford Kingston from having WARPA use her for Project Q. In order to keep Frankie from being found by EGG , Sigourney moves her family to the next town over and they settle in with the help of former EGG employee James Peters . Once enrolled in school , Frankie befriends a girl named Dayton and gains a girl named Tammy as a rival . Guest stars : JC Casely as Casey , Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart , Kevin Harrison as Night Guard 1 , Michael Sanchez as Night Guard 2 Absent : Kyson Facer as Andrew , Jayce Mroz as Robbie Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` I Am ... in Danger '' Steve Wright Charlotte Owen September 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 11 ) 101 -- 102 1.47 EGG scientist Sigourney Gaines invents an android called Frankie and sneaks her out of EGG to be a birthday present for her daughter , Jenny , as a way to keep Mr. Gilford Kingston from having WARPA use her for Project Q. In order to keep Frankie from being found by EGG , Sigourney moves her family to the next town over and they settle in with the help of former EGG employee James . Once enrolled in school , Frankie befriends a girl named Dayton and gains a girl named Tammy as a rival . Later , after Cole saves Frankie from the rain , Sigourney works to dry her out and finds that some of her circuits got fused together . Meanwhile , Mr. Kingston sends PEGS1 to search Sigourney 's old house to find the whereabouts of the Gaines family . Guest stars : JC Casely as Casey , Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart , Kevin Harrison as Night Guard 1 , Michael Sanchez as Night Guard 2 Absent : Kyson Facer as Andrew , Jayce Mroz as Robbie `` I Am ... a Rom - Com Fan '' Steve Wright Jeff Sayers September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 103 1.32 Guest stars : Katelyn Adair as Student 1 , Brian Dijols as Student 2 Absent : Kyson Facer as Andrew , Jayce Mroz as Robbie , Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough `` I Am ... a Radio ? '' Siobhan Devine Charotte Owen and Elle Andrews September 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) 104 1.46 Guest stars : Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart , Justin Jarzombeck as John , Rachael Thompson as Engineer Absent : Kyson Facer as Andrew , Jayce Mroz as Robbie , Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough `` I Am ... My Enemy 's Friend ? '' Siobhan Devine Charlotte Owen September 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 14 ) 105 1.29 Guest stars : Jeanne Bennett as Ms. Kagan , Justin Jarzombeck as John , Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart , Rachael Thompson as Engineer , Zachery Robbins as Football Player Absent : Kyson Facer as Andrew , Jayce Mroz as Robbie , Todd Allen Durkin as James 5 `` I Am ... Battery Operated '' Siobhan Devine Jeff Sayers September 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 15 ) 106 1.30 Guest stars : Bob Schenkel as Elderly Man , Fern Katz as Elderly Woman Absent : Kyson Facer as Andrew , Jayce Mroz as Robbie , Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough 6 `` I Am ... Heartbroken '' Siobhan Devine Charotte Owen and Elle Andrews September 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 18 ) 107 1.14 Guest star : Justin Jarzombeck as John 7 `` I Am ... Lost '' Siobhan Devine Jeff Sayers September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) 108 1.22 Guest stars : Constance Fields as Judge , Eric Garduno as Competition Student , Justin Jarzombeck as John 8 `` I Am ... Disconnected '' Steve Wright Elle Andrews September 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) 109 1.19 Guest stars : Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart , Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson Absent : Uriel Baldesco as Lucia , Kristi Beckett as Makayla 9 `` I Am ... Crashing '' Siobhan Devine Jeff Sayers September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) 110 1.10 Guest stars : Justin Jarzombeck as John , Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart , Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson Absent : Michael Laurino as Will 10 `` I Am ... Speechless '' Siobhan Devine Jeff Sayers September 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) 111 1.33 Guest stars : JC Casely as Casey , Justin Jarzombeck as John , Katherine McDonald as Mrs. Mulligan , Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson Absent : Michael Laurino as Will 11 `` I Am ... Hungry '' Siobhan Devine Elle Andrews September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 112 1.17 As Sepulveda High 's halls have been vandalized by an unknown person , Frankie discovers that she has two dates to the prom . To help her blend in with her dates , Dayton works with Frankie and Sigourney into making an E-Stomach so that Frankie can eat food easily . Meanwhile at EGG , Mr. Kingston and PEGS1 start to put their plans to reclaim Frankie into motion . Guest stars : JC Casely as Casey , Anna Hinsley as Figueroa Team Member , Justin Jarzombeck as John , Nicole Kinzel as Smoothie Barista , Rita Manyette as Proctor , Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson 12 `` I Am ... Remote Controlled '' Steve Wright Charlotte Owen September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 113 1.07 Guest stars : Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson , Welder Santos as Busboy Absent : Jayce Mroz as Robbie , Todd Allen Durkin as James , Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough 13 `` I Am ... Suspended '' Steve Wright Elle Andrews September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 114 1.11 In light of the recent actions at Sepulvada High , Ms. Hough blames Frankie and has her suspended from school for the recent violent conduct . James orchestrates events that involves him deleting specific files from Frankie which leads to Sigourney having to take an action to keep Frankie from becoming a violent android . Meanwhile , representatives from WARPA confiscate PEGS1 upon Mr. Kingston 's failure to reclaim Frankie as he finds a clue on where Sigourney is hiding Frankie . At the same time , Tammy still wants to prove that Frankie is a robot and plans to get her unsuspended by pinning the blame of recent happenings at Sepulvada High on someone else . Guest stars : Justin Jarzombeck as John , Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart , David Kelley as Warpa Agent , Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson Absent : Kyson Facer as Andrew 14 `` I Am ... Not Alone '' Steve Wright Jeff Sayers September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 115 1.09 Now that Tammy 's plot to get Frankie unsuspended has succeeded , she still makes plans to expose Frankie as a robot where she , Lucia , and Mikayla work on a pulley - activated device that will enable her to spill water on Frankie at the Emoji - themed dance . Suspicious at the bounty fliers that Mr. Kingston has printed out , Sigourney forbids Frankie to go to the dance just in case someone catches her . Guest stars : Justin Jarzombeck as John , Elgin Aponte as DJ Absent : Jayce Mroz as Robbie , Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough 15 `` I Am ... Hot on the Trail '' Steve Wright Charlotte Owen October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) 116 1.35 Now that Frankie and Dayton know that Andrew is an android , they plan to find out who created him . Ms. Hough begins an investigation on who attempted the water prank on Frankie . Meanwhile , operatives from WARPA plan to use PEGS1 as leverage on Mr. Kingston in order to reclaim Frankie , but PEGS1 plans his escape from WARPA . Guest stars : Justin Jarzombeck as John , Elgin Aponte as DJ , Susan Dean as Ms. Fleckenstein , David Kelley as Warpa Agent Absent : J.D. Ballard as Mr. Kingston 16 `` I Am ... Hanging Out with a Boy '' Steve Wright Elle Andrews October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 117 1.29 Andrew begs Frankie not to tell Sigourney about him . After her Sepulveda High School 's Brain Squad rejects her upon learning the truth , Tammy comes clean to Ms. Hough about falsely accusing Robbie of the school vandalism . Ms. Hough announces to the school that Robbie is exonerated , but she threatens to punish the entire school if the person responsible for the vandalism does n't come forward . Meanwhile , Frankie plays minigolf with Cole . Also , James orders Andrew to lure Frankie into a trap that James and Mr. Kingston have devised . Guest stars : Justin Jarzombeck as John , Katrina Rose Tandy as Girl with Phone , David Kelley as Warpa Agent 1 17 `` I Am ... Bound for Glory '' Siobhan Devine Jeff Sayers October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 118 1.19 WARPA has started making threats to Mr. Kingston and James to get them Frankie or else . This causes James to have Andrew lure Frankie to a position where he must get Frankie near WARPA 's clutches or else be deactivated . After Mr. Kingston visits his children in his true name of Tom Reyes , Dayton enlists Jenny to help warn Frankie as Cole wonders if Tammy is right about Frankie being a robot . Guest stars : Richard Litz as Large Student , South Miami Senior High School Cobra Band and Color Guard as Marching Band , Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson , Dan Johnson as Mechanic , David Kelley as Warpa Agent Absent : Michael Laurino as Will , Carrie Schroeder as Sigourney , Mark Jacobson as Voice of `` PEGS1 '' 18 `` I Am ... Caught '' Steve Wright Elle Andrews October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 119 1.28 After Cole figures out that Frankie is a robot , Dayton frantically tries to warn Frankie that her father and WARPA are closing in . Upon hearing about what happened when Cole visited Frankie , Sigourney considers moving the family again to keep Frankie safe . In addition , Dayton persuades Tammy to help her get into WARPA 's classified website in order to find out more about WARPA . Guest star : David Kelley as Warpa Agent Absent : Mark Jacobson as Voice of `` PEGS1 '' 19 `` I Am ... a Sitting Duck '' Steve Wright Charlotte Owen October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 120 1.13 Before the competition starts Tammy returns to the team after being taken by WARPA , who did something to her so that the team question her actions . During the Brain Squad competition , Dayton and Cole work to try to warn Frankie that WARPA is closing in on her as Andrew starts to reveal his true allegiance . Meanwhile , a girl arrives at the Gaines residence who is revealed to be Eliza , an android that Doctor Gaines made before Frankie who has a evil agenda , as Sigourney and Will look for possible places to relocate . Guest stars : Alex Hook as Eliza , David Kelley as Warpa Agent 1 , Eric Gaunaurd as Stage Manager , Jake Little as Morlock Player 1 , Natalia Patino as Morlock Player 2 , Ame Livinston as Head Judge , Rob Iberg as Brain Squad Security 1 Absent : Sophia Forest as Jenny , Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough , Mark Jacobson as Voice of `` PEGS1 '' Special ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Title Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` I Am Frankie ... the Download '' September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 998 1.14 A clip show on what has transpired through `` I Am ... Not Alone '' , as well as clips from the remaining episodes of the season . Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 19 September 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 11 ) 1.47 October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 1.13 1.24 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The first half of `` I Am ... in Danger '' was aired as the sneak peek on Nickelodeon on September 4 , 2017 , and is titled `` I Am ... a Gaines '' . The full episode was then shown as part of the official Nickelodeon premiere on September 11 , 2017 . The second half is also known as `` I Am ... in a Math Bee '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Nickelodeon Sets First Global Series I Am Frankie '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Greenlights First New Global Series to Be Produced in the Viacom International Studios in Miami '' ( Press release ) . Nickelodeon . January 20 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 -- via The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ Leo Barraclough ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's I Am Frankie to Be First Series to Shoot at Viacom Intl . Studios in Miami '' . Variety . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ I Am Frankie Brand New Series Official Super Trailer . Nickelodeon . August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon 's New Daily Scripted Series , `` I Am Frankie , '' Bows Monday , Sept. 11 , at 7 : 30 P.M. ( ET / PT ) '' ( Press release ) . Nickelodeon . August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 -- via The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Nickelodeon Greenlights Star Falls Buddy Comedy Series ; Renews I Am Frankie for Season 2 '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alex Hook ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Excited to pick things up right where they left off , filming begins in March 2018 : ) what 's everyone hoping to see in season 2 ? '' . Instagram . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Am Frankie Episode Listings '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` I Am Frankie '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.4. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.18. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.4. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . 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Nickelodeon Rewind Nick : The Smart Place to Play Nickelodeon Saturday programming block Nick Studio 10 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Am_Frankie&oldid=834326055 '' Categories : 2017 American television series debuts 2010s American drama television series 2010s Nickelodeon shows Androids in television 2010s American science fiction television series American teen drama television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 03 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays cole reyes in i am frankie | [
"Carson Rowland as Cole, the brother of Dayton who is one of Frankie's love interests."
] | [
"Carson Rowland"
] |
-2497190220368875937 | Once Upon a Time (season 7) | Once Upon a Time ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Once Upon a Time ( season 7 ) Once Upon a Time ( season 7 ) DVD cover Starring Lana Parrilla Colin O'Donoghue Andrew J. West Dania Ramirez Gabrielle Anwar Alison Fernandez Robert Carlyle Jennifer Morrison Mekia Cox Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network ABC Original release October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) -- May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of Once Upon a Time episodes The seventh season of the American ABC fantasy - drama Once Upon a Time was ordered on May 11 , 2017 . It consisted of 22 episodes , airing on Fridays , having premiered on October 6 , 2017 . This season marked a significant change for the series , as it was announced at the end of the sixth season that the majority of the main cast members would not be returning for season 7 . Lana Parrilla , Colin O'Donoghue , and Robert Carlyle were the only ones remaining . Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were announced as new regulars in May 2017 . Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar were announced as additional regulars in July 2017 . In August 2017 , it was announced that Mekia Cox had been promoted to series regular after initially joining the cast in July as recurring . The storyline was softly rebooted with a main narrative led by an adult Henry Mills , set several years after last season 's events . In February 2018 , it was announced the seventh season would serve as the final season of the series ; the season and series concluded on May 18 , 2018 . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Regular 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 5 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) Several years after the Final Battle , Henry Mills leaves Storybrooke in search of his own story , only to find himself in the New Enchanted Forest of New Fairy Tale Land , where a conflict between Lady Tremaine , Cinderella , Drizella , a resistance led by Tiana , and Mother Gothel 's Coven of the Eight culminates in the casting of a new curse that sends the New Enchanted Forest inhabitants to Seattle in the past , before Henry leaves Storybrooke . As Henry 's daughter Lucy sets out to restore his belief , Gothel 's coven builds its sinister agenda and contends with an unknown witch murderer , while Dr. Facilier embarks on his own power grab for the Dark One Dagger . However , the breaking of the curse results in the return of Rumplestiltskin of the Wish Realm who intends to doom everyone to a miserable end , and amplify his own powers . His defeat ultimately leads to Regina 's decision to merge all the realms of story , uniting them into one : the United Realms , with Regina elected and crowned the Good Queen . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Once Upon a Time characters Regular ( edit ) Lana Parrilla as Evil Queen / Regina Mills / Roni Colin O'Donoghue as Captain Hook / Killian Jones / Rogers Andrew J. West as Henry Mills Dania Ramirez as Cinderella / Jacinda Vidrio Gabrielle Anwar as Rapunzel / Lady Tremaine / Victoria Belfrey Alison Fernandez as Lucy Mills / Lucy Vidrio Robert Carlyle as Rumplestiltskin / Mr. Gold / Weaver Mekia Cox as Tiana / Sabine Recurring ( edit ) Jared S. Gilmore as young Henry Mills / Sir Henry Adelaide Kane as Drizella / Ivy Belfrey Rose Reynolds as Alice / Tilly Bruce Blain as Samuel B. Ryce / Desk Sergeant Trevor Roberts as Remy Emma Booth as Mother Gothel / Mother Nature / Eloise Gardener Chris Gauthier as Smee Rebecca Mader as Wicked Witch of the West / Zelena / Kelly West Daniel Francis as Dr. Facilier / Mr. Baron Samdi Robin Givens as Eudora Meegan Warner as young Rapunzel / Lady Tremaine Tiera Skovbye as Robin Hood / Margot Nathan Parsons as Hansel / Jack / Nick Branson Yael Yurman as Anastasia Jeff Pierre as Prince Naveen / Drew Chilton Crane as the Blind Witch / Hilda Braeburn Guest ( edit ) Jillian Fargey as the Fairy Godmother Liam Hall as the Prince Jennifer Morrison as Emma Swan Emilie de Ravin as Belle Giles Matthey as Gideon Kevin Ryan as Robert Matty Finochio as Marcus Tremaine Cindy Luna as Cecelia Anna Cathcart as tween Drizella Lula Mae Melench as young Drizella Alejandra Perez as young Ella Sophia Reid - Gantzert as young Anastasia Sara Tomko as Tiger Lily Suzy Joachim as Madame Leota Nisreen Slim as the Hedge Witch / Dr. Andrea Sage Chad Rook as Captain Ahab Elle McKinnon as young Alice Charles Mesure as Blackbeard ( Wish Realm ) Kip Pardue as Chad Dan Payne as Ivo Seth Isaac Johnson as young Hansel Sara Canning as Gretel Lily van der Griend as young Gretel Kyra Leroux as Yarrow Emily Tennant as Isla Naika Toussaint as Seraphina Gabrielle Miller as Mother Flora Beverley Elliott as Widow Lucas / Granny Robbie Kay as Malcolm / Peter Pan ( Wish Realm ) Victoria Smurfit as Cruella De Vil ( Wish Realm ) JoAnna Garcia Swisher as Ariel ( Wish Realm ) Timothy Webber as the Apprentice ( Wish Realm ) Ginnifer Goodwin as Snow White / Mary Margaret Blanchard Josh Dallas as Prince Charming / David Nolan Sean Maguire as Robin Hood Tony Amendola as Geppetto / Marco Lee Arenberg as Grumpy / Leroy Jack Davies as Pinocchio Faustino Di Bauda as Sleepy / Walter Gabe Khouth as Sneezy / Mr. Clark Keegan Connor Tracy as the Blue Fairy / Mother Superior Raphael Sbarge as Jiminy Cricket / Dr. Archie Hopper David Paul Grove as Doc Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Once Upon a Time episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 134 `` Hyperion Heights '' Ralph Hemecker Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 3.26 In a flashback , an 18 - year - old Henry says goodbye to Regina as he departs Storybrooke on a trip to new realms , in hopes of finding his own story . Many years later , Henry runs into Cinderella 's carriage in the New Enchanted Forest and after a string of events that almost get them captured at a ball , he offers her the chance at a new start back in Storybrooke , as he is due to return through a portal that evening . When Henry finds a glass slipper left for him at their meeting spot , he decides to stay behind . In present - day Seattle , an older Henry is reunited with his daughter Lucy , whom he does not remember because of a curse . In hopes of breaking it , Lucy leads him to her neighborhood of Hyperion Heights , home to many other cursed fairytale characters including Jacinda , Lucy 's down - on - her - luck single mother who is in a contentious relationship with her powerful stepmother Victoria . Others include Roni , a bar owner who is struggling with having to sell her establishment to Victoria , and Rogers , a cop who gets promoted to a detective and is introduced to his new partner , Weaver . 135 `` A Pirate 's Life '' Tara Nicole Weyr Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 2.74 In flashback to Storybrooke , Hook is training an 18 year old Henry as Emma watches on . She confesses to Hook that she worries Henry is about to leave on his own . In order to comfort her , Hook shows her a bottle Henry can use to call on them if he gets into trouble . Many years later , as Henry is about to be captured by Lady Tremaine , he uses the bottle to call on Emma , Hook , and Regina for help . In the present , Victoria hires Rogers and Weaver to drive Henry out of the neighborhood . Rogers does not agree with Weaver 's methods and helps Henry instead . Rogers , Henry , and Roni end up forming an alliance against Victoria . Meanwhile , Jacinda has to find another way to be at Lucy 's ballet recital after Victoria makes things difficult for her . 136 `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' Ron Underwood David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 2.49 In a flashback , Cinderella arrives at the spot in the forest where she is supposed to meet Henry , but does not find him there . She then meets Princess Tiana , who recruits her to be part of the resistance against Lady Tremaine . She leaves one of her glass slippers behind for Henry to find . A short while later , Henry , Regina , and Hook arrive at their campsite and join the efforts . Later , Cinderella sneaks into Tremaine 's castle alone , where Tremaine reveals that she has kept her almost - deceased daughter Anastasia preserved since her `` death '' at age 14 and needs a pure heart to revive her . She tasks Cinderella with stealing Henry 's , since he has the heart of the truest believer . In the present day , Jacinda tries to save Lucy 's beloved community garden from Victoria , while Lucy takes a skeptical Henry on a trip under the garden lot in hopes of finding proof of everyone 's fairytale pasts . Meanwhile , Henry , Roni , and Rogers find their first lead against Victoria . Rogers captures the man working with her , but is irritated to find Weaver setting the man free to use him as a future connection . Also , it is revealed that Victoria is not cursed and has been keeping a witch as her prisoner at the top of Belfrey Towers . 137 `` Beauty '' Mick Garris Dana Horgan & Leah Fong October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 2.44 In a flashback to Gideon 's first birthday , Rumple and Belle decide to leave Storybrooke to travel the world . Years later , Rumple tells Belle that he wants to stop being the Dark One so he can be mortal again and live out one single life with her . Over the years , they search for ways to get rid of his Darkness . When Gideon is 18 , Belle comes across a prophecy that leads them to the Edge of Realms , where they must wait for the sun 's brightest set before they can be guided to the path Rumple must take to get rid of the Darkness . They build a home there as they wait for the event to occur . However , an aging Belle eventually admits that the `` sun '' of which the prophecy spoke was actually herself , and that her death will mark the start of his journey . When Belle dies , Rumple sets off to search for a Guardian who will be able to take the Darkness from him so that he can ultimately be reunited with Belle . In the present day , Tilly , who is actually Alice , begins to wake up from the curse after she stops taking pills given to her by Victoria , and after several attempts , manages to get Weaver to remember his true identity . 138 5 `` Greenbacks '' Geofrey Hildrew Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 2.29 In flashbacks , Tiana seeks a prince to help save her kingdom and is guided by Dr. Facilier to a man named Robert . She soon realizes that Facilier had enlisted Robert to steal a magical ruby from her in exchange for reuniting him with his lover who had been turned into a frog . In the present day , Tiana decides to run a pop - up beignet shop out of Mr. Cluck 's with Jacinda 's help . Victoria sends someone to burn the place down , which then causes friction between the two roommates. Rogers comes across a detainee at the police station who he thinks is connected to Eloise Gardener , the missing girl he 's trying to find . Meanwhile , Roni decides to investigate Ivy 's interest in helping Henry . Ivy takes her to the top of the towers and Roni finds a photo of herself and a young Henry taken in Storybrooke . However , it is later revealed that Ivy has n't been cursed either and has her own dealings with the witch of which her mother is unaware . 139 6 `` Wake Up Call '' Sharat Raju Jerome Schwartz & Jane Espenson November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 2.37 In a flashback , Regina comes across Drizella , who is looking for magic to escape from her mother . When she reveals that she was actually born with magic , Regina begins to train her . However after Regina runs into Rumple , who tells her that Lady Tremaine must have been aware of the magic lessons , the two women realize that Lady Tremaine was counting on using Drizella 's heart to revive Anastasia . Drizella ends up blackening her own heart by killing the prince , making it unusable for revival , and vows to cast a Curse like Regina 's to make her mother suffer . In the present day , Roni struggles with what to believe about the mysterious photo , which is complicated by newly discovered information about `` Regina Mills '' into which Lucy encouraged her to look . Drizella gathers the ingredients for a plant that the witch then cultivates and , when she serves its essence to Roni , she wakes up and remembers her life as Regina . Drizella then reveals that she cast the curse and blackmails Regina into keeping Henry and Jacinda apart , reminding her of a special contingency that was put into the Curse that would hurt her family if she did n't comply . 140 7 `` Eloise Gardener '' Alex Kalymnios David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 2.28 In a flashback in the Wish Realm , shortly after the Charmings stopped Regina from casting her Curse , Hook agrees to grant her passage on the Jolly Roger in exchange for leading him to powerful magic guarded by a witch . When he arrives at the witch 's tower , he finds Rapunzel instead . She instructs him to retrieve a golden flower from the witch 's garden . When he returns with it to help her , they spend the night together . The next morning , it is revealed that Rapunzel is actually Gothel and their night together produced a baby , whom Gothel leaves behind so she can escape the tower . Hook gives the Jolly Roger to Smee and decides to stay with his daughter , who is unable to leave due to the tower 's spell . He names her Alice after his own mother . In the present day , Rogers is on a mad hunt for Eloise with help from Henry and Tilly . Tilly later informs him that Eloise has died , but it turns out that the news was planted by Weaver to throw him off the case . When Rogers finds Gothel , he believes that she is Eloise and frees her from Victoria , who gets locked up for kidnapping . 141 8 `` Pretty in Blue '' Ralph Hemecker Dana Horgan & Leah Fong November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 2.28 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In flashbacks , Hook is reunited with Alice , who claims that they have been cured of their curse . However , when they try to embrace , Hook gets hurt , and Alice runs away in fear . Henry and Cinderella chase her back to New Wonderland , a place where Cinderella reveals her mother Cecilia ran to after abandoning her and her stepfather . She takes a shrinking potion and leaves Henry , heading into the Infinite Maze alone to find answers . She finds Alice , who tells her that she met Cecilia before and that she was also afflicted with the Curse of the Poisoned Heart . Drizella appears in New Wonderland with a plan to curse Henry , but Alice and Cinderella are able to save him . Henry and Cinderella then share their first kiss . In the present day , Jacinda contacts Nick ( Jack in Fairy Tale Land ) , a lawyer whom she has been cursed to believe is Lucy 's father . He agrees to help her regain custody of Lucy , to Henry 's dismay , and Lucy encourages Henry to fight for Jacinda . Meanwhile , Drizella and Gothel plan to revive Anastasia , but when they open her coffin , her body is missing . After Regina confronts Weaver , who refuses to confirm that he has woken up from the curse , she announces to Henry that she 's heading to San Francisco , to meet with someone who was pushed out of town by Victoria . He agrees to join her on the trip . 142 9 `` One Little Tear '' Steve Pearlman Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 2.45 Victoria strikes a deal with Weaver , in an attempt to free herself from jail and wake Anastasia . In flashbacks , Rapunzel steals from Mother Gothel 's garden to save her family , and is trapped in a tower in exchange . After six years of captivity , Rapunzel escapes using her hair , but finds her husband Marcus has married Cecilia , gaining a stepdaughter , Ella . Gothel tempts Rapunzel with a New Wonderland mushroom , which she uses to poison Cecilia 's heart , and leads to Cecilia running away . One day , Anastasia and Ella fall through thin ice but , to Rapunzel 's disbelief , their father only manages to save Ella . Rapunzel seeks Gothel 's help , who magically seals Anastasia 's last breath with the price of keeping Anastasia in the tower . However , Rapunzel tricks Gothel who becomes trapped in her own tower until someone in her bloodline takes her place . In the present , Victoria strangely gives full custody of Lucy to Jacinda , claiming to be a changed person . Victoria retrieves the Once Upon a Time book and shows Lucy her unfortunate life story as Rapunzel , convincing Lucy to give up her belief in happy endings . As Lucy sheds a tear , Victoria uses it to awaken Anastasia , while Lucy collapses into unconsciousness . 143 10 `` The Eighth Witch '' Ralph Hemecker Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 2.29 In a flashback , baby Lucy is born just as Drizella appears to deliver a prophecy about a curse . The heroes are able to turn Drizella to stone . Eight years later , everyone is celebrating Lucy 's birthday when Gothel appears with her coven of witches , recruiting Drizella to join them as she is finally freed . With the curse looming , Regina heads off to get help from Zelena . Later , when the heroes confront the witches , Gothel reveals that they have poisoned Henry and Regina is forced to cast Drizella 's curse in order to save his life . In the present day , Regina has located a cursed Zelena in San Francisco , who is now known as Kelly . Regina is able to give Zelena her memories back and the two head back to Seattle , knowing that breaking the curse to help Lucy will hurt Henry . Rumple tests Anastasia to see if she is the Guardian . However , Gothel also wants Anastasia and severs her alliance with Drizella after the girl is brought to her , deeming Anastasia to be more useful in her coven . Gothel tells her that they need to find their fellow witches . 144 11 `` Secret Garden '' Mick Garris Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) 2.14 In a flashback , an 18 - year - old Robin has been secretly dabbling in magic against her mother 's wishes . After attempting a spell that leads her to Gothel , Robin disappears from Storybrooke and Zelena arrives in the New Enchanted Forest looking for her . Robin is excited to apprentice under the powerful witch but soon finds out that Gothel only wants her to be the sacrifice needed for a resurrection amulet to bring Madame Leota back to the land of the living . In the present day , Regina and Zelena seek the resurrection amulet in hopes of finding another way to save Lucy . However , Tremaine gets a hold of the amulet and hands it over to Gothel , not realizing that Gothel intends to use Drizella as the sacrifice this time around . As the amulet 's magic begins to take Drizella 's life , Tremaine decides to sacrifice herself to save her daughter and dies as Lucy begins to awaken . Elsewhere , it is revealed that there is a killer on the loose in Hyperion Heights , as a doctor who finds out about Lucy 's true paternity is poisoned by a mysterious figure . 145 12 `` A Taste of the Heights '' Nina Lopez - Corrado David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 2.22 In a flashback to the day of Tiana 's coronation , Facilier appears to warn her of a danger to her kingdom , which ends up sending her on a hunt for a giant alligator . She meets Prince Naveen at the wreckage site and while the two do n't get along , they agree to search for it together . When the alligator attacks them on a lake , Tiana is able to kill it but Naveen is left gravely injured . When Facilier reappears to claim a necklace from inside of the beast , Tiana gets him to revive Naveen , but on a previously undisclosed condition that the prince is to be enslaved to him until further notice . In the present day , Sabine is excited to participate in a food truck festival until an anonymous tip to the cops leaves her unable . She accuses Drew , a former classmate - turned - food truck rival , of sabotage . However , it is revealed that Drew is under orders from Samdi , a mysterious investor , to get close to her for his own purposes . Regina figures out that Facilier is n't really cursed and it is revealed that they have a history tracing back to the Enchanted Forest . Meanwhile , Lucy discovers upsetting information about the current curse , while Rogers and Weaver discover that the neighborhood killer is going after witches in particular . 146 13 `` Knightfall '' Steve Miner Jerome Schwartz & Miguel Ian Raya March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) 2.38 In the flashbacks , after a young Alice has been receiving frightening visions of Gothel attacking her and Hook in the tower , Hook vows to help her escape and seeks help from the Rumplestiltskin in the Wish Realm . Rumple tells him to procure a magical fish hook from Captain Ahab . He wins it from Ahab over a die roll , however , when Ahab comes back to taunt him about his former pirate status , Hook agrees to a pistol duel . When he returns to the tower , Hook and Alice find themselves branded and cursed by Gothel , who had poisoned the bullet that hit him . In the present day , Rogers and Weaver interrogate Eloise about her cult , though she is only interested in playing mind games with Rogers . Tilly , who is experiencing a manic episode , desperately tries to convince the detectives to see Eloise for who she really is . When they deduce that Eloise was trying to mislead them about the case , they check up on Hilda in the hospital , only to find her dead , with Tilly holding a scalpel in the room . 147 14 `` The Girl in the Tower '' Antonio Negret Dana Horgan & Leah Fong March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) 2.11 In a flashback , Alice makes a birthday wish to get out of the tower and shortly after , a troll appears and helps her escape . Years later , Alice is caught spying on the resistance group by Robin , who had just recently arrived to the New Enchanted Forest . Robin intends to honor her father 's legacy by hunting down Alice 's troll , who has since been destroying villages , but Alice goes after her to protect it . In the present day , Rogers , Henry , and Tilly are looking for evidence of Tilly being elsewhere during the time of the baker 's murder to clear her name . As she retraces her steps , Tilly grows frustrated when she finds that no one can remember seeing her at the places she had visited . Meanwhile , Regina asks Facilier out on a date so that Lucy can break into his suite to look for clues as to what he seeks in Hyperion Heights . 148 15 `` Sisterhood '' Ellen S. Pressman Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 2.03 In a flashback , Gothel recruits Drizella to compete for one of two spots in her coven . Drizella strikes a partnership with Gretel and they agree to help each other out on the course , however , it turns out that real test was that one would have to kill the other to win . In the present day , Drizella is attacked by the neighborhood `` Candy Killer . '' Facilier offers her a way to escape to her home realm , though it would be at the expense of Anastasia 's life . Initially , Drizella lures Anastasia in under the guise of wanting to rekindle their sisterhood and brings her to Facilier to perform the ritual . When Anastasia unexpectedly awakens , she must choose between Drizella or Gothel , and ultimately chooses her sister . The two are able to open a portal and leave Hyperion Heights to start over together in the New Enchanted Forest . Meanwhile , Lucy organizes a boys night out for Henry , Rogers , and Nick , which ends with the revelation that Nick is the Candy Killer . 149 16 `` Breadcrumbs '' Ron Underwood Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 2.15 In a flashback , Henry expresses his desire to find his own story , as he feels unworthy of Ella . When he mentions to Hook that he wants to propose with a special ring like the one of his grandparents , Hook suggests that they retrieve one from Davy Jones ' locker and the two sneak aboard the Jolly Roger to overtake it from Blackbeard . However , it is revealed that it was all a set - up by Hook so that Henry could feel like he partook in an epic adventure . A little while later , Henry ends up proposing to Ella anyway . In the present day , Henry lands a job interview in New York but before he can leave , Weaver finds his novel at the crime scene and insists that he help the police identify the Candy Killer , whom they conclude is a man who believes he is the `` Hansel '' of the story . When Henry gets a flat tire driving to the airport , Nick offers him a ride , which ends with Henry getting kidnapped by Nick , who confirms the former 's suspicions of him being Hansel and the Candy Killer . As this is happening , Zelena is horrified to find that she is the killer 's next target . 150 17 `` Chosen '' Lana Parrilla Paul Karp & Brian Ridings April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 2.18 In a flashback , another witch , who is in possession of Hansel and Gretel , has settled into Oz , to Zelena 's disdain . After Zelena refuses to help the kids , she is magically weakened by the witch , and faints in the forest . She is taken in by a blind man named Ivo , who happens to be Hansel and Gretel 's father . When Zelena decides to go back for the children , she finds that they had already escaped and told their father about their encounter with her . When the family refuses to give her a second chance , Zelena angrily burns Hansel . In the present day , Jack tells Henry everything about their fairytale pasts , but Henry is still a nonbeliever . Jack kidnaps Chad to lure in Zelena to get his revenge . Zelena ends up having to tell Chad her real name and hints at her wicked past , though he does n't care and the two decide to move back to San Francisco together . Meanwhile , Facilier uses Naveen , who is actually not cursed , to get magic for a voodoo doll that he uses to kill Jack . 151 18 `` The Guardian '' Geofrey Hildrew David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) 2.12 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the past , Mr. Gold , still dealing with the loss of Belle , is challenged by Facilier to rid himself of the Dagger by seeking out the Guardian , who is able to free him of the Darkness . When Gold finds Alice and believe her to be the person he was looking for , he test out the theory on Facilier by pulling his heart out and his hunch was correct , but then has a change of heart by withholding transfer of his power to Alice so she can be happy with Robin and not dealing with the burden she would carry . Alice also convinced Hook that Rumpelstiltskin is not a villain and the two became friends . In the present , Nick 's death has Weaver suspecting Samdi of stealing the Dagger , but Samdi says he had no involvement with taking the latter . Weaver also betrayed Roni by using the magic needed to save Henry in order to track down the Dagger , which lead it to Tilly , whose first date with Margot is distracted by the voices from the Dagger itself , but in the end Margot does see a soulmate in Tilly . When Rogers discovers Drew was the last person who might have known what happened to Nick , Drew warns him about Samdi and how Nick died . Henry discovers that Nick / Hansel was telling him the truth about the blood test results that confirmed him as Lucy 's father and shares the results with a stunned Jacinda . 152 19 `` Flower Child '' Tessa Blake Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) 1.98 In a flashback , young tree nymph Gothel yearns for interaction with humans . Though warned against it by her nymph family , she explores a house and meets a group of ladies who appear accepting of her magic , who then invite her to a ball . It turns out that the girls only sought out to humiliate her and stole her key to enter the nymphs ' grove to destroy everything and everyone in it . Avenging the death of her kind , Gothel goes on a destructive rampage and it is revealed that Gothel had turned her home realm into what we now know as the Land Without Magic . In the present day , Gothel tells Tilly that she is her mother and Tilly goes to Rogers with this information . The two of them go to Henry , who has already begun to seriously consider that the stories in his book are actually real . Lucy and Facilier manage to cure Henry of his pre-curse ailments , however , when her parents finally share a kiss , the curse does n't break . Meanwhile , Rogers and Tilly 's stakeout on Eloise ends with Tilly being blackmailed into becoming the final member of Gothel 's revived coven . The sisterhood then releases their magic back into the land . 153 20 `` Is This Henry Mills ? '' Ron Underwood Dana Horgan & Leah Fong May 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 04 ) 1.98 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the flashbacks to Henry 's senior year of high school , Henry ponders over what his next step should be and tells Regina that he wants to explore colleges outside of Storybrooke . He ends up being accepted to every college he applied to , however , having to lie about his life experiences on the applications gave him doubts about leaving town after all . In the present day , Regina and Lucy try to break the curse before the coven fully gives their magic to Gothel 's doomsday plot to wipe out mankind . After multiple failed attempts to wake Henry , Regina reveals that the curse had actually taken them back in time . When a disbelieving Henry decides to call a phone number listed on his supposed adoption papers , a young Henry picks up on the other line and it is revealed that the curse took them back to the same time period shown in the flashbacks and it is currently Henry 's graduation night . The adult Henry gives his younger self some advice , which gives him the push he needs to be okay with leaving home . When Henry finds that Regina has been hurt by Gothel , he is able to give her true love 's kiss , which breaks the curse on the entire neighborhood . Alice finds the strength to defeat Gothel , with her father and Robin by her side . At the end of the episode , Weaver pays a visit to Facilier 's office , and their standoff halts when his Wish Realm counterpart suddenly appears and kills Facilier . 154 21 `` Homecoming '' Steve Pearlman David H. Goodman May 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) 2.26 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Celebrations over breaking the Dark Curse are cut short when Wish Realm Rumplestiltskin sends Jacinda and Lucy to the Wish Realm , and attempts to blackmail Henry into obtaining the Dark One Dagger for him . Henry , along with Roni , Weaver , and Rogers , enters a portal to the Wish Realm to find his family . Once on the other side , the group has been split , with Henry and Roni sent to the Dark Castle , while Weaver and Rogers are sent to Rumple 's old hovel . Wish Rumple reveals that he has trapped Jacinda and Lucy in a snowglobe that will count down to their deaths by midnight . A desperate Henry obtains the Wish Realm 's version of the Author 's Pen in hopes of freeing them , but it turns out that Wish Rumple was after the pen all along , not the dagger . He then presents it to Wish Henry , who is more than willing to help him rewrite some stories after being left without his mother or grandparents . He is commanded to erase the Guardian 's powers , and Wish Rumple then sends Henry , Weaver , and Rogers into the snowglobe . Roni is left behind , as Wish Henry intends on seeking revenge after their last encounter . Meanwhile , Tilly feels that her father is in danger , and Sabine helps her and Margot obtain a magic bean after regaining her confidence as queen of her people . The two then reveal that they 're making a pit stop to find help before heading to the Wish Realm , and they drive through the portal into Storybrooke . 155 22 `` Leaving Storybrooke '' Ralph Hemecker Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) 2.27 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alice and Robin arrive in Storybrooke and come across the past version of Zelena . Robin reveals that she 's her daughter from the future and tells her that their family needs help . In the snowglobe , Rumple reveals to Hook that his Wish Realm counterpart had stripped him of his powers and his immortality . Everyone is able to break free when Alice magically delivers Maui 's fish hook . Meanwhile , Wish Henry has Regina captured and sets up a duel to death for them on the next day . Wish Rumple then visits Wish Henry and reveals that his plan is to use portals to trap all of the other characters inside of storybooks , where they are destined for unhappy endings . While she 's locked up , Regina experiences a vision of Robin Hood . When Hook comes to her rescue , he 's attacked by black knights , but Snow and Charming show up and save them both . Weaver uses magic dust to regain limited magic . As Wish Henry and Regina are fighting , the others begin to get sucked into the portals . Ultimately , Regina is able to reason with him and he forfeits , closing off the portals . Hook had grabbed Alice to save her , but their contact leaves his heart in a dire state . Rumple then decides to sacrifice himself , by removing his own heart and placing it inside Hook , destroying Wish Rumple and the Darkness in the process . He is then reunited with Belle in the Afterlife . Regina decides to merge all the realms using a new curse , which brings the united magical universe inside the Storybrooke limits . Some time later , the citizens decide to crown Regina as the Good Queen of the United Realms . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In January 2017 , while season 6 was still in production , ABC president Channing Dungey spoke of a possible `` reset '' of the show 's narrative in the event that the show received a season 7 order . After much speculation , executive producers Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis later confirmed that certain characters would have their storylines wrapped up and that the back - end of the sixth season had been written with the season 7 narrative change in mind . Despite the major changes from seasons past , the showrunners have said that they do not view season 7 as a complete reboot of the show . Horowitz said : `` I hesitate to use the word `` reboot . '' We 're more thinking about it as a hybrid of a lot of things . We 're paying homage to the original premise , but there are certain characters who are returning and some who are not . It 's a combination of a lot of things , but what we 're trying to do is go in a new direction but stay true to the spirit of what the show has always been . '' In July 2017 , the creators announced that the series now take place in the Seattle neighborhood of Hyperion Heights , which was created under a new and darker curse . Residents of this neighborhood include displaced characters from the original and new versions of the Enchanted Forest , as well as regular people from the Land Without Magic . This differs from Storybrooke in season 1 , which was an isolated town that was blocked off from real - world Maine . The initial villain is Lady Tremaine , who assumes the role of an urban developer who seeks to `` gentrify the neighborhood '' and push out and separate fairy tale residents . Meanwhile , Storybrooke and various Fairy Tale Land locations still appear in the flashbacks of the season as the story bounces back and forth between the characters ' lives before and during the latest curse . The main flashback setting of the seventh season is the New Enchanted Forest , which is a New Fairy Tale Land realm . Other locations featured in flashbacks are the Edge of Realms , the Wish Realm , New Wonderland , Oz , and Storybrooke itself . Casting ( edit ) In May 2017 , it was announced that Lana Parrilla , Colin O'Donoghue , and Robert Carlyle would be the only series regulars from season 6 to continue onto season 7 . It was teased that the three would be portraying their original characters but with cursed identities , similar to the circumstances in season 1 . In July , the first promo of the season revealed that Killian is now a Seattle police officer with the last name Rogers , who is living with an unexplained sense of loss . In August , it was revealed that Regina is now a bar owner named Roni , who is more dressed down and is `` no longer in charge . '' Former main cast member Jennifer Morrison has confirmed that she has agreed to return for one episode , later revealed to be the second episode of the season . Morrison announced her last filming day on July 19 , 2017 . On July 22 , it was confirmed that Emilie de Ravin would return for the fourth episode in the seventh season . In March 2017 , Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were cast for unknown guest roles in the season six finale . During the episode , it was revealed that West was portraying an adult Henry Mills , while Fernandez portrayed his daughter , Lucy . After that episode 's airing , they were confirmed as series regulars for season 7 . West will be taking over the role from Jared S. Gilmore , who has been confirmed to appear in at least the first two episodes of the season . On July 6 , 2017 , it was announced that Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar would be two additional series regulars for season 7 . Additionally , Adelaide Kane , Mekia Cox , and Rose Reynolds were cast in recurring roles for the upcoming season . On July 15 , it was announced that Ramirez would be portraying Cinderella , albeit a different version from the one previously played by Jessy Schram for the first six seasons . On July 22 at San Diego Comic - Con , it was revealed that Anwar and Kane will be portraying Lady Tremaine and Drizella , respectively . Cox would be portraying Tiana from The Princess and the Frog , while Reynolds would be playing an alternate version of Alice , a character previously heavily featured in the spin - off Once Upon a Time in Wonderland . In August 2017 , Cox was promoted to series regular . On August 1 , it was announced that Giles Matthey would return as an adult Gideon for the season 's fourth episode . The episode , also featuring Emilie de Ravin , would be centered around Rumple . On that same day , it was also announced that Emma Booth was cast in a major recurring role as the Witch , whose more specific identity would be revealed later on during the season . On August 25 , Kevin Ryan announced that he would be making an appearance as a new prince in the upcoming season . On August 30 , it was announced that Robin Givens had been cast as Tiana 's mother , Eudora . On September 8 , it was announced that Meegan Warner would be guest starring as an alternate version of Rapunzel , a character previously featured in one episode of season 3 . It was later revealed that the character would appear in a multi-episode arc . On September 20 , it was announced that former main Rebecca Mader would return for multiple episodes in the seventh season as Zelena , who will also have a cursed identity . On October 2 , it was announced that Dr. Facilier from The Princess and the Frog would make an appearance during the season , later revealed to be portrayed by Daniel Francis in the season 's fifth episode . On October 3 , it was announced that flashbacks of the ninth episode would feature a `` tweenage '' Anastasia , Lady Tremaine 's other biological daughter . On November 1 , it was announced that Tiera Skovbye would be recurring as an older version of Robin , the daughter of Zelena and Robin Hood . On November 2 , it was announced that Nathan Parsons had been cast in a recurring role as Nick , a lawyer and potential love interest for another character . On November 3 , it was announced that the show was casting for the role of Naveen from The Princess and the Frog , who will be recurring in the second half of the season . It was later revealed that the role would be played by Jeff Pierre , who will first appear in the twelfth episode of the season . On November 16 , actor Chad Rook announced that he had been cast in an unknown role . On January 23 , 2018 , it was announced that Kip Pardue had been cast as Chad , Zelena 's fiancé from when she was cursed as Kelly . He will make his first appearance in the seventeenth episode of the season . On March 16 , it was announced that multiple former cast members were set to appear in one or both of the series ' last two episodes . This includes former mains Jared S. Gilmore ( who had also been confirmed to appear in the twentieth episode ) and Sean Maguire , as well as formerly recurring stars JoAnna Garcia Swisher , Victoria Smurfit , Robbie Kay , Beverley Elliott , Lee Arenberg , Keegan Connor Tracy , and Tony Amendola . On March 21 , it was announced that Jennifer Morrison and Emilie de Ravin would be back a second time , along with Ginnifer Goodwin and Josh Dallas for the final episode of the series . In addition , Raphael Sbarge , David Paul Grove , and Faustino Di Bauda later confirmed that they were also appearing in the series finale . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Hyperion Heights '' October 6 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.26 0.7 1.72 1.4 4.98 `` A Pirate 's Life '' October 13 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.74 0.6 N / A 1.3 N / A `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' October 20 , 2017 0.5 / 3 2.49 0.6 N / A N / A `` Beauty '' October 27 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.44 0.5 N / A 1.0 N / A 5 `` Greenbacks '' November 3 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.29 0.5 1.27 1.0 3.56 6 `` Wake Up Call '' November 10 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.37 0.5 1.32 1.0 3.69 7 `` Eloise Gardener '' November 17 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.28 0.5 1.30 1.0 3.58 8 `` Pretty in Blue '' November 17 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.28 0.5 1.30 1.0 3.58 9 `` One Little Tear '' December 8 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.45 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A 10 `` The Eighth Witch '' December 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.29 N / A N / A N / A N / A 11 `` Secret Garden '' March 2 , 2018 0.4 / 2 2.14 0.5 N / A 0.9 N / A 12 `` A Taste of the Heights '' March 9 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.22 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A 13 `` Knightfall '' March 16 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.38 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A 14 `` The Girl in the Tower '' March 23 , 2018 0.4 / 2 2.11 0.5 N / A 0.9 N / A 15 `` Sisterhood '' March 30 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.03 N / A N / A N / A N / A 16 `` Breadcrumbs '' April 6 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.15 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A 17 `` Chosen '' April 13 , 2018 0.4 / 2 2.18 0.4 N / A 0.8 N / A 18 `` The Guardian '' April 20 , 2018 0.4 / 2 2.12 0.4 N / A 0.8 N / A 19 `` Flower Child '' April 27 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.98 N / A N / A N / A N / A 20 `` Is This Henry Mills ? '' May 4 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.98 N / A N / A N / A N / A 21 `` Homecoming '' May 11 , 2018 0.5 / 3 2.26 N / A N / A N / A N / A 22 `` Leaving Storybrooke '' May 18 , 2018 0.5 / 3 2.27 0.3 0.89 0.8 3.16 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Renewed for Season 7 at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Macke , Johnni ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Once Upon A Time ' Tease Reveals Where The Series Will Pick Up In Season 7 '' . People 's Choice . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Season 7 : Get Fresh Details on Henry 's ' Epic Quest ' -- Plus , New Identities for Regina & Co. ? ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Season 7 Reset : Gabrielle Anwar , Devious Maids Alum , Reign Star Among 5 New Additions '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Once Upon a Time , Supergirl , Teen Wolf , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Renewed for Season 7 at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . The reboot comes as Once remains a valuable property for ABC . Jump up ^ Times , Music ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' Soft Reboot : Emma Swan Reunites With Hook & Finds Closure in Their Story '' . MusicTimes . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . The coming seventh season of `` Once Upon a Time '' will have a soft reboot and will embark on a new chapter . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time is back -- but is it still magical ? '' . DigitalSpy . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . There was understandably some scepticism and worry when ABC announced that Once Upon a Time 's seventh season would be a soft reboot , set many years after last spring 's finale and featuring a mostly new cast . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Current Narrative To Wrap At End Of Season 6 ; Will There Be Season 7 ? '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time to end after season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' star Rebecca Mader previews Zelena 's return '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time : A Pirate 's Life ( 10 / 13 ) '' . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Dania Ramirez Is Playing ' New ' Cinderella -- Photo '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 701 ) `` Hyperion Heights '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Amanda ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time recap : ' One Little Tear ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time : Homecoming '' . Disney - ABC Television Group . May 10 , 2018 . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time bosses drop new clues on season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time just mocked its own complicated story lines '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Adelaide Kane talks millennial meanie Drizella '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Rose Reynolds introduces streetwise , enigmatic Alice '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blain , Bruce ( @ BBinBKK ) ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` @ LanaParrilla Well , twitter certainly seems to be happy with the episode ! Congrats ! Now , do you want to tell them about # SamuelBRyce , or should I ? Oh , and here 's a BTS pic I 've been hanging on to but could n't share until now . # OnceUponaTime @ OnceABC # DeskSergeant '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ( # 702 ) `` A Pirate 's Life '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Emma Booth Joins ABC Fairytale Drama As Recurring '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time officially confirms identity of Hook 's daughter -- and her mom ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 707 / 708 ) `` Eloise Gardener / Pretty in Blue '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Rebecca Mader to Return for Multiple Season 7 Episodes '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 710 ) `` The Eighth Witch '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 705 ) `` Greenbacks '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 712 ) `` A Taste of the Heights '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time adds Robin Givens as Tiana 's mom '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts TURN Alum Meegan Warner as the New ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts Riverdale 's Tiera Skovbye as ( Spoiler ) 's Daughter '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 714 ) `` The Girl in the Tower '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time books The Originals star as potential love interest '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 709 ) `` One Little Tear '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts Tiana 's Prince Naveen With Beyond 's Jeff Pierre '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Once Upon a Time : Hyperion Heights ( 10 / 6 ) '' . Disney - ABC Television Group . September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Morrison On Why She Is Leaving ' Once Upon a Time ' , Emma 's Final Battle & What 's Next '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Emilie de Ravin books return in season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Giles Matthey to return in season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vick , Megan ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Reveals Rapunzel 's Cursed Identity '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dana Horgan ( @ horgandee ) ( December 9 , 2017 ) . `` Cecelia ( now just TRY not getting the Simon & Garfunkle song stuck in your head for the rest of the day ... :) ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 711 ) `` Secret Garden '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Espenson , Jane ( @ JaneEspenson ) ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` Hedge Witch is the term that came to my mind '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 713 ) `` Knightfall '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 716 ) `` Breadcrumbs '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time casts Runaways star as Zelena 's fiancé '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 717 ) `` Chosen '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 715 ) `` Sisterhood '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Leroux , Kyra ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Had an amazing two days on set working with the lovely Emma Booth ! ! @ emmalovesluna . Tune into ABC or CTV tonight to see my episode of Once Upon A Time ! ! '' . Instagram . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Emily Tennant ( @ emilyjtennant ) ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Tune into tonight 's episode of # OnceUponaTime ✨ # FlowerChild on ABC at 8 / 7c 🌹 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 719 ) `` Flower Child '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Sean Maguire among returning faces for series finale '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Sean Maguire , JoAnna Garcia and Robbie Kay Among Farewell Run 's 9 Returns '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 721 ) `` Homecoming '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' : All the Stars -- Including Jennifer Morrison and Ginnifer Goodwin -- Returning for the Series Finale '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 722 ) `` Leaving Storybrooke '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lee Arenberg ( @ leearenberg ) ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` # TheWildCrew ... it 's been an honor to toe the marks with you fine gents ! ! ! @ FaustinoDiBauda @ RaphaelSbarge @ davidavalon # OnceUponATime '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Raphael Sbarge ( @ RaphaelSbarge ) ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` You can go home again . # Storybrooke # Pongo # reunited # OnceUponATime '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' & more remain unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' MacGyver , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' and World Series adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Once Upon a Time ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver ' and all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Blindspot , ' all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Agents of SHIELD , ' ' Taken , ' ' Confronting Putin ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` NCAA Tournament adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` NCAA Tournament and ' Dynasty ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Blindspot adjusts up , Dynasty adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' MacGyver , ' ' Blindspot ' and all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dynasty ' and ' Life Sentence ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' finale adjusts up , Meghan Markle special adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blindspot , ' ' 20 / 20 , ' ' Life Sentence , ' ' Harry & Meghan ' special all adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Cast Shake - Up : Finale Will Accommodate Any Changes , No Story Will Feel ' Incomplete ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Lindsay ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Creators Explain the `` Next Chapter '' to Come in Season 7 `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time bosses explain new curse '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time @ Comic - Con : Season 7 's Secret Roles Revealed , a ' Prominent LGBQT Storyline ' and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time reveals Hook , Regina , Rumple alt - identities '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Jennifer Morrison Opens Up About Her Exit : ' Emma Had Reached a Really Beautiful Place ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Creators / Cast Tease Rumple 's Menacing New Identity , Regina / Henry Reunion and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Jennifer ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Movie magic . Emma 's long locks are back for one last day :) # steveston # onceuponatime # emmaswan '' . Instagram . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon A Time EPs Talk About The New `` Book , '' `` Roni '' & Returning Faces `` . KSite TV . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Natalie Abrams ( @ NatalieAbrams ) ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Booth joins Once Upon a Time as a witch whose identity will be revealed later in the season bit.ly/2tv8t4F @ AdamHorowitzLA '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kevin J Ryan ( @ KevinRyanII ) ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Lov'in da # keithrichards inspired get up 4 da new prince in town . Fairytale land does n't know wats comin @ OnceABC # onceuponatime # abc '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' First Look : Rapunzel Returns '' . TV Insider . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Bosses Explain Season 7 Premiere 's Biggest Mysteries and Reveals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Season 7 Is ' Hopeful ' and ' Sentimental , ' EP Says '' . TV Insider . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on This Is Us , Flash , New Girl , Arrow , Grey 's Anatomy , The Blacklist , Supernatural and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on New Girl , Grey 's Anatomy , Big Little Lies , Flash , Walking Dead , Will & Grace and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chad Rook ( @ ChadRook ) ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Just found out that I will be joining the cast of # OnceUponATime ! ! ! Ca n't wait for you all to see my character . ; ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time original cast member returning in final season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ABC Finale of ' Designated Survivor ' Tops Broadcast Network Telecasts ' Viewers Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Once Upon a Time Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Characters Mary Margaret Blanchard Emma Swan Regina Mills David Nolan Henry Mills Rumplestiltskin Hook Belle Zelena Robin Hood Universe Items Related Awards and nominations List of cast members Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Once Upon a Time episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Thing You Love Most '' `` Snow Falls '' `` The Price of Gold '' `` That Still Small Voice '' `` The Shepherd '' `` The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter '' `` Desperate Souls '' `` True North '' `` 7 : 15 A.M. '' `` Fruit of the Poisonous Tree '' `` Skin Deep '' `` What Happened to Frederick '' `` Dreamy '' `` Red - Handed '' `` Heart of Darkness '' `` Hat Trick '' `` The Stable Boy '' `` The Return '' `` The Stranger '' `` An Apple Red as Blood '' `` A Land Without Magic '' Season 2 `` Broken '' `` We Are Both '' `` Lady of the Lake '' `` The Crocodile '' `` The Doctor '' `` Tallahassee '' `` Child of the Moon '' `` Into the Deep '' `` Queen of Hearts '' `` The Cricket Game '' `` The Outsider '' `` In the Name of the Brother '' `` Tiny '' `` Manhattan '' `` The Queen Is Dead '' `` The Miller 's Daughter '' `` Welcome to Storybrooke '' `` Selfless , Brave and True '' `` Lacey '' `` The Evil Queen '' `` Second Star to the Right '' `` And Straight On ' til Morning '' Season 3 `` The Heart of the Truest Believer '' `` Lost Girl '' `` Quite a Common Fairy '' `` Nasty Habits '' `` Good Form '' `` Ariel '' `` Dark Hollow '' `` Think Lovely Thoughts '' `` Save Henry '' `` The New Neverland '' `` Going Home '' `` New York City Serenade '' `` Witch Hunt '' `` The Tower '' `` Quiet Minds '' `` It 's Not Easy Being Green '' `` The Jolly Roger '' `` Bleeding Through '' `` A Curious Thing '' `` Kansas '' `` Snow Drifts '' `` There 's No Place Like Home '' Season 4 `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' `` White Out '' `` Rocky Road '' `` The Apprentice '' `` Breaking Glass '' `` Family Business '' `` The Snow Queen '' `` Smash the Mirror '' `` Fall '' `` Shattered Sight '' `` Heroes and Villains '' `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' `` Unforgiven '' `` Enter the Dragon '' `` Poor Unfortunate Soul '' `` Best Laid Plans '' `` Heart of Gold '' `` Sympathy for the De Vil '' `` Lily '' `` Mother '' `` Operation Mongoose '' Season 5 `` The Dark Swan '' `` The Price '' `` Siege Perilous '' `` The Broken Kingdom '' `` Dreamcatcher '' `` The Bear and the Bow '' `` Nimue '' `` Birth '' `` The Bear King '' `` Broken Heart '' `` Swan Song '' `` Souls of the Departed '' `` Labor of Love '' `` Devil 's Due '' `` The Brothers Jones '' `` Our Decay '' `` Her Handsome Hero '' `` Ruby Slippers '' `` Sisters '' `` Firebird '' `` Last Rites '' `` Only You '' `` An Untold Story '' Season 6 `` The Savior '' `` A Bitter Draught '' `` The Other Shoe '' `` Strange Case '' `` Street Rats '' `` Dark Waters '' `` Heartless '' `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' `` Changelings '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Tougher Than the Rest '' `` Murder Most Foul '' `` Ill - Boding Patterns '' `` Page 23 '' `` A Wondrous Place '' `` Mother 's Little Helper '' `` Awake '' `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' `` The Black Fairy '' `` The Song in Your Heart '' `` The Final Battle '' Season 7 `` Hyperion Heights '' `` A Pirate 's Life '' `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' `` Beauty '' `` Greenbacks '' `` Wake Up Call '' `` Eloise Gardener '' `` Pretty in Blue '' `` One Little Tear '' `` The Eighth Witch '' `` Secret Garden '' `` A Taste of the Heights '' `` Knightfall '' `` The Girl in the Tower '' `` Sisterhood '' `` Breadcrumbs '' `` Chosen '' `` The Guardian '' `` Flower Child '' `` Is This Henry Mills ? '' `` Homecoming '' `` Leaving Storybrooke '' Wonderland `` Down the Rabbit Hole '' `` Trust Me '' `` Forget Me Not '' `` The Serpent '' `` Heart of Stone '' `` Who 's Alice '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Home '' `` Nothing to Fear '' `` Dirty Little Secrets '' `` Heart of the Matter '' `` To Catch a Thief '' `` And They Lived ... '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Once_Upon_a_Time_(season_7)&oldid=853580235 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) Fictional portrayals of the Seattle Police Department Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from May 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 19 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes in series 7 of once upon a time | [
"The seventh season of the American ABC fantasy-drama Once Upon a Time was ordered on May 11, 2017.[1] It consisted of 22 episodes, airing on Fridays, having premiered on October 6, 2017.[2]\n"
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-6093408725475870820 | Philadelphia Eagles | Philadelphia Eagles - Wikipedia Philadelphia Eagles Jump to : navigation , search Philadelphia Eagles Current season Established July 8 , 1933 ; 84 years ago ( July 8 , 1933 ) First season : 1933 Play in Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Headquartered in the NovaCare Complex Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1933 -- present ) Eastern Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) American Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Eastern Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Midnight green , Silver , Black , White Fight song Fly , Eagles Fly Mascot Swoop Personnel Owner ( s ) Jeffrey Lurie Christina Weiss Lurie Chairman Jeffrey Lurie CEO Jeffrey Lurie President Don Smolenski General manager Howie Roseman Head coach Doug Pederson Team history Philadelphia Eagles ( 1933 -- 1942 ; 1944 -- present ) Phil - Pitt `` Steagles '' ( 1943 ) Team nicknames The Birds Championships League championships ( 4 ) NFL championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 3 ) 1948 , 1949 , 1960 Super Bowl championships ( 1 ) 2017 ( LII ) Conference championships ( 4 ) NFL Eastern : 1960 NFC : 1980 , 2004 , 2017 Division championships ( 13 ) NFL East : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 NFC East : 1980 , 1988 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017 Playoff appearances ( 25 ) NFL : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1960 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017 Home fields Baker Bowl ( 1933 -- 1935 ) Philadelphia Municipal Stadium ( 1936 -- 1939 , 1941 ) Connie Mack Stadium ( 1940 , 1942 -- 1957 ) Franklin Field ( 1958 -- 1970 ) Veterans Stadium ( 1971 -- 2002 ) Lincoln Financial Field ( 2003 -- present ) The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The Eagles compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . They are Super Bowl champions , having won Super Bowl LII , their fourth NFL title , after winning in 1948 , 1949 , and 1960 . The franchise was established in 1933 as a replacement for the bankrupt Frankford Yellow Jackets , when a group led by Bert Bell secured the rights to an NFL franchise in Philadelphia . Bell , Chuck Bednarik , Bob Brown , Brian Dawkins , Reggie White , Steve Van Buren , Tommy McDonald , Greasy Neale , Pete Pihos , Sonny Jurgensen , and Norm Van Brocklin have been inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The team has an intense rivalry with the New York Giants . This rivalry is the oldest in the NFC East and is among the oldest in the NFL . It was ranked by NFL Network as the number one rivalry of all - time and Sports Illustrated ranks it amongst the Top 10 NFL rivalries of all - time at number four , and according to ESPN , it is one of the fiercest and most well - known rivalries in the American football community . They also have a bitter rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys , which has become more high - profile since the 1960s , as well as a historic rivalry with the Washington Redskins . Their rivalry with the Pittsburgh Steelers is another bitter rivalry , roughly dating back to 1933 , that mostly arises from the two teams ' statuses as being from opposite ends of the same state . The team consistently ranks in the top three in attendance and has sold out every game since the 1999 season . In a Sports Illustrated poll of 321 NFL players , Eagles fans were selected the most intimidating fans in the NFL . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1931 -- 1960 1.2 1961 -- 1975 1.3 1976 -- 1984 1.4 1985 -- 1993 1.5 Lurie era ( 1994 -- present ) 1.5. 1 Andy Reid era ( 1999 -- 2012 ) 1.5. 1.1 2004 Season and Super Bowl XXXIX 1.5. 1.2 2005 - 2012 1.5. 2 Chip Kelly era ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 1.5. 3 Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) 1.5. 3.1 2017 : First Super Bowl championship 2 Season records 3 Rivalries 3.1 New York Giants 3.2 Dallas Cowboys 3.3 Washington Redskins 3.4 Pittsburgh Steelers 4 Logo and uniforms 5 Training camp 6 Fight song 7 Fans 7.1 Devotion 7.2 Bad behavior 8 Eagles cheerleaders 9 Current roster 10 List of Philadelphia Eagles players ( past and present ) 11 Awards and honors 11.1 Retired numbers 11.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 11.3 Eagles Hall of Fame 11.4 75th anniversary team 11.5 John Wanamaker Athletic Award ( Philadelphia Sports Congress ) 11.6 Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame 11.7 Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame 12 Franchise records 12.1 Passing 12.2 Rushing 12.3 Receiving 12.4 Other 12.5 Returning 12.6 Defense 12.7 Exceptional performances 13 Coaches of note 13.1 Current staff 14 Radio and television 14.1 Eagles radio affiliates 15 Media and cultural reference 16 See also 17 Notes and references 18 Sources 19 External links Franchise history Main article : History of the Philadelphia Eagles 1931 -- 1960 `` Concrete Charlie '' Midway through the 1931 season , the Frankford Yellow Jackets went bankrupt and ceased operations . After more than a year of searching for a suitable replacement , the NFL granted an expansion franchise to a syndicate headed by Bert Bell and Lud Wray and awarded them the franchise rights of the failed Yellow Jackets organization . The Bell - Wray group had to pay an entry fee of $3,500 ( equal to $40,230 today ) and assumed a total debt of $11,000 that was owed to three other NFL franchises . Drawing inspiration from the Blue Eagle insignia of the National Recovery Administration -- the centerpiece of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal -- Bell and Wray named the new franchise the Philadelphia Eagles . Neither the Eagles nor the NFL officially regard the two franchises as the same , citing the aforementioned period of dormancy . Furthermore , almost no Yellow Jackets players were on the Eagles ' first roster . The Eagles , along with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the now - defunct Cincinnati Reds , joined the NFL as expansion teams . In 1937 , the Eagles moved to Shibe Park ( renamed Connie Mack Stadium in 1954 ) and played their home games at the stadium through 1957 , except for the 1941 season , which was played at Municipal Stadium , where they had played from 1936 to 1939 . To accommodate football at Shibe Park during the winter , management set up stands in right field , parallel to 20th Street . Some 20 feet high , these `` east stands '' had 22 rows of seats . The goalposts stood along the first base line and in left field . The uncovered east stands enlarged capacity of Shibe Park to over 39,000 , but the Eagles rarely drew more than 25 to 30,000 . The Eagles struggled over the course of their first decade , enduring repeated losing seasons . In December 1940 , Pittsburgh Steelers owner Art Rooney sold his franchise to Alexis Thompson for $160,000 and then used half of the proceeds to buy a half interest in the Eagles from Bell , his longtime friend . Soon after , Bell and Rooney traded the Eagles franchise to Thompson and moved it to Pittsburgh ( as the `` Steelers '' ) , while Thompson moved the Steelers franchise to Philadelphia ( as the `` Eagles '' ) . In 1943 , when manpower shortages stemming from World War II made it impossible to fill the roster , the team merged with the Pittsburgh Steelers forming the `` Phil - Pitt Eagles '' and were known as the `` Steagles . '' ( The merger , never intended as a permanent arrangement , was dissolved at the end of the 1943 season . ) By the late 1940s , head coach Earle `` Greasy '' Neale and running back Steve Van Buren led the team to three consecutive NFL Championship Games , winning two of them in 1948 and 1949 . Those two championships mark the Eagles as the only NFL team ever to win back - to - back championships by shutouts , defeating the Chicago Cardinals , 7 -- 0 , in 1948 -- in a blizzard -- and the Los Angeles Rams , 14 -- 0 , in 1949 . After the 1957 season , the Eagles moved from Connie Mack Stadium to Franklin Field at the University of Pennsylvania . Franklin Field would seat over 60,000 for the Eagles , whereas Connie Mack had a capacity of 39,000 . The stadium switched from grass to AstroTurf in 1969 . It was the first NFL stadium to use artificial turf . In 1960 , the Eagles won their third NFL championship , under the leadership of future Pro Football Hall of Famers Norm Van Brocklin and Chuck Bednarik ; the head coach was Buck Shaw . The 1960 Eagles , by a score of 17 -- 13 , became the only team to defeat Vince Lombardi and his Green Bay Packers in the playoffs . Dick Vermeil , Eagles head coach from 1976 to 1982 1961 -- 1975 The Eagles had a decent 1961 season and then fell on hard times in 1962 . Jerry Wolman , after consulting his longtime friend Brandon Sturrock , bought the franchise in 1963 from the `` Happy Hundred '' , a group of investors who owned the team from 1949 -- 1963 , for $5,505,000 ( equal to $44,004,098 today ) . In 1969 , Leonard Tose bought the Eagles from Wolman for $16,155,000 ( equal to $107,807,505 today ) , then a record for a professional sports franchise . Tose 's first official act was to fire Coach Joe Kuharich after a disappointing 24 -- 41 -- 1 record during his five - year reign . He followed this by naming former Eagles receiving great Pete Retzlaff as General Manager and Jerry Williams as coach . The Eagles defeated the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game and earned their first Super Bowl appearance . With the merger of the NFL and AFL in 1970 , the Eagles were placed in the NFC East Division with their archrivals the New York Giants , the Washington Redskins , and the Dallas Cowboys . Their heated rivalry with the Giants is the oldest of the NFC East rivalries , dating all the way back to 1933 and is often named as one of the best rivalries in the NFL . 1976 -- 1984 In 1976 , Dick Vermeil was hired from UCLA to coach the Eagles , who had only one winning season from 1962 -- 1975 . Starting in 1978 , head coach Dick Vermeil and quarterback Ron Jaworski led the team to four consecutive playoff appearances . Vermeil 's 1980 team won their first NFC East title . They were matched up against their hated rival the Dallas Cowboys in the NFC Championship game , which they won 20 -- 7 . However , the Eagles lost to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV in 1981 . The following year , the Eagles were eliminated in the wildcard round at home against the New York Giants . In the aftermath of the disappointing and strike - shortened season of 1982 , head coach Dick Vermeil resigned , claiming that he was `` burned out '' . Vermeil was replaced by defensive coordinator Marion Campbell . In January 1983 , Tose announced that his daughter , Susan Fletcher , the Eagles ' vice president and legal counsel , would eventually succeed him as primary owner of the Eagles . Then in 1984 , rumors were circulating that Leonard Tose was thinking about moving the team to Phoenix , Arizona due to financial reasons . 1985 -- 1993 This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1985 , Tose was forced to sell the Eagles to Norman Braman and Ed Leibowitz , highly successful automobile dealers from Florida , for a reported $65 million ( equal to $147,899,134 today ) to pay off his more than $25 million ( equal to $56,884,282 today ) in gambling debts at Atlantic City casinos . Philadelphia football struggled through the Marion Campbell years of the mid-1980s and was marked by a malaise in fan participation . However , in the 1985 Supplemental draft , the Eagles acquired the rights to Memphis Showboats ' elite pass rusher Reggie White . In 1986 , the arrival of head coach Buddy Ryan and his fiery attitude rejuvenated team performance and ignited the fan base , but the Eagles failed to win a playoff game during Ryan 's tenure . Possibly the worst of these losses was the so - called Fog Bowl in 1988 against the Chicago Bears , which happened to be Ryan 's former team that he helped lead to a Super Bowl XX victory as defensive coordinator . Ryan was fired on January 7 , 1991 , after an upset home playoff loss to the Redskins . Offensive coordinator Rich Kotite was promoted to head coach three days later . After All Pro defensive tackle Jerome Brown was killed in an automobile accident , the team and fanbase became dedicated to `` bring it home for Jerome '' in the 1992 season . Kotite did lead the Eagles to a playoff victory against the New Orleans Saints during the 1992 season , but they lost all - time sacks leader Reggie White to free agency in the offseason . Kotie 's contract was not renewed after a disappointing 1994 season in which the Eagles went 7 -- 9 , losing their last seven games after starting the season 7 -- 2 . From 1988 to 1996 , the Eagles qualified for the playoffs during six out of those nine seasons , but they won the NFC East only once , in 1988 . Among the team 's offensive stars during that period were quarterback Randall Cunningham , tight end Keith Jackson , and running back Herschel Walker . But the `` Gang Green '' defense is possibly what defined the team , led by Reggie White , Jerome Brown , Clyde Simmons , Seth Joyner , Wes Hopkins , Mike Golic , Byron Evans , Eric Allen , Andre Waters and Mark McMillian . Lurie era ( 1994 -- present ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Andy Reid speaks with Jeff Garcia in a game against the Redskins . Jeffrey Lurie bought the Eagles on May 6 , 1994 from then - owner Norman Braman for an estimated $185 million . The club is now estimated to be the 17th most valuable sports team , worth $1.314 billion , as valuated in 2014 by Forbes . In Lurie 's first season as owner , the team only had 7 wins , but that was followed by a 10 win season in 1995 . Besides the 10 wins and a playoff berth , 1996 was an eventful year . The uniforms changed from the classic shade of Kelly Green to a darker midnight green , quarterback Randall Cunningham left after 11 seasons , and future fan favorite 13 - year starter Brian Dawkins was drafted in the 2nd round . After slipping to 6 -- 9 -- 1 , and then to 3 -- 13 , head coach Ray Rhodes was fired after four seasons . Andy Reid era ( 1999 -- 2012 ) Jeffrey Lurie has been owner since 1994 . In 1999 , the Eagles hired head coach Andy Reid and drafted quarterback Donovan McNabb . From 1999 until 2004 , the team continually improved , going from 5 -- 11 in 1999 , returning to the playoffs in with an 11 -- 5 record in 2000 , surpassing the Buccaneers in the Wild Card round before losing in the divisional . Moreover , the Eagles played in four straight NFC Championship Games between 2001 and 2004 . In 2001 , the Eagles stayed at 11 -- 5 , beating the Buccaneers and Bears to advance to the NFC championship , where they lost to the St. Louis Rams . In 2002 , the Eagles drafted running back Brian Westbrook , got the 1st round bye with the 2nd seed in the NFC with a 12 -- 4 record , but the Tampa Bay Buccaneers got their revenge in the Championship and eliminated the Eagles . In 2003 , they won the NFC first seed , but Westbrook went down in Week 17 , culminating in a loss to the Carolina Panthers in their 3rd straight NFC Championship . 2004 season and Super Bowl XXXIX In 2004 , the Philadelphia Eagles had their best season since 1960 , going 13 -- 1 before resting their starters and losing their next 2 , clinching the 1st seed for the second year in a row . McNabb set career highs , completing 64 % of his passes for 3,875 yards , though he did n't play all 16 games . McNabb became the first quarterback ever to throw more than 30 touchdowns and fewer than 10 interceptions in a season . His success could be attributed to the fact that he had a reliable receiver , Terrell Owens , who got 1,200 yards and 14 touchdowns in 14 games . After beating the Vikings and Falcons the Eagles advanced to Super Bowl XXXIX , where they dueled the New England Patriots . Although McNabb threw 3 touchdown passes and 357 yards in the game , and the score was tied 14 -- 14 going into the fourth quarter , the Patriots outscored the Eagles and scored ten straight points . McNabb completed a 30 - yard touchdown pass , and the Eagles defense held the Patriots to a 3 and out , but a crucial interception with 46 seconds left on the clock secured their fate . 2005 - 2012 Brian Dawkins was one of the premier safeties in the NFL , and earned him the role of Eagles ' defensive captain , and a mainstay on the Eagles . The team took a step back in 2005 with a 6 -- 10 record . McNabb had played with a sports hernia and a broken thumb , starting 4 -- 2 but losing three in a row , before McNabb finally succumbs to injury and is out for the rest of the season . For obnoxious behavior and a feud with McNabb , Owens was suspended after 7 games , eventually being cut . In 2006 , the team lost McNabb 10 games in and went into turmoil , but Westbrook stepped up , and the Eagles earned their fifth NFC East title under Coach Reid , with a 10 -- 6 record and a win in the wild card round , but they had an 8 -- 8 2007 season . In 2008 , the team won their 500th game , and they also drafted DeSean Jackson , a receiving threat when paired with McNabb . On January 11 , 2009 , the team defeated the defending Super Bowl champion and 1st seed New York Giants 23 -- 11 en route to their 5th NFC Championship Game in 8 years and 5th in the 10 years the Eagles have been coached by Andy Reid . In the 2008 NFC Championship Game , the Eagles made a rally , going from 24 -- 6 at halftime to 25 -- 24 with three minutes left in the 4th , but they lost to the Arizona Cardinals by a score of 32 -- 25 after quarterback Kurt Warner scored a last minute touchdown . As of the conclusion of the 2016 season , during the Lurie era , the Eagles are 1 -- 4 in conference championship games and 0 -- 1 in Super Bowls . On August 13 , 2009 , the Eagles signed quarterback Michael Vick . On December 6 , 2009 , Andy Reid became only the 5th coach in NFL history to win 100 or more games with a single team in a single decade . The other four are Tom Landry , Don Shula , Tony Dungy , and Bill Belichick , all Super Bowl winners . McNabb finally had a complete receiving corps , between first round draft pick Jeremy Maclin , DeSean Jackson 's 1,000 yard season , and Brent Celek ranking among the top 5 tight ends in the league . Without Brian Dawkins , defensive end Trent Cole stepped up and became the dominant force on defense with 12 sacks , earning him his second trip to the Pro Bowl and All - Pro honors . In 2009 , the Eagles started 5 -- 4 , but moved up to 11 -- 4 , and could clinch the NFC 2nd seed if they won their next game . After a shutout at the hands of the Dallas Cowboys in week 17 , the Eagles missed the 1st round bye. but with a record of 11 -- 5 , but they were the NFC 6th seed and they narrowly made the playoffs . In the 2009 NFC Wild Card Game , the Eagles played against the Cowboys for the second consecutive week and lost 34 -- 14 . Despite many errors from many players , and a great season before the breakdown in Dallas , McNabb took the brunt of the blow and was heavily criticized . Coach Andy Reid said up until April 1 , 2010 , that McNabb would remain the starter . On March 5 , 2010 , Brian Westbrook was cut from the Eagles after eight seasons with the team . On April 4 , 2010 , the team traded long - time starting quarterback Donovan McNabb to the Washington Redskins in exchange for a second round draft pick . Kevin Kolb was immediately named the starter , but after suffering a concussion in week 1 against the Packers , Vick took over as the starter . Vick led the Eagles to its sixth NFC East division title in ten seasons . With a record of 10 -- 6 the Eagles clinched the 3rd seed and had to play a Wild Card Playoff Game . During the 2010 NFC Wild Card Game , the Eagles faced off against the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers and lost 21 -- 16 . The 2011 season for the Eagles was a major disappointment , as they only managed to finish 8 -- 8 and did not qualify for the playoffs , although they did win the last 4 games of the season . Because of several free agent acquisitions , Vince Young , a back up quarterback , stated that the Eagles were a Dream Team . The Philadelphia fan base and faithful never did concur with the comment as some national outlets may comment . Many Eagles fans believe that Vince Young saying that the Eagles were a ' Dream Team ' is the reason that the Eagles had such a horrible season . Eagles fans had high expectations going into the 2012 season . The Eagles started off winning three out of their four first games , but that changed when they lost the next eight games , and were eliminated from the playoff hunt . They only won one out of their last four games . After a loss to the New York Giants on December 30 , 2012 , longtime head coach Andy Reid was fired after fourteen seasons with the team . Chip Kelly era ( 2013 -- 2015 ) On January 16 , 2013 , the Eagles brought in University of Oregon head coach Chip Kelly to succeed Reid as head coach after a 4 -- 12 season . The Philadelphia Eagles named Michael Vick starting quarterback going into the 2013 season with much promise running Chip Kelly 's fast - paced spread offense . The 2013 season proved to be more successful for the Eagles . A hamstring injury took Michael Vick out after a 1 -- 3 start , but his backup , Nick Foles , led the team to a 10 -- 6 regular season record , and its seventh NFC East title in 13 seasons . Before throwing his first interception in Week 14 , Foles threw 19 touchdowns , which was just one shy of the all - time NFL record of consecutive touchdowns without an interception to start a season , set earlier in the season by Peyton Manning . Foles also tied Manning for most touchdown passes in a single - game with seven against the Oakland Raiders which also made him the youngest player in NFL history to throw that many touchdowns in a game . Foles finished the regular season with 27 touchdown passes and only 2 interceptions , giving him the then - best TD - INT ratio in NFL history . ( That record was later broken by Tom Brady , in the 2016 season . ) He also finished with a 119.0 passer rating , third highest in league history behind only Aaron Rodgers in 2011 and Peyton Manning in 2004 . He was also only the second quarterback in NFL history to have a game in which he topped 400 passing yards and a perfect passer rating . LeSean McCoy finished his Pro Bowl season as the league 's top rusher with 1,607 rushing yards ( also a franchise record ) and 2,146 total yards from scrimmage , also best in the NFL . As a whole , the Eagles offense scored 51 touchdowns , most in franchise history passing the previous season high set back in 1948 . The Eagles opened the 2014 season winning their first three games and making NFL history as the only team ever to trail by ten or more points in their first three games and come back to win . Nick Foles struggled with turnovers , but ultimately did well and led the Eagles to a 6 -- 2 record , before breaking his collarbone , resulting in his job getting taken over by Mark Sanchez , who outplayed Foles despite facing more playoff teams . The Eagles held the divisional title from week one to week 15 against the Cowboys . After going 9 -- 3 with their crucial win over the Cowboys , the Eagles lost their next 3 , and a week after losing the NFC East title , they lost an upset against the 3 -- 11 Redskins and were eliminated from playoff contention with the Cowboys ' win over the Colts . Following the 2014 season , Chip Kelly was given total control and made some controversial moves . He traded LeSean McCoy , who had become the team 's all - time leading rusher after the 2014 season , for linebacker Kiko Alonso , a player Kelly coached at Oregon who had missed the entire 2014 season . He also cut ten - year veteran and starter , Trent Cole , who was still a consistent threat on defense and was second only to legend Reggie White on the Eagles all - time sack list . He also made a trade where the highly successful Nick Foles was traded for Sam Bradford , who had missed the entire 2014 season with an ACL tear . Kelly tried to re-sign Jeremy Maclin , who had stepped up as the team 's leading wide receiver , but he signed with the Kansas City Chiefs instead . However , the Eagles also acquired league leading rusher DeMarco Murray , which not only helped the Eagles , but hurt their rivals , the Dallas Cowboys . They also obtained Super Bowl champion Byron Maxwell , who left the Seattle Seahawks in free agency to sign a six - year , $63 million contract . The first two games of the season were disastrous , as they started 0 -- 2 . Bradford had a 2 -- 4 TD - INT ratio , Maxwell was constantly beaten by Falcons receiver Julio Jones , and Murray was held to 11 yards on 21 carries . After Murray was injured , Ryan Mathews rushed for over 100 yards in a Week 3 win against the New York Jets . Kelly made Murray the unquestioned starter and although Murray 's play improved over the season , he never regained his dominant form and was held to a career low 3.6 yards per carry average . On December 29 , 2015 , with one game left in the season , head coach Chip Kelly was released by the Eagles . Offensive Coordinator Pat Shurmur was named Interim Coach for the final game against the rival New York Giants , which Shurmur won 35 -- 30 . Former player and current running backs coach Duce Staley was the first coach to be interviewed for the opening head coaching job on January 2 , 2016 . Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) Carson Wentz made his debut in the 2016 season The Eagles hired Chiefs offensive coordinator Doug Pederson as their next head coach . The team made the official announcement on January 18 , 2016 . Eagles owner Jeffrey Lurie said in a statement : `` Doug is a strategic thinker , a compelling leader and communicator , and someone who truly knows how to get the best out of his players . All of these factors were what initially attracted us to Doug and we believe that he is the right man to help us achieve our ultimate goal . '' Pederson had been with the Chiefs for the preceding three years after spending the four seasons previous to those with the Eagles . He served as a quality control assistant for the Eagles in 2009 and 2010 before being promoted to quarterbacks coach for the 2011 and 2012 seasons . He was praised for his work with Chiefs quarterback Alex Smith over the preceding few seasons , particularly 2015 , as the Chiefs moved into the top 10 in scoring offense . At the end of the 2015 season , the Eagles had the 13th pick in the 2016 NFL Draft . They traded Byron Maxwell , Kiko Alonso , and their pick to the Miami Dolphins for the # 8 pick . Later , they traded the # 8 pick , their third - round pick , their fourth - round pick , a 2017 first - round pick , and a 2018 second - round pick to the Cleveland Browns for the # 2 pick and a 2017 fourth - round pick . They used the # 2 pick to draft North Dakota State quarterback Carson Wentz . On September 3 , 2016 , the Eagles traded starting quarterback Sam Bradford to the Minnesota Vikings , who had lost Teddy Bridgewater for the season , for a 2017 first - round pick and a 2018 fourth - round pick . Following the trade , the Eagles named Wentz the starting quarterback for Week 1 of the 2016 season . First - time head coach Pederson led the Eagles to a 3 -- 0 start to the season . His rookie quarterback started with 5 touchdowns , no interceptions and over 255 yards per game . The Week 4 bye took a toll on the Eagles , and they lost four out of the next five games , including a loss to every rival team in their division . They also lost right tackle Lane Johnson to a 10 - game suspension following the Week 5 loss againist the Lions which damaged Carson Wentz 's hot start . In those four games , their average margin of loss was just under 5 points . Pederson and the Eagles won just 3 of their last 7 games . Those included gruesome road losses against the Seattle Seahawks , the Cincinnati Bengals , and the Baltimore Ravens . Although Wentz started off the season well , the 6 -- 5 quarterback finished with a TD -- INT ratio of 16 : 14 . The rookie head coach and rookie quarterback tandem led the Eagles to a disappointing year , finishing with a 7 -- 9 record and coming in last in the division . 2017 : first Super Bowl Championship During the following offseason , the team made several acquisitions on the offensive side of the ball . The Eagles either traded or released notable players from the Chip Kelly era like Ryan Mathews , Matt Tobin , Allen Barbre , Jordan Matthews and Marcus Smith II . They signed more notable players to improve its wide receiver corps that have struggled the last two seasons like Alshon Jeffery , and Torrey Smith as well as 2016 Super Bowl champion , Legarrette Blount . They also added veterans on defense such as Patrick Robinson , Chris Long , Corey Graham , Tim Jernigan and Ronald Darby . The team addressed its defense mostly in the draft , using its top three picks on defensive players . The Eagles drafted Derek Barnett with the 14th overall pick . The Eagles had completely revamped their offense and strengthened their defense heading into the 2017 season . They opened the season on the road versus the Washington Redskins and won the game 30 -- 17 . The team lost to the Kansas City Chiefs the following week , 27 -- 20 , in Pederson 's return to face Andy Reid . The Eagles then won six consecutive games , including signature wins at the Carolina Panthers , 28 -- 23 , and versus the Washington Redskins , 34 -- 24 , in a Monday Night contest . On the morning of October 31 , 2017 , just before the NFL trade deadline , the Eagles made a blockbuster move sending a fourth - round pick to the Miami Dolphins for star running back Jay Ajayi . The move immediately paid dividends for the Eagles heading into their next game versus the Denver Broncos as Ajayi rushed for 77 yards on just eight attempts including a 46 - yard TD near the end of the second quarter . Ajayi and Wentz led the Eagles to a 51 -- 23 rout of the top defense in the NFL . Foles in the Huddle before leaving the field before Super Bowl LII . The Eagles headed into their bye week with the best record in the NFL ( 8 -- 1 ) , and with Wentz leading the NFL MVP discussion with an NFL - leading 23 touchdowns to 5 interceptions . During their bye , the Eagles signed former Giants offensive tackle Will Beatty and former Saints linebacker Dannell Ellerbe to not only add depth but also players with Super Bowl experiences . Coming off of the bye week , the Philadelphia Eagles entered a Sunday night showdown with the defending NFC East champion Dallas Cowboys . The Eagles came out sluggish and trailed 9 -- 7 at the half . The team exploded in the second half though , rattling off 30 unanswered points to soundly defeat their rival by a final score of 37 -- 9 . The Eagles were rolling on a nine - game winning streak after a huge blowout win over the Chicago Bears . The Eagles traveled to Seattle in Week 13 in a huge Sunday Night showdown against Russell Wilson and the Seattle Seahawks . The Eagles struggled throughout the whole game , blowing many scoring opportunities and allowing Wilson to throw 3 touchdowns . The Eagles lost 24 -- 10 , ending their win streak . However , the Eagles bounced back in Week 14 win over the Los Angeles Rams in a tough 43 -- 35 win . However , Carson Wentz left the game in the third quarter with a knee injury . It was later found out that Wentz tore his ACL , ending his MVP caliber season . Backup Nick Foles would once again take over as starting quarterback . In Foles 's first start against the New York Giants , he would lead them back from a 20 -- 7 deficit and score 4 touchdowns and win the game 34 -- 29 . Foles struggled in the last two games of the season against the Oakland Raiders and the Dallas Cowboys , and threw a touchdown and 2 interceptions in that span . Despite this , the Eagles finished 13 -- 3 and secured the top seed in the NFC . The Eagles opened as the underdogs , the first time in history that a No. 1 seed has opened up the postseason as an underdog . Despite this , Foles would lead the Eagles past the Atlanta Falcons in the Divisional Round 15 -- 10 . In the next game Foles and the Eagles annihilated the Minnesota Vikings 38 -- 7 in the NFC Championship nicknamed the Minneapolis Massacre , mocking the Minneapolis Miracle from their previous playoff victory . Foles had his best game since week 15 and threw for 352 passing yards and 3 touchdowns including an impressive flea flicker touchdown pass . This win marked the franchise 's third Super Bowl appearance and a berth in Super Bowl LII for a 2005 rematch against Tom Brady and the New England Patriots . With Foles at the helm , the Eagles started off the game strong , leading the Patriots 22 -- 12 at halftime . In the second half the Patriots gained momentum and for the first time took the lead in the 4th quarter 33 -- 32 . The Eagles rallied back and scored an 11 - yard Touchdown to tight end Zach Ertz . Later the Eagles converted on a 46 - yard field goal by Jake Elliott to lead 41 -- 33 . On the final play of the game with 9 seconds left , Brady threw a hail - mary pass directed toward tight end Rob Gronkowski which was bobbled by Patrick Robinson before being dropped in the end - zone as time expired , securing the win for the Eagles 41 -- 33 , and ending the 58 - year long championship drought . This would be Philadelphia 's first Super Bowl win and their fourth league championship ( their first championship since 1960 ) . Foles won Super Bowl MVP going 28 -- 43 with 373 passing yards , 3 touchdowns , and an interception . Nick Foles became the first backup quarterback to start and win a Super Bowl since his opponent Tom Brady won as the backup for Drew Bledsoe in 2001 . Season records Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles seasons Regular season record ( all - time ) : 568 -- 594 -- 26 Playoff record ( all - time ) : 22 -- 21 ( last appearance after beating New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII ) Most points in a season : 474 points ( 2014 ) NFL championships won : 4 ( 3 before the 1967 NFL - AFL merger created the Super Bowl ) Super Bowls won : 1 out of 3 appearances Passing leader ( all - time ) : Donovan McNabb -- 32,873 yards Rushing leader ( all - time ) : LeSean McCoy -- 6,792 yards Receiving leader ( all - time ) : Harold Carmichael -- 8,978 yards Winningest coach ( all - time ) : Andy Reid -- 130 wins Top player by approximate value ( all - time ) : Donovan McNabb -- 126 AV Rivalries New York Giants Main article : Eagles -- Giants rivalry One of the NFL 's oldest , this rivalry began on October 15 , 1933 when the Giants defeated the newly founded Eagles 56 -- 0 . The Giants lead the all - time series 84 -- 82 -- 2 . Three of the best known comebacks against the Giants are labeled as `` Miracle In The Meadowlands -- Herm Edwards '' , `` Miracle In The Meadowlands II -- Brian Westbrook '' and `` Miracle In The New Meadowlands -- DeSean Jackson '' . Dallas Cowboys Main article : Cowboys -- Eagles rivalry The Cowboys have been one of the Eagles ' biggest rivals . The Eagles won the first game in this rivalry 27 -- 25 on September 30 , 1960 . Dallas leads the all - time series 63 -- 51 -- 0 . They have been close in recent years , with Dallas winning 12 games from 2006 to the present while the Eagles have also won 12 . There is much hostility between the two teams ' fan bases , with incidents such as the 1989 Bounty Bowl . Washington Redskins Main article : Eagles -- Redskins rivalry Not as big as the rivalries between the Giants and Cowboys , that with division rivals Washington Redskins is still fierce . It started in 1934 when the Washington Redskins were first known as the Boston Redskin ; the Redskins defeated the Eagles 6 -- 0 , and lead the all - time series 85 -- 76 -- 6 . The rivalry has been very even since 2010 overall . However , the Eagles swept the Redskins during the 2017 season for the first time since the 2013 season . Pittsburgh Steelers Main article : Eagles -- Steelers rivalry The Eagles and Pittsburgh Steelers are both located in Pennsylvania and began play in 1933 . From that season , through 1966 , this was a major rivalry for both teams as both were part of the same division . In 1967 , they were placed in separate divisions but remained in the same conference for three years . Finally , in 1970 , the Steelers ( along with the Cleveland Browns and Baltimore Colts ) moved to the American Football Conference while the Eagles stayed with the rest of the old - line NFL teams in the National Football Conference . As a result , the Eagles and Steelers no longer played each other every year . Currently they are scheduled to meet once every four years in the regular season , the most recent meeting being in 2016 at Philadelphia , with the Eagles winning 34 - 3 . The Steelers have lost nine straight games on the road against the Eagles dating back to 1966 , which was also the start of the Super Bowl era . The Eagles lead the all - time series 47 -- 28 -- 3 . Logo and uniforms See also : Uniform ( American football ) and footnote about Eagles ' uniform numbers . For several decades , the Eagles ' colors were kelly green , silver , and white . In 1954 , the Eagles , along with the Baltimore Colts , became the second team ever in the NFL to put a logo on their helmets , with silver wings on a kelly green helmet . In 1969 , the team wore two helmet versions : Kelly green with white wings in road games , and white with kelly green wings at home . From 1970 to ' 73 , they wore the white helmets with Kelly green wings exclusively before switching back to Kelly green helmets with silver wings . By 1974 , Joseph A. Scirrotto Jr. designed the silver wings took on a white outline , and this style on a kelly green helmet became standard for over two decades . From 1948 -- 95 , the team logo was an eagle in flight carrying a football in its claws , although from ' 69 -- 72 , the eagle took on a more stylized look . As the design was similar to the Apollo 11 emblem , and its moon - landing craft was dubbed Eagle , players wore the flight 's mission patch on their jerseys during 1969 . In 1973 , the team 's name was added below the eagle , which returned to its pre - ' 69 look . However , both the logo and uniforms were radically altered in 1996 . The primary kelly green color was changed to a darker shade , officially described as `` midnight green . '' Silver was practically abandoned , as uniform pants moved to either white or midnight green . The traditional helmet wings were changed to a primarily white color , with silver and black accents . The team 's logo combination ( the eagle and club name lettering ) also changed in 1996 , with the eagle itself limited to a white ( bald eagle ) head , drawn in a less realistic , more cartoon - based style , and the lettering changing from calligraphic to block letters . Since the 1996 alterations , the team has made only minor alterations , mostly relating to jersey / pant combinations worn during specific games . For example , in 1997 , against the San Francisco 49ers , the team wore midnight green jerseys and pants for the first of only two occasions in team history . The second occasion was in 2002 , during the final regular season game at Veterans Stadium , a win over the division - rival Washington Redskins . A year later , in the first two games of the 2003 season ( both home losses to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New England Patriots ) , the Eagles wore white jerseys with white pants . Since 2003 , the white jerseys along with white pants have been worn during preseason games . The 2003 season also saw the first ( though only subtle ) change to the 1996 - style uniform . On both white and green jerseys , black shadows and silver trim were added to both the green and white numbering . The stripe on the pants changed from black - green - black to black - silver - green on the white pants , and from a solid black stripe to one stripe of black , another of silver , with one small white stripe in between for the midnight blue pants . The 2003 season also saw the team debut black alternate jerseys , with a green ( instead of black ) shadow on white numbers , and silver trim . These black jerseys have been worn for two selected home games each season ( usually the first home game after bye week and the season finale ) . In the 2003 and 2004 regular season home finales , the team wore the green road pants with the black alternate jerseys , but lost each game . Since then , the Eagles have only worn the black jerseys with the white pants . However , due to the special 75th anniversary uniforms serving as the `` alternates '' for one game in 2007 , the Eagles could not wear the alternate black jersey that season per league rules ( alternate uniforms are permitted twice per season but only one can be used ) . The black jerseys with white pants , however , re-appeared for the 2008 Thanksgiving night game against the Arizona Cardinals . The black jerseys were most recently used in a December 21 , 2016 game against the New York Giants , in which they won 24 - 19 . From 2006 -- 2013 , the Eagles have only worn the alternate black jerseys once a season and for the last November home game , but did not use them in 2007 , 2010 , and 2011 . For the 2007 and 2010 seasons , the Eagles used throwback uniforms in place of the black alternates for their anniversary to commemorate past teams . The team also started wearing black shoes exclusively in 2004 . Since 2014 , the Eagles have worn the black jersey twice per season . In 2016 , they wore the black jersey three times . To celebrate the team 's 75th anniversary , the 2007 uniforms featured a 75th - season logo patch on the left shoulder . In addition , the team wore `` throwback '' jerseys in a 2007 game against the Detroit Lions . The yellow and blue jerseys , the same colors found on Philadelphia 's city flag , are based on those worn by the Philadelphia Eagles in the team 's inaugural season , and were the same colors used by the former Frankford Yellow Jackets franchise prior to their suspension of operations in 1931 . The Eagles beat Detroit , 56 -- 21 . The Philadelphia Eagles wear their white jerseys at home for preseason games and daytime games in the first half of the regular season from September to mid-October when the temperature is warmer . In night contests in the first half of the regular season , the Eagles do not need to wear white at home since the temperature is cooler . However , there have been exceptions , such as the home opener against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2003 and the Washington Redskins in 2007 that were played at night . In late October or beginning in November , the Eagles start to wear their colors at home ( although they have done it earlier before ) , be it the midnight green jerseys or a third jersey . On one occasion the Eagles wore white at home after October in a meeting against the Dallas Cowboys on November 4 , 2007 to make the Cowboys wear their road blue jerseys . Since moving to Lincoln Financial Field in 2003 , the Eagles have worn white at home for at least their home opener , with the exceptions for the 2010 home opener ( see next paragraph ) , the 2011 home opener against the New York Giants , the 2016 home opener against the Cleveland Browns , and the 2017 home opener against the Giants . In the 2010 season against the Green Bay Packers , on September 12 , 2010 , the Eagles wore uniforms similar to the ones that were worn by the 1960 championship team in honor the 50th anniversary of that team . In weeks 4 and 6 of the 2010 season , the Eagles wore their white jerseys in a match - up against the Washington Redskins and Atlanta Falcons respectively before reverting to their midnight green jerseys for the rest of their home games . For the 2011 season , the Eagles did not wear white for any of their home games . For the 2012 season Nike took over from Reebok as the NFL 's official apparel licensee but the Eagles decided that they would not be adopting Nike 's `` Elite 51 '' uniform technology . Aside from the Nike logo replacing the Reebok logo , the only other change is the league - wide revision of the NFL shield on the uniform ( replacing the NFL Equipment logo ) , other than that the uniforms essentially remain unchanged . The Eagles also revived their black alternate jersey . For the 2013 season , the Eagles started to wear white pants , as an alternate to their green pants , with their white jerseys , in the regular season . For the 2014 season the Eagles have officially adopted the `` Elite 51 '' style uniform from Nike . Recently the team has discussed bringing back the `` Kelly Green '' uniforms similar to the uniforms worn in the 1960 NFL Championship season and which were last worn in the 2010 season opener vs. Green Bay . Traditionally kelly green , silver and white had been the official team color until 1996 season when it switched to the current `` Midnight Green '' uniforms . But due to the NFL rules and restrictions having a team go through a waiting period before any major uniform changes and alterations can be made , it would most likely be quite some time before any uniform changes are officially made . In Week 6 of 2014 against the New York Giants , the team introduced black pants to complement their black jerseys , giving them a blackout uniform set , the Eagles won the game 27 -- 0 . The victory was their first shutout in 18 years . The blackout uniform was most recently worn in a Week 16 victory , 19 - 10 , against the Raiders in 2017 . The Eagles are 6 -- 3 in their blackout uniforms : winning three times against the Giants and once against each of the Minnesota Vikings , Denver Broncos , and Oakland Raiders , and losing against the Seattle Seahawks , Arizona Cardinals , and Green Bay Packers . Training camp The Eagles previously held their preseason training camp from the end of July through mid-August each year at Lehigh University in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley . With the addition of new head coach Chip Kelly , the Eagles recently moved their training camp to the NovaCare Complex in Philadelphia . Training camps were previously held at Chestnut Hill Academy in 1935 , Saint Joseph 's University in 1939 and 1943 , Saranac Lake from 1946 -- 1948 , Hershey from 1951 -- 1967 , Albright College from 1968 -- 1972 , Widener University from 1973 -- 1979 , and West Chester University from 1980 -- 1995 . Fight song Further information : Fly , Eagles Fly This fight song is heard during Eagles ' home games after touchdowns and before the team is introduced prior to kickoff . Fans Full house at `` The Linc '' for a playoff game in January 2011 An Eagles fan in attendance at U.S. Bank Stadium celebrates following the team 's victory at Super Bowl LII . Eagles fans celebrating along Benjamin Franklin Parkway at the Eagles victory parade Devotion Although the method may vary , studies that attempt to rank the 32 fan bases in the NFL consistently place Eagles fans among the best in the league , noting their `` unmatched fervor . '' Eagles fans have numerous dedicated web communities , ranking the Eagles just behind the Phillies as the dominant Philadelphia sports presence on the web . The American City Business Journals , which conducts a regular study to determine the most loyal fans in the NFL , evaluates fans based primarily on attendance - related factors , and ranked Eagles fans third in both 1999 and 2006 . The 2006 study called the fans `` incredibly loyal '' , noting that they filled 99.8 % of the seats in the stadium over the previous decade . Forbes placed the Eagles fans first in its 2008 survey , which was based on the correlation between team performance and fan attendance . ESPN.com placed Eagles fans fourth in the league in its 2008 survey , citing the connection between the team 's performance and the mood of the city . The last home game which was blacked out on television in the Philadelphia market as a result of not being sold out was against the Arizona Cardinals on Sunday , September 12 , 1999 , which was Andy Reid 's first home game as new head coach of the Eagles . The studies note that -- win or lose -- Eagles fans can be counted on to pack their stadium . As of August 2008 , the team had sold out 71 consecutive games , and 70,000 were on the team 's waiting list for season tickets . Despite finishing with a 6 -- 10 record in the 2005 season , the Eagles ranked second in the NFL in merchandise sales , and single - game tickets for the next season were sold out minutes after phone and Internet lines opened . Eagles fans have also been known to chant the famous , `` E-A-G-L-E-S -- Eagles ! ! '' at Flyers , Phillies , and 76ers games when the team is getting blown out late in a game and a loss is inevitable , signifying their displeasure with the given team 's performance , and that they are instead putting their hope into the Eagles . Bad behavior Along with their fierce devotion , Eagles fans have a reputation for bad behavior and sports - related violence , especially when the team plays its rivals . In If Football 's a Religion , Why Do n't We Have a Prayer ? , Jereé Longman described the fans of the 700 Level of Veterans Stadium as having a reputation for `` hostile taunting , fighting , public urination and general strangeness . '' So many incidents occurred at a 1997 game against the 49ers that at the following home game , Judge Seamus McCaffery began presiding over a temporary courtroom at the stadium ; 20 suspects came before him that day . Fan behavior improved after the team 's move to Lincoln Financial Field , and `` Eagles Court '' ended in December 2003 . Eagles Cheerleaders Eagles Cheerleaders doing a routine in 2008 . Main article : Philadelphia Eagles Cheerleaders The team also has its own cheerleading squad , which performs a variety of dance moves for the fans and the Eagles on the sideline . The squad also releases a swimsuit calendar each year , and is the first squad in the league to release the calendar on the Android and iOS mobile systems . Current roster Philadelphia Eagles roster view talk Quarterbacks 9 Nick Foles 7 Nate Sudfeld 11 Carson Wentz Running backs 36 Jay Ajayi 30 Corey Clement 34 Donnel Pumphrey 28 Wendell Smallwood Wide receivers 13 Nelson Agholor 19 Rashard Davis 18 Shelton Gibson 10 Mack Hollins 17 Alshon Jeffery 16 Bryce Treggs -- Mike Wallace 89 Greg Ward Jr . -- Dom Williams -- Marquess Wilson Tight ends 85 Billy Brown 86 Zach Ertz -- Joshua Perkins -- Adam Zaruba Offensive linemen 79 Brandon Brooks G 78 Darrell Greene G -- Taylor Hart T 65 Lane Johnson T 62 Jason Kelce C 71 Jason Peters T 73 Isaac Seumalo G -- Jon Toth C 72 Halapoulivaati Vaitai T 67 Chance Warmack G 61 Stefen Wisniewski G Defensive linemen 96 Derek Barnett DE -- Michael Bennett DE 91 Fletcher Cox DT -- Winston Craig DT 55 Brandon Graham DE 93 Timmy Jernigan DT 56 Chris Long DE 51 Steven Means DE -- Haloti Ngata DT 98 Elijah Qualls DT -- Aziz Shittu DT 97 Destiny Vaeao DT Linebackers 53 Nigel Bradham OLB 47 Nathan Gerry OLB 54 Kamu Grugier - Hill OLB 58 Jordan Hicks MLB 95 Mychal Kendricks OLB -- Corey Nelson OLB 59 Joe Walker MLB Defensive backs -- De'Vante Bausby CB -- Elie Bouka CB 41 Ronald Darby CB 32 Rasul Douglas CB -- Randall Goforth CB 27 Malcolm Jenkins SS 22 Sidney Jones CB 35 D.J. Killings CB 23 Rodney McLeod FS 42 Chris Maragos FS 31 Jalen Mills CB 49 Tre Sullivan S -- Daryl Worley CB Special teams 4 Jake Elliott K -- Cameron Johnston P 45 Rick Lovato LS Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated March 24 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 67 Active , Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA List of Philadelphia Eagles players ( past and present ) Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles players Awards and honors Retired numbers Philadelphia Eagles retired numbers No . Player Position Years played 5 Donovan McNabb QB 1999 -- 2009 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 -- 2008 40 Tom Brookshier CB 1953 -- 1961 44 Pete Retzlaff RB , WR , TE 1956 -- 1966 60 Chuck Bednarik LB , C 1949 -- 1962 70 Al Wistert OT 1943 -- 1951 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 99 Jerome Brown DT 1987 -- 1991 Notes : Posthumous honors . Despite not being retired , no one has worn Randall Cunningham 's No. 12 since he left the Eagles . Pro Football Hall of Famers Eagles legend Steve Van Buren Main article : List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Eagles in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Players No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted 60 Chuck Bednarik C -- LB 1949 -- 1962 1967 33 Ollie Matson RB 1964 -- 1966 1972 76 Bob Brown OT 1964 -- 1968 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1957 -- 1963 1998 80 Cris Carter WR 1987 -- 1989 2013 85 James Arthur `` Art '' Monk WR 1995 2008 95 Richard Dent DE 1997 2011 35 Pete Pihos TE -- DE 1947 -- 1955 1970 89 Mike Ditka TE 1967 -- 1968 1988 54 Jim Ringo 1964 -- 1967 1981 86 Bud Grant WR -- DE 1951 -- 1952 1994 11 Norm Van Brocklin QB 1958 -- 1960 1971 56 Bill Hewitt End - FB 1937 -- 1939 , 1943 1971 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 1965 87 Claude Humphrey DE 1979 -- 1981 2014 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 2006 9 Sonny Jurgensen QB 1957 -- 1963 53 Alex Wojciechowicz C -- DT 1946 -- 1950 1968 80 James Lofton WR 1993 2003 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 - 2008 2018 Coaches and Executives Name Positions Seasons Inducted Bert Bell Owner / Founder 1933 -- 1940 1963 Wayne Millner Assistant Coach 1951 1968 Earle `` Greasy '' Neale Head Coach 1941 -- 1950 1969 Mike McCormack Head Coach 1973 -- 1975 1984 Eagles Hall of Fame See also : Category : American football museums and halls of fame . In 1987 , the Eagles Honor Roll was established . Every Eagles player who had by then been elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame was among the inaugural induction class . By 2012 , the Honor Roll had been retitled as the Eagles Hall of Fame . Players are considered for induction three years after their retirement from the NFL , and there have been 41 inductees into the Eagles Hall of Fame as of 2015 . Eagles Hall of Fame Year No . Name Position ( s ) Tenure 60 Chuck Bednarik C -- LB 1949 -- 1962 -- Bert Bell Founder - Owner 1933 -- 1940 17 Harold Carmichael WR 1971 -- 1983 56 Bill Hewitt TE -- DE 1936 -- 1939 , 1943 9 Sonny Jurgensen QB 1957 -- 1963 33 Ollie Matson RB 1964 -- 1966 31 Wilbert Montgomery RB 1977 -- 1984 -- Earle `` Greasy '' Neale Head Coach 1941 -- 1950 35 Pete Pihos TE -- DE 1947 -- 1955 54 Jim Ringo 1964 -- 1967 11 Norm Van Brocklin QB 1958 -- 1960 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 53 Alex Wojciechowicz C -- DT 1946 -- 1950 1988 66 Bill Bergey LB 1974 -- 1980 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1957 -- 1963 1989 40 Tom Brookshier CB 1954 -- 1961 44 Pete Retzlaff TE 1956 -- 1966 1990 22 Timmy Brown RB 1960 -- 1967 1991 76 Jerry Sisemore OT 1973 -- 1987 75 Stan Walters OT 1975 -- 1983 1992 7 Ron Jaworski QB 1977 -- 1986 1993 28 Bill Bradley S -- P 1969 -- 1976 1994 -- Dick Vermeil Head Coach 1976 -- 1982 1995 -- Jim Gallagher Team Executive 1949 -- 1995 82 Mike Quick WR 1982 -- 1990 99 Jerome Brown DT 1987 -- 1991 1999 -- Otho Davis Head Trainer 1973 -- 1995 1948 NFL Championship team 1949 NFL Championship team 76 Bob Brown OT 1964 -- 1968 2005 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 2009 70 Al Wistert OT 1943 -- 1951 12 Randall Cunningham QB -- P 1985 -- 1995 2011 21 Eric Allen CB 1988 -- 1994 -- Jim Johnson Defensive Coordinator 1999 -- 2008 2012 -- Leo Carlin Ticket Manager 1960 -- 2015 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 -- 2008 23 Troy Vincent CB 1996 -- 2003 2013 5 Donovan McNabb QB 1999 -- 2009 2015 36 Brian Westbrook RB 2002 -- 2009 55 Maxie Baughan LB 1960 -- 1965 2016 54 Jeremiah Trotter LB 1998 -- 2001 , 2004 -- 2006 , 2009 - Merrill Reese Radio Play by Play 1977 -- Present 2017 David Akers 1999 - 2010 75th anniversary team Philadelphia Eagles 75th Anniversary Team ( 2007 ) Offense McNabb ( QB ) Van Buren ( RB ) Byars ( FB ) Carmichael ( WR ) McDonald ( WR ) Pihos ( TE ) Thomas ( LT ) Key ( LG ) Bednarik ( C ) Andrews ( RG ) Runyan ( RT ) Defense Simmons ( DE ) White ( DE ) J. Brown ( DT ) Johnson ( DT ) Bednarik ( MLB ) Joyner ( OLB ) Wojciechowicz ( OLB ) Allen ( CB ) Vincent ( CB ) Waters ( SS ) Dawkins ( FS ) Special teams T. Brown ( KR ) Westbrook ( PR ) Akers ( PK ) Landeta ( P ) Papale ( ST ) Coach Andy Reid John Wanamaker Athletic Award ( Philadelphia Sports Congress ) See footnote Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame See : Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame # Football Franchise records Source : pro-football-reference.com Eagles Franchise Page Passing Statistic Regular season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Completions 2801 Donovan McNabb 379 Carson Wentz 2016 37 Mark Sanchez 2014 - 12 - 20 @ WAS Sam Bradford 2015 - 12 - 26 WAS 341 Donovan McNabb 73 Donovan McNabb 2008 30 Donovan McNabb 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 379 Carson Wentz 2016 36 Carson Wentz 2016 - 12 - 04 @ CIN Pass Attempts 4746 Donovan McNabb 607 Carson Wentz 2016 62 Randall Cunningham 1989 - 10 - 02 @ CHI Nick Foles 2014 - 10 - 26 @ ARI 577 Donovan McNabb 121 Donovan McNabb 2008 54 Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI 607 Carson Wentz 2016 60 Carson Wentz 2016 - 12 - 04 @ CIN Passing Yards 32873 Donovan McNabb 3916 Donovan McNabb 2008 464 Donovan McNabb 2004 - 12 - 05 GNB 3752 Donovan McNabb 892 Donovan McNabb 2008 407 Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI 3782 Carson Wentz 2016 381 Nick Foles 2012 - 12 - 09 @ TAM Passing TDs 216 Donovan McNabb 33 Carson Wentz 2017 7 Nick Foles 2013 - 11 - 03 @ OAK 24 Donovan McNabb 7 Donovan McNabb Ron Jaworski 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET Donovan McNabb 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI / > Nick Foles 2018 - 01 - 21 MIN 2018 - 02 - 04 NNWE 16 Carson Wentz 2016 Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Donovan McNabb 2000 - 01 - 02 STL Intercepted 151 Ron Jaworski 26 Sonny Jurgensen 1962 6 Bobby Thomason 1956 - 10 - 21 CRD Pete Liske 1971 - 09 - 26 DAL 17 Donovan McNabb 7 Ron Jaworski 1980 Ron Jaworski 1981 - 01 - 25 NOAK Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI Donovan McNabb 2004 - 01 - 18 CAR 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 17 Davey O'Brien 1939 Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 15 RAM Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 18 @ GNB Brad Goebel 1991 - 10 - 13 NOR Passer Rating 94.2 + Nick Foles 119.2 # Nick Foles 2013 158.3 * Donovan McNabb 2007 - 09 - 23 DET Nick Foles 2013 - 11 - 03 @ OAK 83.6 # Jeff Garcia 132.4 * Rodney Peete 1995 143.3 * Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET 79.3 # Carson Wentz 2016 131.7 * Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Sacked 422 Randall Cunningham 72 Randall Cunningham 1986 12 Donovan McNabb 2007 - 09 - 30 @ NYG 48 Donovan McNabb 12 Donovan McNabb 2003 8 Donovan McNabb 2004 - 01 - 11 GNB 38 John Reaves 1972 7 Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 29 NYG Yds / Pass Att 8.71 + Sonny Jurgensen 9.12 # Nick Foles 2013 16.29 * Sonny Jurgensen 1962 - 11 - 25 DAL 6.5 # Donovan McNabb Randall Cunningham 10.2 * Norm Van Brocklin 1960 10.8 * Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET 6.73 # John Reaves 1972 12.47 * Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 22 @ WAS Pass Yds / Game 266.1 + Sam Bradford 278.6 # Donovan McNabb 2005 - 234.5 # Donovan McNabb 407 * Randall Cunningham 1988 - 242.7 # Nick Foles 2012 - + = min . 500 attempts , # = min . 100 attempts , ∗ = minimum 15 attempts , Rushing Statistic Regular season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Rush Attempts 1465 Wilbert Montgomery 353 Ricky Watters 35 Heath Sherman 1990 - 11 - 12 WAS 141 Wilbert Montgomery 68 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 26 Wilbert Montgomery 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 182 Po James 1972 28 Charlie Garner 1994 - 10 - 09 WAS Rush Yards 6792 LeSean McCoy 1607 LeSean McCoy 2013 217 LeSean McCoy 2013 - 12 - 08 DET 591 Brian Westbrook 312 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 194 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 637 LeSean McCoy 2009 178 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR Rush Yds / Att 6.62 Randall Cunningham 7.98 Randall Cunningham 1990 11.63 Timmy Brown 1965 - 11 - 07 @ CLE 5.86 Donovan McNabb 7.79 Brian Westbrook 2006 7.46 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 4.9 Bryce Brown 2012 9.37 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR Rushing TDs 69 Steve Van Buren 17 LeSean McCoy 2011 Wilbert Montgomery 1979 - 10 - 07 WAS 1982 - 12 - 19 HOU LeSean McCoy 2010 - 09 - 19 @ DET 6 Wilbert Montgomery Wilbert Montgomery 1980 Brian Westbrook 2006 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN 1981 - 12 - 27 NYG Ken Keller 1956 LeSean McCoy 2009 Bryce Brown 2012 Wilbert Montgomery 1977 - 12 - 18 NYJ James Joseph 1991 - 11 - 04 NYG Charlie Garner 1994 - 10 - 02 @ SFO Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR 2012 - 12 - 02 @ DAL Rush Yds / Game 79 Ricky Watters 100.4 LeSean McCoy 2013 - 74 Wilbert Montgomery 128.5 Brian Westbrook 2006 - 70.1 Mike Hogan 1976 - ∗ = minimum 15 attempts , # = min . 100 attempts , + = min . 500 attempts Receiving Statistic Regular season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Receptions 589 Harold Carmichael 90 Brian Westbrook 2007 13 Jeremy Maclin 2011 - 09 - 18 @ ATL Zach Ertz 2017 - 01 - 01 DAL 38 Chad Lewis 19 Brent Celek 2008 10 Brent Celek 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 81 Keith Jackson 1988 11 Junior Tautalatasi 1986 - 11 - 09 NYG Receiving Yds 8,978 Harold Carmichael 1409 Mike Quick 237 Tommy McDonald 1961 - 12 - 10 NYG 465 Harold Carmichael 211 Kevin Curtis 2008 146 Jeremy Maclin 2010 - 01 - 09 @ DAL 912 DeSean Jackson 2008 177 Hank Baskett 2006 - 12 - 31 ATL Yds / Rec 19.16 + Tommy McDonald 21.44 # Ben Hawkins 1967 52.5 * DeSean Jackson 2010 - 12 - 12 @ DAL 16.03 # Harold Carmichael 23.5 * Donte ' Stallworth 2006 30.5 * Kevin Curtis 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 21.09 # Hank Baskett 2006 28.5 * Fred Barnett 1990 - 10 - 15 MIN Receiving TDs 79 Harold Carmichael 14 Terrell Owens Ben Hawkins 1969 - 09 - 28 PIT 6 Harold Carmichael Harold Carmichael 1979 Brent Celek 2008 Harold Carmichael 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI Fred Barnett 1993 - 01 - 03 @ NOR Chad Lewis 2005 - 01 - 23 ATL Brent Celek 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 9 Calvin Williams 1990 ( 9 times ) Rec Yds / Game 70.3 + DeSean Jackson 90.4 # Ben Hawkins 1967 - 66.4 # Harold Carmichael 146 * Jeremy Maclin 2009 - 64.3 # Don Looney 1940 - ∗ = minimum 4 receptions , # = min . 20 receptions , + = min . 200 receptions Other Statistic Regular season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Total TDs 79 Harold Carmichael 20 LeSean McCoy 2011 Ben Hawkins 1969 - 09 - 28 PIT Wilbert Montgomery 1978 - 09 - 10 @ WAS 1979 - 10 - 07 WAS Brian Westbrook 2008 - 11 - 27 ARI 6 Brian Westbrook Wilbert Montgomery Harold Carmichael Harold Carmichael 1979 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 Duce Staley 2001 Brian Westbrook 2006 Brent Celek 2008 ( 8 times ) 9 Calvin Williams 1990 Corey Clement 2017 - 11 - 05 DEN Yds from Scrimmage 9,785 Brian Westbrook 2146 LeSean McCoy 2013 249 Timmy Brown 1962 - 12 - 16 @ STL 925 Brian Westbrook 443 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 208 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 878 Charle Young 1973 189 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR All Purpose Yds 12,049 Timmy Brown 2428 Timmy Brown 1963 341 Timmy Brown 1962 - 12 - 16 @ STL 953 Brian Westbrook 443 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 208 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 940 Steve Van Buren 1944 231 Kevin Bowman 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Returning Statistic Regular season Playoffs Career Season Game Career Season Game Kick Returns 169 Timmy Brown 54 Allen Rossum 1999 8 Derrick Witherspoon 1996 - 11 - 24 @ ARI Allen Rossum 1999 - 11 - 21 IND Quintin Demps 2008 - 11 - 09 NYG 22 Brian Mitchell 11 Brian Mitchell 2001 6 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 01 - 27 @ STL Kick Ret Yds 4,483 Timmy Brown 1347 Allen Rossum 1999 253 Derrick Witherspoon 1996 - 11 - 24 @ ARI 522 Brian Mitchell 239 Brian Mitchell 2001 128 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 01 - 27 @ STL Yds / KR 27.74 Josh Huff 33.25 Steve Van Buren 1944 61 Jake Elliott 2017 - 09 - 24 25.29 J.R. Reed 26.8 Brian Mitchell 2002 31.25 Brian Mitchell 2003 - 01 - 19 TAM Kick Ret TDs 5 Timmy Brown Timmy Brown 1966 Derrick Witherspoon Timmy Brown 1966 - 11 - 06 DAL 0 Punt Returns 148 Wally Henry 54 Wally Henry 1981 9 Larry Marshall 1977 - 09 - 18 TAM 16 Brian Mitchell 8 Wally Henry 1979 John Sciarra 1980 6 John Sciarra 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL Punt Ret Yds 1369 Brian Mitchell 567 Brian Mitchell 2002 140 Alvin Haymond 1968 - 10 - 06 @ WAS 174 DeSean Jackson 122 DeSean Jackson 2008 109 DeSean Jackson 2009 - 01 - 04 @ MIN Yds / PR 14.71 Ernie Steele 20.44 Ernie Steele 1942 33 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 11 - 25 @ SFO 15.82 DeSean Jackson 17.43 DeSean Jackson 2008 21.8 DeSean Jackson 2009 - 01 - 04 @ MIN Punt Ret TDs DeSean Jackson Darren Sproles Brian Westbrook 2003 DeSean Jackson 2009 Darren Sproles 2014 , 2015 ( 8 times ) 0 Total Return Yds 4,997 Timmy Brown 1729 Brian Mitchell 2002 234 Vai Sikahema 1992 - 11 - 22 @ NYG 657 Brian Mitchell 296 Brian Mitchell 2001 159 Brian Mitchell 2003 - 01 - 19 TAM Defense Statistic Regular season Playoffs Career Season Game Career Season Game Interceptions 34 Bill Bradley Brian Dawkins Eric Allen 11 Bill Bradley 1971 Don Burroughs 1961 - 12 - 03 @ PIT Nate Ramsey 1965 - 11 - 28 @ STL Jim Nettles 1965 - 12 - 12 @ PIT Joe Scarpati 1966 - 10 - 23 @ NYG 5 Herm Edwards Roynell Young 1980 Damon Moore 2001 Herm Edwards 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Roynell Young 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Eric Allen 1993 - 01 - 03 @ NOR Damon Moore 2002 - 01 - 12 TAM Int Ret Yds 536 Bill Bradley 248 Bill Bradley 1971 114 Frank LeMaster 1975 - 12 - 21 @ WAS 77 Damon Moore 77 Damon Moore 2001 59 Damon Moore 2002 - 01 - 12 TAM Int Ret TDs 5 Eric Allen Eric Allen 1993 Eric Allen 1993 - 12 - 26 NOR ( 6 times ) Sacks ( since 1982 ) 124 Reggie White 21 Reggie White 4.5 Clyde Simmons 1991 - 09 - 15 @ DAL Hugh Douglas 1998 - 10 - 18 @ SDG Derrick Burgess Hugh Douglas Carl Hairston Reggie White Carl Hairston 1980 Derrick Burgess Carl Hairston 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Hugh Douglas 2000 - 12 - 31 TAM Derrick Burgess 2005 - 01 - 23 ATL Darwin Walker 2007 - 01 - 13 @ NOR Exceptional performances Statistic Career Season Playoff Games Rookie Games 300 + yard passing games 30 Donovan McNabb 6 Donovan McNabb Donovan McNabb Carson Wentz 2016 100 + yard rushing games 26 Wilbert Montgomery 8 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 Brian Westbrook 2006 Brian Westbrook Don Johnson 1953 Mike Hogan 1976 Charlie Garner 1994 Bryce Brown 2012 100 + yard receiving games 23 Pete Retzlaff 8 Terrell Owens Fred Barnett Keith Jackson Charle Young 1973 Games with 1 + TD scored 69 Harold Carmichael 13 LeSean McCoy 2011 5 Harold Carmichael Duce Staley Brian Westbrook 9 Calvin Williams 1990 Games with 2 + TD scored 18 Brian Westbrook 6 LeSean McCoy 2011 Wilbert Montgomery Bryce Brown 2012 Jordan Matthews 2014 Games with 3 + TD scored 7 Brian Westbrook Pete Retzlaff 1965 Wilbert Montgomery 1982 Terrell Owens Brian Westbrook 2007 , 2008 - - Coaches of note Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles head coaches Current staff Philadelphia Eagles staff Front Office Chairman / CEO -- Jeffrey Lurie President -- Don Smolenski Executive Vice President of Football Operations -- Howie Roseman Senior Football Advisor -- Tom Donahoe Vice President of Player Personnel -- Joe Douglas Assistant Director of Player Personnel -- Andy Weidl Vice President of Football Operations and Strategy -- Alec Halaby Senior Director of College Scouting -- Anthony Patch Director of College Scouting -- Ian Cunningham Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Mike Bradway Director of Pro Scouting -- Dwayne Joseph Assistant Director of Pro Scouting -- Brandon Brown Director of Football Administration -- Jake Rosenberg Football Operations Executive -- Brian Dawkins Player Personnel Executive -- T.J. McCreight Player Personnel Executive College / Pro -- Trey Brown Assistant Director of Football Analytics -- Taylor Rajack Head Coaches Head Coach -- Doug Pederson Assistant Head Coach / Running Backs -- Duce Staley Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Mike Groh Quarterbacks -- Press Taylor Wide Receivers -- Gunter Brewer Assistant Wide Receivers - Carson Walch Tight Ends -- Justin Peelle Offensive Line / Run Game Coordinator -- Jeff Stoutland Assistant Offensive Line / Tight Ends / Run Game -- Eugene Chung Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Quarterbacks -- Spencer Phillips Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Running Backs - Trent Miles Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Offensive Line -- T.J. Paganetti Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Jim Schwartz Defensive Line -- Chris Wilson Linebackers -- Ken Flajole Secondary -- Cory Undlin Safeties -- Tim Hauck Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Defensive Line -- Phillip Daniels Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Linebackers - Ryan Paganetti Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Secondary -- Dino Vasso Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Dave Fipp Assistant Special Teams -- Matthew Harper Strength and Conditioning Head Strength Coach -- Josh Hingst Assistant Strength Coach -- Keith Gray Perfomance Nutrition Coordinator / Assistant Strength Coach - Michael Minnis Strength Assistant -- Ben Wagner Director of High Performance -- Shaun Huls → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles broadcasters Eagles Radio affiliates Map of radio affiliates . City Call Sign Frenquency Atlantic City , New Jersey WPGG 1450 AM Easton , Pennsylvania WCTO 96.1 FM Levittown , Pennsylvania WBCB 1490 AM Milford , Delaware WAFL 97.7 FM Millville , New Jersey WENJ 97.3 FM Philadelphia WTEL 610 AM WIP - FM 94.1 FM Pottsville , Pennsylvania WPPA 1360 AM Reading , Pennsylvania WEEU 830 AM Scranton , Pennsylvania WEJL 630 AM Sunbury , Pennsylvania WEGH 107.3 FM Williamsport , Pennsylvania WBZD - FM 93.3 FM Wilmington , Delaware WDEL 1150 AM York , Pennsylvania WSOX 96.1 FM From 2008 through 2010 , Eagles games were broadcast on both rock - formatted WYSP and sports - talk Sports Radio 610 WIP , as both stations are owned and operated by CBS Radio . In 2011 , CBS dropped the music on WYSP , renaming it WIP - FM and making it a full simulcast of WIP . Later , 610 AM became a CBS Sports Radio national broadcast , and 94 WIP was broadcast on WIP FM . The Eagles extended their broadcasting contract with WIP - FM through 2024 . Merrill Reese , who joined the Eagles in 1976 , is the play - by - play announcer , and former Eagles wide receiver Mike Quick , who replaced the offense lineman Stan Walters beginning in 1998 , is the color analyst . The post game show , which has consisted of many Philadelphia sports personalities , as of the 2014 season is hosted by Kevin Riley , a former Eagles linebacker and special - teamer , and Rob Ellis . Riley was the former post-game host for the show on 94 WYSP before the WIP change over ; Rob Ellis hosts a weekly show nightly from 6 -- 10 on 94.1 WIP - FM . No announcement was made prior to the start of preseason regarding who would be the host ( s ) for 2015 . In 2015 , the preseason games are being televised on WCAU , the local NBC owned and operated station . Television announcers for these preseason games were not announced prior to the start of preseason . During the regular season , games are governed by the NFL 's master broadcasting contract with FOX , CBS , NBC , and ESPN . Most games can be seen on FOX - owned WTXF - TV . When hosting an AFC team , those games can be seen on CBS - owned KYW - TV . Media and cultural reference In the book MASH : A Novel About Three Army Doctors , the character Captain Oliver Wendell `` Spearchucker '' Jones fictionally played for the Philadelphia Eagles , though in the movie this was changed to San Francisco . The 1976 draw was the subject of the movie Invincible . The movie stars Mark Wahlberg as Vince Papale , a 30 - year - old bartender and part - time school teacher , and also a diehard Eagles fan who became an Eagles player . The film differs slightly from true events as the selection process was invitation only , and Papale had at least some previous playing experience . The film Silver Linings Playbook highlights the 2008 Philadelphia Eagles season . The film was critically acclaimed and nominated for several awards including 8 Academy Awards . In the 1978 Academy Award - winning movie The Deer Hunter , the Eagles are referenced when Nick talks to Stan in the bar , saying : `` Hey , I got a hundred bucks says the Eagles never cross the fifty in the next half and Oakland wins by 20 ! '' Stan responds ; `` And I got an extra twenty says the Eagles ' quarterback wears a dress ! '' The award - winning comedy series It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia starring Danny DeVito makes several references to the Philadelphia Eagles , most notably Season 3 , Episode 2 -- `` The Gang Gets Invincible , '' the title being a reference to the Wahlberg film . See also Philadelphia portal Sports portal South Philadelphia Sports Complex Sports in Philadelphia The Michael Vick Project Forbes ' list of the most valuable sports teams Notes and references Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Information '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Philadelphia Eagles Training Camp Media Guide . Philadelphia Eagles . September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 NFL Rivalries Of All Time : No. 4 Giants - Eagles '' . Sports Illustrated . December 15 , 2005 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chadiha , Jeffri ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` Ranking the NFL 's best rivalries : Where does Colts - Pats fit ? '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bryan , Dave ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` After 8 Straight Losses , Steelers Looking For Philadelphia Freedom Sunday Against Eagles '' . SteelersDepot.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fox , Ashley ( January 4 , 2014 ) . `` Fans always have Eagles ' back '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clark , Kevin ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Game Changer : NFL Scrambles to Fill Seats '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Howard ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` NFL Players Poll : Most Intimidating Fans '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyons , 2010 pg. 81 ^ Jump up to : Lyons , 2010 pg. 82 Jump up ^ Kuklick , Bruce ( 1993 ) . To Every Thing a Season : Shibe Park and Urban Philadelphia , 1909 -- 1976 . Princeton University Press . p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02104 - X . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : See : History of the Pittsburgh Steelers # 1940 -- 41 : A new name and a `` new '' team . ^ Jump up to : Didinger , Ray ; Robert S. Lyons ( 2005 ) . The Eagles Encyclopedia . Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 59213 - 449 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Year - by - Year History '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 29 , 2006 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brookover , Bob ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` The Birds ' Biggest Rival -- In a division of fierce foes , the Giants have battled the Eagles as tough as anyone '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Brookover , Bob ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Eagles -- Giants among top rivalries '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D6 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles search ends with Vermeil '' . St Petersburg Times . February 9 , 1976 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Most Valuable Sports Teams No. 11 Philadelphia Eagles '' . Forbes.com . July 12 , 2011 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heath , John . `` Denver 's Brian Dawkins : An Ageless Wolverine '' . BroncoTalk . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Dan Gelston ( Oct 26 , 2008 ) . `` Westbrook Helps Eagles Soar Above Falcons , Win 500th Game '' . NBC 10 Philadelphia . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vick , Eagles agree to 2 - year deal '' . ESPN.com . August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles sign Reid through 2013 '' . ESPN.com . December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maese , Rick ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` Washington Redskins acquire quarterback Donovan McNabb from Philadelphia Eagles '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles fire Reid '' . USA Today . Philadelphia . December 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles hire Chip Kelly as coach '' . ESPN.com . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sports . Rocky Mount Telegram . Retrieved on August 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eagles Acquire LB Alonso For RB McCoy '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Indianapolis Colts to sign Trent Cole '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc . `` Rams trading Sam Bradford to Eagles for Nick Foles '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : RB Murray Signs With Eagles '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CB Byron Maxwell joins Eagles via FA '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Release Head Coach Chip Kelly '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . December 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duce Staley interviews for Philadelphia Eagles ' vacant coaching job . Espn.go.com ( January 2 , 2016 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Philadelphia Eagles hire Doug Pederson as coach '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Name Doug Pederson Head Coach '' . Philadelphia Eagles . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reimer , Alex ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` Carson Wentz will start for Eagles '' . sbnation.com . Jump up ^ Pennington , Tom ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Eagles Should Be Better Than 4 - 4 '' . fivethirtyeight.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia Eagles Media Guide Archived February 1 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Legacy.philadelphiaeagles.com . Retrieved on August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berman , Zach ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` What 's in a number ? Eagles tell their stories : Some are chosen , some are random '' . Philadelphia Media Network ( Digital ) , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . See also : National Football League uniform numbers . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Unveil 75th Anniversary Plans '' . Philadelphia Eagles. April 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Announce Plans to Honor 1960 Title Team '' . Csnphilly.com . May 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Training Camp , '' . Philadelphiaeagles.com . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eagles move training camp from Lehigh . Foxnews.com ( March 15 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 08 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Frank , Reuben ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Eagles to keep training camp at Lehigh in 2013 '' . CSN Philly . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` In Depth : America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Phillies Pass Eagles In Google Ranking . myfoxphilly.com ( July 2 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` NFL Fan Loyalty : Methodology '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ George , John ( February 5 , 1999 ) . `` Proven : Eagles ' fans are fanatics '' . Philadelphia Business Journal . Philadelphia ; Pennsylvania . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` Full fan loyalty rankings '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` NFL Fan Support Rankings '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans : Methodology '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mosley , Matt ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` NFL 's best fans ? We got ta hand it to Steelers barely '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Berman , Zack ( June 14 , 2006 ) . `` Single Game Tickets Sold Out ! '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Dave ( October 29 , 2002 ) . `` To Eagles , Shockey Is Public Enemy No. 1 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 2006 ) . If Football 's a Religion , Why Do n't We Have a Prayer ? . New York : HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 084373 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Court at Eagles ' games is out of session Sunday '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . December 6 , 2003 . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders -- Swimsuit Calendar '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Cheerleaders Swimsuit -- Android - apps op Google Play '' . Play.google.com . November 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Didinger , Ray ( July 21 , 2012 ) . `` Ray 's QB Notes 4 : Randall 's No. 12 retired ? '' . CSN Philly . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , David ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` Leo Carlin , Troy Vincent headed to Eagles Hall of Fame '' . pressofatlanticcity.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Hall of Fame Inductees '' ( PDF ) . philadelphiaeagles.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ And The Winners Were ... See all the John Wanamaker Athletic Award - recipients since 1961 Archived July 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . webpage . Philadelphia Sports Congress website ( Philadelphia Convention & Visitors Bureau ) . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sportsradio WIP - Entercom Communications CEO David Field '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Invincible on IMDb Jump up ^ Cimino , Michael . `` The Deer Hunter Final Screenplay '' ( PDF ) . drexel.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Savage , Fred ( 13 September 2007 ) . `` The Gang Gets Invincible '' . IMDB . IMDB . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Sources Lyons , Robert S. ( 2010 ) . On Any Given Sunday : A Life of Bert Bell . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59213 - 731 - 2 . OCLC 607553558 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philadelphia Eagles . Official website Philadelphia Eagles Founded in 1933 Based and headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Quarterbacks Players Stadiums Baker Bowl Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Connie Mack Stadium Franklin Field Veterans Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Culture Fly , Eagles Fly Swoop Curse of Billy Penn The Lombardi Curse Invincible Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Matt Guokas Sr . Dan Baker Cheerleaders Silver Linings Playbook The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon Lore Frankford Yellow Jackets Pennsylvania Keystoners `` Pennsylvania Polka '' Steagles `` Happy Hundred '' Miracle at the Meadowlands Buddy Ball Fog Bowl Bounty Bowl series Body Bag Game 4th and 26 Miracle at the New Meadowlands Philly Special Rivalries Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Washington Redskins Pittsburgh Steelers Division championships ( 13 ) 1947 1948 1949 1980 1988 2001 2002 2003 2006 2013 2017 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1960 1980 2017 League championships ( 4 ) 1948 1949 1960 2017 ( LII ) Retired numbers 5 15 20 40 44 60 70 92 99 Media Broadcasters WTEL WIP - FM Merrill Reese Mike Quick Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 86 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network Radio Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - 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"The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Eagles compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) East division. They are Super Bowl champions, having won Super Bowl LII, their fourth NFL title, after winning in 1948, 1949, and 1960."
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-2377762860922985891 | Territories of the United States | Territories of the United States - wikipedia Territories of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the individual political entities currently or formerly called `` United States territories '' . For the historical territories which became U.S. states , see Organized incorporated territories of the United States . For the various forms of U.S. jurisdiction , see United States territory . For maps of historical evolution , see Territorial evolution of the United States . Territories of the United States Flag The 50 states and the Federal District Commonwealth ( see footnote ) Incorporated unorganized territory Unincorporated organized territory Unincorporated unorganized territory Largest settlement San Juan , Puerto Rico , United States Languages English , Spanish , Hawaiian , Chamorro , Carolinian , Samoan Demonym American Territories 16 territories ( show ) American Samoa Bajo Nuevo Bank Baker Island Howland Island Guam Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Islands Navassa Island Northern Mariana Islands Palmyra Atoll Puerto Rico Serranilla Bank U.S. Virgin Islands Wake Island Leaders Head of state Donald Trump Governors List of current territorial governors Area Total 22,294.19 km ( 8,607.83 sq mi ) Population Estimate 4,065,516 Currency United States Dollar Date format mm / dd / yyyy ( AD ) ^ `` The term ' Commonwealth ' does not describe or provide for any specific political status or relationship . It has , for example , been applied to both states and territories . When used in connection with areas under U.S. sovereignty that are not states , the term broadly describes an area that is self - governing under a constitution of its adoption and whose right of self - government will not be unilaterally withdrawn by Congress . '' Example of one of the interim political divisions of the United States ( as they were from 1868 to 1876 , including nine organized territories and two unorganized territories ) . Administrative divisions of the United States First level State Federal district Territory ( Commonwealth ) Indian reservation ( List ) / Hawaiian home land / Alaska Native tribal entity / Pueblo / Off - reservation trust land Second level County / Parish / Borough Unorganized Borough / Census area / Villages / District ( USVI ) / District ( AS ) Consolidated city - county Independent city Municipality Unorganized atoll State - recognized tribes Third level Cities , towns , and villages Civil township Coterminous municipality Survey township Barrio Chapter Fourth level Ward Other areas Protected areas ( Conservation district , National Monument , National parks ) Congressional district Homeowner association Associated state Military base Federal enclave Unincorporated area Ghost town View of San Juan , Puerto Rico . Protestant Cay in Christiansted , U.S. Virgin Islands . Tumon Beach in Guam . Mount Tapochau in the Northern Mariana Islands . Afono village in American Samoa . The Wake Island Lagoon in Wake Island . A red - footed booby in the Palmyra Atoll . Territories of the United States are sub-national administrative divisions directly overseen by the United States ( U.S. ) federal government . Unlike U.S. states and Indian tribes that have sovereignty alongside the federal government , only one territory has sovereignty . The territories are classified by whether they are `` incorporated '' ( i.e. , part of the U.S. proper ) and whether they have an `` organized '' government through an Organic Act passed by the U.S. Congress . The U.S. has sixteen territories in the Caribbean Sea , the south Pacific Ocean , and the western portion of the north Pacific Ocean . Five of them are permanently inhabited and are classified as unincorporated territories . The other eleven are small islands , atolls , and reefs with no native or permanent population . Of those eleven , only one is classified as an incorporated territory . Historically , territories were created to govern newly acquired land while the borders of the U.S. were still evolving . Most territories eventually attained statehood . Other territories administered by the U.S. eventually became independent countries , such as the Philippines , Micronesia , the Marshall Islands , and Palau . Micronesia , the Marshall Islands , and Palau gained independence under the Compact of Free Association ( COFA ) , which gives the U.S. full authority over aid and defense in exchange for continuing access to U.S. health care , government services such as the Federal Communications Commission and the U.S. Postal Service , and the right for COFA citizens to work freely in the U.S. and vice versa . Many organized incorporated territories of the United States existed from 1789 to 1959 . The first were the Northwest and the Southwest territories and the last were the Alaska Territory and the Hawaii Territory . Thirty - one of these territories applied for and were granted statehood . In the process of organizing and promoting territories to statehood , some areas of a territory lacking sufficient development and population densities were temporarily orphaned from parts of a larger territory when residents voted on whether to petition Congress for statehood . For example , when a portion of the Missouri Territory became the state of Missouri , the remaining portion of the territory , consisting of all the states of Iowa , Nebraska , South Dakota , and North Dakota , most of Kansas , Wyoming , and Montana , and parts of Colorado and Minnesota , effectively became an unorganized territory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Existing territories and their legal status 1.1 Permanently inhabited territories 1.2 Uninhabited territories 2 Incorporated and unincorporated territories 2.1 Express or implied ? 2.2 U.S. Supreme Court decisions about particular territories 2.2. 1 Alaska Territory 2.2. 2 Florida Territory 2.2. 3 Southwest Territory 2.2. 4 Louisiana Territory 3 Organized territory 4 Classification of current U.S. territories 4.1 Incorporated organized territories 4.2 Incorporated unorganized territories 4.3 Unincorporated organized territories 4.4 Unincorporated unorganized territories 4.5 Extraterritorial jurisdiction 4.6 Associated states 5 Classification of former U.S. territories and administered areas 5.1 Former incorporated organized territories of the United States 5.2 Former unincorporated territories of the United States ( incomplete ) 5.3 Former unincorporated territories of the United States under military government 5.4 Areas formerly administered by the United States 5.5 Other zones 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Existing territories and their legal status ( edit ) Territories have always been a part of the U.S. According to federal law , the term `` United States '' , when used in a geographical sense , means `` the continental United States , Alaska , Hawaii , Puerto Rico , Guam , and the United States Virgin Islands '' . Since political union with the Northern Mariana Islands in 1986 , they too are treated as a part of the U.S. An executive order adopted in 2007 includes American Samoa in the U.S. `` geographical extent '' as reflected in U.S. Department of State documents . Permanently inhabited territories ( edit ) The U.S. has five territories that are permanently inhabited : Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands in the Caribbean Sea ; Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands in the Marianas archipelago in the western North Pacific Ocean ; and American Samoa in the South Pacific Ocean . Approximately 4 million people in these territories are U.S. citizens . American Samoa has about 32,000 non-citizen U.S. nationals . Under U.S. law , among the territories , `` only persons born in American Samoa and Swains Island are non-citizen U.S. nationals . '' American Samoans are under the protection of the U.S. , with the ability to travel to the U.S. without a visa . Each of these territories is an organized , self - governing territory with three branches of government , a locally elected governor , and a territorial legislature . Each also elects a non-voting member or , in the case of Puerto Rico a non-voting resident commissioner , to the U.S. House of Representatives . They `` possess the same powers as other members of the House , except that they may not vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives . '' They participate in debate , are assigned offices and money for staff , and appoint constituents from their territories to the Army , Navy and Marine Corps , Air Force , and Merchant Marine service academies . They can vote in committee on all legislation presented to the House of Representatives . They are included in their party count for each committee , and they are equal to senators on conference committees . Depending on the congress , they may also vote on the floor in the House Committee of the Whole . As of January 2017 , the members of Congress from these territories were : Gregorio Sablan for the Northern Mariana Islands , Madeleine Bordallo for Guam , Amata Coleman Radewagen for American Samoa , Jenniffer González for Puerto Rico , and Stacey Plaskett for the U.S. Virgin Islands . Every four years , U.S. political parties nominate their presidential candidates at conventions , which include delegates from these territories . The U.S. citizens living in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands , however , can not vote in the general election for president of the U.S. These territories pay some U.S. taxes and are under the protection of U.S. courts . The capitals of these territories are Pago Pago in American Samoa ; Hagåtña in Guam ; Saipan in the Northern Mariana Islands ; San Juan in Puerto Rico ; and , Charlotte Amalie in the U.S. Virgin Islands . Uninhabited territories ( edit ) The U.S. has eleven territories with no native or permanent population . They are small islands , atolls , and reefs spread across the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean : Palmyra Atoll , Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , the Midway Islands , Bajo Nuevo Bank , Navassa Island , Serranilla Bank , and Wake Island . Palmyra Atoll ( formally , the United States Territory of Palmyra Island ) is the only incorporated U.S. territory , a status it has maintained since the Territory of Hawaii became a state in 1959 . The status of Navassa Island , Wake Island , Serranilla Bank , and Bajo Nuevo Bank are disputed by Colombia , Haiti , Honduras , Jamaica , Nicaragua , and the Marshall Islands . Incorporated and unincorporated territories ( edit ) Main article : Insular Cases The U.S. Congress decides whether a territory is incorporated or unincorporated . The entire U.S. constitution applies to each incorporated territory , including its local government and all of its inhabitants , in the same manner as it applies to the local governments and residents of a state . Incorporated territories are considered an integral part of the U.S. , not mere possessions . From 1901 to 1905 , the U.S. Supreme Court in a series of cases known as the Insular Cases held that the constitution extended by its own force to U.S. territories . The Court in these cases , however , also established the doctrine of territorial incorporation , under which the constitution applies fully to incorporated territories , such as the territories of Alaska and Hawaii , and applies partially in the unincorporated territories of Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines . The U.S. had no unincorporated territories ( also called `` overseas possessions '' or `` insular areas '' ) until 1856 . In that year , the U.S. Congress enacted the Guano Islands Act , which authorised the president to take possession of unclaimed islands to mine guano . Under this law , the U.S. has taken control of and claimed rights in many islands , atolls , etc. , especially in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean , most of which have since been abandoned . The U.S. also has acquired territories since 1856 under other circumstances , such as under the Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) that ended the Spanish -- American War . The U.S. Supreme Court considered the constitutional position of these unincorporated territories in Balzac v. People of Porto Rico , where the Court said the following about a U.S. court in Puerto Rico : The United States District Court is not a true United States court established under article 3 of the Constitution to administer the judicial power of the United States ... It is created ... by the sovereign congressional faculty , granted under article 4 , 3 , of that instrument , of making all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory belonging to the United States . The resemblance of its jurisdiction to that of true United States courts , in offering an opportunity to nonresidents of resorting to a tribunal not subject to local influence , does not change its character as a mere territorial court . In Glidden Company v. Zdanok , the U.S. Supreme Court cited the Balzac case and said with regard to courts in unincorporated territories , `` Upon like considerations , Article III has been viewed as inapplicable to courts created in unincorporated territories outside the mainland ... and to the consular courts established by concessions from foreign countries ... '' The U.S. Supreme Court has recognized two ways in which incorporation could be made : `` incorporation is not to be assumed without express declaration , or an implication so strong as to exclude any other view . '' Express or implied ? ( edit ) In the Balzac case , the Court defined the meaning of `` implied '' : Had Congress intended to take the important step of changing the treaty status of Puerto Rico by incorporating it into the Union , it is reasonable to suppose that it would have done so by the plain declaration , and would not have left it to mere inference . Before the question became acute at the close of the Spanish War , the distinction between acquisition and incorporation was not regarded as important , or at least it was not fully understood and had not aroused great controversy . Before that , the purpose of Congress might well be a matter of mere inference from various legislative acts ; but in these latter days , incorporation is not to be assumed without express declaration , or an implication so strong as to exclude any other view . U.S. Supreme Court Decisions about particular territories ( edit ) The U.S. Supreme Court in Rassmussen v. U.S. first quoted from Article III of the 1867 treaty for the purchase of Alaska and then said , `` ' The inhabitants of the ceded territory ... shall be admitted to the enjoyment of all the rights , advantages , and immunities of citizens of the United States ... ' This declaration , although somewhat changed in phraseology , is the equivalent ... of the formula , employed from the beginning to express the purpose to incorporate acquired territory into the United States , especially in the absence of other provisions showing an intention to the contrary . '' The act of incorporation is on the people of the territory , not on the territory per se , by extending the privileges and immunities clause of the constitution to them . Alaska territory ( edit ) The Rassmussen case arose out of a criminal conviction by a six - person jury in Alaska under a federal law allowing this procedure there . The Court held that Alaska had been incorporated into the U.S. because of the treaty of cession with Russia . In addition , the Congressional implication was so strong as to exclude any other view : That Congress , shortly following the adoption of the treaty with Russia , clearly contemplated the incorporation of Alaska into the United States as a part thereof , we think plainly results from the act of July 20 , 1868 , concerning internal revenue taxation ... and the act of July 27 , 1868 ... extending the laws of the United States relating to customs , commerce , and navigation over Alaska , and establishing a collection district therein ... And this is fortified by subsequent action of Congress , which it is unnecessary to refer to . In his concurring opinion , Justice Brown expressed the same thought : Apparently , acceptance of the territory is insufficient in the opinion of the court in this case , since the result that Alaska is incorporated into the United States is reached , not through the treaty with Russia , or through the establishment of a civil government there , but from the act ... extending the laws of the United States relating to the customs , commerce , and navigation over Alaska , and establishing a collection district there . Certain other acts are cited , notably the judiciary act ... making it the duty of this court to assign ... the several territories of the United States to particular Circuits . Florida territory ( edit ) In Dorr v. U.S. , the U.S. Supreme Court quoted Chief Justice Marshall from an earlier case as follows : `` The 6th article of the treaty of cession contains the following provision : ' The inhabitants of the territories which His Catholic Majesty cedes the United States by this treaty shall be incorporated in the Union of the United States as soon as may be consistent with the principles of the Federal Constitution , and admitted to the enjoyment of the privileges , rights , and immunities of the citizens of the United States . ' ... This treaty is the law of the land , and admits the inhabitants of Florida to the enjoyment of the privileges , rights , and immunities of the citizens of the United States . It is unnecessary to inquire whether this is not their condition , independent of stipulation . They do not , however , participate in political power ; they do not share in the government till Florida shall become a state . In the meantime Florida continues to be a territory of the United States , governed by virtue of that clause in the Constitution which empowers Congress `` to make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States . ' '' In Downes v. Bidwell , the Court said , `` The same construction was adhered to in the treaty with Spain for the purchase of Florida ... the 6th article of which provided that the inhabitants should ' be incorporated into the Union of the United States , as soon as may be consistent with the principles of the Federal Constitution . ' '' Southwest territory ( edit ) In the Downes case , the first mention of incorporation is made in the following paragraph by Justice Brown : In view of this it can not , it seems to me , be doubted that the United States continued to be composed of states and territories , all forming an integral part thereof and incorporated therein , as was the case prior to the adoption of the Constitution . Subsequently , the territory now embraced in the state of Tennessee was ceded to the United States by the state of North Carolina . In order to insure the rights of the native inhabitants , it was expressly stipulated that the inhabitants of the ceded territory should enjoy all the rights , privileges , benefits , and advantages set forth in the ordinance ' of the late Congress for the government of the western territory of the United States . Louisiana territory ( edit ) First U.S. stamp to commemorate a territory and depict a map ( 1904 ) In the Downes case , the Court said : Owing to a new war between England and France being upon the point of breaking out , there was need for haste in the negotiations , and Mr. Livingston took the responsibility of disobeying his ( Mr. Jefferson 's ) instructions , and , probably owing to the insistence of Bonaparte , consented to the 3d article of the treaty ( with France to acquire the territory of Louisiana ) , which provided that ' the inhabitants of the ceded territory shall be incorporated in the Union of the United States , and admitted as soon as possible , according to the principles of the Federal Constitution , to the enjoyment of all the rights , advantages , and immunities of citizens of the United States ; and in the meantime they shall be maintained and protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty , property , and the religion which they profess . ' ( 8 Stat . at L. 202 . ) This evidently committed the government to the ultimate , but not to the immediate , admission of Louisiana as a state ... The U.S. Supreme Court is unanimous in its interpretation that the extension of the privileges and immunities clause of the U.S. Constitution to the inhabitants of a territory in effect produces the incorporation of that territory . The net effect of incorporation is that the territory becomes an integral part of the geographical boundaries of the U.S. and can not , from then on , be separated . The whole body of the U.S. Constitution is extended to the inhabitants of that territory , except for those provisions that relate to its federal character . Moreso , the needful rules and regulations of the territorial clause must yield to the Constitution and the inherent constraints imposed on it in dealing with the privileges and immunities of the inhabitants of the incorporated territory . Notice must be taken that incorporation of a territory takes place through the incorporation of its inhabitants , not of the territory per se . As such , those inhabitants receive the full impact of the U.S. Constitution , except for those provisions that deal specifically with the federal character of the Union . Organized territory ( edit ) Lands under the sovereignty of the federal government ( but not part of any state ) that were given a measure of self - rule by the Congress through an Organic Act subject to the Congress ' plenary powers under the territorial clause of Article IV , sec. 3 , of the U.S. Constitution . Classification of current U.S. territories ( edit ) See also : Insular area and List of U.S. colonial possessions Incorporated organized territories ( edit ) Main article : Organized incorporated territories of the United States No incorporated organized territory has existed since 1959 , with the last two being the territories of Alaska and Hawaii , both of which achieved statehood in that year . Incorporated unorganized territories ( edit ) Many incorporated unorganized territories became incorporated organized territories or states . For example , when the eastern part of the incorporated organized territory called Minnesota became the state of Minnesota in 1858 , the western part became part of an unorganized territory . Later , that became a part of the Dakota Territory , out of which two states and some parts of other states were created . California was part of an unorganized territory when it became a state . Name Location Area Population Capital Note Palmyra Atoll Polynesia & North Pacific 0000012 ! 12 km ( 5 sq mi ) 20 As of 2007 , partly privately owned by The Nature Conservancy with much of the rest owned by the federal government and managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . It is an archipelago of about 50 small islands with about 1.56 sq mi ( 4.0 km ) of land area , lying about 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) south of Oahu , Hawaii . The atoll was acquired by the U.S. through the annexation of the Republic of Hawaii in 1898 . When the Territory of Hawaii was incorporated on April 30 , 1900 , Palmyra Atoll was incorporated as part of that territory . When the State of Hawaii was admitted to the Union in 1959 , however , the Act of Congress explicitly separated Palmyra Atoll from the newly federated state . Palmyra remained an incorporated territory , but received no new organized government . There are also territories that have the status of being incorporated but that are not organized : U.S. coastal waters out to 12 nautical miles ( 14 mi ; 22 km ) offshore ( except state waters extend a minimum of 3 nautical miles ( 3.5 mi ; 5.6 km ) offshore ) . Unincorporated organized territories ( edit ) Main article : Unincorporated territories of the United States Name Location Area Population Capital Note Guam Micronesia & North Pacific 0000543 ! 543 km ( 210 sq mi ) 159,358 Hagåtña Territory since 1898 , Guam is the home of Naval Base Guam and Andersen Air Force Base . Northern Mariana Islands Micronesia & North Pacific 0000463 ! 463.63 km ( 179 sq mi ) 53,467 Saipan Commonwealth since 1978 ; formerly a United Nations Trust Territory under the administration of the U.S. Puerto Rico Caribbean & North Atlantic 0009104 ! 9,104 km ( 3,515 sq mi ) 3,667,084 San Juan Unincorporated territory since 1898 , a commonwealth since 1952 . In November 2008 , a U.S. District Court judge ruled that a sequence of Congressional actions have had the cumulative effect of changing Puerto Rico 's status from `` unincorporated '' to `` incorporated . '' However , the issue has not finished making its way through the court system ; and the U.S. government still refers to Puerto Rico as unincorporated . See the Puerto Rico section in the article , Organized incorporated territories of the United States , and also the article , Political status of Puerto Rico . United States Virgin Islands Caribbean & North Atlantic 000346.36 ! 346.36 km ( 134 sq mi ) 106,405 Charlotte Amalie Purchased by the U.S. from Denmark in 1917 . Unincorporated unorganized territories ( edit ) Main article : Unincorporated territories of the United States Name Location Area Population Capital Note American Samoa Polynesia & South Pacific 0000197.1 ! 197.1 km ( 76.1 sq mi ) 55,519 Pago Pago Territory since 1898 . Locally self - governing under a constitution last revised in 1967 . Baker Island North Pacific Ocean 00002.1 ! 2.1 km ( 0.81 sq mi ) 0 Claimed under the Guano Islands Act on October 28 , 1856 . Formally annexed on May 13 , 1936 , and placed under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of the Interior . Howland Island North Pacific Ocean 00004.5 ! 4.5 km ( 1.7 sq mi ) 0 Claimed under the Guano Islands Act on December 3 , 1858 . Formally annexed on May 13 , 1936 , and placed under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of the Interior . Jarvis Island Polynesia & south Pacific Ocean 00004.75 ! 4.75 km ( 1.83 sq mi ) 0 Claimed under the Guano Islands Act on October 28 , 1856 . Formally annexed on May 13 , 1936 , and placed under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of the Interior . Johnston Atoll North Pacific Ocean 00002.67 ! 2.67 km ( 1.03 sq mi ) 40 Last used by the U.S. Department of Defense in 2004 Kingman Reef Polynesia & north Pacific Ocean 000018 ! 18 km ( 6.9 sq mi ) 0 Claimed under the Guano Islands Act on February 8 , 1860 . Formally annexed on May 10 , 1922 , and placed under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of the Navy on December 29 , 1934 . Wake Island Micronesia & north Pacific Ocean 00007.4 ! 7.4 km ( 2.9 sq mi ) 188 Territory since 1898 ; host to the Wake Island Airfield administered by the U.S. Air Force ; claimed by the Marshall Islands . Midway Atoll North Pacific Ocean 00006.2 ! 6.2 km ( 2.4 sq mi ) Territory since 1859 ; primarily a wildlife refuge inhabited only by civilian contractors ; previously under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of the Navy . Navassa Island Caribbean Sea & north Atlantic Ocean 00005.4 ! 5.4 km ( 2.1 sq mi ) 0 Territory since 1857 . Claimed by Haiti . Serranilla Bank Caribbean Sea & north Atlantic Ocean 0000350 ! 350 km ( 140 sq mi ) 0 Administered by Colombia ; site of a naval garrison . Claimed by the U.S ( since 1879 under the Guano Islands Act ) , Honduras , and Jamaica . A claim by Nicaragua was resolved in 2012 in favor of Colombia by the International Court of Justice , although the U.S. was not a party to that case and does not recognize the jurisdiction of the ICJ . Bajo Nuevo Bank Caribbean Sea & north Atlantic Ocean 0000110 ! 110 km ( 42 sq mi ) 0 Administered by Colombia . Claimed by the U.S. ( under the Guano Islands Act ) and Jamaica . A claim by Nicaragua was resolved in 2012 in favor of Colombia by the International Court of Justice , although the U.S. was not a party to that case and does not recognize the jurisdiction of the ICJ . ^ Jump up to : These six territories , together with Palmyra Atoll , comprise the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument . Extraterritorial jurisdiction ( edit ) The U.S. exercises some degree of extraterritorial jurisdiction in overseas areas , such as : Guantanamo Bay Naval Base ( since 1903 ) : A 45 square miles ( 120 km ) land area along Guantánamo Bay , Cuba , to which the U.S. claims to hold a perpetual lease . The Cuban government does not recognize this claim and has refused to accept any payment since 1959 . The lease amount is US $2,000 in gold per year . American research stations in Antarctica : Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station , McMurdo Station , and Palmer Station are under U.S. jurisdiction but are held without sovereignty per the Antarctic Treaty . Certain other parcels in foreign countries held by lease , such as military bases , depending on the terms of a lease , treaty , or status of forces agreement with the host country . Associated States ( edit ) The United States exercises a high degree of control in defense , funding , and government services in : Federated States of Micronesia ( since 1986 ) Marshall Islands ( since 1986 ) Palau ( since 1994 ) Classification of former U.S. territories and administered areas ( edit ) Former incorporated organized territories of the United States ( edit ) See Organized incorporated territories of the United States for a complete list . Former unincorporated territories of the United States ( incomplete ) ( edit ) The Corn Islands ( 1914 -- 1971 ) : leased for 99 years under the Bryan - Chamorro Treaty . However , returned to Nicaragua upon the abrogation of the treaty in 1970 . The Line Islands ( ? -- 1979 ) : disputed claim with the United Kingdom . U.S. claim to most of the islands was ceded to Kiribati upon its independence in 1979 . The U.S. retained Kingman Reef , Palmyra Atoll , and Jarvis Island . Panama Canal Zone ( 1903 -- 1979 ) : sovereignty returned to Panama under the Torrijos - Carter Treaties of 1978 . U.S. retained a military base there and control of the canal until December 31 , 1999 . The Philippine Islands ( 1898 -- 1935 ) , the Commonwealth of the Philippines ( 1935 -- 46 ) : granted full independence on July 4 , 1946 . Phoenix Islands ( ? -- 1979 ) : disputed claim with the United Kingdom . U.S. claim ceded to Kiribati upon its independence in 1979 . Baker Island and Howland Island , which could be considered part of this group , are retained by the U.S. Quita Sueño Bank ( 1869 -- 1981 ) : claimed under Guano Islands Act . Claim abandoned on September 7 , 1981 , by treaty . Roncador Bank ( 1856 -- 1981 ) : claimed under Guano Islands Act . Ceded to Colombia on September 7 , 1981 , by treaty . Serrana Bank ( 1874 ? -- 1981 ) : claimed under Guano Islands Act . Ceded to Colombia on September 7 , 1981 , by treaty . Swan Islands ( 1863 -- 1972 ) : claimed under Guano Islands Act . Ceded to Honduras in 1972 , by treaty . Former unincorporated territories of the United States under military government ( edit ) Puerto Rico ( April 11 , 1899 -- May 1 , 1900 ) : civil government operations began Philippines ( August 14 , 1898 -- July 4 , 1901 ) : civil government operations began Guam ( April 11 , 1899 -- July 1 , 1950 ) : civil government operations began Areas formerly administered by the United States ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Cuba ( April 11 , 1899 -- May 20 , 1902 ) : sovereignty recognized as the independent Republic of Cuba . Philippines ( August 14 , 1898 -- July 4 , 1946 ) : sovereignty recognized as the Republic of the Philippines . Veracruz : occupied by the United States from April 21 , 1914 to November 23 , 1914 , consequential to the Tampico Affair following the Mexican Revolution of 1910 -- 1929 . Haiti : occupied by the United States from 1915 to 1934 and later under the authority of the United Nations from 1999 to the 2000s . Dominican Republic occupied by the United States from 1916 to 1924 and again from 1965 to 1966 . Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands ( 1947 -- 1986 ) : liberated in World War II , included the `` Compact of Free Association '' nations ( the Republic of the Marshall Islands , the Federated States of Micronesia , and the Republic of Palau ) and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Ryukyu Islands including Okinawa ( U.S. occupation : 1952 -- 1972 , after World War II ) : returned to Japan under the Agreement Between the United States of America and Japan concerning the Ryukyu Islands and the Daito Islands . Nanpo Islands ( 1945 -- 1968 ) : Occupied after World War II , Returned to Japanese control by mutual agreement . Marcus Island ( or Minamitorishima ) ( 1945 -- 1968 ) : Occupied during World War II , returned to Japan by mutual agreement . Falkland Islands ( 1831 -- 1832 ) : Brief landing party and raid by the U.S. Navy warship USS Lexington . Now administered as a British Overseas Territory by the United Kingdom and claimed by Argentina . Other zones ( edit ) United States occupation of Greenland ( 1941 -- 1945 ) United States occupation of Iceland during World War II ( 1941 -- 1946 ) , retained a military base until 2006 . American Occupation Zones in Allied - occupied Austria and Vienna ( 1945 -- 1955 ) American Occupation Zone in West Berlin ( 1945 -- 1990 ) American Occupation Zones of the Allied Occupation Zones in Germany ( 1945 -- 1949 ) Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories in full force in Allied - controlled sections of Italy from Invasion of Sicily in July 1943 until the armistice with Italy in September 1943 . AMGOT continued in newly liberated areas of Italy until the end of World War II . Also existed in combat zones of Allied nations such as France . Free Territory of Trieste ( 1947 -- 1954 ) The U.S. co-administered a portion of the Free Territory between the Kingdom of Italy and the former Kingdom of Yugoslavia after World War II along with the United Kingdom . Occupation of Japan ( 1945 -- 1952 ) after World War II . U.S. participation in the Occupation of the Rhineland ( Germany ) ( 1918 -- 1921 ) South Korea ( U.S. occupation of the south of the 38th parallel north in Korea in 1945 -- 1948 ) . The region is slightly different from the current practical boundary of the Republic of Korea ( South Korea ) since the ceasefire of the Korean War . See also Division of Korea . Coalition Provisional Authority Iraq ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Green zone Iraq ( March 20 , 2003 -- December 31 , 2008 ) Clipperton Island ( 1944 -- 1945 ) , occupied territory ; returned to France on October 23 , 1945 . Grenada invasion and occupation ( 1983 ) See also ( edit ) Enabling act ( United States ) Extreme points of the United States Hawaiian Organic Act Historic regions of the United States Organic Acts of 1845 -- 46 Political divisions of the United States Political status of Puerto Rico Territories of the United States on stamps United States Minor Outlying Islands United States territory Unorganized territories References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Definition of Terms - 1120 Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7 - Consular Affairs . U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ `` Definitions of Insular Area Political Organizations '' . U.S. Department of the Interior . Jump up ^ Bartholomew H. Sparrow ( 2005 ) . Sanford Levinson ; Bartholomew H. Sparrow , eds . The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion , 1803 -- 1898 . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 232 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 4984 - 4 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : 7 FAM 1112 . State Department Foreign Affairs Manual ( FAM ) 7 - Consular Affairs . Viewed January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Executive Order 13423 Sec. 9. ( l ) . `` The `` United States '' when used in a geographical sense , means the fifty states , the District of Columbia , the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , Guam , American Samoa , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the Northern Mariana Islands , and associated territorial waters and airspace . '' Jump up ^ Nativity by Place of Birth and Citizenship Status , United States Census , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 7 FAM 1111 ( b ) . State Department Foreign Affairs Manual ( FAM ) 7 - Consular Affairs . However , as reported in Samoa lawsuit , Newsweek , July 13 , 2012 . viewed December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S. General Accounting Office , U.S. Insular Areas : Application of the U.S. Constitution , November 1997 , pp. 8 , 14 , 27 , viewed September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of State , Common Core Document of the United States of America , report to the United Nations Committee on Human Rights , December 30 , 2011 , sec. 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , viewed September 3 , 2015 . American Samoa , Guam , and the U.S. Virgin Islands appear on the United Nations ' list of non-self - governing territories , viewed September 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : House Learn webpage . Viewed January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Application of the U.S. Constitution , GAO Report , U.S. Insular Areas , November 1997 , ( p. 26 -- 28 ) . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) viewed August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Green Papers , 2016 Presidential primaries , caucuses and conventions , viewed September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ U.S. State Department , Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty . The chart , under `` Sovereignty '' , lists five places under U.S. sovereignty that are administered by a local `` Administrative Center '' with `` Short form names '' : American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , and the Virgin Islands , U.S. Jump up ^ Act of Admission , § 2 , Pub . L. No. 86 - 3 , 73 Stat. 4 ( March 18 , 1959 ) . Jump up ^ U.S. General Accounting Office Report , U.S. Insular Areas : application of the U.S. Constitution , November 1997 , p. 1 , 6 , 39n . viewed April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ U.S. State Department , Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty Chart , under `` Sovereignty '' , lists nine places under U.S. sovereignty thar are administered by the U.S. Department of the Interior : Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , the Midway Islands , Navassa Island , Palmyra Atoll , and Wake Island . Jump up ^ `` Definitions of insular area political organizations '' . Office of Insular Affairs , U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Consejo de Salud Playa de Ponce v. Johnny Rullan , Secretary of Health of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , pages 6 -- 7 '' ( PDF ) . United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Insular Cases : The Establishment of a Regime of Political Apartheid ( 2007 ) Juan R. Torruella '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Balzac v. People of Porto Rico '' . U.S. Supreme Court . April 10 , 1922 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 -- via FindLaw . Jump up ^ `` Glidden Company v. Zdanok '' . U.S. Supreme Court . June 25 , 1962 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 -- via FindLaw . ^ Jump up to : `` Rassmussen v. U.S. '' . U.S. Supreme Court . April 10 , 1905 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 -- via FindLaw . Jump up ^ Juan R. Torruella ( 2007 ) . `` The Insular Cases : The Establishment of a Regime of Political Apartheid '' ( PDF ) . pp. 318 -- 319 . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dorr v. U.S. '' . U.S. Supreme Court . May 31 , 1904 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 -- via FindLaw . ^ Jump up to : `` Downes v. Bidwell '' . U.S. Supreme Court . May 27 , 1901 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 -- via FindLaw . Jump up ^ U.S. Const . art . IV , § 3 , cl. 2 ( `` The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States ... '' ) . Jump up ^ `` AUSTRALIA - OCEANIA : : UNITED STATES PACIFIC ISLAND WILDLIFE REFUGES ( TERRITORIES OF THE US ) '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Jump up ^ `` DOI Office of Insular Affairs ( OIA ) - Palmyra Atoll '' . 31 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Palmyra Atoll '' . U.S. Department of the Interior Office of Insular Affairs . Retrieved 23 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Consejo de Salud Playa Ponce v. Johnny Rullan , p. 28 : `` The Congressional incorporation of Puerto Rico throughout the past century has extended the entire Constitution to the island ... '' Jump up ^ Hon . Gustavo A. Gelpi , `` The Insular Cases : A Comparative Historical Study of Puerto Rico , Hawai'i , and the Philippines '' , The Federal Lawyer , March / April 2011 . http://www.aspira.org/files/legal_opinion_on_pr_insular_cases.pdf p. 25 : `` In light of the ( Supreme Court ) ruling in Boumediene , in the future the Supreme Court will be called upon to reexamine the Insular Cases doctrine as applied to Puerto Rico and other U.S. territories . '' Jump up ^ accessed 26 January 2013 : `` Puerto Rico is a self - governing , unincorporated territory of the United States located in the Caribbean '' . Jump up ^ IBP USA ( 2009 ) , SAMOA American Country Study Guide : Strategic Information and Developments , Int'l Business Publications , pp. 49 -- 64 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4387 - 4187 - 1 , retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 Jump up ^ The revised constitution was approved on June 2 , 1967 by Stewart L. Udall , then U.S. Secretary of the Interior , under authority granted on June 29 , 1951 . It became effective on July 1 , 1967 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , John Bassett ( 1906 ) . `` A Digest of International Law as Embodied in Diplomatic Discussions , Treaties and Other International Agreements , International Awards , the Decisions of Municipal Courts , and the Writings of Jurists and Especially in Documents , Published and Unpublished , Issued by Presidents and Secretaries of State of the United States , the Opinions of the Attorneys - General , and the Decisions of Courts , Federal and State '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . pp. 566 -- 580 . ^ Jump up to : `` Acquisition Process of Insular Areas '' . United States Department of the Interior Office of Insular Affairs . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Exec . Order No. 7368 ( May 13 , 1936 ; in English ) President of the United States Jump up ^ `` Kingman Reef '' . Office of Insular Affairs . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Island '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . ^ Jump up to : International Court of Justice ( 2012 ) . `` Territorial and maritime dispute ( Nicaragua vs Colombia ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Agreement Between the United States and Cuba for the Lease of Lands for Coaling and Naval stations '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . February 23 , 1903 . Retrieved 2 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Ratner ; Ellen Ray ( 2004 ) . Guantanamo : What the World Should Know . Chelsea Green Publishing . p. xiv ; . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931498 - 64 - 7 . Jump up ^ Zaide , Sonia M. ( 1994 ) . The Philippines : A Unique Nation . All - Nations Publishing Co. , Inc. p. 279 . ISBN 9716420714 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Okinawa Reversion Agreement -- 1971 , The Contemporary Okinawa Website . Accessed 5 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Committee , America First ( 1 January 1990 ) . `` In Danger Undaunted : The Anti-interventionist Movement of 1940 - 1941 as Revealed in the Papers of the America First Committee '' . Hoover Institution Press . p. 331 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Campbell Robertson ; Stephen Farrell ( December 31 , 2008 ) , Green Zone , Heart of U.S. Occupation , Reverts to Iraqi Control , The New York Times External links ( edit ) FindLaw : Downes v. Bidwell , 182 U.S. 244 ( 1901 ) regarding the distinction between incorporated and unincorporated territories FindLaw : People of Puerto Rico v. Shell Co. , 302 U.S. 253 ( 1937 ) regarding application of U.S. law to organized but unincorporated territories FindLaw : United States v. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what caribbean island is part of the united states | [
"The U.S. has five territories that are permanently inhabited: Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands in the Caribbean Sea; Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands in the Marianas archipelago in the western North Pacific Ocean; and American Samoa in the South Pacific Ocean.",
"The U.S. has five territories that are permanently inhabited: Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands in the Caribbean Sea; Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands in the Marianas archipelago in the western North Pacific Ocean; and American Samoa in the South Pacific Ocean."
] | [
"Puerto Rico",
"U.S. Virgin Islands"
] |
8004072632557903072 | List of Olympic medalists in basketball | List of Olympic medalists in basketball - wikipedia List of Olympic medalists in basketball Main article : Basketball at the Summer Olympics LeBron James ( USA , in white ) attempts a shot against China 's Yao Ming at the 2008 Olympics . Basketball is a sport contested at the Summer Olympic Games . A men 's basketball tournament was first held at the 1904 Olympics as a demonstration ; it has been held at every Summer Olympics since 1936 . In the 1972 Olympics , the final game between the United States and the Soviet Union was a controversial one , as the game was ended and replayed twice by a FIBA ( International Basketball Federation ) official without the authority to do so , before the Soviet Union won their first gold medal , which would have been won by the United States if the game was not started against the rules . The U.S. filed a formal protest but was rejected by FIBA . As a result , the United States refused to accept the silver medal , and no player has ever claimed his medal . After a protest of the Soviet -- Afghan War , the United States boycotted the 1980 Moscow Olympics . The Soviet Union boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics boycott in response . Both boycotts affected basketball at the Olympics , as both had successful basketball teams at the time . The advent of the state - sponsored `` full - time amateur athlete '' of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur , as it put the self - financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage . The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students , soldiers , or working in a profession , but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full - time basis . In April 1989 , through the leadership of Secretary General Borislav Stanković , FIBA approved the rule that allowed NBA players to compete in international tournaments , including the Olympics . In the next Olympics , the 1992 Summer Olympics , the `` Dream Team '' won the gold medal at the 1992 Olympics Basketball , with an average winning margin of 44 points per game , and without calling a time out . By this time , the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia no longer existed , but their successor states continued to be among the leading forces . Two newly independent countries of the former Yugoslavia and Soviet Union , Croatia and Lithuania , won the silver and bronze medals respectively . The USA 's Teresa Edwards is the all - time leader for the most Olympic medals in basketball , with four gold and one bronze . Nine players have won four medals : the USA 's Lisa Leslie , Sue Bird , Tamika Catchings , Diana Taurasi ( each with four golds with the women 's team ) and Carmelo Anthony ( three golds and one bronze with the men 's team ) , the Soviet Union 's Gennadi Volnov ( one gold , two silver , one bronze ) and Sergei Belov ( one gold , three bronze ) , and Australians Kristi Harrower and Lauren Jackson ( both with three silvers and one bronze ) . Leslie , Bird , Catchings , and Taurasi are the all - time leaders for the most consecutive gold medal wins in basketball . Six other individuals , all American , have won three golds -- Katie Smith , Dawn Staley , Sheryl Swoopes , Seimone Augustus , Sylvia Fowles and Carmelo Anthony -- and 23 other players , not including the previously mentioned , have won three medals . The United States is by far the most successful country in Olympic basketball , with United States men 's teams having won 15 of 18 tournaments in which they participated , including seven consecutive titles from 1936 through 1968 . United States women 's teams have won 8 titles out of the 10 tournaments in which they competed , including six in a row from 1996 to 2016 . Besides the United States , Argentina is the only nation still in existence who has won either the men 's or women 's tournament . The Soviet Union , Yugoslavia and the Unified Team are the countries no longer in existence who have won the tournament . The United States are the defending champions in both men 's and women 's tournaments . As of the 2016 Summer Olympics , 90 medals ( 30 of each color ) have been awarded to teams from 20 National Olympic Committees . Two gold medal - winning teams , both U.S. men 's teams , were inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2010 . The 1960 team featured four players who would eventually enter the Hall of Fame , a head coach who would enter the Hall as a contributor , and a team manager who entered the Hall as a coach . The 1992 team , better known as the `` Dream Team '' , had 11 future Hall of Fame players , along with three coaches who were inducted to the Hall as coaches ( one of whom was previously inducted separately for his accomplishments as a player ) . On June 9 , 2017 , the Executive Board of the International Olympic Committee announced that 3x3 basketball would become an official Olympic sport as of the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo , Japan , for both men and women . Contents 1 Men 2 Women 3 Athlete medal leaders 3.1 Men 3.2 Women 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Men ( edit ) Individuals who have been inducted to the Naismith Hall of Fame ( including announced members awaiting induction ) are indicated as follows : Bold type : Inducted as players . Italics : Inducted in a non-playing role . Games Gold Silver Bronze 1936 Berlin details United States ( USA ) Sam Balter Ralph Bishop Joe Fortenberry Tex Gibbons Francis Johnson Carl Knowles Frank Lubin Art Mollner Donald Piper Jack Ragland Willard Schmidt Carl Shy Duane Swanson Bill Wheatley Canada ( CAN ) Gordon Aitchison Ian Allison Art Chapman Chuck Chapman Edward Dawson Irving Meretsky Doug Peden James Stewart Malcolm Wiseman Mexico ( MEX ) Carlos Borja Víctor Borja Rodolfo Choperena Luis de la Vega Raúl Fernández Andrés Gómez Silvio Hernández Francisco Martínez Jesús Olmos José Pamplona Greer Skousen 1948 London details United States ( USA ) Cliff Barker Don Barksdale Ralph Beard Lew Beck Vince Boryla Gordon Carpenter Alex Groza Wah Wah Jones Bob Kurland Ray Lumpp R.C. Pitts Jesse Renick Jackie Robinson Kenny Rollins France ( FRA ) André Barrais Michel Bonnevie André Buffière René Chocat René Dérency Maurice Desaymonnet André Even Maurice Girardot Fernand Guillou Raymond Offner Jacques Perrier Yvan Quénin Lucien Rebuffic Pierre Thiolon Brazil ( BRA ) Algodão Bráz Ruy de Freitas Marcus Vinícius Dias Affonso Évora Alexandre Gemignani Alfredo da Motta Alberto Marson Nilton Pacheco Massinet Sorcinelli 1952 Helsinki details United States ( USA ) Ron Bontemps Marc Freiberger Wayne Glasgow Charlie Hoag Bill Hougland John Keller Dean Kelley Bob Kenney Bob Kurland Bill Lienhard Clyde Lovellette Frank McCabe Dan Pippin Howie Williams Soviet Union ( URS ) Stepas Butautas Nodar Dzhordzhikiya Anatoly Konev Otar Korkiya Heino Kruus Ilmar Kullam Justinas Lagunavičius Joann Lõssov Aleksandr Moiseyev Yuri Ozerov Kazys Petkevičius Stasys Stonkus Maigonis Valdmanis Vikto Vlasov Uruguay ( URU ) Martín Acosta y Lara Enrique Baliño Victorio Cieslinskas Héctor Costa Nelson Demarco Héctor García Otero Tabaré Larre Borges Adesio Lombardo Roberto Lovera Sergio Matto Wilfredo Peláez Carlos Roselló 1956 Melbourne details United States ( USA ) K.C. Jones Burdette Haldorson Carl Cain Gilbert Ford Dick Boushka James Walsh Charles Darling William Evans Bill Hougland Robert Jeangerard Bill Russell Ronald Tomsic Soviet Union ( URS ) Arkadi Bochkaryov Maigonis Valdmanis Viktor Zubkov Jānis Krūmiņš Algirdas Lauritėnas Valdis Muižnieks Yuri Ozerov Kazys Petkevičius Mikhail Semyonov Stasys Stonkus Mikhail Studenezki Vladimir Torban Uruguay ( URU ) Carlos Blixen Ramiro Cortés Héctor Costa Nelson Chelle Nelson Demarco Héctor García Carlos González Sergio Matto Oscar Moglia Raúl Mera Ariel Olascoaga Milton Scaron 1960 Rome details United States ( USA ) Jay Arnette Walt Bellamy Bob Boozer Terry Dischinger Burdette Haldorson Darrall Imhoff Allen Kelley Lester Lane Jerry Lucas Oscar Robertson Adrian Smith Jerry West Soviet Union ( URS ) Yuri Korneev Jānis Krūmiņš Guram Minashvili Valdis Muižnieks Cesars Ozers Aleksandr Petrov Mikhail Semyonov Vladimir Ugrekelidze Maigonis Valdmanis Albert Valtin Gennadi Volnov Viktor Zubkov Brazil ( BRA ) Edson Bispo dos Santos Moyses Blas Waldemar Blatskauskas Algodão Carmo de Souza Carlos Domingos Massoni Waldyr Geraldo Boccardo Wlamir Marques Amaury Antônio Pasos Fernando Pereira de Freitas Antonio Salvador Sucar Eduardo Schall Jatyr 1964 Tokyo details United States ( USA ) Jim Barnes Bill Bradley Larry Brown Joe Caldwell Mel Counts Dick Davies Walt Hazzard Lucious Jackson John McCaffrey Jeff Mullins Jerome Shipp George Wilson Soviet Union ( URS ) Armenak Alachachian Nikolai Bagley Vyacheslav Khrynin Juris Kalnins Yuri Korneev Jānis Krūmiņš Jaak Lipso Levan Moseshvili Valdis Muižnieks Aleksandr Petrov Aleksandr Travin Gennadi Volnov Brazil ( BRA ) Edson Bispo dos Santos Friedrich Wilhelm Braun Carmo de Souza Carlos Domingos Massoni Wlamir Marques Victor Mirshawka Amaury Antônio Pasos Ubiratan Pereira Maciel Antonio Salvador Sucar Jatyr Eduardo Schall José Edvar Simones Sergio de Toledo Machado 1968 Mexico City details United States ( USA ) Michael Barrett John Clawson Donald Dee Calvin Fowler Spencer Haywood Bill Hosket Jim King Glynn Saulters Charles Scott Michael Silliman Kenneth Spain Joseph White Yugoslavia ( YUG ) Dragutin Čermak Krešimir Ćosić Vladimir Cvetković Ivo Daneu Radivoj Korać Trajko Rajković Zoran Maroević Dragoslav Ražnatović Petar Skansi Damir Šolman Nikola Plećaš Aljoša Zorga Soviet Union ( URS ) Anatoli Polivoda Anatoli Krikun Vadim Kapranov Vladimir Andreev Sergei Kovalenko Modestas Paulauskas Jaak Lipso Gennadi Volnov Priit Tomson Zurab Sakandelidze Yury Selichov Sergei Belov 1972 Munich details Soviet Union ( URS ) Anatoli Polivoda Modestas Paulauskas Zurab Sakandelidze Alzhan Zharmukhamedov Aleksandr Boloshev Ivan Edeshko Sergei Belov Mikheil Korkiya Ivan Dvorny Gennadi Volnov Alexander Belov Sergei Kovalenko United States ( USA ) Kenneth Davis Doug Collins Tom Henderson Mike Bantom Robert Jones Dwight Jones James Forbes Jim Brewer Tom Burleson Tom McMillen Kevin Joyce Ed Ratleff Cuba ( CUB ) Juan Domecq Ruperto Herrera Juan Roca Pedro Chappé José Miguel Alvarez Pozo Rafael Canizares Conrado Perez Miguel Calderon Tomas Herrera Oscar Varona Alejandro Urgelles Franklin Standard 1976 Montreal details United States ( USA ) Phil Ford Steve Sheppard Adrian Dantley Walter Davis Quinn Buckner Ernie Grunfeld Kenneth Carr Scott May Tate Armstrong Tom LaGarde Phil Hubbard Mitch Kupchak Yugoslavia ( YUG ) Blagoje Georgievski Dragan Kićanović Vinko Jelovac Rajko Žižić Željko Jerkov Andro Knego Zoran Slavnić Krešimir Ćosić Damir Šolman Žarko Varajić Dražen Dalipagić Mirza Delibašić Soviet Union ( URS ) Vladimir Arzamaskov Aleksandr Salnikov Valeri Miloserdov Alzhan Zharmukhamedov Andrei Makeyev Ivan Edeshko Sergei Belov Vladimir Tkachenko Anatoli Myshkin Mikheil Korkiya Alexander Belov Vladimir Zhigily 1980 Moscow details Yugoslavia ( YUG ) Andro Knego Dragan Kićanović Rajko Žižić Mihovil Nakić Željko Jerkov Branko Skroče Zoran Slavnić Krešimir Ćosić Ratko Radovanović Duje Krstulović Dražen Dalipagić Mirza Delibašić Italy ( ITA ) Romeo Sacchetti Roberto Brunamonti Michael Silvester Enrico Gilardi Fabrizio Della Fiori Marco Solfrini Marco Bonamico Dino Meneghin Renato Villalta Renzo Vecchiato Pierluigi Marzorati Pietro Generali Soviet Union ( URS ) Stanislav Eremin Valeri Miloserdov Sergei Tarakanov Aleksandr Salnikov Andrei Lopatov Nikolai Derugin Sergei Belov Vladimir Tkachenko Anatoli Myshkin Sergėjus Jovaiša Alexander Belostenny Vladimir Zhigily 1984 Los Angeles details United States ( USA ) Steve Alford Leon Wood Patrick Ewing Vern Fleming Alvin Robertson Michael Jordan Joe Kleine Jon Koncak Wayman Tisdale Chris Mullin Sam Perkins Jeffrey Turner Spain ( ESP ) José Manuel Beirán José Luis Llorente Fernando Arcega Josep Maria Margall Andrés Jiménez Fernando Romay Fernando Martín Espina Juan Antonio Corbalán Ignacio Solozábal Juan Domingo de la Cruz Juan Manuel López Iturriaga Juan Antonio San Epifanio Yugoslavia ( YUG ) Dražen Petrović Aleksandar Petrović Nebojša Zorkić Rajko Žižić Ivan Sunara Emir Mutapčić Sabit Hadžić Andro Knego Ratko Radovanović Mihovil Nakić Dražen Dalipagić Branko Vukićević 1988 Seoul details Soviet Union ( URS ) Alexander Volkov Tiit Sokk Sergei Tarakanov Šarūnas Marčiulionis Igors Miglinieks Valeri Tikhonenko Rimas Kurtinaitis Arvydas Sabonis Viktor Pankrashkin Valdemaras Chomičius Alexander Belostenny Valery Goborov Yugoslavia ( YUG ) Dražen Petrović Zdravko Radulović Zoran Čutura Toni Kukoč Žarko Paspalj Željko Obradović Jure Zdovc Stojko Vranković Vlade Divac Franjo Arapović Dino Rađa Danko Cvjetičanin United States ( USA ) Mitch Richmond Charles E. Smith Charles D. Smith Bimbo Coles Jeff Grayer Willie Anderson Stacey Augmon Dan Majerle Danny Manning J.R. Reid David Robinson Hersey Hawkins 1992 Barcelona details United States ( USA ) Charles Barkley Larry Bird Clyde Drexler Patrick Ewing Magic Johnson Michael Jordan Christian Laettner Karl Malone Chris Mullin Scottie Pippen David Robinson John Stockton Croatia ( CRO ) Vladan Alanović Franjo Arapović Danko Cvjetičanin Alan Gregov Arijan Komazec Toni Kukoč Aramis Naglić Velimir Perasović Dražen Petrović Dino Rađa Žan Tabak Stojko Vranković Lithuania ( LTU ) Romanas Brazdauskis Valdemaras Chomičius Darius Dimavičius Gintaras Einikis Sergėjus Jovaiša Artūras Karnišovas Gintaras Krapikas Rimas Kurtinaitis Šarūnas Marčiulionis Alvydas Pazdrazdis Arvydas Sabonis Arūnas Visockas 1996 Atlanta details United States ( USA ) Charles Barkley Grant Hill Anfernee Hardaway David Robinson Scottie Pippen Mitch Richmond Reggie Miller Karl Malone John Stockton Shaquille O'Neal Gary Payton Hakeem Olajuwon Yugoslavia ( YUG ) Miroslav Berić Dejan Bodiroga Predrag Danilović Vlade Divac Aleksandar Đorđević Nikola Lončar Saša Obradović Žarko Paspalj Željko Rebrača Zoran Savić Dejan Tomašević Milenko Topić Lithuania ( LTU ) Gintaras Einikis Andrius Jurkūnas Artūras Karnišovas Rimas Kurtinaitis Darius Lukminas Šarūnas Marčiulionis Tomas Pačėsas Arvydas Sabonis Saulius Štombergas Rytis Vaišvila Eurelijus Žukauskas Mindaugas Žukauskas 2000 Sydney details United States ( USA ) Shareef Abdur - Rahim Ray Allen Vin Baker Vince Carter Kevin Garnett Tim Hardaway Allan Houston Jason Kidd Antonio McDyess Alonzo Mourning Gary Payton Steve Smith France ( FRA ) Jim Bilba Yann Bonato Makan Dioumassi Laurent Foirest Thierry Gadou Cyril Julian Crawford Palmer Antoine Rigaudeau Stéphane Risacher Laurent Sciarra Moustapha Sonko Frédéric Weis Lithuania ( LTU ) Dainius Adomaitis Gintaras Einikis Andrius Giedraitis Šarūnas Jasikevičius Kęstutis Marčiulionis Darius Maskoliūnas Tomas Masiulis Ramūnas Šiškauskas Darius Songaila Saulius Štombergas Mindaugas Timinskas Eurelijus Žukauskas 2004 Athens details Argentina ( ARG ) Carlos Delfino Gabriel Fernández Emanuel Ginóbili Leonardo Gutiérrez Wálter Herrmann Alejandro Montecchia Andrés Nocioni Fabricio Oberto Pepe Sánchez Luis Scola Hugo Sconochini Rubén Wolkowyski Italy ( ITA ) Gianluca Basile Massimo Bulleri Roberto Chiacig Giacomo Galanda Luca Garri Denis Marconato Michele Mian Gianmarco Pozzecco Nikola Radulović Alex Righetti Rodolfo Rombaldoni Matteo Soragna United States ( USA ) Carmelo Anthony Carlos Boozer Tim Duncan Allen Iverson LeBron James Richard Jefferson Stephon Marbury Shawn Marion Lamar Odom Emeka Okafor Amar'e Stoudemire Dwyane Wade 2008 Beijing details United States ( USA ) Carlos Boozer Jason Kidd LeBron James Deron Williams Michael Redd Dwyane Wade Kobe Bryant Dwight Howard Chris Bosh Chris Paul Tayshaun Prince Carmelo Anthony Spain ( ESP ) Pau Gasol Rudy Fernández Ricky Rubio Juan Carlos Navarro José Calderón Felipe Reyes Carlos Jiménez Raül López Berni Rodríguez Marc Gasol Álex Mumbrú Jorge Garbajosa Argentina ( ARG ) Carlos Delfino Manu Ginóbili Román González Leonardo Gutiérrez Juan Pedro Gutiérrez Federico Kammerichs Andrés Nocioni Fabricio Oberto Antonio Porta Pablo Prigioni Paolo Quinteros Luis Scola 2012 London details United States ( USA ) Tyson Chandler Kevin Durant LeBron James Russell Westbrook Deron Williams Andre Iguodala Kobe Bryant Kevin Love James Harden Chris Paul Anthony Davis Carmelo Anthony Spain ( ESP ) Pau Gasol Rudy Fernández Sergio Rodríguez Juan Carlos Navarro José Calderón Felipe Reyes Víctor Claver Fernando San Emeterio Sergio Llull Marc Gasol Serge Ibaka Víctor Sada Russia ( RUS ) Alexey Shved Timofey Mozgov Sergey Karasev Vitaly Fridzon Alexander Kaun Evgeny Voronov Viktor Khryapa Semyon Antonov Sergei Monia Dmitri Khvostov Anton Ponkrashov Andrei Kirilenko 2016 Rio details United States ( USA ) Jimmy Butler Kevin Durant DeAndre Jordan Kyle Lowry Harrison Barnes DeMar DeRozan Kyrie Irving Klay Thompson DeMarcus Cousins Paul George Draymond Green Carmelo Anthony Serbia ( SRB ) Miloš Teodosić Marko Simonović Bogdan Bogdanović Stefan Marković Nikola Kalinić Nemanja Nedović Stefan Birčević Miroslav Raduljica Nikola Jokić Vladimir Štimac Stefan Jović Milan Mačvan Spain ( ESP ) Pau Gasol Rudy Fernández Sergio Rodríguez Juan Carlos Navarro José Manuel Calderón Felipe Reyes Víctor Claver Willy Hernangómez Álex Abrines Sergio Llull Nikola Mirotić Ricky Rubio 2020 Tokyo details Women ( edit ) Individuals who have been inducted to the Naismith Hall of Fame ( including announced members awaiting induction ) are indicated as follows : Bold type : Inducted as players . Italics : Inducted in a non-playing role . Games Gold Silver Bronze 1976 Montreal details Soviet Union ( URS ) Olga Barysheva Tamāra Dauniene Natalya Klimova Tatyana Ovechkina Angelė Rupšienė Nadezhda Shuvayeva Nadezhda Zakharova Uljana Semjonova Raisa Kurvyakova Nelli Feryabnikova Olga Sukharnova Tetiana Zakharova United States ( USA ) Cindy Brogdon Susan Rojcewicz Ann Meyers Lusia Harris Nancy Dunkle Charlotte Lewis Nancy Lieberman Gail Marquis Patricia Roberts Mary Anne O'Connor Patricia Head Juliene Simpson Bulgaria ( BUL ) Krasimira Bogdanova Diana Dilova Krasimira Gyurova Penka Metodieva Snezhana Mikhaylova Girgina Skerlatova Mariya Stoyanova Margarita Shtarkelova Petkana Makaveeva Nadka Golcheva Penka Stoyanova Todorka Yordanova 1980 Moscow details Soviet Union ( URS ) Olga Barysheva Tatyana Ivinskaya Nelli Feryabnikova Vida Beselienė Tatyana Ovechkina Angelė Rupšienė Lyubov Sharmay Uljana Semjonova Tetiana Nadyrova Olga Sukharnova Nadezhda Shuvayeva - Olkhova Lyudmila Rogozhina Bulgaria ( BUL ) Krasimira Bogdanova Vanya Dermendzhieva Silviya Germanova Petkana Makaveeva Nadka Golcheva Penka Stoyanova Evladiya Slavcheva Kostadinka Radkova Snezhana Mikhaylova Angelina Mikhaylova Penka Metodieva Diana Dilova Yugoslavia ( YUG ) Vera Ðurašković Mersada Bećirspahić Jelica Komnenović Mira Bjedov Vukica Mitić Sanja Ožegović Sofija Pekić Marija Tonković Zorica Ðurković Vesna Despotović Biljana Majstorović Jasmina Perazić 1984 Los Angeles details United States ( USA ) Teresa Edwards Lea Henry Lynette Woodard Anne Donovan Cathy Boswell Cheryl Miller Janice Lawrence Cindy Noble Kim Mulkey Denise Curry Pamela McGee Carol Menken - Schaudt South Korea ( KOR ) Choi Ae - Yeong Kim Eun - sook Lee Hyeong - Suk Choi Gyeong - Hui Lee Mi - ja Moon Gyeong - Ja Kim Hwa - Sun Jeong Myeong - Hui Kim Yeong - Hui Seong Jeong - A Park Chan - Suk China ( CHN ) Chen Yuefang Li Xiaoqin Ba Yan Song Xiaobo Qiu Chen Wang Jun Xiu Lijuan Zheng Haixia Cong Xuedi Zhang Hui Liu Qing Zhang Yueqin 1988 Seoul details United States ( USA ) Teresa Edwards Kamie Ethridge Cynthia Brown Anne Donovan Teresa Weatherspoon Bridgette Gordon Vicky Bullett Andrea Lloyd Katrina McClain Jennifer Gillom Cynthia Cooper Suzanne McConnell Yugoslavia ( YUG ) Stojna Vangelovska Mara Lakić Žana Lelas Eleonora Wild Kornelija Kvesić Danira Bilić Slađana Golić Polona Dornik Razija Mujanović Vesna Bajkuša Anđelija Arbutina Bojana Milošević Soviet Union ( URS ) Olga Buryakina Yelena Khudashova Vitalija Tuomaitė Olga Yakovleva Galina Savitskaya Aleksandra Leonova Olga Yevkova Irina Sumnikova Irina Minkh Irina Gerlits Olesya Barel Natalya Zasulskaya 1992 Barcelona details Unified Team ( EUN ) Elen Bunatyants Irina Sumnikova Marina Tkachenko Irina Minkh Irina Gerlits Svetlana Zaboluyeva Natalya Zasulskaya Yelena Zhirko Yelena Tornikidu Yelena Shvaybovich Yelena Khudashova Yelena Baranova China ( CHN ) Cong Xuedi He Jun Li Dongmei Li Xin Liu Jun Liu Qing Peng Ping Wang Fang Zhan Shuping Zheng Dongmei Zheng Haixia United States ( USA ) Vicky Bullett Daedra Charles Cynthia Cooper Clarissa Davis Medina Dixon Teresa Edwards Tammy Jackson Carolyn Jones Katrina McClain Suzanne McConnell Vickie Orr Teresa Weatherspoon 1996 Atlanta details United States ( USA ) Jennifer Azzi Ruthie Bolton Teresa Edwards Venus Lacy Lisa Leslie Rebecca Lobo Katrina McClain Nikki McCray Carla McGhee Dawn Staley Katy Steding Sheryl Swoopes Brazil ( BRA ) Roseli Gustavo Marta Sobral Silvia Andrea Santos Luz Alessandra Oliveira Cintia Santos Claudia Maria Pastor Hortência Marcari Adriana Santos Maria Angélica Janeth Arcain Maria Paula Silva Leila Sobral Australia ( AUS ) Robyn Maher Rachael Sporn Michele Timms Michelle Brogan Trisha Fallon Allison Cook Carla Boyd Sandy Brondello Shelley Sandie Fiona Robinson Michelle Chandler Jenny Whittle 2000 Sydney details United States ( USA ) Teresa Edwards Yolanda Griffith Chamique Holdsclaw Ruthie Bolton Lisa Leslie Nikki McCray DeLisha Milton - Jones Katie Smith Dawn Staley Sheryl Swoopes Natalie Williams Kara Wolters Australia ( AUS ) Carla Boyd Sandy Brondello Trisha Fallon Michelle Griffiths Kristi Harrower Jo Hill Lauren Jackson Annie La Fleur Shelley Sandie Rachael Sporn Michele Timms Jennifer Whittle Brazil ( BRA ) Janeth Arcain Ilisaine David Lilian Gonçalves Helen Luz Silvia Andrea Santos Luz Cláudia das Neves Alessandra Oliveira Adriana Moisés Pinto Adriana Santos Cintia Santos Kelly Santos Marta Sobral 2004 Athens details United States ( USA ) Sue Bird Swin Cash Tamika Catchings Yolanda Griffith Shannon Johnson Lisa Leslie Ruth Riley Katie Smith Dawn Staley Sheryl Swoopes Diana Taurasi Tina Thompson Australia ( AUS ) Suzy Batkovic Sandy Brondello Trisha Fallon Kristi Harrower Lauren Jackson Natalie Porter Alicia Poto Belinda Snell Rachael Sporn Laura Summerton Penny Taylor Allison Tranquilli Russia ( RUS ) Anna Arkhipova Olga Arteshina Yelena Baranova Diana Goustilina Maria Kalmykova Elena Karpova Ilona Korstin Irina Osipova Oxana Rakhmatulina Tatiana Shchegoleva Maria Stepanova Natalia Vodopyanova 2008 Beijing details United States ( USA ) Seimone Augustus Sue Bird Tamika Catchings Sylvia Fowles Kara Lawson Lisa Leslie DeLisha Milton - Jones Candace Parker Cappie Pondexter Katie Smith Diana Taurasi Tina Thompson Australia ( AUS ) Erin Phillips Tully Bevilaqua Jennifer Screen Penny Taylor Suzy Batkovic Hollie Grima Kristi Harrower Laura Summerton Belinda Snell Emma Randall Rohanee Cox Lauren Jackson Russia ( RUS ) Marina Kuzina Oxana Rakhmatulina Natalia Vodopyanova Becky Hammon Marina Karpunina Tatiana Shchegoleva Ilona Korstin Maria Stepanova Yekaterina Lisina Irina Sokolovskaya Svetlana Abrosimova Irina Osipova 2012 London details United States ( USA ) Lindsay Whalen Seimone Augustus Sue Bird Maya Moore Angel McCoughtry Asjha Jones Tamika Catchings Swin Cash Diana Taurasi Sylvia Fowles Tina Charles Candace Parker France ( FRA ) Isabelle Yacoubou Endéné Miyem Clémence Beikes Sandrine Gruda Edwige Lawson - Wade Céline Dumerc Florence Lepron Émilie Gomis Marion Laborde Élodie Godin Emmeline Ndongue Jennifer Digbeu Australia ( AUS ) Suzy Batkovic Abby Bishop Liz Cambage Kristi Harrower Lauren Jackson Rachel Jarry Kathleen MacLeod Jenna O'Hea Samantha Richards Jennifer Screen Belinda Snell Laura Summerton 2016 Rio details United States ( USA ) Lindsay Whalen Seimone Augustus Sue Bird Maya Moore Angel McCoughtry Breanna Stewart Tamika Catchings Elena Delle Donne Diana Taurasi Sylvia Fowles Tina Charles Brittney Griner Spain ( ESP ) Leticia Romero Laura Nicholls Silvia Domínguez Alba Torrens Laia Palau Marta Xargay Leonor Rodríguez Lucila Pascua Anna Cruz Laura Quevedo Laura Gil Astou Ndour Serbia ( SRB ) Tamara Radočaj Sonja Petrović Saša Čađo Sara Krnjić Nevena Jovanović Jelena Milovanović Dajana Butulija Dragana Stanković Aleksandra Crvendakić Milica Dabović Ana Dabović Danielle Page 2020 Tokyo details Athlete medal leaders ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Rank Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Carmelo Anthony United States ( USA ) 2004 -- 2016 0 Gennadi Volnov Soviet Union ( URS ) 1960 -- 1972 Sergei Belov Soviet Union ( URS ) 1968 -- 1980 0 David Robinson United States ( USA ) 1988 -- 1996 0 LeBron James United States ( USA ) 2004 -- 2012 0 6 Krešimir Ćosić Yugoslavia ( YUG ) 1968 , 1976 -- 1980 0 7 Dražen Dalipagić Yugoslavia ( YUG ) 1976 -- 1984 7 Rajko Žižić Yugoslavia ( YUG ) 1976 -- 1984 9 Rimas Kurtinaitis Soviet Union ( URS ) Lithuania ( LTU ) 1988 1992 -- 1996 0 9 Šarūnas Marčiulionis Soviet Union ( URS ) Lithuania ( LTU ) 1988 1992 -- 1996 0 9 Arvydas Sabonis Soviet Union ( URS ) Lithuania ( LTU ) 1988 1992 -- 1996 0 12 Maigonis Valdmanis Soviet Union ( URS ) 1952 -- 1960 0 0 12 Jānis Krūmiņš Soviet Union ( URS ) 1956 -- 1964 0 0 12 Valdis Muižnieks Soviet Union ( URS ) 1956 -- 1964 0 0 15 Dražen Petrović Yugoslavia ( YUG ) Croatia ( CRO ) 1984 -- 1988 1992 0 15 José Calderón Spain ( ESP ) 2008 -- 2016 0 15 Rudy Fernández Spain ( ESP ) 2008 -- 2016 0 15 Pau Gasol Spain ( ESP ) 2008 -- 2016 0 15 Juan Carlos Navarro Spain ( ESP ) 2008 -- 2016 0 15 Felipe Reyes Spain ( ESP ) 2008 -- 2016 0 21 Gintaras Einikis Lithuania ( LTU ) 1992 -- 2000 0 0 Women ( edit ) Rank Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Teresa Edwards United States ( USA ) 1984 -- 2000 0 5 Lisa Leslie United States ( USA ) 1996 -- 2008 0 0 Sue Bird United States ( USA ) 2004 -- 2016 0 0 Tamika Catchings United States ( USA ) 2004 -- 2016 0 0 Diana Taurasi United States ( USA ) 2004 -- 2016 0 0 6 Kristi Harrower Australia ( AUS ) 2000 -- 2012 0 6 Lauren Jackson Australia ( AUS ) 2000 -- 2012 0 8 Sheryl Swoopes United States ( USA ) 1996 -- 2004 0 0 8 Dawn Staley United States ( USA ) 1996 -- 2004 0 0 8 Katie Smith United States ( USA ) 2000 -- 2008 0 0 8 Seimone Augustus United States ( USA ) 2008 -- 2016 0 0 8 Sylvia Fowles United States ( USA ) 2008 -- 2016 0 0 13 Katrina McClain United States ( USA ) 1988 -- 1996 0 14 Suzy Batkovic Australia ( AUS ) 2004 -- 2012 0 14 Sandy Brondello Australia ( AUS ) 1996 -- 2004 0 14 Trisha Fallon Australia ( AUS ) 1996 -- 2004 0 14 Rachael Sporn Australia ( AUS ) 1996 -- 2004 0 14 Belinda Snell Australia ( AUS ) 2004 -- 2012 0 14 Laura Summerton Australia ( AUS ) 2004 -- 2012 0 Notes ( edit ) The United States team members did not accept silver medals after a controversy in the gold medal game . References ( edit ) General `` Results database '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . `` Basketball : Basketball Men '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . `` Basketball : Basketball Women '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . `` Olympic Review and Revue Olympique '' . LA84 Foundation . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2009 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . `` Hall of Famers Index '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . ( Hall of Famers inducted through 2011 ) `` Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Announces Class of 2012 '' ( Press release ) . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . April 2 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . ( Induction class includes Don Barksdale , Katrina McClain , and Reggie Miller , all listed above ) Specific ^ Jump up to : `` Classic 1972 USA vs. USSR Basketball game '' . ESPN . August 6 , 2004 . Retrieved April 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Carter tells U.S. athletes of Olympic boycott '' . History . A&E Television Networks . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2009 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.olympic.org/los-angeles-1984 Jump up ^ Burns , John F. ( May 9 , 1984 ) . `` Moscow Will Keep Its Team From Los Angeles Olympics ; Tass Cites Peril , U.S. Denies It ; Protests Are Issue '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Daniel ( 1992 - 07 - 27 ) . `` Traditions Pro Vs. Amateur '' . Time . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Records and Medals - Games of the Olympiad '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . January 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 23 , 2009 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Two Lithuanian men who have won three medals , Šarūnas Marčiulionis and Arvydas Sabonis , are not listed in the IOC 's printed record book as having won three medals . Both won gold medals with the USSR in 1988 and bronze medals with Lithuania in 1992 and 1996 . Sabonis is listed in the IOC 's official online database of medalists with all three medals . Marčiulionis , whose full birth name is Raimondas Šarūnas Marčiulionis , is listed under two separate names in the IOC online database . His gold medal in 1988 is listed under `` Raimundas '' , a variant of his first name , and both bronze medals are listed under the name `` Sarunas '' , an anglicized form of his middle name . Jump up ^ `` Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Announces Class of 2010 '' ( Press release ) . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . April 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2010 . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Announces Class of 2011 - Mullin , Rodman , Gilmore and VanDerveer Headline Distinguished Group '' ( Press release ) . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . April 4 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2011 . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.olympic.org/news/tokyo-2020-event-programme-to-see-major-boost-for-female-participation-youth-and-urban-appeal?esi=true Jump up ^ `` IOC adds 3 - on - 3 basketball to 2020 Olympics '' . NBA.com. 9 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . External links ( edit ) Basketball : Men 's Basketball at Sports-Reference.com Basketball : Women 's Basketball at Sports-Reference.com Basketball at the Summer Olympics Tournaments 1896 1900 1904 ( demonstration ) 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Men 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Women 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Qualifications Men 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Women 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Squads Men 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Women 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 List of medalists List of venues Lists of Olympic medalists Summer sports Archery Athletics men women Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing men women Cycling men women Diving Equestrian Fencing men women Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics men women Handball men women Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing men women Rugby Sailing by discipline by class Shooting Swimming men women Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling freestyle Greco - Roman Winter sports Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Discontinued sports Baseball Basque pelota Cricket Croquet Jeu de paume Lacrosse Polo Rackets Roque Softball Tug of war Water motorsports Unofficial sports Art competitions Olympic sports Olympic medal All - time Olympic Games medal table Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_basketball&oldid=855485947 '' Categories : Lists of Summer Olympic medalists by sport Basketball at the Summer Olympics Lists of basketball players Olympic medalists in basketball Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 17 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which country has won the most olympic titles | [
"The United States is by far the most successful country in Olympic basketball, with United States men's teams having won 15 of 18 tournaments in which they participated, including seven consecutive titles from 1936 through 1968. United States women's teams have won 8 titles out of the 10 tournaments in which they competed, including six in a row from 1996 to 2016. Besides the United States, Argentina is the only nation still in existence who has won either the men's or women's tournament. The Soviet Union, Yugoslavia and the Unified Team are the countries no longer in existence who have won the tournament. The United States are the defending champions in both men's and women's tournaments. As of the 2016 Summer Olympics, 90 medals (30 of each color) have been awarded to teams from 20 National Olympic Committees.\n"
] | [
"United States"
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-4125025798758052344 | San Antonio Spurs | San Antonio Spurs - wikipedia San Antonio Spurs Jump to : navigation , search San Antonio Spurs 2017 -- 18 San Antonio Spurs season Conference Western Division Southwest Founded 1967 History Dallas Chaparrals 1967 -- 1970 , 1971 -- 1973 ( ABA ) Texas Chaparrals 1970 -- 1971 ( ABA ) San Antonio Spurs 1973 -- 1976 ( ABA ) 1976 -- present ( NBA ) Arena AT&T Center Location San Antonio , Texas Team colors Silver , black President Gregg Popovich General manager R.C. Buford Head coach Gregg Popovich Ownership Spurs Sports & Entertainment ( Julianna Hawn Holt , Chairman and CEO ) Affiliation ( s ) Austin Spurs Championships 5 ( 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 ) Conference titles 6 ( 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2013 , 2014 ) Division titles 22 ( 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1990 , 1991 , 1995 , 1996 , 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) Retired numbers 8 ( 00 , 6 , 12 , 13 , 21 , 32 , 44 , 50 ) Website www.nba.com/spurs Uniforms Home Away Third The San Antonio Spurs are an American professional basketball team based in San Antonio , Texas . The Spurs compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays its home games at the AT&T Center in San Antonio . The Spurs are one of four former American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams to remain intact in the NBA after the 1976 ABA -- NBA merger and the only former ABA team to have won an NBA championship . The Spurs ' five NBA championships are the fourth most in history ( tied with the Golden State Warriors ) behind only the Boston Celtics ( 17 ) , Los Angeles Lakers ( 16 ) , and Chicago Bulls ( 6 ) . The Spurs currently rank first among active franchises for the highest winning percentage in NBA history , and have a winning head - to - head regular season record against every active NBA franchise . In their 40 NBA seasons since 1976 -- 77 , the Spurs have won 22 division titles . They have made the playoffs in 27 of the last 28 seasons ( since 1989 -- 90 ) and have only missed the playoffs four times since entering the NBA ; they have not missed the playoffs in the 20 seasons since Tim Duncan was drafted by the Spurs in 1997 . With their 50th win in the 2016 -- 17 season , the Spurs extended their record for most consecutive 50 - win seasons to 18 ( the Spurs did not win 50 games in the strike - shortened 1998 -- 99 season , which lasted only 50 games ) . Since the 1997 -- 98 season , the Spurs have had 20 consecutive seasons with a winning percentage of . 610 or greater during the regular season , which is also an NBA record . The team 's success during this period coincides with the tenure of current head coach Gregg Popovich , who had been the team 's general manager before replacing Bob Hill as coach in 1996 . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Spurs in San Antonio 2 Franchise history 2.1 1967 -- 1973 : Dallas Chaparrals / Texas Chaparrals 2.2 1973 -- 1976 : Coming to San Antonio 2.3 1976 -- 1985 : The George Gervin era 2.4 1985 -- 1989 : Difficult years 2.5 1989 -- 1997 : Arrival of The Admiral 2.6 1997 -- 2016 : Tim Duncan era 2.6. 1 1997 -- 2003 : The `` Twin Towers '' 2.6. 2 2003 -- 2004 : Bridging the Gap 2.6. 3 2004 -- 2013 : The `` Big Three '' 2.6. 4 2013 -- 2016 : Fifth championship and Duncan 's retirement 2.7 2016 -- present : Kawhi Leonard era 3 Rivalries 3.1 Los Angeles Lakers 3.2 Dallas Mavericks 3.3 Houston Rockets 3.4 Phoenix Suns 4 Logo and uniforms 5 Season - by - season record 6 Arena history 7 Players 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Retained draft rights 7.3 Retired numbers 7.4 Basketball Hall of Famers 7.5 FIBA Hall of Famers 7.6 Franchise leaders 8 Individual awards 8.1 NBA individual awards 8.2 ABA individual awards 8.3 NBA All - Star Weekend 9 Head coaches 10 References 11 External links The Spurs in San Antonio The Spurs are the city 's only team in any of the four major U.S. professional sports leagues and the only major - league team in the city 's history to have lasted more than five years . Spurs players are active members of the San Antonio community , and many former Spurs are still active in San Antonio including David Robinson with the Carver Academy and George Gervin with the George Gervin Youth Center . The Spurs set several NBA attendance records while playing at the Alamodome including the largest crowd ever for a NBA Finals game in 1999 , and the Spurs continue to sell out the smaller AT&T Center ( formerly SBC Center ) on a regular basis . Since 2003 , the team has been forced on an extended road trip for much of February since the AT&T Center hosts the San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo . This is informally known as the `` Rodeo Road Trip '' . The Spurs have consistently posted winning road records during this period , including an NBA - record longest single road trip winning streak ( eight games out of nine , achieved in 2003 ) . When the Spurs have won the NBA title , the team 's victory parades have been boat trips on the San Antonio River Walk . Franchise history 1967 -- 1973 : Dallas Chaparrals / Texas Chaparrals Main article : Dallas Chaparrals The San Antonio Spurs started out as the Dallas Chaparrals of the original version of the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) . Coached by player / coach Cliff Hagan the Dallas Chaparrals were one of 11 teams to take the floor in the inaugural season of the upstart ABA . The Chaps ' second season was a bit of a disappointment , as the team finished in 4th place with a mediocre 41 -- 37 record . In the playoffs the Chaparrals quickly fell to the New Orleans Buccaneers . The team suffered from poor attendance and general disinterest in Dallas . In fact , during the 1970 -- 71 season , the name `` Dallas '' was dropped in favor of `` Texas '' and an attempt was made to make the team a regional one , playing games in Fort Worth , Texas , at the Tarrant County Convention Center , as well as Lubbock , Texas , at the Lubbock Municipal Coliseum , but this proved a failure and the team returned full - time to Dallas in time for the 1971 -- 72 season , splitting their games at Moody Coliseum and Dallas Convention Center Arena . 1973 -- 1976 : coming to San Antonio While the Chaparrals had been modestly successful on the court , they were sinking financially by their third season , largely because the ownership group refused to spend much money on the team . After missing the playoffs for the first time in their existence in the 1972 -- 73 season , nearly all of the owners wanted out . A group of 36 San Antonio businessmen , led by Manager / Angelo Drossos , Chairman of the Board / John Schaefer and President / Red McCombs , worked out a `` lend - lease '' deal with the Dallas ownership group . Drossos and his group would lease the team for three years and move it to San Antonio , and agreed to return the team to Dallas if no purchase occurred by 1975 . After the deal was signed , the team was renamed the San Antonio Gunslingers . However , before they even played a game the name was changed to Spurs . The team 's primary colors were changed from the red , white , and blue of the Chaparrals to the now familiar black , silver and white motif of the Spurs . The team 's name derives from a spur , a metal tool designed to be worn on the heels of cowboy boots for the purpose of controlling a horse 's movement and direction In the first game at the HemisFair Arena the Spurs lost to the San Diego Conquistadors , despite attracting a noisy crowd of 6,000 fans . A smothering defense was the team 's image , as they held opponents less than 100 points an ABA record 49 times . The early Spurs were led by ABA veteran James Silas , and the team would get stronger as the season went on as they twice took advantage of the Virginia Squires , acquiring Swen Nater , who would go on to win Rookie of the Year , in November , and `` The Iceman '' George Gervin in January . The ABA tried to halt the Gervin deal , claiming it was detrimental to the league , but a judge would rule in the Spurs ' favor , and Gervin made his Spurs debut on February 7 . The Spurs would go on to finish with a 45 -- 39 record , good for 3rd place in the Western Division . In the playoffs , the Spurs would battle the Indiana Pacers to the bitter end before falling in seven games . San Antonio embraced the Spurs with open arms ; the Spurs drew 6,303 fans per game , surpassing the Chaparrals ' entire total attendance in only 18 games . Schaefer , Drossos and McCombs knew a runaway hit when they saw it . After only one year , they exercised their option to tear up the lease agreement , buy the franchise outright and keep the team in San Antonio for good . The team quickly made themselves at home at HemisFair Arena , playing to increasingly large and raucous crowds . Despite a respectable 17 -- 10 start during the 1974 -- 75 season , Coach Tom Nissalke was fired as owners become tired of the Spurs ' slow defensive style of games . He would be replaced by Bob Bass , who stated that the Spurs would have an entirely new playing style : `` It is my belief that you can not throw a set offense at another professional team for 48 minutes . You 've got to let them play some schoolyard basketball . '' George Gervin and James Silas took that style to heart , as the Spurs became an exciting fast breaking team on the way to a solid 51 -- 33 record , good enough for second place in the West . Gervin said , `` Our whole theory was that you shoot 100 times , we 'll shoot 107 . '' However , in the playoffs the Spurs would fall to the Indiana Pacers in six games . Even though playoff success would elude the team , the Spurs had suddenly found themselves among the top teams in the ABA . Moreover , their gaudy attendance figures made them very attractive to the NBA , despite the size of the market . Although San Antonio had over 650,000 people at the time ( and has since grown to become the seventh - largest city in the United States ) , it has always been a medium - sized market because the surrounding suburban and rural areas are not much larger than the city itself . In June 1976 , the ABA -- NBA merger took place , moving San Antonio 's sole professional sports franchise into a new league . The Spurs , Denver Nuggets , Indiana Pacers and New York Nets moved to the NBA for the 1976 -- 77 season . The Spurs and the other three ABA teams agreed to pay the owners of two other strong ABA teams that folded instead of joining the NBA . John Y. Brown , Jr. , the owner of the Kentucky Colonels , received $3 million , which he used to purchase the NBA 's Buffalo Braves and later the Boston Celtics , after selling star guard Louie Dampier to the Spurs . The owners of the Spirits of St. Louis received a portion of all television profits during their NBA tenure , which amounted to roughly 1 / 7 of the Spurs ' television profit every year . This agreement placed particular financial pressure on the Spurs and the other three former ABA teams . In 2014 , the Spirits ' owners reached agreement with the NBA to end the perpetual payments and take a lump sum of $500 million instead . 1976 -- 1985 : the George Gervin era Although there was some initial skepticism in league circles regarding the potential success and talent levels of the incoming ABA teams , the Spurs would prove worthy of NBA inclusion during the 1976 -- 77 season with a record of 44 -- 38 , good for a tie for fourth place overall in the Eastern Conference . This was done in spite of significant handicaps the NBA imposed on the incoming ABA teams , limiting their draft picks and television revenues during their early time in the merged league . They gained a new rival in the form of the Houston Rockets , who had played in Texas for five years prior to the merger . During the 1977 -- 78 season , George Gervin and David Thompson of the Denver Nuggets battled all season for the NBA scoring title . On the final day of the season , Thompson took the lead by scoring 73 points in an afternoon game against the Detroit Pistons . That night Gervin knew that he needed 58 points against the Jazz in New Orleans . Gervin got off to a good start by scoring 20 points in the 1st quarter . In the 2nd , The Iceman was even better , setting a single period record with 33 points . Early on in the 3rd period Gervin scored his 58 points on the way to 63 capturing the scoring title . While Gervin was lighting up the scoreboard the Spurs were winning the Central Division with a 52 -- 30 record . However , in the playoffs the Spurs would be stunned in six games by the Washington Bullets despite an outstanding series from Gervin who averaged 33.2 ppg . The following season in the 1979 Conference Finals the Spurs led the series 3 -- 1 but the Bullets came back to win the last three games and came from behind to win the 7th game 107 -- 105 handing the Spurs a heartbreaking loss . The Spurs would have to wait another 20 years to make it to their first NBA finals . The Spurs would go on to capture five division titles in their first seven years in the NBA and became a perennial playoff participant . However , in the playoffs , the Spurs would never find a break , losing to teams like the Washington Bullets , the Boston Celtics , the Houston Rockets , and the Los Angeles Lakers . As the 1980s progressed , the Spurs would see their shares of highs and lows . For the first few seasons of the decade , the Spurs continued their success of the 1970s with records of 52 -- 30 in 1980 -- 81 , 48 -- 34 in 1981 -- 82 , and 53 -- 29 in 1982 -- 83 ( it was during this period that the Spurs were moved to the Western Conference ) . Despite their regular season success , the Spurs were unable to win any NBA championships , losing in the Western Conference playoffs to the Houston Rockets in the first round of the 1981 and the Los Angeles Lakers in four games 1982 and in six games in the 1983 Western Finals despite getting both wins at the Forum in the 1983 series . They lost every home game in both series in 1982 and 1983 vs the Lakers as Magic Johnson , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar and co . were too strong . The Spurs did not make the conference finals until 1995 . After the 1984 -- 85 season , Gervin , who had been the Spurs ' biggest star , was traded to the Chicago Bulls in what effectively signaled the end of the era that began when the Spurs first moved to San Antonio . 1985 -- 1989 : difficult years The next four seasons were a dark time in Spurs ' history with the team having a combined record of 115 -- 213 from 1985 -- 86 until 1988 -- 89 . The losing seasons and dwindling attendance often caused the Spurs to be mentioned as a potential candidate for relocation to another city . The lone bright spot during this period was the Spurs being awarded the top pick in the 1987 NBA draft through NBA Draft Lottery . The Spurs used this selection on United States Naval Academy standout David Robinson . Although drafted in 1987 , the Spurs would have to wait until the 1989 -- 90 season to see Robinson actually play , due to a two - year commitment he had to serve with the United States Navy . The Spurs seemingly bottomed out in 1988 -- 89 with a record of 21 -- 61 , the worst in franchise history at the time . However , the 1989 -- 90 season was notable for several reasons . It was the first season of full ownership for Red McCombs , who was an original investor in the team and helped solidify local ownership for the team . Additionally , the 1988 -- 89 season featured the debut of Larry Brown as the Spurs head coach who moved to San Antonio after winning the NCAA National Championship with Kansas in 1988 . 1989 -- 1997 : arrival of the Admiral Although there was speculation that Robinson might choose not to sign with the Spurs and to become a free agent once his Navy commitment ended , Robinson decided in the end to come to San Antonio for the 1989 -- 90 season . While it was thought his arrival would make the Spurs respectable again , no one expected what happened in his rookie season . Led by Robinson , 1989 draftee Sean Elliott from Arizona , and trade acquisition Terry Cummings from the Milwaukee Bucks , the Spurs achieved the biggest one - season turnaround in NBA history , finishing with a record of 56 -- 26 . They also jumped all the way to first place in the Midwest Division , their first division title in seven years . Robinson had one of the most successful rookie seasons for a center in NBA history , finishing the season as the unanimous Rookie of the Year while averaging 24.3 points and 12.0 rebounds . The Spurs began the 1990s with great optimism . The team became a perennial playoff presence , although unable to advance further than the second round of the NBA Playoffs under Brown 's tutelage . Late in the 1991 -- 92 season , McCombs fired Brown and replaced him with Bob Bass for the remainder of the season . Without a healthy David Robinson , the Spurs were swept out of the first round of the playoffs by the Phoenix Suns . McCombs made national headlines during the summer of 1992 with the hiring of former UNLV head coach Jerry Tarkanian . The Tarkanian experiment proved a flop , as the coach was fired 20 games into the 1992 -- 93 season with the Spurs record at 9 -- 11 . After Rex Hughes filled the coaching shoes for one game , NBA veteran John Lucas was named head coach . It was Lucas ' first NBA coaching assignment , although he had gained recognition in league circles for his success in helping NBA players rehab from drug abuse . The Lucas era started out successfully . His coaching propelled the team to a 39 -- 22 finish over the rest of the regular season , and the team reached the Western Conference semi-finals . The Alamodome , home to the Spurs from 1993 to 2002 . In 1993 , local businessman Peter M. Holt and a group of 22 investors purchased the Spurs from Red McCombs for $75 million . In the 1993 -- 94 season , the Spurs ' first in the newly built Alamodome , Lucas led the team to a 55 -- 27 record but the team suffered a loss in the first round of the playoffs , which led to the immediate firing of Lucas as head coach . Prior to the season the Spurs traded fan - favorite Elliott to the Detroit Pistons in return for rebounding star Dennis Rodman . Lucas was replaced by former Pacers coach Bob Hill for the 1994 -- 95 season . Elliott returned to the team after an uneventful season with the Pistons , and the team finished with the NBA 's best record at 62 -- 20 , cracking the 60 - win mark for the first time in franchise history . Robinson was named the league 's Most Valuable Player . The Spurs reached the Western Conference Finals , but lost to the eventual NBA Champion Houston Rockets . Throughout the season , and particularly in the playoffs , there appeared to be friction developing between Rodman and several Spurs ' teammates , most notably Robinson . Rodman was traded to the Chicago Bulls after the season , and helped the Bulls win three titles from 1996 to 1998 . The Spurs finished the 1995 -- 96 season under Hill at 59 -- 23 and lost in the Western Conference semi-finals . Few observers could have predicted how far the Spurs would fall during the 1996 -- 97 season , especially with the signing of Dominique Wilkins . Robinson missed the first month of the season due to a back injury . He returned in December , but played only six games before a broken foot sidelined him for the rest of the season . Elliott also missed more than half the season due to injury . Without Robinson and Elliott , the Spurs were a rudderless team . The lone bright spot was Wilkins , leading the team in scoring with an average of 18.2 ppg . The Spurs ended the season with a 20 -- 62 record , the worst in franchise history -- and to date , the last time they have missed the playoffs . Hill only lasted 18 games as coach that season , eventually being fired and replaced by general manager Gregg Popovich , who had also served a stint under Brown as an assistant coach . Wilkins would play his lone season in 1996 -- 97 for San Antonio , knowing his minutes and playing time would greatly diminish next season . As disastrous as the 1996 -- 97 season was for the Spurs , the offseason proved to be the opposite . With the third - worst record in the league , the Spurs won the NBA 's draft lottery , which gave them the top pick in the 1997 draft . The Spurs used their pick to select Wake Forest product and consensus All - American Tim Duncan . The drafting of Tim Duncan in 1997 was a turning point in the history of the Spurs . 1997 -- 2016 : Tim Duncan era 1997 -- 2003 : the `` twin towers '' Further information : Twin Towers ( San Antonio Spurs ) Gregg Popovich watched Tim Duncan play in summer league and immediately noted that , `` If I try to coach this guy , the only thing I can do is screw him up '' , effectively saying that Duncan was very gifted , very intelligent , and had a keen knowledge of the game . Duncan quickly emerged as a dominant force in the NBA during the 1997 -- 98 season , averaging 21.1 points and 11.9 rebounds per game as a power forward . He was named First Team All - NBA while winning Rookie of the Year honors . The team ended up at 56 -- 26 , breaking their own record from 1989 -- 90 for the biggest single - season improvement for wins , but once again lost to the Jazz in the Western Conference semi-finals . While both Duncan and Robinson played low - post roles , the two seamlessly meshed on the court . With a healthy Robinson and Duncan and the additions of playoff veterans such as Mario Elie and Jerome Kersey , the Spurs looked forward to the 1998 -- 99 season . Prior to the beginning of training camps , however , the NBA owners , led by commissioner David Stern , locked out the players in order to force a new collective bargaining agreement with the National Basketball Players Association ( NBPA ) . The season was delayed for over three months until resolution on a new labor agreement was reached in January 1999 . The Spurs won five championships , all with Duncan and Popovich . Playing a shortened 50 - game season , the Spurs earned an NBA - best 37 -- 13 record (. 740 win percentage , and only season since Duncan was drafted the Spurs did not win at least 50 games in a season as of 2016 ) . The team was just as dominant in the playoffs , rolling through the Western Conference with a record of 11 -- 1 . In the NBA Finals , they faced the New York Knicks , who had made history by becoming the first eighth seed to ever make the NBA Finals . The Spurs won the series and the franchise 's first NBA Championship in Game 5 at the Knicks ' home arena , Madison Square Garden . Duncan was named the NBA Finals MVP . The Spurs became the first former ABA team to reach and to win the NBA Finals . They also won the 1999 McDonald 's Championship in the off - season and were the last champions of that tournament as it was disbanded right after . Coming off their first NBA Championship , the Spurs were still among the best teams in the West and battling for first place in the Midwest Division during the 1999 -- 2000 season . On March 14 , the Spurs playoff spirits got a lift when Sean Elliott , who received a kidney transplant from his brother prior to the season , returned and played in the last 19 games . As the season wound down , Duncan suffered a knee injury and the Spurs finished in second place with a 53 -- 29 record . Without Duncan , the Spurs were knocked out of the playoffs by the Phoenix Suns in four games . The long - term viability of the Spurs franchise in San Antonio was , however , achieved during the 1999 -- 2000 season , as Bexar County voters approved increases in car rental and hotel taxes which would allow for the construction of a new arena next to the Freeman Coliseum . The Spurs finished with 58 -- 24 records for both the 2000 -- 01 and 2001 -- 02 seasons but found themselves suffering playoff ousters in both seasons from the eventual NBA Champion Los Angeles Lakers , getting swept from the 2001 Conference Finals and losing in five games during the second round in 2002 . The Spurs visit the White House after their championship in 2003 . Entering the 2002 -- 03 season , the team knew it would be memorable for at least two reasons , as David Robinson announced that it would be his last in the NBA and the Spurs would begin play at their new arena , the SBC Center , named after telecommunications giant SBC , whose corporate headquarters were located in San Antonio ( SBC became AT&T after its acquisition of its former parent company ) . To mark this occasion , the Spurs revamped their `` Fiesta Colors '' logo and reverted to the familiar silver and black motif ( though , during the time of the Fiesta logo , the uniform remained silver and black ) . This version of the Spurs was very different from the team that had won the title a few years earlier . Second - year French star Tony Parker , drafted by the Spurs in the first round of the 2001 NBA draft , was now the starting point guard for the Spurs . The squad featured a variety of newly acquired three - point shooters , including Stephen Jackson , Danny Ferry , Bruce Bowen , Steve Kerr , Steve Smith and Argentine product Manu Ginóbili , a 1999 second - round draft choice playing in his first NBA season . The Spurs christened the SBC Center in style on November 1 , 2002 by defeating the Toronto Raptors 91 -- 72 . The Spurs would not get off to a flying start as they had just a 19 -- 13 record heading into January . In January the Spurs began to gel and seemed prepped to make a run , when they embarked on their annual Rodeo Road Trip , a nine - game road trip from January 25 to February 16 . However , it would be hardly a bump in the road for the charging Spurs , who won eight of the nine and began to climb their way to first place . The Spurs went on to erase their seven - game deficit and finished the season in a tie with the Dallas Mavericks for the best record in the NBA ( 60 -- 22 ) . Thanks to a tiebreaker , the Spurs won their third straight Division title as Tim Duncan claimed his second straight NBA MVP . In the playoffs , the Spurs defeated the Suns , Lakers and Mavericks en route to facing the New Jersey Nets in the NBA Finals . The series against the Nets marked the first time two former ABA teams played each other for the NBA Championship . The Spurs won the series 4 -- 2 , giving them their second NBA Championship in franchise history . Duncan , after having been named NBA MVP , was also named Finals MVP . 2003 -- 2004 : bridging the gap The San Antonio Spurs hosting the Los Angeles Lakers in Game 1 of the 2004 Western Conference Semi-finals at the SBC Center . Coming off their second NBA Championship , the retirement of David Robinson left a void in San Antonio 's daunting defense , while playoff hero Steve Kerr and veteran forward Danny Ferry also retired . Meanwhile , backup point guard Speedy Claxton was left for the Warriors , and Stephen Jackson left for Atlanta . With several holes to fill in their rotation , the Spurs would make several key signings in the off - season . Rasho Nesterovic and Hedo Türkoğlu were brought in to replace Robinson and Jackson , respectively . What proved to be the most important off - season acquisition would be the signing of veteran Robert Horry . The Spurs , playing with nine new players , struggled early as they missed the presence of Robinson while the new players struggled to fit in , as they held a 9 -- 10 record on December 3 . However , the Spurs would turn it around , as they ended December on a 13 - game winning streak and quickly climbed back to the top of the NBA standings . They would battle all year for the top spot in the Western Conference , as they ended the season on another strong note winning their final 11 games . However , they would fall one game short of a division title and the best record in the West , posting a record of 57 -- 25 . In the second round of the playoffs , the Spurs found themselves in another showdown with the Los Angeles Lakers . The Spurs would win Games 1 and 2 at home , but drop the next two in the Los Angeles . In Game 5 back in San Antonio , Duncan seemingly delivered the Spurs a 73 -- 72 win as he hit a dramatic shot with just 0.4 seconds remaining . However , the Lakers ' Derek Fisher would launch a game - winner as time expired , giving the Lakers a stunning 74 -- 73 win to take a 3 -- 2 series lead . The Spurs would eventually lose the series in six games . 2004 -- 2013 : the `` big three '' Further information : Big Three ( San Antonio Spurs ) `` The Big Three '' Tim Duncan Tony Parker Manu Ginóbili After their disappointing second round collapse , the Spurs looked to regain the NBA crown . With the acquisition of guard Brent Barry from Seattle , the Spurs would get off to a quick start , posting a 12 -- 3 record in November . The Spurs would stay hot through December as they established a 25 -- 6 record entering the New Year . With the later additions of center Nazr Mohammed from New York ( acquired in a midseason trade of Malik Rose ) , and veteran forward Glenn Robinson from free agency , alongside regulars Bruce Bowen , Robert Horry , Tony Parker , Manu Ginóbili , and Tim Duncan , the Spurs would be near the top in the Western Conference all season , battling the Phoenix Suns for the best record in the NBA . Just as it appeared the Spurs would cruise toward the playoffs their season suddenly hit a bump in the road when Tim Duncan suffered an ankle injury . The Spurs struggled the rest of the season , finishing just 59 -- 23 . However , by the time the playoffs rolled around , Duncan was ready to return . In the postseason , The Spurs went through the West relatively easily , culminating with a 5 - game victory in the Conference Finals over the Phoenix Suns . In the NBA Finals , the Spurs would face the defending champion Detroit Pistons . The first two games in San Antonio were both Spurs victories as Ginóbili led the way with 26 and 27 points , in blow out wins by the Spurs . However , as the series shifted to Detroit , the Spurs were the ones who were blown out , losing Games 3 and 4 by big margins as the Pistons evened the series . Faced with a third straight loss in Detroit , the Spurs would play tougher in Game 5 , which would go into overtime . After going scoreless in the first half , Robert Horry hit a clutch three - point shot with nine seconds remaining to give the Spurs a dramatic 96 -- 95 win . The series moved back to San Antonio for game six , but the Spurs were unable to close out the series , setting up a deciding Game 7 . In Game 7 , Duncan had 25 points as the Spurs pulled away late to win their third NBA Title in seven years with an 81 -- 74 win . Duncan was named Finals MVP , becoming the fourth player to win the MVP award three times ( joining Magic Johnson , Shaquille O'Neal , and Michael Jordan ) . AT&T Center at night , the home of the Spurs . Coming off their third NBA Championship in seven years , there was a sense that the Spurs were the class of the NBA , and once again would be the team to beat in the NBA for the Championship . For the 2005 -- 06 season , the Spurs acquired the two - time All - Star Michael Finley and one - time All Star Nick Van Exel . Not surprisingly , the Spurs would come flying out of the gate , winning 16 of their first 19 games . Once again , the Spurs would get challenged within their own division by the Dallas Mavericks as they held the two best records in the Western Conference all season , battling for first place . In the end , the experience of the Spurs would be the difference as they won the Southwest Division again with a new franchise best record of 63 -- 19 . The Spurs met the Mavericks in the second round of the playoffs , but it would be Dallas coming out on top 4 -- 3 , including a 119 -- 111 overtime victory in Game 7 . The Spurs struggled during the first half of the 2006 -- 07 season , which led to discussions of trading away veteran players to build for the future . The team remained intact , and the Spurs would win 13 games in a row during February and March , and were an NBA - best 25 -- 6 in the final 31 games , as the Spurs were able to claim the 3 - seed in the West . The Spurs cruised through the first round , while the # 1 - seeded Dallas Mavericks were upset . This set up a second - round series with the Phoenix Suns as the key series in the entire NBA Playoffs , as this series featured the teams with the two best records remaining in the NBA . The Spurs went on to win 4 -- 2 in the contentious and controversial series versus the Suns . The series featured a Robert Horry foul on Steve Nash toward the end of Game 4 which resulted in Horry being suspended for two games . Those who said the second - round series against the Suns was the true NBA Finals would be proven right , as the Spurs easily dispatched the Utah Jazz in five games to reach the NBA Finals . In the Finals , the Spurs swept the Cleveland Cavaliers and captured their fourth title in nine years . Tony Parker , who dominated in the Finals averaging 24.5 ppg on 57 % shooting , was named Finals MVP and became the first European - born player to win the award . The 2007 -- 2008 season saw the Spurs go 56 -- 26 and finish 3rd in the Western Conference . The Spurs faced hurdles but would make it to the Western Conference Finals , but lose to the Lakers in five games . The next season would see the Spurs drop off in wins to 54 -- 28 and lose to the Dallas Mavericks in the first round of the playoffs . Two days before the 2009 NBA draft , general manager R.C. Buford acted to address the team 's age and health concerns by acquiring 29 - year - old swingman Richard Jefferson from the Milwaukee Bucks . The Spurs sent 38 - year - old Bruce Bowen , 36 - year - old Kurt Thomas , and 34 - year - old Fabricio Oberto to the Bucks , who swapped Oberto to the Detroit Pistons for Amir Johnson . The Spurs held three 2nd - round picks in the 2009 draft . Their selection of Pittsburgh Panthers forward DeJuan Blair with the # 37 pick was described as a `` steal '' by analysts ; the Spurs later drafted two guards they had been targeting with the No. 37 pick , taking Miami Hurricanes shooting guard Jack McClinton and point / shooting guard Nando de Colo from France with the No. 51 and No. 53 picks , respectively . On July 10 , 2009 , the Spurs signed Detroit Pistons power forward Antonio McDyess to a three - year deal worth approximately $15 million in guaranteed money . The Spurs struggled with injuries during the 2009 -- 10 regular season , but managed another 50 - win season , finishing at 50 -- 32 . The seventh - seeded Spurs would once again battle the Mavericks in the first round of the playoffs . After falling to the Mavericks in Game 1 , the Spurs went on to avenge their 2009 defeat to Dallas by winning the series in six games . The Spurs however , were swept out of the playoffs in the following round by the Phoenix Suns . Spanish League MVP Tiago Splitter was the Spurs ' biggest addition in 2010 . During the 2010 NBA draft , the Spurs management held the highest draft pick since the Tim Duncan draft a decade earlier . They drafted rookie James Anderson from Oklahoma State at # 20 . However , Anderson was soon sitting out of the first half of the season due to injuries . In 2010 -- 11 , the Spurs finished 61 -- 21 to be the # 1 seed , but an injury to Ginóbili in the final regular season game took a toll on the team , and they were upset by the # 8 seeded Memphis Grizzlies . 2011 brought a change to the Spurs ' philosophy that set the stage for the next successful run in the club 's history . Out went the stream of last - legs , wizened veterans that the Spurs had relied on to fill out the rotation behind the Big Three . Minutes went to younger and more athletic talent like Danny Green , Gary Neal , and Tiago Splitter , to whom Popovich would teach The Spurs ' Way -- a fast pace , unselfish passing , and accountability on defense . The biggest personnel move of the Spurs ' off - season had the club sending the beloved guard George Hill to his hometown Indiana Pacers for San Diego State 's Kawhi Leonard , a hyper - athletic forward selected # 15 overall by the Pacers in the 2011 NBA draft . The team also selected Texas Longhorns ' Cory Joseph as the # 29 overall pick . After the lockout that delayed the 2011 -- 2012 season , the Spurs signed T.J. Ford , who would eventually retire in the middle of the season after playing only 14 games due to a stinger . Before the trade deadline , the Spurs decided to part ways with Richard Jefferson and sent him to the Golden State Warriors for Stephen Jackson , who had been a member of the 2003 championship team . Leonard then became the starting small forward . In the week following the trade deadline , the Spurs also signed forward Boris Diaw after his contract was bought out by the Charlotte Bobcats , and former Portland Trail Blazers guard Patrick Mills who played for the Xinjiang Flying Tigers in the CBA during the lockout . This gave the Spurs a deeper bench for their playoff run . Kawhi Leonard was acquired by the Spurs in 2011 . Despite the shortened 66 - game NBA season due to the NBA lockout , the Spurs won 50 games and tied the Chicago Bulls for the best record in the league . They extended their streak of 50 + win seasons to 13 since the 1999 -- 2000 season , an NBA record . Popovich won his second Coach of the Year . The Spurs swept the first two rounds of the Playoffs . With those two sweeps , a 10 - game win streak to end the season , and wins in Games 1 and 2 of the Western Conference Finals , the Spurs would win 20 straight games . However , the Oklahoma City Thunder would end up winning the next four games in the West Finals , to take the series 4 -- 2 . During the 2012 off - season , the Spurs re-signed swingman Danny Green , who was a welcome surprise for them from the previous season , and Tim Duncan , both for three years . The Spurs would have a strong 2012 -- 13 season , going 58 -- 24 and earning the # 2 seed in the West . The Spurs clinched the playoffs for a 16th consecutive season , as well as extended the NBA record with 50 + games for 14 consecutive seasons . On April 16 , the Spurs signed two - time scoring champion , and seven - time All - Star Tracy McGrady to help in the playoffs after waiving Stephen Jackson . The Spurs finished the regular season second in the Western Conference behind the Oklahoma City Thunder with a record of 58 -- 24 , and swept the Los Angeles Lakers in the first round , 4 -- 0 . In the second round of the 2013 playoffs , the Spurs faced Stephen Curry and the Golden State Warriors . They beat the Warriors four games to two . In the conference finals , the Spurs swept the Memphis Grizzlies , with Tony Parker having an 18 - assist performance in Game 2 and a 37 - point performance in Game 4 . The Spurs would meet the defending champion Miami Heat in the NBA Finals . The Spurs and Heat would alternate wins the first six games in the series . In Game 6 , the Spurs were on the verge of winning their fifth NBA title . San Antonio was up five points with 28 seconds to go in regulation . An unlikely and uncharacteristic series of mishaps would doom the Spurs down the stretch , including the benching of Duncan by Popovich at the end of regulation with the Spurs on defense . The Heat missed their field goal attempt , but the undersized Spurs could not grab the defensive rebound . Chris Bosh rebounded the ball and Ray Allen then hit a 3 - pointer to tie the game with five seconds left in regulation to send it to overtime , during which the Spurs were defeated 103 -- 100 . In Game 7 , San Antonio jumped out to a lead early and kept the game close the entire way . Toward the end of the game , however , and despite a 24 - point , 12 rebound effort , Duncan failed to convert on two attempts to tie the game : a missed layup and missed tip - in that allowed LeBron James to hit a jumper and increase the Heat 's lead to 92 -- 88 . After a steal from Ginóbili , James hit two free throws after being fouled by Duncan , and when Ginóbili missed a subsequent 3 - pointer , Dwyane Wade hit one out of two from the free throw line to put the game on ice , as the Heat would win their second straight championship . 2013 -- 2016 : fifth Championship and Duncan 's retirement The Spurs returned with their core roster largely intact , adding free agents Marco Belinelli and Jeff Ayres ( formerly Jeff Pendergraph ) while losing Gary Neal to the Milwaukee Bucks . The Spurs clinched the best record in the NBA with 62 wins , which included a franchise record 19 straight wins in February and March . In the first round of the playoffs , the eighth - seeded Dallas Mavericks surprised the Spurs by taking the series to 7 games , but the Spurs prevailed in convincing fashion in the deciding Game 7 . In the second round , Tim Duncan surpassed Karl Malone for fifth place in NBA Playoffs all - time points scored while the Spurs cruised past the Portland Trail Blazers in 5 games . San Antonio played the Oklahoma City Thunder in the Western Conference Finals , which marked the third straight appearance in the Western Conference Finals for the Spurs , and defeated them in 6 games to advance to the Finals for a second straight year for a rematch with the Miami Heat . It was also the first time that they had advanced to the Finals in consecutive years . This made it the first time since 1998 NBA Finals that the same two teams faced off in the Finals in consecutive years . With a victory in the second game of the series , Duncan , Ginóbili , and Parker won more playoff games together than any other three players on the same team in NBA history . The Spurs would go on to win the 2014 NBA Championship , 4 games to 1 . The Spurs blew out Miami in all of their wins , each of them by 15 or more points . Kawhi Leonard had a breakout performance and was named NBA Finals MVP for his big game performance and is the third youngest to win it , behind Magic Johnson and teammate Duncan . In the 2014 NBA draft , they selected Kyle Anderson out of UCLA as the 30th overall pick . During the 2014 offseason , the Spurs made headlines when they announced that they had hired Becky Hammon as an assistant coach , effective with her retirement as a player at the end of the 2014 WNBA season . Hammon became the first full - time female coach in any of the four major U.S. professional leagues . The 2014 -- 15 season was an up - and - down season , but finishing strong with a 55 -- 27 regular season record and 6th seed in the West , they qualified for the playoffs . They faced the Los Angeles Clippers in the first round of the playoffs . The Spurs went up 3 -- 2 heading into Game 6 at San Antonio . However , the Clippers would win that game and go on to win Game 7 at home . The San Antonio Spurs became the first defending champions since the 2011 -- 12 Dallas Mavericks to be eliminated in the first round of the NBA playoffs . With the acquisitions of David West and LaMarcus Aldridge during the offseason , the Spurs finished with a 67 -- 15 record , their best winning percentage in franchise history , earning them the Southwest Division title . They also set a franchise record for most wins in a season with 67 and a NBA record for most home wins in a season with 40 ( tying the 1985 -- 86 Boston Celtics 40 -- 1 home record ) . The Spurs also had the league 's best defense . During the playoffs they swept the shorthanded Memphis Grizzles in the first round before losing to the Oklahoma City Thunder in 6 games in the second round . They would become the first team since the 2006 -- 07 Dallas Mavericks to finish with 67 wins and be eliminated before the conference finals . On July 11 , 2016 , Duncan announced his retirement from the NBA after 19 seasons with the Spurs . 2016 -- present : Kawhi Leonard era Despite the loss of longtime captain Tim Duncan , the Spurs , now led by Kawhi Leonard , remained a perennial playoff contender and finished with a record of 61 -- 21 . After defeating the Grizzlies and the Rockets in the first two rounds , the Spurs ended the season with a four - game sweep to the eventual champions Golden State Warriors , with injuries to Leonard , Parker , and David Lee in the playoffs . In the following offseason , the Spurs re-signed Aldridge and Pau Gasol , signed Rudy Gay , but lost Dewayne Dedmon and Jonathon Simmons to free agency . On April 3 , 2018 , the Los Angeles Clippers defeated the Spurs 113 -- 110 , handing San Antonio their 33rd loss of the season . This loss ended the Spurs ' record streak of eighteen 50 - win seasons that had stretched back to 2000 , including the 2011 -- 12 season , which was shortened by a lockout ( San Antonio finished 50 -- 16 ) , as the best possible finish for the Spurs was now 49 -- 33 . The Spurs eventually finished the season with a record of 47 -- 35 . Rivalries Los Angeles Lakers Main article : Lakers -- Spurs rivalry Starting in 1999 , the Spurs and Lakers combined to win 7 straight Western Conference titles . Although the rivalry cooled off recently , the teams still retain many players who were part of the championship clubs . The rivalry between the San Antonio Spurs and the Los Angeles Lakers started in the late 1970s and peaked in the late 1990s and early 2000s . Since 1999 , the teams have met in the NBA Playoffs 7 times , with the clubs combining to appear in seven straight NBA Finals from 1999 to 2005 . Additionally , the teams won each NBA Title from 1999 to 2003 ( the Spurs won in 1999 and 2003 , while the Lakers won in 2000 , 2001 , and 2002 ) . From 1999 to 2004 , the rivalry was considered as the NBA 's best , as each time the clubs faced each other in the playoffs , the winner advanced to the NBA Finals . The rivalry fell off from 2005 to 2007 , with the Lakers missing the playoffs in 2005 and losing in the first round to the Phoenix Suns in 2006 and 2007 , but intensified again in 2008 when they met in the Western Conference Finals . Both teams met once again for the 12th time in 2013 in the first round , with the Spurs winning in four games . Dallas Mavericks The rivalry between the San Antonio Spurs and the Dallas Mavericks features two teams with Dallas roots . The Spurs began their life in the ABA as the Dallas Chaparrals and did not move to San Antonio until 1973 . On October 11 , 1980 , the Mavs made their NBA debut by defeating the Spurs 103 -- 92 . In the playoffs the Spurs defeated the Mavericks in 2001 , 2003 , 2010 , and 2014 ; while the Mavericks defeated the Spurs in 2006 and 2009 . The Spurs have won five championships and six conference titles , while the Mavericks have won one championship and two conference titles . The Spurs have won 18 division titles , while the Mavericks have won 3 . The Mavericks have three 60 - win seasons , while the Spurs have five . The two teams met in the playoffs during the 2000 -- 2001 season with the Spurs winning in five games . Little was made during this series , as the Spurs won their first NBA championship only two years before . The Mavericks , run by a trio of Steve Nash , Michael Finley , and Dirk Nowitzki , had just defeated the Utah Jazz , despite not having home court advantage , and were only starting to meld into a title contender . The rivalry took on a new meaning in 2005 when , near the end of the regular season , Don Nelson resigned as Dallas ' head coach , apparently dissatisfied with the state of the team , and handed the coaching reins to former Spur Avery Johnson , the point guard of the 1999 NBA champion Spurs team who hit the game - winning shot against the New York Knicks . Since Johnson was coached under Spurs Head Coach Gregg Popovich , he would be familiar with most , if not all , of Popovich 's coaching style and philosophy . During the 2005 offseason , Michael Finley , waived by the Mavericks under the amnesty clause , joined the Spurs in search for an elusive title victory , that he finally was part of with the Spurs in 2007 . Ironically , part of his salary was being paid for by the Mavericks during that season to allow for cap room . The Mavericks were swept in the 2012 -- 13 season by the Spurs for the first time since the 1998 season , Tim Duncan 's rookie season . In their last match up of the season , San Antonio escaped with a 95 -- 94 victory over Dallas when a Vince Carter 3 - point attempt bounced off the rim at the buzzer . With that win , the Spurs clinched a playoff spot for a 16th straight season , currently the longest streak in the NBA . San Antonio also reached 50 wins for a 14th consecutive season , the longest streak in NBA history . In the 2013 -- 14 season , the Spurs once again swept the Mavs in the regular season , giving them nine straight victories . In addition , an overtime loss to the Memphis Grizzlies on April 16 , 2014 ensured that the Mavericks would face the Spurs once again in the 2014 NBA Playoffs , where the Mavs would be the eighth seed and San Antonio the first . In Game 1 in San Antonio , the game was relatively close . Dallas managed to reach an 81 -- 71 lead in the fourth quarter , but the Spurs rallied back and took Game 1 at home , 90 -- 85 . However , the Mavs managed to force 22 turnovers in Game 2 to rout the Spurs 113 -- 92 , splitting the first two games before the series went to Dallas . In Game 3 , Manu Ginóbili managed to hit a shot that put the Spurs up 108 -- 106 with 1.7 left , but a buzzer - beating three - pointer by Vince Carter gave the Mavs the victory , putting them up 2 -- 1 in the series . The Spurs took Game 4 in Dallas 93 -- 89 and later Game 5 at home 109 -- 103 , giving them a 3 -- 2 lead . The Mavs avoided elimination in Game 6 at home by rallying in the fourth quarter , winning 111 -- 113 . The Spurs would then advance to the second round with a Game 7 blowout , winning 119 -- 96 . Houston Rockets Main article : Rockets -- Spurs rivalry Also known as the I - 10 Rivalry since San Antonio and Houston both lie on the path of the Interstate 10 freeway . The rivalry between the San Antonio Spurs and the Houston Rockets began in 1976 when the Spurs were absorbed into the NBA from the American Basketball Association , along with the Denver Nuggets , the New York Nets , and the Indiana Pacers . The Rockets and Spurs competed for the division title , with the Rockets winning it first in 1977 and the Spurs in 1978 and 1979 . In 1980 , they met in the playoffs for the first time as the Rockets led by Moses Malone and Calvin Murphy beat the Spurs led by George Gervin and James Silas 2 -- 1 . The rivalry grew intense as both teams moved from the East to the West . They met again in 1981 , this time in the second round . The Spurs had home - court advantage , and were heavily favored , winning the Midwest Division Title and the Rockets only 40 -- 42 . The Rockets and Spurs fought to the bitter end before the Rockets held on to win Game 7 capped by Murphy 's 42 points . The Rockets would advance to the Finals in a losing cause to the Boston Celtics . The rivalry continued in 1995 when the defending champion Rockets led by Hakeem Olajuwon beat the top - seeded Spurs led by MVP David Robinson in the Western Conference Finals , despite only being the sixth seed , with Olajuwon , who had won the previous year 's MVP , being widely regarded as having outplayed Robinson . In a regular season game early in the 2005 season , the Spurs were leading the Rockets very late in the fourth quarter by eight points . Houston 's Tracy McGrady went on a personal 13 -- 4 run in the final 35 seconds to miraculously steal the game away from San Antonio , including the game winning 3 pointer with one second remaining to the delight of the Toyota Center crowd . The rivalry was renewed in the 2017 Playoffs , in which the two teams met in the Western Conference Semifinals . The match - up was the first between the two teams in the playoffs since the 1995 Western Conference Finals . Five of the six games in the series resulted in blowouts . In game 2 of the series , starting point guard Tony Parker suffered a ruptured quadriceps tendon , forcing him to miss the remainder of the playoffs . In game 5 , all - star small forward Kawhi Leonard suffered an injury to his right ankle in the third quarter , resulting in him sitting out for the closing portions of the game . Despite the injury issues , the Spurs were able to send game 5 to overtime . In the overtime period , Manu Ginóbili blocked James Harden 's three - point attempt in the final seconds to secure the 110 -- 107 victory for the Spurs . The Spurs would close out the series in a game 6 blowout , 114 -- 75 . Phoenix Suns Main article : Spurs -- Suns rivalry The rivalry between the Spurs and the Phoenix Suns began in the 1990s when the Spurs were led by `` The Admiral '' , David Robinson , and the Suns were propelled by a number of players including Dan Majerle , Kevin Johnson , and Tom Chambers . The rivalry continued into the next decade with Tim Duncan leading the Spurs and with the Suns headed by Steve Nash . In 2003 , the Spurs beat the Suns 4 -- 2 in the first round . In 2005 , the Spurs beat the Suns 4 -- 1 in the Conference Finals . In 2007 , the Spurs beat the Suns 4 -- 2 in a Conference Semi-finals series that was notable for putting the two best teams remaining in the NBA against each other . There was a controversial ruling in game 4 when Diaw and Stoudemire left the bench during an altercation and were suspended for game 5 . In 2008 , the Spurs beat the Suns 4 -- 1 in the first round . Tim Duncan hit a three - pointer to force overtime and win the series . In 2010 , the Suns swept the Spurs in four games in the playoffs , including a big time performance by Goran Dragic in game 3 , against the team who originally drafted him , scoring 23 fourth quarter points , which amounted to 26 points in thirteen minutes . The rivalry has cooled off , with the Spurs winning most of the meetings , but that was not the case on February 21 , 2014 , where the Suns blew out the road - weary Spurs , who were ending the Rodeo Road Trip in Phoenix , 106 -- 85 . Markieff Morris of the Suns lead all scorers with 26 points . Danny Green lead the Spurs with a low 15 points . On April 11 , 2014 , the Spurs clinched the league - best record , and at the same time , handing the Suns a loss that would keep them out of the postseason , winning 112 -- 104 , with Danny Green setting a career high 33 points . In a pre-season game on October 16 , 2014 , Suns owner Robert Sarver apologized to the Phoenix crowd for the game , where the Spurs rested 5 people , including Popovich . Pop would only end his statement about the incident with , `` The only thing that surprises me is that he did n't say it in a chicken suit . '' Logo and uniforms The San Antonio Spurs ' current wordmark logo . The Spurs sported radially - arched black and white letters on their uniforms during much of the 1980s . Since becoming the San Antonio Spurs in 1973 , the team colors have been black , silver and white . The distinctive logo of the word Spurs in Eurostile font , with the stylized spur substituting for the letter U , has been a part of the team 's identity since their move to San Antonio . The logo incorporated ' Fiesta colors ' of pink , orange and teal , used from 1989 to 2002 ( though the uniforms remained the same ) , and alignment from straight to arched beginning with the 2002 -- 03 NBA season . The Spurs have always worn black on the road and white at home , except during the 1973 -- 76 ABA seasons and their first NBA season when the home uniform was always silver . Until the 1988 -- 89 NBA season , the road uniform had `` San Antonio '' on the front while the home uniform featured the team nickname adopted from the Spurs logo ; from 1973 to 1982 , the road uniform lettering was black with silver trim . In addition , from 1977 to 1981 a saddle - like striping was featured on the back of the home shorts . Since the 1989 -- 90 NBA season the Spurs uniform has remained practically the same , with the road uniform now using the team nickname from their logo ; a minor change included the addition of another black ( road ) and white ( home ) trim to the already silver - trimmed block numbers in the 2002 -- 03 season . The Spurs wear black sneakers and socks on the road , and white sneakers and socks at home ( except for select games with the silver alternates ) , a practice that began in the 2002 -- 03 season . When the NBA moved to the Adidas Revolution 30 technology for the 2010 -- 11 season , the Spurs changed to V - neck jerseys and eliminated striping on the shorts ' beltline . On September 19 , 2012 , the Spurs unveiled a silver alternate uniform . In breaking from the traditional practice of placing the team or city name in front , the Spurs ' new uniform features only the stylized spur logo , with the black number trimmed in white and silver on the upper right . The Spurs primary logo is atop the player name and number on the back ( replaced by the NBA logo prior to the 2014 -- 15 season ) , while the Eurostile ' SA ' initials ( for San Antonio ) are on the left leg of the shorts . Black , silver and white side stripes are also featured on the uniform . The uniforms are worn for select home games . A variation of this uniform , featuring military camouflage patterns instead of the usual silver , was used for two games in the 2013 -- 14 season ; a sleeved version was used the next season . Another variation , this time in black , was unveiled for the 2015 -- 16 season . At times throughout the season , the Spurs wear a jersey that says `` Los Spurs '' on the front , in recognition of Latino fans both at home and across the US and Latin America . The Spurs were one of the first NBA teams to wear these branded jerseys . In 2014 , the jerseys were sleeved . These events are called `` Noches Latinas '' , first launched during the 2006 -- 07 NBA season , part of an Hispanic marketing campaign known as `` éne - bé - a '' . Six teams in the NBA participate in these events . The Spurs have had the most players from Latin America and are one of only three NBA teams who have had at least five players on their rosters who originate from Latin America and Spain ( if one includes Puerto Rico as part of Latin America , although it is a U.S. territory ) , the others being the Memphis Grizzlies and the Portland Trail Blazers . The switch to Nike as the uniform provider in 2017 eliminated the `` home '' and `` away '' uniform designations . The Spurs ' black `` Icon '' , silver `` Statement '' and white `` Association '' uniform remained identical to the previous set save for the manufacturer 's logo and updated lettering on the team name . Season - by - season record List of the last five seasons completed by the Spurs . For the full season - by - season history , see List of San Antonio Spurs seasons . Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , % = Winning Percentage Season GP % Finish Playoffs 2013 -- 14 82 62 20 . 756 1st , Southwest NBA Champions , 4 -- 1 ( Heat ) 2014 -- 15 82 55 27 . 671 3rd , Southwest Lost in First Round , 3 -- 4 ( Clippers ) 2015 -- 16 82 67 15 . 817 1st , Southwest Lost in Conference Semifinals , 2 -- 4 ( Thunder ) 2016 -- 17 82 61 21 . 744 1st , Southwest Lost in Conference Finals , 0 -- 4 ( Warriors ) 2017 -- 18 82 47 35 . 573 2nd , Southwest Lost in First Round , 1 -- 4 ( Warriors ) Arena history Dallas ( Texas ) Chaparrals State Fair Coliseum ( 1967 -- 1973 ) Moody Coliseum ( 1967 -- 1973 ) Tarrant County Coliseum ( 1970 -- 1971 ) Lubbock Municipal Coliseum ( 1970 -- 1971 ) San Antonio Spurs HemisFair Arena ( 1973 -- 1993 ) Alamodome ( 1993 -- 2002 ) AT&T Center ( formerly SBC Center ) ( 2002 -- present ) Players See also : San Antonio Spurs all - time roster and San Antonio Spurs draft history Current roster San Antonio Spurs roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 4.0 ! F 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Aldridge , LaMarcus 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 260 lb ( 118 kg ) 1985 -- 07 -- 19 Texas 4.0 ! F 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Anderson , Kyle 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1993 -- 09 -- 20 UCLA 5.5 ! F / C 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Bertāns , Dāvis 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1992 -- 11 -- 12 Latvia 5.5 ! F / C 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Costello , Matt ( TW ) 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1993 -- 08 -- 05 Michigan State 1.5 ! G 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Forbes , Bryn 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1993 -- 07 -- 23 Michigan State 6.0 ! C 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Gasol , Pau 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1980 -- 07 -- 06 Spain 4.0 ! F 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Gay , Rudy 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1986 -- 08 -- 17 Connecticut 1.5 ! G 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Ginóbili , Manu ( C ) 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1977 -- 07 -- 28 Argentina 2.5 ! G / F 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Green , Danny 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1987 -- 06 -- 22 North Carolina 1.5 ! G 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Hilliard , Darrun ( TW ) 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1993 -- 04 -- 13 Villanova 6.0 ! C 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 Lauvergne , Joffrey 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 260 lb ( 118 kg ) 1991 -- 09 -- 30 INSEP ( FRA ) 4.0 ! F 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Leonard , Kawhi ( C ) 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1991 -- 06 -- 29 San Diego State 1.5 ! G 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Mills , Patty 7000182880000000000 ♠ 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1988 -- 08 -- 11 Saint Mary 's 1.5 ! G 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Murray , Dejounte 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 170 lb ( 77 kg ) 1996 -- 09 -- 19 Washington 1.5 ! G 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Parker , Tony ( C ) 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1982 -- 05 -- 17 INSEP ( FRA ) 1.5 ! G 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Paul , Brandon 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1991 -- 04 -- 30 Illinois 1.5 ! G 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 White , Derrick 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1994 -- 07 -- 02 Colorado Head coach Gregg Popovich Assistant coach ( es ) Chip Engelland Becky Hammon Will Hardy Ettore Messina Ime Udoka Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2018 -- 05 -- 10 Retained draft rights The Spurs own the NBA rights to the players listed in the table below . The typical pattern is to allow the player to develop in leagues outside the United States . The player is free to negotiate contracts in other leagues and is not obligated to play in the NBA . Sometimes , a player 's overseas contract may have an expensive buyout clause that would discourage the Spurs from seeking to bring him in . The Spurs have had past success in finding foreign talent ; some examples of this success include the selections of second rounder Manu Ginóbili ( 57th overall in 1999 ) and first rounder Tony Parker ( 28th overall in 2001 ) , who both went on to become All - Stars . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref 2017 59 Blossomgame , Jaron Jaron Blossomgame United States Austin Spurs ( G League ) 2015 26 Milutinov , Nikola Nikola Milutinov Serbia Olympiacos Piraeus ( Greece ) 2015 42 Hanlan , Olivier Olivier Hanlan Canada Austin Spurs ( G League ) Acquired from the Utah Jazz 2015 55 Lalanne , Cady Cady Lalanne Haiti Beşiktaş Sompo Japan ( Turkey ) 2014 54 Dangubić , Nemanja Nemanja Dangubić G / F Serbia Crvena zvezda mts ( Serbia ) Acquired from the Philadelphia 76ers 2011 59 Hanga , Ádám Ádám Hanga G / F Hungary FC Barcelona Lassa ( Spain ) 2007 58 Printezis , Georgios Georgios Printezis Greece Olympiacos Piraeus ( Greece ) Re-acquired from the Atlanta Hawks ( via Toronto , Dallas , New York , Portland , and Oklahoma City ) 2005 46 Lorbek , Erazem Erazem Lorbek F / C Slovenia Petrol Olimpija ( Slovenia ) Acquired from the Indiana Pacers 42 Sanikidze , Viktor Viktor Sanikidze Georgia Free agent Acquired from the Atlanta Hawks 58 Karaulov , Sergei Sergei Karaulov Uzbekistan Temp - SUMZ - UGMK Revda ( Russia ) Retired numbers San Antonio Spurs retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure Date 00 Johnny Moore 1980 -- 1988 1989 -- 1990 March 20 , 1998 6 Avery Johnson 1991 1992 -- 1993 1994 -- 2001 December 22 , 2007 12 Bruce Bowen 2001 -- 2009 March 21 , 2012 13 James Silas 1972 -- 1981 February 28 , 1984 21 Tim Duncan F / C 1997 -- 2016 December 18 , 2016 32 Sean Elliott 1989 -- 1993 1994 -- 2001 March 6 , 2005 44 George Gervin 1974 -- 1985 December 5 , 1987 50 David Robinson 1989 -- 2003 November 10 , 2003 Notes : On July 9 , 2015 , the Spurs `` unretired '' and reissued the number 12 to LaMarcus Aldridge with the blessing of Bruce Bowen . Basketball Hall of famers San Antonio Spurs Basketball Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 16 Cliff Hagan F / G 1967 -- 1969 1978 44 George Gervin G / F 1974 -- 1985 Moses Malone C / F 1994 -- 1995 2001 21 Dominique Wilkins 1996 -- 1997 2006 50 David Robinson 1989 -- 2003 2009 53 Artis Gilmore 1982 -- 1987 2011 10 Dennis Rodman 1993 -- 1995 2011 10 Louie Dampier 1976 -- 1979 2015 Tracy McGrady G / F 2013 2017 10 Maurice Cheeks 1989 -- 1990 2018 Coaches Name Position Tenure Inducted Larry Brown Coach 1988 -- 1992 2002 Jerry Tarkanian Coach 1992 2013 Notes : Played and coached ( 1967 -- 1970 ) for the team when they were known as Dallas Chaparrals ( ABA ) . Started playing for the team during its time in ABA . In total , Robinson was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice -- as player and as a member of the 1992 Olympic team . FIBA Hall of Famers San Antonio Spurs Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 50 David Robinson 1989 -- 2003 2013 10 Andrew Gaze 1999 2013 Franchise leaders Bold denotes still active with team . `` Name * '' includes points scored for the team while in the ABA . Italics denotes still active but not with team . Points scored ( regular season ) as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season 1 . Tim Duncan ( 26,496 ) 2 . George Gervin * ( 23,602 ) 3 . David Robinson ( 20,790 ) 4 . Tony Parker ( 18,943 ) 5 . Manu Ginóbili ( 14,043 ) 6 . James Silas * ( 10,290 ) 7 . Mike Mitchell ( 9,799 ) 8 . Sean Elliott ( 9,659 ) 9 . Larry Kenon * ( 8,428 ) 10 . Kawhi Leonard ( 6,654 ) 11 . Avery Johnson ( 6,486 ) 12 . Rich Jones * ( 6,466 ) 13 . Alvin Robertson ( 6,285 ) 14 . Artis Gilmore ( 6,127 ) 15 . John Beasley * ( 5,983 ) 16 . Willie Anderson ( 5,946 ) 17 . Mark Olberding * ( 5,626 ) 18 . Billy Paultz * ( 5,297 ) 19 . Terry Cummings ( 5,181 ) 20 . Johnny Moore ( 4,890 ) 21 . Vinny Del Negro ( 4,844 ) 22 . Danny Green ( 4,715 ) 23 . Cincinnatus Powell * ( 4,392 ) 24 LaMarcus Aldridge ( 4,309 ) 25 . Bruce Bowen ( 4,061 ) 26 . Donnie Freeman * ( 3,920 ) 27 . Patty Mills ( 3,904 ) 28 . Coby Dietrick * ( 3,857 ) 29 . Glen Combs * ( 3,839 ) 30 . Malik Rose ( 3,815 ) Other statistics ( regular season ) as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season Most minutes played Player Minutes Tim Duncan 47,368 Tony Parker 37,276 David Robinson 34,271 George Gervin * 31,115 Manu Ginóbili 26,859 Most rebounds Player Rebounds Tim Duncan 15,091 David Robinson 10,497 George Gervin * 4,841 Larry Kenon * 4,114 Manu Ginóbili 3,697 Most assists Player Assists Tony Parker 6,829 Avery Johnson 4,474 Tim Duncan 4,225 Manu Ginóbili 4,001 Johnny Moore 3,865 Most steals Player Steals Manu Ginóbili 1,392 David Robinson 1,388 George Gervin * 1,159 Alvin Robertson 1,128 Tony Parker 1,032 Most blocks Player Blocks Tim Duncan 3,020 David Robinson 2,954 George Gervin * 938 Billy Paultz * 796 Artis Gilmore 700 Individual awards NBA individual awards NBA Most Valuable Player David Robinson -- 1995 Tim Duncan -- 2002 , 2003 NBA Finals MVP Tim Duncan -- 1999 , 2003 , 2005 Tony Parker -- 2007 Kawhi Leonard -- 2014 NBA Rookie of the Year David Robinson -- 1990 Tim Duncan -- 1998 NBA Defensive Player of the Year Alvin Robertson -- 1986 David Robinson -- 1992 Kawhi Leonard -- 2015 , 2016 NBA Sixth Man of the Year Manu Ginóbili -- 2008 NBA Most Improved Player Award Alvin Robertson -- 1986 NBA Coach of the Year Gregg Popovich -- 2003 , 2012 , 2014 NBA Executive of the Year Angelo Drossos -- 1978 Bob Bass -- 1990 R.C. Buford -- 2014 , 2016 NBA Sportsmanship Award Avery Johnson -- 1998 David Robinson -- 2001 Steve Smith -- 2002 J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award David Robinson -- 2003 Twyman -- Stokes Teammate of the Year Award Tim Duncan -- 2015 NBA scoring champion George Gervin -- 1979 , 1980 , 1982 David Robinson -- 1994 NBA rebounding leader David Robinson -- 1991 Dennis Rodman -- 1994 , 1995 NBA assists leader Johnny Moore -- 1982 NBA blocks leader George T. Johnson -- 1981 , 1982 David Robinson -- 1992 NBA steals leader Alvin Robertson -- 1986 , 1987 Kawhi Leonard -- 2015 All - NBA First Team George Gervin -- 1978 -- 1982 David Robinson -- 1991 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 Tim Duncan -- 1998 -- 2005 , 2007 , 2013 Kawhi Leonard -- 2016 , 2017 All - NBA Second Team George Gervin -- 1977 , 1983 Alvin Robertson -- 1986 David Robinson -- 1994 , 1998 Tim Duncan -- 2006 , 2008 , 2009 Tony Parker -- 2012 -- 2014 LaMarcus Aldridge -- 2018 All - NBA Third Team David Robinson -- 1990 , 1993 , 2000 , 2001 Dennis Rodman -- 1995 Tim Duncan -- 2010 , 2015 Manu Ginóbili -- 2008 , 2011 Tony Parker -- 2009 LaMarcus Aldridge -- 2016 NBA All - Defensive First Team Alvin Robertson -- 1987 David Robinson -- 1991 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 Dennis Rodman -- 1995 Tim Duncan -- 1999 -- 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 Bruce Bowen -- 2004 -- 2008 Kawhi Leonard - 2015 -- 2017 NBA All - Defensive Second Team Alvin Robertson -- 1986 , 1988 , 1989 David Robinson -- 1990 , 1993 , 1994 , 1998 Dennis Rodman -- 1994 Tim Duncan -- 1998 , 2004 , 2006 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2015 Bruce Bowen -- 2002 , 2003 Kawhi Leonard -- 2014 Danny Green -- 2017 Dejounte Murray -- 2018 NBA All - Rookie First Team Greg Anderson -- 1988 Willie Anderson -- 1989 David Robinson -- 1990 Tim Duncan -- 1998 Tony Parker -- 2002 Gary Neal -- 2011 Kawhi Leonard -- 2012 NBA All - Rookie Second Team Sean Elliott -- 1990 Manu Ginóbili -- 2003 DeJuan Blair -- 2010 ABA individual awards ABA Rookie of the Year Award Swen Nater -- 1974 ABA Coach of the Year Award Tom Nissalke -- 1972 ABA Executive of the Year award Jack Ankerson -- 1974 ABA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award John Beasley -- 1969 All - ABA First Team Donnie Freeman -- 1972 James Silas -- 1976 All - ABA Second Team John Beasley -- 1968 , 1969 Cincinnatus Powell -- 1968 Donnie Freeman -- 1971 Swen Nater -- 1974 , 1975 George Gervin -- 1975 , 1976 James Silas -- 1975 ABA All - Rookie Team Ron Boone - 1969 Joe Hamilton - 1971 James Silas - 1973 Swen Nater - 1974 Mark Olberding - 1976 NBA All - Star Weekend NBA All - Star selections John Beasley -- 1968 -- 1970 Cliff Hagan -- 1968 Glen Combs -- 1970 Cincinnatus Powell -- 1970 Donnie Freeman -- 1971 , 1972 Steve Jones -- 1972 Rich Jones -- 1973 , 1974 Swen Nater -- 1974 , 1975 George Gervin -- 1975 -- 1985 James Silas -- 1975 , 1976 Larry Kenon -- 1976 , 1978 , 1979 Billy Paultz -- 1976 Artis Gilmore -- 1983 , 1986 Alvin Robertson -- 1986 -- 1988 David Robinson -- 1990 -- 1996 , 1998 , 2000 , 2001 Sean Elliott -- 1993 , 1996 Tim Duncan -- 1998 , 2000 -- 2011 , 2013 , 2015 Manu Ginóbili -- 2005 , 2011 Tony Parker -- 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012 -- 2014 LaMarcus Aldridge -- 2016 , 2018 Kawhi Leonard -- 2016 , 2017 NBA All - Star Game head coaches Gregg Popovich -- 2005 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award George Gervin -- 1980 Tim Duncan -- 2000 Head coaches See also : List of San Antonio Spurs head coaches Years active Name Record ( W -- L ) Winning percentage Playoff record ( W -- L ) Playoff percentage Playoff appearances Division titles Conference titles NBA championships 1976 -- 1980 Doug Moe 177 -- 135 . 567 9 -- 13 . 409 0 0 1980 Bob Bass 8 -- 8 . 500 1 -- 2 . 333 0 0 0 1980 -- 1983 Stan Albeck 153 -- 93 . 622 13 -- 14 . 481 0 0 Morris McHone 11 -- 20 . 355 -- -- 0 0 0 0 1983 -- 1984 Bob Bass 26 -- 25 . 510 -- -- 0 0 0 0 1984 -- 1986 Cotton Fitzsimmons 76 -- 88 . 463 2 -- 6 . 250 0 0 0 1986 -- 1988 Bob Weiss 59 -- 105 . 360 0 -- 3 . 000 0 0 0 1988 -- 1992 Larry Brown 153 -- 131 . 539 7 -- 7 . 500 0 0 1992 Bob Bass 26 -- 18 . 591 0 -- 3 . 000 0 0 0 1992 Jerry Tarkanian 9 -- 11 . 450 -- -- 0 0 0 0 1992 -- 1994 John Lucas 94 -- 49 . 657 6 -- 8 . 429 0 0 0 1994 -- 1996 Bob Hill 124 -- 58 . 681 14 -- 11 . 560 0 0 1996 -- present Gregg Popovich 1197 -- 541 . 689 167 -- 110 . 603 21 14 6 5 Notes : During the 1979 -- 80 season , Doug Moe coached 66 regular season games . Moe was fired on March 1 , 1980 , and Bob Bass coached the remaining 16 regular season games as well as the playoffs . During the 1983 -- 84 season , Morris McHone coached 31 regular season games . McHone was fired on December 28 , 1983 , and Bob Bass coached the remaining 51 regular season games . During the 1991 -- 92 season , Larry Brown coached 38 regular season games . Brown was fired on January 21 , 1992 , and Bob Bass coached the remaining 44 regular season games as well as the playoffs . During the 1992 -- 93 season , Jerry Tarkanian coached 20 regular season games . Tarkanian was fired on December 18 , 1992 . Rex Hughes then coached one regular season game , and John Lucas coached the remaining 61 regular season games as well as the playoffs . During the 1996 -- 97 season , Bob Hill coached 18 regular season games . Hill was fired on December 10 , 1996 , and Gregg Popovich coached the remaining 64 regular season games . References Jump up ^ `` Spurs Won - Loss Record By Year '' ( PDF ) . San Antonio Spurs 2017 -- 2018 Media Guide . NBA Properties , Inc . October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2017 -- 18 . National Basketball Association . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats -- San Antonio Spurs seasons '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SAN ANTONIO SPURS CONTINUE CLASSIC LOOK WITH 2017 - 18 NIKE JERSEYS '' . NBA.com/Spurs . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . The San Antonio Spurs unveiled today the Nike Association Edition and Icon Edition uniforms that will be worn by the Silver and Black during the 2017 - 18 NBA season . Jump up ^ `` San Antonio Spurs Reproduction and Usage Guideline Sheet '' . NBA Properties , Inc . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Tom Orsborn. 14 , 2015 % 2011 : 59 % 20PM&s_username = safree&s_accountid = AC0106020315182914953&s_upgradeable = no ? p_action = doc&p_theme = saec&p_topdoc = 1&p_docnum = 1&p_sort = YMD_date : D&p_product = SAEC&p_docid = 11944F93C77C7D18&p_text_direct - 0 = document_id = ( % 2011944F93C77C7D18 % 20 ) &&s_dlid = DL0107060621382819968&s_ecproduct = SUB-FREE&s_subterm = Subscription % 20until : % 2012 / 14 / 2015 % 2011 : 59 % 20PM&s_subexpires = December 14 , 2015 % 2011 : 59 % 20PM&s_username = safree&s_accountid = AC0106020315182914953&s_upgradeable = no&mysa_login = 1 The Summer Our Ship Came In San Antonio Express - News , May 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . , databasebasketball.com , accessed May 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) , sportsecyclopedia.com , April 23 , 2009 , accessed May 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Parker perplexed once again '' , San Antonio Express - News , May 14 , 2004 . 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Jump up ^ McDonald , Jeff ( June 25 , 2009 ) . `` Spurs see Blair as steal '' . mysanantonio.com . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved July 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Monroe , Mike ( July 11 , 2009 ) . `` Spurs ' low - key tactics land McDyess '' . mysanantonio.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs Sign 2010 Draft Pick James Anderson THE OFFICIAL SITE OF THE SAN ANTONIO SPURS '' . Nba.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Official Release . `` Spurs ' Popovich named Coach of the Year '' . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs Sign Tracy McGrady '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs at Warriors '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs at Grizzlies '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs at Heat '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Becky Hammon hired to Spurs ' staff '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fagan , Kate ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Becky Hammon was born to coach '' . ESPNW.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nathan , Alec . `` Spurs Tie All - Time NBA Record for Most Home Wins in a Regular Season '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schuhmann , John . `` Spurs playing good defense '' . NBA . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Casciaro , Joseph . `` Spurs join 2007 Mavs to win 67 games and be eliminated before the conference finals '' . thescore.com . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TIM DUNCAN ANNOUNCES RETIREMENT '' . NBA.com . July 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aparicio , Ricardo ( April 23 , 2004 ) . `` Glamour vs. Grit : The perfect NBA rivalry '' . InsideHoops.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs edge Mavericks to sweep season series '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Houston Rockets vs. San Antonio Spurs All - Time Head - to - Head Record in the NBA . Land of Basketball.com . Retrieved on August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 2017 NBA Western Conference Semifinals : Rockets vs. Spurs Basketball Reference . Retrieved on August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spurs ' Tony Parker has ruptured quadriceps tendon . ESPN : May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved on August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Manu Ginóbili Blocks Harden to Give Spurs OT Victory and Series Lead . The New York Times : May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved on August 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Going Retro : San Antonio Spurs '' . National Basketball Association . July 4 , 2015 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` San Antonio Spurs Primary Logo ( 1976 / 77 - 1988 / 89 ) '' . SportsLogos.net . July 4 , 2015 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` San Antonio Spurs Unveil New Alternate Jersey '' . San Antonio Spurs . September 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs Unveil New Military - Inspired Uniforms '' . San Antonio Spurs . October 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` San Antonio Unveils Black Signature Spur Jerseys '' . San Antonio Spurs . October 15 , 2015 . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : All - Time List of NBA Latino Players '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SAN ANTONIO SPURS CONTINUE CLASSIC LOOK WITH 2017 - 18 NIKE JERSEYS '' . San Antonio Spurs . August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SPURS SELECT DERRICK WHITE AND JARON BLOSSOMGAME IN 2017 NBA DRAFT '' . NBA.com . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spurs select Nikola Milutinov and Cady Lalanne in NBA Draft '' . NBA.com . June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SAN ANTONIO TRADES BORIS DIAW TO UTAH '' . NBA.com . July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAN ANTONIO SELECTS KYLE ANDERSON IN 2014 NBA DRAFT ACQUIRE RIGHTS TO NEMANJA DANGUBIC FROM 76ERS '' . NBA.com . June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs Select Joseph And Hanga in 2011 NBA Draft '' . NBA.com . June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs Trade Tiago Splitter To Atlanta Hawks '' . NBA.com . July 9 , 2015 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs Obtain Draft Rights To Kawhi Leonard '' . NBA.com . June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Trades Between San Antonio Spurs and Atlanta Hawks '' . NBA.com . October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Draft : Howard goes first '' . onlineathens.com/ . June 25 , 2004 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` With Bowen 's blessing , Spurs to give No. 12 to Aldridge '' . MySA . July 9 , 2015 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tracy McGrady , Bill Self , Rebecca Lobo and Muffet McGraw Headline Class '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Official Website . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` San Antonio Spurs : Players '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . All facts and records taken from the San Antonio Spurs ' history section . External links Texas portal Basketball portal National Basketball Association portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Antonio Spurs . Official website San Antonio Spurs Founded in 1967 Formerly the Dallas Chaparrals ( 1967 -- 1970 , 1971 -- 1973 ) and the Texas Chaparrals ( 1970 -- 1971 ) Based in San Antonio , Texas Franchise Franchise ABA -- NBA merger All - time roster Draft history Head coaches Seasons Current season Arenas State Fair Coliseum Moody Coliseum Tarrant County Coliseum Lubbock Municipal Coliseum HemisFair Arena Alamodome AT&T Center Personnel Owner Spurs Sports & Entertainment President Gregg Popovich General manager R.C. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time the spurs were swept | [
"The long-term viability of the Spurs franchise in San Antonio was, however, achieved during the 1999–2000 season, as Bexar County voters approved increases in car rental and hotel taxes which would allow for the construction of a new arena next to the Freeman Coliseum. The Spurs finished with 58–24 records for both the 2000–01 and 2001–02 seasons but found themselves suffering playoff ousters in both seasons from the eventual NBA Champion Los Angeles Lakers, getting swept from the 2001 Conference Finals and losing in five games during the second round in 2002."
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"the 2001 Conference Finals"
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-5272269813610597048 | Maccabean Revolt | Maccabean revolt - wikipedia Maccabean revolt Jump to : navigation , search Maccabean Revolt Judea under Judas Maccabeus during the revolt Date 167 -- 160 BC Location Judea ( then part of Coele - Syria ) Result Judean sovereignty , later developed into the Hasmonean dynasty Belligerents Maccabees Seleucid Empire Commanders and leaders Mattathias Judah Maccabee ( KIA ) Jonathan Apphus Eleazar Avaran ( KIA ) Simon Thassi John Gaddi ( KIA ) Antiochus IV Epiphanes Antiochus V Eupator Demetrius I Soter Lysias Gorgias Nicanor ( KIA ) Bacchides Units involved Judean / Maccabean rebels Seleucid army Maccabean Revolt Ma'aleh Levona Beth Horon Emmaus Beth Zur Dathema Beth Zechariah Salama Adasa Elasa The Maccabean Revolt ( Hebrew : מרד החשמונאים ; Greek : Επανάσταση των Μακκαβαίων ) was a Jewish rebellion , lasting from 167 to 160 BC , led by the Maccabees against the Seleucid Empire and the Hellenistic influence on Jewish life . Contents ( hide ) 1 Timeline 2 Battles 3 Studies 4 Legacy 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Timeline ( edit ) In the narrative of I Maccabees , after Antiochus issued his decrees forbidding Jewish religious practice , a rural Jewish priest from Modiin , Mattathias the Hasmonean , sparked the revolt against the Seleucid Empire by refusing to worship the Greek gods . Mattathias killed a Hellenistic Jew who stepped forward to offer a sacrifice to an idol in Mattathias ' place . He and his five sons fled to the wilderness of Judah . After Mattathias ' death about one year later in 166 BC , his son Judah Maccabee led an army of Jewish dissidents to victory over the Seleucid dynasty in guerrilla warfare , which at first was directed against Hellenized Jews , of whom there were many . The Maccabees destroyed pagan altars in the villages , circumcised boys and forced Hellenized Jews into outlawry . The term Maccabees as used to describe the Jewish army is taken from the Hebrew word for `` hammer '' . The revolt itself involved many battles , in which the light , quick and mobile Maccabean forces gained notoriety among the slow and bulky Seleucid army , and also for their use of guerrilla tactics . After the victory , the Maccabees entered Jerusalem in triumph and ritually cleansed the Temple , reestablishing traditional Jewish worship there and installing Jonathan Maccabee as high priest . A large Seleucid army was sent to quash the revolt , but returned to Syria on the death of Antiochus IV . Its commander Lysias , preoccupied with internal Seleucid affairs , agreed to a political compromise that restored religious freedom . Battles ( edit ) Tomb of the Maccabees near present - day Mevo Modi'im Battle of Wadi Haramia ( 167 BC ) Battle of Beth Horon ( 166 BC ) Battle of Emmaus ( 166 BC ) Battle of Beth Zur ( 164 BC ) Battle of Beth Zechariah ( 162 BC ) Battle of Adasa ( 161 BC ) Battle of Elasa ( 160 BC ) Studies ( edit ) Mattathias slaying the Jewish apostate , painting by Philippe De Loutherbourg In the First and Second Books of the Maccabees , the Maccabean Revolt is described as a response to cultural oppression and national resistance to a foreign power . Modern scholars , however , argue that the king intervened in a civil war between traditionalist Jews in the countryside and Hellenized Jews in Jerusalem . As Joseph P. Schultz puts it : `` Modern scholarship ... considers the Maccabean revolt less as an uprising against foreign oppression than as a civil war between the orthodox and reformist parties in the Jewish camp . '' Professor John Ma of Oxford University argues that the main sources indicate that the loss of religious and civil rights by the Jews in 168 BC was not the result of religious persecution but rather an administrative punishment by the Seleucid Empire in the aftermath of local unrest , and that the Temple was restored upon petition by the High Priest Menelaus , not liberated and rededicated by the Maccabees . However , his theories are speculative . Legacy ( edit ) The Jewish festival of Hanukkah celebrates the re-dedication of the Temple following Judah Maccabee 's victory over the Seleucids . According to Rabbinic tradition , the victorious Maccabees could only find a small jug of oil that had remained uncontaminated by virtue of a seal , and although it only contained enough oil to sustain the Menorah for one day , it miraculously lasted for eight days , by which time further oil could be procured . See also ( edit ) Ancient Greece portal Judaism portal War portal Jewish military history List of conflicts in the Near East Second Temple period References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nicholas de Lange ( ed . ) , The Illustrated History of the Jewish People , London , Aurum Press , 1997 , ISBN 1 - 85410 - 530 - 2 Jump up ^ The Maccabees / Hasmoneans : History & Overview ( 166 - 129 BC ) Jewish Virtual Library Jump up ^ Telushkin , Joseph ( 1991 ) . Jewish Literacy : The Most Important Things to Know about the Jewish Religion , Its People , and Its History . W. Morrow . p. 114 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 08506 - 7 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Sarah Iles ( 2004 ) . Religions of the Ancient World : A Guide . Harvard University Press . p. 186 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01517 - 7 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Irving ( 1993 ) . The Jewish Way : Living the Holidays . Simon & Schuster . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 87303 - 2 . Jump up ^ Schultz , Joseph P. ( 1981 ) . Judaism and the Gentile Faiths : Comparative Studies in Religion . Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press . p. 155 . ISBN 0 - 8386 - 1707 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ma , John . `` Re-examining Hanukkah '' , The Marginalia Review of the Book , July 9 , 2013 Jump up ^ Talmud , Tractate Shabbat External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maccabean Revolt . Maccabean Revolt at Oxford Bibliographies Maccabean Revolt at the Aish HaTorah website Texts on Wikisource : Book XII of the Antiquities of the Jews Book I of The Jewish War Ancient Greek wars Mycenaean Trojan War Archaic First Messenian War Lelantine War Second Messenian War First Sacred War Sicilian Wars Classical Greco - Persian Wars Aeginetan War Wars of the Delian League First Peloponnesian War Second Sacred War Samian War Second Peloponnesian War Phyle Campaign Corinthian War Boeotian War Wars of the Theban hegemony Theban -- Spartan War Social War ( 357 -- 355 BC ) Third Sacred War Foreign War Rise of Macedon Wars of Alexander the Great Hellenistic Lamian War Wars of the Diadochi Antigonid -- Nabataean confrontations Seleucid -- Mauryan war Pyrrhic War Syrian Wars Pyrrhus ' invasion of the Peloponnese Chremonidean War Seleucid -- Parthian wars Cleomenean War War against Lyctus Social War ( 220 -- 217 BC ) First Macedonian War Cretan War Second Macedonian War Roman -- Seleucid War Aetolian War War against Nabis Galatian War Third Macedonian War Maccabean Revolt Seleucid Dynastic Wars Fourth Macedonian War Achaean War Mithridatic Wars ( First , Second , Third ) Final War of the Roman Republic Military history Hanukkah Traditions Symbols Menorah ( Hanukiah ) Dreidel ( Sevivon ) Gelt Public menorah Foods Latkes ( Levivot ) Sufganiyah Buñuelos Music `` Ma'oz Tzur ( Rock of Ages ) '' `` Dreidel Song '' `` Oh Chanukah '' `` The Chanukah Song '' Other Chrismukkah Thanksgivukkah Hanukkah bush Maccabean Revolt Events Seleucid Empire Temple in Jerusalem Maccabees Hasmonean Kingdom Historical accounts 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Miracle of the cruse of oil People Mattathias Simeon Eleazar Jonathan Judah Antiochus IV Epiphanes List of rulers Battles Ma'aleh Levona Beth Horon Emmaus Beth Zur Beth Zechariah Adasa Dathema Elasa Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maccabean_Revolt&oldid=800756914 '' Categories : 160s BC 2nd - century BC conflicts 2nd century BC in the Hasmonean Kingdom 2nd - century BCE Judaism Coele - Syria Jewish rebellions Jewish religious nationalism Jewish Seleucid history Maccabees Rebellions against empires Rebellions in Asia Religion - based wars Revolts in Greek Antiquity Wars involving the Seleucid Empire Wars of ancient Israel Hidden categories : Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Brezhoneg Čeština Dansk Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia עברית Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 پنجابی Polski Русский Simple English Slovenčina اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 13 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what specific events led to the maccabean revolt | [
"In the narrative of I Maccabees, after Antiochus issued his decrees forbidding Jewish religious practice, a rural Jewish priest from Modiin, Mattathias the Hasmonean, sparked the revolt against the Seleucid Empire by refusing to worship the Greek gods. Mattathias killed a Hellenistic Jew who stepped forward to offer a sacrifice to an idol in Mattathias' place. He and his five sons fled to the wilderness of Judah. After Mattathias' death about one year later in 166 BC, his son Judah Maccabee led an army of Jewish dissidents to victory over the Seleucid dynasty in guerrilla warfare, which at first was directed against Hellenized Jews, of whom there were many. The Maccabees destroyed pagan altars in the villages, circumcised boys and forced Hellenized Jews into outlawry.[1] The term Maccabees as used to describe the Jewish army is taken from the Hebrew word for \"hammer\".[2]"
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"Antiochus issued his decrees forbidding Jewish religious practice"
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-2097788599667829952 | American Expeditionary Forces | American Expeditionary Forces - Wikipedia American Expeditionary Forces American Expeditionary Forces Officers of the AEF and the Baker Mission , c. 1918 . Active 1917 -- 1920 Disbanded August 31 , 1920 Country United States Branch United States Army Size c. 2,000,000 men General Headquarters Chaumont , France Engagements Western Front Battle of Cambrai Spring Offensive Battle of Cantigny Battle of Belleau Wood Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Château - Thierry Hundred Days Offensive Battle of Saint - Mihiel Meuse - Argonne Offensive Italian Front Battle of Vittorio Veneto Commanders Commander in Chief Gen. John J. Pershing The American Expeditionary Forces ( A.E.F. , A.E.F. or AEF ) was a formation of the United States Army on the Western Front of World War I . The AEF was established on July 5 , 1917 , in France under the command of Gen. John J. Pershing . It fought alongside French Army , British Army , Canadian Army , and Australian Army units against the German Empire . A minority of the AEF troops also fought alongside Italian Army units in that same year against the Austro - Hungarian Army . The AEF helped the French Army on the Western Front during the Aisne Offensive ( at the Battle of Château - Thierry and Battle of Belleau Wood ) in the summer of 1918 , and fought its major actions in the Battle of Saint - Mihiel and the Meuse - Argonne Offensive in the latter part of 1918 . Contents 1 History 1.1 1918 1.2 Casualties 1.3 African Americans 2 Logistics 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Further reading 6 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Military history of the United States With America 's first convoy . The troop ships are the Henderson , Antilles , Momus , and Lenape . American Expeditionary Forces Commander in Chief , Gen. John J. Pershing , 1917 . President Woodrow Wilson initially planned to give command of the AEF to Gen. Frederick Funston , but after Funston 's sudden death , Wilson appointed Major General John J. Pershing in May 1917 , and Pershing remained in command for the entire war . Pershing insisted that American soldiers be well - trained before going to Europe . As a result , few troops arrived before January 1918 . In addition , Pershing insisted that the American force would not be used merely to fill gaps in the French and British armies , and he resisted European efforts to have U.S. troops deployed as individual replacements in decimated Allied units . This approach was not always well received by the western Allied leaders who distrusted the potential of an army lacking experience in large - scale warfare . In addition , the British Empire tried to bargain with its spare shipping to make the United States put its soldiers into British ranks . Column of American troops passing Buckingham Palace , London , 1917 . By June 1917 , only 14,000 American soldiers had arrived in France , and the AEF had only a minor participation at the front through late October 1917 , but by May 1918 over one million American troops were stationed in France , though only half of them made it to the front lines . Since the transport ships needed to bring American troops to Europe were scarce at the beginning , the U.S. Army pressed into service passenger liners , seized German ships , and borrowed Allied ships to transport American soldiers from ports in New York City , New Jersey , and Virginia . The mobilization effort taxed the American military to the limit and required new organizational strategies and command structures to transport great numbers of troops and supplies quickly and efficiently . The French harbors of Bordeaux , La Pallice , Saint Nazaire , and Brest became the entry points into the French railway system that brought the American troops and their supplies to the Western Front . American engineers in France also built 82 new ship berths , nearly 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) of additional standard - gauge tracks , and over 100,000 miles ( 160,000 km ) of telephone and telegraph lines . The first American troops , who were often called `` Doughboys '' , landed in Europe in June 1917 . However the AEF did not participate at the front until October 21 , 1917 , when the 1st Division fired the first American shell of the war toward German lines , although they participated only on a small scale . A group of regular soldiers and the first American division to arrive in France , entered the trenches near Nancy , France , in Lorraine . The AEF used French and British equipment . Particularly appreciated were the French canon de 75 modèle 1897 , the canon de 155 C modèle 1917 Schneider , and the canon de 155mm GPF . American aviation units received the SPAD XIII and Nieuport 28 fighters , and the U.S. Army tank corps used French Renault FT light tanks . Pershing established facilities in France to train new arrivals with their new weapons . By the end of 1917 , four divisions were deployed in a large training area near Verdun : the 1st Division , a regular army formation ; the 26th Division , a National Guard division ; the 2nd Division , a combination of regular troops and U.S. Marines ; and the 42nd `` Rainbow '' Division , a National Guard division made up of soldiers from nearly every state in the United States . The fifth division , the 41st Division , was converted into a depot division near Tours . 1918 ( edit ) Allies gain overwhelming superiority in front - line rifle strength as American soldiers arrive in the summer At the beginning , during the Spring of 1918 , the four battle - ready U.S. divisions were deployed under French and British command to gain combat experience by defending relatively quiet sectors of their lines . After the first offensive action and American - led AEF victory on 28 May 1918 at the Battle of Cantigny , by the U.S. 1st Division , and a similar local action by the 2nd Division at Belleau Wood beginning 6 June , both while assigned under French Corps command , Pershing worked towards the deployment of an independent US field Army . The rest followed at an accelerating pace during the spring and summer of 1918 . By June Americans were arriving in - theater at the rate of 10,000 a day ; most of which entered training by British , Canadian and Australian battle - experienced officers and senior non-commissioned ranks . The training took a minimum of six weeks due to the inexperience of the servicemen . The first offensive action by AEF units serving under non-American command was 1,000 men ( four companies from the 33d Division AEF ) , with the Australian Corps during the Battle of Hamel on 4 July 1918 . ( Corporal Thomas A. Pope was awarded the Medal of Honor for this battle . ) This battle took place under the overall command of the Australian Corps commander , Lt. Gen. Sir John Monash . The Allied force in this battle combined artillery , armor , infantry , and air support ( Combined arms ) , which served as a blueprint for all subsequent Allied attacks , using `` tanks '' . Champagne - Marne offensive , 1918 . U.S. Army and Marine Corps troops played a key role in helping stop the German thrust towards Paris , during the Second Battle of the Marne in June 1918 ( at the Battle of Château - Thierry ( 1918 ) and the Battle of Belleau Wood ) . The first major and distinctly American offensive was the reduction of the Saint Mihiel salient during September 1918 . During the Battle of Saint - Mihiel , Pershing commanded the U.S. First Army , composed of seven divisions and more than 500,000 men , in the largest offensive operation ever undertaken by United States armed forces . This successful offensive was followed by the Meuse - Argonne offensive , lasting from September 26 to November 11 , 1918 , during which Pershing commanded more than one million American and French combatants . In these two military operations , Allied forces recovered more than 200 sq mi ( 488 km ) of French territory from the German army . By the time the World War I Armistice had suspended all combat on November 11 , 1918 , the American Expeditionary Forces had evolved into a modern , combat - tested army . Late in the war , American units ultimately fought in two other theaters at the request of the European powers . Pershing sent troops of the 332d Infantry Regiment to Italy , and President Wilson agreed to send some troops , the 27th and 339th Infantry Regiments , to Russia . These latter two were known as the American Expeditionary Force Siberia , and the American Expeditionary Force North Russia . Casualties ( edit ) Army field hospital in France , 1918 . A.E.F. officer 's identity card , 1918 . The AEF sustained about 320,000 casualties : 53,402 battle deaths , 63,114 noncombat deaths and 204,000 wounded . The influenza pandemic during the fall of 1918 took the lives of more than 25,000 men from the AEF , while another 360,000 became gravely ill . Some other diseases were relatively well controlled through compulsory vaccination . Typhoid fever was also practically eliminated . Relatively few men suffered actual injury from poison gas , although much larger numbers mistakenly thought that they had been exposed . Using questionnaires filled out by doughboys as they left the Army , Gutièrrez reports that they were not cynical or disillusioned . They fought `` for honor , manhood , comrades , and adventure , but especially for duty . '' African Americans ( edit ) Officers of the 366th Infantry , 1919 . African Americans were drafted on the same basis as whites and made up 13 percent of the draftees . By the end of the war , over 350,000 African - Americans had served in AEF units on the Western Front . However , they were assigned to segregated units commanded by white officers . One fifth of the black soldiers sent to France saw combat , compared to two - thirds of the whites . They were three percent of AEF combat forces , and under two percent of battlefield fatalities . `` The mass of the colored drafted men can not be used for combatant troops '' , said a General Staff report in 1918 , and it recommended that `` these colored drafted men be organized in reserve labor battalions . '' They handled unskilled labor tasks as stevedores in the Atlantic ports and common laborers at the camps and in the Services of the Rear in France . The French , whose front - line troops were resisting combat duties to the point of mutiny , requested and received control of several regiments of black combat troops . Kennedy reports `` Units of the black 92nd Division particularly suffered from poor preparation and the breakdown in command control . As the only black combat division , the 92nd Division entered the line with unique liabilities . It had been deliberately dispersed throughout several camps during its stateside training ; some of its artillery units were summoned to France before they had completed their courses of instruction , and were never fully - equipped until after the Armistice ; nearly all its senior white officers scorned the men under their command and repeatedly asked to be transferred . The black enlisted men were frequently diverted from their already attenuated training opportunities in France in the summer of 1918 and put to work as stevedores and common laborers . '' The 369th , 370th , 371st , and 372d Infantry Regiments ( nominally the 93d Division , but never consolidated as such ) served with distinction under French command with French colonial units in front - line combat . The French did not harbor the same levels of disdain based on skin color and for many Americans of an African - American descent it was a liberating and refreshing experience . These African - American soldiers wore American uniforms , some dating from the time of the Union Army , with French helmets and were armed with French Model 1907 / 15 8mm Lebel Berthier rifle , and Fusil Mle 1907 / 15 manufactured by Remington Arms rather than the M1903 Springfield or M1917 Enfield rifles issued to most American soldiers . One of the most distinguished units was the 369th Infantry Regiment , known as the Harlem Hellfighters . The 369th was on the front lines for six months , longer than any other African - American regiment in the war . One hundred seventy - one members of the 369th were awarded the Legion of Merit . One member of the 369th , Sergeant Henry Johnson , was awarded the French Croix de guerre , and posthumously the Medal of Honor . Logistics ( edit ) Supporting the two million soldiers across the Atlantic Ocean was a massive logistical enterprise . Yet the U.S. Army 's logistical skills had atrophied during the decades following the Civil War . In order to be successful , the American needed to create a coherent support structure with very little institutional knowledge . After a rough start , the AEF developed support network appropriate for the huge size of the American force . It rested upon the Services of Supply in the rear areas , with ports , railroads , depots , schools , maintenance facilities , bakeries , clothing repair shops ( termed salvage ) , replacement depots , ice plants , and a wide variety of other activities . The AEF initiated support techniques that would last well into the Cold War including forward maintenance , field cooking , graves registration ( mortuary affairs ) , host nation support , motor transport , and morale services . The work of the logisticians enabled the success of the AEF and contributed to the emergence of the American Army as a modern fighting force . See also ( edit ) United States Army portal World War I portal American entry into World War I American Expeditionary Forces on the Western Front ( World War I ) order of battle Services of Supply , American Expeditionary Forces Formations of the United States Army during World War I Timeline of World War I General Pershing WWI casualty list Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Coffman , The War to End All Wars ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Pershing , My Experiences in the World War ( 1931 ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Treat ' Em Rough : The Birth of American Armor , 1917 -- 1920 ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Leonard P. Ayers , online The war with Germany : a statistical summary ( 1919 ) p 105 Jump up ^ Matthew Davenport , `` First Over There '' , 2015 , Thomas Dunne Books Jump up ^ Roland Perry , Monash -- The Outsider Who Won a War , 2007 , Random House , Sydney , pp. 349 -- 352 ^ Jump up to : Venzon , ed . The United States in the First World War : An Encyclopedia ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Robert L. Willett , Russian Sideshow , pp. 166 -- 167 , 170 Jump up ^ E.M. Halliday , When Hell Froze Over ( New York City , NY , ibooks , inc. , 2000 ) , p. 44 Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service , American War and Military Operations Casualties : Lists and Statistics Jump up ^ Edward A. : Gutièrrez , Doughboys on the Great War : How American Soldiers Viewed Their Military Experience ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ African - Americans Continue Tradition of Distinguished Service ; U.S. Army ; Gerry J. Gilmore ; February 2 , 2007 Jump up ^ Jennifer D. Keene , `` Americans as Warriors : ' Doughboys ' in Battle during the First World War '' , OAH Magazine of History , Vol. 17 , No. 1 , World War I ( Oct. , 2002 ) , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Kennedy ( 1982 ) 162 . Jump up ^ Barbeau and Henri ( 1974 ) ; ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Kennedy ( 1982 ) p. 199 . Jump up ^ Canfield , Bruce N. American Rifleman ( April 2009 ) p. 40 Jump up ^ http://www.explorepahistory.com/~expa/cms/pbfiles/Project1/Scheme40/ExplorePAHistory-a0b1b6-a_514.pdf Jump up ^ `` 3dpublishing.com '' . Jump up ^ `` timesunion.com '' . Jump up ^ Leo P. Hirrel , `` Supporting the Doughboys : US Army Logistics and Personnel During World War I '' Ft . Leavenworth : Combat Studies Institute , 2017 . Available at no cost . Further reading ( edit ) Ayres , Leonard P , The War with Germany : A Statistical Summary Government Printing Office , 1919 full text online Barbeau , Arthur E. and Florette Henri , The Unknown Soldiers : Black American Troops in World War I ( Philadelphia : Temple University Press , 1974 ) , Beaver , Daniel R. Newton D. Baker and the American War Effort , 1917 -- 1919 ( 1966 ) Chambers , John W. , II . To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) Coffman , Edward M ( 1998 ) . The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I The Standard History . ISBN Cooke , James J. , The Rainbow Division in the Great War , 1917 -- 1919 Praeger Publishers , ( 1994 ) Dalessandro , Robert J. & Dalessandro , Rebecca S. American Lions : The 332nd Infantry Regiment in World War I ( Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing , 2009 ) Dalessandro , Robert J. , & Knapp , Michael G. , `` Organization and Insignia of the American Expeditionary Forces , 1917 -- 1923 '' ( Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing , 2008 ) The best single volume on AEF unit organization . Dalessandro , Robert J. & Gerald Torrence , `` Willing Patriots : Men of Color in the First World War '' ( Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing , 2009 ) Davenport , Matthew J. `` First Over There : The Attack on Cantigny America 's First Battle of World War I '' ( New York , Thomas Dunne : 2015 ) Faulkner , Richard S. Pershing 's Crusaders : The American Soldier in World War I ( U Press of Kansas , 2017 ) . xiv , 758 pp Freidel , Frank . Over There ( 1964 ) , well illustrated Grotelueschen ; Mark E. Doctrine under Trial : American Artillery Employment in World War I ( 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 313 - 31171 - 4 ( full text version at Google Books ) Hallas , James H. Doughboy War : The American Expeditionary Force in World War I ( 2000 ) Heller Charles E. Chemical Warfare in World War I . The American Experience , 1917 -- 1918 . Fort Leavenworth , Kan. : Combat Studies Institute , 1984 . Hirrel , Leo P. `` Supporting the Doughboys : US Army Logistics and Personnel During World War I . '' Ft . Leavenworth , KS Combat Studies Institute , 2017 . online at no charge Holley , I.B. Ideas and Weapons : Exploitation of the Aerial Weapon by the United States During World War I ( 1983 ) Howarth , Stephen . To Shining Sea : A History of the United States Navy , 1775 -- 1991 ( 1991 ) Hurley , Alfred F. Billy Mitchell , Crusader for Air Power ( 1975 ) James , D. Clayton . The Years of MacArthur , I , 1880 -- 1941 . ( 1970 ) Johnson ; Herbert A. Wingless Eagle : U.S. Army Aviation through World War I University of North Carolina Press , ( 2001 ) Kennedy , David M. Over Here : The First World War and American Society ( 1982 ) Koistinen , Paul . Mobilizing for Modern War : The Political Economy of American Warfare , 1865 -- 1919 ( 2004 ) Lengel , Edward G. ( 2008 ) . To Conquer Hell . New York : Henry Holt . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7931 - 9 . Lengel , Edward G. , ed . A Companion to the Meuse - Argonne Campaign ( Wiley - Blackwell , 2014 ) . xii , 537 pp . Millett , Allan Reed . Semper Fidelis : The History of the United States Marine Corps ( 1991 ) Pershing , John J. Pershing , My Experiences in the World War ( 1931 ) Smythe , Donald . Pershing : General of the Armies ( 1986 ) Trask , David F. The United States in the Supreme War Council : American War Aims and Inter-Allied Strategy , 1917 -- 1918 ( 1961 ) Trask , David F. The AEF and Coalition Warmaking , 1917 -- 1918 ( 1993 ) online free Van Ells , Mark D. America and World War I : A Traveler 's Guide . ( Interlink , 2014 ) Venzon , Anne ed . The United States in the First World War : An Encyclopedia ( 1995 ) Wilson Dale E. Treat ' Em Rough : The Birth of American Armor , 1917 -- 1920 Presidio Press , 1989 . Woodward , David R. Trial by Friendship : Anglo - American Relations , 1917 - 1918 ( 1993 ) online Woodward , David R . The American Army and the First World War ( Cambridge University Press , 2014 ) . 484 pp. online review Yockelson , Mitchell A. ( 2008 - 05 - 30 ) . Borrowed Soldiers : Americans under British Command , 1918 . Foreword by John S.D. Eisenhower . University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3919 - 7 . Yockelson , Mitchell . Forty - Seven Days : How Pershing 's Warriors Came of Age to Defeat at the German Army in World War I ( New York : NAL , Caliber , 2016 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 46695 - 2 Zeiger ; Susan . In Uncle Sam 's Service : Women Workers with the American Expeditionary Force , 1917 -- 1919 ( 1999 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Expeditionary Forces . AEF General Headquarters Papers American Expeditionary Force website -- recaps war in 10 pages American Expeditionary Forces in World War I Awards and Decorations : World War I Statistics Campaigns of the United States Army * Records of the American Expeditionary Forces ( World War I ) at the National Archives and Records Administration Chapter 17 : `` World War I : The First Three Years '' Chapter 18 : `` World War I : The U.S. Army Overseas '' CMH Pub 24 - 1 : `` Learning Lessons in the American Expeditionary Forces '' WWI Service Questionnaires at Gettysburg College World War I : Soldiers Remembered , Washington State Library and Washington State Archives * Works by United States Army . American Expeditionary Forces at Project Gutenberg Works by American Expeditionary Forces at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Works by or about American Expeditionary Forces at Internet Archive BNF : cb13746120z ( data ) GND : 5026840 - 5 ISNI : 0000 0001 2155 6399 LCCN : n84077783 NKC : kn20090625017 SUDOC : 02967428X VIAF : 129053844 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Expeditionary_Forces&oldid=854219771 '' Categories : 1917 establishments in France 1920 disestablishments in Washington , D.C. Disbanded armies Expeditionary units and formations Military units and formations of the United States in World War I Military history of the United States during World War I Military units and formations established in 1917 Military units and formations disestablished in 1920 Hidden categories : Use American English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from February 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Türkçe 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 19 : 24 ( UTC ) . 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"The American Expeditionary Forces (A. E. F., A.E.F. or AEF) was a formation of the United States Army on the Western Front of World War I. The AEF was established on July 5, 1917, in France under the command of Gen. John J. Pershing. It fought alongside French Army, British Army, Canadian Army, and Australian Army units against the German Empire. A minority of the AEF troops also fought alongside Italian Army units in that same year against the Austro-Hungarian Army. The AEF helped the French Army on the Western Front during the Aisne Offensive (at the Battle of Château-Thierry and Battle of Belleau Wood) in the summer of 1918, and fought its major actions in the Battle of Saint-Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in the latter part of 1918.\n"
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"1917"
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-5965419513459471121 | Charlemagne | Charlemagne - wikipedia Charlemagne This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 15 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Charlemagne ( disambiguation ) . Charlemagne A denarius of Charlemagne dated c. 812 -- 814 with the inscription KAROLVS IMP AVG ( Karolus Imperator Augustus ) ( in Latin ) Holy Roman Emperor Reign 25 December 800 -- 28 January 814 Coronation 25 December 800 Old St. Peter 's Basilica , Rome Predecessor Constantine VI as Roman Emperor ( Byzantine Empire ) Romulus Augustulus or Julius Nepos as Western Roman Emperor Successor Louis the Pious King of the Lombards Reign 10 July 774 -- 28 January 814 Coronation 10 July 774 Pavia Predecessor Desiderius Successor Louis the Pious King of the Franks Reign 9 October 768 -- 28 January 814 Coronation 9 October 768 Noyon Predecessor Pepin the Short Successor Louis the Pious 2 April 742 Frankish Kingdom 28 January 814 ( aged 71 ) Aachen , Francia ( Germany ) Burial Aachen Cathedral Spouse Desiderata ( 770 -- 771 ) Hildegard ( 771 -- 783 ) Fastrada ( 784 -- 794 ) Luitgard ( 794 -- 800 ) Issue Among others Pepin the Hunchback Charles the Younger Pepin of Italy Louis the Pious Dynasty Carolingian Father Pepin the Short Mother Bertrada of Laon Religion Roman Catholicism Signum manus Carolingian dynasty Pippinids ( show ) Pippin the Elder ( c. 580 -- 640 ) Grimoald ( 616 -- 656 ) Childebert the Adopted ( d . 662 ) Arnulfings ( show ) Arnulf of Metz ( 582 -- 640 ) Ansegisel ( d . 662 or 679 ) Chlodulf of Metz ( d . 696 or 697 ) Pepin of Herstal ( 635 - 714 ) Grimoald II ( d . 714 ) Drogo of Champagne ( 670 -- 708 ) Theudoald ( d . 741 ) Carolingians ( show ) Charles Martel ( 686 -- 741 ) Carloman ( d . 754 ) Pepin the Short ( 714 -- 768 ) Carloman I ( 751 -- 771 ) Charlemagne ( 742 -- 814 ) Pepin the Hunchback ( 768 -- 811 ) Charles the Younger ( 772 -- 811 ) Pepin of Italy ( 773 -- 810 ) Louis the Pious ( 778 -- 840 ) Pepin I of Aquitaine ( 797 -- 838 ) After the Treaty of Verdun ( 843 ) ( show ) Lothair I , Holy Roman Emperor ( 795 -- 855 ; Middle Francia ) Charles the Bald ( 823 -- 877 ) ( West Francia ) Louis the German ( 804 -- 876 ) ( East Francia ) Charlemagne ( / ˈʃɑːrlɪmeɪn / ) or Charles the Great ( 2 April 742 -- 28 January 814 ) , numbered Charles I , was King of the Franks from 768 , King of the Lombards from 774 and Emperor of the Romans from 800 . He united much of Europe during the early Middle Ages . He was the first recognised emperor in western Europe since the fall of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier . The expanded Frankish state that Charlemagne founded is called the Carolingian Empire . Charlemagne was the oldest son of Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon , having been born before their canonical marriage . He became king in 768 following his father 's death , initially as co-ruler with his brother Carloman I. Carloman 's sudden death in December 771 under unexplained circumstances left Charlemagne as the sole , undisputed ruler of the Frankish Kingdom . He continued his father 's policy towards the papacy and became its protector , removing the Lombards from power in northern Italy and leading an incursion into Muslim Spain . He campaigned against the Saxons to his east , Christianising them upon penalty of death and leading to events such as the Massacre of Verden . Charlemagne reached the height of his power in 800 when he was crowned Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day at Rome 's Old St. Peter 's Basilica . Charlemagne has been called the `` Father of Europe '' ( Pater Europae ) , as he united most of Western Europe for the first time since the Roman Empire . His rule spurred the Carolingian Renaissance , a period of energetic cultural and intellectual activity within the Western Church . All Holy Roman Emperors considered their kingdoms to be descendants of Charlemagne 's empire , up to the last Emperor Francis II and the French and German monarchies . However , the Eastern Orthodox Church views Charlemagne more controversially , labeling as heterodox his support of the filioque and recognition by the Bishop of Rome as legitimate Roman Emperor , rather than recognising Irene of Athens of the Eastern Roman Empire . These and other machinations led to the eventual split of Rome and Constantinople in the Great Schism of 1054 . Charlemagne died in 814 , having ruled as emperor for thirteen years . He was laid to rest in his imperial capital city of Aachen . He married at least four times and had three legitimate sons , but only his son Louis the Pious survived to succeed him . Contents ( hide ) 1 Political background 2 Rise to power 2.1 Early life 2.1. 1 Date of birth 2.1. 2 Place of birth 2.2 Ancestry 2.3 Ambiguous high office 2.4 Aquitaine rebellion 2.4. 1 Formation of a new Aquitania 2.4. 2 Acquisition of Aquitania by the Carolingians 2.4. 3 Loss and recovery of Aquitania 2.5 Perforce union 3 Italian campaigns 3.1 Conquest of the Lombard kingdom 3.2 Southern Italy 4 Children 5 Carolingian expansion to the south 5.1 Vasconia and the Pyrenees 5.2 Roncesvalles campaign 5.3 Contact with the Saracens 5.4 Wars with the Moors 6 Eastern campaigns 6.1 Saxon Wars 6.2 Submission of Bavaria 6.3 Avar campaigns 6.4 Northeast Slav expeditions 6.5 Southeast Slav expeditions 7 Imperium 7.1 Coronation 7.1. 1 Debate 7.2 Imperial title 7.3 Imperial diplomacy 7.4 Danish attacks 7.5 Death 8 Administration 8.1 Military 8.2 Economic and monetary reforms 8.3 Jews in Charlemagne 's realm 8.4 Education reforms 8.5 Church reforms 8.6 Writing reforms 8.7 Political reforms 8.7. 1 Organisation 8.7. 2 Divisio regnorum 9 Personality 9.1 Manner 9.2 Language 9.3 Appearance 9.4 Dress 9.5 Homes 10 Family 10.1 Marriages and heirs 10.2 Ancestry 11 Name 12 Beatification 13 Cultural uses 13.1 Middle Ages 13.2 Modern era 14 Books and libraries 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 17.1 Citations 17.2 Bibliography 18 External links Political background ( edit ) Francia , early 8th century By the 6th century , the western Germanic tribe of the Franks had been Christianised , due in considerable measure to the Catholic conversion of Clovis I. Francia , ruled by the Merovingians , was the most powerful of the kingdoms that succeeded the Western Roman Empire . Following the Battle of Tertry the Merovingians declined into powerlessness , for which they have been dubbed the rois fainéants ( `` do - nothing kings '' ) . Almost all government powers were exercised by their chief officer , the mayor of the palace . In 687 , Pepin of Herstal , mayor of the palace of Austrasia , ended the strife between various kings and their mayors with his victory at Tertry . He became the sole governor of the entire Frankish kingdom . Pepin was the grandson of two important figures of the Austrasian Kingdom : Saint Arnulf of Metz and Pepin of Landen . Pepin of Herstal was eventually succeeded by his illegitimate son Charles , later known as Charles Martel ( Charles the Hammer ) . After 737 , Charles governed the Franks in lieu of a king and declined to call himself king . Charles was succeeded in 741 by his sons Carloman and Pepin the Short , the father of Charlemagne . In 743 , the brothers placed Childeric III on the throne to curb separatism in the periphery . He was the last Merovingian king . Carloman resigned office in 746 , preferring to enter the church as a monk . Pepin brought the question of the kingship before Pope Zachary , asking whether it was logical for a king to have no royal power . The pope handed down his decision in 749 , decreeing that it was better for Pepin to be called king , as he had the powers of high office as Mayor , so as not to confuse the hierarchy . He therefore ordered him to become the true king . External video The Early Middle Ages , 284 -- 1000 : Charlemagne , 46 : 14 , YaleCourses on YouTube , Yale University Charlemagne : An Introduction , Smarthistory , 7 : 49 , Khan Academy In 750 , Pepin was elected by an assembly of the Franks , anointed by the archbishop , and then raised to the office of king . The Pope branded Childeric III as `` the false king '' and ordered him into a monastery . The Merovingian dynasty was thereby replaced by the Carolingian dynasty , named after Charles Martel . In 753 , Pope Stephen II fled from Italy to Francia , appealing to Pepin for assistance for the rights of St. Peter . He was supported in this appeal by Carloman , Charles ' brother . In return , the pope could provide only legitimacy . He did this by again anointing and confirming Pepin , this time adding his young sons Carolus ( Charlemagne ) and Carloman to the royal patrimony . They thereby became heirs to the realm that already covered most of western Europe . In 754 , Pepin accepted the Pope 's invitation to visit Italy on behalf of St. Peter 's rights , dealing successfully with the Lombards . Under the Carolingians , the Frankish kingdom spread to encompass an area including most of Western Europe ; the east - west division of the kingdom formed the basis for modern France and Germany . Orman portrays the Treaty of Verdun ( 843 ) between the warring grandsons of Charlemagne as the foundation event of an independent France under its first king Charles the Bald ; an independent Germany under its first king Louis the German ; and an independent intermediate state stretching from the low countries along the borderlands to south of Rome under Lothair I , who retained the title of emperor and the capitals Aachen and Rome without the jurisdiction . The middle kingdom had broken up by 890 and partly absorbed into Western kingdom ( later France ) and Eastern kingdom ( Germany ) and the rest developing into smaller `` buffer '' nations that exist between France and Germany to this day , namely the Benelux and Switzerland . The concept and memory of a united Europe remains topical to the current time and hence Charlemagne is often considered the forefather of modern Europe . Rise to power ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) Date of birth ( edit ) The most likely date of Charlemagne 's birth is reconstructed from several sources . The date of 742 -- calculated from Einhard 's date of death of January 814 at age 72 -- predates the marriage of his parents in 744 . The year given in the Annales Petaviani , 747 , would be more likely , except that it contradicts Einhard and a few other sources in making Charlemagne seventy years old at his death . The month and day of 2 April are established by a calendar from Lorsch Abbey . In 747 , Easter fell on 2 April , a coincidence that likely would have been remarked upon by chroniclers but was not . If Easter was being used as the beginning of the calendar year , then 2 April 747 could have been , by modern reckoning , April 748 ( not on Easter ) . The date favoured by the preponderance of evidence is 2 April 742 , based on Charlemagne 's age at the time of his death . This date supports the concept that Charlemagne was technically an illegitimate child , although that is not mentioned by Einhard , since he was born out of wedlock ; Pepin and Bertrada were bound by a private contract or Friedelehe at the time of his birth , but did not marry until 744 . Place of birth ( edit ) Region of Aachen - Liège ( contemporary borders , trade - and travel routes ) . Charlemagne 's exact birthplace is unknown , although historians have suggested Aachen in modern - day Germany , and Liège ( Herstal ) in present - day Belgium as possible locations . Aachen and Liège are close to the region from where the Merovingian and Carolingian families originated . Other cities have been suggested , including Düren , Gauting , Mürlenbach , Quierzy and Prüm . No definitive evidence resolves the question . Ancestry ( edit ) Charlemagne was the eldest child of Pepin the Short ( 714 -- 24 September 768 , reigned from 751 ) and his wife Bertrada of Laon ( 720 -- 12 July 783 ) , daughter of Caribert of Laon and Bertrada of Cologne . Many historians consider Charlemagne ( Charles ) to have been illegitimate , although some state that this is arguable , because Pepin did not marry Bertrada until 749 , which was after Charles ' birth ; this status did not exclude him from the succession . Records name only Carloman , Gisela , and three short - lived children named Pepin , Chrothais and Adelais as his younger siblings . It would be folly , I think , to write a word concerning Charles ' birth and infancy , or even his boyhood , for nothing has ever been written on the subject , and there is no one alive now who can give information on it . Accordingly , I determined to pass that by as unknown , and to proceed at once to treat of his character , his deeds , and such other facts of his life as are worth telling and setting forth , and shall first give an account of his deeds at home and abroad , then of his character and pursuits , and lastly of his administration and death , omitting nothing worth knowing or necessary to know . -- Einhard Ambiguous high office ( edit ) Further information : Mayor of the Palace The most powerful officers of the Frankish people , the Mayor of the Palace ( Maior Domus ) and one or more kings ( rex , reges ) , were appointed by the election of the people . Elections were not periodic , but were held as required to elect officers ad quos summa imperii pertinebat , `` to whom the highest matters of state pertained '' . Evidently , interim decisions could be made by the Pope , which ultimately needed to be ratified using an assembly of the people that met annually . Before he was elected king in 750 , Pepin was initially a mayor , a high office he held `` as though hereditary '' ( velut hereditario fungebatur ) . Einhard explains that `` the honour '' was usually `` given by the people '' to the distinguished , but Pepin the Great and his brother Carloman the Wise received it as though hereditary , as had their father , Charles Martel . There was , however , a certain ambiguity about quasi-inheritance . The office was treated as joint property : one Mayorship held by two brothers jointly . Each , however , had his own geographic jurisdiction . When Carloman decided to resign , becoming ultimately a Benedictine at Monte Cassino , the question of the disposition of his quasi-share was settled by the pope . He converted the Mayorship into a Kingship and awarded the joint property to Pepin , who gained the right to pass it on by inheritance . This decision was not accepted by all family members . Carloman had consented to the temporary tenancy of his own share , which he intended to pass on to his son , Drogo , when the inheritance should be settled at someone 's death . By the Pope 's decision , in which Pepin had a hand , Drogo was to be disqualified as an heir in favour of his cousin Charles . He took up arms in opposition to the decision and was joined by Grifo , a half - brother of Pepin and Carloman , who had been given a share by Charles Martel , but was stripped of it and held under loose arrest by his half - brothers after an attempt to seize their shares by military action . Grifo perished in combat in the Battle of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne while Drogo was hunted down and taken into custody . On the death of Pepin , 24 September 768 , the kingship passed jointly to his sons , `` with divine assent '' ( divino nutu ) . According to the Life , Pepin died in Paris . The Franks `` in general assembly '' ( generali conventu ) gave them both the rank of a king ( reges ) but `` partitioned the whole body of the kingdom equally '' ( totum regni corpus ex aequo partirentur ) . The annals tell a slightly different version , with the king dying at St - Denis , near Paris . The two `` lords '' ( domni ) were `` elevated to kingship '' ( elevati sunt in regnum ) , Charles on 9 October in Noyon , Carloman on an unspecified date in Soissons . If born in 742 , Charles was 26 years old , but he had been campaigning at his father 's right hand for several years , which may help to account for his military skill . Carloman was 17 . The language in either case suggests that there were not two inheritances , which would have created distinct kings ruling over distinct kingdoms , but a single joint inheritance and a joint kingship tenanted by two equal kings , Charles and his brother Carloman . As before , distinct jurisdictions were awarded . Charles received Pepin 's original share as Mayor : the outer parts of the kingdom bordering on the sea , namely Neustria , western Aquitaine , and the northern parts of Austrasia ; while Carloman was awarded his uncle 's former share , the inner parts : southern Austrasia , Septimania , eastern Aquitaine , Burgundy , Provence , and Swabia , lands bordering Italy . The question of whether these jurisdictions were joint shares reverting to the other brother if one brother died or were inherited property passed on to the descendants of the brother who died was never definitely settled . It came up repeatedly over the succeeding decades until the grandsons of Charlemagne created distinct sovereign kingdoms . Aquitaine rebellion ( edit ) An inheritance in the countries formerly under Roman law ( ius or iustitia ) represented not only a transmission of the properties and privileges but also the encumbrances and obligations attached to the inheritance . Pepin at his death had been in process of building an empire , a difficult task . According to Russell : In those times , to build a kingdom from an aggregation of small states was itself no great difficulty ... But to keep the state intact after it had been formed was a colossal task ... Each of the minor states ... had its little sovereign ... who ... gave himself chiefly to ... plotting , pillaging and fighting . Formation of a new Aquitania ( edit ) Main article : Aquitaine Aquitania under Rome had been in southern Gaul , Romanised and speaking a Romance language . Similarly Hispania had been populated by peoples who spoke various languages , including Celtic , but the area was now populated entirely by Romance language speakers . Between Aquitania and Hispania were the Euskaldunak , Latinised to Vascones , or Basques , living in Basque country , Vasconia , which extended , according to the distributions of place names attributable to the Basques , most densely in the western Pyrenees but also as far south as the upper Ebro River in Spain and as far north as the Garonne River in France . The French name , Gascony , derives from Vasconia . The Romans were never able to entirely subject Vasconia . The parts they did , in which they placed the region 's first cities , were sources of legions in the Roman army valued for their fighting abilities . The border with Aquitania was Toulouse . At about 660 , the Duchy of Vasconia united with the Duchy of Aquitania to form a single kingdom under Felix of Aquitaine , governing from Toulouse . This was a joint kingship with a 28 - year - old Basque king , Lupus I. Lupus is the Latin translation of Basque Otsoa , `` wolf '' . The kingdom was sovereign and independent . Vasconia gave up predation to become a player on the field of European politics . Whatever arrangements Felix had made with the Merovingians became null and void . At Felix 's death in 670 the joint property of the kingship reverted entirely to Lupus . As the Basques had no law of joint inheritance , but practised primogeniture , Lupus in effect founded a hereditary dynasty of Basque kings of an expanded Aquitania . Acquisition of Aquitania by the Carolingians ( edit ) Further information : Umayyad conquest of Hispania Moorish Hispania in 732 The Latin chronicles of the end of Visigothic Hispania omit many details , such as identification of characters , filling in the gaps and reconciliation of numerous contradictions . Muslim sources , however , present a more coherent view , such as in the Ta'rikh iftitah al - Andalus ( `` History of the Conquest of al - Andalus '' ) by Ibn al - Qūṭiyya ( `` the son of the Gothic woman '' , referring to the granddaughter of Wittiza , the last Visigothic king of a united Hispania , who married a Moor ) . Ibn al - Qūṭiyya , who had another , much longer name , must have been relying to some degree on family oral tradition . According to Ibn al - Qūṭiyya Wittiza , the last Visigothic king of a united Hispania , died before his three sons , Almund , Romulo and Ardabast , reached maturity . Their mother was regent at Toledo , but Roderic , army chief of staff , staged a rebellion , capturing Córdoba . He chose to impose a joint rule over distinct jurisdictions on the true heirs . Evidence of a division of some sort can be found in the distribution of coins imprinted with the name of each king and in the king lists . Wittiza was succeeded by Roderic , who reigned for seven and a half years , followed by Achila ( Aquila ) , who reigned three and a half years . If the reigns of both terminated with the incursion of the Saracens , then Roderic appears to have reigned a few years before the majority of Achila . The latter 's kingdom is securely placed to the northeast , while Roderic seems to have taken the rest , notably modern Portugal . The Saracens crossed the mountains to claim Ardo 's Septimania , only to encounter the Basque dynasty of Aquitania , always the allies of the Goths . Odo the Great of Aquitania was at first victorious at the Battle of Toulouse in 721 . Saracen troops gradually massed in Septimania and in 732 an army under Emir Abd al - Rahman abd Allah al - Ghafiqi advanced into Vasconia , and Odo was defeated at the Battle of the River Garonne . They took Bordeaux and were advancing towards Tours when Odo , powerless to stop them , appealed to his arch - enemy , Charles Martel , mayor of the Franks . In one of the first of the lightning marches for which the Carolingian kings became famous , Charles and his army appeared in the path of the Saracens between Tours and Poitiers , and in the Battle of Tours decisively defeated and killed al - Ghafiqi . The Moors returned twice more , each time suffering defeat at Charles ' hands -- at the River Berre near Narbonne in 737 and in the Dauphine in 740 . Odo 's price for salvation from the Saracens was incorporation into the Frankish kingdom , a decision that was repugnant to him and also to his heirs . Loss and recovery of Aquitania ( edit ) After the death of his father , Hunald allied himself with free Lombardy . However , Odo had ambiguously left the kingdom jointly to his two sons , Hunald and Hatto . The latter , loyal to Francia , now went to war with his brother over full possession . Victorious , Hunald blinded and imprisoned his brother , only to be so stricken by conscience that he resigned and entered the church as a monk to do penance . The story is told un Annales Mettenses priores . His son Waifer took an early inheritance , becoming duke of Aquitania and ratified the alliance with Lombardy . Waifer decided to honour it , repeating his father 's decision , which he justified by arguing that any agreements with Charles Martel became invalid on Martel 's death . Since Aquitania was now Pepin 's inheritance because of the earlier assistance given by Charles Martel , according to some the latter and his son , the young Charles , hunted down Waifer , who could only conduct a guerrilla war , and executed him . Among the contingents of the Frankish army were Bavarians under Tassilo III , Duke of Bavaria , an Agilofing , the hereditary Bavarian ducal family . Grifo had installed himself as Duke of Bavaria , but Pepin replaced him with a member of the ducal family yet a child , Tassilo , whose protector he had become after the death of his father . The loyalty of the Agilolfings was perpetually in question , but Pepin exacted numerous oaths of loyalty from Tassilo . However , the latter had married Liutperga , a daughter of Desiderius , king of Lombardy . At a critical point in the campaign , Tassilo left the field with all his Bavarians . Out of reach of Pepin , he repudiated all loyalty to Francia . Pepin had no chance to respond as he grew ill and died within a few weeks after Waifer 's execution . The first event of the brothers ' reign was the uprising of the Aquitainians and Gascons , in 769 , in that territory split between the two kings . One year earlier , Pepin had finally defeated Waifer , Duke of Aquitaine , after waging a destructive , ten - year war against Aquitaine . Now , another Hunald ( seemingly not Hunald the duke ) led the Aquitainians as far north as Angoulême . Charles met Carloman , but Carloman refused to participate and returned to Burgundy . Charles went to war , leading an army to Bordeaux , where he set up a fort at Fronsac . Hunald was forced to flee to the court of Duke Lupus II of Gascony . Lupus , fearing Charles , turned Hunald over in exchange for peace , and was put in a monastery . Gascon lords also surrendered , and Aquitaine and Gascony were finally fully subdued by the Franks . Perforce union ( edit ) The brothers maintained lukewarm relations with the assistance of their mother Bertrada , but in 770 Charles signed a treaty with Duke Tassilo III of Bavaria and married a Lombard Princess ( commonly known today as Desiderata ) , the daughter of King Desiderius , to surround Carloman with his own allies . Though Pope Stephen III first opposed the marriage with the Lombard princess , he found little to fear from a Frankish - Lombard alliance . Less than a year after his marriage , Charlemagne repudiated Desiderata and married a 13 - year - old Swabian named Hildegard . The repudiated Desiderata returned to her father 's court at Pavia . Her father 's wrath was now aroused , and he would have gladly allied with Carloman to defeat Charles . Before any open hostilities could be declared , however , Carloman died on 5 December 771 , apparently of natural causes . Carloman 's widow Gerberga fled to Desiderius ' court in Lombardy with her sons for protection . Italian campaigns ( edit ) Conquest of the Lombard kingdom ( edit ) The Frankish king Charlemagne was a devout Catholic and maintained a close relationship with the papacy throughout his life . In 772 , when Pope Adrian I was threatened by invaders , the king rushed to Rome to provide assistance . Shown here , the pope asks Charlemagne for help at a meeting near Rome . At his succession in 772 , Pope Adrian I demanded the return of certain cities in the former exarchate of Ravenna in accordance with a promise at the succession of Desiderius . Instead , Desiderius took over certain papal cities and invaded the Pentapolis , heading for Rome . Adrian sent ambassadors to Charlemagne in autumn requesting he enforce the policies of his father , Pepin . Desiderius sent his own ambassadors denying the pope 's charges . The ambassadors met at Thionville , and Charlemagne upheld the pope 's side . Charlemagne demanded what the pope had requested , but Desiderius swore never to comply . Charlemagne and his uncle Bernard crossed the Alps in 773 and chased the Lombards back to Pavia , which they then besieged . Charlemagne temporarily left the siege to deal with Adelchis , son of Desiderius , who was raising an army at Verona . The young prince was chased to the Adriatic littoral and fled to Constantinople to plead for assistance from Constantine V , who was waging war with Bulgaria . The siege lasted until the spring of 774 , when Charlemagne visited the pope in Rome . There he confirmed his father 's grants of land , with some later chronicles falsely claiming that he also expanded them , granting Tuscany , Emilia , Venice and Corsica . The pope granted him the title patrician . He then returned to Pavia , where the Lombards were on the verge of surrendering . In return for their lives , the Lombards surrendered and opened the gates in early summer . Desiderius was sent to the abbey of Corbie , and his son Adelchis died in Constantinople , a patrician . Charles , unusually , had himself crowned with the Iron Crown and made the magnates of Lombardy pay homage to him at Pavia . Only Duke Arechis II of Benevento refused to submit and proclaimed independence . Charlemagne was then master of Italy as king of the Lombards . He left Italy with a garrison in Pavia and a few Frankish counts in place the same year . Instability continued in Italy . In 776 , Dukes Hrodgaud of Friuli and Hildeprand of Spoleto rebelled . Charlemagne rushed back from Saxony and defeated the duke of Friuli in battle ; the duke was slain . The duke of Spoleto signed a treaty . Their co-conspirator , Arechis , was not subdued , and Adelchis , their candidate in Byzantium , never left that city . Northern Italy was now faithfully his . Southern Italy ( edit ) In 787 , Charlemagne directed his attention towards the Duchy of Benevento , where Arechis II was reigning independently with the self - given title of Princeps . Charlemagne 's siege of Salerno forced Arechis into submission . However , after Arecchis II 's death in 787 , his son Grimoald III proclaimed the Duchy of Benevento newly independent . Grimoald was attacked many times by Charles ' or his sons ' armies , without achieving a definitive victory . Charlemagne lost interest and never again returned to Southern Italy where Grimoald was able to keep the Duchy free from Frankish suzerainty . Children ( edit ) Charlemagne ( left ) and his eldest son , Pepin the Hunchback . Tenth - century copy of a lost original from about 830 . During the first peace of any substantial length ( 780 -- 782 ) , Charles began to appoint his sons to positions of authority . In 781 , he made his two youngest sons kings , crowned by the Pope . The elder of these two , Carloman , was made king of Italy , taking the Iron Crown that his father had first worn in 774 , and in the same ceremony was renamed `` Pepin '' . The younger of the two , Louis , became king of Aquitaine . Charlemagne ordered Pepin and Louis to be raised in the customs of their kingdoms , and he gave their regents some control of their sub-kingdoms , but kept the real power , though he intended his sons to inherit their realms . He did not tolerate insubordination in his sons : in 792 , he banished his eldest , though possibly illegitimate , son , Pippin the Hunchback , to the monastery of Prüm , because the young man had joined a rebellion against him . Charles was determined to have his children educated , including his daughters , as his parents had instilled the importance of learning in him at an early age . His children were also taught skills in accord with their aristocratic status , which included training in riding and weaponry for his sons , and embroidery , spinning and weaving for his daughters . Charlemagne instructing his son Louis the Pious The sons fought many wars on behalf of their father . Charles was mostly preoccupied with the Bretons , whose border he shared and who insurrected on at least two occasions and were easily put down . He also fought the Saxons on multiple occasions . In 805 and 806 , he was sent into the Böhmerwald ( modern Bohemia ) to deal with the Slavs living there ( Bohemian tribes , ancestors of the modern Czechs ) . He subjected them to Frankish authority and devastated the valley of the Elbe , forcing tribute from them . Pippin had to hold the Avar and Beneventan borders and fought the Slavs to his north . He was uniquely poised to fight the Byzantine Empire when that conflict arose after Charlemagne 's imperial coronation and a Venetian rebellion . Finally , Louis was in charge of the Spanish March and fought the duke of Benevento in southern Italy on at least one occasion . He took Barcelona in a great siege in 797 . Charlemagne 's attitude towards his daughters has been the subject of much discussion . He kept them at home with him and refused to allow them to contract sacramental marriages ( though he originally condoned an engagement between his eldest daughter Rotrude and Constantine VI of Byzantium , this engagement was annulled when Rotrude was 11 ) . Charlemagne 's opposition to his daughters ' marriages may possibly have intended to prevent the creation of cadet branches of the family to challenge the main line , as had been the case with Tassilo of Bavaria . However , he tolerated their extramarital relationships , even rewarding their common - law husbands and treasuring the illegitimate grandchildren they produced for him . He also , apparently , refused to believe stories of their wild behaviour . After his death the surviving daughters were banished from the court by their brother , the pious Louis , to take up residence in the convents they had been bequeathed by their father . At least one of them , Bertha , had a recognised relationship , if not a marriage , with Angilbert , a member of Charlemagne 's court circle . Carolingian expansion to the south ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Abbasid -- Carolingian alliance Vasconia and the Pyrenees ( edit ) The destructive war led by Pepin in Aquitaine , although brought to a satisfactory conclusion for the Franks , that proved the Frankish power structure south of the Loire was feeble and unreliable . After the defeat and death of Waiofar in 768 , while Aquitaine submitted again to the Carolingian dynasty , a new rebellion broke out in 769 led by Hunald II , a possible son of Waifer . He took refuge with the ally duke Lupus II of Gascony , but probably out of fear of Charlemagne 's reprisal , handed him over to the new King of the Franks to whom he pledged loyalty , which seemed to confirm the peace in the Basque area south of the Garonne . Wary of new Basque uprisings , Charlemagne seems to have tried to contain duke Lupus 's power by appointing Seguin as count of Bordeaux ( 778 ) and other counts of Frankish background in bordering areas ( Toulouse , County of Fézensac ) . The Basque duke in turn seems to have contributed decisively or schemed the Battle of Roncevaux Pass ( referred to as `` Basque treachery '' ) . The defeat of Charlemagne 's army in Roncevaux ( 778 ) confirmed his determination to rule directly by establishing the Kingdom of Aquitaine ( ruled by Louis the Pious ) based on a power base of Frankish officials , distributing lands among colonisers and allocating lands to the Church , which he took as ally . A Christianisation programme was put in place across the high Pyrenees ( 778 ) . The new political arrangement for Vasconia did not sit well with local lords . As of 788 Adalric was fighting and capturing Chorson , Carolingian count of Toulouse . He was eventually released , but Charlemagne , enraged at the compromise , decided to depose him and appointed his trustee William of Gellone . William in turn fought the Basques and defeated them after banishing Adalric ( 790 ) . From 781 ( Pallars , Ribagorça ) to 806 ( Pamplona under Frankish influence ) , taking the County of Toulouse for a power base , Charlemagne asserted Frankish authority over the Pyrenees by subduing the south - western marches of Toulouse ( 790 ) and establishing vassal counties on the southern Pyrenees that were to make up the Marca Hispanica . As of 794 , a Frankish vassal , the Basque lord Belasko ( al - Galashki , ' the Gaul ' ) ruled Álava , but Pamplona remained under Cordovan and local control up to 806 . Belasko and the counties in the Marca Hispánica provided the necessary base to attack the Andalusians ( an expedition led by William Count of Toulouse and Louis the Pious to capture Barcelona in 801 ) . Events in the Duchy of Vasconia ( rebellion in Pamplona , count overthrown in Aragon , duke Seguin of Bordeaux deposed , uprising of the Basque lords , etc . ) were to prove it ephemeral upon Charlemagne 's death . Roncesvalles campaign ( edit ) According to the Muslim historian Ibn al - Athir , the Diet of Paderborn had received the representatives of the Muslim rulers of Zaragoza , Girona , Barcelona and Huesca . Their masters had been cornered in the Iberian peninsula by Abd ar - Rahman I , the Umayyad emir of Cordova . These `` Saracen '' ( Moorish and Muladi ) rulers offered their homage to the king of the Franks in return for military support . Seeing an opportunity to extend Christendom and his own power and believing the Saxons to be a fully conquered nation , Charlemagne agreed to go to Spain . In 778 , he led the Neustrian army across the Western Pyrenees , while the Austrasians , Lombards , and Burgundians passed over the Eastern Pyrenees . The armies met at Saragossa and Charlemagne received the homage of the Muslim rulers , Sulayman al - Arabi and Kasmin ibn Yusuf , but the city did not fall for him . Indeed , Charlemagne faced the toughest battle of his career . The Muslims forced him to retreat . He decided to go home , since he could not trust the Basques , whom he had subdued by conquering Pamplona . He turned to leave Iberia , but as he was passing through the Pass of Roncesvalles one of the most famous events of his reign occurred . The Basques attacked and destroyed his rearguard and baggage train . The Battle of Roncevaux Pass , though less a battle than a skirmish , left many famous dead , including the seneschal Eggihard , the count of the palace Anselm , and the warden of the Breton March , Roland , inspiring the subsequent creation of the Song of Roland ( La Chanson de Roland ) . Contact with the Saracens ( edit ) Harun al - Rashid receiving a delegation of Charlemagne in Baghdad , by Julius Köckert ( 1864 ) . The conquest of Italy brought Charlemagne in contact with the Saracens who , at the time , controlled the Mediterranean . Pippin was much occupied with Saracens in Italy . Charlemagne conquered Corsica and Sardinia at an unknown date and in 799 the Balearic Islands . The islands were often attacked by Saracen pirates , but the counts of Genoa and Tuscany ( Boniface ) controlled them with large fleets until the end of Charlemagne 's reign . Charlemagne even had contact with the caliphal court in Baghdad . In 797 ( or possibly 801 ) , the caliph of Baghdad , Harun al - Rashid , presented Charlemagne with an Asian elephant named Abul - Abbas and a clock . Wars with the Moors ( edit ) In Hispania , the struggle against the Moors continued unabated throughout the latter half of his reign . Louis was in charge of the Spanish border . In 785 , his men captured Girona permanently and extended Frankish control into the Catalan littoral for the duration of Charlemagne 's reign ( the area remained nominally Frankish until the Treaty of Corbeil in 1258 ) . The Muslim chiefs in the northeast of Islamic Spain were constantly rebelling against Cordovan authority , and they often turned to the Franks for help . The Frankish border was slowly extended until 795 , when Girona , Cardona , Ausona and Urgell were united into the new Spanish March , within the old duchy of Septimania . In 797 , Barcelona , the greatest city of the region , fell to the Franks when Zeid , its governor , rebelled against Cordova and , failing , handed it to them . The Umayyad authority recaptured it in 799 . However , Louis of Aquitaine marched the entire army of his kingdom over the Pyrenees and besieged it for two years , wintering there from 800 to 801 , when it capitulated . The Franks continued to press forward against the emir . They took Tarragona in 809 and Tortosa in 811 . The last conquest brought them to the mouth of the Ebro and gave them raiding access to Valencia , prompting the Emir al - Hakam I to recognise their conquests in 813 . Eastern campaigns ( edit ) Saxon Wars ( edit ) Further information : Saxon Wars A map showing Charlemagne 's additions ( in light green ) to the Frankish Kingdom Charlemagne was engaged in almost constant warfare throughout his reign , often at the head of his elite scara bodyguard squadrons , carrying his legendary sword Joyeuse . In the Saxon Wars , spanning thirty years and eighteen battles , he conquered Saxonia and proceeded to convert it to Christianity . The Germanic Saxons were divided into four subgroups in four regions . Nearest to Austrasia was Westphalia and furthest away was Eastphalia . Between them was Engria and north of these three , at the base of the Jutland peninsula , was Nordalbingia . In his first campaign , in 773 , Charlemagne forced the Engrians to submit and cut down an Irminsul pillar near Paderborn . The campaign was cut short by his first expedition to Italy . He returned in 775 , marching through Westphalia and conquering the Saxon fort at Sigiburg . He then crossed Engria , where he defeated the Saxons again . Finally , in Eastphalia , he defeated a Saxon force , and its leader Hessi converted to Christianity . Charlemagne returned through Westphalia , leaving encampments at Sigiburg and Eresburg , which had been important Saxon bastions . He then controlled Saxony with the exception of Nordalbingia , but Saxon resistance had not ended . Following his subjugation of the dukes of Friuli and Spoleto , Charlemagne returned rapidly to Saxony in 776 , where a rebellion had destroyed his fortress at Eresburg . The Saxons were once again defeated , but their main leader , Widukind , escaped to Denmark , his wife 's home . Charlemagne built a new camp at Karlstadt . In 777 , he called a national diet at Paderborn to integrate Saxony fully into the Frankish kingdom . Many Saxons were baptised as Christians . In the summer of 779 , he again invaded Saxony and reconquered Eastphalia , Engria and Westphalia . At a diet near Lippe , he divided the land into missionary districts and himself assisted in several mass baptisms ( 780 ) . He then returned to Italy and , for the first time , the Saxons did not immediately revolt . Saxony was peaceful from 780 to 782 . Charlemagne ( 742 -- 814 ) receiving the submission of Widukind at Paderborn in 785 , by Ary Scheffer ( 1795 -- 1858 ) , Palace of Versailles He returned to Saxony in 782 and instituted a code of law and appointed counts , both Saxon and Frank . The laws were draconian on religious issues ; for example , the Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae prescribed death to Saxon pagans who refused to convert to Christianity . This led to renewed conflict . That year , in autumn , Widukind returned and led a new revolt . In response , at Verden in Lower Saxony , Charlemagne is recorded as having ordered the execution of 4,500 Saxon prisoners , known as the Massacre of Verden ( `` Verdener Blutgericht '' ) . The killings triggered three years of renewed bloody warfare ( 783 -- 785 ) . During this war the Frisians were finally subdued and a large part of their fleet was burned . The war ended with Widukind accepting baptism . Thereafter , the Saxons maintained the peace for seven years , but in 792 Westphalia again rebelled . The Eastphalians and Nordalbingians joined them in 793 , but the insurrection was unpopular and was put down by 794 . An Engrian rebellion followed in 796 , but the presence of Charlemagne , Christian Saxons and Slavs quickly crushed it . The last insurrection occurred in 804 , more than thirty years after Charlemagne 's first campaign against them , but also failed . According to Einhard : The war that had lasted so many years was at length ended by their acceding to the terms offered by the King ; which were renunciation of their national religious customs and the worship of devils , acceptance of the sacraments of the Christian faith and religion , and union with the Franks to form one people . Submission of Bavaria ( edit ) Statue of Charlemagne by Agostino Cornacchini ( 1725 ) , St. Peter 's Basilica , Vatican , Italy By 774 , Charlemagne had invaded the Kingdom of Lombardy , and he later annexed the Lombardian territories and assumed its crown , placing the Papal States under Frankish protection . The Duchy of Spoleto south of Rome was acquired in 774 , while in the central western parts of Europe , the Duchy of Bavaria was absorbed and the Bavarian policy continued of establishing tributary marches , ( borders protected in return for tribute or taxes ) among the Slavic Serbs and Czechs . The remaining power confronting the Franks in the east were the Avars , however Charlemagne acquired other Slavic areas , including Bohemia , Moravia , Austria and Croatia . In 789 , Charlemagne turned to Bavaria . He claimed that Tassilo III , Duke of Bavaria was an unfit ruler , due to his oath - breaking . The charges were exaggerated , but Tassilo was deposed anyway and put in the monastery of Jumièges . In 794 , Tassilo was made to renounce any claim to Bavaria for himself and his family ( the Agilolfings ) at the synod of Frankfurt ; he formally handed over to the king all of the rights he had held . Bavaria was subdivided into Frankish counties , as had been done with Saxony . Avar campaigns ( edit ) In 788 , the Avars , a pagan Asian horde that had settled down in what is today Hungary ( Einhard called them Huns ) , invaded Friuli and Bavaria . Charlemagne was preoccupied with other matters until 790 , when he marched down the Danube and ravaged Avar territory to the Győr . A Lombard army under Pippin then marched into the Drava valley and ravaged Pannonia . The campaigns ended when the Saxons revolted again in 792 . For the next two years , Charlemagne was occupied , along with the Slavs , against the Saxons . Pippin and Duke Eric of Friuli continued , however , to assault the Avars ' ring - shaped strongholds . The great Ring of the Avars , their capital fortress , was taken twice . The booty was sent to Charlemagne at his capital , Aachen , and redistributed to his followers and to foreign rulers , including King Offa of Mercia . Soon the Avar tuduns had lost the will to fight and travelled to Aachen to become vassals to Charlemagne and to become Christians . Charlemagne accepted their surrender and sent one native chief , baptised Abraham , back to Avaria with the ancient title of khagan . Abraham kept his people in line , but in 800 , the Bulgarians under Khan Krum attacked the remains of the Avar state . In 803 , Charlemagne sent a Bavarian army into Pannonia , defeating and bringing an end to the Avar confederation . In November of the same year , Charlemagne went to Regensburg where the Avar leaders acknowledged him as their ruler . In 805 , the Avar khagan , who had already been baptised , went to Aachen to ask permission to settle with his people south - eastward from Vienna . The Transdanubian territories became integral parts of the Frankish realm , which was abolished by the Magyars in 899 - 900 . Northeast slav expeditions ( edit ) In 789 , in recognition of his new pagan neighbours , the Slavs , Charlemagne marched an Austrasian - Saxon army across the Elbe into Obotrite territory . The Slavs ultimately submitted , led by their leader Witzin . Charlemagne then accepted the surrender of the Wiltzes under Dragovit and demanded many hostages . He also demanded the permission to send missionaries into this pagan region unmolested . The army marched to the Baltic before turning around and marching to the Rhine , winning much booty with no harassment . The tributary Slavs became loyal allies . In 795 , when the Saxons broke the peace , the Abotrites and Wiltzes rebelled with their new ruler against the Saxons . Witzin died in battle and Charlemagne avenged him by harrying the Eastphalians on the Elbe . Thrasuco , his successor , led his men to conquest over the Nordalbingians and handed their leaders over to Charlemagne , who honoured him . The Abotrites remained loyal until Charles ' death and fought later against the Danes . Southeast slav expeditions ( edit ) Europe around 800 When Charlemagne incorporated much of Central Europe , he brought the Frankish state face to face with the Avars and Slavs in the southeast . The most southeast Frankish neighbours were Croats , who settled in Pannonian Croatia and Dalmatian Croatia . While fighting the Avars , the Franks had called for their support . During the 790s , he won a major victory over them in 796 . Pannonian Croat duke Vojnomir of Pannonian Croatia aided Charlemagne , and the Franks made themselves overlords over the Croats of northern Dalmatia , Slavonia and Pannonia . The Frankish commander Eric of Friuli wanted to extend his dominion by conquering the Littoral Croat Duchy . During that time , Dalmatian Croatia was ruled by duke Višeslav of Croatia . In the Battle of Trsat , the forces of Eric fled their positions and were routed by the forces of Višeslav . Eric was among those killed which was a great blow for the Carolingian Empire . Charlemagne also directed his attention to the Slavs to the west of the Avar khaganate : the Carantanians and Carniolans . These people were subdued by the Lombards and Bavarii and made tributaries , but were never fully incorporated into the Frankish state . Imperium ( edit ) Coronation ( edit ) Imperial Coronation of Charlemagne , by Friedrich Kaulbach , 1861 In 799 , Pope Leo III had been mistreated by the Romans , who tried to put out his eyes and tear out his tongue . Leo escaped and fled to Charlemagne at Paderborn . Charlemagne , advised by scholar Alcuin , travelled to Rome , in November 800 and held a council on 1 December . On 23 December , Leo swore an oath of innocence . At Mass , on Christmas Day ( 25 December ) , when Charlemagne knelt at the altar to pray , the Pope crowned him Imperator Romanorum ( `` Emperor of the Romans '' ) in Saint Peter 's Basilica . In so doing , the Pope effectively nullified the legitimacy of Empress Irene of Constantinople : When Odoacer compelled the abdication of Romulus Augustulus , he did not abolish the Western Empire as a separate power , but cause it to be reunited with or sink into the Eastern , so that from that time there was a single undivided Roman Empire ... ( Pope Leo III and Charlemagne ) , like their predecessors , held the Roman Empire to be one and indivisible , and proposed by the coronation of ( Charlemagne ) not to proclaim a severance of the East and West ... they were not revolting against a reigning sovereign , but legitimately filling up the place of the deposed Constantine VI ... ( Charlemagne ) was held to be the legitimate successor , not of Romulus Augustulus , but of Constantine VI ... Charlemagne 's coronation as Emperor , though intended to represent the continuation of the unbroken line of Emperors from Augustus to Constantine VI , had the effect of setting up two separate ( and often opposing ) Empires and two separate claims to imperial authority . For centuries to come , the Emperors of both West and East would make competing claims of sovereignty over the whole . Einhard says that Charlemagne was ignorant of the Pope 's intent and did not want any such coronation : ( H ) e at first had such an aversion that he declared that he would not have set foot in the Church the day that they ( the imperial titles ) were conferred , although it was a great feast - day , if he could have foreseen the design of the Pope . A number of modern scholars , however , suggest that Charlemagne was indeed aware of the coronation ; certainly he can not have missed the bejewelled crown waiting on the altar when he came to pray ; something even contemporary sources support . Debate ( edit ) The throne of Charlemagne and the subsequent German Kings in Aachen Cathedral . Historians have debated for centuries whether Charlemagne was aware before the coronation of the Pope 's intention to crown him Emperor ( Charlemagne declared that he would not have entered Saint Peter 's had he known , according to chapter twenty - eight of Einhard 's Vita Karoli Magni ) , but that debate obscured the more significant question of why the Pope granted the title and why Charlemagne accepted it . Collins points out `` ( t ) hat the motivation behind the acceptance of the imperial title was a romantic and antiquarian interest in reviving the Roman empire is highly unlikely . '' For one thing , such romance would not have appealed either to Franks or Roman Catholics at the turn of the ninth century , both of whom viewed the Classical heritage of the Roman Empire with distrust . The Franks took pride in having `` fought against and thrown from their shoulders the heavy yoke of the Romans '' and `` from the knowledge gained in baptism , clothed in gold and precious stones the bodies of the holy martyrs whom the Romans had killed by fire , by the sword and by wild animals '' , as Pippin III described it in a law of 763 or 764 . Furthermore , the new title -- carrying with it the risk that the new emperor would `` make drastic changes to the traditional styles and procedures of government '' or `` concentrate his attentions on Italy or on Mediterranean concerns more generally '' -- risked alienating the Frankish leadership . For both the Pope and Charlemagne , the Roman Empire remained a significant power in European politics at this time . The Hellenic Eastern Empire , based in Constantinople , continued to hold a substantial portion of Italy , with borders not far south of Rome . Charles ' sitting in judgment of the Pope could be seen as usurping the prerogatives of the Emperor in Constantinople : By whom , however , could he ( the Pope ) be tried ? Who , in other words , was qualified to pass judgement on the Vicar of Christ ? In normal circumstances the only conceivable answer to that question would have been the Emperor at Constantinople ; but the imperial throne was at this moment occupied by Irene . That the Empress was notorious for having blinded and murdered her own son was , in the minds of both Leo and Charles , almost immaterial : it was enough that she was a woman . The female sex was known to be incapable of governing , and by the old Salic tradition was debarred from doing so . As far as Western Europe was concerned , the Throne of the Emperors was vacant : Irene 's claim to it was merely an additional proof , if any were needed , of the degradation into which the so - called Roman Empire had fallen . -- John Julius Norwich For the Pope , then , there was `` no living Emperor at the that time '' though Henri Pirenne disputes this saying that the coronation `` was not in any sense explained by the fact that at this moment a woman was reigning in Constantinople '' . Nonetheless , the Pope took the extraordinary step of creating one . The papacy had since 727 been in conflict with Irene 's predecessors in Constantinople over a number of issues , chiefly the continued Byzantine adherence to the doctrine of iconoclasm , the destruction of Christian images ; while from 750 , the secular power of the Byzantine Empire in central Italy had been nullified . Coronation of an idealised king , depicted in the Sacramentary of Charles the Bald ( about 870 ) By bestowing the Imperial crown upon Charlemagne , the Pope arrogated to himself `` the right to appoint ... the Emperor of the Romans , ... establishing the imperial crown as his own personal gift but simultaneously granting himself implicit superiority over the Emperor whom he had created . '' And `` because the Byzantines had proved so unsatisfactory from every point of view -- political , military and doctrinal -- he would select a westerner : the one man who by his wisdom and statesmanship and the vastness of his dominions ... stood out head and shoulders above his contemporaries . '' With Charlemagne 's coronation , therefore , `` the Roman Empire remained , so far as either of them ( Charlemagne and Leo ) were concerned , one and indivisible , with Charles as its Emperor '' , though there can have been `` little doubt that the coronation , with all that it implied , would be furiously contested in Constantinople '' . Alcuin writes hopefully in his letters of an Imperium Christianum ( `` Christian Empire '' ) , wherein , `` just as the inhabitants of the ( Roman Empire ) had been united by a common Roman citizenship '' , presumably this new empire would be united by a common Christian faith . This writes the view of Pirenne when he says `` Charles was the Emperor of the ecclesia as the Pope conceived it , of the Roman Church , regarded as the universal Church '' . The Imperium Christianum was further supported at a number of synods all across the Europe by Paulinus of Aquileia . What is known , from the Byzantine chronicler Theophanes , is that Charlemagne 's reaction to his coronation was to take the initial steps towards securing the Constantinopolitan throne by sending envoys of marriage to Irene , and that Irene reacted somewhat favourably to them . The Coronation of Charlemagne , by assistants of Raphael , circa 1516 -- 1517 . It is important to distinguish between the universalist and localist conceptions of the empire , which remain controversial among historians . According to the former , the empire was a universal monarchy , a `` commonwealth of the whole world , whose sublime unity transcended every minor distinction '' ; and the emperor `` was entitled to the obedience of Christendom '' . According to the latter , the emperor had no ambition for universal dominion ; his realm was limited in the same way as that of every other ruler ; and when he made more far - reaching claims his object was normally to ward off the attacks either of the Pope or of the Byzantine emperor . According to this view , also , the origin of the empire is to be explained by specific local circumstances rather than by overarching theories . According to Ohnsorge , for a long time it had been the custom of Byzantium to designate the German princes as spiritual `` sons '' of the Byzantines . What might have been acceptable in the fifth century had become provoking and insulting to the Franks in the eighth century . Charles came to believe that the Roman emperor , who claimed to head the world hierarchy of states , in reality was no greater than Charles himself , a king as other kings , since beginning in 629 he had entitled himself `` Basileus '' ( translated literally as `` king '' ) . Ohnsorge finds it significant that the chief wax seal of Charles , which bore only the inscription : `` Christe , protege Carolum regem Francorum ( Christ , protect Charles , king of the Franks ) , was used from 772 to 813 , even during the imperial period and was not replaced by a special imperial seal ; indicating that Charles felt himself to be just the king of the Franks . Finally , Ohnsorge points out that in the spring of 813 at Aachen Charles crowned his only surviving son , Louis , as emperor without recourse to Rome with only the acclamation of his Franks . The form in which this acclamation was offered was Frankish - Christian rather than Roman . This implies both independence from Rome and a Frankish ( non-Roman ) understanding of empire . Imperial title ( edit ) Charlemagne used these circumstances to claim that he was the renewer of the Roman Empire , which had declined under the Byzantines . In his official charters , Charles preferred the style Karolus serenissimus Augustus a Deo coronatus magnus pacificus imperator Romanum gubernans imperium ( `` Charles , most serene Augustus crowned by God , the great , peaceful emperor ruling the Roman empire '' ) to the more direct Imperator Romanorum ( `` Emperor of the Romans '' ) . The title of Emperor remained in the Carolingian family for years to come , but divisions of territory and in - fighting over supremacy of the Frankish state weakened its significance . The papacy itself never forgot the title nor abandoned the right to bestow it . When the family of Charles ceased to produce worthy heirs , the Pope gladly crowned whichever Italian magnate could best protect him from his local enemies . The empire would remain in continuous existence for nearly a millennium , as the Holy Roman Empire , a true imperial successor to Charles . Imperial diplomacy ( edit ) Europe around 814 The iconoclasm of the Byzantine Isaurian Dynasty was endorsed by the Franks . The Second Council of Nicaea reintroduced the veneration of icons under Empress Irene . The council was not recognised by Charlemagne since no Frankish emissaries had been invited , even though Charlemagne ruled more than three provinces of the old Roman empire and was considered equal in rank to the Byzantine emperor . And while the Pope supported the reintroduction of the iconic veneration , he politically digressed from Byzantium . He certainly desired to increase the influence of the papacy , to honour his saviour Charlemagne , and to solve the constitutional issues then most troubling to European jurists in an era when Rome was not in the hands of an emperor . Thus , Charlemagne 's assumption of the imperial title was not a usurpation in the eyes of the Franks or Italians . It was , however , seen as such in Byzantium , where it was protested by Irene and her successor Nikephoros I -- neither of whom had any great effect in enforcing their protests . The Byzantines , however , still held several territories in Italy : Venice ( what was left of the Exarchate of Ravenna ) , Reggio ( in Calabria ) , Brindisi ( in Apulia ) , and Naples ( the Ducatus Neapolitanus ) . These regions remained outside of Frankish hands until 804 , when the Venetians , torn by infighting , transferred their allegiance to the Iron Crown of Pippin , Charles ' son . The Pax Nicephori ended . Nicephorus ravaged the coasts with a fleet , initiating the only instance of war between the Byzantines and the Franks . The conflict lasted until 810 , when the pro-Byzantine party in Venice gave their city back to the Byzantine Emperor , and the two emperors of Europe made peace : Charlemagne received the Istrian peninsula and in 812 the emperor Michael I Rangabe recognised his status as Emperor , although not necessarily as `` Emperor of the Romans '' . Danish attacks ( edit ) After the conquest of Nordalbingia , the Frankish frontier was brought into contact with Scandinavia . The pagan Danes , `` a race almost unknown to his ancestors , but destined to be only too well known to his sons '' as Charles Oman described them , inhabiting the Jutland peninsula , had heard many stories from Widukind and his allies who had taken refuge with them about the dangers of the Franks and the fury which their Christian king could direct against pagan neighbours . In 808 , the king of the Danes , Godfred , built the vast Danevirke across the isthmus of Schleswig . This defence , last employed in the Danish - Prussian War of 1864 , was at its beginning a 30 km ( 19 mi ) long earthenwork rampart . The Danevirke protected Danish land and gave Godfred the opportunity to harass Frisia and Flanders with pirate raids . He also subdued the Frank - allied Wiltzes and fought the Abotrites . Godfred invaded Frisia , joked of visiting Aachen , but was murdered before he could do any more , either by a Frankish assassin or by one of his own men . Godfred was succeeded by his nephew Hemming , who concluded the Treaty of Heiligen with Charlemagne in late 811 . Death ( edit ) See also : Testament of Charlemagne Portion of the 814 death shroud of Charlemagne . It represents a quadriga and was manufactured in Constantinople . Frederick II 's gold and silver casket for Charlemagne , the Karlsschrein Persephone sarcophagus of Charlemagne In 813 , Charlemagne called Louis the Pious , king of Aquitaine , his only surviving legitimate son , to his court . There Charlemagne crowned his son as co-emperor and sent him back to Aquitaine . He then spent the autumn hunting before returning to Aachen on 1 November . In January , he fell ill with pleurisy . In deep depression ( mostly because many of his plans were not yet realised ) , he took to his bed on 21 January and as Einhard tells it : He died January twenty - eighth , the seventh day from the time that he took to his bed , at nine o'clock in the morning , after partaking of the Holy Communion , in the seventy - second year of his age and the forty - seventh of his reign . He was buried that same day , in Aachen Cathedral , although the cold weather and the nature of his illness made such a hurried burial unnecessary . The earliest surviving planctus , the Planctus de obitu Karoli , was composed by a monk of Bobbio , which he had patronised . A later story , told by Otho of Lomello , Count of the Palace at Aachen in the time of Otto III , would claim that he and Emperor Otto had discovered Charlemagne 's tomb : the emperor , they claimed , was seated upon a throne , wearing a crown and holding a sceptre , his flesh almost entirely incorrupt . In 1165 , Frederick I re-opened the tomb again and placed the emperor in a sarcophagus beneath the floor of the cathedral . In 1215 Frederick II re-interred him in a casket made of gold and silver . Charlemagne 's death emotionally affected many of his subjects , particularly those of the literary clique who had surrounded him at Aachen . An anonymous monk of Bobbio lamented : From the lands where the sun rises to western shores , people are crying and wailing ... the Franks , the Romans , all Christians , are stung with mourning and great worry ... the young and old , glorious nobles , all lament the loss of their Caesar ... the world laments the death of Charles ... O Christ , you who govern the heavenly host , grant a peaceful place to Charles in your kingdom . Alas for miserable me . Louis succeeded him as Charles had intended . He left a testament allocating his assets in 811 that was not updated prior to his death . His empire lasted only another generation in its entirety ; its division , according to custom , between Louis 's own sons after their father 's death laid the foundation for the modern states of Germany and France . Administration ( edit ) As an administrator , Charlemagne stands out for his many reforms : monetary , governmental , military , cultural and ecclesiastical . He is the main protagonist of the `` Carolingian Renaissance '' . Military ( edit ) Charlemagne 's success rested primarily on novel siege technologies and excellent logistics rather than the long - claimed `` cavalry revolution '' led by Charles Martel in 730s . However , the stirrup , which made the `` shock cavalry '' lance charge possible , was not introduced to the Frankish kingdom until the late eighth century . Horses were used extensively by the Frankish military , because horses provided a quick , long - distance method of transporting troops , which was critical to building and maintaining the large empire . Economic and monetary reforms ( edit ) Monogram of Charlemagne , including signum manus , from the subscription of a royal diploma : Signum ( monogr. : KAROLVS ) Karoli gloriosissimi regis Charlemagne had an important role in determining Europe 's immediate economic future . Pursuing his father 's reforms , Charlemagne abolished the monetary system based on the gold sou . Instead he and the Anglo - Saxon King Offa of Mercia took up Pippin 's system for pragmatic reasons , notably a shortage of the metal . The gold shortage was a direct consequence of the conclusion of peace with Byzantium , which resulted in ceding Venice and Sicily to the East and losing their trade routes to Africa . The resulting standardisation economically harmonised and unified the complex array of currencies that had been in use at the commencement of his reign , thus simplifying trade and commerce . Charlemagne established a new standard , the livre carolinienne ( from the Latin libra , the modern pound ) , which was based upon a pound of silver -- a unit of both money and weight -- worth 20 sous ( from the Latin solidus ( which was primarily an accounting device and never actually minted ) , the modern shilling ) or 240 deniers ( from the Latin denarius , the modern penny ) . During this period , the livre and the sou were counting units ; only the denier was a coin of the realm . Denier from the era of Charlemagne , Tours , 793 -- 812 Charlemagne instituted principles for accounting practice by means of the Capitulare de villis of 802 , which laid down strict rules for the way in which incomes and expenses were to be recorded . Charlemagne applied this system to much of the European continent , and Offa 's standard was voluntarily adopted by much of England . After Charlemagne 's death , continental coinage degraded , and most of Europe resorted to using the continued high - quality English coin until about 1100 . Jews in Charlemagne 's realm ( edit ) Early in Charlemagne 's rule he tacitly allowed Jews to monopolise money lending . Then lending of money for interest was proscribed in 814 , because it violated Church law . Charlemagne introduced the Capitulary for the Jews , a prohibition on Jews engaging in money - lending due to the religious convictions of the majority of his constituents , in essence banning it across the board , a reversal of his earlier recorded general policy . In addition to this broad change , Charlemagne also performed a significant number of microeconomic reforms , such as direct control of prices and levies on certain goods and commodities . His Capitulary for the Jews , however , was not representative of his overall economic relationship or attitude towards the Frankish Jews , and certainly not his earlier relationship with them , which evolved over his life . His personal physician for example was Jewish , he employed at least one Jew for diplomatic missions and Isaac was his personal representative to the Muslim caliphate of Baghdad . Letters have been credited to him that invited Jews to settle in his kingdom . Education reforms ( edit ) Part of Charlemagne 's success as a warrior , an administrator and ruler can be traced to his admiration for learning and education . His reign are often referred to as the Carolingian Renaissance because of the flowering of scholarship , literature , art and architecture that characterise it . Charlemagne came into contact with the culture and learning of other countries ( especially Moorish Spain , Anglo - Saxon England , and Lombard Italy ) due to his vast conquests . He greatly increased the provision of monastic schools and scriptoria ( centres for book - copying ) in Francia . Most of the presently surviving works of classical Latin were copied and preserved by Carolingian scholars . Indeed , the earliest manuscripts available for many ancient texts are Carolingian . It is almost certain that a text which survived to the Carolingian age survives still . The pan-European nature of Charlemagne 's influence is indicated by the origins of many of the men who worked for him : Alcuin , an Anglo - Saxon from York ; Theodulf , a Visigoth , probably from Septimania ; Paul the Deacon , Lombard ; Italians Peter of Pisa and Paulinus of Aquileia ; and Franks Angilbert , Angilram , Einhard and Waldo of Reichenau . Charlemagne promoted the liberal arts at court , ordering that his children and grandchildren be well - educated , and even studying himself ( in a time when even leaders who promoted education did not take time to learn themselves ) under the tutelage of Peter of Pisa , from whom he learned grammar ; Alcuin , with whom he studied rhetoric , dialectic ( logic ) , and astronomy ( he was particularly interested in the movements of the stars ) ; and Einhard , who tutored him in arithmetic . His great scholarly failure , as Einhard relates , was his inability to write : when in his old age he attempted to learn -- practising the formation of letters in his bed during his free time on books and wax tablets he hid under his pillow -- `` his effort came too late in life and achieved little success '' , and his ability to read -- which Einhard is silent about , and which no contemporary source supports -- has also been called into question . In 800 , Charlemagne enlarged the hostel at the Muristan in Jerusalem and added a library to it . He certainly had not been personally in Jerusalem . Church reforms ( edit ) See also : Charlemagne and church music Charlemagne 's chapel at Aachen Cathedral . Unlike his father , Pippin , and uncle , Carloman , Charlemagne expanded the reform Church 's programme . The deepening of the spiritual life was later to be seen as central to public policy and royal governance . His reform focused on strengthening the church 's power structure , improving clergy 's skill and moral quality , standardising liturgical practices , improvements on the basic tenets of the faith and the rooting out of paganism . His authority extended over church and state . He could discipline clerics , control ecclesiastical property and define orthodox doctrine . Despite the harsh legislation and sudden change , he had developed support from clergy who approved his desire to deepen the piety and morals of his subjects . In 809 -- 810 , Charlemagne called a church council in Aachen , which confirmed the unanimous belief in the West that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son ( ex Patre Filioque ) and sanctioned inclusion in the Nicene Creed of the phrase Filioque ( and the Son ) . For this Charlemagne sought the approval of Pope Leo III . The Pope , while affirming the doctrine and approving its use in teaching , opposed its inclusion in the text of the Creed as adopted in the 381 First Council of Constantinople . This spoke of the procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father , without adding phrases such as `` and the Son '' , `` through the Son '' , or `` alone '' . Stressing his opposition , the Pope had the original text inscribed in Greek and Latin on two heavy shields that were displayed in Saint Peter 's Basilica . Writing reforms ( edit ) Page from the Lorsch Gospels of Charlemagne 's reign During Charles ' reign , the Roman half uncial script and its cursive version , which had given rise to various continental minuscule scripts , were combined with features from the insular scripts in use in Irish and English monasteries . Carolingian minuscule was created partly under the patronage of Charlemagne . Alcuin , who ran the palace school and scriptorium at Aachen , was probably a chief influence . The revolutionary character of the Carolingian reform , however , can be over-emphasised ; efforts at taming Merovingian and Germanic influence had been underway before Alcuin arrived at Aachen . The new minuscule was disseminated first from Aachen and later from the influential scriptorium at Tours , where Alcuin retired as an abbot . Political reforms ( edit ) Charlemagne engaged in many reforms of Frankish governance , while continuing many traditional practices , such as the division of the kingdom among sons . Organisation ( edit ) Main article : Government of the Carolingian Empire The Carolingian king exercised the bannum , the right to rule and command . He had supreme jurisdiction in judicial matters , made legislation , led the army , and protected both the Church and the poor . His administration was an attempt to organise the kingdom , church and nobility around him . However , the effort was heavily dependent upon the efficiency , loyalty , and support of his subjects . Divisio regnorum ( edit ) In 806 , Charlemagne first made provision for the traditional division of the empire on his death . For Charles the Younger he designated Austrasia and Neustria , Saxony , Burgundy and Thuringia . To Pippin he gave Italy , Bavaria and Swabia . Louis received Aquitaine , the Spanish March and Provence . The imperial title was not mentioned , which led to the suggestion that , at that particular time , Charlemagne regarded the title as an honorary achievement that held no hereditary significance . Pepin died in 810 and Charles in 811 . Charlemagne then reconsidered the matter , and in 813 , crowned his youngest son , Louis , co-emperor and co-King of the Franks , granting him a half - share of the empire and the rest upon Charlemagne 's own death . The only part of the Empire that Louis was not promised was Italy , which Charlemagne specifically bestowed upon Pippin 's illegitimate son Bernard . Personality ( edit ) Manner ( edit ) Einhard tells in his twenty - fourth chapter : Charles was temperate in eating , and particularly so in drinking , for he abominated drunkenness in anybody , much more in himself and those of his household ; but he could not easily abstain from food , and often complained that fasts injured his health . He very rarely gave entertainments , only on great feast - days , and then to large numbers of people . His meals ordinarily consisted of four courses , not counting the roast , which his huntsmen used to bring in on the spit ; he was more fond of this than of any other dish . While at table , he listened to reading or music . The subjects of the readings were the stories and deeds of olden time : he was fond , too , of St. Augustine 's books , and especially of the one entitled `` The City of God . '' Charlemagne threw grand banquets and feasts for special occasions such as religious holidays and four of his weddings . When he was not working , he loved Christian books , horseback riding , swimming , bathing in natural hot springs with his friends and family , and hunting . Franks were well known for horsemanship and hunting skills . Charles was a light sleeper and would stay in his bed chambers for entire days at a time due to restless nights . During these days , he would not get out of bed when a quarrel occurred in his kingdom . Instead of handling business in a professional manner , he called all members of the situation into his bedroom to be given orders . Einhard tells again in the twenty fourth chapter : `` In summer after the midday meal , he would eat some fruit , drain a single cup , put off his clothes and shoes , just as he did for the night , and rest for two or three hours . He was in the habit of awaking and rising from bed four or five times during the night . '' Language ( edit ) Main article : Theodiscus By Charlemagne 's time the French vernacular had already diverged significantly from Latin . This is evidenced by one of the regulations of the Council of Tours ( 813 ) , which required that parish priests preach either in the `` rusticam Romanam linguam '' ( Romance ) or `` Theotiscam '' ( the Germanic vernacular ) rather than in Latin . The goal of this rule was to make sermons comprehensible to the common people . Charlemagne himself probably spoke a Rhenish Franconian dialect . He also spoke Latin and had at least some understanding of Greek , according to Einhard ( Grecam vero melius intellegere quam pronuntiare poterat , `` he could understand Greek better than he could speak it '' ) . The largely fictional account of Charlemagne 's Iberian campaigns by Pseudo-Turpin , written some three centuries after his death , gave rise to the legend that the king also spoke Arabic . Appearance ( edit ) The Carolingian - era equestrian statuette thought to represent Charlemagne ( from Metz Cathedral , now in the Louvre ) Charlemagne 's personal appearance is known from a good description by Einhard after his death in the biography Vita Karoli Magni . Einhard states : He was heavily built , sturdy , and of considerable stature , although not exceptionally so , since his height was seven times the length of his own foot . He had a round head , large and lively eyes , a slightly larger nose than usual , white but still attractive hair , a bright and cheerful expression , a short and fat neck , and he enjoyed good health , except for the fevers that affected him in the last few years of his life . Towards the end , he dragged one leg . Even then , he stubbornly did what he wanted and refused to listen to doctors , indeed he detested them , because they wanted to persuade him to stop eating roast meat , as was his wont , and to be content with boiled meat . The physical portrait provided by Einhard is confirmed by contemporary depictions such as coins and his 8 - inch ( 20 cm ) bronze statuette kept in the Louvre . In 1861 , Charlemagne 's tomb was opened by scientists who reconstructed his skeleton and estimated it to be measured 1.95 metres ( 6 ft 5 in ) . An estimate of his height from an X-ray and CT scan of his tibia performed in 2010 is 1.84 metres ( 6 ft 0 in ) . This puts him in the 99th percentile of height for his period , given that average male height of his time was 1.69 metres ( 5 ft 7 in ) . The width of the bone suggested he was gracile but not robust in body build . Dress ( edit ) In the Bibliothèque Nationale de France Charlemagne wore the traditional costume of the Frankish people , described by Einhard thus : He used to wear the national , that is to say , the Frank , dress -- next his skin a linen shirt and linen breeches , and above these a tunic fringed with silk ; while hose fastened by bands covered his lower limbs , and shoes his feet , and he protected his shoulders and chest in winter by a close - fitting coat of otter or marten skins . He wore a blue cloak and always carried a sword typically of a golden or silver hilt . He wore fancy jewelled swords to banquets or ambassadorial receptions . Nevertheless : He despised foreign costumes , however handsome , and never allowed himself to be robed in them , except twice in Rome , when he donned the Roman tunic , chlamys , and shoes ; the first time at the request of Pope Hadrian , the second to gratify Leo , Hadrian 's successor . On great feast days , he wore embroidery and jewels on his clothing and shoes . He had a golden buckle for his cloak on such occasions and would appear with his great diadem , but he despised such apparel , according to Einhard and usually dressed like the common people . Homes ( edit ) Charlemagne had residences across his kingdom , including numerous private estates that were governed in accordance with the Capitulare de villis . A 9th century document detailing the inventory of an estate at Asnapium listed amounts of livestock , plants and vegetables and kitchenware including cauldrons , drinking cups , brass kettles and firewood . The manor contained seventeen houses built inside the courtyard for nobles and family members and was separated from its supporting villas . Family ( edit ) Marriages and heirs ( edit ) Charlemagne had eighteen children with eight of his ten known wives or concubines . Nonetheless , he had only four legitimate grandsons , the four sons of his fourth son , Louis . In addition , he had a grandson ( Bernard of Italy , the only son of his third son , Pippin of Italy ) , who was illegitimate , but included in the line of inheritance . Among his descendants are several royal dynasties , including the Habsburg , Capetian and Plantagenet dynasties . Start date Marriages and heirs Concubinages and illegitimate children c. 768 His first relationship was with Himiltrude . The nature of this relationship is variously described as concubinage , a legal marriage , or a Friedelehe . ( Charlemagne put her aside when he married Desiderata . ) The union with Himiltrude produced a son : Pippin the Hunchback ( ca . 769 -- 811 ) c. 770 After her , his first wife was Desiderata , daughter of Desiderius , king of the Lombards ; married in 770 , annulled in 771 . c. 771 His second wife was Hildegard of the Vinzgau ( 757 or 758 -- 783 ) , married 771 , died 783 . By her he had nine children : Charles the Younger ( ca . 772 -- 4 December 811 ) , Duke of Maine , and crowned King of the Franks on 25 December 800 Carloman , renamed Pippin ( April 773 -- 8 July 810 ) , King of Italy Adalhaid ( 774 ) , who was born whilst her parents were on campaign in Italy . She was sent back to Francia , but died before reaching Lyons Rotrude ( or Hruodrud ) ( 775 -- 6 June 810 ) Louis ( 778 -- 20 June 840 ) , twin of Lothair , King of Aquitaine since 781 , crowned King of the Franks / co-emperor in 813 , senior Emperor from 814 Lothair ( 778 -- 6 February 779 / 780 ) , twin of Louis , he died in infancy Bertha ( 779 -- 826 ) Gisela ( 781 -- 808 ) Hildegarde ( 782 -- 783 ) c. 773 His first known concubine was Gersuinda . By her he had : Adaltrude ( b. 774 ) c. 774 His second known concubine was Madelgard . By her he had : Ruodhaid ( 775 -- 810 ) , abbess of Faremoutiers c. 784 His third wife was Fastrada , married 784 , died 794 . By her he had : Theodrada ( b. 784 ) , abbess of Argenteuil Hiltrude ( b. 787 ) c. 794 His fourth wife was Luitgard , married 794 , died childless . c. 800 His fourth known concubine was Regina . By her he had : Drogo ( 801 -- 855 ) , Bishop of Metz from 823 and abbot of Luxeuil Abbey Hugh ( 802 -- 844 ) , archchancellor of the Empire c. 804 His fifth known concubine was Ethelind . By her he had : Richbod ( 805 -- 844 ) , Abbott of Saint - Riquier Theodoric ( b . 807 ) Further information : Carolingian dynasty Ancestry ( edit ) Charles Martel , sarcophagus 16 . Ansegisel 8 . Pepin of Herstal 17 . Begga 4 . Charles Martel 9 . Alpaida 2 . Pepin the Short 10. ? Lambert , Count of Hesbaye 5 . Rotrude 11. ? Chrotlind 1 . Charlemagne 6 . Charibert of Laon 13 . Bertrada of Prüm 3 . Bertrada of Laon Name ( edit ) Bust of Charlemagne , located at Aachen Cathedral Treasury Arm reliquary of Charlemagne at Aachen Cathedral Treasury He was named Charles in French and English , Carolus in Latin , after his grandfather , Charles Martel . Later Old French historians dubbed him Charles le Magne ( Charles the Great ) , becoming Charlemagne in English after the Norman conquest of England . The epithet Carolus Magnus was widely used , leading to numerous translations into many languages of Europe . He was known in German as Karl der Große ; Dutch , Karel de Grote ; Danish / Norwegian / Swedish , Karl den Store ; Italian , Carlo Magno ; Catalan , Carlemany ; Bosnian , Croatian and Serbian , Karlo Veliki ; Czech , Karel Veliký ; Slovak , Karol Veľký ; Spanish , Carlomagno ; Portuguese , Carlos Magno ; and various others . Charles ' achievements gave a new meaning to his name . In many European languages , the very word for `` king '' derives from his name ; e.g. , Polish : król , Ukrainian : король ( korol ' ) , Czech : král , Slovak : kráľ , Hungarian : király , Lithuanian : karalius , Latvian : karalis , Russian : король , Macedonian : крал , Bulgarian : крал , Romanian : crai , Bosnian : kralj , Serbian : краљ / kralj , Croatian : kralj , Turkish : kral . This development parallels that of the name of the Caesars in the original Roman Empire , which became kaiser and czar , among others . Beatification ( edit ) Charlemagne was revered as a saint in the Holy Roman Empire after the twelfth century . The Apostolic See did not recognise his invalid canonisation by Antipope Paschal III , done to gain the favour of Frederick Barbarossa in 1165 . The Apostolic See annulled all of Paschal 's ordinances at the Third Lateran Council in 1179 . He is not enumerated among the 28 saints named `` Charles '' in the Roman Martyrology . His beatification has been acknowledged as cultus confirmed and is celebrated on 28 January . Cultural uses ( edit ) Middle Ages ( edit ) Charlemagne had a sustained impact on European culture . The author of the Visio Karoli Magni written around 865 uses facts gathered apparently from Einhard and his own observations on the decline of Charlemagne 's family after the dissensions war ( 840 -- 43 ) as the basis for a visionary tale of Charles ' meeting with a prophetic spectre in a dream . Charlemagne was a model knight as one of the Nine Worthies who enjoyed an important legacy in European culture . One of the great medieval literary cycles , the Charlemagne cycle or the Matter of France , centres on his deeds -- the Emperor with the Flowing Beard of Roland fame -- and his historical commander of the border with Brittany , Roland , and the paladins who are analogous to the knights of the Round Table of King Arthur 's court . Their tales constitute the first chansons de geste . In the Divine Comedy the spirit of Charlemagne appears to Dante in the Heaven of Mars , among the other `` warriors of the faith '' . Modern era ( edit ) In 1867 , an equestrian statue of Charlemagne , was made by Louis Jehotte and was inaugurated in 1868 on the Boulevard d'Avroy in Liège . In the niches of the neo-roman pedestal are six statues of Charlemagne 's ancestors ( Sainte Begge , Pépin de Herstal , Charles Martel , Bertrude , Pépin de Landen and Pépin le Bref ) . The city of Aachen has , since 1949 , awarded an international prize ( called the Karlspreis der Stadt Aachen ) in honour of Charlemagne . It is awarded annually to `` personages of merit who have promoted the idea of western unity by their political , economic and literary endeavours . '' Winners of the prize include Richard von Coudenhove - Kalergi , the founder of the pan-European movement , Alcide De Gasperi , and Winston Churchill . In its national anthem , `` El Gran Carlemany '' , the nation of Andorra credits Charlemagne with its independence . In 1964 , the young French singer France Gall released the hit song `` Sacré Charlemagne '' in which the lyrics blame the great king for imposing the burden of compulsory education on French children . Charlemagne is quoted by Dr Henry Jones , Sr. in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade . After using his umbrella to induce a flock of seagulls to smash through the glass cockpit of a pursuing German fighter plane , Henry Jones remarks , `` I suddenly remembered my Charlemagne : ' Let my armies be the rocks and the trees and the birds in the sky ' . '' Despite the quote 's popularity since the movie , there is no evidence that Charlemagne actually said this . The Economist features a weekly column entitled `` Charlemagne '' , focusing generally on European affairs and , more usually and specifically , on the European Union and its politics . Actor and singer Christopher Lee 's symphonic metal concept album Charlemagne : By the Sword and the Cross and its heavy metal follow - up Charlemagne : The Omens of Death feature the events of Charlemagne 's life . A 2010 episode of QI discussed the mathematics completed by Mark Humphrys that calculated that all modern Europeans are highly likely to share Charlemagne as a common ancestor ( see most recent common ancestor ) . In April 2014 , on the occasion of the 1200th anniversary of Charlemagne 's death , public art Mein Karl by Ottmar Hörl at Katschhof place was installed between city hall and the Aachen cathedral , displaying 500 Charlemagne statues . Inauguration of the statue of Charlemagne , Liège , 26 July 1868 . Art installation Mein Karl by Ottmar Hörl on Katschhof place of Aachen Stained - glass of Charlemagne sitting on his throne in the railway station of Metz , representing the imperial protection over Metz during the German annexation of the city Books and libraries ( edit ) Charlemagne was a lover of books , sometimes having them read to him during meals . He was thought to enjoy the works of St. Augustine . His court played a key role in producing books that taught elementary Latin and different aspects of the church . It also played a part in creating a royal library that contained in - depth works on language and Christian faith . Charlemagne encouraged clerics to translate Christian creeds and prayers into their respective vernaculars as well to teach grammar and music . Due to the increased interest of intellectual pursuits and the urging of their king , the monks accomplished so much copying that almost every manuscript from that time was preserved . At the same time , at the urging of their king , scholars were producing more secular books on many subjects , including history , poetry , art , music , law , theology , etc . Due to the increased number of titles , private libraries flourished . These were mainly supported by aristocrats and churchmen who could afford to sustain them . At Charlemagne 's court , a library was founded and a number of copies of books were produced , to be distributed by Charlemagne . Book production was completed slowly by hand , and took place mainly in large monastic libraries . Books were so in demand during Charlemagne 's time that these libraries lent out some books , but only if that borrower offered valuable collateral in return . Most books , however , were held by chains in order to discourage theft . This made it difficult for multiple students to study one title , but helped ensure the safety of the tomes . Alcuin was a proponent of education and wrote thoughtfully on Christian religion . Considered the greatest scholar of his day , he became the king 's confidant and adviser . He brought his interest in libraries to the king 's court . He was also a tutor to the king and his sons , teaching them liberal arts , theology and astrology . See also ( edit ) Middle Ages portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In Latin : Karolus or Carolus , whence Charles . The French form Charlemagne comes from his nickname , Carolus Magnus ( Charles the Great ) . In reconstructed Frankish , his native tongue , his birthname would likely would have been * Kar ( e ) l . Jump up ^ Additional birth years for Charlemagne include 747 and 748 . There is scholarly debate over this topic . See : Karl Ferdinand Werner : Das Geburtsdatum Karls des Großen , in : Francia 1 , 1973 , pp. 115 -- 157 ( online Archived 17 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ) ; Matthias Becher : Neue Überlegungen zum Geburtsdatum Karls des Großen , in : Francia 19 / 1 , 1992 , pp. 37 - 60 ( online Archived 17 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ) ; Jump up ^ Papst Johannes Paul II ( 2004 ) . `` Ansprache von seiner Heiligkeit Papst Johannes Paul II '' ( in German ) . Internationaler Karlspreis zu Aachen . Archived from the original on 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Also see : The Great Schism - St. George Orthodox Cathedral or The Great Schism - Assumption Greek Orthodox Church Jump up ^ See : `` France : : The hegemony of Neustria '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Britannica.com. 24 April 2013 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : McKitterick 2008 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=_U4lDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA12&dq=Charlemagne+date+of+birth+742&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZos_EgfHVAhUFwYMKHRFXDJEQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=illegitimate%20private%20contract&f=false , p = 132 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=3FRsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19&dq=Carloman+I+died+suddenly+Charlemagne+became&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjUnez76_DVAhUV24MKHdDjDBoQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=Carloman%20I%20died%20suddenly%20Charlemagne%20became&f=false Jump up ^ Gregory 2005 , pp. 251 -- 252 . Jump up ^ Waldman & Mason 2006 , pp. 270 , 274 -- 275 . Jump up ^ Collins 1999 , pp. 161 -- 172 . Jump up ^ Fouracre 2005 , pp. 5 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Frassetto 2003 , p. 292 . Jump up ^ Frassetto 2003 , p. 292 -- 293 . Jump up ^ Waldman & Mason 2006 , p. 271 . ^ Jump up to : `` France : : Pippin III - Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Britannica.com. 24 April 2013 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ The background relies heavily on Einhard , putative & 741 -- 829 , Years 745 -- 755 Jump up ^ Oman 1914 , pp. 409 -- 410 . Jump up ^ Charlemagne -- Forefather of Modern Europe -- The Trumpet ^ Jump up to : Baldwin , Stewart ( 2007 -- 2009 ) . `` Charlemagne '' . The Henry Project . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=rETxD8KcnUIC&pg=PA145&dq=Charlemagne+date+of+birth&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1-dLT7PDVAhVL5oMKHW7NB_8Q6AEIQDAE#v=onepage&q=Charlemagne%20date%20of%20birth&f=false Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=_U4lDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA12&dq=Charlemagne+date+of+birth+742&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZos_EgfHVAhUFwYMKHRFXDJEQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Charlemagne%20date%20of%20birth%20742&f=false Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=_U4lDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA12&dq=Charlemagne+date+of+birth+742&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZos_EgfHVAhUFwYMKHRFXDJEQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=illegitimate%20private%20contract&f=false , p = 132 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=CurSh3Sh_KMC&pg=PA226&dq=Charlemagne+was+arguably+illegitimate+married+Bertrada&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9yea78PDVAhWD6oMKHQkjBEMQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Charlemagne%20was%20arguably%20illegitimate%20married%20Bertrada&f=false Jump up ^ `` Charlemagne '' . History.com . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Route Gottfried von Bouillon e.V. - deutsche Sektion . Route-gottfried-von-bouillon.de . Retrieved on 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Dictionary of World Biography : The Middle Ages , Volume 2 . Routledge. 1998 . p. 226 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 579 - 58041 - 4 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=05IVoPSfb48C&pg=PA32&dq=Charlemagne+was+illegitimate+son+of+Pippin+mother&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_-vrX7fDVAhUJ64MKHXIjC4wQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=Charlemagne%20was%20illegitimate%20son%20of%20Pippin%20mother&f=false , p = 32 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=rETxD8KcnUIC&pg=PA152&dq=Charlemagne+was+illegitimate+son+of+Pepin+did+not+marry+Bertrada+until&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-rJmR7_DVAhWF24MKHY-_BI8Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Charlemagne%20was%20illegitimate%20son%20of%20Pepin%20did%20not%20marry%20Bertrada%20until&f=false , p = 152 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=Eo6UrwfmwqUC&pg=PA39&dq=Einhard+Charlemagne+was+illegitimate+son+of+Pepin+did+not+marry+Bertrada+until&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjc-7C07_DVAhVEyoMKHf06Db8Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Einhard%20Charlemagne%20was%20illegitimate%20son%20of%20Pepin%20did%20not%20marry%20Bertrada%20until&f=false , p = 39 Jump up ^ Einhard 1999 , 4 . Plan of This Work . Jump up ^ Einhard 1999 , 1 . The Merovingian Family . Jump up ^ The Annales uses maiores domus , a plural followed by a singular : one house , two chief officers . Einhard , putative & 741 -- 829 , Year 742 Jump up ^ Einhard , putative & 741 -- 829 , Years 745 , 746 . ^ Jump up to : Einhard 1999 , 6 . Lombard War . Jump up ^ Collins 1998 , pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Einhard 1999 , 3 . Charlemagne 's Accession . Jump up ^ Einhard , putative & 741 -- 829 , Year 768 . Jump up ^ Russell 1930 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Collins 1987 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Collins 1987 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Douglass & Bilbao 2005 , pp. 36 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Collins 1987 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Collins 2004 , pp. 130 -- 131 , `` The sequence of events ... has not been assisted by the tendency of the historians to take all the information ... from all the available sources and combine it to produce a single synthetic account ... As a rule of thumb , reliability , and also brevity of narrative , are usually in direct proportion to chronological proximity . '' Jump up ^ James 2009 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Collins 2004 , pp. 131 -- 132 . Jump up ^ Douglass & Bilbao 2005 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Einhard 2007 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Lewis , David Levering ( 12 January 2009 ) . God 's Crucible : Islam and the Making of Europe , 570 - 1215 . W.W. Norton . p. 177 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 33356 - 5 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Edward Augustus ( 1904 ) . Western Europe in the Eighth Century & Onward : An Aftermath . Macmillan and Company , limited . p. 74 . Jump up ^ Russell 1930 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ McKitterick 2008 , pp. 118 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Kohn , George C. ( 2006 ) . Dictionary of Wars . Infobase Publishing . pp. 125 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 2916 - 7 . Jump up ^ Paul Halsall , Einhard : The Wars of Charlemagne , c. 770 - 814 , Internet Medieval Sourcebook , Fordham University , 1998 ^ Jump up to : Charlemagne , Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Hodgkin 1889 . Jump up ^ Hodgkin 1889 , pp. 85 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gelfand , Dale Evva ( 1 January 2003 ) . Charlemagne . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 9781438117850 . Jump up ^ Butt , John J. ( 1 January 2002 ) . Daily Life in the Age of Charlemagne . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 9780313316685 . Jump up ^ Runciman , Steven . `` The Empress Irene the Athenian . '' Medieval Women . Ed . Derek Baker . Oxford : Ecclesiastical History Society , 1978 . Jump up ^ Becher 2005 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ McKitterick 2008 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Heck , Gene W. ( 2007 ) . When Worlds Collide : Exploring the Ideological and Political Foundations of the Clash of Civilizations . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 172 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5856 - 4 . Jump up ^ France , John , `` The Composition and Raising of the Armies of Charlemagne '' , in Journal of Medieval Military History , ed . B. Bachrach ( 2002 ) , pp. 63 -- 5 Jump up ^ Revised annals of the kingdom of the Franks , ed. and trans . King , Sources , p. 110 ^ Jump up to : Historical Atlas of Knights and Castles , Cartographica , Dr Ian Barnes , 2007 pp. 30&31 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=oyiTg0wgl58C&pg=PA48&dq=Charlemagne+Tassilo+III+deposed&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwigwoakpfDVAhWj3YMKHRIzC8oQ6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=Charlemagne%20Tassilo%20III%20deposed&f=false Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=05IVoPSfb48C&pg=PA87&dq=Charlemagne+Tassilo+III+794&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjVr4qCpvDVAhUg3YMKHZu1AeQQ6AEIPjAE#v=onepage&q=Charlemagne%20Tassilo%20III%20794&f=false ^ Jump up to : Bachrach , Bernard S. ; Clifford J. Rogers ; Kelly DeVries ( November 2002 ) . Journal of Medieval Military History . Boydell Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85115 - 909 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce Ross , James ( April 1945 ) . Two Neglected Paladins of Charlemagne : Erich of Friuli and Gerold of Bavaria Speculum , Vol. 20 , No. 2 . Medieval Academy of America . pp. 212 -- 235 . JSTOR 2854596 . Jump up ^ Sinor , Denis ( 1 March 1990 ) . The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia . New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 219 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24304 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Fine , John Van Antwerp ( 1991 ) . The early medieval Balkans : a critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century . University of Michigan Press . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 08149 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Klaić , Vjekoslav ( 1988 ) . Povijest Hrvata : od najstarijih vremena do svršetka XIX stoljeća . Treće doba : vladanje kraljeva iz raznih porodica ( 1301 - 1526 ) . Knj. 2 ( in Croatian ) . Zagreb : Nakladni zavod Matice Hrvatske . pp. 63 -- 64 . ISBN 978 - 86 - 401 - 0051 - 9 . Jump up ^ Turner , Samuel Epes ( 1880 ) . Einhard : The Life of Charlemagne ( Vita Karoli Magni ) . New York : Harper & Brothers . Jump up ^ Einhard , Life of Charles the Great Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Charlemagne '' . Jump up ^ James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce , The Holy Roman Empire , 1864 , pg 62 -- 64 Jump up ^ Einhard Life of Charlemagne 28 . Jump up ^ Tierney , Brian . The Crisis of the Church and State 1050 -- 1300 . University of Toronto Press , 1964 . p. 17 . Jump up ^ Meek , Harry . `` Charlemagne 's Imperial Coronation : The Enigma of Sources and Use to Historians '' . www.academia.edu/HMeek . Jump up ^ `` he said that he would have refused to enter the church that day , although it was a major festival , had he been aware of the pope 's plans '' . Einhard , The life of Charlemagne , 28 Jump up ^ Collins 1987 , p. 147 . ^ Jump up to : Collins 1987 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Collins 1987 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Norwich 1992b , p. 378 . Jump up ^ Norwich 1992b , p. 379 . Jump up ^ Pirenne 2012 , p. 234n . Jump up ^ Norwich 1992a , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Pirenne 2012 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Butler , Alban ; Hugh Farmer , David ( 1995 ) . `` St Paulinus of Aquileia , Bishop ( c. 726 -- 804 ) '' . Butler 's Lives of the Saints : New Full Edition . Continuum International Publishing Group . pp. 74 -- 75 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86012 - 250 - 0 . Jump up ^ Collins 1987 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ `` Holy Roman Empire '' . Britannica.com. 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ohnsorge , Werner , ' ' Das Zweikaiserproblem im früheren Mittelalter . Die Bedeutung des byzantinischen Reiches für die Entwicklung der Staatsidee in Europa ' ' , ( Hildesheim , August Lax Verlagsbuchhandlung , 1947 ) , pp. 15 -- 31 . Translated by Richard E. Sullivan in ' ' The Coronation of Charlemagne ' ' D.C. Heath and Company , Boston , 1959 , Library of Congress Catalog Card Number : 59 - 14499 '' . Clc-library-org-docs.angelfire.com . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Cf . Monumenta Germaniae Historica , Diplomata Karolinorum I , 77ff. ; title used from 801 onward . Jump up ^ Cantor 2015 , pp. 194 -- 5 , 212 . Jump up ^ Davies1996 , pp. 316 -- 317 . ^ Jump up to : Becher , Matthias ( 2011 ) . `` Die Außenpolitik Karls des Großen . Zwischen Krieg und Diplomatie '' . Damals ( in German ) . 2011 Special Volume : 33 -- 46 . Jump up ^ eum imperatorem et basileum appellantes , cf . Royal Frankish Annals , a . 812 . Jump up ^ Eichmann , Eduard ( 1942 ) . Die Kaiserkrönung im Abendland : ein Beitrag zur Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters , mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des kirchlichen Rechte , der Liturgie und der Kirchenpolitik . Echter - Verlag . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Einhard , Life , p. 59 Jump up ^ Godman , Peter ( 1985 ) . Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance . Duckworth . pp. 206 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7156 - 1768 - 7 . Jump up ^ Chamberlin , Russell ( 1986 ) . The Emperor , Charlemagne . F. Watts . pp. 222 -- 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 531 - 15004 - 7 . Jump up ^ Dutton 2004 . Jump up ^ von Hellfeld , Matthias . `` Die Geburt zweier Staaten -- Die Straßburger Eide vom 14 . Februar 842 '' . Deutsche Welle ( in German ) . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Bowlus , Charles R. ( 2006 ) . The Battle of Lechfeld and Its Aftermath , August 955 : The End of the Age of Migrations in the Latin West . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd . pp. 49 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 5470 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Hooper , Nicholas ; Bennett , Matthew ( 26 January 1996 ) . The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare : The Middle Ages , 768 - 1487 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 12 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 44049 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Charlemagne created a peaceful environment for Jews in his kingdom . Charlemagne fostered a system where the Christian majority could procure credit through Jewish constituents . Christians were forbidden to loan money at an interest rate , a restriction not shared by the Jews . '' . Worldology.com. 25 April 2013 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charlemagne '' . JewishEncyclopedia.com . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Scheindlin , Raymond P. ( 1998 ) . A Short History of the Jewish People . Oxford University Press . pp. 101 -- 104 . Jump up ^ `` Ashkenazic Jewry in France '' . Jewishhistory.org . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldfoot , Nadene ( 8 October 2012 ) . `` includes sourced excerpts '' . Jewishfactsfromportland.blogspot.com . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Charlemagne and Anglo - Saxon England , Joanna Story , Charlemagne : Empire and Society , ed . Joanna Story , ( Manchester University Press , 2005 ) , 195 . ^ Jump up to : Dutton 2016 . Jump up ^ Karl der Grosse und das Erbe der Kulturen , Band 1999 , Franz - Reiner Erkens , Akademie Verlag , 2001 . Jump up ^ Saint - Denis zwischen Adel und König , Rolf Große , Thorbecke , Stuttgart 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Charlemagne '' . Britannica.com. 7 February 2012 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Filioque : A Church - Dividing Issue ? : An Agreed Statement of the North American Orthodox - Catholic Consultation '' . Usccb.org . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adolf Harnack , ' ' History of Dogma ' ' , The Controversy regarding the Filioque and Pictures '' . Ccel.org. 1 June 2005 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Gerald Bray , The Filioque Clause in History and Theology The Tyndale Historical Lecture 1982 Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , p. 121 ^ Jump up to : Bhote , Tehmina ( 1 January 2005 ) . Charlemagne : The Life and Times of an Early Medieval Emperor . The Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 9781404201613 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2004 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Keller , R.E. ( 1964 ) . `` The Language of the Franks '' . Bulletin of the John Rylands Library of Manchester . 47 ( 1 ) : 101 -- 122 , esp. 122 . Jump up ^ Chambers , William Walker ; Wilkie , John Ritchie ( 10 January 2014 ) . A Short History of the German Language ( RLE Linguistics E : Indo - European Linguistics ) . London : Routledge . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 91852 - 3 . Jump up ^ McKitterick 2008 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Einhard 1999 , 25 . Studies . Jump up ^ Van Herwaarden , J. ( 1 January 2003 ) . Between Saint James and Erasmus : Studies in Late - Medieval Religious Life : Devotions and Pilgrimages in the Netherlands . BRILL . p. 475 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 12984 - 7 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2004 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2004 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Ruhli , F.J. ; Blumich , B. ; Henneberg , M. ( 2010 ) . `` Charlemagne was very tall , but not robust '' . Economics and Human Biology . 8 : 289 -- 290 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ehb. 2009.12. 005 . ^ Jump up to : Einhard 1999 , 23 . Dress . Jump up ^ `` Internet History Sourcebooks Project '' . legacy.fordham.edu . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Durant , Will . `` King Charlemagne . '' Archived 24 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine . History of Civilization , Vol III , The Age of Faith . Online version in the Knighthood , Tournaments & Chivalry Resource Library , Ed . Brian R. Price . Jump up ^ Charlemagne 's biographer Einhard ( Vita Karoli Magni , ch. 20 ) calls her a `` concubine '' and Paulus Diaconus speaks of Pippin 's birth `` before legal marriage '' , whereas a letter by Pope Stephen III refers to Charlemagne and his brother Carloman as being already married ( to Himiltrude and Gerberga ) , and advises them not to dismiss their wives . Historians have interpreted the information in different ways . Some , such as Pierre Riché ( The Carolingians , p. 86 . ) , follow Einhard in describing Himiltrude as a concubine . Others , for example Dieter Hägemann ( Karl der Große . Herrscher des Abendlands , p. 82f . ) , consider Himiltrude a wife in the full sense . Still others subscribe to the idea that the relationship between the two was `` something more than concubinage , less than marriage '' and describe it as a Friedelehe , a form of marriage unrecognised by the Church and easily dissolvable . Russell Chamberlin ( The Emperor Charlemagne , p. 61 . ) , for instance , compared it with the English system of common - law marriage . This form of relationship is often seen in a conflict between Christian marriage and more flexible Germanic concepts . Jump up ^ `` By ( Hildigard ) Charlemagne had four sons and four daughters , according to Paul the Deacon : one son , the twin of Lewis , called Lothar , died as a baby and is not mentioned by Einhard ; two daughters , Hildigard and Adelhaid , died as babies , so that Einhard appears to err in one of his names , unless there were really five daughters . '' Thorpe , Lewis , Two Lives of Charlemagne , p. 185 Jump up ^ Church historians of the period wrote universally in Latin , regardless of native language . Charles le Magne only translates Carolus Magnus given in the Latin manuscripts into French , which was subsequent to whatever language Charles spoke . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Perry ( 23 April 2013 ) . Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism . Verso Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78168 - 008 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Shahan , Thomas ; Ewan Macpherson . `` Charlemagne '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . In some parts of the empire popular affection placed him among the saints . For political purposes and to please Frederick Barbarossa he was canonised ( 1165 ) by the antipope Paschal III , but this act was never ratified by insertion of his feast in the Roman Breviary or by the Universal Church ; his cultus , however , was permitted at Aachen ( Acta SS. , 28 Jan. , 3d ed. , II , 490 - 93 , 303 - 7 , 769 ; his office is in Canisius , `` Antiq . Lect . '' , III ( 2 ) ) Jump up ^ Martyrologium Romanum , Ad Formam Editionis Typicae Scholiis Historicis Instructum. 1940 . p. 685 . Jump up ^ Hoche , Dominique T ( 2012 ) . `` Charlemagne '' . In Lister M. Matheson . Icons of the Middle Ages : Rulers , Writers , Rebels , and Saints . Santa Barbara , California : Greenwood . pp. 143 -- 74 ( 172 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34080 - 2 . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Chamberlin , Russell , The Emperor Charlemagne , p. ? ? ? Jump up ^ `` Quid plura ? `` Flying birds , excellent birds ... '' `` . Quidplura.com. 5 August 2007 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Where do The Economist 's unusual names come from ? '' . The Economist . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( 5 January 2010 ) . `` Christopher Lee to release ' symphonic metal ' album , The man who played Dracula and Saruman is to tell the story of Charlemagne , the first Holy Roman Emperor , through the universal language of metal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . The man who played Dracula , Saruman and the Man with the Golden Gun is now to portray Charlemagne -- through the medium of song . Actor Christopher Lee is to release an album of `` symphonic metal '' , telling the story of his own direct ancestor , the first Holy Roman Emperor . Jump up ^ Farrell , John ( 28 May 2012 ) . `` Christopher Lee Celebrates 90th Birthday By Recording Heavy Metal '' . Forbes . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . ' Let Legend Mark Me As King ; ' and ' The Ultimate Sacrifice ' , arranged by Judas Priest lead guitarist Richie Falkner , are part of a new album , Charlemagne : The Omens of Death . Jump up ^ Common ancestors of all humans . Humphrysfamilytree.com . Retrieved on 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Euregio Aachen : Mein Karl Archived 23 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , 18 October 2013 ^ Jump up to : Bullough , Donald A. ( December 2003 ) . `` Charlemagne 's court library revisited '' . Early Medieval Europe . 12 ( 4 ) : 339 -- 363 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0963 - 9462.2004. 00141. x . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charlemagne Holy Roman emperor ( 747 ? - 814 ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 17 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charlemagne 's court library revisited '' . Early Medieval Europe . 12 ( 4 ) : 339 -- 363 . 2003 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0963 - 9462.2004. 00141. x . Bibliography ( edit ) Charlemagne , from Encyclopædia Britannica , full - article , latest edition . Barbero , Alessandro ( 2004 ) . Charlemagne : Father of a Continent . trans . Allan Cameron . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23943 - 1 . Becher , Matthias ( 4 March 2005 ) . Charlemagne . Translated by Bachrach , David S. New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09796 - 4 . Cantor , Norman F. ( 13 October 2015 ) . Civilization of the Middle Ages : Completely Revised and Expanded Edition , A. HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 244460 - 8 . Collins , Roger ( 1987 ) ( 1986 ) . The Basques . New York : Basil Blackwell Inc . Collins , Roger ( 1998 ) . Charlemagne . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . Collins , Roger ( 1999 ) . Early Medieval Europe , 300 -- 1000 . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 33365 - 808 - 6 . Collins , Roger ( 2004 ) . Visigothic Spain , 409 -- 711 . History of Spain . Malden , MA ; Oxford : Blackwell Pub . Davies , Norman ( 1996 ) . Europe : A History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 820171 - 7 . Douglass , William A ; Bilbao , Jon ( 2005 ) . Amerikanuak : Basques in the New World . The Basque series . Reno ; Las Vegas : University of Nevada Press . ISBN 9780874176254 . Dutton , P. ( 30 April 2016 ) . Charlemagne 's Mustache : And Other Cultural Clusters of a Dark Age . Palgrave Macmillan US . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 06228 - 4 . Dutton , Paul Edward ( 2004 ) . Carolingian Civilization : A Reader . Broadview Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 492 - 7 . Einhard , putative ( 741 -- 829 ) . Annales Regni Francorum ( Annales Laurissenses Maiores ) . Medieval Latin . The Latin Library . Einhard ( 1999 ) ( 1880 ) . Halsall , Paul , ed . The Life of Charlemagne . trans . Samuel Epes Turner . New York : Harper & Brothers ; Medieval Sourcebook , Fordham University . Fouracre , Paul ( 2005 ) . `` The Long Shadow of the Merovingians '' . In Joanna Story , ed . Charlemagne : Empire and Society . Machester , UK : Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 71907 - 089 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Frassetto , Michael ( 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe : Society in Transformation . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 263 - 9 . Ganshof , F.L. ( 1971 ) . The Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy : Studies in Carolingian History . trans . Janet Sondheimer . Ithaca , N.Y. : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 0635 - 8 . Gregory , Timothy E. ( 2005 ) . A History of Byzantium . Malden , MA ; Oxford , UK : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 63123 - 513 - 2 . Hodgkin , Thomas ( 1889 ) . Italy and Her Invaders. 8 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . James , David ; Ibn al - Qūṭiyya ( 2009 ) . Early Islamic Spain : The History of Ibn al - Qūṭiyya : a study of the unique Arabic manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France , Paris , with a translation , notes and comments . London and New York : Routledge . Lewers Langston , Aileen ; Buck , Jr. , J. Orton , eds. ( 1974 ) . Pedigrees of Some of the Emperor Charlemagne 's Descendants . Baltimore : Genealogical Pub. Co . McKitterick , Rosamond ( 24 April 2008 ) . Charlemagne : The Formation of a European Identity . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 47285 - 2 . Molina Figueras , Joan ( 2004 ) . `` Arnau de Montrodon y la catedral de San Carlomagno : sobre la imagen y el culto al emperador carolingio en Gerona '' . Anuario de Estudios Medievales ( in Spanish ) . 34 ( 1 ) : 417 -- 454 . doi : 10.3989 / aem. 2004. v34. i1. 190 . Norwich , John Julius ( 1992a ) . Byzantium : The Apogee . Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 53779 - 5 . Norwich , John Julius ( 1992b ) . Byzantium : The Early Centuries . Penguin Books . Oman , Charles ( 1914 ) . The Dark Ages , 476 -- 918 ( 6th ed . ) . London : Rivingtons . Painter , Sidney ( 1953 ) . A History of the Middle Ages , 284 - 1500 . New York : Knopf . Pirenne , Henri ( 18 April 2012 ) ( 1937 posthumous ) . Mohammed and Charlemagne ( Dover ed . ) . Mineola , N.Y. : Courier Corporation . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 12225 - 0 . Riché , Pierre ( 1993 ) . The Carolingians : A Family Who Forged Europe . Middle Ages Series . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1342 - 4 . Russell , Charles Edward ( 1930 ) . Charlemagne , first of the moderns . Boston and New York : Houghton Mifflin Co . Santosuosso , Antonio ( 2004 ) . Barbarians , Marauders , and Infidels : The Ways of Medieval Warfare . Boulder , Colo. : Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 9153 - 9 . Sarti , Laury ( 2016 ) . `` Frankish Romanness and Charlemagne 's Empire '' . Speculum. 91 ( 4 ) : 1040 -- 1058 . Scholz , Bernhard Walter ; Barbara Rogers ( 1970 ) . Carolingian Chronicles : Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard 's Histories . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08790 - 8 . Comprises the Annales regni Francorum and The History of the Sons of Louis the Pious Sypeck , Jeff ( 2006 ) . Becoming Charlemagne : Europe , Baghdad , and The Empires of A.D. 800 . New York : Ecco / HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 079706 - 1 . Tierney , Brian ( 1964 ) . The Crisis of Church and State 1050 -- 1300 . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 6701 - 8 . Waldman , Carl ; Mason , Catherine ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of European Peoples . New York : Facts on File . ISBN 978 - 0816049646 . Wilson , Derek ( 2005 ) . Charlemagne : The Great Adventure . London : Hutchinson . ISBN 0 - 09 - 179461 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutCharlemagneat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity The Making of Charlemagne 's Europe ( freely available database of prosopographical and socio - economic data from legal documents dating to Charlemagne 's reign , produced by King 's College London ) Einhard . `` Vita Karoli Magni '' . Medieval Latin . The Latin Library . Bakker , Marco ( 2003 -- 2011 ) . `` Charlemagne '' . Reportret . The Sword of Charlemagne ( myArmoury.com article ) Snell , Melissa ( 2011 ) . `` Charlemagne Picture Gallery '' . Medieval History . About.com . Charter given by Charlemagne for St. Emmeram 's Abbey showing the Emperor 's seal , 22.2. 794 . Taken from the collections of the Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden at Marburg University Works by or about Charlemagne at Internet Archive Works by Charlemagne at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) An interactive map of Charlemagne 's travels `` Carolus Magnus imperator '' . Repertorium `` Historical Sources of the German Middle Ages '' ( Geschichtsquellen des deutschen Mittelalters ) . Emperor Charles I the Great Carolingian dynasty Died : 28 January 814 Regnal titles Preceded by Pippin the Short King of the Franks 768 -- 814 with Carloman I ( 768 -- 771 ) and Charles the Younger ( 800 -- 811 ) Succeeded by Louis the Pious Preceded by Desiderius King of the Lombards 774 -- 814 with Pippin Carloman ( 781 -- 810 ) and Bernard of Vermandois ( 810 -- 818 ) Vacant Title last held by Julius Nepos as Western Roman Emperor Emperor of the Romans 800 -- 814 with Louis the Pious ( 813 -- 814 ) Holy Roman Emperors Carolingian Empire ( 800 -- 888 ) Charles I ( Charlemagne ) Louis I Lothair I Louis II Charles II Charles III Guy Lambert Arnulf Louis III Berengar Holy Roman Empire ( 800 / 962 -- 1806 ) Otto I Otto II Otto III Henry II Conrad II Henry III Henry IV Henry V Lothair II Frederick I Henry VI Otto IV Frederick II Henry VII Louis IV Charles IV Sigismund Frederick III Maximilian I Charles V Ferdinand I Maximilian II Rudolph II Matthias Ferdinand II Ferdinand III Leopold I Joseph I Charles VI Charles VII Francis I Joseph II Leopold II Francis II Book Category Kings of Italy between 476 and 1556 Non-dynastic Odoacer ( 476 -- 493 ) Ostrogoths Theoderic ( 493 -- 526 ) Athalaric ( 526 -- 534 ) Theodahad ( 534 -- 536 ) Vitiges ( 536 -- 540 ) Ildibad ( 540 -- 541 ) Eraric ( 541 ) Totila ( 541 -- 552 ) Teia ( 552 -- 553 ) Lombards Alboin ( 568 -- 572 ) Cleph ( 572 -- 574 ) Interregnum ( 574 -- 584 ) Authari ( 584 -- 590 ) Agilulf ( 590 -- 616 ) Adaloald ( 616 -- 626 ) Arioald ( 626 -- 636 ) Rothari ( 636 - 652 ) Rodoald ( 652 -- 653 ) Aripert I ( 653 -- 661 ) Godepert ( 661 -- 662 ) Perctarit ( 661 -- 662 ) Grimoald ( 662 -- 671 ) Garibald ( 671 ) Perctarit ( 671 -- 688 ) Cunipert ( 688 -- 689 ) Alahis ( 689 ) Cunipert ( 689 -- 700 ) Liutpert ( 700 -- 702 ) Raginpert ( 701 ) Aripert II ( 702 -- 712 ) Ansprand ( 712 ) Liutprand ( 712 -- 744 ) Hildeprand ( 744 ) Ratchis ( 744 -- 749 ) Aistulf ( 749 -- 756 ) Desiderius ( 756 -- 774 ) Carolingians Charles I ( 774 -- 814 ) Pepin ( 781 -- 810 ) Bernard ( 810 -- 818 ) Lothair I ( 818 -- 855 ) Louis I ( 855 -- 875 ) Charles II ( 875 -- 877 ) Carloman ( 877 -- 879 ) Charles III ( 879 -- 887 ) Arnulf ( 896 -- 899 ) Ratold ( 896 ) Non-dynastic ( title disputed 887 -- 933 ) Unruochings : Berengar I ( 887 -- 924 ) Guideschi : Guy ( 889 -- 894 ) Lambert ( 891 -- 897 ) Welfs : Rudolph ( 922 -- 933 ) Bosonids : Louis II ( 900 -- 905 ) Hugh ( 926 -- 947 ) Lothair II ( 945 -- 950 ) Anscarids : Berengar II ( 950 -- 963 ) Adalbert ( 950 -- 963 ) Kingdom of Italy within the Holy Roman Empire ( 962 -- 1556 ) Otto I ( 962 -- 973 ) Otto II ( 980 -- 983 ) Otto III ( 996 -- 1002 ) Arduin I ( 1002 -- 1014 ) Henry II ( 1004 -- 1024 ) Conrad II ( 1026 -- 1039 ) Henry III ( 1039 -- 1056 ) Henry IV ( 1056 -- 1105 ) Conrad II ( 1093 -- 1101 ) Henry V ( 1106 -- 1125 ) Lothair III ( or II ) ( 1125 -- 1137 ) Conrad III ( 1138 -- 1152 ) Frederick I ( 1154 -- 1186 ) Henry VI ( 1186 -- 1197 ) Otto IV ( 1209 -- 1212 ) Frederick II ( 1212 -- 1250 ) Henry VII ( 1311 -- 1313 ) Louis IV ( 1327 -- 1347 ) Charles IV ( 1355 -- 1378 ) Sigismund ( 1431 -- 1437 ) Frederick III ( 1452 -- 1493 ) Charles V ( 1530 -- 1556 ) Carolingian Kings of France Pepin ( 751 -- 768 ) Charles the Great ( 768 -- 814 ) Carloman I ( 768 -- 771 ) Louis I ( 814 -- 840 ) Charles I ( 840 -- 877 ) Louis II ( 877 -- 879 ) Louis III ( 879 -- 882 ) Carloman II ( 879 -- 884 ) Charles II ( 884 -- 888 ) Charles III ( 898 -- 922 ) Louis IV ( 936 -- 954 ) Lothaire ( 954 -- 986 ) Louis V ( 986 -- 987 ) French monarchs Detailed family tree Simplified family tree Merovingians Clovis I Childebert I Chlothar I Charibert I Guntram Chilperic I Sigebert I Childebert II Chlothar II Dagobert I Sigebert II Clovis II Chlothar III Childeric II Theuderic III Clovis IV Childebert III Dagobert III Chilperic II Chlothar IV Theuderic IV Childeric III Carolingians , Robertians and Bosonids Pepin the Short Carloman I Charlemagne ( Charles I ) Louis I Charles II Louis II Louis III Carloman II Charles the Fat Odo Charles III Robert I Rudolph Louis IV Lothair Louis V Capet Hugh Capet Robert II Henry I Philip I Louis VI Louis VII Philip II Louis VIII Louis IX Philip III Philip IV Louis X John I Philip V Charles IV Valois Philip VI John II Charles V Charles VI Henry VI of England Charles VII Louis XI Charles VIII Louis XII Francis I Henry II Francis II Charles IX Henry III Bourbon Henry IV Louis XIII Louis XIV Louis XV Louis XVI Louis XVII Bonaparte ( 1st Empire ) Napoleon I Napoleon II Bourbon ( Restoration ) Louis XVIII Charles X Louis XIX Henry V Orléans ( July Monarchy ) Louis Philippe I Bonaparte ( 2nd Empire ) Napoleon III Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics France topics History Periods Timeline Prehistory Celtic Gaul Roman Gaul Kingdom of the Visigoths Francia West Francia Middle Ages Early modern era Long nineteenth century Revolutionary era Napoleonic era Belle Époque Twentieth century Regimes Absolute monarchy Ancien Régime First 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Charlemagne and the Matter of France Key people Charlemagne Roland Ganelon Naimon Oliver Renaud de Montauban Paladins and other characters Agolant Albracca Angelica Astolfo Atlantes Aude Aymon Baligant Blancandrin Bradamante Bramimonde Brandimarte Brunello Charlot Doon de Mayence Ferragut Fierabras Garin de Monglane Girart de Roussillon Huon of Bordeaux Marfisa Marsile Maugris Melissa Ogier the Dane Pinabel Rodomonte Ruggiero Sacripante Turpin William of Gellone Zerbino Horses and other animals Barbamouche Bayard Gaignun Gramimond Hippogriff Marmorie Passecerf Sautperdu Sorel Tachëbrun Tencendur Veillantif Swords and other objects Almace Curtana Durendal Hauteclere Joyeuse Murgleys Olifant Précieuse Places Aachen La Brèche de Roland Roncevaux Pass Chansons de geste and other works The Song of Roland Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne Chanson de Guillaume Gormond et Isembart The Four Sons of Aymon Karlamagnús saga Orlando Innamorato Orlando Furioso VIAF : 89643029 LCCN : n79043619 ISNI : 0000 0001 2143 0569 GND : 118560034 SELIBR : 192448 SUDOC : 027339793 BNF : cb11940325v ( data ) ULAN : 500097003 HDS : 20775 NLA : 49885978 NDL : 00620482 NKC : jo20000082682 BNE : XX977993 IATH : w6pc36mh Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlemagne&oldid=800687589 '' Categories : Charlemagne Carolingian Roman emperors Frankish kings of Burgundy Roman Catholic monarchs Roman Catholic royal saints 740s births 814 deaths Founding monarchs Frankish kings Lombard kings French Roman Catholics German Roman Catholics Captains General of the Church Bibliophiles Characters in The Song of Roland Characters in Orlando Innamorato and Orlando Furioso 8th century in Europe 9th century in Europe History of the Low Countries 8th - century Frankish people 8th - century monarchs in Europe 9th - century monarchs in Europe Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Croatian - language 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"Charlemagne (/ˈʃɑːrlɪmeɪn/) or Charles the Great[a] (2 April 742[1][b] – 28 January 814), numbered Charles I, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774 and Emperor of the Romans from 800. He united much of Europe during the early Middle Ages. He was the first recognised emperor in western Europe since the fall of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. The expanded Frankish state that Charlemagne founded is called the Carolingian Empire."
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"Charlemagne"
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-2022579296794302123 | 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony | 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony - wikipedia 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` The template below ( Incomplete ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' This article is incomplete . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( March 2018 ) 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony Date 25 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 25 ) Time 20 : 00 - 22 : 05 KST ( UTC + 9 ) Location Pyeongchang , South Korea Filmed by SBS and OBS Part of a series on the 2018 Winter Olympics Bid process ( bid details ) Venues Torch relay Mascots Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medalists ) World and Olympic records Controversies ( ban on Russian athletes ) Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC KOC POCOG The closing ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics took place at Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium in Pyeongchang County , South Korea , on 25 February 2018 at 20 : 00 KST ( UTC + 9 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ceremony 1.1 Opening 1.2 Parade of Nations 1.3 Concert section 2 Handover of the Olympic flag 3 Beijing 2022 performance 4 Games declared closed 5 Dignitaries in attendance 6 Anthems 7 References Ceremony ( edit ) Opening ( edit ) South Korean singer Jang Sa - ik performed Aegukga with children from Gangwon Province . South Korean guitarist Yang Tae - Hwan performed `` Winter '' of Vivaldi 's Four Seasons . South Korean post-rock band Jambinai performed `` Time of Extinction '' including many geomungo players . Parade of nations ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony flag bearers The flag bearers of 92 National Olympic Committees arrived into the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium . The flag bearers from each participating country entered the stadium informally in single file , ordered by ganada order of the Korean alphabet , and behind them marched all the athletes , without any distinction or grouping by nationality . Marching alongside the athletes were Soohorang , the Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic mascot , and Hodori , mascot of the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . Concert section ( edit ) South Korean singer and rapper CL , leader of disbanded South Korean girl group 2NE1 ( 2009 - 2016 ) , performed `` The Baddest Female '' and `` I Am the Best '' . South Korean - Chinese boy group EXO performed `` Growl '' and `` Power '' . Dutch DJ Martin Garrix headlined the afterparty segment performing `` Forever '' , `` Together '' , `` Animals '' , `` Like I Do '' , and `` Pizza '' . Handover of the Olympic flag ( edit ) First , the Greek flag was raised while its anthem played . The Olympic flag was then lowered and passed , by the mayor of Pyeongchang County , Shim Jae - kook , to IOC President , Thomas Bach , who then handed it over to the mayor of Beijing , Chen Jining . This was then followed by the raising of the flag of China , and the playing of its anthem . The flag will be raised again in Tokyo , Japan , for the opening ceremony of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 24 July 2020 . Beijing 2022 performance ( edit ) Beijing , the host city of the 2022 Winter Olympic Games , presented a special performance See you in Beijing in 2022 directed by Chinese film director Zhang Yimou , who also presented the 2008 Summer Olympics opening and closing ceremonies . The presentation featured two pandas skating and people forming red lines that became a dragon , as pandas and dragons are national icons for China . The skaters also trail lines to form the emblem of the games . China 's Paramount leader Xi Jinping made a cameo appearance by video expressing the welcome message on behalf of the Chinese people . Games declared closed ( edit ) IOC President Thomas Bach formally closed the games , calling them ' The Games of New Horizons . ' Soon after , the cauldron was extinguished . Dignitaries in attendance ( edit ) South Korea - President of the Republic of Korea Moon Jae - in , First Lady of the Republic of Korea Kim Jung - sook North Korea - Supreme People 's Assembly Presidium member Kim Yong - chol United States - First Daughter and Senior Advisor to the President Ivanka Trump China - Vice Premier of the People 's Republic of China Liu Yandong Anthems ( edit ) Jang Sa - ik and a choir of local schoolchildren - National Anthem of South Korea London Symphony Orchestra - National Anthem of Greece Oh Yeon - joon - Olympic Hymn ( English version ) A choir of singers from the 56 ethnic groups of China - National Anthem of the People 's Republic of China References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pyeongchang 2018 Closing Ceremony Not LIVE on 19 February 2020 Jump up ^ http://loudwire.com/13-year-old-guitar-prodigy-winter-olympics-closing-ceremony/ ^ Jump up to : Kornhaber , Spencer . `` A Rock Star Is Born at the Olympics Closing Ceremony '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Herman , Tamar ( 2018 - 02 - 25 ) . `` K - Pop Stars CL & EXO Impress at Winter Olympics Closing Ceremony '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` In just over 24 hours # EXO will perform in the # ClosingCeremony # PyeongChang2018 @ weareoneEXO # 엑소 # Suho # Olympicspic.twitter.com/GfHxE1Xdte '' . Twitter . 24 February 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://www.livetracklist.com/martin-garrix-winter-olympics-pyeongchang-2018-closing-ceremony/ Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics 2018 : North Korea 's General Kim Yong - chol to attend '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ CNN , Betsy Klein , . `` Ivanka Trump is South Korea - bound for Olympics closing ceremony '' . CNN . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Kim , Christine ; Rampton , Roberta ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Seoul pushes for U.S. - Korea talks , Trump says ' We 'll see ' '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 25 . ( hide ) Olympic Games ceremonies Opening ceremonies Summer 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 2028 2032 Winter 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 Closing ceremonies Summer 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 2028 2032 Winter 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 Olympics portal South Korea portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Winter_Olympics_closing_ceremony&oldid=832659780 '' Categories : 2018 Winter Olympics Ceremonies in South Korea Olympics closing ceremonies Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Español Français 한국어 日本 語 ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 08 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when are the closing ceremonies for the olymics | [
"\n2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony\n\nDate\n25 February 2018 (2018-02-25)\n\n\nTime\n20:00-22:05 KST (UTC+9)\n\n\nLocation\nPyeongchang, South Korea\n\n\nFilmed by\nSBS and OBS\n\n"
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7471978695915569484 | List of all-time NBA win-loss records | List of All - time NBA win - loss records - wikipedia List of All - time NBA win - loss records Jump to : navigation , search Tim Duncan and Tony Parker of the San Antonio Spurs , who have the best all - time win - loss record percentage in the NBA The following is a listing of all 30 current National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams ranked by win - loss record percentage , accurate as of the end of the 2016 -- 17 NBA season . The records do not count wins and losses recorded by a team 's playing time in the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) , despite the 1976 NBA - ABA merger . The San Antonio Spurs have the highest win - loss record percentage , with . 624 . The Minnesota Timberwolves have the lowest win - loss record percentage , with . 391 . The Boston Celtics have recorded the most wins , with 3,274 , while the Sacramento Kings have recorded the most losses at 2,955 . The Boston Celtics lead the association with the most played games , with 5,560 . Conversely , the Pelicans have played the least overall games , with 1,132 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regular season 2 Playoffs 3 References 4 Notes Regular season ( edit ) The Minnesota Timberwolves have the lowest all - time win - loss record percentage in NBA history Best win - loss record in division Rank Team Won Lost Pct . First NBA Season Total Games Division San Antonio Spurs 2,067 1,247 . 624 1976 -- 77 3,314 Southwest Los Angeles Lakers 3,261 2,190 . 598 1948 -- 49 5,451 Pacific Boston Celtics 3,274 2,286 . 589 1946 -- 47 5,560 Atlantic Phoenix Suns 2,146 1,824 . 541 1968 -- 69 3,970 Pacific 5 Oklahoma City Thunder 2,186 1,866 . 539 1967 -- 68 4,052 Northwest 6 Utah Jazz 1,866 1,612 . 537 1974 -- 75 3,478 Northwest 7 Portland Trail Blazers 2,032 1,774 . 534 1970 -- 71 3,806 Northwest 8 Chicago Bulls 2,156 1,977 . 522 1966 -- 67 4,133 Central 9 Houston Rockets 2,107 1,945 . 520 1967 -- 68 4,052 Southwest 10 Miami Heat 1,211 1,119 . 520 1988 -- 89 2,330 Southeast 11 Philadelphia 76ers 2,754 2,632 . 511 1949 -- 50 5,386 Atlantic 12 Milwaukee Bucks 2,025 1,945 . 510 1968 -- 69 3,970 Central 13 Dallas Mavericks 1,515 1,471 . 507 1980 -- 81 2,986 Southwest 14 Atlanta Hawks 2,693 2,695 . 500 1949 -- 50 5,388 Southeast 15 Indiana Pacers 1,648 1,665 . 497 1976 -- 77 3,313 Central 16 New York Knicks 2,732 2,825 . 492 1946 -- 47 5,557 Atlantic 17 Detroit Pistons 2,653 2,797 . 487 1948 -- 49 5,450 Central 18 Orlando Magic 1,091 1,157 . 485 1989 -- 90 2,248 Southeast 19 Denver Nuggets 1,603 1,711 . 484 1976 -- 77 3,314 Northwest 20 Golden State Warriors 2,657 2,899 . 478 1946 -- 47 5,556 Pacific 21 Cleveland Cavaliers 1,779 2,027 . 467 1970 -- 71 3,806 Central 22 New Orleans Pelicans 562 652 . 463 2002 -- 03 1,214 Southwest 23 Sacramento Kings 2,496 2,955 . 458 1948 -- 49 5,451 Pacific 24 Washington Wizards 2,053 2,480 . 453 1961 -- 62 4,533 Southeast 25 Toronto Raptors 785 971 . 447 1995 -- 96 1,756 Atlantic 26 Charlotte Hornets 952 1,214 . 440 1988 -- 89 2,166 Southeast 27 Memphis Grizzlies 737 1,019 . 420 1995 -- 96 1,756 Southwest 28 Brooklyn Nets 1,380 1,934 . 416 1976 -- 77 3,314 Atlantic 29 Los Angeles Clippers 1,520 2,286 . 399 1970 -- 71 3,806 Pacific 30 Minnesota Timberwolves 878 1,370 . 391 1989 -- 90 2,248 Northwest Playoffs ( edit ) The following playoff listing is accurate through the end of the 2017 NBA Playoffs . The Los Angeles Lakers have the most post-season wins ( 438 ) , most post-season games played ( 734 ) , and highest post-season winning percentage (. 597 ) out of any NBA team . The New Orleans Pelicans have the fewest post-season wins ( 15 ) and post-season games played ( 40 ) , although the Minnesota Timberwolves have the lowest post-season winning percentage (. 362 ) . Best win - loss record in division Team active in playoffs Rank Team Won Lost Pct . Last playoff appearance Total Games Division Los Angeles Lakers 438 296 . 597 2013 734 Pacific Boston Celtics 355 270 . 568 2017 625 Atlantic Miami Heat 123 96 . 562 2016 219 Southeast San Antonio Spurs 218 173 . 558 2017 391 Southwest 5 Cleveland Cavaliers 113 94 . 546 2017 207 Central 6 Chicago Bulls 186 158 . 541 2017 344 Central 7 Golden State Warriors 160 146 . 523 2017 306 Pacific 8 Detroit Pistons 188 178 . 514 2016 366 Central 9 Philadelphia 76ers 216 205 . 513 2012 421 Atlantic 10 Oklahoma City Thunder 158 155 . 505 2017 313 Northwest 11 New York Knicks 186 189 . 496 2013 375 Atlantic 12 Indiana Pacers 112 114 . 496 2017 226 Central 13 Phoenix Suns 133 141 . 485 274 Pacific 14 Houston Rockets 136 146 . 482 2017 282 Southwest 15 Utah Jazz 118 134 . 468 2017 252 Northwest 16 Dallas Mavericks 91 105 . 464 2016 196 Southwest 17 Orlando Magic 57 66 . 463 2012 123 Southeast 18 Milwaukee Bucks 108 126 . 462 2017 234 Central 19 Portland Trail Blazers 108 135 . 444 2017 243 Northwest 20 Brooklyn Nets 62 80 . 437 2015 142 Atlantic 21 Atlanta Hawks 153 202 . 431 2017 355 Southeast 22 Sacramento Kings 80 107 . 428 2006 187 Pacific 23 Washington Wizards 96 130 . 425 2017 226 Southeast 24 Los Angeles Clippers 44 60 . 423 2017 104 Pacific 25 Toronto Raptors 28 44 . 389 2017 72 Atlantic 26 Memphis Grizzlies 29 46 . 387 2017 75 Southwest 27 Denver Nuggets 61 101 . 377 2013 162 Northwest 28 New Orleans Pelicans 15 25 . 375 2015 40 Southwest 29 Charlotte Hornets 23 40 . 365 2016 63 Southeast 30 Minnesota Timberwolves 17 30 . 362 47 Northwest References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aschburner , Steve ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` We All Count Numbers But Do All Numbers Count ? '' . Hang Time Blog . National Basketball League . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA & ABA Team Index '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports - Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` Charlotte Hornets back in 2014 - 15 '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Dan ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Charlotte Hornets assume historical records from New ( Orleans ) Pelicans '' . ProBasketballTalk . NBC Sports . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The New Orleans Pelicans began play as the New Orleans Hornets in the 2002 -- 03 NBA season , due to the original Charlotte Hornets ( which began play in the 1988 -- 89 NBA season ) relocating to New Orleans . The city of Charlotte was then awarded the 30th NBA franchise , dubbed the Charlotte Bobcats , which began play in the 2004 -- 05 NBA season . The New Orleans Hornets rebranded as the New Orleans Pelicans , with the 2013 -- 14 NBA season being their first under the Pelicans name . The Bobcats then rebranded as the Charlotte Hornets , first playing under the Hornets name in 2014 . This second incarnation of Charlotte Hornets retained statistics and records of the original Charlotte Hornets franchise which played from the 1988 -- 89 NBA season to the 2001 -- 02 NBA season -- as well as the statistics and records accumulated while playing as the Bobcats -- while the New Orleans Pelicans franchise was retroactively regarded as a 2002 -- 03 season expansion franchise , maintaining the statistics and records accumulated from that season onwards . ( hide ) National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game MVP Playoffs List Finals Champions MVP Others NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players ABA Merger Arenas Awards BAA Cheerleading Collective bargaining agreement Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal G League Dress code Draft eligibility Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 First overall draft picks Hall of Fame Members Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches Lockouts Larry O'Brien Trophy Mascots Midwest Division NBA champions NBA Store Media TV NBA TV NBL NBPA Owners Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity Retired numbers Banned or suspended Highest paid Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Rivalries Salary cap Seasons Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_all-time_NBA_win-loss_records&oldid=821033927 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 01 : 21 . About Wikipedia | what nba team has the highest winning percentage | [
"The following is a listing of all 30 current National Basketball Association (NBA) teams ranked by win-loss record percentage, accurate as of the end of the 2016–17 NBA season. The records do not count wins and losses recorded by a team's playing time in the American Basketball Association (ABA), despite the 1976 NBA-ABA merger.[1] The San Antonio Spurs have the highest win-loss record percentage, with .624.[2] The Minnesota Timberwolves have the lowest win-loss record percentage, with .391.[2] The Boston Celtics have recorded the most wins, with 3,274, while the Sacramento Kings have recorded the most losses at 2,955.[2] The Boston Celtics lead the association with the most played games, with 5,560.[2] Conversely, the Pelicans have played the least overall games, with 1,132.[2]"
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"San Antonio Spurs"
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-430062735465954798 | Gun laws in Texas | Gun laws in Texas - wikipedia Gun laws in Texas Jump to : navigation , search Location of Texas in the United States Gun laws in Texas regulate the sale , possession , and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of Texas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary table 2 Firearms possession 3 Firearms carry 3.1 License to Carry 3.2 College Carry Laws 3.3 Restrictions on licensed carry 3.3. 1 30.06 signage 3.4 Open Carry 3.4. 1 30.07 signage 4 Castle Doctrine 4.1 Stand Your Ground 4.2 Civil Immunity 5 Motorists Protection Act 6 National Firearms Act 7 State preemption of local laws 8 See also 9 References Summary table ( edit ) Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Owner license required ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No Carry license required ? No Yes GC Ch . 411.172 Licensed carry of a handgun requires a `` shall - issue '' license , and is subject to specific laws governing trespass while armed . People who are barred from licensing include those under age 21 , felons , fugitives , people who are `` chemically dependent '' or `` incapable of exercising sound judgment '' , and those in arrears for taxes or child support . Open carry ? Yes Yes PC 46.02 Long gun and black powder weapon ( including handgun ) open carry is not forbidden by law , unless in a manner `` calculated to cause alarm . '' Effective January 1 , 2016 , individuals with a handgun carry license are permitted to carry openly , per House Bill 910 of the 2015 legislative session . Non-residents from states whose permits are recognized by Texas are also allowed to open carry under the new law . Concealed carry on college campus ? No Yes May carry in parking lots , parking garages , outdoor walkways on campus . Public four - year universities ( as of August 1 , 2016 ) and public two - year colleges ( as of August 1 , 2017 ) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well . Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as `` gun free zones '' ; these will be subject to legislative analysis . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes LGC § 229.001 . State law prohibits municipal governments from regulating the ownership , transfer , storage , or licensing of firearms , ammunition , or accessories . Local ordinances can regulate the discharge of firearms ( such as for noise , nuisance or public safety ) , but not in contradiction of state law concerning justified use of a firearm . NFA weapons restricted ? No No PC 46.01 , PC 46.05 Texas Penal Code Section 46.05 requires that `` explosive weapons '' , `` machine guns '' , `` short - barrel firearms '' , and `` firearm silencers '' , as defined in Section 46.01 , be `` registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record maintained by the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives or classified as a curio or relic by the United States Department of Justice '' . Prior to May 22nd 2015 , Section 46.05 called `` registration pursuant to the National Firearms Act '' a `` defense to prosecution '' . Peaceable journey laws ? Yes Yes PC 46.02 , PC 46.15 A person may carry a loaded handgun without a permit while in or heading directly to a motor vehicle or watercraft they own or control . The statute does not specifically state the handgun must be concealed while heading to the vehicle or watercraft , and 46.02 , which requires concealment of a handgun while in a motor vehicle or watercraft , is not applicable to a person while the person is traveling , pursuant to said activities . 46.15 ( b ) ( 2 ) . Castle doctrine / stand your ground law ? Yes Yes PC 9.32 A person is presumed justified in using deadly force to protect themselves against an unlawful , forceful intrusion into their dwelling , or to prevent an unlawful , forceful attempt to remove a lawful occupant from the dwelling , or to prevent certain serious felonies such as burglary or arson . There is no duty to retreat from any place where the shooter has a legal right to be . Background checks required for private sales ? No No A notice stating that the Turman Halfway House in Austin , Texas prohibits concealed handguns . This sign uses obsolete wording in font smaller than required , and is no longer enforceable under current law . Firearms possession ( edit ) Texas has no laws regarding possession of any firearm regardless of age , without felony convictions ; all existing restrictions in State law mirror Federal law . A person of any age , except certain Felons , can possess a firearm such as at a firing range . Texas and Federal law only regulate the ownership of all firearms to 18 years of age or older , and regulate the transfer of handguns to 21 years or older by FFL dealers . However , a private citizen may sell , gift , lease etc. a handgun to anyone over 18 who is not Felon . NFA weapons are also only subject to Federal restrictions ; no State regulations exist . Municipal and county ordinances on possession and carry are generally overridden ( preempted ) due to the wording of the Texas Constitution , which gives the Texas Legislature ( and it alone ) the power to `` regulate the wearing of arms , with a view to prevent crime '' . Penal Code Section 1.08 also prohibits local jurisdictions from enacting or enforcing any law that conflicts with State statute . Local ordinances restricting discharge of a firearm are generally allowed as State law has little or no specification thereof , but such restrictions do not preempt State law concerning justification of use of force and deadly force . In Texas a convicted felon may possess a firearm in the residence in which he lives once five years have elapsed from his release from prison or parole , whichever is later . Under Texas Penal Code § § 12.33 , 46.04 , the unlawful possession of a firearm is a third degree felony with a punishment range of two to ten years for a defendant with one prior felony conviction and fine up to $10,001 . Firearms carry ( edit ) There is no legal statute specifically prohibiting the carry of a firearm other than a handgun ( pre-1899 black powder weapons , and replicas of such , are not legally firearms in Texas ) . However , if the firearm is displayed in a manner `` calculated to cause alarm , '' then it is `` disorderly conduct '' . Open carry of a handgun in public had long been illegal in Texas , except when the carrier was on property he / she owned or had lawful control over , was legally hunting , or was participating in some gun - related public event such as a gun show . However , the 2015 Texas Legislature passed a bill to allow concealed handgun permit holders to begin carrying handguns openly . The bill was signed into law on June 13 , 2015 , and took effect on January 1 , 2016 . A License to Carry ( LTC ) is still required to carry a handgun openly or concealed in public . License to carry ( edit ) The Texas handgun carry permit was previously called a `` Concealed Handgun License '' or CHL . This has changed on Jan 1 . 2016 to LTC `` License To Carry '' and at the same time the laws changed to include `` Open Carry '' . Permits are issued on a non-discretionary ( `` shall - issue '' ) basis to all eligible , qualified applicants . Texas has full reciprocity agreements with 30 states , not including Vermont ( which is an `` unrestricted '' state and neither issues nor requires permits ) , most of these having some residency restrictions ( the holder must either be a resident of Texas or a non-resident of the reciprocal state for the Texas license to be valid in that state ) . Texas recognizes an additional 11 states ' concealed - carry permits unilaterally ; those states do not recognize Texas ' own permit as valid within their jurisdiction , usually due to some lesser requirement of the Texas permit compared to their own . The handgun licensing law sets out the eligibility criteria that must be met . For example , an applicant must be eligible to purchase a handgun under the State and Federal laws ( including an age restriction of 21 ) , however an exception is granted to active members of the military who are age 18 and over . Additionally , a number of factors may make a person ineligible ( temporarily or permanently ) to obtain a license , including : felony convictions ( permanent ) and Class A or B misdemeanors ( 5 years , permanent in cases of domestic violence ) , including charges that resulted in probation or deferred adjudication ; pending criminal charges ( indefinite until resolved ) ; chemical or alcohol dependency ( defined as 2 convictions for substance - related offenses in a 10 - year period ; 10 - year ban from the date of the first conviction ) ; certain types of psychological diagnoses ( indefinite until the condition is testified by a medical professional as being in remission ) ; protective or restraining orders ( indefinite until rescinded ) ; or defaults on taxes , student loans , child support and / or other governmental fees ( indefinite until resolved ) . This last category , though having little to do with a person 's ability to own a firearm , is in keeping with Texas policy for any licensing ; those who are delinquent or in default on State - regulated debts or court judgments are generally barred from obtaining or renewing any State - issued license ( including driver licenses ) , as an incentive to settle those debts . `` Information regarding any psychiatric , drug , alcohol , or criminal history '' is required only from new users . Renewals are required every five years , but are granted without further inquiry into or update of this information . An eligible person wishing to obtain an LTC ( formerly CHL ) must take a State - set instruction course taught by a licensed instructor for a minimum of 4 hours and a maximum of 6 hours , covering topics such as applicable laws , conflict resolution , criminal / civil liability , and handgun safety , and pass a practical qualification at a firing range with a handgun . The caliber requirement was repealed on September 1 , 2017 . Such courses vary in cost , but are typically around $100 -- $125 for new applicants ( usually not including the cost of ammunition and other shooting supplies ; the practical qualification requires firing 50 rounds of ammunition ) . They may then apply , providing a picture , fingerprints , other documentation , and a $40 application fee ( as of September 1 , 2017 ; previously $140 and $70 for renewals ) , -- active and discharged military are eligible for discounts -- to the DPS , which processes the application , runs a federal background check , and if all is well , issues the permit . Permits are valid for five years , and allow resident holders to carry in 29 other states ( nonresidents may carry in all but four of those ) , due to reciprocity agreements . Discounted LTC fees vary from $0 for active duty military ( through one year after discharge ) , to $25 for military veterans . College carry laws ( edit ) Public four - year universities ( as of August 1 , 2016 ) and public two - year colleges ( as of August 1 , 2017 ) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well . Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as `` gun free zones '' ; these will be subject to legislative analysis . Restrictions on licensed carry ( edit ) While a permitted resident of Texas ( or a nonresident holding a recognized permit ) is generally authorized to carry in most public places , there are State and Federal laws that still restrict a permit holder from carrying a weapon in certain situations . These include : Federal buildings - Premises owned by the U.S. Federal Government or its agencies for the purpose of any official business of the Federal Government are covered by Federal statutes that supersede State law . It is illegal in general under said statutes to possess a firearm while in any such location , and possession of a State - issued concealed firearms permit is no defense . Such places commonly encountered include post offices , Federal courts , and offices of the IRS , FBI , Justice Department , Department of Energy , USDA , FDA , etc . A rider tied to the 2009 Federal CARD Act has restricted the Department of the Interior from enacting or enforcing restrictions on carry of arms within lands controlled by the Bureau of Land Management ; CHL permittees may carry concealed while in a federal park or wildlife preserve contained wholly or partially within the borders of the State of Texas . However , Army Corps of Engineers properties ( including all reservoir lakes and included park areas ) are still off - limits . Schools - Concealed carry in a school may be a felony under TPC section 46.03 : `` A person commits an offense if the person intentionally , knowingly , or recklessly possesses or goes with a firearm , illegal knife , club , or prohibited weapon listed in Section 46.05 ( a ) : ... on the physical premises of a school or educational institution , any grounds or building on which an activity sponsored by a school or educational institution is being conducted , or a passenger transportation vehicle of a school or educational institution , whether the school or educational institution is public or private , unless pursuant to written regulations or written authorization of the institution ( emphasis added ) . '' The age / grade level , funding type or for - profit status of the school does not matter . Carry of a concealed weapon while in a public outdoor area surrounding an educational building is permitted ; as defined by TPC 46.035 ( f ) ( 3 ) , `` premises '' refers only to a building or part of a building , and does not refer to driveways , streets , sidewalks , parking lots , parking garages , or privately owned vehicles . Employees of schools will be able to keep their firearms within their vehicles as of September 1 , 2017 . Public sporting events - It is a Class A misdemeanor to carry while inside a building currently being used for an interscholastic or professional sporting event , unless the person carrying is a participant in the sporting event and said sporting event requires the use of the firearm ( i.e. a target shooting competition ) . Businesses posting a compliant `` 51 % sign '' - It is a felony to carry a firearm while on the premises of a business that makes more than 51 % of its revenue from the sale of alcoholic beverages for on - premises consumption ( colloquially `` bars '' , `` nightclubs '' , `` taverns '' , `` saloons '' , etc . ) . A person with a LTC that is in violation has a defense that the establishment did not post the proper signage , as required by the Government Code section 411.204 . The proper signage contains similar language as is required of all liquor license holders , but with the addition of a couple of words to prohibit licensed as well as unlicensed carry , and a background containing a red `` 51 % '' to make it obvious at a glance that the sign applies to LTC holders . Correctional facilities - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building generally termed a `` jail '' or `` prison '' . Execution premises - within 1,000 feet of premises the location of which is designated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice as a place of execution under Article 43.19 , Code of Criminal Procedure , on a day that a sentence of death is set to be imposed on the designated premises and the person received notice that : ( A ) going within 1,000 feet of the premises with a weapon listed under this subsection was prohibited ; or ( B ) possessing a weapon listed under this subsection within 1,000 feet of the premises was prohibited . Courts or court offices - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building used by a functioning municipal , state or federal court for official business . Exceptions are granted to certain employees of those offices , such as judges , attorneys , baliffs , and law enforcement officials . Election polling places - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building being used as a polling center for any municipal , state and / or federal elections process on the scheduled voting date or while polling is underway . This is significant , as a local business or other generally public building , which would normally not prohibit concealed carry , may offer their facilities for use as a polling place . A person would be in violation if they entered the building on the day voting occurs , even if the polls are not open at the time , and even if the license holder is there for some other purpose than to vote . Racetracks - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry a firearm on the premises of a racetrack ( horse or dog ) . While intoxicated - LTC holders may not carry in any place or at any time while intoxicated ( Penal Code 46.035 . ) , defined as : ( a ) not having the normal use of mental or physical faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol , a controlled substance , a drug , a dangerous drug , a combination of two or more of those substances , or any other substance into the body ; or ( B ) having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 percent BAC or more ( Penal Code 49.01 . ) 30.06 signage ( edit ) TPC section 30.06 covers `` Trespass by a person licensed to carry a concealed handgun '' . It allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while carrying concealed . It is a Class A misdemeanor to fail to heed compliant signage . As of January 1 , 2016 , the charge for failing to heed signage has been reduced to a Class C misdemeanor , unless it can be shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart , in which case it remains a Class A misdemeanor . This is a significant difference , in that conviction of a Class A or B misdemeanor will result in the loss of your handgun license for at least 5 years , this is not the case if convicted of a Class C misdemeanor . Signs posted in compliance with TPC 30.06 are colloquially called `` 30.06 signs '' or `` 30.06 signage '' . The courts have yet to rule on any specific requirements of 30.06 , but LTC permittees are generally instructed that signage which does not comply exactly with TPC Sec . 30.06 ( c ) ( 3 ) ( B ) is not binding . The law states a compliant sign must be : In contrasting colors ; With block letters ; Having text 1 '' or greater in height ; Containing `` identical '' text to the following : `` Pursuant to Section 30.06 , Penal Code ( trespass by license holder with a concealed handgun ) , a person licensed under Subchapter H , Chapter 411 , Government Code ( handgun licensing law ) , may not enter this property with a concealed handgun '' In both English and Spanish ; Posted conspicuously and `` clearly visible to the public '' . Hospitals are a gray area due to conflicts in the law and multiple provisions that may apply to a medical facility : License holders were originally prohibited from carrying concealed inside a hospital without written authorization , under TPS 46.035 ( b ) ( 4 ) . An amendment in 2007 added paragraph ( i ) to the same section , stating that ( b ) ( 4 ) the prohibition does not apply if the license holder did not receive notice ( oral or written communication , including posting of a sign , under TPC 30.06 ) of the prohibition . But , a hospital may be a `` teaching hospital '' and considered a school , where firearms carry is prohibited , under TPC 46.03 ( a ) ( 1 ) . It may also be a VA or military hospital , and thus subject to federal prohibition on weapons carry . All hospitals are required under Government Code Section 411.204 ( b ) to post a sign stating that possession of a handgun whether licensed or not is a felony . It is unknown , given the amendments to 46.035 , whether the GC 411.204 signage would actually prohibit a CHL holder from carrying , as it would not constitute `` effective notice under section 30.06 '' and GC 411.204 does not describe failure to heed such a sign as an offense by the license holder . Anyone who owns or controls property may orally or in writing , inform a person carrying a concealed handgun that they must leave the property . Open carry ( edit ) As of January 1 , 2016 , holders of a Texas CHL or LTC are able to openly carry handguns in the same places that allow concealed carry with some exceptions . Openly carried handguns must be in a shoulder or belt holster . Existing CHL holders may continue to carry with a valid license . New applicants will be required to complete training on the use of restraint holsters and methods to ensure the secure carry of openly carried handguns . Exceptions to Open Carry Open carry is not permitted on the premises of a public institution of higher education or on the premises of a private or independent institution of higher education Open carry is not permitted on any public or private driveway , street , sidewalk or walkway , parking lot , parking garage or other parking area of an institution of higher education or private or independent institution of higher education Open carry is not permitted by an individual who is acting as a personal protection officer under Chapter 1702 Texas Occupations Code and is not wearing a uniform 30.07 signage ( edit ) This law took effect January 1 , 2016 , and covers the new Open Carry law . Section 30.07 is substantially similar to Section 30.06 which covers concealed carry . TPC section 30.07 covers `` Trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun '' This allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while openly carrying a handgun . An offense under section 30.07 is a Class C misdemeanor , unless it is shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart , in which case the offense is a Class A misdemeanor . The 30.07 sign differs from the 30.06 sign in that it must be displayed at each entrance to the property . ( In both cases the sign must be `` clearly visible to the public '' . ) The law states that notice may be given orally by the owner of the property , or someone with apparent authority to act for the owner , or by written communication . Written communication consists of a card or other document consisting the 30.07 language below , or a sign posted on the property . Both written communication and a posted sign must contain language identical to the following ( 30.07 notice ) : `` Pursuant to section 30.07 , Penal Code ( trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun ) , a person licensed under Subchapter H , Chapter 411 , Government Code ( handgun licensing law ) , may not enter this property with a handgun that is carried openly '' Additionally , signs posted on the property must conform to the following regulations : Must include the 30.07 notice above in both English and Spanish Must appear in contrasting colors Must be in block letters at least one inch in height Must be `` displayed in a conspicuous manner clearly visible to the public at each entrance to the property '' Castle Doctrine ( edit ) On March 27 , 2007 , Governor Rick Perry signed Senate Bill 378 into law , making Texas a `` Castle Doctrine '' state which came into effect September 1 , 2007 . Residents lawfully occupying a dwelling may use deadly force against a person who `` unlawfully , and with force , enters or attempts to enter the dwelling '' , or who unlawfully and with force removes or attempts to remove someone from that dwelling , or who commits or attempts to commit a `` qualifying '' felony such as `` aggravated kidnapping , murder , sexual assault , aggravated sexual assault , robbery , or aggravated robbery '' ( TPC 9.32 ( b ) ) . Stand your Ground ( edit ) Senate Bill 378 also contains a `` Stand Your Ground '' clause ; A person who has a legal right to be wherever he / she is at the time of a defensive shooting has no `` duty to retreat '' before being justified in shooting . The `` trier of fact '' ( the jury in a jury trial , otherwise the judge ) may not consider whether the person retreated when deciding whether the person was justified in shooting ( TPC 9.32 ( c , d ) ) . Civil immunity ( edit ) In addition , two statutes of the Texas Civil Practice And Remedies Code protect people who justifiably threaten or use deadly force . Chapter 86 prohibits a person convicted of a misdemeanor or felony from filing suit to recover any damages suffered as a result of the criminal act or any justifiable action taken by others to prevent the criminal act or to apprehend the person , including the firing of a weapon . Chapter 83 of the same code states that a person who used force or deadly force against an individual that is justified under TPC Chapter 9 is immune from liability for personal injury or death of the individual against whom the force was used . This does not relieve a person from liability for use of force or deadly force on someone against whom the force would not be justified , such as a bystander hit by an errant shot . This law does not prevent a person from being sued for using deadly force . The civil court will determine if the defendant was justified under chapter 9 of the Penal Code . Motorists protection act ( edit ) Gov. Perry also signed H.B. 1815 after passage by the 2007 Legislature , a bill that allows any Texas resident to carry a handgun in the resident 's motor vehicle without a CHL or other permit . The bill revised Chapter 46 , Section 2 of the Penal Code to state that it is in fact not `` Unlawful Carry of a Weapon '' , as defined by the statute , for a person to carry a handgun while in a motor vehicle they own or control , or to carry while heading directly from the person 's home to that car . However , lawful carry while in a vehicle requires these four critical qualifiers : ( 1 ) the weapon must not be in plain sight ( in Texas law , `` plain sight '' and `` concealed '' are mutually exclusive opposing terms ) ; ( 2 ) the carrier can not be involved in criminal activities , other than Class C traffic misdemeanors ; ( 3 ) the carrier can not be prohibited by state or federal law from possessing a firearm ; and ( 4 ) the carrier can not be a member of a criminal gang . Previous legislation ( H.B. 823 ) enacted in the 2005 session of the Legislature had modified TPC 46.15 ( `` Non-Applicability '' ) to include the `` traveller assumption '' ; a law enforcement officer who encounters a firearm in a vehicle was required to presume that the driver of that vehicle was `` travelling '' under a pre-existing provision of 46.15 , and thus the Unlawful Carry statute did not apply , absent evidence that the person was engaged in criminal activity , a member of a gang , or prohibited from possessing a firearm . However , attorneys and law enforcement officials in several municipalities including DA Chuck Rosenthal of Houston stated that they would continue to prosecute individuals found transporting firearms in their vehicles despite this presumption , leading to the more forceful statement of non-applicability in the 2007 H.B. 1815 . National firearms act ( edit ) Possession of destructive devices , automatic firearms ( machine guns ) , short - barrel shotguns ( SBS ) , short - barrel rifles ( SBR ) , suppressors , smoothbore pistols and other such NFA - restricted weapons is permitted by Texas law as long the owner has registered the item ( s ) into the NFA registry . This registration is legal if the owner possesses the proper forms , processed in accordance with the National Firearms Act which includes a paid tax stamp and approval by the NFA branch of the BATFE . State preemption of local laws ( edit ) Certain local preemptions exist within the state of Texas which prohibit city or county governments from passing ordinances further restricting the lawful carrying of handguns in certain instances beyond that of state law . In 2015 , the legislature passed penal code 411.209 which prohibited an agency or political subdivision from excluding from government property any concealed handgun license holder from carrying a gun unless firearms are prohibited on the premises by state law . Furthermore , Texas penal code 235.023 states the commissioners court of a county ( i.e. county legislative body ) is not authorized to regulate the transfer , ownership , possession , or transportation of firearms or require the registration of firearms More general prohibitions on restrictions on the sale , transfer , ownership , possession , etc. of firearms and knives under local law are listed under Local Government Code Title 7 , Subtitle A , Chapter 229 , Subchapter A Further Attorney General decisions also exist . For example , in August 1995 under DM - 0364 , Attorney General Dan Morales passed an opinion that municipalities are prohibited from regulating the carrying of concealed handguns in city parks by persons licensed to carry a handgun : `` ... we believe that a municipality does not have the power to prohibit licensees from carrying handguns in city parks but that a county does have such power over county parks '' Dan Morales also held that municipal housing authorities are subject to the preemption statute and this precludes authorities from adopting a regulation to evict a tenant for the otherwise legal possession of a firearm . See also ( edit ) Gun violence and gun control in Texas Law of Texas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Texas Government Code - Section 411.172 '' . Texas Constitution and Statutes . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NFA Weapons Now Legal In Texas '' . ammoland.com. 2015 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` TxDPS - CHL Sign Posting '' . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` NRA / ILA Firearms Laws for Texas '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 46 . WEAPONS '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas License to Carry a Handgun Laws '' ( PDF ) . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23. ) Jump up ^ `` Welcome License To Carry A Handgun Texas.gov '' . Txapps.texas.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Texas : Governor Abbott Signs Remaining Pro-Second Amendment Bills from 2017 Regular Session '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Abbott Signs Senate Bill 16 , Bringing Texas License To Carry Fees Down to Among Lowest in Nation '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Texas CCW information '' ( PDF ) . Handgunlaw.us . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` TxDPS -- Agreements with other states '' . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` TxDPS - New laws for Handgun Licensing Program '' . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` TEX PE . CODE § 30.06 : Section 30.06 : TRESPASS BY LICENSE HOLDER WITH A CONCEALED HANDGUN '' . www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us. 2016 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` TxDPS - New Legislation for Concealed Handgun Licensing '' . www.dps.texas.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 30 . BURGLARY AND CRIMINAL TRESPASS '' . www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Legislature Online -- History of Senate Bill 378 '' . Capitol.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 86 . LIABILITY FOR CERTAIN INJURIES TO CONVICTED PERSONS '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 83 . USE OF FORCE OR DEADLY FORCE '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Texas H.B. 1815 '' . Capitol.state.tx.us. 2007 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 46 . WEAPONS '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20111126103705/http://apps.carryconcealed.net/legal/texas-ccw-state-laws.php . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Texas Concealed Carry Permit Information on '' . Usacarry.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` DA warns handgun law wo n't relax enforcement - Houston Chronicle '' . Chron.com. 2005 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Weapons - When can you carry a gun in Texas '' . Texasgunlaws.org. 2007 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/GV/htm/GV.411.htm Jump up ^ https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/LG/htm/LG.235.htm Jump up ^ https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/LG/htm/LG.229.htm Jump up ^ https://texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/opinions/48morales/op/1995/pdf/dm0364.pdf Jump up ^ https://texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/opinions/48morales/op/1991/pdf/dm0071.pdf ( hide ) Gun laws in the United States by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming District of Columbia American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_Texas&oldid=843400054 '' Categories : Texas law United States gun laws by state Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 22 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | at what age can i buy a gun in texas | [
"Texas has no laws regarding possession of any firearm regardless of age, without felony convictions; all existing restrictions in State law mirror Federal law. A person of any age, except certain Felons, can possess a firearm such as at a firing range. Texas and Federal law only regulate the ownership of all firearms to 18 years of age or older, and regulate the transfer of handguns to 21 years or older by FFL dealers. However, a private citizen may sell, gift, lease etc. a handgun to anyone over 18 who is not Felon. NFA weapons are also only subject to Federal restrictions; no State regulations exist. Municipal and county ordinances on possession and carry are generally overridden (preempted) due to the wording of the Texas Constitution, which gives the Texas Legislature (and it alone) the power to \"regulate the wearing of arms, with a view to prevent crime\".[4] Penal Code Section 1.08 also prohibits local jurisdictions from enacting or enforcing any law that conflicts with State statute. Local ordinances restricting discharge of a firearm are generally allowed as State law has little or no specification thereof, but such restrictions do not preempt State law concerning justification of use of force and deadly force."
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"ownership of all firearms to 18 years of age or older, and regulate the transfer of handguns to 21 years or older by FFL dealers"
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-2326840901409399824 | London broil | London broil - wikipedia London broil Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) London broil Part of a series on Steak Main articles ( show ) Steak Beefsteak Fish steak Pork steak List of steak dishes Steakhouse Steak dishes ( show ) Asado Beef Manhattan Beef Wellington Boiled beef Bulgogi Carpetbag steak Carne asada Chateaubriand steak Cheesesteak Chicken fried steak Bistek Tagalog Bollito Misto Delmonico steak Fajita Finger steaks Hamburg steak London broil Mongolian beef Pepper steak Pot roast Prawn cocktail , steak and Black Forest gateau Roast beef Italian beef Salisbury steak Sha cha beef Shawarma Standing rib roast Steak and eggs Steak and kidney pie Steak and kidney pudding Steak and oyster pie Steak au poivre Steak burger Steak de Burgo Steak Diane Steak frites Steak sandwich Steak tartare Suadero Surf and turf Swiss steak Cuts ( show ) Cuts of beef Forequarter cuts Hindquarter cuts Preparation ( show ) Barbecue Braising Meat chop Curing ( food preservation ) Frying Aging Marination Pickling Poaching ( cooking ) Roasting Salt - cured meat Smoked Related topics ( show ) List of beef dishes Meat on the bone Restructured steak Steak knife Steak sauce London broil is a beef dish made by broiling marinated beef , then cutting it across the grain into thin strips . Despite its name , the dish and the terminology are North American , not British . Contents ( hide ) 1 The cut 2 Preparation 3 In Canada 4 See also 5 References The cut ( edit ) Although butchers may label top round steak or roast `` London broil '' , the term does not refer to a specific cut of meat but to a method of preparation and cookery . Preparation ( edit ) The preparation of London broil typically involves marinating the meat for several hours followed by high heat searing in an oven broiler or outdoor grill . It is then served in thin slices , cut across the grain . If cut and used for sandwiches , the meat is usually rarer than traditional roast beef . In Canada ( edit ) In parts of central Canada , a ground meat patty wrapped in flank or round steak is known as a London broil . Some butchers will wrap the flank steak around a concoction of seasoned and ground or tenderized flank steak . Others sell a pork sausage patty wrapped in flank or top round steak labelled as London broil . Another variant , popular in Southern Ontario , is a London broil `` loaf '' , wherein the tenderized flank steak exterior is wrapped around minced and spiced veal as the filler . In some regions , bacon will be added between the flank steak and the veal grind . See also ( edit ) Food portal List of beef dishes List of steak dishes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/london_broil Jump up ^ http://www.cooksinfo.com/london-broil https://www.napoleongrills.com/recipes/id/725/planked-london-broil ( hide ) Beef and veal Production Argentine beef Beef cattle Cow - calf operation Feeder cattle Kobe beef Organic beef Products Cuts Blade steak Brisket Chateaubriand steak Chuck steak Fajita Filet mignon Flank steak Flap steak Hanger steak Plate Ranch steak Restructured steak Rib eye Rib steak Round Rump Short loin Short ribs Shoulder tender Sirloin Top sirloin Skirt steak Spare ribs Standing rib roast Strip Shank T - bone Tenderloin Tri-tip Trotters Tail Processed Jerky Aged Bresaola Cabeza Corned beef Frankfurter Rindswurst Ground Montreal smoked Pastrami Meat extract Offal Brain Heart Tongue Tendon Tripas Tripe Testicles Dishes Steak / Beefsteak List of steak dishes Blanquette de veau Beef Wellington Beef bourguignon Beef bun Beef Manhattan Beef noodle soup Beef on weck Beef Stroganoff Boiled beef Bulgogi Calf 's liver and bacon Cheesesteak Chicken fried steak Cordon bleu Dendeng Feu French dip Ginger beef Galbi Gored gored Gyūdon Hamburg steak Hortobágyi palacsinta Iga penyet Italian beef Jellied veal Karađorđeva šnicla Kitfo Lanzhou beef lamian London broil Mongolian beef Neobiani Ossobuco Pot roast Pozharsky cutlet P'tcha Ragout fin Rawon Rendang Roast beef Roast beef sandwich Salisbury steak Saltimbocca Sha cha beef Shooter 's sandwich Steak and kidney pudding Steak Diane Steak and oyster pie Steak au poivre Tartare Tafelspitz Tongseng Veal Milanese Veal Orloff Veal Oscar Vitello tonnato Wallenbergare Related meats American bison Beefalo Water buffalo Żubroń Other Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Beef hormone controversy Beef ring Carcass grade Darkcutter Meat on the bone Ractopamine - Beef USA beef imports Japan Taiwan South Korea ( 2008 US beef protest in South Korea ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_broil&oldid=783682953 '' Categories : Beef dishes American cuisine Canadian cuisine Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2017 , at 23 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which part of the cow is london broil | [
"Although butchers may label top round steak or roast \"London broil\", the term does not refer to a specific cut of meat but to a method of preparation and cookery."
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"the term does not refer to a specific cut of meat"
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8129044213008225316 | Gospel of John | Gospel of John - wikipedia Gospel of John Jump to : navigation , search For the film , see The Gospel of John ( film ) . Part of a series of articles on John in the Bible Johannine literature Gospel Epistles First Second Third Revelation Events Authorship Apostle Beloved disciple Evangelist Patmos Presbyter Related literature Apocryphon Acts Signs Gospel See also Johannine Christianity Logos Holy Spirit in Johannine literature John 's vision of the Son of Man New Testament people named John Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts The Gospel According to John ( Greek : Τὸ κατὰ Ἰωάννην εὐαγγέλιον , translit . To kata Iōánnēn euangélion ; also called the Gospel of John , the Fourth Gospel , or simply John ) is one of the four canonical gospels in the New Testament . It traditionally appears fourth , after the Synoptic Gospels of Matthew , Mark , and Luke . Although the Gospel of John is anonymous , Christian tradition historically has attributed it to John the Apostle , son of Zebedee and one of Jesus ' Twelve Apostles . The gospel is so closely related in style and content to the three surviving Johannine epistles that commentators treat the four books , along with the Book of Revelation , as a single corpus of Johannine literature , albeit not necessarily written by the same author . C.K. Barrett , and later Raymond E. Brown , suggested that a tradition developed around the `` Johannine Community '' , and that this tradition gave rise to the gospel . The discovery of a large number of papyrus fragments of manuscripts with Johannine themes has led more scholars to recognize that the texts were among the most influential in the early Church . The discourses contained with this gospel seem to be concerned with issues of the church -- synagogue debate at the time of composition . It is notable that in John , the community appears to define itself primarily in contrast to Judaism , rather than as part of a wider Christian community . Though Christianity started as a movement within Judaism , it gradually separated from Judaism because of mutual opposition between the two religions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure and content 1.1 Prologue 1.2 Book of Signs 1.3 Book of Glory 1.4 Epilogue 2 Composition and setting 2.1 Authorship , date , and origin 2.2 Sources 2.3 Historical reliability 2.4 Textual history and position in the New Testament 3 Theology 3.1 Christology 3.1. 1 Jesus ' divine role 3.1. 2 Logos 3.2 Cross 3.3 Sacraments 3.3. 1 Frequency of allusion 3.3. 2 Importance to the evangelist 3.4 Individualism 3.5 John the Baptist 3.6 Gnostic elements 4 Comparison with the synoptics 4.1 Material 4.2 Theological emphasis 4.3 Chronology 4.4 Literary style 4.5 Discrepancies 5 Representations 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Notes 7.2 Footnotes 7.3 Bibliography 7.4 Further reading 8 External links Structure and content ( edit ) The Gospel of John can be divided into four sections : a prologue ( 1 : 1 -- 18 ) , a Book of Signs ( 1 : 19 -- 12 : 50 ) , a Book of Glory ( 13 : 1 -- 20 : 31 ) , and an epilogue ( 21 ) . The structure is highly schematic : there are seven `` signs '' culminating in the raising of Lazarus ( foreshadowing the resurrection of Jesus ) , and seven `` I am '' sayings and discourses , culminating in Thomas 's proclamation of Jesus as `` my lord and my God '' -- the same title ( dominus et deus ) claimed by Roman Emperor Domitian . Prologue ( edit ) Main article : Prologue to John Jesus is placed in his cosmic setting as the Logos made flesh who reveals God and gives salvation to believers ; John the Baptist , Andrew , and Nathanael bear witness to him as the Lamb of God , the Son of God , and the Christ . Book of signs ( edit ) Main article : Book of Signs The narrative of Jesus ' public ministry , beginning with the introduction of the first disciples of Jesus . It consists of seven miracles , or `` signs '' , interspersed with long dialogues , discourses , `` Amen , amen '' sayings , and `` I Am '' sayings , culminating with the raising of Lazarus from the dead . In John it is this , and not the cleansing of the Temple , that prompts the authorities to have Jesus executed . The seven signs consist of Jesus ' miracle at the wedding at Cana , his healing the royal official 's son , his healing the paralytic at Bethesda , his feeding the 5,000 , his walking on water , his healing the man born blind , and his raising Lazarus from the dead . Other incidents recounted in this segment of the gospel include the cleansing of the Temple ; Jesus ' conversation with the Pharisee Nicodemus , wherein he explains the importance of spiritual rebirth ; his conversation with the Samaritan woman at the well , wherein he gives the Water of Life Discourse ; the Bread of Life Discourse , which prompted many of his disciples to leave ; the Woman Taken in Adultery ; Jesus ' claims to be the Light of the World ; Jesus ' answer to Pilate ; the Good Shepherd pericope ; Jesus ' rejection by the Jews ; the Jesus wept ; the plot to kill Jesus ; the anointing of Jesus ; Jesus ' triumphal entry into Jerusalem ; the prediction of the glorification of the Son of Man ; and the prediction of the Last Judgment . Book of Glory ( edit ) Jesus giving the Farewell Discourse to his 11 remaining disciples , from the Maestà of Duccio , 1308 -- 1311 . The narrative of Jesus ' Passion , Resurrection , and post-Resurrection appearances . The Passion narrative opens with an account of the Last Supper that differs significantly from that found in the synoptics , with Jesus washing the disciples ' feet instead of ushering in a new covenant of his body and blood . This is followed by Jesus ' Farewell Discourse , an account of his betrayal , arrest , trial , death , burial , post-Resurrection appearances , and final commission for his followers . It also includes Peter 's denial , the institution of the New Commandment and the New Covenant , the promise of the Paraclete , the allegory of the True Vine , the High Priestly Prayer , the ut omnes unum sint , the What is truth ? , Jesus ' mocking and crowning with thorns , the Ecce homo , the discovery of the empty tomb , the noli me tangere , the Great Commission , and the incredulity of Thomas . The section ends with a conclusion on the purpose of the gospel : `` that ( the reader ) may believe that Jesus is the Christ , the Son of God , and that believing you may have life in his name . '' Epilogue ( edit ) Main article : John 21 The narrative of Jesus ' post-Resurrection appearance to his disciples by the lake , the miraculous catch of fish , the prophecy of the crucifixion of Peter , the restoration of Peter , and the fate of the Beloved Disciple . A majority of scholars believes this chapter to be an addition to the gospel . Composition and setting ( edit ) Authorship , date , and origin ( edit ) Main article : Authorship of the Johannine works The Gospel of John is anonymous . Traditionally , Christians have identified the author as `` the Disciple whom Jesus loved '' mentioned in John 21 : 24 , who is understood to be John son of Zebedee , one of Jesus ' Twelve Apostles . These identifications , however , are rejected by many modern biblical scholars . Nevertheless , the author of the fourth Gospel is sometimes called John the Evangelist , often out of convenience since the definitive name of the author is still debated . John is usually dated to AD 90 -- 110 . It arose in a Jewish Christian community in the process of breaking from the Jewish synagogue . Scholars believe that the text went through two to three redactions , or `` editions '' , before reaching its current form . John , which regularly describes Jesus ' opponents simply as `` the Jews '' , is more consistently hostile to `` the Jews '' than any other body of New Testament writing . Historian and former Roman Catholic priest James Carroll states : `` The climax of this movement comes in chapter 8 of John , when Jesus is portrayed as denouncing ' the Jews ' who were gathered at the Temple as the offspring of Satan . '' In John 8 : 44 Jesus tells the Jews : `` You are of your father the devil , and the desires of your father you will do . He was a murderer from the beginning , and he stood not in the truth ; because truth is not in him . '' In 8 : 38 and 11 : 53 , `` the Jews '' are depicted as wishing to kill Jesus . However , Carroll cautions that this and similar statements in the Gospel of Matthew and the 1 Thessolonians should be viewed as `` evidence not of Jew hatred but of sectarian conflicts among Jews '' in the early years of the Christian church . As noted by New Testament scholar Obrey M. Hendricks , Jr. : `` Although its scathing portrayal of the Jews has opened John to charges of anti-Semitism , a careful reading reveals ' the Jews ' to be a class designation , not a religious or ethnic grouping ; rather than denoting adherents to Judaism in general , the term primarily refers to the hereditary Temple religious authorities . '' In later centuries , John was used to support anti-Semitic polemics , but the author of the gospel regarded himself as a Jew , championed Jesus and his followers as Jews , and probably wrote for a largely Jewish community . Sources ( edit ) Rudolf Bultmann , in a seminal work published in 1941 , argued that John 's sources were a hypothetical `` Signs Gospel '' listing Christ 's miracles , a revelation discourse , and a passion narrative . Bultmann 's work , combined with that of other scholars ( the work of Raymond E. Brown was particularly influential in the English - speaking world ) , led to a scholarly consensus in the second half of the 20th century that the Gospel of John was independent of Matthew , Mark , and Luke , known as the synoptic gospels . This agreement broke down in the last decade of the century , and there are now many scholars who believe that John did know the synoptics , especially Mark , while the hypothesis of a `` signs '' source has been increasingly undermined . But theories of either complete independence of or complete dependence on the synoptics are largely rejected in current scholarship : on the one hand , elements such as distinctive Johannine language , the lengthy discourses , and the prologue on the Logos , are clearly unique to John ; on the other , John clearly shares a multitude of episodes with the other three . The most important sources used by the evangelist were the Jewish scriptures ( the Tanakh , more or less identical with the Christian Old Testament ) , probably in the Greek translation . John quotes from them directly , references important figures from them , and uses narratives from them as the basis for several of the discourses . But the author was also familiar with non-Jewish sources : the Logos of the prologue ( the Word that is with God from the beginning of creation ) derives from both the Jewish concept of Lady Wisdom and from the Greek philosophers , while John 6 alludes not only to the exodus but also to Greco - Roman mystery cults , while John 4 alludes to Samaritan messianic beliefs . Historical Reliability ( edit ) Further information : Historicity of the Bible Chapters 19 and 21 of John hint that `` the Disciple whom Jesus loved '' , or `` the Beloved Disciple '' , was an eyewitness to Jesus ' ministry , but the majority of scholars are cautious of accepting this at face value . With the exception of the `` Johannine Thunderbolt '' passages , the teachings of Jesus found in the synoptic gospels are very different from those recorded in John , and since the 19th century some scholars have argued that these discourses in Johannine style are less likely to be historical , and more likely to have been written for theological purposes . Scholars usually agree that John is not entirely without historical value . It has become generally accepted that certain sayings in John are as old or older than their synoptic counterparts . His representation of the topography around Jerusalem is often superior to that of the synoptics , his testimony that Jesus was executed before , rather than on , Passover , might well be more accurate , and his presentation of Jesus in the garden and the prior meeting held by the Jewish authorities are possibly more historically plausible than their synoptic parallels . Textual History and position in the New Testament ( edit ) Further information : Biblical manuscript The Rylands Papyrus is perhaps the earliest New Testament fragment ; dated from its handwriting to about 125 . Rylands Library Papyrus P52 , a Greek papyrus fragment with John 18 : 31 -- 33 on one side and 18 : 37 -- 38 on the other , commonly dated to the first half of the 2nd century , is the oldest New Testament manuscript known . A substantially complete text of John exists from the beginning of the 3rd century at the latest , so that the textual evidence for this gospel is commonly accepted as both earlier and more reliable than that for any other . John stands fourth in the standard ordering of the gospels , after Matthew , Mark and Luke . Theology ( edit ) Christology ( edit ) Further information : Christology The Gospel of John presents a `` high Christology , '' depicting Jesus as divine , and yet , according to some interpretations , subordinate to the one God . However , in his Summa Theologiae , Thomas Aquinas flatly rejects any denial of equality among the persons of the Trinity , including denials based on Johannine passages . John 's gospel gives more focus to the relationship of the Son to the Father than the synoptics , as seen in chapter 17 of the gospel . Jesus ' divine role ( edit ) In the synoptics , Jesus speaks often about the Kingdom of God ; his own divine role is obscured ( see Messianic Secret ) . In John , Jesus talks openly about his divine role . He echoes the Father 's own statement of identity , i.e. `` I Am Who I Am '' , with several `` I Am '' declarations that also identify him with symbols of major significance . He says `` I am '' : `` the bread of life '' `` the light of the world '' `` the gate for the sheep '' `` the good shepherd '' `` the resurrection and the life '' `` the way and the truth and the life '' and `` the true vine '' Logos ( edit ) Main article : Logos ( Christianity ) In the prologue , John identifies Jesus as the Logos ( Word ) . In Ancient Greek philosophy , the term logos meant the principle of cosmic reason . In this sense , it was similar to the Hebrew concept of Wisdom , God 's companion and intimate helper in creation . The Hellenistic Jewish philosopher Philo merged these two themes when he described the Logos as God 's creator of and mediator with the material world . The evangelist adapted Philo 's description of the Logos , applying it to Jesus , the incarnation of the Logos . The opening verse of John is translated as `` the Word was with God and the Word was God '' in all `` orthodox '' English Bibles . There are alternative views . The New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures of Jehovah 's Witnesses has `` The Word was with God , and the Word was a god . '' The Scholars Version of the gospel , developed by the Jesus Seminar , loosely translates the phrase as `` The Logos was what God was , '' offered as a better representation of the original meaning of the evangelist . Cross ( edit ) The portrayal of Jesus ' death in John is unique among the four Gospels . It does not appear to rely on the kinds of atonement theology indicative of vicarious sacrifice ( cf . Mk 10 : 45 , Rom 3 : 25 ) but rather presents the death of Jesus as his glorification and return to the father . Likewise , the three `` passion predictions '' of the Synoptic Gospels ( Mk 8 : 31 , 9 : 31 , 10 : 33 -- 34 and pars . ) are replaced instead in John with three instances of Jesus explaining how he will be exalted or `` lifted up '' ( Jn 3 : 14 , 8 : 28 , 12 : 32 ) . The verb for `` lifted up '' reflects the double entendre at work in John 's theology of the cross , for Jesus is both physically elevated from the earth at the crucifixion but also , at the same time , exalted and glorified . Sacraments ( edit ) Further information : Sacrament Among the most controversial areas of interpretation of John is its sacramental theology . Scholars ' views have fallen along a wide spectrum ranging from anti-sacramental and non-sacramental , to sacramental , to ultra-sacramental and hyper - sacramental . Scholars disagree both on whether and how frequently John refers to the sacraments at all , and on the degree of importance he places upon them . Individual scholars ' answers to one of these questions do not always correspond to their answer to the other . Frequency of allusion ( edit ) According to Rudolf Bultmann , there are three sacramental allusions : one to baptism ( 3 : 5 ) , one to the Eucharist ( 6 : 51 -- 58 ) , and one to both ( 19 : 34 ) . He believed these passages to be later interpolations , though most scholars now reject this assessment . Some scholars on the weaker - sacramental side of the spectrum deny that there are any sacramental allusions in these passages or in the gospel as a whole , while others see sacramental symbolism applied to other subjects in these and other passages . Oscar Cullmann and Bruce Vawter , a Protestant and a Catholic respectively , and both on the stronger - sacramental end of the spectrum , have found sacramental allusions in most chapters . Cullmann found references to baptism and the Eucharist throughout the gospel , and Vawter found additional references to matrimony in 2 : 1 -- 11 , anointing of the sick in 12 : 1 -- 11 , and penance in 20 : 22 -- 23 . Towards the center of the spectrum , Raymond Brown is more cautious than Cullmann and Vawter but more lenient than Bultmann and his school , identifying several passages as containing sacramental allusions and rating them according to his assessment of their degree of certainty . Importance to the evangelist ( edit ) Most scholars on the stronger - sacramental end of the spectrum assess the sacraments as being of great importance to the evangelist . However , perhaps counterintuitively , some scholars who find fewer sacramental references , such as Udo Schnelle , view the references that they find as highly important as well . Schnelle in particular views John 's sacramentalism as a counter to Docetist anti-sacramentalism . On the other hand , though he agrees that there are anti-Docetic passages , James Dunn views the absence of a Eucharistic institution narrative as evidence for an anti-sacramentalism in John , meant to warn against a conception of eternal life as dependent on physical ritual . Individualism ( edit ) In comparison to the synoptic gospels , the Fourth Gospel is markedly individualistic , in the sense that it places emphasis more on the individual 's relation to Jesus than on the corporate nature of the Church . This is largely accomplished through the consistently singular grammatical structure of various aphoristic sayings of Jesus throughout the gospel . According to Richard Bauckham , emphasis on believers coming into a new group upon their conversion is conspicuously absent from John . There is also a theme of `` personal coinherence '' , that is , the intimate personal relationship between the believer and Jesus in which the believer `` abides '' in Jesus and Jesus in the believer . According to C.F.D. Moule , the individualistic tendencies of the Fourth Gospel could potentially give rise to a realized eschatology achieved on the level of the individual believer ; this realized eschatology is not , however , to replace `` orthodox '' , futurist eschatological expectations , but is to be `` only ( their ) correlative . '' Some have argued that the Beloved Disciple is meant to be all followers of Jesus , inviting all into such a personal relationship with Christ . Beyond this , the emphasis on the individual 's relationship with Jesus in the Gospel has suggested its usefulness for contemplation on the life of Christ . John the Baptist ( edit ) Further information : John the Baptist John 's account of the Baptist is different from that of the synoptic gospels . In this gospel , John is not called `` the Baptist . '' The Baptist 's ministry overlaps with that of Jesus ; his baptism of Jesus is not explicitly mentioned , but his witness to Jesus is unambiguous . The evangelist almost certainly knew the story of John 's baptism of Jesus and he makes a vital theological use of it . He subordinates the Baptist to Jesus , perhaps in response to members of the Baptist 's sect who regarded the Jesus movement as an offshoot of their movement . In John 's gospel , Jesus and his disciples go to Judea early in Jesus ' ministry before John the Baptist was imprisoned and executed by Herod . He leads a ministry of baptism larger than John 's own . The Jesus Seminar rated this account as black , containing no historically accurate information . According to the biblical historians at the Jesus Seminar , John likely had a larger presence in the public mind than Jesus . Gnostic elements ( edit ) Further information : Christian Gnosticism Although not commonly understood as Gnostic , many scholars , including Bultmann , have forcefully argued that the Gospel of John has elements in common with Gnosticism . Christian Gnosticism did not fully develop until the mid-2nd century , and so 2nd - century Proto - Orthodox Christians concentrated much effort in examining and refuting it . To say John 's gospel contained elements of Gnosticism is to assume that Gnosticism had developed to a level that required the author to respond to it . Bultmann , for example , argued that the opening theme of the Gospel of John , the pre-existing Logos , was actually a Gnostic theme . Other scholars , e.g. Raymond E. Brown have argued that the pre-existing Logos theme arises from the more ancient Jewish writings in the eighth chapter of the Book of Proverbs , and was fully developed as a theme in Hellenistic Judaism by Philo Judaeus . Comparisons to Gnosticism are based not in what the author says , but in the language he uses to say it , notably , use of the concepts of Logos and Light . Other scholars , e.g. Raymond E. Brown , have argued that the ancient Jewish Qumran community also used the concept of Light versus Darkness . The arguments of Bultmann and his school were seriously compromised by the mid-20th - century discoveries of the Nag Hammadi library of genuine Gnostic writings ( which are dissimilar to the Gospel of John ) as well as the Qumran library of Jewish writings ( which are often similar to the Gospel of John ) . Gnostics read John but interpreted it differently from the way non-Gnostics did . Gnosticism taught that salvation came from gnosis , secret knowledge , and Gnostics did not see Jesus as a savior but a revealer of knowledge . Barnabas Lindars asserts that the gospel teaches that salvation can only be achieved through revealed wisdom , specifically belief in ( literally belief into ) Jesus . Raymond Brown contends that `` The Johannine picture of a savior who came from an alien world above , who said that neither he nor those who accepted him were of this world , and who promised to return to take them to a heavenly dwelling could be fitted into the gnostic world picture ( even if God 's love for the world in 3 : 16 could not ) . '' It has been suggested that similarities between John 's gospel and Gnosticism may spring from common roots in Jewish Apocalyptic literature . Comparison with the synoptics ( edit ) The Gospel of John is significantly different from the synoptic gospels , with major variations in material , theological emphasis , chronology , and literary style . There are also some discrepancies between John and the synoptics , some amounting to contradictions . Material ( edit ) John lacks scenes from the synoptics such as Jesus ' baptism , the calling of the Twelve , exorcisms , parables , the Transfiguration , and the Last Supper . Conversely , it includes scenes not found in the synoptics , including Jesus turning water into wine at the wedding at Cana , the resurrection of Lazarus , Jesus washing the feet of his disciples , and multiple visits to Jerusalem . In the fourth gospel , Jesus ' mother Mary , while frequently mentioned , is never identified by name . John does assert that Jesus was known as the `` son of Joseph '' in 6 : 42 . For John , Jesus ' town of origin is irrelevant , for he comes from beyond this world , from God the Father . While John makes no direct mention of Jesus ' baptism , he does quote John the Baptist 's description of the descent of the Holy Spirit as a dove , as happens at Jesus ' baptism in the synoptics . Major synoptic speeches of Jesus are absent , including the Sermon on the Mount and the Olivet Discourse , and the exorcisms of demons are never mentioned as in the synoptics . John never lists all of the Twelve Disciples and names at least one disciple , Nathanael , whose name is not found in the synoptics . Thomas is given a personality beyond a mere name , described as `` Doubting Thomas '' . Theological emphasis ( edit ) Jesus is identified with the Word ( `` Logos '' ) , and the Word is identified with theos ( `` god '' in Greek ) ; no such identification is made in the synoptics . In Mark , Jesus urges his disciples to keep his divinity secret , but in John he is very open in discussing it , even referring to himself as `` I AM '' , the title God gives himself in Exodus at his self - revelation to Moses . In the synoptics the chief theme is the Kingdom of God and the Kingdom of Heaven ( the latter specifically in Matthew ) , while John 's theme is Jesus as the source of eternal life and the Kingdom is only mentioned twice . In contrast to the synoptic expectation of the Kingdom ( using the term parousia , meaning `` coming '' ) , John presents a more individualistic , realized eschatology . Chronology ( edit ) In the synoptics the ministry of Jesus takes a single year , but in John it takes three , as evidenced by references to three Passovers . Events are not all in the same order : the date of the crucifixion is different , as is the time of Jesus ' anointing in Bethany , and the cleansing of the temple occurs in the beginning of Jesus ' ministry rather than near its end . Literary style ( edit ) In the synoptics , quotations from Jesus are usually in the form of short , pithy sayings ; in John , longer quotations are often given . The vocabulary is also different , and filled with theological import : in John , Jesus does not work `` miracles '' ( Greek : δῠνάμεις , translit . dynámeis , sing . δύνᾰμῐς , dýnamis ) , but `` signs '' ( Greek : σημεῖᾰ , translit . sēmeia , sing . σημεῖον , sēmeion ) which unveil his divine identity . Most scholars consider John not to contain any parables . Rather it contains metaphorical stories or allegories , such as those of the Good Shepherd and of the True Vine , in which each individual element corresponds to a specific person , group , or thing . Some scholars , however , find some such parables as the short story of the childbearing woman ( 16 : 21 ) or the dying grain ( 12 : 24 ) . Discrepancies ( edit ) According to the synoptics , the arrest of Jesus was a reaction to the cleansing of the temple , while according to John it was triggered by the raising of Lazarus . The Pharisees , portrayed as more uniformly legalistic and opposed to Jesus in the synoptic gospels , are instead portrayed as sharply divided ; they debate frequently in John 's accounts . Some , such as Nicodemus , even go so far as to be at least partially sympathetic to Jesus . This is believed to be a more accurate historical depiction of the Pharisees , who made debate one of the tenets of their system of belief . Representations ( edit ) Bede translating the Gospel of John on his deathbed , by James Doyle Penrose , 1902 . The gospel has been depicted in live narrations and dramatized in productions , skits , plays , and Passion Plays , as well as in film . The most recent such portrayal is the 2014 film ' The Gospel of John ' , directed by David Batty and narrated by David Harewood and Brian Cox , with Selva Rasalingam as Jesus . The 2003 film The Gospel of John , was directed by Philip Saville , narrated by Christopher Plummer , with Henry Ian Cusick as Jesus . Parts of the gospel have been set to music . One such setting is Steve Warner 's power anthem `` Come and See '' , written for the 20th anniversary of the Alliance for Catholic Education and including lyrical fragments taken from the Book of Signs . Additionally , some composers have made settings of the Passion as portrayed in the gospel , most notably the one composed by Johann Sebastian Bach , although some verses are borrowed from Matthew . See also ( edit ) Chronology of Jesus Free Grace theology Gospel harmony Last Gospel Egerton Gospel List of Bible verses not included in modern translations List of Gospels Textual variants in the Gospel of John References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harris 2006 , p. 479 : `` Most scholars believe that the same person wrote all three documents but that he is not to be identified with either the apostle John or the author of the Gospel . '' Jump up ^ The use of first person plural in John , specially in the letters , is the base of these theories . Barrett quotes on that sense Robinson , who in 1965 asserted `` the gospel is composed in Judea and under the pressure of controversy with `` the jews '' ( sic ) of that area . But in its present form it is an appeal to those outside the Church , to win to the faith that Greek speaking Diaspora Judaism to which the author now finds himself belonging `` . Jump up ^ Chilton & Neusner 2006 , p. 5 : `` by their own word what they ( the writers of the New Testament ) set forth in the New Testament must qualify as a Judaism ... ( T ) o distinguish between the religious world of the New Testament and an alien Judaism denies the authors of the New Testament books their most fiercely held claim and renders incomprehensible much of what they said . '' Jump up ^ The resurrection itself is not detailed in the gospel , though it is entailed from the post-resurrection appearances . Jump up ^ For the circumstances which led to the formation of the tradition , and the reasons why the majority of modern scholars reject it , see Lindars , Edwards & Court 2000 , pp. 41 -- 42 . For arguments in support of the tradition , see Craig , Blomberg ( 2009 ) . Jesus and the Gospels . pp. 197 -- 98 . Jump up ^ For the reasons behind this , see Lincoln 2005 , p. 18 Jump up ^ For details see Dunn 1992 , p. 183 Jump up ^ The term Johannine Thunderbolt refers to the Q source -- derived logion in Matthew 11 : 25 -- 27 and Luke 10 : 21 -- 22 . The phrase was coined by Karl von Hase in an 1823 -- 24 lecture series entitled Geschichte Jesu : `` ... wie ein Aerolith aus dem johanneischen Himmel gefallen ... '' ( `` ... a meteorite fallen from the Johannine sky ... '' ) Jump up ^ Additionally , Aquinas cites the Athanasian Creed , the first ecumenical creed to explicitly outline the Trinitarian doctrine ; the Creed maintains the co-majesty , co-eternality , co-equality of the persons of the Trinity . Jump up ^ That is , the New International Version , Today 's New International Version , the New American Standard Bible , the New American Bible , the New American Bible Revised Edition , the Amplified Bible , the New Living Translation , the Douay -- Rheims Bible , the King James Version , Young 's Literal Translation , the Darby Translation , and the Wycliffe New Testament , to name a few . Jump up ^ Bauckham ( 2015 ) contrasts John 's consistent use of the third person singular ( `` The one who ... '' ; `` If anyone ... '' ; `` Everyone who ... '' ; `` Whoever ... '' ; `` No one ... '' ) with the alternative third person plural constructions he could have used instead ( `` Those who ... '' ; `` '' All those who ... `` ; etc . ) . He also notes that the sole exception occurs in the prologue , serving a narrative purpose , whereas the later aphorisms serve a `` paraenetic function '' . Jump up ^ See John 6 : 56 , 10 : 14 -- 15 , 10 : 38 , and 14 : 10 , 17 , 20 , and 23 . Jump up ^ Realized eschatology is a Christian eschatological theory popularized by C.H. Dodd ( 1884 -- 1973 ) . It holds that the eschatological passages in the New Testament do not refer to future events , but instead to the ministry of Jesus and his lasting legacy . In other words , it holds that Christian eschatological expectations have already been realized or fulfilled . Jump up ^ See Zimmermann 2015 , pp. 333 -- 60 . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Burkett 2002 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Lindars 1990 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Barrett 1978 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Barrett 1978 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Brown 1966 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Ehrman 2009 . Jump up ^ De Santos Otero 1993 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Lindars 1990 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Lindars 1990 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Köstenberger , Kellum & Quarles 2009 , p. 305 . Jump up ^ Witherington 2004 , p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards 2015 , p. 171 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 2006 . Jump up ^ Bauckham 2007 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ John 21 : 24 Jump up ^ Lindars , Edwards & Court 2000 , p. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Lincoln 2005 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 215 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2015 , p. ix . Jump up ^ Ehrman 2004 , pp. 164 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Dunn 1992 , pp. 182 -- 83 , 195 . Jump up ^ Carroll 2001 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Carroll 2001 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Hendricks 2007 . Jump up ^ Senior 1991 , pp. 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Dunn 1992 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Lincoln 2005 , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Porter 2015 , pp. 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Reinhartz 2011 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Witherington 2004 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Kysar 2007 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Denaux 1992 , pp. 113 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Sanders 1995 , pp. 57 , 70 -- 71 . ^ Jump up to : Theissen & Merz 1998 , pp. 36 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Metzger & Ehrman 1985 , pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Hurtado 2005 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Summa Theologiae , Part I , Question XLII . Jump up ^ Athanasian Creed at New Advent . ^ Jump up to : Harris 2006 , pp. 302 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Funk & Jesus Seminar 1998 , pp. 365 -- 440 . Jump up ^ Robert Kysar , `` John : The Maverick Gospel '' ( Louisville : Westminster John Knox ) , 1976 , pp. 49 -- 54 ^ Jump up to : Bauckham 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Moule 1962 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Moule 1962 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Shea , SJ , Henry J. ( Summer 2017 ) . `` The Beloved Disciple and the Spiritual Exercises '' . Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits. 49 , no . 2 . ^ Jump up to : Cross & Livingstone 2005 . Jump up ^ Barrett 1978 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Funk & Jesus Seminar 1998 , p. 268 . Jump up ^ Olson 1999 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Kysar 2005 , pp. 88ff . Jump up ^ Brown 1997 . Jump up ^ Van den Broek & Vermaseren 1981 , pp. 467ff . Jump up ^ Combs 1987 . Jump up ^ Most 2005 , pp. 121ff . Jump up ^ Skarsaune 2008 , pp. 247ff . Jump up ^ Lindars 1990 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ John 17 : 14 Jump up ^ John 14 : 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Brown 1997 , p. 375 . Jump up ^ Kovacs 1995 . ^ Jump up to : Burge 2014 , pp. 236 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : Funk , Hoover & Jesus Seminar 1993 , pp. 1 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Williamson 2004 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Michaels 1971 , p. 733 . Jump up ^ Fredriksen 2008 . Jump up ^ Pagels 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson 2006 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Walvoord , John F. ( 1985 ) . The Bible Knowledge Commentary . Wheaton , IL : Victor Books . p. 313 . Jump up ^ Ehrman 2005 . Jump up ^ Carson , D.A. ( 1991 ) . The Pillar New Testament Commentary : The Gospel According to John . Grand Rapids , MI : Wm . B. Eardmans Publishing Co. p. 117 . Jump up ^ Moule 1962 , pp. 172 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Sander 2015 . Jump up ^ Ladd & Hagner 1993 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Barry 1911 . Jump up ^ Neusner 2003 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 2005 . Bibliography ( edit ) Ambrose , Z . Philip ( 2005 ) . `` BWV 245 '' . J.S. Bach : The Extant Texts of the Vocal Works in English Translations with Commentary. 2 . Translated by Ambrose , Z . Philip . Xlibris Corp . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4134 - 4600 - 5 . Barrett , C.K. ( 1978 ) . The Gospel According to St. John : An Introduction with Commentary and Notes on the Greek Text ( 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22180 - 5 . Barry , William ( 1911 ) . `` Parables '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 11 . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Bauckham , Richard ( 2007 ) . The Testimony of the Beloved Disciple : Narrative , History , and Theology in the Gospel of John . Baker . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8010 - 3485 - 5 . -- -- ( 2015 ) . Gospel of Glory : Major Themes in Johannine Theology . Grand Rapids : Baker Academic . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4412 - 2708 - 9 . Blomberg , Craig ( 2011 ) . The Historical Reliability of John 's Gospel . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 0 - 8308 - 3871 - 6 . Brown , Raymond E. ( 1966 ) . The Gospel According to John , Volume 1 . Anchor Bible series . 29 . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 01517 - 2 . Brown , Raymond E. ( 1997 ) . An Introduction to the New Testament . New York : Anchor Bible . ISBN 0 - 385 - 24767 - 2 . Burge , Gary M. ( 2014 ) . `` Gospel of John '' . In Evans , Craig A . The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 72224 - 3 . Burkett , Delbert ( 2002 ) . An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00720 - 7 . Carroll , James ( 2001 ) . Constantine 's Sword : The Church and the Jews : A History . Houghton Mifflin . p. 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 77927 - 9 . Carson , D.A. ; Moo , Douglas J. ( 2009 ) . An Introduction to the New Testament . HarperCollins Christian Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 53955 - 1 . Chilton , Bruce ; Neusner , Jacob ( 2006 ) . Judaism in the New Testament : Practices and Beliefs . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 81497 - 8 . Combs , William W. ( 1987 ) . `` Nag Hammadi , Gnosticism and New Testament Interpretation '' . Grace Theological Journal . 8 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 212 . Cross , Frank Leslie ; Livingstone , Elizabeth A. , eds. ( 2005 ) . `` John , Gospel of St . '' . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280290 - 3 . Denaux , Adelbert ( 1992 ) . `` The Q - Logion Mt 11 , 27 / Lk 10 , 22 and the Gospel of John '' . In Denaux , Adelbert . John and the Synoptics . Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium. 101 . Leuven University Press . pp. 113 -- 47 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 6186 - 498 - 1 . Dunn , James D.G. , ed. ( 1992 ) . Jews and Christians : The Parting of the Ways -- A.D. 70 to 135 . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4498 - 9 . Alexander , Philip S. ( 1992 ) . ' The Parting of the Ways ' from the Perspective of Rabbinic Judaism . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4498 - 9 . Dunn , James D.G. ( 1992 ) . The Question of Anti-Semitism in the New Testament Writings of the Period . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4498 - 9 . Edwards , Ruth B. ( 2015 ) . Discovering John : Content , Interpretation , Reception . Discovering Biblical Texts . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 7240 - 1 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2004 ) . The New Testament : A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings . New York : Oxford . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515462 - 2 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2005 ) . Misquoting Jesus : The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 073817 - 4 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2009 ) . Jesus , Interrupted . HarperOne . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 117393 - 6 . Fredriksen , Paula ( 2008 ) . From Jesus to Christ : The Origins of the New Testament Images of Jesus . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16410 - 7 . Funk , Robert W. ; Hoover , Roy W. ; Jesus Seminar ( 1993 ) . The Five Gospels : The Search for the Authentic Words of Jesus . Polebridge Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 944344 - 57 - 6 . Funk , Robert W. ; Jesus Seminar ( 1998 ) . The Acts of Jesus : The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus . HarperSanFrancisco . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 062978 - 6 . Harris , Stephen L. ( 2006 ) . Understanding the Bible ( 7th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 296548 - 3 . Hendricks , Obrey M. , Jr. ( 2007 ) . `` The Gospel According to John '' . In Coogan , Michael D. ; Brettler , Marc Z. ; Newsom , Carol A. ; Perkins , Pheme . The New Oxford Annotated Bible ( 3rd ed . ) . Peabody , Massachusetts : Hendrickson Publishers , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59856 - 032 - 9 . Hurtado , Larry W. ( 2005 ) . How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God ? : Historical Questions about Earliest Devotion to Jesus . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2861 - 3 . Köstenberger , Andreas J. ; Kellum , Leonard Scott ; Quarles , Charles L. ( 2009 ) . `` The Gospel According to John '' . The Cradle , the Cross , and the Crown : An Introduction to the New Testament . Nashville : B&H Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8054 - 4365 - 3 . Kovacs , Judith L. ( 1995 ) . `` Now Shall the Ruler of This World Be Driven Out : Jesus ' Death as Cosmic Battle in John 12 : 20 -- 36 '' . Journal of Biblical Literature. 114 ( 2 ) : 227 -- 47 . JSTOR 3266937 . doi : 10.2307 / 3266937 . Kysar , Robert ( 2005 ) . Voyages with John : Charting the Fourth Gospel . Baylor University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932792 - 43 - 0 . Kysar , Robert ( 2007 ) . `` The Dehistoricizing of the Gospel of John '' . In Anderson , Paul N. ; Just , Felix ; Thatcher , Tom . John , Jesus , and History , Volume 1 : Critical Appraisals of Critical Views . Society of Biblical Literature Symposium series . 44 . Society of Biblical Literature . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58983 - 293 - 0 . Ladd , George Eldon ; Hagner , Donald Alfred ( 1993 ) . A Theology of the New Testament . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 0680 - 5 . Lincoln , Andrew ( 2005 ) . Gospel According to St John : Black 's New Testament Commentaries . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 8822 - 9 . Lindars , Barnabas ( 1990 ) . John . New Testament Guides. 4 . A&C Black . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85075 - 255 - 4 . Lindars , Barnabas ; Edwards , Ruth ; Court , John M. ( 2000 ) . The Johannine Literature . A&C Black . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84127 - 081 - 4 . Metzger , B.M. ; Ehrman , B.D. ( 1985 ) . The Text of New Testament . Рипол Классик . ISBN 978 - 5 - 88500 - 901 - 0 . Michaels , J. Ramsey ( 1971 ) . `` Verification of Jesus ' Self - Revelation in His passion and Resurrection ( 18 : 1 -- 21 : 25 ) '' . The Gospel of John . Grand Rapids : Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4674 - 2330 - 4 . Most , Glenn W. ( 2005 ) . Doubting Thomas . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01914 - 0 . Moule , C.F.D. ( July 1962 ) . `` The Individualism of the Fourth Gospel '' . Novum Testamentum ,. 5 ( 2 / 3 ) : 171 -- 90 . JSTOR 1560025 . doi : 10.2307 / 1560025 . Neusner , Jacob ( 2003 ) . Invitation to the Talmud : A Teaching Book . South Florida Studies in the History of Judaism. 169 . Wipf and Stock Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59244 - 155 - 6 . Olson , Roger E. ( 1999 ) . The Story of Christian Theology : Twenty Centuries of Tradition & Reform . Downers Grove , Illinois : InterVarsity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 1505 - 0 . De Santos Otero , Aurelio ( 1993 ) . Los Evangelios Apocrifos ( The Apochryphal Gospels ) . Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos ( in Spanish ) . 148 ( 9th ed . ) . Madrid . ISBN 978 - 84 - 7914 - 044 - 1 . Pagels , Elaine H. ( 2003 ) . Beyond Belief : The Secret Gospel of Thomas . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50156 - 8 . Porter , Stanley E. ( 2015 ) . John , His Gospel , and Jesus : In Pursuit of the Johannine Voice . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 7170 - 1 . Van den Broek , Roelof ; Vermaseren , Maarten Jozef ( 1981 ) . Studies in Gnosticism and Hellenistic Religions . Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l'Empire romain. 91 . Leiden : E.J. Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 06376 - 1 . Reinhartz , Adele ( 2011 ) . `` John '' . In Levine , Amy - Jill ; Brettler , Marc Z . The Jewish Annotated New Testament . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 992706 - 7 . Sanders , E.P. ( 1995 ) . The Historical Figure of Jesus . Penguin UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 192822 - 7 . Senior , Donald ( 1991 ) . The Passion of Jesus in the Gospel of John . Passion of Jesus Series . 4 . Liturgical Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 5462 - 0 . Skarsaune , Oskar ( 2008 ) . In the Shadow of the Temple : Jewish Influences on Early Christianity . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 2670 - 4 . Theissen , Gerd ; Merz , Annette ( 1998 ) ( 1996 ) . The Historical Jesus : A Comprehensive Guide . Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4514 - 0863 - 8 . Thompson , Marianne Maye ( 2006 ) . `` The Gospel According to John '' . In Barton , Stephen C. The Cambridge Companion to the Gospels . Cambridge Companions to Religion . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80766 - 1 . Williamson , Lamar , Jr. ( 2004 ) . Preaching the Gospel of John : Proclaiming the Living Word . Louisville : Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22533 - 9 . Witherington , Ben ( 2004 ) . The New Testament Story . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2765 - 4 . Zimmermann , Ruben ( 2015 ) . Puzzling the Parables of Jesus : Methods and Interpretation . Minneapolis : Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4514 - 6532 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) Brown , Raymond E. ( 1965 ) . `` Does the New Testament call Jesus God ? '' . Theological Studies . 26 : 545 -- 73 . Brown , Raymond E. ( 1979 ) . The Community of the Beloved Disciple . Paulist Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 2174 - 8 . Carson , D.A. ( 1991 ) . The Gospel According to John . Pillar New Testament Commentary Series . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3683 - 0 . Culpepper , R. Alan ( 1983 ) . Anatomy of the Fourth Gospel : A Study in Literary Design . Minneapolis : Fortress . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 2068 - 4 . Dodd , C.H. ( 1968 - 05 - 01 ) . The Interpretation of the Fourth Gospel . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 09517 - 4 . Estes , Douglas ( 2008 ) . The Temporal Mechanics of the Fourth Gospel : A Theory of Hermeneutical Relativity in the Gospel of John ( BIS 92 ) . Leiden : Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16598 - 4 . Fonck , Leopold ( 1910 ) . `` Gospel of St. John '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 8 . New York : Robert Appleton . Hamid - Khani , Saeed ( 2000 ) . Revelation and Concealment of Christ : A Theological Inquiry into the Elusive Language of the Fourth Gospel ( WUNT 120 ) . Tubingen : Mohr Siebeck . ISBN 978 - 3 - 16 - 147138 - 4 . Hill , Charles E. ( 2006 ) . The Johannine Corpus in the Early Church . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 929144 - 1 . Jensen , Robin M. ( October 2002 ) . The Two Faces of Jesus . Bible Review . p. 42 . M'Cheyne , Robert Murray ( 2007 - 04 - 30 ) . Bethany : Discovering Christ 's Love in Times of Suffering When Heaven Seems Silent ( A Study of John 12 ) . Diggory Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84685 - 702 - 7 . Morris , Leon ( 1995 ) . The Gospel According to St. John . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2504 - 9 . Robinson , John A.T. ( 1990 ) . Redating the New Testament . Trinity Press International . ISBN 978 - 0 - 334 - 02300 - 5 . OL 9427964M . Sander , Emilie T. ( 2015 ) . `` Biblical Literature : The Fourth Gospel : The Gospel According to John '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Sloyan , Gerard Stephen ( 2006 ) . What are They Saying about John ? . What Are They Saying about ... ? series ( Revised ed . ) . Paulist Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 4337 - 5 . Smith , D. Moody ( 2010 ) . `` Jesus Tradition in the Gospel of John '' . In Holmén , Tom ; Porter , Stanley E. Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus . BRILL . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16372 - 0 . Thatcher , Tom , ed. ( 2007 ) . What We Have Heard from the Beginning : The Past , Present and Future of Johannine Studies . Waco : Baylor University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60258 - 010 - 7 . Thatcher , Tom ( 2009 ) . `` Aspects of Historicity in the Fourth Gospel : Phase Two of the John , Jesus , and History Project '' . In Anderson , Paul N. ; Just , Felix ; Thatcher , Tom . John , Jesus , and History , Volume 2 : Aspects of Historicity in the Fourth Gospel . Society of Biblical Literature Symposium series . 44 . Society of Biblical Literature . ISBN 1589833929 . Theissen , Gerd ( 2011 ) . The New Testament : A Literary History . Translated by Maloney , Linda M. Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 9785 - 3 . Thompson , Marianne Meye ( 1996 ) . `` The Historical Jesus and the Johannine Christ '' . In Smith , Dwight Moody ; Culpepper , R. Alan ; Black , Carl Clifton . Exploring the Gospel of John : In Honor of D. Moody Smith . Old Testament Library . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22083 - 9 . Thompson , Marianne Meye ( 2011 ) . `` John '' . In Fee , Gordon D. ; Hubbard , Robert L. , Jr . The Eerdmans Companion to the Bible . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3823 - 0 . Vermes , Geza ( 2004 ) . The Authentic Gospel of Jesus . Penguin UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 191260 - 8 . Wansbrough , Henry ( 2015 ) . Introducing the New Testament . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 65670 - 4 . White , L. Michael ( 2010 ) . Scripting Jesus : The Gospels in Rewrite. Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 198537 - 9 . A Brief Introduction to the Gospel According to John Gospel According to John , Encyclopædia Britannica Online . A textual commentary on the Gospel of John Detailed text ; critical discussion of the 300 most important variants of the Greek text ( PDF , 376 pages ; archived on 4 March 2016 ) John Rylands papyrus : text , translation , illustration and a bibliography of the discussion John , Gospel of St. in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica -- collected comments ; archived 4 April 2006 Conflicts Between the Gospel of John & the Remaining Three ( synoptic ) Gospels on ReligiousTolerance.com . John Henry Bernard , Alan Hugh McNeile , A critical and exegetical commentary on the Gospel according to St. John , Continuum International Publishing Group , 2000 . External links ( edit ) Online translations of the Gospel of John : Over 200 versions in over 70 languages at Bible Gateway The Unbound Bible from Biola University David Robert Palmer , Translation from the Greek Text of the Gospel with textual variants The Egerton Gospel text ; compare with Gospel of John Gospel of John Gospel Preceded by Gospel of Luke New Testament Books of the Bible Succeeded by Acts of the Apostles Portals Access related topics Religion portal Christianity portal Bible portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Textbooks from Wikibooks Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Learning resources from Wikiversity Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism Temptation Apostles selecting Great Commission Ministry Sermon on the Mount Plain Prayers Lord 's Prayer Parables Miracles Transfiguration Homelessness Last Supper Passion arrest trial Crucifixion sayings on the cross Tomb Resurrection Ascension New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Gospel harmony Oral gospel traditions Life of Jesus in the New Testament Historical background of the New Testament New Testament places associated with Jesus Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Culture Language of Jesus Bibliography Films Christianity Christ Christianity Christology Depictions of Jesus art Jesus in Christianity pre-existence incarnation Relics associated with Jesus Scholastic Lutheran Christology Second Coming Session of Christ Other views Brothers of Jesus Jesuism Jesus in comparative mythology Christ myth theory Jesus in Islam Ahmadiyya Jesus in Scientology Judaism 's view of Jesus in the Talmud Master Jesus Religious perspectives on Jesus Criticism Books of the Bible 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Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major / Minor prophets Gospels ( Synoptic ) Epistles ( Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic ) Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha ( list ) New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book ( hide ) Gospel of John Bible John 1 1 : 1 Book of Signs 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Book of Glory 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Epilogue : 21 Places Ænon Bethabara Bethany Bethsaida Cana Capernaum Galilee Jacob 's Well Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Kidron Samaria Sea of Galilee Solomon 's Porch Sychar People Andrew Annas Caiaphas Herod Antipas Jesus Christ John the Baptist Joseph of Arimathea Judas Iscariot Mother of Jesus Lazarus Malchus Martha Mary Magdalene Mary , sister of Martha Nathanael Nicodemus Philip Pontius Pilate Simon of Cyrene Simon Peter Simon the Leper Thomas Zebedee Groups Angels Pharisees Sadducees Samaritans Sanhedrin `` I AM '' sayings Bread of Life Light of the World Gate for the Sheep Good Shepherd Resurrectio et Vita Via et Veritas et Vita True Vine Other Events Bread of Life Discourse Crucifixion of Jesus Ecce homo Farewell Discourse Feast of Dedication Feeding the 5000 Foot washing Healing a blind man Healing a paralytic Healing a sick son Jesus wept Last Supper Marriage at Cana Noli me tangere Raising of Lazarus That they all may be one Ut unum sint Via et veritas et vita Walking on water Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Gospel of Luke ( chapter 24 ) Acts of the Apostles ( chapter 1 ) → VIAF : 57145910123927021804 LCCN : n79060414 GND : 4028700 - 2 SELIBR : 269323 SUDOC : 112017258 BNF : cb12008265h ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_John&oldid=799077621 '' Categories : Catharism Gospel of John Johannine literature Hidden categories : Good articles Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles containing Greek - language text Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Chi - Chewa Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kaszëbsczi Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Papiamentu Plattdüütsch Polski Português Reo tahiti Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Shqip Sicilianu Simple English SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Twi Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 14 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the gospel of john probably written | [
"John is usually dated to AD 90–110.[17][Notes 6] It arose in a Jewish Christian community in the process of breaking from the Jewish synagogue.[18] Scholars believe that the text went through two to three redactions, or \"editions\", before reaching its current form.[19][20]"
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"AD 90–110"
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-7958537846439576223 | Camping World Bowl | Camping World Bowl - wikipedia Camping World Bowl Jump to : navigation , search Camping World Bowl Stadium Camping World Stadium Location Orlando , Florida Previous stadiums Joe Robbie Stadium ( 1990 -- 2000 ) Previous locations Miami Gardens , Florida ( 1990 -- 2000 ) Operated 1990 -- present Conference tie - ins ACC , Big 12 Previous conference tie - ins B1G , Big East Payout US $ 2,275,000 ( As of 2015 ) Sponsors Blockbuster ( 1990 -- 1993 ) Carquest ( 1994 -- 1997 ) MicronPC ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Florida Tourism ( 2001 ) Mazda ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Champs Sports ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Russell Athletic ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Camping World ( 2017 -- present ) Former names Sunshine Classic ( 1990 , working title ) Blockbuster Bowl ( 1990 -- 1993 ) Carquest Bowl ( 1994 -- 1997 ) MicronPC Bowl ( 1998 ) MicronPC.com Bowl ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Visit Florida Tangerine Bowl ( 2001 ) Mazda Tangerine Bowl ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Champs Sports Bowl ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Russell Athletic Bowl ( 2012 -- 2016 ) 2016 matchup Miami vs. West Virginia ( Miami 31 -- 14 ) 2017 matchup # 17 Oklahoma State vs. # 22 Virginia Tech ( Oklahoma State 30 -- 21 ) The Camping World Bowl is an annual college football bowl game that is played in Orlando , Florida , at Camping World Stadium . The bowl is operated by Florida Citrus Sports , a non-profit group which also organizes the Citrus Bowl and the Florida Classic . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Miami , FL 1.2 Orlando , FL 2 Game results 3 MVPs 4 Most appearances 5 Appearances by conference 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) The bowl was founded in 1990 by Raycom and was originally played at Joe Robbie Stadium outside the city of Miami . It was formed under the name Sunshine Football Classic , but due to corporate title sponsorships , was never actually contested under this name , nor even referred to as such except during brief intervals between corporate sponsors . During its Miami existence , it successively went by the names Blockbuster Bowl , CarQuest Bowl , and the MicronPC Bowl . In 2001 , the bowl changed hands , and was relocated to Orlando . The bowl briefly became known as the Tangerine Bowl , a historic moniker , which was the original title of the game now known as the Citrus Bowl . Foot Locker , the parent company of Champs Sports , purchased naming rights in 2004 , naming it the Champs Sports Bowl . In early 2012 , naming rights were agreed to by Russell Athletic for games through 2017 . In early 2017 , Camping World signed an agreement with Florida Citrus Sports to be the new title sponsor of the game through 2020 . The game currently has tie - ins with the ACC and Big 12 . Miami , fl ( edit ) What is now the Camping World Bowl was sprung from a desire to hold a second bowl game in the Miami area . It would be an accompaniment to the long - established and well - known Orange Bowl , and would showcase the brand new stadium in the area that was built in 1987 . The Orange Bowl game was still being played in the aging old stadium , whereas this new game would be played in the new stadium . Miami Dolphins owner Wayne Huizenga quickly joined forces with bowl organizers and brought in Blockbuster Video , which he owned at the time , as title sponsor . The inaugural game , played on December 28 , 1990 , pitted Florida State and Penn State , and two legendary coaches , Bobby Bowden versus Joe Paterno in front of over 74,000 at Joe Robbie Stadium . Subsequent games , however , never matched the success of the first , even though the bowl was moved to the more prestigious New Year 's Day slot starting in 1993 . In 1994 , CarQuest Auto Parts became the title sponsor after Huizenga sold Blockbuster Video to Viacom . The New Year 's Day experiment was short lived as the organizers of the more established Orange Bowl received permission to move their game into Joe Robbie Stadium beginning in 1996 . That bumped the Carquest Bowl back to the less - desirable December date . After the 2000 playing , Florida Citrus Sports took over the game and moved it to Orlando . Before gaining Blockbuster Entertainment as the corporate sponsor for the inaugural event , the game was tentatively referred to as the Sunshine Classic . Orlando , fl ( edit ) Camping World Stadium in 2015 From 2006 -- 2010 , the bowl matched teams from the Atlantic Coast Conference and the Big Ten Conference . Under the terms of a television deal signed with ESPN in 2006 , the bowl was to be held after Christmas Day from 2006 onward , and be shown on ESPN in prime time . The change was made to move the game from the less - desirable pre-Christmas date utilized from 2001 -- 2004 . From 2005 -- 2009 , the stadium faced challenges in preparing the stadium for two bowl games in less than one week ( the Citrus Bowl is traditionally held New Year 's Day ) . This was also in part due to the Florida high school football championship games being held at the stadium shortly before the bowls . In 2009 , rainy weather turned the stadium 's grass field into a muddly , sloppy , quagmire for both bowl games . In 2010 , the stadium switched to artificial turf , facilitating the quick turnaround necessary . In 2009 , the Champs Sports Bowl announced that the Big East was to be one of the tie - in conferences for four years starting in 2010 , and continued after the conference was renamed the American Athletic Conference following the 2013 reorganization . They were also to have the option of selecting Notre Dame once out of the four years ( which they did in 2011 ) . On October 7 , 2009 , the Champs Sports Bowl announced that they had extended their agreement with the Atlantic Coast Conference for the same term . The game was to match the third pick from the ACC against the second selection from the Big East . The previous agreement matched the 4th pick from the ACC against the 4th or 5th pick from the Big Ten . The University of Notre Dame , representing the Big East ( as permitted in the agreement with the conference ) and Florida State University from the ACC played in the 2011 bowl . Since 2014 , the game features the second pick from the ACC after the New Year 's Six bowls make their picks -- usually the conference championship game loser or one of the division runners - up -- against the third pick from the Big 12 . Game results ( edit ) For the annual college football game which was called the Tangerine Bowl from 1947 to 1982 , see Citrus Bowl . Season Date Bowl Name Winning Team Losing Team Site Attnd . 1990 December 28 , 1990 1990 Blockbuster Bowl Florida State 24 Penn State 17 Miami Gardens 74,021 1991 December 28 , 1991 1991 Blockbuster Bowl Alabama 30 Colorado 25 46,123 January 1 , 1993 1993 Blockbuster Bowl Stanford 24 Penn State 45,554 1993 January 1 , 1994 1994 Carquest Bowl Boston College 31 Virginia 13 38,516 1994 January 2 , 1995 1995 Carquest Bowl ( January ) South Carolina 24 West Virginia 21 50,853 1995 December 30 , 1995 1995 Carquest Bowl ( December ) North Carolina 20 Arkansas 10 34,428 December 27 , 1996 1996 Carquest Bowl Miami 31 Virginia 21 46,418 1997 December 29 , 1997 1997 Carquest Bowl Georgia Tech 35 West Virginia 30 28,262 1998 December 29 , 1998 1998 MicronPC Bowl Miami 46 NC State 23 44,387 1999 December 30 , 1999 1999 MicronPC.com Bowl Illinois 63 Virginia 21 31,089 2000 December 28 , 2000 2000 MicronPC.com Bowl NC State 38 Minnesota 30 28,359 2001 December 20 , 2001 2001 Tangerine Bowl Pittsburgh 34 NC State 19 Orlando 28,562 2002 December 23 , 2002 2002 Tangerine Bowl Texas Tech 55 Clemson 15 21,689 2003 December 22 , 2003 2003 Tangerine Bowl NC State 56 Kansas 26 26,482 December 21 , 2004 2004 Champs Sports Bowl Georgia Tech 51 Syracuse 14 28,237 2005 December 27 , 2005 2005 Champs Sports Bowl Clemson 19 Colorado 10 31,470 2006 December 29 , 2006 2006 Champs Sports Bowl Maryland 24 Purdue 7 40,168 2007 December 28 , 2007 2007 Champs Sports Bowl Boston College 24 Michigan State 21 46,554 2008 December 27 , 2008 2008 Champs Sports Bowl Florida State 42 Wisconsin 13 52,692 2009 December 29 , 2009 2009 Champs Sports Bowl Wisconsin 20 Miami 14 56,747 December 28 , 2010 2010 Champs Sports Bowl NC State 23 West Virginia 7 48,962 2011 December 29 , 2011 2011 Champs Sports Bowl Florida State 18 Notre Dame 14 68,305 2012 December 28 , 2012 2012 Russell Athletic Bowl Virginia Tech 13 Rutgers 10 ( OT ) 48,129 2013 December 28 , 2013 2013 Russell Athletic Bowl Louisville 36 Miami 9 51,098 2014 December 29 , 2014 2014 Russell Athletic Bowl Clemson 40 Oklahoma 6 40,071 2015 December 29 , 2015 2015 Russell Athletic Bowl Baylor 49 North Carolina 38 40,418 2016 December 28 , 2016 2016 Russell Athletic Bowl Miami 31 West Virginia 14 48,625 2017 December 28 , 2017 2017 Camping World Bowl Oklahoma State 30 Virginia Tech 21 39,610 Jump up ^ In 2004 , Syracuse was chosen because the Big 12 did not have enough bowl eligible teams . MVPs ( edit ) Date MVP School Position December 28 , 1990 Amp Lee Florida State RB December 28 , 1991 David Palmer Alabama WR January 1 , 1993 Darrien Gordon Stanford CB January 1 , 1994 Glenn Foley Boston College QB January 2 , 1995 Steve Taneyhill South Carolina QB December 30 , 1995 Leon Johnson North Carolina RB December 27 , 1996 Tremain Mack Miami SS December 29 , 1997 Joe Hamilton Georgia Tech QB December 29 , 1998 Scott Covington Miami QB December 30 , 1999 Kurt Kittner Illinois QB December 28 , 2000 Philip Rivers NC State QB December 20 , 2001 Antonio Bryant Pittsburgh WR December 23 , 2002 Kliff Kingsbury Texas Tech QB December 22 , 2003 Philip Rivers NC State QB December 21 , 2004 Reggie Ball Georgia Tech QB December 27 , 2005 James Davis Clemson RB December 29 , 2006 Sam Hollenbach Maryland QB December 28 , 2007 Jamie Silva Boston College FS December 27 , 2008 Graham Gano Florida State K / P December 29 , 2009 John Clay Wisconsin RB December 28 , 2010 Russell Wilson NC State QB December 29 , 2011 Rashad Greene Florida State WR December 28 , 2012 Antone Exum Virginia Tech CB December 28 , 2013 Teddy Bridgewater Louisville QB December 29 , 2014 Cole Stoudt Clemson QB December 29 , 2015 Johnny Jefferson Baylor RB December 28 , 2016 Brad Kaaya Miami QB December 28 , 2017 Mason Rudolph Oklahoma State QB Most appearances ( edit ) Teams with multiple appearances Rank Team Appearances Record T1 NC State 5 3 -- 2 T1 Miami 5 3 -- 2 West Virginia 0 -- 4 Florida State 3 -- 0 T3 Clemson 2 -- 1 T3 Virginia 0 -- 3 Boston College 2 -- 0 T4 Georgia Tech 2 -- 0 T4 North Carolina 1 -- 1 T4 Virginia Tech 1 -- 1 T4 Wisconsin 1 -- 1 T4 Colorado 0 -- 2 T4 Penn State 0 -- 2 Teams with a single appearance Won : Alabama , Baylor , Illinois , Louisville , Maryland , Oklahoma State , Pittsburgh , South Carolina , Stanford , Texas Tech Lost : Arkansas , Kansas , Michigan State , Minnesota , Notre Dame , Oklahoma , Purdue , Rutgers , Syracuse Appearances by Conference ( edit ) Through the December 2017 playing , there have been 28 games ( 56 total appearances ) . Rank Conference Appearances Wins Losses Pct . ACC 24 14 10 . 583 The American 10 5 5 . 500 Big 12 7 . 429 Big Ten 6 . 333 5 Independents . 250 6 SEC . 667 T7 Pac - 12 0 1.000 Jump up ^ Following the 2013 split of the original Big East along football lines , the FBS schools reorganized as the American Athletic Conference , which retains the charter of the original Big East . Through 2012 , Big East team compiled a record of 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Penn State ( 1990 , 1992 ) , Florida State ( 1990 ) , Notre Dame ( 2011 ) See also ( edit ) List of college bowl games List of Camping World Bowl broadcasters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` College Bowl Game Payouts '' . Statistic Brain . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Making of a Blockbuster : How Wayne Huizenga Built a Sports and Entertainment Empire from Trash , Grit , and Videotape '' . Wiley . 1997 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Athletic Bowl History '' . RussellAthleticBowl.com . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CAMPING WORLD SIGNS ON AS TITLE SPONSOR OF ORLANDO BOWL '' . campingworldbowl.com. April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` About '' . campingworldbowl.com. 2017 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adelson , Andrea ( October 7 , 2009 ) . `` College football : ACC improves deal with Champs Sports Bowl ; will send No. 3 team to Orlando beginning in 2010 '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2009 -- via Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` History '' . campingworldbowl.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/CWBowl/status/946542422645006336 Further reading ( edit ) DeGeorge , Gail ( 1995 ) . The Making of a Blockbuster : How Wayne Huizenga Built a Sports and Entertainment Empire from Trash , Grit and Videotape . John Wiley & Sons . ASIN B013ILGKYW . External links ( edit ) Official website Blockbuster / Carquest / MicronPC / Tangerine / Champs Sports / Russell Athletic / Camping World Bowl 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 ( Jan ) 1995 ( Dec ) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Pro Player Stadium ( 1990 -- 2000 ) Camping World Stadium ( 2001 -- present ) Broadcasters NCAA Division I FBS bowl games College Football Playoff Championship Game Cotton Fiesta Orange Peach Rose Sugar Other bowl games Alamo Arizona Armed Forces Bahamas Belk Birmingham Boca Raton Cactus Camellia Camping World Citrus Cure Dollar General Famous Idaho Potato Foster Farms Frisco Gasparilla Hawaii Heart of Dallas Holiday Independence Las Vegas Liberty Military Music City New Mexico New Orleans Outback Pinstripe Quick Lane Sun TaxSlayer Texas All - Star games East -- West Shrine Game NFLPA Collegiate Bowl Senior Bowl Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camping_World_Bowl&oldid=821219991 '' Categories : College football bowls Camping World Bowl American football in Orlando , Florida 1990 establishments in Florida Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 02 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is camping world bowl game being played | [
"The Camping World Bowl is an annual college football bowl game that is played in Orlando, Florida, at Camping World Stadium. The bowl is operated by Florida Citrus Sports, a non-profit group which also organizes the Citrus Bowl and the Florida Classic."
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"Orlando, Florida, at Camping World Stadium"
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6735515837752629639 | United States Capitol | United States Capitol - Wikipedia United States Capitol Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Washington , D.C. . For the legislature , see United States Congress . United States Capitol The west front of the United States Capitol in 2013 Show map of Central Washington , D.C. Show map of the US Show all General information Architectural style American Neoclassicism Town or city Capitol Hill , Washington , D.C. Country United States of America Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 23.29 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 32.81 '' W / 38.8898028 ° N 77.0091139 ° W / 38.8898028 ; - 77.0091139 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 23.29 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 32.81 '' W / 38.8898028 ° N 77.0091139 ° W / 38.8898028 ; - 77.0091139 Construction started September 18 , 1793 Completed 1800 Client Washington administration Technical details Floor count 5 Floor area 16.5 acres ( 6.7 ha ) Design and construction Architect William Thornton , designer ( see Architect of the Capitol ) Website www.capitol.gov www.aoc.gov/us-capitol-building The United States Capitol , often called the Capitol Building , is the home of the United States Congress , and the seat of the legislative branch of the U.S. federal government . It sits atop Capitol Hill at the eastern end of the National Mall in Washington , D.C. Though not at the geographic center of the Federal District , the Capitol forms the origin point for the District 's street - numbering system and the District 's four quadrants . The original building was completed in 1800 and was subsequently expanded , particularly with the addition of the massive dome , and expanded chambers for the bicameral legislature , the House of Representatives in the south wing and the Senate in the north wing . Like the principal buildings of the executive and judicial branches , the Capitol is built in a distinctive neoclassical style and has a white exterior . Both its east and west elevations are formally referred to as fronts , though only the east front was intended for the reception of visitors and dignitaries . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background 1.1. 1 Name 1.2 Design competition 1.3 Construction 1.4 Early religious use 1.5 War of 1812 1.6 The House and Senate Wings 1.7 Capitol dome 1.8 Later expansion 2 Interior 2.1 Art 2.2 Crypt 2.3 Features 2.4 Height 2.5 House Chamber 2.6 Old Supreme Court Chamber 2.7 Senate Chamber 2.8 Floor plans 3 Exterior 3.1 Grounds 3.2 Flags 4 Major events 5 Security 6 Capitol Visitor Center 7 See also 8 Citations 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) The east front of the United States Capitol ( 2013 view ) The Capitol at night ( 2013 view ) Background ( edit ) See also : History of Washington , D.C. and List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington , D.C. Prior to establishing the nation 's capital in Washington , D.C. , the United States Congress and its predecessors had met in Philadelphia ( Independence Hall and Congress Hall ) , New York City ( Federal Hall ) , and a number of other locations ( York , Pennsylvania ; Lancaster , Pennsylvania ; Maryland State House in Annapolis , Maryland ; and Nassau Hall in Princeton , New Jersey ) . In September 1774 , the First Continental Congress brought together delegates from the colonies in Philadelphia , followed by the Second Continental Congress , which met from May 1775 to March 1781 . After adopting the Articles of Confederation in York , Pennsylvania , the Congress of the Confederation was formed and convened in Philadelphia from March 1781 until June 1783 , when a mob of angry soldiers converged upon Independence Hall , demanding payment for their service during the American Revolutionary War . Congress requested that John Dickinson , the Governor of Pennsylvania , call up the militia to defend Congress from attacks by the protesters . In what became known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 , Dickinson sympathized with the protesters and refused to remove them from Philadelphia . As a result , Congress was forced to flee to Princeton , New Jersey , on June 21 , 1783 , and met in Annapolis , Maryland , and Trenton , New Jersey , before ending up in New York City . The United States Congress was established upon ratification of the United States Constitution and formally began on March 4 , 1789 . New York City remained home to Congress until July 1790 , when the Residence Act was passed to pave the way for a permanent capital . The decision to locate the capital was contentious , but Alexander Hamilton helped broker a compromise in which the federal government would take on war debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War , in exchange for support from northern states for locating the capital along the Potomac River . As part of the legislation , Philadelphia was chosen as a temporary capital for ten years ( until December 1800 ) , until the nation 's capital in Washington , D.C. , would be ready . Pierre ( Peter ) Charles L'Enfant was given the task of creating the city plan for the new capital city . L'Enfant chose Jenkin 's Hill as the site for the `` Congress House '' , with a `` grand avenue '' ( now Pennsylvania Avenue , NW ) connecting it with the President 's House , and a public space containing a broader `` grand avenue '' ( now the National Mall ) stretching westward to the Potomac River ( see : L'Enfant Plan ) . Name ( edit ) In reviewing L'Enfant's plan , Thomas Jefferson insisted the legislative building be called the `` Capitol '' rather than `` Congress House '' . The word `` Capitol '' comes from Latin and is associated with the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Capitoline Hill , one of the seven hills of Rome . The connection between the two is not , however , crystal clear . In addition to coming up with a city plan , L'Enfant had been tasked with designing the Capitol and President 's House ; however , he was dismissed in February 1792 over disagreements with President George Washington and the commissioners , and there were no plans at that point for the Capitol . Design competition ( edit ) Design for the U.S. Capitol , `` An Elevation for a Capitol '' , by James Diamond was one of many submitted in the 1792 contest , but not selected . In spring 1792 , United States Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson proposed a design competition to solicit designs for the Capitol and the `` President 's House '' , and set a four - month deadline . The prize for the competition was $500 and a lot in the Federal City . At least ten individuals submitted designs for the Capitol ; however the drawings were regarded as crude and amateurish , reflecting the level of architectural skill present in the United States at the time . The most promising of the submissions was by Stephen Hallet , a trained French architect . However , Hallet 's designs were overly fancy , with too much French influence , and were deemed too costly . A late entry by amateur architect William Thornton was submitted on January 31 , 1793 , to much praise for its `` Grandeur , Simplicity , and Beauty '' by Washington , along with praise from Thomas Jefferson . Thornton was inspired by the east front of the Louvre , as well as the Paris Pantheon for the center portion of the design . Thornton 's design was officially approved in a letter dated April 5 , 1793 , from Washington , and Thornton served as the first Architect of the Capitol ( and later first Superintendent of the United States Patent Office ) . In an effort to console Hallet , the commissioners appointed him to review Thornton 's plans , develop cost estimates , and serve as superintendent of construction . Hallet proceeded to pick apart and make drastic changes to Thornton 's design , which he saw as costly to build and problematic . In July 1793 , Jefferson convened a five - member commission , bringing Hallet and Thornton together , along with James Hoban ( winning architect of the `` President 's Palace '' ) to address problems with and revise Thornton 's plan . Hallet suggested changes to the floor plan , which could be fitted within the exterior design by Thornton . The revised plan was accepted , except that Secretary Jefferson and President Washington insisted on an open recess in the center of the East front , which was part of Thornton 's original plan . The original design by Thornton was later modified by the famous British - American architects Benjamin Henry Latrobe , Sr. , and then Charles Bulfinch . The current cast - iron dome and the House 's new southern extension and Senate new northern wing were designed by Thomas U. Walter and August Schoenborn , a German immigrant , in the 1850s , and were completed under the supervision of Edward Clark . Construction ( edit ) The Capitol when first occupied by Congress ( painting circa 1800 by William Russell Birch ) L'Enfant secured the lease of quarries at Wigginton Island and along Aquia Creek in Virginia for use in the foundations and outer walls of the Capitol in November 1791 . Surveying was under way soon after the Jefferson conference plan for the Capitol was accepted . On September 18 , 1793 , President George Washington , along with eight other Freemasons dressed in masonic regalia , laid the cornerstone , which was made by silversmith Caleb Bentley . Construction proceeded with Hallet working under supervision of James Hoban , who was also busy working on construction of the `` President 's House '' ( also later known as the `` Executive Mansion '' ) . Despite the wishes of Jefferson and the President , Hallet went ahead anyway and modified Thornton 's design for the East Front and created a square central court that projected from the center , with flanking wings which would house the legislative bodies . Hallet was dismissed by Secretary Jefferson on November 15 , 1794 . George Hadfield was hired on October 15 , 1795 , as Superintendent of Construction , but resigned three years later in May 1798 , because of his dissatisfaction with Thornton 's plan and quality of work done thus far . The Senate ( north ) wing was completed in 1800 . The Senate and House shared quarters in the north wing until a temporary wooden pavilion was erected on the future site of the House wing which served for a few years for the Representatives to meet in , until the House of Representatives ( south ) wing was finally completed in 1811 , with a covered wooden temporary walkway connecting the two wings with the Congressional chambers where the future center section with rotunda and dome would someday rise . However , the House of Representatives moved early into their House wing in 1807 . Though the Senate wing building was incomplete , the Capitol held its first session of the United States Congress with both chambers in session on November 17 , 1800 . The National Legislature was moved to Washington prematurely , at the urging of President John Adams , in hopes of securing enough Southern votes in the Electoral College to be re-elected for a second term as President . Early religious use ( edit ) For several decades , beginning when the federal government moved to Washington in the fall of 1800 , the Capitol building was used for Sunday religious services as well as for governmental functions . The first services were conducted in the `` hall '' of the House in the north wing of the building . In 1801 the House moved to temporary quarters in the south wing , called the `` Oven , '' which it vacated in 1804 , returning to the north wing for three years . Then , from 1807 to 1857 , they were held in the then - House Chamber ( now called Statuary Hall ) . When held in the House chamber , the Speaker 's podium was used as the preacher 's pulpit . According to the U.S. Library of Congress exhibit Religion and the Founding of the American Republic : It is no exaggeration to say that on Sundays in Washington during the administrations of Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 - 1809 ) and of James Madison ( 1809 - 1817 ) the state became the church . Within a year of his inauguration , Jefferson began attending church services in the chamber of the House of Representatives . Madison followed Jefferson 's example , although unlike Jefferson , who rode on horseback to church in the Capitol , Madison came in a coach and four . Worship services in the House -- a practice that continued until after the Civil War -- were acceptable to Jefferson because they were nondiscriminatory and voluntary . Preachers of every Protestant denomination appeared . ( Catholic priests began officiating in 1826 . ) As early as January 1806 a female evangelist , Dorothy Ripley , delivered a camp meeting - style exhortation in the House to Jefferson , Vice President Aaron Burr , and a `` crowded audience . '' War of 1812 ( edit ) See also : Burning of Washington The Capitol after the August 1814 burning of Washington , D.C. , by the British , during the War of 1812 ( painting 1814 by George Munger ) Not long after the completion of both wings , the Capitol was partially burned by the British on August 24 , 1814 , during the War of 1812 . George Bomford and Joseph Gardner Swift , both military engineers , were called upon to help rebuild the Capitol . Reconstruction began in 1815 and included redesigned chambers for both Senate and House wings ( now sides ) , which were completed by 1819 . During the reconstruction , Congress met in the Old Brick Capitol , a temporary structure financed by local investors . Construction continued through to 1826 , with the addition of the center section with front steps and columned portico and an interior Rotunda , rising above the first low dome of the Capitol . Latrobe is principally connected with the original construction and many innovative interior features ; his successor , Bulfinch , also played a major role , such as the design of the first low dome covered in copper . The House and Senate wings ( edit ) Daguerreotype of east side of the Capitol in 1846 , by John Plumbe By 1850 , it became clear that the Capitol could not accommodate the growing number of legislators arriving from newly admitted states . A new design competition was held , and President Millard Fillmore appointed Philadelphia architect Thomas U. Walter to carry out the expansion . Two new wings were added -- a new chamber for the House of Representatives on the south side , and a new chamber for the Senate on the north . When the Capitol was expanded in the 1850s , some of the construction labor was carried out by slaves `` who cut the logs , laid the stones and baked the bricks '' . The original plan was to use workers brought in from Europe ; however , there was a poor response to recruitment efforts , and African Americans , some free and some enslaved , composed the majority of the work force . Capitol dome ( edit ) Main article : United States Capitol dome Inauguration of Abraham Lincoln in 1861 , before the partially complete Capitol dome The 1850 expansion more than doubled the length of the Capitol , dwarfing the original , timber - framed , copper - sheeted , low dome of 1818 , designed by Charles Bulfinch and no longer in proportion with the increased size of the building . In 1855 , the decision was made to tear it down and replace it with the `` wedding - cake style '' cast - iron dome that stands today . Also designed by Thomas U. Walter , the new dome would stand three times the height of the original dome and 100 feet ( 30 m ) in diameter , yet had to be supported on the existing masonry piers . Like Mansart 's dome at `` Les Invalides '' ( which he had visited in 1838 ) , Walter 's dome is double , with a large oculus in the inner dome , through which is seen `` The Apotheosis of Washington '' painted on a shell suspended from the supporting ribs , which also support the visible exterior structure and the tholos that supports The `` Statue of Freedom '' , a colossal statue that was raised to the top of the dome in 1863 . This statue was cast by a slave named Philip Reid . The weight of the cast iron for the dome has been published as 8,909,200 pounds ( 4,041,100 kg ) . Later expansion ( edit ) The Washington Depot with the U.S. Capitol in the distance ( 1872 view ) When the Capitol 's new dome was finally completed , its massive visual weight , in turn , overpowered the proportions of the columns of the East Portico , built in 1828 . The East Front of the Capitol building was rebuilt in 1904 , following a design of the architects Carrère and Hastings , who also designed the Russell Senate and Cannon House office buildings . Low - angle bird 's - eye view of central Washington toward the west and northwest with The Capitol in foreground - 1871 The next major expansion to the Capitol started in 1958 , with a 33.5 feet ( 10.2 m ) extension of the East Portico . During this project , in 1960 the dome underwent a restoration . A marble duplicate of the sandstone East Front was built 33.5 feet ( 10.2 m ) from the old Front . ( In 1962 , a connecting extension incorporated what had been an outside wall as an inside wall . ) In the process , the Corinthian columns were removed . It was not until 1984 that landscape designer Russell Page created a suitable setting for them in a large meadow at the U.S. National Arboretum in northeast Washington as the National Capitol Columns , where they are combined with a reflecting pool in an ensemble that reminds some visitors of the ruins of Persepolis , in Persia . Besides the columns , hundreds of blocks of the original stone were removed and are stored behind a National Park Service maintenance yard in Rock Creek Park . National Capitol Columns at the National Arboretum ( 2008 view ) The United States Capitol , with scaffolding erected to facilitate restoration work on the dome ( November 2014 view ) On December 19 , 1960 , the Capitol was declared a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service . The building was ranked # 6 in a 2007 survey conducted for the American Institute of Architects ' `` America 's Favorite Architecture '' list . The Capitol draws heavily from other notable buildings , especially churches and landmarks in Europe , including the dome of St. Peter 's Basilica in the Vatican and St. Paul 's Cathedral in London . On the roofs of the Senate and House Chambers are flagpoles that fly the U.S. flag when either is in session . On September 18 , 1993 , to commemorate the Capitol 's bicentennial , the Masonic ritual cornerstone laying with George Washington was reenacted . U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond was one of the Freemason politicians who took part in the ceremony . On June 20 , 2000 , ground was broken for the Capitol Visitor Center , which opened on December 2 , 2008 . From 2001 through 2008 , the East Front of the Capitol ( site of most presidential inaugurations until Ronald Reagan began a new tradition in 1981 ) was the site of construction for this massive underground complex , designed to facilitate a more orderly entrance for visitors to the Capitol . Prior to the center being built , visitors to the Capitol had to line up in the basement of the Cannon House Office Building or the Russell Senate Office Building . The new underground facility provides a grand entrance hall , a visitors theater , room for exhibits , and dining and restroom facilities , in addition to space for building necessities such as an underground service tunnel . A large - scale Capitol dome restoration project , the first extensive such work since 1959 -- 1960 , began in 2014 , with completion scheduled before the 2017 presidential inauguration . As of 2012 , $20 million in work around the skirt of the dome had been completed , but other deterioration , including at least 1,300 cracks in the brittle iron that have led to rusting and seepage inside , needed to be addressed . Before the August 2012 recess , the Senate Appropriations Committee voted to spend $61 million to repair the exterior of the dome . The House wanted to spend less on government operations , but in late 2013 , it was announced that renovations would take place over two years , starting in spring 2014 . Extensive scaffolding was erected in 2014 , enclosing and obscuring the dome . All exterior scaffolding was removed by mid-September 2016 . Interior ( edit ) Main article : United States Capitol rotunda See also : United States Capitol subway system The Capitol building is marked by its central dome above a rotunda in the central section of the structure ( which also includes , the older original smaller center flanked by the two original ( designed 1793 , occupied 1800 ) smaller two wings ( inner north ) and inner south ) containing the two original smaller meeting chambers for the Senate and the House of Representatives ( between 1800 and late 1850s ) and then flanked by two further extended ( newer ) wings , one also for each chamber of the larger , more populous Congress : the new north wing is the Senate chamber and the new south wing is the House of Representatives chamber . Above these newer chambers are galleries where visitors can watch the Senate and House of Representatives . It is an example of the neoclassical architecture style . Capitol Rotunda ( 2013 view ) Underground tunnels and internal subways connect the Capitol building with the Congressional office buildings in the Capitol Complex . All rooms in the Capitol are designated as either S ( for Senate ) or H ( for House ) , depending on whether they are in the Senate or House wing of the Capitol . Art ( edit ) The 1865 fresco painted by Constantino Brumidi on the interior of the Capitol 's dome is titled `` The Apotheosis of Washington '' . ( 2005 view ) Carlo Franzoni 's 1819 sculptural chariot clock , the Car of History depicting Clio , the Greek muse of history . National Statuary Hall . ( 2006 view ) The Capitol has a long history in art of the United States , beginning in 1856 with Italian / Greek American artist Constantino Brumidi and his murals in the hallways of the first floor of the Senate side of the Capitol . The murals , known as the Brumidi Corridors , reflect great moments and people in United States history . Among the original works are those depicting Benjamin Franklin , John Fitch , Robert Fulton , and events such as the Cession of Louisiana . Also decorating the walls are animals , insects and natural flora indigenous to the United States . Brumidi 's design left many spaces open so that future events in United States history could be added . Among those added are the Spirit of St. Louis , the Moon landing , and the Space Shuttle Challenger shuttle crew . Brumidi also worked within the Rotunda . He is responsible for the painting of `` The Apotheosis of Washington '' beneath the top of the dome , and also the famous `` Frieze of American History '' . `` The Apotheosis of Washington '' was completed in 11 months and painted by Brumidi while suspended nearly 180 feet ( 55 m ) in the air . It is said to be the first attempt by the United States to deify a founding father . Washington is depicted surrounded by 13 maidens in an inner ring with many Greek and Roman gods and goddesses below him in a second ring . The frieze is located around the inside of the base of the dome and is a chronological , pictorial history of the United States from the landing of Christopher Columbus to the Wright Brothers 's flight in Kitty Hawk , North Carolina . The frieze was started in 1878 and was not completed until 1953 . The frieze was therefore painted by four different artists : Brumidi , Filippo Costaggini , Charles Ayer Whipple , and Allyn Cox . The final scenes depicted in the fresco had not yet occurred when Brumidi began his `` Frieze of the United States History '' . Capitol Rotunda ( 2005 view ) Within the Rotunda there are eight large paintings about the development of the United States as a nation . On the east side are four paintings depicting major events in the discovery of America . On the west are four paintings depicting the founding of the United States . The east side paintings include The Baptism of Pocahontas by John Gadsby Chapman , The Embarkation of the Pilgrims by Robert Walter Weir , The Discovery of the Mississippi by William Henry Powell , and The Landing of Columbus by John Vanderlyn . The paintings on the west side are by John Trumbull : Declaration of Independence , Surrender of General Burgoyne , Surrender of Lord Cornwallis , and General George Washington Resigning His Commission . Trumbull was a contemporary of the United States ' founding fathers and a participant in the American Revolutionary War ; he painted a self - portrait into Surrender of Lord Cornwallis . Declaration of Independence ( 1819 ) , by John Trumbull First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln hangs over the west staircase in the Senate wing . National Statuary Hall Collection viewed from the south The Capitol also houses the National Statuary Hall Collection , comprising two statues donated by each of the fifty states to honor persons notable in their histories . One of the most notable statues in the National Statuary Hall is a bronze statue of King Kamehameha donated by the state of Hawaii upon its accession to the union in 1959 . The statue 's extraordinary weight of 15,000 pounds ( 6,800 kg ) raised concerns that it might come crashing through the floor , so it was moved to Emancipation Hall of the new Capitol Visitor Center . The 100th , and last statue for the collection , that of Po'pay from the state of New Mexico , was added on September 22 , 2005 . It was the first statue moved into the Emancipation Hall . Crypt ( edit ) Capitol Crypt On the ground floor is an area known as the Crypt . It was intended to be the burial place of George Washington , with a ringed balustrade at the center of the Rotunda above looking down to his tomb . However , under the stipulations of his last will , Washington was buried at Mount Vernon . The Crypt houses exhibits on the history of the Capitol . A compass star inlaid in the floor marks the point at which Washington , D.C. is divided into its four quadrants and is the basis for how addresses in Washington , D.C. , are designated ( NE , NW , SE , or SW ) . However , due to the retrocession of the Virginia portions of the District , the geographic center of the city lies near the White House . Within the Crypt is Gutzon Borglum 's massive Abraham Lincoln Bust . The sculptor had a fascination with large - scale art and themes of heroic nationalism , and carved the piece from a six - ton block of marble . Borglum carved the bust in 1908 , and it was donated to the Congress by Eugene Meyer , Jr. , and accepted by the Joint Committee on the Library , in the same year . The pedestal was specially designed by the sculptor and installed in 1911 . The bust and pedestal were on display in the Rotunda for many years until 1979 when , after a rearrangement of all sculpture in the Rotunda , they were placed in the Crypt . Borglum was a patriot ; believing that the `` monuments we have built are not our own , '' he looked to create art that was `` American , drawn from American sources , memorializing American achievement '' , according to a 1908 interview article . Borglum 's depiction of Lincoln was so accurate , that Robert Todd Lincoln , the president 's son , praised the bust as `` the most extraordinarily good portrait of my father I have ever seen . '' Supposedly , according to legend , the marble head remains unfinished ( missing a left ear ) to symbolize Lincoln 's unfinished life . Features ( edit ) At one end of the room near the Old Supreme Court Chamber is a statue of John C. Calhoun . On the right leg of the statue , a mark from a bullet fired during the 1998 shooting incident is clearly visible . The bullet also left a mark on the cape , located on the back right side of the statue . Eleven presidents have lain in state in the Rotunda for public viewing , most recently Gerald Ford . The tomb meant for Washington stored the catafalque which is used to support coffins lying in state or honor in the Capitol . The catafalque is now on display in the Capitol Visitors Center for the general public to see when not in use . The Hall of Columns is located on the House side of the Capitol , home to twenty - eight fluted columns and statues from the National Statuary Hall Collection . In the basement of the Capitol building in a utility room are two marble bathtubs , which are all that remain of the once elaborate Senate baths . These baths were a spa - like facility designed for members of Congress and their guests before many buildings in the city had modern plumbing . The facilities included several bathtubs , a barbershop , and a massage parlor . A steep , metal staircase , totaling 365 steps , leads from the basement to an outdoor walkway on top of the Capitol 's dome . The number of steps represents each day of the year . Also in the basement , the weekly Jummah prayer is held on Fridays by Muslim staffers . Height ( edit ) For more details , see Heights of Buildings Act of 1910 ; The Height of Buildings Act of 1899 ; and List of tallest buildings in Washington , D.C. Contrary to a popular myth , D.C. building height laws have never referred to the height of the Capitol building , which rises to 289 feet ( 88 m ) . Indeed , the Capitol is only the fifth - tallest structure in Washington . House chamber ( edit ) The House of Representatives Chamber has 448 permanent seats . Unlike Senators , Representatives do not have assigned seats . The chamber is large enough to accommodate members of all three branches of the federal government and invited guests for joint sessions of Congress such as the State of the Union speech and other events . It is adorned with relief portraits of famous lawmakers and lawgivers throughout history . Of the twenty - three relief portraits only Moses is sculpted from a full front view and is located across from the dais where the Speaker of the House ceremonially sits . President George W. Bush delivering the annual State of the Union address in the House chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber ( 2007 view ) US Senate chamber ( circa 1873 view ) In order clockwise around the chamber : George Mason Robert Joseph Pothier Jean Baptiste Colbert Edward I of England Alfonso X of Castile Pope Gregory IX Louis IX of France Justinian I Tribonian Lycurgus of Sparta Hammurabi Moses Solon Aemilius Papinianus Gaius Maimonides Suleiman the Magnificent Pope Innocent III Simon de Montfort , 6th Earl of Leicester Hugo Grotius William Blackstone Napoleon Thomas Jefferson There is also a quote etched in the marble of the chamber , as stated by venerable statesman Daniel Webster : `` Let us develop the resources of our land , call forth its powers , build up its institutions , promote all its great interests , and see whether we also , in our day and generation , may not perform something worthy to be remembered . '' Old Supreme Court chamber ( edit ) Main article : Old Supreme Court Chamber From 1800 to 1806 , this room served as the Senate Chamber and from 1806 until 1860 , the room was used as the Supreme Court Chamber . In 1860 , the Supreme Court began using the newly vacated Old Senate Chamber . Since 1935 , the Supreme Court has met in the United States Supreme Court Building . Senate chamber ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate Chamber The current Senate Chamber opened in 1859 and is adorned with white marble busts of the former Presidents of the Senate ( Vice Presidents ) . Floor plans ( edit ) Floor plans of the United States Capitol Basement , Terrace , and Courtyard Floor First ( Ground ) Floor Second ( Primary ) Floor Third ( Gallery ) Floor Layout and room numbers as of 1997 Exterior ( edit ) A 2007 aerial view of the Capitol Grounds from the west Grounds ( edit ) Capitol Plaza ( 2013 view ) See also : United States Capitol Complex The Capitol Grounds cover approximately 274 acres ( 1.11 km2 ) , with the grounds proper consisting mostly of lawns , walkways , streets , drives , and planting areas . Several monumental sculptures used to be located on the east facade and lawn of the Capitol including The Rescue and George Washington . The current grounds were designed by noted American landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted , who planned the expansion and landscaping performed from 1874 to 1892 . In 1875 , as one of his first recommendations , Olmsted proposed the construction of the marble terraces on the north , west , and south sides of the building that exist today . Olmsted also designed the Summer House , the open - air brick building that sits just north of the Capitol . Three arches open into the hexagonal structure , which encloses a fountain and twenty - two brick chairs . A fourth wall holds a small window that looks onto an artificial grotto . Built between 1879 and 1881 , the Summer House was intended to answer complaints that visitors to the Capitol had no place to sit and no place to obtain water for their horses and themselves . Modern drinking fountains have since replaced Olmsted 's fountain for the latter purpose . Olmsted intended to build a second , matching Summer House on the southern side of the Capitol , but congressional objections led to the project 's cancellation . Flags ( edit ) Up to four U.S. flags can be seen flying over the Capitol . Two flagpoles are located at the base of the dome on the East and West sides . These flagpoles have flown the flag day and night since World War I . The other two flagpoles are above the North ( Senate ) and South ( House of Representatives ) wings of the building , and fly only when the chamber below is in session . The flag above the House of Representatives is raised and lowered by House pages . The flag above the United States Senate is raised and lowered by Senate Doorkeepers . To raise the flag , Doorkeepers access the roof of the Capitol from the Senate Sergeant at Arms 's office . Several auxiliary flagpoles , to the west of the dome and not visible from the ground , are used to meet congressional requests for flags flown over the Capitol . Constituents pay for U.S. flags flown over the Capitol to commemorate a variety of events such as the death of a veteran family member . Major events ( edit ) See also : State funerals in the United States and United States presidential inauguration The body of former President Ronald Reagan lying in state in 2004 The Capitol , as well as the grounds of Capitol Hill , have played host to major events , including presidential inaugurations held every four years . During an inauguration , the front of the Capitol is outfitted with a platform and a grand staircase . Annual events at the Capitol include Independence Day celebrations , and the National Memorial Day Concert . Exterior of the Capitol prior to visit by Pope Francis The general public has paid respect to a number of individuals lying in state at the Capitol , including numerous former presidents , senators , and other officials . Other Americans lying in honor include Officers Jacob Chestnut and John Gibson , the two officers killed in the 1998 shooting incident . Chestnut was the first African American ever to lie in honor in the Capitol . The public also paid respect to Rosa Parks , an icon of the Civil Rights Movement , at the Capitol in 2005 . She was the first woman and second African American to lie in honor in the Capitol . On September 24 , 2015 , Pope Francis gave a joint address to Congress , the first Pope to do so . Security ( edit ) See also : United States Capitol shooting incident ( 1954 ) , 1983 United States Senate bombing , United States Capitol shooting incident ( 1998 ) , and United States Capitol shooting incident ( 2013 ) In 1922 , the US Post Office featured the US Capitol on a US Postage stamp . On January 30 , 1835 , what is believed to be the first attempt to kill a sitting President of the United States occurred just outside the United States Capitol . When President Andrew Jackson was leaving the Capitol out of the East Portico after the funeral of South Carolina Representative Warren R. Davis , Richard Lawrence , an unemployed and deranged housepainter from England , either burst from a crowd or stepped out from hiding behind a column and aimed a pistol at Jackson which misfired . Lawrence then pulled out a second pistol which also misfired . It has since been postulated that the moisture from the humid weather of the day contributed to the double misfiring . Lawrence was then restrained , with legend saying that Jackson attacked Lawrence with his cane , prompting his aides to restrain him . Others present , including Davy Crockett , restrained and disarmed Lawrence . On July 2 , 1915 , prior to the United States ' entry into World War I , Eric Muenter ( aka Frank Holt ) , a German professor who wanted to stop American support of the Allies of World War I , exploded a bomb in the reception room of the U.S. Senate . The next morning he tried to assassinate J.P. Morgan , Jr. , son of the financier , at his home on Long Island , New York . In a letter to the Washington Evening Star published after the explosion , Muenter , writing under an assumed name , said he hoped that the detonation would `` make enough noise to be heard above the voices that clamor for war . '' J.P. Morgan 's company served as Great Britain 's principal U.S. purchasing agent for munitions and other war supplies . The Capitol at night ( 2006 view ) In 1954 , Puerto Rican nationalists opened fire on members of Congress from the visitors ' gallery , injuring five representatives . On March 1 , 1971 , a bomb exploded on the ground floor of the Capitol , placed by the radical left domestic terrorist group , the Weather Underground . They placed the bomb as a demonstration against U.S. involvement in Laos . On November 7 , 1983 , a group called the Armed Resistance Unit claimed responsibility for a bomb that detonated in the lobby outside the office of Senate Minority Leader Robert Byrd . Six people associated with the John Brown Anti-Klan Committee were later found in contempt of court for refusing to testify about the bombing . In 1990 , three members of the Armed Resistance Unit were convicted of the bombing , which they claimed was in response to the invasion of Grenada . On July 24 , 1998 , Russell Eugene Weston Jr. burst into the Capitol and opened fire , killing two Capitol Police officers . The Capitol is believed to have been the intended target of the hijacked United Airlines Flight 93 on September 11 , 2001 , before it crashed near Shanksville in Somerset County , Pennsylvania , after passengers tried to take over control of the plane from hijackers . Since the September 11 attacks , the roads and grounds around the Capitol have undergone dramatic changes . The United States Capitol Police have also installed checkpoints to inspect vehicles at specific locations around Capitol Hill , and have closed a section of one street indefinitely . The level of screening employed varies . On the main east - west thoroughfares of Constitution and Independence Avenues , barricades are implanted in the roads that can be raised in the event of an emergency . Trucks larger than pickups are interdicted by the Capitol Police and are instructed to use other routes . On the checkpoints at the shorter cross streets , the barriers are typically kept in a permanent `` emergency '' position , and only vehicles with special permits are allowed to pass . All Capitol visitors are screened by a magnetometer , and all items that visitors may bring inside the building are screened by an x-ray device . In both chambers , gas masks are located underneath the chairs in each chamber for members to use in case of emergency . Structures ranging from scores of Jersey barriers to hundreds of ornamental bollards have been erected to obstruct the path of any vehicles that might stray from the designated roadways . In 2004 the capitol was briefly evacuated after a plane carrying the then governor of Kentucky strayed into restricted airspace over the district . A shooting incident occurred in March 2016 . One female bystander was wounded by police but not seriously injured ; a man pointing a gun was shot and arrested , in critical but stable condition . The city police of Washington D.C. described the shooting incident as `` isolated '' . Capitol Visitor center ( edit ) The opening ceremony of the Capitol Visitor Center in December 2008 . The plaster cast model of the Statue of Freedom is in the foreground . Main article : United States Capitol Visitor Center The United States Capitol Visitor Center ( CVC ) , located below the East Front of the Capitol and its plaza , between the Capitol building and 1st Street East , opened on December 2 , 2008 . The CVC provides a single security checkpoint for all visitors , including those with disabilities , and an expansion space for the US Congress . The complex contains 580,000 square feet ( 54,000 m ) of space below ground on three floors , and offers visitors a food court , restrooms , and educational exhibits , including an 11 - foot scale model of the Capitol dome . It also features skylights affording views of the actual dome . Long in the planning stages , construction began in the fall of 2001 , following the killing of two Capitol police officers in 1998 . The estimated final cost of constructing the CVC was $ 621 million . See also ( edit ) District of Columbia portal Apotheosis of Democracy by Paul Wayland Bartlett , a pediment on the east front of the House of Representatives Portico . Congressional Prayer Room United States fifty - dollar bill , the Capitol is pictured on the back of the US $50 bill Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The United States Capitol : An Overview of the Building and Its Function '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ See List of capitals in the United States Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ; William Bensing Webb ; John Wooldridge ( 1892 ) . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D. C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . p. 66 . Jump up ^ Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 4 Jump up ^ Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 4 -- 7 Jump up ^ L'Enfant identified himself as `` Peter Charles L'Enfant '' during most of his life , while residing in the United States . He wrote this name on his `` Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t ( he ) United States ... '' ( Washington , D.C. ) and on other legal documents . However , during the early 1900s , a French ambassador to the U.S. , Jean Jules Jusserand , popularized the use of L'Enfant's birth name , `` Pierre Charles L'Enfant '' . ( Reference : Bowling , Kenneth R ( 2002 ) . Peter Charles L'Enfant : vision , honor , and male friendship in the early American Republic . George Washington University , Washington , D.C. ISBN 978 - 0 - 9727611 - 0 - 9 ) . The United States Code states in 40 U.S.C. § 3309 : `` ( a ) In General. -- The purposes of this chapter shall be carried out in the District of Columbia as nearly as may be practicable in harmony with the plan of Peter Charles L'Enfant . '' The National Park Service identifies L'Enfant as `` Major Peter Charles L'Enfant '' and as `` Major Pierre ( Peter ) Charles L'Enfant '' on its website . ^ Jump up to : Kornwolf , James D ; Kornwolf , Georgiana Wallis ( 2002 ) . `` The Creation of the Federal City : Washington '' . Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America : Vol. 3 . Baltimore , Maryland : The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 1552 . ISBN 0801859867 . OCLC 45066419 . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . A final legacy of Jefferson 's vision of the city is found in correspondence between him and L'Enfant . Jefferson consistently called the building to house Congress , the `` Capitol , '' whereas L'Enfant just as consistently referred to it as `` Congress House . '' At Google Books . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) L'Enfant , Peter Charles ( 1791 ) . `` Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t ( he ) United States : projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States , in pursuance of an act of Congress passed the sixteenth day of July , MDCCXC , `` establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac '' : ( Washington , D.C. ) `` . Photocopy of annotated facsimile created by U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey , Washington , D.C. ( 1887 ) . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 26 . ( 2 ) `` Enlarged image of central portion of The L'Enfant Plan for Washington '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 23 . ( 3 ) Vlach , John Michael ( Spring 2004 ) . `` The Mysterious Mr. Jenkins of Jenkins Hill '' . Capitol History : The Capitol Dome . United States Capitol Historical Society . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . ( 4 ) Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` Capitol '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 10 Jump up ^ Hodgkins , George W. ( 1960 ) . `` Naming the Capitol and the Capital '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society , Washington , D.C. 60 / 62 : 36 -- 53 . JSTOR 40067217 . Jump up ^ Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 11 Jump up ^ Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 13 -- 15 Jump up ^ Frary ( 1969 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 18 Jump up ^ Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 19 Jump up ^ `` William Thornton ( 1759 -- 1828 ) '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Frary ( 1969 ) , p. 33 Jump up ^ Frary ( 1969 ) , p. 34 -- 35 ^ Jump up to : Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 23 Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas ( July 17 , 1793 ) . `` Letter : Jefferson to Washington '' . Thomas Jefferson and the National Capital . University of Virginia . Retrieved December 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Frary ( 1969 ) , p. 36 Jump up ^ `` United States Capitol , Washington , D.C. : East Front Elevation , Rendering '' . World Digital Library . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Woods , Robert O. ( June 2003 ) . `` Under the Capitol Dome '' . Mechanical Engineering Magazine . The American Society of Mechanical Engineers . Retrieved December 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief Construction History of the Capitol '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved December 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Morgan , J.D. ( 1899 ) . `` Maj . Pierre Charles L'Enfant '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society . 2 : 120 . Jump up ^ Hazelton ( 1907 ) , p. 84 Jump up ^ Allen , William C. ( 1995 ) . In the Greatest Solemn Dignity : The Capitol 's Four Cornerstones . Government Printing Office . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Frary ( 1969 ) , p. 37 -- 39 Jump up ^ Frary ( 1969 ) , p. 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ Carter II , Edward C. ( 1971 -- 1972 ) . `` Benjamin Henry Latrobe and the Growth and Development of Washington , 1798 -- 1818 '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society : 139 . Jump up ^ `` Religion and the Founding of the American Republic '' . U.S. Library of Congress . July 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the United States Capitol '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol slave labor studied '' . The Washington Times . Associated Press . June 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . White House Historical Association . Retrieved June 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Dome '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Steinhauer , Jennifer ( August 24 , 2012 ) . `` Dome Is Imperiled by 1,300 Cracks and Partisan Rift '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jule Banville , Stone - Cold Whodunit ( April 24 , 2009 ) , Washington City Paper ; Stones from US Capitol in Rock Creek Park ( July 25 , 2011 ) , Rock Creek Runner . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia -- Inventory of Historic Sites '' ( PDF ) . District of Columbia : Office of Planning . Government of the District of Columbia . September 1 , 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 17 , 2009 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Favorite Architecture '' . Harris Interactive . American Institute of Architects. 2007 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Architecture Images - U.S. Capitol '' . American-architecture.info . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Visitors Center FAQ '' . Architect Of the Capitol . Retrieved December 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capitol Dome Restoration Project Overview '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol 's historic dome set for 2 - year renovation '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Associated Press . December 26 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dome Restoration Project Updates '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AOC.gov '' . AOC.gov . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Frieze of American History '' . Aoc.gov . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Art & History Home , First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of Presid '' . Senate.gov . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Abraham Lincoln Bust '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 365 Steps to the Top of Capitol Hill '' . The New York Times . August 10 , 1997 . Section 1 , Page 22 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Logan , Mrs. John A. ( Mary Simmerson ) ( 1901 ) . Thirty Years in Washington ; or , Life and Scenes in Our National Capital . Hartford , Connecticut : A.D. Worthington & Co. p. 78 . OCLC 29540458 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Bridget ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` Muslim on Capitol Hill : Staffers Look to Rebuild '' . Roll Call . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthew Gilmore . `` H - DC Discussion Network '' . H-net.org . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The House Chamber '' . Jump up ^ `` Napoleon I '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carrier , Thomas J. ( 2000 ) . The White House , the Capitol , and the Supreme Court : historic self - guided tours . Images of America . Charleston , South Carolina : Arcadia Publishing . p. 84 . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 0557 - 9 . OCLC 44503337 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Senate Chamber 1859 -- 2009 '' . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Senate Chamber : Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection '' . United States Senate . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Apostolic Journey - United States of America : Visit to the Congress of the United States of America ( Washington D.C. , 24 September 2015 ) Francis '' . w2.vatican.va . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jon Grinspan . `` Trying to Assassinate Andrew Jackson '' . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2008 . Retrieved November 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Ronald ( November 9 , 1983 ) . `` Capitol Bombing : Group Hit Other Targets , FBI Believes '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Seppy , Tom ( February 12 , 1985 ) . `` Judge Finds Four in Contempt in Bombing Probe '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Rowley , James ( September 7 , 1990 ) . `` Three Leftists Plead Guilty to Bombing the U.S. Capitol '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Al - Jazeera offers accounts of 9 / 11 planning '' . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2006 . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Report of the 9 / 11 Commission , US Govt Printing Office Jump up ^ `` Increased Security on Capitol Grounds '' ( Press release ) . United States Capitol Police . August 2 , 2004 . Retrieved September 26 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Lyndsey Layton and Manny Fernandez ( August 3 , 2004 ) . `` Street Closing Irks D.C. Leaders : Checkpoints Set Up Near World Bank , IMF and Capitol '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Post Store ( January 29 , 2006 ) . `` WashingtonPost.com '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael S. Schmidt ( 28 March 2016 ) . `` U.S. Capitol on Lockdown After Reports of Gunshots '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US Capitol shooting : Gunman wounds Capitol police officer '' . BBC News Online . 28 March 2016 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Architecture -- U.S. Capitol Visitor Center '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philip Kopper `` A Capitol Attraction , '' American Heritage , Spring 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Visitor Center : Project Information '' . Architect of the Capitol . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2008 . Retrieved November 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Congress ' Newest Member : The US Capitol Visitor Center '' . Washingtonian magazine . 2008 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Visitor Center Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Architect of the Capitol . Spring 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 31 , 2008 . Retrieved November 14 , 2008 . References ( edit ) Allen , William C. ( 2001 ) . History of the United States Capitol -- A Chronicle of Design , Construction , and Politics . Government Printing Office . ISBN 0160508304 . OCLC 46420177 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2002 . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Brown , Glenn ( 1998 ) . Architect of the Capitol for The United States Capitol Preservation Commission , ed . History of the United States Capitol ( Annotated Edition in Commemoration of The Bicentennial of the United States Capitol ed . ) . Government Printing Office . Frary , Ihna Thayer ( 1969 ) . They Built the Capitol . Ayer Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8369 - 5089 - 5 . Guy Gugliotta ( 2012 ) . Freedom 's Cap : The United States Capitol and the Coming of the Civil War . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 4681 - 2 . Hazelton , George Cochrane ( 1907 ) . The National Capitol . J.F. Taylor & Co . Further Reading ( edit ) Aikman , Lonnelle . We , the People : the Story of the United States Capitol , Its Past and Its Promise . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Capitol Historical Society , in cooperation with the National Geographic Society , 1964 . Bordewich , Fergus M. , `` A Capitol Vision From a Self - Taught Architect '' , Smithsonian magazine , December 2008 Ovason , David , The Secret Architecture of our Nation 's Capital : the Masons and the building of Washington , D.C. , New York City , New York : Harper Collins , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 019537 - 1 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Capitol . Geographic data related to United States Capitol at OpenStreetMap Official website Capitol Visitors Center United States Capitol Historical Society Architect of the Capitol Capitol History Project -- documentary and website by C - SPAN . 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SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call Offices , employees , services , and the Capitol Complex Legislative offices Congressional staff Government Accountability Office ( Comptroller General ) Architect of the Capitol Capitol Police ( Capitol Police Board ) Capitol Guide Service ( Capitol Guide Board ) Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) Compliance Library of Congress Government Publishing Office ( GPO ) Technology Assessment Offices Senate Curator Historical Library House Congressional Ethics Emergency Planning , Preparedness , and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Legislative Counsel Law Revision Counsel Library Employees Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Inspector General Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages ( Page Board ) Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Library of Congress Congressional Research Service ( reports ) Copyright Office ( Register of Copyrights ) Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Government Publishing Office Public Printer Congressional Pictorial Directory Congressional Record Official Congressional Directory United States Government Manual Serial Set Statutes at Large United States Code Capitol Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis Revolutionary War Door Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President 's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection Office buildings Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Other facilities Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway Websites House of Representatives Senate United States Capitol Complex United States Capitol House Congressional office buildings : Cannon House Library Ford Longworth Rayburn O'Neill ( demolished , 2002 ) Senate Appropriations Committee Suite Senate Reception Room Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Congressional office buildings : Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell Senate Library Library of Congress Adams Jefferson Madison Law Library of Congress Mary Pickford Theater Individual features Dome Statue of Freedom The Apotheosis of Washington Rotunda Declaration of Independence painting Frieze of American History Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis National Statuary Hall Crypt Hall of Columns Brumidi Corridors Apotheosis of Democracy First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Revolutionary War Door Washington at Princeton Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice Presidential Bust Collection President 's Room Vice President 's Room Congressional Prayer Room Old Supreme Court Chamber Washington 's Tomb Visitor Center Lincoln Catafalque Others Botanic Garden Grant Memorial Judiciary Building Power Plant Reflecting Pool Subway System Supreme Court Building Union Square Senate Page Residence Pennsylvania Avenue Landmarks of Washington , D.C. Memorials Adams African American Civil War American Veterans Disabled for Life Belmont - Paul Women 's Equality National Monument Mary McLeod Bethune Boy Scout James Buchanan D.C. War Albert Einstein Emancipation John Ericsson First Division James A. Garfield Samuel Gompers Ulysses S. Grant Holocaust Museum Holodomor Genocide Japanese American Patriotism During World War II Jefferson Memorial Lyndon Baines Johnson Grove John Paul Jones Marquis de Lafayette Law Enforcement Officers Lincoln Memorial Martin Luther King , Jr . Korean War Veterans George Mason George Meade National Statuary Hall Collection Navy -- Merchant Marine Nuns of the Battlefield Peace Monument Pentagon Second Division Signers of the Declaration of Independence The Extra Mile The Three Soldiers Jean de Rochambeau Franklin Delano Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Island Taras Shevchenko Statues of the Liberators Oscar Straus Robert A. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the united states capitol building built | [
"The original building was completed in 1800 and was subsequently expanded, particularly with the addition of the massive dome, and expanded chambers for the bicameral legislature, the House of Representatives in the south wing and the Senate in the north wing. Like the principal buildings of the executive and judicial branches, the Capitol is built in a distinctive neoclassical style and has a white exterior. Both its east and west elevations are formally referred to as fronts, though only the east front was intended for the reception of visitors and dignitaries."
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"1800"
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8150392688089701454 | Independent agencies of the United States government | Independent agencies of the United States government - Wikipedia Independent agencies of the United States government Independent agencies of the United States federal government are those agencies that exist outside the federal executive departments ( those headed by a Cabinet secretary ) and the Executive Office of the President . In a more narrow sense , the term may also be used to describe agencies that , while constitutionally part of the executive branch , are independent of presidential control , usually because the president 's power to dismiss the agency head or a member is limited . Established through separate statutes passed by the Congress , each respective statutory grant of authority defines the goals the agency must work towards , as well as what substantive areas , if any , over which it may have the power of rulemaking . These agency rules ( or regulations ) , when in force , have the power of federal law . Contents ( hide ) 1 Functional characteristics 1.1 Regulatory agencies 2 Examples of agencies 2.1 Former agencies 3 See also 4 Footnotes 5 External links Functional characteristics ( edit ) This section may be confusing or unclear to readers . Please help us clarify the section . There might be a discussion about this on the talk page . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Independent agencies can be distinguished from the federal executive departments and other executive agencies by their structural and functional characteristics . Congress can also designate certain agencies explicitly as `` independent '' in the governing statute , but the functional differences have more legal significance . While most executive agencies have a single director , administrator , or secretary appointed by the President of the United States , independent agencies ( in the narrower sense of being outside presidential control ) almost always have a commission , board , or similar collegial body consisting of five to seven members who share power over the agency . ( This is why many independent agencies include the word `` Commission '' or `` Board '' in their name . ) The president appoints the commissioners or board members , subject to Senate confirmation , but they often serve terms that are staggered and longer than a four - year presidential term , meaning that most presidents will not have the opportunity to appoint all the commissioners of a given independent agency . The president can normally designate which commissioner will serve as the chairperson . Normally there are statutory provisions limiting the president 's authority to remove commissioners , typically for incapacity , neglect of duty , malfeasance , or other good cause . In addition , most independent agencies have a statutory requirement of bipartisan membership on the commission , so the president can not simply fill vacancies with members of his own political party . In reality , the high turnover rate among these commissioners or board members means that most presidents have the opportunity to fill enough vacancies to constitute a voting majority on each independent agency commission within the first two years of the first term as president . In some famous instances , presidents have found the independent agencies more loyal and in lockstep with the president 's wishes and policy objectives than some dissenters among the executive agency political appointments . Presidential attempts to remove independent agency officials have generated most of the important Supreme Court legal opinions in this area . Presidents normally do have the authority to remove heads of independent agencies , but they must meet the statutory requirements for removal , such as demonstrating that the individual has committed malfeasance . In contrast , the president can remove regular executive agency heads at will . If the independent agency exercises any executive powers like enforcement , and most of them do , Congress can not participate in the regular removal process of commissioners . Constitutionally , Congress can only participate directly in impeachment proceedings . Congress can , however , pass statutes limiting the circumstances under which the president can remove commissioners of independent agencies . Members of Congress can not serve as commissioners on independent agencies that have executive powers , nor can Congress itself appoint the commissioners -- the Appointments Clause of the Constitution vests that power in the president . The Senate does participate , however , in appointments through `` advice and consent '' , which occurs through confirmation hearings and votes on the president 's nominees . Regulatory agencies ( edit ) There is a further distinction between an independent agency and an independent regulatory agency . The Paperwork Reduction Act lists 19 enumerated `` independent regulatory agencies '' . Generally , the heads of independent regulatory agencies can only be removed for cause , whereas Cabinet members and heads of executive agencies , such as the Environmental Protection Agency , serve `` at the pleasure of the president '' . Executive Order 12866 , which requires cost - benefit analysis for certain regulatory actions , does not apply to independent regulatory agencies . Examples of agencies ( edit ) The Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) gathers foreign intelligence and provides national security assessments to policymakers in the United States . It acts as the primary human intelligence provider for the federal government . The Commodity Futures Trading Commission ( CFTC ) regulates commodity futures and option markets in the United States . The agency protects market participants against manipulation , abusive trade practices , and fraud . Through oversight and regulation , the CFTC enables the markets to serve better their important functions in the US economy , providing a mechanism for price discovery and a means of offsetting price risk . The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ( CFPB ) is responsible for consumer protection in the financial sector . 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It also provides international mail service through the Universal Postal Union and other agreements with foreign countries . Other independent agencies : the National Credit Union Administration ( NCUA ) and the Consumer Product Safety Commission ( CPSC ) . Former agencies ( edit ) The Committee on Public Information was an agency created to influence US public opinion regarding American participation in World War I. Lasting from April 14 , 1917 , to June 30 , 1919 it was directed by George Creel . The agency used propaganda available to achieve its goals . The Interstate Commerce Commission regulated common carriers and was thus able to render far reaching orders , such as the desegregation of public transportation . After trucking and railroads were largely deregulated , the ICC was replaced with the independent Surface Transportation Board , with remaining functions transferred to the Department of Transportation . The United States Maritime Commission was intended to formulate a merchant shipbuilding program to design and build five hundred modern merchant cargo ships for the US Merchant Marine . It also formed the United States Maritime Service . In 1950 , its functions were transferred to the United States Maritime Administration , which later became part of the Department of Transportation . The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was designed to help finance projects during the Great Depression . It later helped finance the nation 's military buildup as World War II approached . Scandals led to its eventual dissolution in 1956 . The Atomic Energy Commission was established for peacetime development of atomic energy . In 1974 it was abolished , and two new agencies were created , the Energy Research and Development Administration for military development of nuclear materials and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for regulation of civilian uses of nuclear materials , such as nuclear power plants and medical uses . The Office of the United States Nuclear Waste Negotiator was responsible for the placement and long term storage of radioactive waste . It was dissolved in 1995 . The United States Information Agency , which was partially merged into the Department of State in 1999 . See also ( edit ) Regulatory agency Federal executive departments List of U.S. federal agencies Government - owned corporations Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Breger , Marshall J. ; Edles , Gary J. ( 2015 ) . Independent Agencies in the United States : Law , Structure , and Politics . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 6 . ISBN 9780199812127 . ^ Jump up to : Pierce , Richard ; Shapiro , Sidney A. ; Verkuil , Paul ( 5th ed. 2009 ) , Administrative Law and Process , Section 4.4. 1b , p. 101 , Foundation Press ISBN 1 - 59941 - 425 - 2 Jump up ^ Shane , Peter , Merrill , Richard ; Mashaw , Jerry ( 2003 ) , Administrative Law : The American Public Law Process pp. 228 - 29 , Thomson - West : ISBN 978 - 0 - 314 - 14425 - 6 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Pierce , Shapiro , & Verkuil ( 2009 ) p. 102 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Humphrey 's Executor v. United States , 295 U.S. 602 ( 1935 ) . Jump up ^ Shane , Merrill , Mashaw ( 2003 ) p. 230 ; Pierce , Shapiro , & Verkuil ( 2009 ) p. 102 . Jump up ^ Shane , Merrill , Mashaw ( 2003 ) p. 231 . Jump up ^ See Bowsher v. Synar , 478 U.S. 714 ( 1986 ) , Buckley v. Valeo , 424 U.S. 1 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Humphrey 's Executor v. United States 295 U.S. 602 ( 1935 ) Jump up ^ Buckley v. Valeo , 424 U.S. 1 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ See Myers v. United States , 272 U.S. 52 ( 1926 ) ; Buckley v. Valeo , 424 U.S. 1 ( 1976 ) ^ Jump up to : Copeland CW. ( 2013 ) . Economic Analysis and Independent Regulatory Agencies . Administrative Conference of the United States . See more at Benefit - Cost Analysis at Independent Regulatory Agencies . Jump up ^ Federal Maritime Commission Jump up ^ See , e.g. , `` Fed , central banks move to boost global confidence '' . AP . Jump up ^ See `` About the NTSB '' . Jump up ^ 49 U.S.C. § 1131 Jump up ^ ( Richard H. 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6320834701583923006 | John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry | John Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry - wikipedia John Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry John Brown 's Raid on Harper 's Ferry Part of pre-Civil War conflicts Harper 's Weekly illustration of U.S. Marines attacking John Brown 's `` Fort '' Date October 16 -- 18 , 1859 Location Harpers Ferry , ( West ) Virginia Result U.S. victory Belligerents United States Abolitionist Insurgents Commanders and leaders Robert E. Lee Israel Greene Jeb Stuart John Brown Strength 88 U.S. Marines Unknown number of Virginia Militia and Maryland Militia 8 white men 12 free black men 1 freed slave 1 fugitive slave Casualties and losses U.S. Marines : 1 killed 1 wounded Virginia and Maryland Militia : 8 wounded 10 killed 7 captured 5 escaped Civilians : 6 killed 9 wounded John Brown 's raid on Harper 's Ferry ( also known as John Brown 's raid or The raid on Harper 's Ferry ) was an effort by armed abolitionist John Brown to initiate an armed slave revolt in 1859 by taking over a United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry , Virginia . Brown 's party of 22 was defeated by a company of U.S. Marines , led by First Lieutenant Israel Greene . Colonel Robert E. Lee was in overall command of the operation to retake the arsenal . John Brown had originally asked Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass , both of whom he had met in his transformative years as an abolitionist in Springfield , Massachusetts , to join him in his raid , but Tubman was prevented by illness and Douglass declined , as he believed Brown 's plan would fail . Contents ( hide ) 1 Brown 's preparation 2 Advance knowledge of raid 3 The raid 3.1 October 16 3.2 October 17 3.3 October 18 3.4 October 19 4 Aftermath 5 Casualties 5.1 John Brown 's raiders 5.2 Others 6 Liberated slaves 7 See also 8 Notes 8.1 Citations 8.2 Bibliography 9 External links Brown 's preparation ( edit ) John Brown rented the Kennedy Farmhouse , with a small cabin nearby , 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) north of Harpers Ferry near the community of Dargan in Washington County , Maryland , and took up residence under the name Isaac Smith . Brown came with a small group of men minimally trained for military action . His group included 18 men besides himself ( 13 white men , 5 black men ) . Northern abolitionist groups sent 198 breech - loading . 52 caliber Sharps carbines ( `` Beecher 's Bibles '' ) and 950 pikes ( obtained in late September from Charles Blair of Collinsville Axe Co. , Collinsville , CT ) , in preparation for the raid . The United States Armory was a huge complex of buildings that manufactured small arms for the U.S. Army ( 1801 -- 1861 ) , with an Arsenal ( storehouse ) that was thought to contain 100,000 muskets and rifles at the time . An illustration of Brown trying to persuade abolitionist Frederick Douglass to join him in the raid on Harpers Ferry . Douglass refused . Brown attempted to attract more black recruits . He tried recruiting Frederick Douglass as a liaison officer to the slaves in a meeting held in a quarry at Chambersburg , Pa . It was at this meeting that ex-slave `` Emperor '' Shields Green consented to join with John Brown on his attack on the United States Armory , Green stating to Douglass `` I believe I will go with the old man '' . Douglass declined , indicating to Brown that he believed the raid was a suicide mission . The plan was `` an attack on the federal government '' that `` would array the whole country against us ... You will never get out alive '' , he warned . The Kennedy Farmhouse served as `` barracks , arsenal , supply depot , mess hall , debate club , and home '' . It was very crowded and life there was tedious . Brown was worried about arousing neighbors ' suspicions . As a result , the raiders had to stay indoors during the daytime , without much to do but study , drill , argue politics , discuss religion , and play cards and checkers . Brown 's daughter - in - law Martha served as cook and housekeeper . His daughter Annie served as lookout . Brown wanted women at the farm , to prevent suspicions of a large all - male group . The raiders went outside at night to drill and get fresh air . Thunderstorms were welcome since they concealed noise from Brown 's neighbors . Brown did not plan to have a sudden raid and escape to the mountains . Rather , he intended to use those rifles and pikes he captured at the arsenal , in addition to those he brought along , to arm rebellious slaves with the aim of striking terror in the slaveholders in Virginia . He believed that on the first night of action , 200 - 500 black slaves would join his line . He ridiculed the militia and regular army that might oppose him . He planned to send agents to nearby plantations , rallying the slaves . He planned to hold Harpers Ferry for a short time , expecting that as many volunteers , white and black , would join him as would form against him . He would move rapidly southward , sending out armed bands along the way . They would free more slaves , obtain food , horses and hostages , and destroy slaveholders ' morale . Brown planned to follow the Appalachian Mountains south into Tennessee and even Alabama , the heart of the South , making forays into the plains on either side . Advance knowledge of raid ( edit ) John Brown in 1859 Brown paid Hugh Forbes $600 to be his drillmaster . Forbes was an English mercenary who served Giuseppe Garibaldi in Italy . Forbes ' Manual for the Patriotic Volunteer was found in Brown 's papers after the raid . Brown and Forbes argued over strategy and money . Forbes wanted more money so that his family in Europe could join him . Forbes sent threatening letters to Brown 's backers in an attempt to get money . Failing in this effort , Forbes traveled to Washington , DC , and met with U.S. Senators William H. Seward and Henry Wilson . He denounced Brown to Seward as a `` vicious man '' who needed to be restrained , but did not disclose any plans for the raid . Forbes partially exposed the plan to Senator Wilson and others . Wilson wrote to Samuel Gridley Howe , a Brown backer , advising him to get Brown 's backers to retrieve the weapons intended for use in Kansas . Brown 's backers told him that the weapons should not be used `` for other purposes , as rumor says they may be . '' In response to warnings , Brown had to return to Kansas to shore up support and discredit Forbes . Some historians believe that this trip cost Brown valuable time and momentum . Estimates are that at least eighty people knew about Brown 's planned raid in advance . Many others had reasons to believe that Brown was contemplating a move against the South . One of those who knew was David J. Gue of Springdale , Iowa . Gue was a Quaker who believed that Brown and his men would be killed . Gue , his brother , and another man decided to warn the government `` to protect Brown from the consequences of his own rashness . '' Gue sent an anonymous letter dated August 20 , 1859 to Secretary of War John B. Floyd . The letter said that `` old John Brown , ' late of Kansas , '' was planning to organize a slave uprising in the South . It said that Brown had a secret agent `` in an armory '' in Maryland . The letter said that Brown was stockpiling weapons at a secret location in Maryland . Gue warned that Brown planned to leave Maryland and enter Virginia at Harpers Ferry . Gue acknowledged that he was afraid to disclose his identity but asked Floyd not to ignore his warning `` on that account . '' He was hoping that Floyd would send soldiers to Harpers Ferry . He hoped that the extra security would motivate Brown to call off his plans . Even though President Buchanan offered a $250 reward for Brown , Floyd did not connect the John Brown of Gue 's letter to the John Brown of Pottawatomie , Kansas fame . He knew that Maryland did not have an armory ( Harpers Ferry is just across the river from Maryland ) . Floyd figured that the letter writer was a crank and forgot about it . He later said that `` a scheme of such wickedness and outrage could not be entertained by any citizen of the United States . '' The raid ( edit ) October 16 ( edit ) North American slave revolts Toussaint Louverture 1526 San Miguel de Guadalupe ( Spanish Florida , Victorious ) c. 1570 Gaspar Yanga 's Revolt ( Veracruz , New Spain , Victorious ) 1712 New York Slave Revolt ( British Province of New York , Suppressed ) 1730 First Maroon War ( British Jamaica , Victorious ) 1733 St. John Slave Revolt ( Danish Saint John , Suppressed ) 1739 Stono Rebellion ( British Province of South Carolina , Suppressed ) 1741 New York Conspiracy ( Province of New York , Suppressed ) 1760 Tacky 's War ( British Jamaica , Suppressed ) 1787 Abaco Slave Revolt ( British Bahamas , Suppressed ) 1791 Mina Conspiracy ( Louisiana ( New Spain ) , Suppressed ) 1795 Pointe Coupée Conspiracy ( Louisiana ( New Spain ) , Suppressed ) 1791 -- 1804 Haitian Revolution ( French Saint - Domingue , Victorious ) 1800 Gabriel 's Rebellion ( Virginia , Suppressed ) 1803 Igbo Landing ( St. Simons Island , Georgia , Suppressed ) 1805 Chatham Manor ( Virginia , Suppressed ) 1811 German Coast Uprising ( Territory of Orleans , Suppressed ) 1815 George Boxley ( Virginia , Suppressed ) 1816 Bussa 's Rebellion ( British Barbados , Suppressed ) 1822 Denmark Vesey ( South Carolina , Suppressed ) 1831 Nat Turner 's rebellion ( Virginia , Suppressed ) 1831 -- 1832 Baptist War ( British Jamaica , Suppressed ) 1839 Amistad , ship rebellion ( Off the Cuban coast , Victorious ) 1841 Creole case , ship rebellion ( Off the Southern U.S. coast , Victorious ) 1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation ( Indian Territory , Suppressed ) 1859 John Brown 's Raid ( Virginia , Suppressed ) This box : view talk edit A modern reproduction of the 1848 fire engine house that became known as John Brown 's Fort , c. 2007 On Sunday night , October 16 , 1859 , Brown left four of his men behind as a rear - guard : his son , Owen Brown , Barclay Coppock , and Frank Meriam ; he led the rest into the town of Harpers Ferry , Virginia . Brown detached a party under John Cook Jr. to capture Colonel Lewis Washington , great - grandnephew of George Washington , at his nearby Beall - Air estate , some of his slaves , and two relics of George Washington : a sword allegedly presented to Washington by Frederick the Great and two pistols given by Marquis de Lafayette , which Brown considered talismans . The party carried out its mission and returned via the Allstadt House , where they took more hostages . Brown 's main party captured several watchmen and townspeople in Harpers Ferry . Brown 's men needed to capture the weapons and escape before word could be sent to Washington . The raid was going well for Brown 's men . They cut the telegraph wire and seized a Baltimore & Ohio train passing through . A free black man was the first casualty of the raid . Hayward Shepherd , an African - American baggage handler on the train , confronted the raiders ; they shot and killed him . For some reason , Brown let the train continue , and the conductor alerted the authorities down the line . Brown had been sure that he would win the support of local slaves in joining the rebellion , but a massive uprising did not occur , because word had not been spread about the uprising , so the slaves nearby did not know about it . Although the white townspeople soon began to fight back against the raiders , Brown 's men succeeded in capturing the armory that evening . October 17 ( edit ) Army workers discovered Brown 's men early on the morning of October 17 . Local militia , farmers and shopkeepers surrounded the armory . When a company of militia captured the bridge across the Potomac River , any route of escape for the raiders was cut off . During the day , four townspeople were killed , including the mayor . Realizing his escape was cut , Brown took nine of his captives and moved into the smaller engine house , which would come to be known as John Brown 's Fort . The raiders blocked entry of the windows and doors and traded sporadic gunfire with surrounding forces . At one point Brown sent out his son , Watson , and Aaron Dwight Stevens with a white flag , but Watson was mortally wounded and Stevens was shot and captured . The raid was rapidly failing . One of Brown 's men , William H. Leeman , panicked and made an attempt to flee by swimming across the Potomac River , but he was shot and fatally injured while doing so . During the intermittent shooting , Brown 's other son , Oliver , was also hit ; he died after a brief period . At around 3 : 00 p.m. a militia company led by Captain E.G. Alburtis arrived by train from Martinsburg , Virginia . Most of the militia members were Baltimore & Ohio Railroad employees . The militia forced the raiders inside the engine house . They broke into the guardroom and freed over two dozen prisoners . Eight militiamen were wounded . Alburtis said that he could have ended the raid with help from other citizens . By 3 : 30 that afternoon , President James Buchanan ordered a company of U.S. Marines ( the only government troops in the immediate area ) to march on Harpers Ferry under the command of Brevet Colonel Robert E. Lee , lieutenant colonel of the 2nd U.S. Cavalry Regiment. Lee had been on leave from his regiment , stationed in Texas , when he was hastily called to lead the detachment and had to command it while wearing his civilian clothes . October 18 ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lee first offered the role of attacking the engine house to the local militia units on the spot . Both militia commanders declined , and Lee turned to the Marines . On the morning of October 18 , Colonel Lee sent Lt. J.E.B. Stuart , serving as a volunteer aide - de-camp , under a white flag of truce to negotiate a surrender of John Brown and his followers . Colonel Lee informed Lt. Israel Greene that if Brown did not surrender , he was to direct the Marines in attacking the engine house . Stuart walked towards the front of the engine house where he told Brown that his men would be spared if they surrendered . Brown refused and as Stuart walked away , he signaled a `` thumbs down '' to Lt. Greene and his men standing nearby . Soon after , Greene led a detachment of Marines to attack the engine house . Marines equipped with sledgehammers tried to break through the door , but their efforts were unsuccessful . Greene found a wooden ladder , and he and about 10 Marines used it as a battering ram to force the front doors open . Greene was the first through the door and with the assistance of Lewis Washington , identified and singled out John Brown . Greene later recounted what events occurred next : Quicker than thought I brought my saber down with all my strength upon ( Brown 's ) head . He was moving as the blow fell , and I suppose I did not strike him where I intended , for he received a deep saber cut in the back of the neck . He fell senseless on his side , then rolled over on his back . He had in his hand a short Sharpe 's cavalry carbine . I think he had just fired as I reached Colonel Washington , for the Marine who followed me into the aperture made by the ladder received a bullet in the abdomen , from which he died in a few minutes . The shot might have been fired by someone else in the insurgent party , but I think it was from Brown . Instinctively as Brown fell I gave him a saber thrust in the left breast . The sword I carried was a light uniform weapon , and , either not having a point or striking something hard in Brown 's accouterments , did not penetrate . The blade bent double . In three minutes , all of the raiders still alive were taken prisoner and the action was over . October 19 ( edit ) Robert E. Lee made a synopsis of the events that took place at Harpers Ferry . According to Lee 's notes , Lee believed John Brown was a madman , `` ... the plan ( raiding the Harpers Ferry Arsenal ) was the attempt of a fanatic or madman . '' Lee also believed that the blacks in the raid were forced by Brown . `` The blacks , whom he ( John Brown ) forced from their homes in this neighborhood , as far as I could learn , gave him no voluntary assistance . '' Lee attributed John Brown 's `` temporary success '' by creating panic and confusion and by `` magnifying '' the number of participants involved in the raid . Aftermath ( edit ) See also : Virginia v. John Brown A contemporary newspaper illustration showing the interior of the engine house immediately before the door is broken down by U.S. Marines John Brown wrote his last prophecy on December 2 of 1859 . Colonel Lee and John Stuart searched the surrounding country for fugitives who had participated in the attack . Few of Brown 's associates escaped , and among those who did , some were sheltered by abolitionists in the north , including William Still . Brown was taken to the court house in nearby Charles Town for trial . He was found guilty of treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia and was hanged on December 2 . ( This execution was witnessed by the actor John Wilkes Booth , who would later assassinate President Abraham Lincoln . ) On the day of his execution , Brown wrote his last testament , which said , I John Brown am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty , land : will never be purged away ; but with Blood . I had as I now think : vainly flattered myself that without very much bloodshed ; it might be done . Four other raiders were executed on December 16 and two more on March 16 , 1860 . In his last speech , at his trial , he said to the court : ... had I so interfered in behalf of the rich , the powerful , the intelligent , the so - called great , or in behalf of any of their friends , either father , mother , brother , sister , wife , or children , or any of that class , and suffered and sacrificed what I have in this interference , it would have been all right ; and every man in this court would have deemed it an act worthy of reward rather than punishment . Southerners had a mixed attitude towards their slaves . Many southern whites lived in fear of a slave insurrection . Paradoxically , whites claimed that slaves were well treated and content in bondage . After the raid southerners initially lived in fear of slave uprisings and invasion by armed abolitionists . The South 's reaction entered the second phase at around the time of Brown 's execution . Southerners were relieved that no slaves had volunteered to help Brown . Southerners felt vindicated in their claims that slaves were content . After Northerners had expressed admiration for Brown 's motives , with some treating him as a martyr , Southern opinion evolved into what James M. McPherson called `` unreasoning fury . '' The first Northern reaction among antislavery advocates to Brown 's Raid was one of baffled reproach . William Lloyd Garrison called the raid `` misguided , wild , and apparently insane . '' But through the trial and his execution , Brown was transformed into a martyr . Henry David Thoreau , in A Plea for Captain John Brown , said , `` I think that for once the Sharp 's rifles and the revolvers were employed in a righteous cause . The tools were in the hands of one who could use them , '' and said of Brown , `` He has a spark of divinity in him . '' Though `` Harper 's Ferry was insane , '' wrote the religious weekly the Independent , `` the controlling motive of his demonstration was sublime . '' To the South , Brown was a murderer who wanted to deprive them of their property . The North `` has sanctioned and applauded theft , murder , and treason , '' said De Bow 's Review . Casualties ( edit ) John Brown 's raiders ( edit ) Events leading to the American Civil War Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Battle of Negro Fort Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Morrill Tariff Battle of Fort Sumter Killed John Henry Kagi ( Shot and killed while crossing a river . First buried in common grave at Harpers Ferry ; reburied 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba , New York . ) Jeremiah G. Anderson ( At age 26 , was mortally wounded and killed by a Marine 's bayonet during the final assault on the engine house . Body claimed by Winchester Medical College as a teaching cadaver ; last resting place unknown . ) William Thompson ( First buried in common grave at Harpers Ferry ; reburied 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba , New York . ) Dauphin Thompson ( Killed in the storming of the engine house . First buried in common grave at Harpers Ferry ; reburied 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba , New York . ) Oliver Brown ( At age 21 , the youngest of John Brown 's three sons to participate in the action , he was mortally wounded on the 17th inside the engine house and died the next day . He was first buried in common grave at Harpers Ferry ; and reburied in 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba , New York . ) Watson Brown ( At age 24 , was mortally wounded outside the engine house while carrying a white flag to negotiate with the opposing militia ; he died two days later . As his body was claimed by Winchester Medical College as a teaching cadaver , Union troops burned the college in an attack during the Civil War . Brown was reburied in 1882 in a grave near his father 's in North Elba , New York . ) Stewart Taylor . Uxbridge , Ontario , Canada ( First buried in common grave at Harpers Ferry ; reburied 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba , New York . ) William Leeman ( Shot while trying to escape across the Potomac River . First buried in common grave at Harpers Ferry ; reburied 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba , New York . ) Lewis Sheridan Leary ( A 24 - year - old free black , he was mortally wounded while trying to escape across the Shenandoah River . He was stationed in the rifle factory with Kagi . Alleged to be buried at John Brown gravesite at North Elba , New York . Cenotaph memorial in Oberlin , Ohio . ) Dangerfield Newby ( At about 35 , he was born into slavery , with a white father who was not his master . He was given permission to move to Ohio along with his mother and siblings , but when he tried to gain freedom for his wife and children , their master refused . This inspired Newby to join Brown 's raid . He was the first raider killed . ( His body was mutilated ; for example , his ears were cut off by someone in the crowd as souvenirs . ) First he was buried at Harpers Ferry ; reburied in 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba , New York . ) Captured John Brown ( also wounded ) Tried , convicted and executed by hanging December 2 , 1859 , in nearby Charles Town . Aaron Dwight Stevens ( shot and captured October 18 . Hanged March 16 , 1860 in Charles Town . First buried at Eagleswood Mansion New Jersey ; reburied 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba , New York . ) Edwin Coppock ( At age 24 , he shot and killed the mayor of Harpers Ferry , Fontaine Beckham , during the raid . He was later executed at Charles Town on December 16 , 1859 and was buried in Salem , Ohio . ) John Anthony Copeland , Jr . ( A 25 - year - old free black , he joined the raiders along with his uncle Lewis Leary . He was captured during the raid and executed on December 16 , 1859 , in Charles Town . The body was claimed by Winchester Medical College as a teaching cadaver . The last resting place is unknown . Cenotaph memorial in Oberlin , Ohio . ) Shields Green ( At about age 23 , Green was an escaped slave from South Carolina ; captured in the engine house on October 18 , 1859 and hanged December 16 , 1859 in Charles Town . The body was claimed by Winchester Medical College as a teaching cadaver . The last resting place is unknown . Cenotaph memorial in Oberlin , Ohio . ) John Edwin Cook ( Escaped into Pennsylvania but soon captured . Hanged December 16 , 1859 in Charles Town . Body sent to New York . ) Albert E. Hazlett ( Escaped into Pennsylvania but soon captured . Hanged March 16 , 1860 . Buried at Eagleswood Mansion in Perth Amboy , New Jersey ; reburied 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba , New York . ) Four raiders escaped and were captured about six months later . Escaped and never captured Barclay Coppock ( Died during US Civil War . ) Charles Plummer Tidd ( Died during US Civil War . ) Osborne Perry Anderson ( Served as a soldier in Union Army , and wrote a memoir about the raid . Died 1870 ) Owen Brown ( Served as an officer in Union Army . Died January 8 , 1889 . Pasadena , California ( Brown 's Mountain ) ) Francis Jackson Meriam ( Served in the army as a captain in the 3rd South Carolina Colored Infantry . ) Others ( edit ) Civilians Shepherd Heyward ( Free African - American B&O baggage master ; killed . Buried in African - American Cemetery on Rt. 11 in Winchester , Va. , grave is unmarked ) Thomas Boerly ( Townsperson ; killed . ) George W. Turner ( Townsperson ; killed . ) Fontaine Beckham ( Town mayor ; killed . ) A slave belonging to Col. Washington was killed . A slave belonging to hostage John Allstad was killed . ( Some claim the two slaves voluntarily joined Brown 's raiders , others say Brown forced them to fight . Regardless , one was killed trying to escape across the Potomac River , the other was wounded and later died in the Charles Town jail . ) 9 other civilians were wounded . Marines Private Luke Quinn ( Killed during the storming of the engine house . ) Buried in Harpers Ferry Catholic Cemetery on Rte. 340 . Private Matthew Ruppert ( Shot in the face during the storming of the engine house ; survived . ) Liberated slaves ( edit ) Mayor Beckham 's Will Book called for the liberation of Isaac Gilbert , his wife , and three children upon his death . When Edwin Coppock killed Beckham the five slaves were free . See also ( edit ) List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States Notes ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` John Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry '' . History.com . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ In many books the town is called `` Harper 's Ferry . '' For example , `` Col. Robert E. Lee 's Report Concerning the Attack at Harper 's Ferry , October 19 , 1859 , '' ; Horace Greeley , The American Conflict : A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States of America , 1860 -- 64 . Volume : 1 . ( 1866 ) , p. 279 ; French Ensor Chadwick , Causes of the Civil War , 1859 -- 1861 ( 1906 ) p. 74 ; Allan Nevins , The Emergence of Lincoln ( 1950 ) vol 2 ch 3 ; James M. McPherson , Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era ( 1988 ) , p. 201 ; Stephen W. Sears , Landscape Turned Red : The Battle of Antietam ( 2003 ) p. 116 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Colonel Jon T. , USMC : A Complete History , Marine Corps Association , Quantico , Virginia , ( 2002 ) , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Marian ( 2004 ) . Harriet Tubman : Antislavery Activist ( New ed . ) . Chelsea House Publishers . pp. 68 -- 69 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 8340 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The Kennedy Farmhouse '' , John Brown website Jump up ^ `` The Harpers Ferry Raid '' . pbs.org . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ James M. McPherson , Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era ( 2003 ) p. 205 Jump up ^ National Park Service History Series . John Brown 's Raid ( 2009 ) , pp. 22 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , The Emergence of Lincoln : Prelude to Civil War , 1859 -- 1861 ( 1950 ) , vol. 4 , pp. 72 -- 73 Jump up ^ National Park Service History Series . John Brown 's Raid ( 2009 ) , p. 16 Jump up ^ Oates ( 1984 ) , p. 248 Jump up ^ National Park Service . John Brown 's Raid ( 2009 ) , p. 16 Jump up ^ Oates ( 1984 ) , pp. 284 -- 85 Jump up ^ Oates ( 1984 ) , p. 285 Jump up ^ Ted McGee ( April 5 , 1973 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Nomination : Beall - Air '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on February 3 , 2013 Jump up ^ Frances D. Ruth ( July 1984 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Nomination : Allstadt House and Ordinary '' ( pdf ) . National Park Service Jump up ^ Horton , James Oliver ; Lois E. Horton ( 2006 ) . Slavery and the Making of America . Oxford University Press USA . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 0195304510 . Jump up ^ Greeley , Horace ( 1864 ) . The American Conflict : A History : Part One . p. 292 . ISBN 9781417908288 . Jump up ^ National Park Service History Series . John Brown 's Raid ( 2009 ) , pp. 49 -- 50 Jump up ^ Emory M. Thomas , Robert E. Lee : A Biography ( 1995 ) pp. 180 Jump up ^ Israel Green , Eyewitness Account , University of Virginia Jump up ^ Col. Robert E. Lee , Report to the Adjutant General Concerning the Attack at Harper 's Ferry , University of Missouri Kansas City , Law School Jump up ^ Simmons , William J. , and Henry McNeal Turner . Men of Mark : Eminent , Progressive and Rising . GM Rowell & Company , 1887 . p. 160 Jump up ^ Oates 1984 , p. 351 Jump up ^ Horowitz 2011 , p. 212 Jump up ^ James M. McPherson . Battle Cry of Freedom . New York : Oxford University Press ( 1988 ) , pp. 207 -- 08 . Jump up ^ Norton Anthology of American Literature , Volume B. p. 2057 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , John Brown ( 2006 ) , p. 340 Jump up ^ James M. McPherson , Battle cry of freedom : the Civil War era ( 2003 ) p. 210 ^ Jump up to : `` John Brown 's Men Disinterred '' . New York Times . August 29 , 1899 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Stephen Vincent Benet . John Brown 's Body . New York . Rinehart & Co. ( 1927 ) , p. 33 Jump up ^ Stephen B. Oates ( 1984 ) . To Purge this Land with Blood , p. 296 Bibliography ( edit ) Library resources about John Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Earle , Jonathan . John Brown 's Raid on Harpers Ferry : A Brief History with Documents ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search Field , Ron . Avenging Angel ; John Brown 's Raid on Harpers Ferry 1859 ( 2012 ) . Osprey Raid Series # 36 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 9781849087575 Fraser , George MacDonald . Flashman and the Angel of the Lord ( 1994 ) Lee , Robert E. `` Col. Robert E. Lee 's Report Concerning the Attack at Harper 's Ferry , October 19 , 1859 '' online Horwitz , Tony . Midnight Rising : John Brown and the Raid That Sparked the Civil War ( 2011 ) Henry Holt and Company Mason , J.M. `` Senate Select Committee Report on the Harper 's Ferry Invasion , June 15 , 1860 '' online Nalty , Bernard C. The United States Marines at Harpers Ferry and in the Civil War ( 1959 ) History & Museums Division , United States Marine Corps . online National Park Service History Series . John Brown 's Raid , Virginia Beach , VA : The Dunning Company Publishers ( 2009 ) Nevins , Allan . The Emergence of Lincoln : Prelude to Civil War , 1859 -- 1861 ( 1950 ) , vol 4 of The Ordeal of the Union , esp ch 3 pp 70 -- 97 Oates , Stephen B. To Purge this Land with Blood : A Biography of John Brown ( 1984 ) . Amherst , MA : The University of Massachusetts Press . Potter , David M. The Impending Crisis : 1848 -- 1861 ( 1976 ) pp 356 -- 84 ; Pulitzer Prize winning history Reynolds , David S. John Brown , Abolitionist : The Man Who Killed Slavery , Sparked the Civil War , and Seeded Civil Rights ( 2006 ) Villard , Oswald Garrison . John Brown , 1800 -- 1859 : A Biography Fifty Years After ( 1910 ) 738 pages , full text online Thomas , Emory M. Robert E. Lee : A Biography ( 1995 ) . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry . Michael E. Ruane ( October 14 , 2009 ) . `` 150 Years Later , John Brown 's Failed Slave Revolt Marches On '' . The Washington Post . John Brown -- 150 Years After Harpers Ferry by Terry Bisson , Monthly Review , October 2009 Coordinates : 39 ° 19 ′ 23 '' N 77 ° 43 ′ 49 '' W / 39.32306 ° N 77.73028 ° W / 39.32306 ; - 77.73028 hide Harriet Tubman Events Underground Railroad John Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry Raid at Combahee Ferry Locations Harriet Tubman Grave Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park visitor center Harriet Tubman Memorial Garden Harriet Tubman National Historical Park Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park Salem Chapel National Historic Site Homages and memorials A Woman Called Moses SS Harriet Tubman Harriet Tubman Memorial ( Boston ) The Quest for Freedom The Railroad to Freedom : A Story of the Civil War Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&oldid=844609211 '' Categories : John Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry Conflicts in 1859 Political violence in the United States 1859 in Virginia United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries Rebellions in the United States Slave rebellions in the United States Military raids Crimes in Virginia October 1859 events Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from September 2011 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Hrvatski Italiano Polski Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 23 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the man in charge of the us military at harper's ferry | [
"John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry (also known as John Brown's raid or The raid on Harper's Ferry)[2] was an effort by armed abolitionist John Brown to initiate an armed slave revolt in 1859 by taking over a United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown's party of 22[1] was defeated by a company of U.S. Marines, led by First Lieutenant Israel Greene.[3] Colonel Robert E. Lee was in overall command of the operation to retake the arsenal. John Brown had originally asked Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass, both of whom he had met in his transformative years as an abolitionist in Springfield, Massachusetts, to join him in his raid, but Tubman was prevented by illness and Douglass declined, as he believed Brown's plan would fail.[4]\n"
] | [
"First Lieutenant Israel Greene"
] |
-5069533667821983214 | List of Chief Ministers of Sikkim | List of chief ministers of Sikkim - wikipedia List of chief ministers of Sikkim Chief Minister of Sikkim Incumbent Pawan Kumar Chamling since 12 December 1994 Appointer Governor of Sikkim Inaugural holder Kazi Lhendup Dorjee Formation 16 May 1975 The Chief Minister of Sikkim , an east Indian state , is the head of the Government of Sikkim . As per the Constitution of India , the Governor of Sikkim is the state 's de jure head , but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister . Following elections to the Sikkim Legislative Assembly , the governor usually invites the party ( or coalition ) with a majority of seats to form the government . The governor appoints the chief minister , whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly . Given that he has the confidence of the assembly , the chief minister 's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits . Since 1975 , Sikkim has had five chief ministers . The first was Kazi Lhendup Dorjee of the Indian National Congress . Pawan Kumar Chamling of the Sikkim Democratic Front has served as Chief Minister of Sikkim since 1994 . He has occupied the office longer than all his predecessors put together . Chief ministers of Sikkim ( edit ) Colour key for parties Indian National Congress Sikkim Democratic Front Sikkim Janata Parishad Sikkim Sangram Parishad N / A ( President 's rule ) No Name Term Party Tenure Kazi Lhendup Dorjee 16 May 1975 18 August 1979 Indian National Congress 1555 Days -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 18 August 1979 18 October 1979 N / A Nar Bahadur Bhandari MLA for Soreong 18 October 1979 11 May 1984 Sikkim Janata Parishad 1668 Days B.B. Gurung MLA for Jorthang - Nayabazar 11 May 1984 25 May 1984 Indian National Congress 13 Days -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 25 May 1984 8 March 1985 N / A ( 2 ) Nar Bahadur Bhandari MLA for Soreong 8 March 1985 17 June 1994 Sikkim Sangram Parishad 3389 Days ( Total 5057 Days ) Sanchaman Limboo 17 June 1994 12 December 1994 179 Days Pawan Kumar Chamling MLA for Namchi - Singhithang 12 December 1994 Incumbent Sikkim Democratic Front 8628 Days Jump up ^ This column only names the chief minister 's party . The state government he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents ; these are not listed here . ^ Jump up to : When President 's rule is in force in a state , its council of ministers stands dissolved . The office of chief minister thus lies vacant . At times , the legislative assembly also stands dissolved . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Durga Das Basu . Introduction to the Constitution of India . 1960 . 20th Edition , 2011 Reprint . pp. 241 , 245 . LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 559 - 9 . Note : although the text talks about Indian state governments in general , it applies for the specific case of Sikkim as well . Jump up ^ Former Chief Ministers of Tripura . Government of Tripura . Retrieved on 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Amberish K. Diwanji . `` A dummy 's guide to President 's rule '' . Rediff.com. 15 March 2005 . Retrieved on 3 March 2013 . External links ( edit ) List on worldstatesmen.org Lists of chief ministers of Indian states ( and current incumbents ) Andhra Pradesh N. Chandrababu Naidu Arunachal Pradesh Pema Khandu Assam Sarbananda Sonowal Bihar Nitish Kumar Chhattisgarh Raman Singh Delhi Arvind Kejriwal Goa Manohar Parrikar Gujarat Vijay Rupani Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar Himachal Pradesh Jai Ram Thakur Jammu and Kashmir Vacant Jharkhand Raghubar Das Karnataka H.D. Kumaraswamy Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh Chouhan Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis Manipur N. Biren Singh Meghalaya Conrad Sangma Mizoram Lal Thanhawla Nagaland Neiphiu Rio Odisha Naveen Patnaik Puducherry V. Narayanasamy Punjab Amarinder Singh Rajasthan Vasundhara Raje Sikkim Pawan Kumar Chamling Tamil Nadu Edappadi K. Palaniswami Telangana K. Chandrashekhar Rao Tripura Biplab Kumar Deb Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath Uttarakhand Trivendra Singh Rawat West Bengal Mamata Banerjee Women chief ministers From the Bharatiya Janata Party From the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Sikkim&oldid=841262873 '' Categories : Lists of Chief Ministers of Indian states Chief Ministers of Sikkim Sikkim - related lists Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia नेपाली Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 20 : 41 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who is the present health minister of sikkim | [
"\n\n\nNo\n\nName\n\nTerm[2]\n\nParty[a]\n\nTenure\n\n\n1\n\nKazi Lhendup Dorjee\n\n16 May 1975\n\n18 August 1979\n\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n\n1555 Days\n\n\n–\n\nVacant[b](President's rule)\n\n18 August 1979\n\n18 October 1979\n\nN/A\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\nNar Bahadur BhandariMLA for Soreong\n\n18 October 1979\n\n11 May 1984\n\nSikkim Janata Parishad\n\n\n\n1668 Days\n\n\n3\n\nB. B. GurungMLA for Jorthang-Nayabazar\n\n11 May 1984\n\n25 May 1984\n\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n\n13 Days\n\n\n–\n\nVacant[b](President's rule)\n\n25 May 1984\n\n8 March 1985\n\nN/A\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(2)\n\nNar Bahadur BhandariMLA for Soreong\n\n8 March 1985\n\n17 June 1994\n\nSikkim Sangram Parishad\n\n\n\n3389 Days[Total 5057 Days]\n\n\n4\n\nSanchaman Limboo\n\n17 June 1994\n\n12 December 1994\n\n179 Days\n\n\n5\n\nPawan Kumar ChamlingMLA for Namchi-Singhithang\n\n12 December 1994\n\nIncumbent\n\nSikkim Democratic Front\n\n\n\n8628 Days\n\n"
] | [
"Pawan Kumar Chamling"
] |
-5615025599010667425 | Blade Runner | Blade Runner - wikipedia Blade Runner This article is about the 1982 film . For other uses , see Blade Runner ( disambiguation ) . Blade Runner Theatrical release poster by John Alvin Directed by Ridley Scott Produced by Michael Deeley Screenplay by Hampton Fancher David Peoples Based on Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? by Philip K. Dick Starring Harrison Ford Rutger Hauer Sean Young Edward James Olmos Music by Vangelis Cinematography Jordan Cronenweth Edited by Terry Rawlings Marsha Nakashima Production company The Ladd Company Shaw Brothers Blade Runner Partnership Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date June 25 , 1982 ( 1982 - 06 - 25 ) Running time 117 minutes Country United States Hong Kong Budget $28 million Box office $33.8 million Blade Runner is a 1982 neo-noir science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott , written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples , and starring Harrison Ford , Rutger Hauer , Sean Young , and Edward James Olmos . It is a loose adaptation of Philip K. Dick 's novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? ( 1968 ) . The film is set in a dystopian future Los Angeles of 2019 , in which synthetic humans known as replicants are bio-engineered by the powerful Tyrell Corporation to work on off - world colonies . When a fugitive group of replicants led by Roy Batty ( Hauer ) escapes back to Earth , burnt - out cop Rick Deckard ( Ford ) reluctantly agrees to hunt them down . Blade Runner initially underperformed in North American theaters and polarized critics ; some praised its thematic complexity and visuals , while others were displeased with its unconventional pacing and plot . It later became an acclaimed cult film regarded as one of the all - time best science fiction movies . Hailed for its production design depicting a `` retrofitted '' future , Blade Runner is a leading example of neo-noir cinema . The soundtrack , composed by Vangelis , was nominated in 1983 for a BAFTA and a Golden Globe as best original score . The film has influenced many science fiction films , video games , anime , and television series . It brought the work of Philip K. Dick to the attention of Hollywood , and several later big - budget films were based on his work . In the year after its release , Blade Runner won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , and in 1993 it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . A sequel , Blade Runner 2049 , was released in October 2017 . Seven versions of Blade Runner exist as a result of controversial changes made at the request of studio executives . A director 's cut was released in 1992 after a strong response to test screenings of a workprint . This , in conjunction with the film 's popularity as a video rental , made it one of the earliest movies to be released on DVD . In 2007 , Warner Bros. released The Final Cut , a 25th - anniversary digitally remastered version , and the only version over which Scott retained artistic control . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Themes 4 Production 4.1 Casting 4.2 Development 4.3 Design 4.3. 1 Spinner 4.3. 2 Voigt - Kampff machine 4.4 Music 4.5 Special effects 5 Release 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Accolades 5.3 Versions 6 Legacy 6.1 Cultural impact 6.1. 1 American Film Institute recognition 6.2 In other media 6.3 Documentaries 6.4 Sequels and related media 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Note : Since there are several versions of Blade Runner , this summary excludes version - specific events . In 2019 Los Angeles , former police officer Rick Deckard is detained by officer Gaff , and brought to his former supervisor , Bryant . Deckard , whose job as a `` blade runner '' was to track down bioengineered beings known as replicants and `` retire '' ( kill ) them , is informed that four are on Earth illegally . Deckard starts to leave , but Bryant ambiguously threatens him , and he stays . The two watch a video of a blade runner named Holden administering the `` Voigt - Kampff '' test , which is designed to distinguish replicants from humans based on their emotional response to questions . The test subject , Leon , shoots Holden on the second question . Bryant wants Deckard to retire Leon and the other three Tyrell Corporation Nexus - 6 replicants : Roy Batty , Zhora , and Pris . Bryant has Deckard meet with Eldon Tyrell so he can administer the test on a Nexus - 6 to see if it works . Tyrell expresses his interest in seeing the test fail first and asks him to administer it on his assistant Rachael . After a much longer than standard test , Deckard concludes that Rachael is a replicant who believes she is human . Tyrell explains that she is an experiment who has been given false memories to provide an emotional `` cushion '' . Searching Leon 's hotel room , Deckard finds photos and a synthetic snake scale . Roy and Leon investigate a replicant eye - manufacturing laboratory and learn of J.F. Sebastian , a gifted genetic designer who works closely with Tyrell . Deckard returns to his apartment where Rachael is waiting . She tries to prove her humanity by showing him a family photo , but after Deckard reveals that her memories are implants from Tyrell 's niece , she leaves his apartment . Meanwhile , Pris locates Sebastian and manipulates him to gain his trust . A photograph from Leon 's apartment and the snake scale lead Deckard to a strip club , where Zhora works . After a confrontation and chase , Deckard kills Zhora . Bryant orders him also to retire Rachael , who has disappeared from the Tyrell Corporation . After Deckard spots Rachael in a crowd , he is attacked by Leon , who knocks Deckard 's pistol out of his hand , and attempts to kill Deckard , but Rachael uses Deckard 's pistol to kill Leon . They return to Deckard 's apartment , and , during an intimate discussion , he promises not to track her down ; as she abruptly tries to leave , Deckard restrains her , making her kiss him . Arriving at Sebastian 's apartment , Roy tells Pris that the others are dead . Sympathetic to their plight , Sebastian reveals that because of `` Methuselah Syndrome '' , a genetic premature aging disorder , his life will also be cut short . Sebastian and Roy gain entrance into Tyrell 's secure penthouse , where Roy demands more life from his maker . Tyrell tells him that it is impossible . Roy confesses that he has done `` questionable things '' , but Tyrell dismisses this , praising Roy 's advanced design , and accomplishments in his short life . Roy kisses Tyrell , then kills him . Sebastian runs for the elevator , followed by Roy , who rides the elevator down alone . Deckard is later told by Bryant that Sebastian was found dead . At Sebastian 's apartment , Deckard is ambushed by Pris , but he kills her as Roy returns . Roy 's body begins to fail as the end of his lifespan nears . He chases Deckard through the building , ending on the roof . Deckard tries to jump to an adjacent roof , but is left hanging between buildings . Roy makes the jump with ease , and as Deckard 's grip loosens , Roy hoists him onto the roof , saving him . Before Roy dies , he delivers a monologue about how his memories `` will be lost in time , like tears in rain '' . Gaff arrives and shouts to Deckard about Rachael : `` It 's too bad she wo n't live , but then again , who does ? '' Deckard returns to his apartment and finds Rachael asleep in his bed . As they leave , Deckard notices an origami unicorn on the floor , a calling card that recalls for him Gaff 's earlier statement . Deckard and Rachael leave the apartment block . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Blade Runner characters Harrison Ford as Rick Deckard Rutger Hauer as Roy Batty Sean Young as Rachael Edward James Olmos as Gaff M. Emmet Walsh as Harry Bryant Daryl Hannah as Pris William Sanderson as J.F. Sebastian Brion James as Leon Kowalski Joe Turkel as Dr. Eldon Tyrell Joanna Cassidy as Zhora James Hong as Chew Morgan Paull as Dave Holden Hy Pyke as Taffey Lewis Themes ( edit ) Main article : Themes in Blade Runner The film operates on multiple dramatic and narrative levels . It employs some of the conventions of film noir , among them the character of a femme fatale ; narration by the protagonist ( in the original release ) ; chiaroscuro cinematography ; and giving the hero a questionable moral outlook -- extended to include reflections upon the nature of his own humanity . It is a literate science fiction film , thematically enfolding the philosophy of religion and moral implications of human mastery of genetic engineering in the context of classical Greek drama and hubris . It also draws on Biblical images , such as Noah 's flood , and literary sources , such as Frankenstein . Linguistically , the theme of mortality is subtly reiterated in the chess game between Sebastian and Tyrell , supposedly based on the famous Immortal Game of 1851 ( though Scott has said this was merely coincidental ) . Blade Runner delves into the effects of technology on the environment and society by reaching to the past , using literature , religious symbolism , classical dramatic themes , and film noir techniques . This tension between past , present , and future is mirrored in the `` retrofitted '' future depicted in the film , one which is high - tech and gleaming in places but decayed and outdated elsewhere . In an interview with The Observer in 2002 , director Ridley Scott described the film as `` extremely dark , both literally and metaphorically , with an oddly masochistic feel '' . He also said that he `` liked the idea of exploring pain '' in the wake of his brother 's death : `` When he was ill , I used to go and visit him in London , and that was really traumatic for me . '' A sense of foreboding and paranoia pervades the world of the film : corporate power looms large ; the police seem omnipresent ; vehicle and warning lights probe into buildings ; and the consequences of huge biomedical power over the individual are explored -- especially regarding replicants ' implanted memories . Control over the environment is exercised on a vast scale , and goes hand in hand with the absence of any natural life ; for example , artificial animals stand in for their extinct predecessors . This oppressive backdrop explains the frequently referenced migration of humans to `` off - world '' ( extraterrestrial ) colonies . The dystopian themes explored in Blade Runner are an early example of the expansion of cyberpunk concepts into cinema . Eyes are a recurring motif , as are manipulated images , calling into question the nature of reality and our ability to accurately perceive and remember it . These thematic elements provide an atmosphere of uncertainty for Blade Runner 's central theme of examining humanity . In order to discover replicants , an empathy test is used , with a number of its questions focused on the treatment of animals -- seemingly an essential indicator of one 's `` humanity '' . The replicants appear to show compassion and concern for one another and are juxtaposed against human characters who lack empathy , while the mass of humanity on the streets is cold and impersonal . The film goes so far as to question if Deckard might be an android , in the process forcing the audience to re-evaluate what it means to be human . The question of whether Deckard is intended to be a human or a replicant has been an ongoing controversy since the film 's release . Both Michael Deeley and Harrison Ford wanted Deckard to be human , while Hampton Fancher preferred ambiguity . Ridley Scott has stated that in his vision , Deckard is a replicant . Deckard 's unicorn - dream sequence , inserted into the Director 's Cut and concomitant with Gaff 's parting gift of an origami unicorn , is seen by many as showing that Deckard is a replicant -- because Gaff could have retrieved Deckard 's implanted memories . The interpretation that Deckard is a replicant is challenged by others who believe the unicorn imagery shows that the characters , whether human or replicant , share the same dreams and recognize their affinity , or that the absence of a decisive answer is crucial to the film 's main theme . The film 's inherent ambiguity and uncertainty , as well as its textual richness , have permitted viewers to see it from multiple perspectives . Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) See also : List of Blade Runner characters Casting the film proved troublesome , particularly for the lead role of Deckard . Screenwriter Hampton Fancher envisioned Robert Mitchum as Deckard and wrote the character 's dialogue with Mitchum in mind . Director Ridley Scott and the film 's producers spent months meeting and discussing the role with Dustin Hoffman , who eventually departed over differences in vision . Harrison Ford was ultimately chosen for several reasons , including his performance in the Star Wars films , Ford 's interest in the Blade Runner story , and discussions with Steven Spielberg who was finishing Raiders of the Lost Ark at the time and strongly praised Ford 's work in the film . Following his success in films like Star Wars ( 1977 ) and Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) , Ford was looking for a role with dramatic depth . According to production documents , several actors were considered for the role , including Gene Hackman , Sean Connery , Jack Nicholson , Paul Newman , Clint Eastwood , Tommy Lee Jones , Arnold Schwarzenegger , Al Pacino , and Burt Reynolds . One role that was not difficult to cast was Rutger Hauer as Roy Batty , the violent yet thoughtful leader of the replicants . Scott cast Hauer without having met him , based solely on Hauer 's performances in Paul Verhoeven 's movies Scott had seen ( Katie Tippel , Soldier of Orange , and Turkish Delight ) . Hauer 's portrayal of Batty was regarded by Philip K. Dick as `` the perfect Batty -- cold , Aryan , flawless '' . Of the many films Hauer has made , Blade Runner is his favorite . As he explained in a live chat in 2001 , `` Blade Runner needs no explanation . It just ( is ) . All of the best . There is nothing like it . To be part of a real masterpiece which changed the world 's thinking . It 's awesome . '' Hauer rewrote his character 's `` tears in rain '' speech himself and presented the words to Scott on set prior to filming . Blade Runner used a number of then - lesser - known actors : Sean Young portrays Rachael , an experimental replicant implanted with the memories of Tyrell 's niece , causing her to believe she is human ; Nina Axelrod auditioned for the role . Daryl Hannah portrays Pris , a `` basic pleasure model '' replicant ; Stacey Nelkin auditioned for the role , but was given another part in the film , which was ultimately cut before filming . Casting Pris and Rachael was challenging , requiring several screen tests with Morgan Paull playing the role of Deckard . Paull was cast as Deckard 's fellow bounty hunter Holden based on his performances in the tests . Brion James portrays Leon Kowalski , a combat and laborer replicant , and Joanna Cassidy portrays Zhora , an assassin replicant . Edward James Olmos portrays Gaff . Olmos used his diverse ethnic background , and personal research , to help create the fictional `` Cityspeak '' language his character uses in the film . His initial address to Deckard at the noodle bar is partly in Hungarian and means , `` Horse dick ( bullshit ) ! No way . You are the Blade ... Blade Runner . '' M. Emmet Walsh plays Captain Bryant , a hard - drinking , sleazy , and underhanded police veteran typical of the film noir genre . Joe Turkel portrays Dr. Eldon Tyrell , a corporate mogul who built an empire on genetically manipulated humanoid slaves . William Sanderson was cast as J. F. Sebastian , a quiet and lonely genius who provides a compassionate yet compliant portrait of humanity . J. F. sympathizes with the replicants , whom he sees as companions , and he shares their shorter lifespan due to his rapid aging disease . Joe Pantoliano had earlier been considered for the role . James Hong portrays Hannibal Chew , an elderly geneticist specializing in synthetic eyes , and Hy Pyke portrayed the sleazy bar owner Taffey Lewis -- in a single take , something almost unheard - of with Scott , whose drive for perfection resulted at times in double - digit takes . Development ( edit ) The Bradbury Building in Los Angeles was a filming location . Interest in adapting Philip K. Dick 's novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? developed shortly after its 1968 publication . Director Martin Scorsese was interested in filming the novel , but never optioned it . Producer Herb Jaffe optioned it in the early 1970s , but Dick was unimpressed with the screenplay written by Herb 's son Robert : `` Jaffe 's screenplay was so terribly done ... Robert flew down to Santa Ana to speak with me about the project . And the first thing I said to him when he got off the plane was , ' Shall I beat you up here at the airport , or shall I beat you up back at my apartment ? ' '' The screenplay by Hampton Fancher was optioned in 1977 . Producer Michael Deeley became interested in Fancher 's draft and convinced director Ridley Scott to film it . Scott had previously declined the project , but after leaving the slow production of Dune , wanted a faster - paced project to take his mind off his older brother 's recent death . He joined the project on February 21 , 1980 , and managed to push up the promised Filmways financing from US $13 million to $15 million . Fancher 's script focused more on environmental issues and less on issues of humanity and religion , which are prominent in the novel and Scott wanted changes . Fancher found a cinema treatment by William S. Burroughs for Alan E. Nourse 's novel The Bladerunner ( 1974 ) , titled Blade Runner ( a movie ) . Scott liked the name , so Deeley obtained the rights to the titles . Eventually he hired David Peoples to rewrite the script and Fancher left the job over the issue on December 21 , 1980 , although he later returned to contribute additional rewrites . Having invested over $2.5 million in pre-production , as the date of commencement of principal photography neared , Filmways withdrew financial backing . In ten days Deeley had secured $21.5 million in financing through a three - way deal between The Ladd Company ( through Warner Bros . ) , the Hong Kong - based producer Sir Run Run Shaw and Tandem Productions . Dick became concerned that no one had informed him about the film 's production , which added to his distrust of Hollywood . After Dick criticized an early version of Fancher 's script in an article written for the Los Angeles Select TV Guide , the studio sent Dick the Peoples rewrite . Although Dick died shortly before the film 's release , he was pleased with the rewritten script and with a 20 - minute special effects test reel that was screened for him when he was invited to the studio . Despite his well - known skepticism of Hollywood in principle , Dick enthused to Scott that the world created for the film looked exactly as he had imagined it . He said , `` I saw a segment of Douglas Trumbull 's special effects for Blade Runner on the KNBC - TV news . I recognized it immediately . It was my own interior world . They caught it perfectly . '' He also approved of the film 's script , saying , `` After I finished reading the screenplay , I got the novel out and looked through it . The two reinforce each other , so that someone who started with the novel would enjoy the movie and someone who started with the movie would enjoy the novel . '' The motion picture was dedicated to Dick . Principal photography of Blade Runner began on March 9 , 1981 , and ended four months later . In 1992 , Ford revealed , `` Blade Runner is not one of my favorite films . I tangled with Ridley . '' Apart from friction with the director , Ford also disliked the voiceovers : `` When we started shooting it had been tacitly agreed that the version of the film that we had agreed upon was the version without voiceover narration . It was af * * king ( sic ) nightmare . I thought that the film had worked without the narration . But now I was stuck re-creating that narration . And I was obliged to do the voiceovers for people that did not represent the director 's interests . '' `` I went kicking and screaming to the studio to record it . '' The narration monologues were written by an uncredited Roland Kibbee . In 2006 , Scott was asked `` Who 's the biggest pain in the arse you 've ever worked with ? '' , he replied : `` It 's got to be Harrison ... he 'll forgive me because now I get on with him . Now he 's become charming . But he knows a lot , that 's the problem . When we worked together it was my first film up and I was the new kid on the block . But we made a good movie . '' Ford said of Scott in 2000 : `` I admire his work . We had a bad patch there , and I 'm over it . '' In 2006 Ford reflected on the production of the film saying : `` What I remember more than anything else when I see Blade Runner is not the 50 nights of shooting in the rain , but the voiceover ... I was still obliged to work for these clowns that came in writing one bad voiceover after another . '' Ridley Scott confirmed in the summer 2007 issue of Total Film that Harrison Ford contributed to the Blade Runner Special Edition DVD , and had already recorded his interviews . `` Harrison 's fully on board '' , said Scott . The Bradbury Building in downtown Los Angeles served as a filming location , and a Warner Bros. backlot housed the 2019 Los Angeles street sets . Other locations included the Ennis - Brown House and the 2nd Street Tunnel . Test screenings resulted in several changes , including adding a voice - over , a happy ending , and the removal of a Holden hospital scene . The relationship between the filmmakers and the investors was difficult , which culminated in Deeley and Scott being fired but still working on the film . Crew members created T - shirts during filming saying , `` Yes Guv'nor , My Ass '' that mocked Scott 's unfavorable comparison of U.S. and British crews ; Scott responded with a T - shirt of his own , `` Xenophobia Sucks '' making the incident known as the T - shirt war . Design ( edit ) Ridley Scott credits Edward Hopper 's painting Nighthawks and the French science fiction comics magazine Métal Hurlant , to which the artist Jean `` Moebius '' Giraud contributed , as stylistic mood sources . He also drew on the landscape of `` Hong Kong on a very bad day '' and the industrial landscape of his one - time home in northeast England . The visual style of the movie is influenced by the work of futurist Italian architect Antonio Sant'Elia . Scott hired Syd Mead as his concept artist ; like Scott , he was influenced by Métal Hurlant . Moebius was offered the opportunity to assist in the pre-production of Blade Runner , but he declined so that he could work on René Laloux 's animated film Les Maîtres du temps -- a decision that he later regretted . Production designer Lawrence G. Paull and art director David Snyder realized Scott 's and Mead 's sketches . Douglas Trumbull and Richard Yuricich supervised the special effects for the film , and Mark Stetson served as chief model maker . Blade Runner has numerous deep similarities to Fritz Lang 's Metropolis , including a built - up urban environment , in which the wealthy literally live above the workers , dominated by a huge building -- the Stadtkrone Tower in Metropolis and the Tyrell Building in Blade Runner . Special effects supervisor David Dryer used stills from Metropolis when lining up Blade Runner 's miniature building shots . The extended end scene in the original theatrical release shows Rachael and Deckard traveling into daylight with pastoral aerial shots filmed by director Stanley Kubrick . Ridley Scott contacted Kubrick about using some of his surplus helicopter aerial photography from The Shining . Spinner ( edit ) `` Spinner '' is the generic term for the fictional flying cars used in the film . A spinner can be driven as a ground - based vehicle , and take off vertically , hover , and cruise much like vertical take - off and landing ( VTOL ) aircraft . They are used extensively by the police as patrol cars , and wealthy people can also acquire spinner licenses . The vehicle was conceived and designed by Syd Mead who described the spinner as an `` aerodyne '' -- a vehicle which directs air downward to create lift , though press kits for the film stated that the spinner was propelled by three engines : `` conventional internal combustion , jet , and anti-gravity '' A spinner is on permanent exhibit at the Science Fiction Museum and Hall of Fame in Seattle , Washington . Mead 's conceptual drawings were transformed into 25 vehicles by automobile customizer Gene Winfield ; at least two were working ground vehicles , while others were light - weight mockups for crane shots and set decoration for street shots . Two of them ended up at Disney World in Orlando , Florida , but were later destroyed , and a few others remain in private collections . Voigt - Kampff machine ( edit ) A very advanced form of lie detector that measures contractions of the iris muscle and the presence of invisible airborne particles emitted from the body . The bellows were designed for the latter function and give the machine the menacing air of a sinister insect . The VK is used primarily by Blade Runners to determine if a suspect is truly human by measuring the degree of his empathic response through carefully worded questions and statements . -- Description from the original press kit . The Voigt - Kampff machine is a fictional interrogation tool , originating from the novel . The Voigt - Kampff is a polygraph - like machine used by blade runners to determine whether an individual is a replicant . It measures bodily functions such as respiration , blush response , heart rate and eye movement in response to questions dealing with empathy . ( Tyrell states : `` Capillary dilation of the so - called blush response ? Fluctuation of the pupil ? Involuntary dilation of the iris ? '' ) In the film , two replicants -- Leon and Rachael -- take the test . Deckard tells Tyrell that it usually takes 20 to 30 cross-referenced questions to distinguish a replicant ; in contrast with the book , where it is stated it only takes six or seven questions to make a determination . In the film , it takes more than a hundred questions to determine that Rachael is a replicant . Music ( edit ) Main article : Blade Runner ( soundtrack ) The Blade Runner soundtrack by Vangelis is a dark melodic combination of classic composition and futuristic synthesizers which mirrors the film - noir retro - future envisioned by Ridley Scott . Vangelis , fresh from his Academy Award - winning score for Chariots of Fire , composed and performed the music on his synthesizers . He also made use of various chimes and the vocals of collaborator Demis Roussos . Another memorable sound is the haunting tenor sax solo `` Love Theme '' by British saxophonist Dick Morrissey , who performed on many of Vangelis 's albums . Ridley Scott also used `` Memories of Green '' from the Vangelis album See You Later , an orchestral version of which Scott would later use in his film Someone to Watch Over Me . Along with Vangelis ' compositions and ambient textures , the film 's soundscape also features a track by the Japanese ensemble Nipponia -- `` Ogi no Mato '' or `` The Folding Fan as a Target '' from the Nonesuch Records release Traditional Vocal and Instrumental Music -- and a track by harpist Gail Laughton from `` Harps of the Ancient Temples '' on Laurel Records . Despite being well received by fans and critically acclaimed and nominated in 1983 for a BAFTA and Golden Globe as best original score , and the promise of a soundtrack album from Polydor Records in the end titles of the film , the release of the official soundtrack recording was delayed for over a decade . There are two official releases of the music from Blade Runner . In light of the lack of a release of an album , the New American Orchestra recorded an orchestral adaptation in 1982 which bore little resemblance to the original . Some of the film tracks would , in 1989 , surface on the compilation Vangelis : Themes , but not until the 1992 release of the Director 's Cut version would a substantial amount of the film 's score see commercial release . These delays and poor reproductions led to the production of many bootleg recordings over the years . A bootleg tape surfaced in 1982 at science fiction conventions and became popular given the delay of an official release of the original recordings , and in 1993 `` Off World Music , Ltd '' created a bootleg CD that would prove more comprehensive than Vangelis ' official CD in 1994 . A set with three CDs of Blade Runner - related Vangelis music was released in 2007 . Titled Blade Runner Trilogy , the first disc contains the same tracks as the 1994 official soundtrack release , the second features previously unreleased music from the movie , and the third disc is all newly composed music from Vangelis , inspired by , and in the spirit of the movie . Special effects ( edit ) The film 's special effects are generally recognized to be among the best of all time , using the available ( non-digital ) technology to the fullest . In addition to matte paintings and models , the techniques employed included multipass exposures . In some scenes , the set was lit , shot , the film rewound , and then rerecorded over with different lighting . In some cases this was done 16 times in all . The cameras were frequently motion controlled using computers . Many effects used techniques which had been developed during the production of Close Encounters of the Third Kind . Release ( edit ) Blade Runner was released in 1,290 theaters on June 25 , 1982 . That date was chosen by producer Alan Ladd Jr. because his previous highest - grossing films ( Star Wars and Alien ) had a similar opening date ( May 25 ) in 1977 and 1979 , making the 25th of the month his `` lucky day '' . Blade Runner grossed reasonably good ticket sales in its opening weekend ; earning $6.1 million during its first weekend in theaters . The film was released close to other major science - fiction and fantasy releases such as The Thing , Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , Conan the Barbarian and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial , which affected its commercial success . Critical reception ( edit ) Initial reactions among film critics were mixed . Some wrote that the plot took a back seat to the film 's special effects , and did not fit the studio 's marketing as an action / adventure movie . Others acclaimed its complexity and predicted it would stand the test of time . Negative criticism in the United States cited its slow pace . Sheila Benson from the Los Angeles Times called it `` Blade Crawler '' , and Pat Berman in The State and Columbia Record described it as `` science fiction pornography '' . Pauline Kael praised Blade Runner as worthy of a place in film history for its distinctive sci - fi vision , yet criticized the film 's lack of development in `` human terms '' . Academics began writing analyses of the film almost as soon as it was released , and the boom in home video formats helped establish a growing cult around the film , which scholars have dissected for its dystopic aspects , its questions regarding `` authentic '' humanity , its ecofeminist aspects , and its use of conventions from multiple genres . Popular culture began to reassess its impact as a classic several years after it was released . Roger Ebert praised the visuals of both the original and the Director 's Cut versions and recommended it for that reason ; however , he found the human story clichéd and a little thin . He later added The Final Cut to his `` Great Movies '' list . Critic Chris Rodley and Janet Maslin theorized that Blade Runner changed cinematic and cultural discourse through its image repertoire , and subsequent influence on films . In 2012 , Time film critic Richard Corliss surgically analyzed the durability , complexity , screenplay , sets and production dynamics from a personal , three - decade perspective . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , Blade Runner holds an approval rating of 90 % based on 108 reviews , with an average rating of 8.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Misunderstood when it first hit theaters , the influence of Ridley Scott 's mysterious , neo-noir Blade Runner has deepened with time . A visually remarkable , achingly human sci - fi masterpiece . '' Metacritic , another review aggregator , assigned the film a weighted average score of 89 out of 100 , based on 11 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Denis Villeneuve , who directed the sequel , Blade Runner 2049 , cites the film as a huge influence for him and many others . Accolades ( edit ) Blade Runner won or received nominations for the following awards : Year Award Category Nominee Result 1982 British Society of Cinematographers Best Cinematography Jordan Cronenweth Nominated Los Angeles Film Critics Association Best Cinematography Won British Academy Film Awards Best Cinematography Won Best Costume Design Charles Knode and Michael Kaplan Won Best Editing Terry Rawlings Nominated Best Film Music Vangelis Nominated Best Makeup and Hair Marvin Westmore Nominated Best Production Design Lawrence G. Paull Won Best Sound Peter Pennell , Bud Alper , Graham V. Hartstone , and Gerry Humphreys Nominated Best Special Visual Effects Douglas Trumbull , Richard Yuricich , and David Dryer Nominated Hugo Award Best Dramatic Presentation Blade Runner Won London Film Critics ' Circle Special Achievement Award Lawrence G. Paull , Douglas Trumbull , and Syd Mead Won Golden Globe Awards Best Original Score -- Motion Picture Vangelis Nominated Academy Awards Best Art Direction - Set Decoration Lawrence G. Paull , David Snyder , and Linda DeScenna Nominated Best Effects , Visual Effects Douglas Trumbull , Richard Yuricich , and David Dryer Nominated Saturn Award Best Director Ridley Scott Nominated Best Science Fiction Film Blade Runner Nominated Best Special Effects Douglas Trumbull and Richard Yuricich Nominated Best Supporting Actor Rutger Hauer Nominated Fantasporto International Fantasy Film Award Ridley Scott Nominated Versions ( edit ) Main article : Versions of Blade Runner Several versions of Blade Runner have been shown . The original workprint version ( 1982 , 113 minutes ) was shown for audience test previews in Denver and Dallas in March 1982 . Negative responses to the previews led to the modifications resulting in the U.S. theatrical version . The workprint was shown as a director 's cut without Scott 's approval at the Los Angeles Fairfax Theater in May 1990 , at an AMPAS showing in April 1991 , and in September and October 1991 at the Los Angeles NuArt Theater and the San Francisco Castro Theatre . Positive responses pushed the studio to approve work on an official director 's cut . A San Diego Sneak Preview was shown only once , in May 1982 , and was almost identical to the U.S. theatrical version but contained three extra scenes not shown in any other version , including the 2007 Final Cut . Two versions were shown in the film 's 1982 theatrical release : the U.S. theatrical version ( 117 minutes ) , known as the original version or Domestic Cut ( released on Betamax , CED Videodisc and VHS in 1983 , and on LaserDisc in 1987 ) , and the International Cut ( 117 minutes ) , also known as the `` Criterion Edition '' or `` uncut version '' , which included more violent action scenes than the U.S. version . Although initially unavailable in the U.S. and distributed in Europe and Asia via theatrical and local Warner Home Video Laserdisc releases , the International Cut was later released on VHS and Criterion Collection Laserdisc in North America , and re-released in 1992 as a `` 10th Anniversary Edition '' . Ridley Scott 's Director 's Cut ( 1991 , 116 minutes ) was made available on VHS and Laserdisc in 1993 , and on DVD in 1997 . Significant changes from the theatrical version include the removal of Deckard 's voice - over ; the re-insertion of the unicorn sequence , and the removal of the studio - imposed happy ending . Scott provided extensive notes and consultation to Warner Bros. through film preservationist Michael Arick , who was put in charge of creating the Director 's Cut . Scott 's The Final Cut ( 2007 , 117 minutes ) was released by Warner Bros. theatrically on October 5 , 2007 , and subsequently released on DVD , HD DVD , and Blu - ray Disc in December 2007 . This is the only version over which Scott had complete artistic and editorial control . Year Award Category Nominee Result Fantasporto International Fantasy Film Award Best Film -- Ridley Scott ( Director 's Cut ) Nominated Saturn Award Best Genre Video Release Blade Runner ( Director 's Cut ) Nominated 2008 Saturn Award Best DVD Special Edition Release Blade Runner ( 5 - Disc Ultimate Collector 's Edition ) Won Legacy ( edit ) A police spinner flying beside enormous skyscrapers , some with electronic billboards on them . Special effects such as these were benchmarks , and have been highly influential on the aesthetics of subsequent sci - fi movies . A `` spinner '' ( police variant ) on display at Disney - MGM Studios in 2006 Cultural impact ( edit ) See also : Tears in rain monologue While not initially a success with North American audiences , Blade Runner was popular internationally and garnered a cult following . The film 's dark style and futuristic designs have served as a benchmark and its influence can be seen in many subsequent science fiction films , video games , anime , and television programs . For example , Ronald D. Moore and David Eick , the producers of the re-imagining of Battlestar Galactica , have both cited Blade Runner as one of the major influences for the show . The film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry in 1993 and is frequently taught in university courses . In 2007 , it was named the second-most visually influential film of all time by the Visual Effects Society . The film has also been the subject of parody , such as the comics Blade Bummer by Crazy comics , Bad Rubber by Steve Gallacci , and the Red Dwarf 2009 three - part miniseries `` Back to Earth '' . Blade Runner continues to reflect modern trends and concerns , and an increasing number of critics consider it one of the greatest science fiction films of all time . It was voted the best science fiction film ever made in a 2004 poll of 60 eminent world scientists . Blade Runner is also cited as an important influence to both the style and story of the Ghost in the Shell film series , which itself has been highly influential to the future - noir genre . Blade Runner has been very influential to the cyberpunk movement . It also influenced the cyberpunk derivative biopunk , which revolves around biotechnology and genetic engineering . The dialogue and music in Blade Runner has been sampled in music more than any other film of the 20th century . The 2009 album I , Human by Singaporean band Deus Ex Machina makes numerous references to the genetic engineering and cloning themes from the film , and even features a track titled `` Replicant '' . Blade Runner is cited as a major influence on Warren Spector , designer of the video game Deus Ex , which displays evidence of the film 's influence in both its visual rendering and plot . Indeed , the film 's look -- and in particular its overall darkness , preponderance of neon lights , and opaque visuals -- are easier to render than complicated backdrops , making it a popular reference point for video game designers . It has influenced adventure games such as the 2012 graphical text adventure Cypher ; Rise of the Dragon ; Snatcher ; the Tex Murphy series ; Beneath a Steel Sky ; Flashback : The Quest for Identity ; Bubblegum Crisis ( and its original anime films ) ; the role - playing game Shadowrun ; the first - person shooter Perfect Dark , and the Syndicate series of video games . Among the folklore that has developed around the film over the years , there is a belief that Blade Runner cursed the companies whose logos were displayed prominently as product placement . While they were market leaders at the time , Atari , Bell , Cuisinart , and Pan Am all experienced setbacks after the film 's release . Media recognitions for Blade Runner include : Year Presenter Title Rank Notes The Village Voice 100 Best Films of the 20th Century 94 2002 Online Film Critics Society ( OFCS ) Top 100 Sci - fi Films of the Past 100 Years Sight & Sound Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002 45 50 Klassiker , Film None 2003 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die Entertainment Weekly The Top 50 Cult Movies 9 The Guardian , Scientists Top 10 Sci - fi Films of All Time 2005 Total Film 's Editors 100 Greatest Movies of All Time 47 Time Magazine 's Critics `` All - Time 100 '' Movies None 2008 New Scientist All - time favorite science fiction film ( readers and staff ) Empire The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time 20 IGN Top 25 Sci - Fi Movies of All Time Total Film 100 Greatest Movies of All Time None 2012 Sight & Sound Sight & Sound 2012 critics top 250 films 69 Sight & Sound Sight & Sound 2012 directors top 100 films 67 2014 Empire The 301 Greatest Movies Of All Time 11 American Film Institute recognition ( edit ) AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- No. 74 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- No. 97 AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- No. 6 Science Fiction Film In other media ( edit ) Before filming began , Cinefantastique magazine commissioned Paul M. Sammon to write an article about Blade Runner 's production which became the book Future Noir : The Making of Blade Runner . The book chronicles Blade Runner 's evolution , focusing on film - set politics , especially the British director 's experiences with his first American film crew ; of which producer Alan Ladd , Jr. has said , `` Harrison would n't speak to Ridley and Ridley would n't speak to Harrison . By the end of the shoot Ford was ' ready to kill Ridley ' , said one colleague . He really would have taken him on if he had n't been talked out of it . '' Future Noir has short cast biographies and quotations about their experiences , and photographs of the film 's production and preliminary sketches . A second edition of Future Noir was published in 2007 , and additional materials not in either print edition have been published online . Philip K. Dick refused a $400,000 offer to write a Blade Runner novelization , saying : `` ( I was ) told the cheapo novelization would have to appeal to the twelve - year - old audience '' and it `` would have probably been disastrous to me artistically '' . He added , `` That insistence on my part of bringing out the original novel and not doing the novelization -- they were just furious . They finally recognized that there was a legitimate reason for reissuing the novel , even though it cost them money . It was a victory not just of contractual obligations but of theoretical principles . '' Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? was eventually reprinted as a tie - in , with the film poster as a cover and the original title in parentheses below the Blade Runner title . Additionally , a novelization of the movie entitled Blade Runner : A Story of the Future by Les Martin was released in 1982 . Archie Goodwin scripted the comic book adaptation , A Marvel Super Special : Blade Runner , published in September 1982 , which was illustrated by Al Williamson , Carlos Garzon , Dan Green , and Ralph Reese , and lettered by Ed King . There are two video games based on the film , both titled Blade Runner : one from 1985 , an action - adventure side - scroller for Commodore 64 , Sinclair ZX Spectrum , and Amstrad CPC by CRL Group PLC , marked as based on the music by Vangelis rather than the film itself ( due to licensing issues ) ; and another from 1997 , a point - and - click adventure by Westwood Studios . The 1997 video game featured new characters and branching storylines based on the Blade Runner world . Eldon Tyrell , Gaff , Leon , Rachael , Chew , and J.F. Sebastian appear , and their voice files are recorded by the original actors . The player assumes the role of McCoy , another replicant - hunter working at the same time as Deckard . The PC game featured a non-linear plot , non-player characters that each ran in their own independent AI , and an unusual pseudo-3D engine ( which eschewed polygonal solids in favor of voxel elements ) that did not require the use of a 3D accelerator card to play the game . The television film ( and later series ) Total Recall 2070 was initially planned as a spin - off of the film Total Recall ( based on Philip K. Dick 's short story `` We Can Remember It for You Wholesale '' ) , but was produced as a hybrid of Total Recall and Blade Runner . Many similarities between Total Recall 2070 and Blade Runner were noted , as well as apparent influences on the show from Isaac Asimov 's The Caves of Steel and the TV series Holmes & Yoyo . Documentaries ( edit ) The film has been the subject of several documentaries . On the Edge of Blade Runner ( 2000 , 55 minutes ) was directed by Andrew Abbott and hosted / written by Mark Kermode . Interviews with production staff , including Scott , give details of the creative process and the turmoil during preproduction . Insights into Philip K. Dick and the origins of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? are provided by Paul M. Sammon and Hampton Fancher . Future Shocks ( 2003 , 27 minutes ) is a documentary by TVOntario . It includes interviews with executive producer Bud Yorkin , Syd Mead , and the cast , and commentary by science fiction author Robert J. Sawyer and from film critics . Dangerous Days : Making Blade Runner ( 2007 , 213 minutes ) is a documentary directed and produced by Charles de Lauzirika for The Final Cut version of the film . Its source material comprises more than 80 interviews , including extensive conversations with Ford , Young , and Scott . The documentary is presented in eight chapters , with each of the first seven covering a portion of the filmmaking process . The final chapter examines Blade Runner 's controversial legacy . All Our Variant Futures : From Workprint to Final Cut ( 2007 , 29 minutes ) produced by Paul Prischman , appears on the Blade Runner Ultimate Collector 's Edition and provides an overview of the film 's multiple versions and their origins , as well as detailing the seven - year - long restoration , enhancement and remastering process behind The Final Cut . Sequels and related media ( edit ) Main articles : Soldier ( 1998 American film ) and Blade Runner 2049 A direct sequel was released in 2017 , titled Blade Runner 2049 , with Ryan Gosling in the starring role . The film entered production in mid-2016 , is set decades after the first film , and saw Harrison Ford reprise his role as Rick Deckard . Screen capture of DVD bonus feature from Prometheus ( 2012 ) , a dictated letter by Peter Weyland about Eldon Tyrell , Chief Executive Officer of the Tyrell Corporation Dick 's friend K.W. Jeter wrote three authorized Blade Runner novels that continue Rick Deckard 's story , attempting to resolve the differences between the film and Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? These are Blade Runner 2 : The Edge of Human ( 1995 ) , Blade Runner 3 : Replicant Night ( 1996 ) , and Blade Runner 4 : Eye and Talon ( 2000 ) Blade Runner cowriter David Peoples wrote the 1998 action film Soldier , which he referred to as a `` sidequel '' or spiritual successor to the original film ; the two are set in a shared universe . A bonus feature on the DVD for Prometheus , the 2012 film by Scott set in the Alien and Predator universe , states that Eldon Tyrell , CEO of the Blade Runner Tyrell Corporation , was the mentor of Guy Pearce 's character Peter Weyland . See also ( edit ) 1980s portal Film portal Greater Los Angeles portal Science fiction portal Arcology Biorobotics Natural City Synthetic biology Tech noir Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sebastian 's death was never shot because of concerns over too much violence in the film . Jump up ^ Some editions of Nourse 's novel use the two - word spacing Blade Runner , as does the Burroughs book . Jump up ^ See also Tears in rain monologue § Music . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Blade Runner '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 27 , 1982 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blade Runner '' . AFI.com . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blade Runner '' . BFI.org . British Film Institute . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blade Runner ( 1982 ) '' . British Film Institute . 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People . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Blade Runner 2 Officially Starts Filming This July '' . Collider . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gray , Christy `` Originals and Copies : The Fans of Philip K. Dick , Blade Runner and K.W. Jeter '' in Brooker , pp. 142 -- 156 Jump up ^ Cinescape , September / October 1998 issue Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Blade Runner 2049 Prequel Short Connects Events to Original 1982 Film '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Brooker , Will , ed. ( 2005 ) . The Blade Runner Experience . London : Wallflower . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904764 - 30 - 4 . Bukatman , Scott ( 1997 ) . BFI Modern Classics : Blade Runner . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85170 - 623 - 8 . Macarthur , David ( 2017 ) . `` A Vision of Blindness : Bladerunner and Moral Redemption '' . Film Philosophy . Edinburgh University Press . 21 ( 3 ) . Sammon , Paul M. ( 1996 ) . Future Noir : the Making of Blade Runner . London : Orion Media . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 105314 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Blade Runner Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blade Runner . Official website Blade Runner at Box Office Mojo Blade Runner at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Blade Runner on IMDb Blade Runner at Metacritic Blade Runner at Rotten Tomatoes Blade Runner at the TCM Movie Database Blade Runner Adaptation of a work by Philip K. Dick Novels Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? The Edge of Human Replicant Night Eye and Talon Feature films Blade Runner themes versions soundtrack tears in rain monologue Blade Runner 2049 soundtrack Short films 2036 : Nexus Dawn 2048 : Nowhere to Run Blade Runner Black Out 2022 Video games Blade Runner ( 1985 ) Blade Runner ( 1997 ) Comics A Marvel Comics Super Special : Blade Runner Dust to Dust Characters Rick Deckard Replicants Category Films directed by Ridley Scott Feature films The Duellists ( 1977 ) Alien ( 1979 ) Blade Runner ( 1982 ) Legend ( 1985 ) Someone to Watch Over Me ( 1987 ) Black Rain ( 1989 ) Thelma & Louise ( 1991 ) 1492 : Conquest of Paradise ( 1992 ) White Squall ( 1996 ) G.I. Jane ( 1997 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) Hannibal ( 2001 ) Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) Matchstick Men ( 2003 ) Kingdom of Heaven ( 2005 ) A Good Year ( 2006 ) American Gangster ( 2007 ) Body of Lies ( 2008 ) Robin Hood ( 2010 ) Prometheus ( 2012 ) The Counselor ( 2013 ) Exodus : Gods and Kings ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) All the Money in the World ( 2017 ) Other work Boy and Bicycle ( short film , 1965 ) 1984 ( advertisement , 1984 ) Unrealized projects Films written by David Peoples The Day After Trinity ( with Janet Peoples ) ( 1980 ) Blade Runner ( with Hampton Fancher ) ( 1982 ) Ladyhawke ( with Tom Mankiewicz , Michael Thomas and Edward Khmara ) ( 1985 ) Leviathan ( with Jeb Stuart ) ( 1989 ) The Blood of Heroes ( 1989 ) Fatal Sky ( as Anthony Able ) ( 1990 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Hero ( 1992 ) 12 Monkeys ( with Janet Peoples ) ( 1995 ) Soldier ( 1998 ) Unforgiven ( 2013 ) Philip K. Dick ( works ) Novels Gather Yourselves Together ( 1950 ) Voices from the Street ( 1952 ) Solar Lottery ( 1954 ) Mary and the Giant ( 1954 ) The World Jones Made ( 1954 ) Eye in the Sky ( 1955 ) The Man Who Japed ( 1955 ) A Time for George Stavros ( 1956 ) Pilgrim on the Hill ( 1956 ) The Broken Bubble ( 1956 ) The Cosmic Puppets ( 1957 ) Puttering About in a Small Land ( 1957 ) Nicholas and the Higs ( 1958 ) Time Out of Joint ( 1958 ) In Milton Lumky Territory ( 1958 ) Confessions of a Crap Artist ( 1959 ) The Man Whose Teeth Were All Exactly Alike ( 1960 ) Humpty Dumpty in Oakland ( 1960 ) Vulcan 's Hammer ( 1960 ) Dr. Futurity ( 1960 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 1961 ) We Can Build You ( 1962 ) Martian Time - Slip ( 1962 ) Dr. Bloodmoney , or How We Got Along After the Bomb ( 1963 ) The Game - Players of Titan ( 1963 ) The Simulacra ( 1963 ) The Crack in Space ( 1963 ) Clans of the Alphane Moon ( 1964 ) The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch ( 1964 ) The Zap Gun ( 1964 ) The Penultimate Truth ( 1964 ) The Unteleported Man ( 1964 ) The Ganymede Takeover ( 1965 ) Counter-Clock World ( 1965 ) Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? ( 1966 ) Nick and the Glimmung ( 1966 ) Now Wait for Last Year ( 1966 ) Ubik ( 1966 ) Galactic Pot - Healer ( 1968 ) A Maze of Death ( 1968 ) Our Friends from Frolix 8 ( 1969 ) Flow My Tears , the Policeman Said ( 1974 ) Deus Irae ( 1976 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 1976 ; published 1985 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 1977 ) VALIS ( 1981 ) The Divine Invasion ( 1981 ) The Transmigration of Timothy Archer ( 1982 ) The Owl in Daylight ( unfinished ) Collections A Handful of Darkness ( 1955 ) The Variable Man ( 1956 ) The Preserving Machine ( 1969 ) The Book of Philip K. Dick ( 1973 ) The Best of Philip K. Dick ( 1977 ) The Golden Man ( 1980 ) Robots , Androids , and Mechanical Oddities ( 1984 ) I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon ( 1985 ) The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 1987 ) Beyond Lies the Wub ( 1988 ) The Dark Haired Girl ( 1989 ) The Father - Thing ( 1989 ) Second Variety ( 1989 ) The Days of Perky Pat ( 1990 ) The Little Black Box ( 1990 ) The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford ( 1990 ) We Can Remember It for You Wholesale ( 1990 ) The Minority Report ( 1991 ) Second Variety ( 1991 ) The Eye of the Sibyl ( 1992 ) The Philip K. Dick Reader ( 1997 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Selected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2004 ) Vintage PKD ( 2006 ) The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick ( 2011 ) Short stories `` Beyond Lies the Wub '' ( 1952 ) `` The Gun '' ( 1952 ) `` The Skull '' ( 1952 ) `` The Little Movement '' ( 1952 ) `` The Defenders '' ( 1953 ) `` Mr. Spaceship '' ( 1953 ) `` Piper in the Woods '' ( 1953 ) `` Roog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Infinites '' ( 1953 ) `` Second Variety '' ( 1953 ) `` Colony '' ( 1953 ) `` The Cookie Lady '' ( 1953 ) `` Impostor '' ( 1953 ) `` Paycheck '' ( 1953 ) `` The Preserving Machine '' ( 1953 ) `` Expendable '' ( 1953 ) `` The Indefatigable Frog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Commuter '' ( 1953 ) `` Out in the Garden '' ( 1953 ) `` The Great C '' ( 1953 ) `` The King of the Elves '' ( 1953 ) `` The Trouble with Bubbles '' ( 1953 ) `` The Variable Man '' ( 1953 ) `` The Impossible Planet '' ( 1953 ) `` Planet for Transients '' ( 1953 ) `` The Builder '' ( 1953 ) `` Tony and the Beetles '' ( 1953 ) `` The Hanging Stranger '' ( 1953 ) `` Prize Ship '' ( 1954 ) `` Beyond the Door '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crystal Crypt '' ( 1954 ) `` The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford '' ( 1954 ) `` The Golden Man '' ( 1954 ) `` Sales Pitch '' ( 1954 ) `` Breakfast at Twilight '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crawlers '' ( 1954 ) `` Exhibit Piece '' ( 1954 ) `` Adjustment Team '' ( 1954 ) `` Shell Game '' ( 1954 ) `` Meddler '' ( 1954 ) `` A World of Talent '' ( 1954 ) `` The Last of the Masters '' ( 1954 ) `` Upon the Dull Earth '' ( 1954 ) `` The Father - thing '' ( 1954 ) `` Strange Eden '' ( 1954 ) `` The Turning Wheel '' ( 1954 ) `` The Hood Maker '' ( 1954 ) `` Foster , You 're Dead ! '' ( 1955 ) `` Human Is '' ( 1955 ) `` War Veteran '' ( 1955 ) `` Captive Market '' ( 1955 ) `` Nanny '' ( 1955 ) `` The Chromium Fence '' ( 1955 ) `` Service Call '' ( 1955 ) `` The Mold of Yancy '' ( 1955 ) `` Autofac '' ( 1955 ) `` Psi - man Heal My Child ! '' ( 1955 ) `` The Minority Report '' ( 1956 ) `` Pay for the Printer '' ( 1956 ) `` A Glass of Darkness '' ( 1956 ) `` The Unreconstructed M '' ( 1957 ) `` Null - O '' ( 1958 ) `` Explorers We '' ( 1959 ) `` Recall Mechanism '' ( 1959 ) `` Fair Game '' ( 1959 ) `` War Game '' ( 1959 ) `` All We Marsmen '' ( 1963 ) `` What 'll We Do with Ragland Park ? '' ( 1963 ) `` The Days of Perky Pat '' ( 1963 ) `` If There Were No Benny Cemoli '' ( 1963 ) `` Waterspider '' ( 1964 ) `` Novelty Act '' ( 1964 ) `` Oh , to Be a Blobel ! '' ( 1964 ) `` The War with the Fnools '' ( 1964 ) `` What the Dead Men Say '' ( 1964 ) `` Orpheus with Clay Feet '' ( 1964 ) `` Cantata 140 '' ( 1964 ) `` The Unteleported Man '' ( 1964 ) `` Retreat Syndrome '' ( 1965 ) `` Project Plowshare ( later `` The Zap Gun '' ) '' ( 1965 ) `` We Can Remember It for You Wholesale '' ( 1966 ) `` Faith of Our Fathers '' ( 1967 ) `` Not by Its Cover '' ( 1968 ) `` The Electric Ant '' ( 1969 ) `` A. Lincoln , Simulacrum '' ( 1969 ) `` The Pre-persons '' ( 1974 ) `` A Little Something for Us Tempunauts '' ( 1974 ) `` The Exit Door Leads In '' ( 1979 ) `` Rautavaara 's Case '' ( 1980 ) `` I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon '' ( 1980 ) `` The Eye of the Sibyl '' ( 1987 ) `` Stability '' ( 1987 ) Adaptations Films Blade Runner ( 1982 ) Total Recall ( 1990 ) Confessions d'un Barjo ( 1992 ) Screamers ( 1995 ) Impostor ( 2002 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2003 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 2006 ) Next ( 2007 ) Screamers : The Hunting ( 2009 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 2010 ) The Adjustment Bureau ( 2011 ) Total Recall ( 2012 ) 2036 : Nexus Dawn ( 2017 ) 2048 : Nowhere to Run ( 2017 ) Blade Runner Black Out 2022 ( 2017 ) Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) TV series Total Recall 2070 ( 1999 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 2015 -- present ) Minority Report ( 2015 ) Philip K. Dick 's Electric Dreams ( 2017 ) Related Philip K. Dick Award Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation The Incredible Shrinking Man ( 1958 ) no award ( 1959 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1960 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1961 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1962 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1965 ) `` The Menagerie '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1967 ) `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1968 ) 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1969 ) News coverage of Apollo 11 ( 1970 ) A Clockwork Orange ( 1972 ) Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1973 ) Sleeper ( 1974 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1975 ) A Boy and His Dog ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1978 ) Superman ( 1979 ) Alien ( 1980 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1981 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1982 ) Blade Runner ( 1983 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1984 ) 2010 ( 1985 ) Back to the Future ( 1986 ) Aliens ( 1987 ) The Princess Bride ( 1988 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1989 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1990 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) `` The Inner Light '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1993 ) Jurassic Park ( 1994 ) `` All Good Things ... '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1995 ) `` The Coming of Shadows '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1996 ) `` Severed Dreams '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1997 ) Contact ( 1998 ) The Truman Show ( 1999 ) Galaxy Quest ( 2000 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) BIBSYS : 98065801 BNE : XX3638900 BNF : cb125682679 ( data ) GND : 4375475 - 2 LCCN : n91079105 SUDOC : 096301678 VIAF : 223740890 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blade_Runner&oldid=852535979 '' Categories : 1982 films Blade Runner American films Hong Kong films English - language films 1980s science fiction films American science fiction films Hong Kong science fiction films Neo-noir Android ( robot ) films Cyberpunk films Detective films Dystopian films Postmodern films Warner Bros. films The Ladd Company films Shaw Brothers Studio films Films directed by Ridley Scott Films based on works by Philip K. Dick Screenplays by David Peoples Films scored by Vangelis United States National Film Registry films Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation winning works BAFTA winners ( films ) Biorobotics in fiction Climate change films Flying cars in fiction Genetic engineering in fiction Films about altered memories Films set in 2019 Films set in the future Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in England Films shot in Los Angeles Films adapted into comics Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Use mdy dates from March 2018 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2018 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 50 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 17 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the first blade runner movie made | [
"Blade Runner is a 1982 neo-noir science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott, written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples, and starring Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, Sean Young, and Edward James Olmos. It is a loose adaptation of Philip K. Dick's novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968). The film is set in a dystopian future Los Angeles of 2019, in which synthetic humans known as replicants are bio-engineered by the powerful Tyrell Corporation to work on off-world colonies. When a fugitive group of replicants led by Roy Batty (Hauer) escapes back to Earth, burnt-out cop Rick Deckard (Ford) reluctantly agrees to hunt them down.\n"
] | [
"1982"
] |
-2704986396956580913 | Blood type distribution by country | Blood Type distribution by Country - wikipedia Blood Type distribution by Country Jump to : navigation , search Contents ( hide ) 1 ABO and distribution by country 2 Maps of allele ABO among native populations 3 References 4 See also ABO and distribution by Country ( edit ) This section 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on Talk : Blood type distribution by country . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ABO and Rh blood type distribution by country ( population averages ) Country Population O+ A+ B+ AB+ O − A − B − AB − Argentina 44,270,440 45.4 % 34.26 % 8.59 % 2.64 % 8.4 % 0.44 % 0.21 % 0.06 % Armenia 2,931,568 29.0 % 46.3 % 12.0 % 5.6 % 2.0 % 3.7 % 1.0 % 0.4 % Australia 24,642,693 40.0 % 31.0 % 8.0 % 2.0 % 9.0 % 7.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Austria 8,592,470 30.0 % 33.0 % 12.0 % 6.0 % 7.0 % 8.0 % 3.0 % 1.0 % Bahrain 1,418,695 48.48 % 19.35 % 22.61 % 3.67 % 3.27 % 1.33 % 1.04 % 0.25 % Bangladesh 164,833,667 31.18 % 21.44 % 34.58 % 8.85 % 1.39 % 0.96 % 0.96 % 0.64 % Belgium 11,444,053 38.0 % 34.0 % 8.6 % 4.1 % 7.0 % 6.0 % 1.5 % 0.8 % Bolivia 11,053,376 51.53 % 29.45 % 10.11 % 1.15 % 4.39 % 2.73 % 0.54 % 0.1 % Bosnia and Herzegovina 3,792,730 31.0 % 36.0 % 12.0 % 6.0 % 5.0 % 7.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Brazil 211,248,418 36.0 % 34.0 % 8.0 % 2.5 % 9.0 % 8.0 % 2.0 % 0.5 % Bulgaria 7,045,097 28.0 % 37.0 % 13.0 % 7.0 % 5.0 % 7.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Cambodia 16,077,172 46.7 % 27.2 % 18.5 % 4.9 % 1.3 % 0.8 % 0.5 % 0.1 % Cameroon 24,515,533 42.8 % 38.8 % 12.0 % 3.3 % 1.4 % 1.2 % 0.4 % 0.1 % Canada 36,627,140 39.0 % 36.0 % 7.6 % 2.5 % 7.0 % 6.0 % 1.4 % 0.5 % Chile 18,314,060 85.5 % 8.7 % 3.35 % 1.0 % 1.2 % 0.1 % 0.05 % 0.1 % China 1,388,251,023 47.7 % 27.8 % 18.9 % 5.0 % 0.28 % 0.19 % 0.1 % 0.03 % Colombia 49,069,267 61.3 % 26.11 % 2.28 % 1.47 % 5.13 % 2.7 % 0.7 % 0.31 % Côte d'Ivoire 23,869,656 46.5 % 22.5 % 22.5 % 4.3 % 2.0 % 1.0 % 1.0 % 0.2 % Croatia 4,207,355 29.0 % 36.0 % 15.0 % 5.0 % 5.0 % 6.0 % 3.0 % 1.0 % Cuba 11,486,750 45.8 % 33.5 % 10.2 % 2.9 % 3.6 % 2.8 % 1.0 % 0.2 % Cyprus 1,189,395 35.22 % 40.35 % 11.11 % 4.72 % 3.85 % 3.48 % 0.87 % 0.40 % Czech Republic 10,555,152 27.0 % 36.0 % 15.0 % 7.0 % 5.0 % 6.0 % 3.0 % 1.0 % Denmark 5,711,902 35.0 % 37.0 % 8.0 % 4.0 % 6.0 % 7.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Dominican Republic 10,766,932 46.2 % 26.4 % 16.9 % 3.1 % 3.7 % 2.1 % 1.4 % 0.2 % Ecuador 16,665,756 75.0 % 14.0 % 7.1 % 0.5 % 2.38 % 0.7 % 0.3 % 0.02 % Egypt 95,220,838 52.0 % 24.0 % 12.4 % 3.8 % 5.0 % 2.0 % 0.6 % 0.2 % El Salvador 6,171,483 62.0 % 23.0 % 11.0 % 1.0 % 1.0 % 1.0 % 0.7 % 0.3 % Estonia 1,305,745 29.5 % 30.8 % 20.7 % 6.3 % 4.3 % 4.5 % 3.0 % 0.9 % Ethiopia 104,352,727 39.0 % 28.0 % 21.0 % 5.0 % 3.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % 1.0 % Finland 5,541,328 27.0 % 38.0 % 15.0 % 7.0 % 4.0 % 6.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % France 64,939,560 36.0 % 37.0 % 9.0 % 3.0 % 6.0 % 7.0 % 1.0 % 1.0 % Germany 80,635,980 35.0 % 37.0 % 9.0 % 4.0 % 6.0 % 6.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Greece 10,892,849 37.4 % 32.9 % 11.0 % 3.7 % 7.0 % 5.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Guinea 13,291,741 46.88 % 21.64 % 22.86 % 4.52 % 2.0 % 0.9 % 1.0 % 0.2 % Honduras 9,348,898 57.5 % 27.0 % 7.8 % 2.5 % 2.7 % 1.7 % 0.6 % 0.2 % Hong Kong 7,402,115 41.5 % 26.13 % 25.34 % 6.35 % 0.32 % 0.17 % 0.14 % 0.05 % Hungary 9,787,801 27.0 % 33.0 % 16.0 % 8.0 % 5.0 % 7.0 % 3.0 % 1.0 % Iceland 334,311 47.6 % 26.4 % 9.3 % 1.6 % 8.4 % 4.6 % 1.7 % 0.4 % India 1,342,561,902 27.85 % 20.8 % 38.14 % 8.93 % 1.43 % 0.57 % 1.79 % 0.49 % Indonesia 263,519,317 36.82 % 25.87 % 28.85 % 7.96 % 0.18 % 0.13 % 0.15 % 0.04 % Iran 80,982,137 33.5 % 27.0 % 22.2 % 7.0 % 4.0 % 3.0 % 2.5 % 0.8 % Iraq 38,657,787 32.1 % 25.0 % 25.6 % 7.4 % 3.6 % 2.7 % 2.7 % 0.9 % Ireland 4,749,263 47.0 % 26.0 % 9.0 % 2.0 % 8.0 % 5.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Israel 8,323,659 32.0 % 34.0 % 17.0 % 7.0 % 3.0 % 4.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Italy 59,797,969 39.0 % 36.0 % 7.5 % 2.5 % 7.0 % 6.0 % 1.5 % 0.5 % Jamaica 2,813,316 47.0 % 23.0 % 20.0 % 3.0 % 3.5 % 2.0 % 1.0 % 0.5 % Japan 126,044,340 29.9 % 39.8 % 19.9 % 9.9 % 0.15 % 0.2 % 0.1 % 0.05 % Kenya 48,470,780 45.6 % 25.2 % 21.28 % 4.2 % 1.8 % 1.0 % 0.9 % 0.02 % Latvia 1,944,122 30.6 % 31.0 % 17.0 % 6.0 % 5.4 % 6.0 % 3.0 % 1.0 % Lebanon 6,039,438 38.4 % 32.3 % 9.5 % 3.2 % 7.7 % 6.5 % 1.7 % 0.7 % Libya 6,408,990 42.64 % 28.86 % 11.19 % 4.5 % 6.26 % 4.24 % 1.64 % 0.67 % Lithuania 2,827,573 36.0 % 33.0 % 11.0 % 4.0 % 7.0 % 6.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Luxemburg 587,297 35.0 % 37.0 % 9.0 % 4.0 % 6.0 % 6.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Macao 606,413 41.5 % 26.1 % 25.4 % 6.3 % 0.33 % 0.17 % 0.15 % 0.05 % Macedonia 2,083,690 30.0 % 34.0 % 15.0 % 6.0 % 5.0 % 6.0 % 3.0 % 1.0 % Malaysia 31,165,480 34.32 % 30.35 % 27.37 % 7.46 % 0.17 % 0.15 % 0.14 % 0.04 % Mauritania 4,266,765 46.3 % 26.68 % 17.47 % 3.85 % 2.8 % 1.6 % 1.1 % 0.2 % Mauritius 1,267,303 38.3 % 26.0 % 25.0 % 6.7 % 1.7 % 1.0 % 1.0 % 0.3 % Mexico 130,227,836 55.79 % 29.9 % 8.0 % 1.63 % 2.7 % 1.5 % 0.4 % 0.08 % Mongolia 3,052,044 55.4 % 27.7 % 10.9 % 4.96 % 0.6 % 0.3 % 0.1 % 0.04 % Myanmar 53,507,932 35.7 % 23.8 % 32.7 % 6.95 % 0.3 % 0.2 % 0.3 % 0.05 % Nepal 29,188,100 35.2 % 28.3 % 27.1 % 8.6 % 0.3 % 0.2 % 0.2 % 0.1 % Netherlands 17,033,012 39.5 % 35.0 % 6.7 % 2.5 % 7.5 % 7.0 % 1.3 % 0.5 % New Zealand 4,604,996 38.0 % 32.0 % 9.0 % 3.0 % 9.0 % 6.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Nigeria 191,851,411 51.3 % 22.4 % 20.7 % 2.6 % 1.6 % 0.7 % 0.6 % 0.1 % Norway 5,330,986 33.0 % 41.5 % 6.8 % 3.4 % 6.0 % 7.5 % 1.2 % 0.6 % North Korea 25,432,033 27.15 % 31.08 % 30.15 % 11.32 % 0.08 % 0.1 % 0.1 % 0.03 % Pakistan 180,440,005 24.63 % 20.6 % 34.40 % 9.52 % 4.17 % 2.66 % 3.57 % 0.45 % Papua New Guinea 7,952,511 48.0 % 37.2 % 9.6 % 2.8 % 1.0 % 0.8 % 0.4 % 0.2 % Peru 32,167,717 70.0 % 18.4 % 7.8 % 1.6 % 1.4 % 0.5 % 0.28 % 0.02 % Philippines 103,801,747 36.9 % 28.9 % 26.9 % 6.97 % 0.1 % 0.1 % 0.1 % 0.03 % Poland 38,563,480 31.0 % 32.0 % 15.0 % 7.0 % 6.0 % 6.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Portugal 10,264,672 36.3 % 40.0 % 6.6 % 2.9 % 6.0 % 6.6 % 1.1 % 0.5 % Republic of Moldova 4,043,722 28.5 % 31.8 % 17.6 % 7.0 % 5.0 % 6.0 % 3.0 % 1.1 % Romania 19,237,087 28.0 % 37.0 % 14.0 % 7.0 % 5.0 % 6.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Russia 143,374,801 28.0 % 30.0 % 20.0 % 7.0 % 4.9 % 5.8 % 3.2 % 1.1 % Saudi Arabia 32,744,532 47.8 % 23.9 % 17.0 % 4.0 % 4.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % 0.3 % Serbia 8,776,827 31.92 % 35.28 % 12.6 % 4.2 % 6.08 % 6.72 % 2.4 % 0.8 % Singapore 5,784,819 43.6 % 23.9 % 24.4 % 6.0 % 0.9 % 0.7 % 0.4 % 0.1 % Slovakia 5,432,265 27.2 % 35.7 % 15.3 % 6.8 % 4.8 % 6.3 % 2.7 % 1.2 % Slovenia 2,071,258 31.0 % 33.0 % 12.0 % 6.0 % 7.0 % 7.0 % 3.0 % 1.0 % South Africa 55,437,815 39.0 % 32.0 % 12.0 % 3.0 % 6.0 % 5.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % South Korea 50,748,307 27.9 % 33.87 % 26.92 % 10.98 % 0.1 % 0.13 % 0.08 % 0.02 % Spain 46,070,163 36.0 % 34.0 % 8.0 % 2.5 % 9.0 % 8.0 % 2.0 % 0.5 % Sudan 40,827,975 48.0 % 27.7 % 15.2 % 2.8 % 3.5 % 1.8 % 0.8 % 0.2 % Sweden 9,920,843 32.0 % 37.0 % 10.0 % 5.0 % 6.0 % 7.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Switzerland 8,454,321 35.0 % 40.0 % 7.0 % 3.0 % 6.0 % 7.0 % 1.0 % 1.0 % Syria 18,920,698 43.0 % 30.0 % 14.0 % 3.7 % 5.0 % 3.0 % 1.0 % 0.3 % Taiwan 23,234,936 43.9 % 25.9 % 23.9 % 6.0 % 0.17 % 0.1 % 0.01 % 0.02 % Thailand 68,298,027 40.8 % 16.9 % 36.8 % 4.97 % 0.2 % 0.1 % 0.2 % 0.03 % Turkey 80,420,065 29.8 % 37.8 % 14.2 % 7.2 % 3.9 % 4.7 % 1.6 % 0.8 % Uganda 43,276,492 43.7 % 39.0 % 10.7 % 3.9 % 1.3 % 1.0 % 0.3 % 0.1 % Ukraine 44,404,078 32.0 % 34.0 % 15.0 % 5.0 % 5.0 % 6.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % United Arab Emirates 3,398,017 44.1 % 21.9 % 20.9 % 4.3 % 4.3 % 2.1 % 2.0 % 0.4 % United Kingdom 65,512,375 36.0 % 30.0 % 8.0 % 2.0 % 8.0 % 9.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % United States 326,481,533 37.4 % 35.7 % 8.5 % 3.4 % 6.6 % 6.3 % 1.5 % 0.6 % Venezuela 32,011,082 58.5 % 28.3 % 5.3 % 1.8 % 3.5 % 1.7 % 0.7 % 0.2 % Vietnam 95,414,640 41.7 % 21.9 % 30.8 % 4.98 % 0.3 % 0.1 % 0.2 % 0.02 % Zimbabwe 16,642,880 63.3 % 18.5 % 14.6 % 0.99 % 1.7 % 0.5 % 0.4 % 0.01 % World 6,635,281,257 38.67 % 27.42 % 22.02 % 5.88 % 2.55 % 1.99 % 1.11 % 0.36 % 50.0 % and above 40.0 -- 49.9 % 30.0 -- 39.9 % 20.0 -- 29.9 % 10.0 -- 19.9 % 5.0 -- 9.9 % ( show ) Ethnic distribution of ABO ( without Rh ) blood types ( This table has more entries than the table above but does not distinguish between Rh types . ) People group O ( % ) A ( % ) B ( % ) AB ( % ) Aboriginal people 61 39 0 0 Abyssinians 43 27 25 5 Ainu ( Japan ) 17 32 32 18 Albanians 38 43 13 6 Grand Andamanese 9 60 23 9 Arabs 34 31 29 6 Armenians 31 50 13 6 Asian Americans 40 28 27 5 Austrians 36 44 13 6 Bantus 46 30 19 5 Basques 51 44 Belgians 47 42 8 Bororo ( Brazil ) 100 0 0 0 Brazilians 47 41 9 Bulgarians 32 44 15 8 Burmese 36 24 33 7 Buryats ( Siberia ) 33 21 38 8 Bushmen 56 34 9 Chinese - Canton 46 23 25 6 Chinese - Peking 29 27 32 13 Chuvash 30 29 33 7 Croats 42 34 17 7 Czechs 30 44 18 9 Danes 41 44 11 Dutch 45 43 9 Egyptians 33 36 24 8 English 47 42 9 Inuit ( Alaska ) 38 44 13 5 Inuit ( Greenland ) 54 36 23 8 Estonians 34 36 23 8 Fijians 44 34 17 6 Finns 34 41 18 7 French 43 47 7 Georgians 46 37 12 Germans 41 43 11 5 Greeks 40 42 14 5 Romani people ( Hungary ) 29 27 35 10 Hawaiians 37 61 Hindus ( Bombay ) 29 25 35 11 Hungarians 36 43 16 5 Icelanders 56 32 10 Indians ( India ) 29 21 40 9 Native Americans 79 16 Irish 52 35 10 Italians ( Milan ) 46 41 11 Japanese 30 38 22 10 Jews ( Germany ) 42 41 12 5 Jews ( Poland ) 33 41 18 8 Kalmuks 26 23 41 11 Kikuyu ( Kenya ) 60 19 20 Koreans 28 32 31 10 Sami people 29 63 Latvians 32 37 24 7 Lithuanians 40 34 20 6 Malays 62 18 20 0 Māori 46 54 0 Mayans 98 Moros 64 16 20 0 Navajo Indians 73 27 0 0 Nicobarese 74 9 15 Norwegians 39 50 8 Papuans ( New Guinea ) 41 27 23 9 Persians 38 33 22 7 Peruvian Indians 100 0 0 0 Filipinos 45 22 27 6 Poles 33 39 20 9 Portuguese 35 53 8 Romanians 33 43 16 8 Russians 33 36 23 8 Sardinians 50 26 19 5 Scots 51 34 12 Serbians 38 42 16 5 Shompen Nicobarese 100 0 0 0 Slovaks 42 37 16 5 South Africans 45 40 11 Spanish 38 47 10 5 Sudanese 62 16 21 0 Swedish 38 47 10 5 Swiss 40 50 7 Tatars 28 30 29 13 Thais 37 22 33 8 Turks 43 34 18 6 Ukrainians 37 40 18 6 Black Americans 49 27 20 White Americans 45 40 11 Vietnamese 42 22 30 5 Mean 43.91 34.80 16.55 5.14 Standard deviation 16.87 13.80 9.97 3.41 Blood group B has its highest frequency in South Asia where it ranks first as the largest share of the earth 's population . In Southeast Asia the share of the population is high , especially in Thailand and Indonesia , then in East Asia , Northern Asia and neighboring Central Asia , and its incidence diminishes both towards the east and the west , falling to single digit percentages in Netherlands , Norway , Portugal and Switzerland . It is believed to have been entirely absent from Native American and Australian Aboriginal populations prior to the arrival of Europeans in those areas . Blood group A is associated with high frequencies in Europe , especially in Scandinavia and Central Europe , although its highest frequencies occur in some Australian Aboriginal populations and the Blackfoot Indians of Montana , the US . Maps of allele ABO among native populations ( edit ) Map of allele A among native populations Map of allele B among native populations Map of allele O among native populations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ CIA World Factbook Jump up ^ `` Study of Blood Immunogenetical Markers in Armenian Population '' ( PDF ) . 1989 . Jump up ^ Blood Types - What Are They ? , Australian Red Cross Jump up ^ `` Austrian Red Cross - Blood Donor Information '' . Old.roteskreuz.at. 2006 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Rode Kruis Wielsbeke - Blood Donor information material '' . Rodekruiswielsbeke.be . Archived from the original on 26 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Tipos Sanguíneos Archived 9 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Canadian Blood Services - Société canadienne du sang . `` Types & Rh System , Canadian Blood Services '' . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ - ΚENTΡΟ ΑΙΜΑΤΟΣ Jump up ^ Czech Red Cross . `` Podíl krevních skupin v populaci České republiky '' . Archived from the original on 24 June 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Frequency of major blood groups in the Danish population . Jump up ^ `` ¿ Por qué donar Sangre ? ¡ Para Salvar Vidas ! '' ( Why donate blood ? to save lives ! ) . Cruz Roja Salvadoreña ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Veregruppidest '' ( Blood groups ) . verekeskus.ee ( in Estonian ) . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Suomalaisten veriryhmäjakauma '' ( in Finnish ) . 2009 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Les groupes sanguins ( système ABO ) '' . Centre Hospitalier Princesse GRACE - Monaco ( in French ) . C.H.P.G. MONACO. 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Blóðflokkar '' ( in Icelandic ) ... landspitali.is . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Blood Type Frequencies by Country including the Rh Factor '' . Jump up ^ `` Irish Blood Transfusion Service - Irish Blood Group Type Frequency Distribution '' . Irish Blood Transfusion Service . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The national rescue service in Israel '' ( in Hebrew ) . Mdais.org . Archived from the original on 26 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Blood Types in Jamaica '' . National Blood Transfusion Service . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 血液 の 知識 '' . Japanese Red Cross Society . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Croix Rouge '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Voorraad Erytrocytenconcentraten Bij Sanquin '' ( in Dutch ) . Archived from the original on 26 June 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` What are Blood Groups ? '' . NZ Blood . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Hva er en blodtype ? '' ( What is a blood type ? ) ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine Red Cross '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Regionalne Centrum Krwiodawstwa i Krwiolecznictwa we Wroclawiu '' ( in Polish ) . Rckik.wroclaw.pl. 2010 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguese Blood Institute '' ( in Portuguese ) . ( assuming Rh and AB antigens are independent ) Jump up ^ Sanguina Jump up ^ BASHAWRI , Layla A. ; AL - MULHIMiz , Abdul Az ; AHMAD , Malik S. ( 2001 ) . `` Frequency of ABO blood groups in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia '' . Saudi Medical Journal . 22 ( 11 ) : 1008 -- 1101 . ISSN 0379 - 5284 . PMID 11744976 . Jump up ^ `` Najčastejšie otázky '' ( Frequently Asked Questions ) ( in Slovak ) . Národná transfúzna služba SR . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` What 's Your Type ? '' . South African National Blood Service . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Federación Nacional de Donantes de Sangre / La sangre / Grupos '' . Donantesdesangre.net . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Frequency of major blood groups in the Swedish population '' . Geblod.nu. 2007 - 10 - 02 . Archived from the original on 24 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ - BLUTSPENDE https://www.blutspende.ch/fr/don_de_sang/sanguin_groupe/groupe_sanguin - BLUTSPENDE Check url = value ( help ) . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Turkey Blood Group Site '' . Kangrubu.com . Archived from the original on 29 May 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Know your blood group '' . NHS Blood and Transplant. 2017 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Blood Types in the U.S '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` preguntas - frecuentes '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Racial and ethnic distribution of ABO blood types '' . Bloodbook.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Blood Transfusion Division , United States Army Medical Research Laboratory ( 1971 ) . Selected contributions to the literature of blood groups and immunology. 1971 v. 4 . United States Army Medical Research Laboratory , Fort Knox , Kentucky ... In northern India , in Southern and Central China and in the neighboring Central Asiatic areas , we find the highest known frequencies of B. If we leave this center , the frequency of the B gene decreases almost everywhere ... ^ Jump up to : Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2002 ) . The New Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . ISBN 0 - 85229 - 787 - 4 ... The maximum frequency of the B gene occurs in Central Asia and northern India . The B gene was probably absent from Native Americans and Australian Aboriginal people before racial admixture occurred with the coming of the white man ... Jump up ^ Carol R. Ember , Melvin Ember ( 1973 ) . Anthropology . Appleton - Century - Crofts ... Blood type B is completely absent in most North and South American Indians ... Jump up ^ Dean 2005 , 2.1. 4 : Blood Type A : Central and Eastern Europe Type A is common in Central and Eastern Europe . In countries such as Austria , Denmark , Norway , and Switzerland , about 45 -- 50 % of the population have this blood type , whereas about 40 % of Poles and Ukrainians do so . The highest frequencies are found in small , unrelated populations . For example , about 80 % of the Blackfoot Indians of Montana have blood type A ... Jump up ^ Technical Monograph No. 2 : The ABO Blood Group System and ABO Subgroups ( PDF ) . Biotec . March 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 February 2007 ... The frequency of blood group A is quite high ( 25 -- 55 % ) in Europe , especially in Scandinavia and parts of central Europe . High group A frequency is also found in the Aboriginal people of South Australia ( up to 45 % ) and in certain American Indian tribes where the frequency reaches 35 % ... See also ( edit ) Blood type ABO blood group system Human genetics Sub-topics Human genome Evolutionary genetics Human - chimp MRCA Neanderthal genetics Timeline Genetic variation Blood type distribution by country Genealogical DNA test Genetic genealogy Race and genetics Recent evolution Surname DNA project Genetic engineering Population genetics by region Africa North Africa Egypt Morocco Sub-Saharan Africa Americas Asia Near East Caucasus South Asia Europe African admixture in Europe British Isles Iberia Italy Population genetics Albanians Arabs Azerbaijanis Basques Bosniaks Bulgarians Croats Gujaratis Hutu and Tutsi Japanese Jews Romanians Russians Sami Serbs Sinhalese Sri Lankan Tamils Turks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_type_distribution_by_country&oldid=843615306 '' Categories : Blood Human genetics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Estonian - language sources ( et ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Hebrew - language sources ( he ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Slovak - language sources ( sk ) Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages with URL errors CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Accuracy disputes from April 2012 All accuracy disputes Use dmy dates from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Português Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 08 : 59 . 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"\nABO and Rh blood type distribution by country (population averages)\n\nCountry\nPopulation[1]\nO+\nA+\nB+\nAB+\nO−\nA−\nB−\nAB−\n\n\n Argentina\n44,270,440\n45.4%\n34.26%\n8.59%\n2.64%\n8.4%\n0.44%\n0.21%\n0.06%\n\n\n Armenia[2]\n2,931,568\n29.0%\n46.3%\n12.0%\n5.6%\n2.0%\n3.7%\n1.0%\n0.4%\n\n\n Australia[3]\n24,642,693\n40.0%\n31.0%\n8.0%\n2.0%\n9.0%\n7.0%\n2.0%\n1.0%\n\n\n Austria[4]\n8,592,470\n30.0%\n33.0%\n12.0%\n6.0%\n7.0%\n8.0%\n3.0%\n1.0%\n\n\n Bahrain\n1,418,695\n48.48%\n19.35%\n22.61%\n3.67%\n3.27%\n1.33%\n1.04%\n0.25%\n\n\n Bangladesh\n164,833,667\n31.18%\n21.44%\n34.58%\n8.85%\n1.39%\n0.96%\n0.96%\n0.64%\n\n\n Belgium[5]\n11,444,053\n38.0%\n34.0%\n8.6%\n4.1%\n7.0%\n6.0%\n1.5%\n0.8%\n\n\n Bolivia\n11,053,376\n51.53%\n29.45%\n10.11%\n1.15%\n4.39%\n2.73%\n0.54%\n0.1%\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n3,792,730\n31.0%\n36.0%\n12.0%\n6.0%\n5.0%\n7.0%\n2.0%\n1.0%\n\n\n Brazil[6]\n211,248,418\n36.0%\n34.0%\n8.0%\n2.5%\n9.0%\n8.0%\n2.0%\n0.5%\n\n\n Bulgaria\n7,045,097\n28.0%\n37.0%\n13.0%\n7.0%\n5.0%\n7.0%\n2.0%\n1.0%\n\n\n Cambodia\n16,077,172\n46.7%\n27.2%\n18.5%\n4.9%\n1.3%\n0.8%\n0.5%\n0.1%\n\n\n Cameroon\n24,515,533\n42.8%\n38.8%\n12.0%\n3.3%\n1.4%\n1.2%\n0.4%\n0.1%\n\n\n Canada[7]\n36,627,140\n39.0%\n36.0%\n7.6%\n2.5%\n7.0%\n6.0%\n1.4%\n0.5%\n\n\n Chile\n18,314,060\n85.5%\n8.7%\n3.35%\n1.0%\n1.2%\n0.1%\n0.05%\n0.1%\n\n\n China\n1,388,251,023\n47.7%\n27.8%\n18.9%\n5.0%\n0.28%\n0.19%\n0.1%\n0.03%\n\n\n Colombia\n49,069,267\n61.3%\n26.11%\n2.28%\n1.47%\n5.13%\n2.7%\n0.7%\n0.31%\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n23,869,656\n46.5%\n22.5%\n22.5%\n4.3%\n2.0%\n1.0%\n1.0%\n0.2%\n\n\n Croatia\n4,207,355\n29.0%\n36.0%\n15.0%\n5.0%\n5.0%\n6.0%\n3.0%\n1.0%\n\n\n Cuba\n11,486,750\n45.8%\n33.5%\n10.2%\n2.9%\n3.6%\n2.8%\n1.0%\n0.2%\n\n\n Cyprus[8]\n1,189,395\n35.22%\n40.35%\n11.11%\n4.72%\n3.85%\n3.48%\n0.87%\n0.40%\n\n\n Czech Republic[9]\n10,555,152\n27.0%\n36.0%\n15.0%\n7.0%\n5.0%\n6.0%\n3.0%\n1.0%\n\n\n Denmark[10]\n5,711,902\n35.0%\n37.0%\n8.0%\n4.0%\n6.0%\n7.0%\n2.0%\n1.0%\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n10,766,932\n46.2%\n26.4%\n16.9%\n3.1%\n3.7%\n2.1%\n1.4%\n0.2%\n\n\n Ecuador\n16,665,756\n75.0%\n14.0%\n7.1%\n0.5%\n2.38%\n0.7%\n0.3%\n0.02%\n\n\n Egypt\n95,220,838\n52.0%\n24.0%\n12.4%\n3.8%\n5.0%\n2.0%\n0.6%\n0.2%\n\n\n El Salvador[11]\n6,171,483\n62.0%\n23.0%\n11.0%\n1.0%\n1.0%\n1.0%\n0.7%\n0.3%\n\n\n Estonia[12]\n1,305,745\n29.5%\n30.8%\n20.7%\n6.3%\n4.3%\n4.5%\n3.0%\n0.9%\n\n\n Ethiopia\n104,352,727\n39.0%\n28.0%\n21.0%\n5.0%\n3.0%\n2.0%\n1.0%\n1.0%\n\n\n Finland[13]\n5,541,328\n27.0%\n38.0%\n15.0%\n7.0%\n4.0%\n6.0%\n2.0%\n1.0%\n\n\n France[14]\n64,939,560\n36.0%\n37.0%\n9.0%\n3.0%\n6.0%\n7.0%\n1.0%\n1.0%\n\n\n Germany\n80,635,980\n35.0%\n37.0%\n9.0%\n4.0%\n6.0%\n6.0%\n2.0%\n1.0%\n\n\n Greece\n10,892,849\n37.4%\n32.9%\n11.0%\n3.7%\n7.0%\n5.0%\n2.0%\n1.0%\n\n\n Guinea\n13,291,741\n46.88%\n21.64%\n22.86%\n4.52%\n2.0%\n0.9%\n1.0%\n0.2%\n\n\n Honduras\n9,348,898\n57.5%\n27.0%\n7.8%\n2.5%\n2.7%\n1.7%\n0.6%\n0.2%\n\n\n Hong Kong\n7,402,115\n41.5%\n26.13%\n25.34%\n6.35%\n0.32%\n0.17%\n0.14%\n0.05%\n\n\n Hungary\n9,787,801\n27.0%\n33.0%\n16.0%\n8.0%\n5.0%\n7.0%\n3.0%\n1.0%\n\n\n Iceland[15]\n334,311\n47.6%\n26.4%\n9.3%\n1.6%\n8.4%\n4.6%\n1.7%\n0.4%\n\n\n India[16]\n1,342,561,902\n27.85%\n20.8%\n38.14%\n8.93%\n1.43%\n0.57%\n1.79%\n0.49%\n\n\n Indonesia\n263,519,317\n36.82%\n25.87%\n28.85%\n7.96%\n0.18%\n0.13%\n0.15%\n0.04%\n\n\n Iran\n80,982,137\n33.5%\n27.0%\n22.2%\n7.0%\n4.0%\n3.0%\n2.5%\n0.8%\n\n\n Iraq\n38,657,787\n32.1%\n25.0%\n25.6%\n7.4%\n3.6%\n2.7%\n2.7%\n0.9%\n\n\n Ireland[17]\n4,749,263\n47.0%\n26.0%\n9.0%\n2.0%\n8.0%\n5.0%\n2.0%\n1.0%\n\n\n Israel[18]\n8,323,659\n32.0%\n34.0%\n17.0%\n7.0%\n3.0%\n4.0%\n2.0%\n1.0%\n\n\n Italy\n59,797,969\n39.0%\n36.0%\n7.5%\n2.5%\n7.0%\n6.0%\n1.5%\n0.5%\n\n\n Jamaica[19]\n2,813,316\n47.0%\n23.0%\n20.0%\n3.0%\n3.5%\n2.0%\n1.0%\n0.5%\n\n\n Japan[20]\n126,044,340\n29.9%\n39.8%\n19.9%\n9.9%\n0.15%\n0.2%\n0.1%\n0.05%\n\n\n Kenya\n48,470,780\n45.6%\n25.2%\n21.28%\n4.2%\n1.8%\n1.0%\n0.9%\n0.02%\n\n\n Latvia\n1,944,122\n30.6%\n31.0%\n17.0%\n6.0%\n5.4%\n6.0%\n3.0%\n1.0%\n\n\n Lebanon\n6,039,438\n38.4%\n32.3%\n9.5%\n3.2%\n7.7%\n6.5%\n1.7%\n0.7%\n\n\n Libya\n6,408,990\n42.64%\n28.86%\n11.19%\n4.5%\n6.26%\n4.24%\n1.64%\n0.67%\n\n\n Lithuania\n2,827,573\n36.0%\n33.0%\n11.0%\n4.0%\n7.0%\n6.0%\n2.0%\n1.0%\n\n\n Luxemburg[21]\n587,297\n35.0%\n37.0%\n9.0%\n4.0%\n6.0%\n6.0%\n2.0%\n1.0%\n\n\n Macao\n606,413\n41.5%\n26.1%\n25.4%\n6.3%\n0.33%\n0.17%\n0.15%\n0.05%\n\n\n Macedonia\n2,083,690\n30.0%\n34.0%\n15.0%\n6.0%\n5.0%\n6.0%\n3.0%\n1.0%\n\n\n Malaysia\n31,165,480\n34.32%\n30.35%\n27.37%\n7.46%\n0.17%\n0.15%\n0.14%\n0.04%\n\n\n Mauritania\n4,266,765\n46.3%\n26.68%\n17.47%\n3.85%\n2.8%\n1.6%\n1.1%\n0.2%\n\n\n Mauritius\n1,267,303\n38.3%\n26.0%\n25.0%\n6.7%\n1.7%\n1.0%\n1.0%\n0.3%\n\n\n Mexico\n130,227,836\n55.79%\n29.9%\n8.0%\n1.63%\n2.7%\n1.5%\n0.4%\n0.08%\n\n\n Mongolia\n3,052,044\n55.4%\n27.7%\n10.9%\n4.96%\n0.6%\n0.3%\n0.1%\n0.04%\n\n\n Myanmar\n53,507,932\n35.7%\n23.8%\n32.7%\n6.95%\n0.3%\n0.2%\n0.3%\n0.05%\n\n\n Nepal\n29,188,100\n35.2%\n28.3%\n27.1%\n8.6%\n0.3%\n0.2%\n0.2%\n0.1%\n\n\n Netherlands[22]\n17,033,012\n39.5%\n35.0%\n6.7%\n2.5%\n7.5%\n7.0%\n1.3%\n0.5%\n\n\n New Zealand[23]\n4,604,996\n38.0%\n32.0%\n9.0%\n3.0%\n9.0%\n6.0%\n2.0%\n1.0%\n\n\n Nigeria\n191,851,411\n51.3%\n22.4%\n20.7%\n2.6%\n1.6%\n0.7%\n0.6%\n0.1%\n\n\n Norway[24]\n5,330,986\n33.0%\n41.5%\n6.8%\n3.4%\n6.0%\n7.5%\n1.2%\n0.6%\n\n\n North Korea\n25,432,033\n27.15%\n31.08%\n30.15%\n11.32%\n0.08%\n0.1%\n0.1%\n0.03%\n\n\n Pakistan\n180,440,005\n24.63%\n20.6%\n34.40%\n9.52%\n4.17%\n2.66%\n3.57%\n0.45%\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n7,952,511\n48.0%\n37.2%\n9.6%\n2.8%\n1.0%\n0.8%\n0.4%\n0.2%\n\n\n Peru\n32,167,717\n70.0%\n18.4%\n7.8%\n1.6%\n1.4%\n0.5%\n0.28%\n0.02%\n\n\n Philippines[25]\n103,801,747\n36.9%\n28.9%\n26.9%\n6.97%\n0.1%\n0.1%\n0.1%\n0.03%\n\n\n Poland[26]\n38,563,480\n31.0%\n32.0%\n15.0%\n7.0%\n6.0%\n6.0%\n2.0%\n1.0%\n\n\n Portugal[27]\n10,264,672\n36.3%\n40.0%\n6.6%\n2.9%\n6.0%\n6.6%\n1.1%\n0.5%\n\n\n Republic of Moldova[28]\n4,043,722\n28.5%\n31.8%\n17.6%\n7.0%\n5.0%\n6.0%\n3.0%\n1.1%\n\n\n Romania\n19,237,087\n28.0%\n37.0%\n14.0%\n7.0%\n5.0%\n6.0%\n2.0%\n1.0%\n\n\n Russia\n143,374,801\n28.0%\n30.0%\n20.0%\n7.0%\n4.9%\n5.8%\n3.2%\n1.1%\n\n\n Saudi Arabia[29]\n32,744,532\n47.8%\n23.9%\n17.0%\n4.0%\n4.0%\n2.0%\n1.0%\n0.3%\n\n\n Serbia\n8,776,827\n31.92%\n35.28%\n12.6%\n4.2%\n6.08%\n6.72%\n2.4%\n0.8%\n\n\n Singapore\n5,784,819\n43.6%\n23.9%\n24.4%\n6.0%\n0.9%\n0.7%\n0.4%\n0.1%\n\n\n Slovakia[30]\n5,432,265\n27.2%\n35.7%\n15.3%\n6.8%\n4.8%\n6.3%\n2.7%\n1.2%\n\n\n Slovenia\n2,071,258\n31.0%\n33.0%\n12.0%\n6.0%\n7.0%\n7.0%\n3.0%\n1.0%\n\n\n South Africa[31]\n55,437,815\n39.0%\n32.0%\n12.0%\n3.0%\n6.0%\n5.0%\n2.0%\n1.0%\n\n\n South Korea\n50,748,307\n27.9%\n33.87%\n26.92%\n10.98%\n0.1%\n0.13%\n0.08%\n0.02%\n\n\n Spain[32]\n46,070,163\n36.0%\n34.0%\n8.0%\n2.5%\n9.0%\n8.0%\n2.0%\n0.5%\n\n\n Sudan\n40,827,975\n48.0%\n27.7%\n15.2%\n2.8%\n3.5%\n1.8%\n0.8%\n0.2%\n\n\n Sweden[33]\n9,920,843\n32.0%\n37.0%\n10.0%\n5.0%\n6.0%\n7.0%\n2.0%\n1.0%\n\n\n Switzerland[34]\n8,454,321\n35.0%\n40.0%\n7.0%\n3.0%\n6.0%\n7.0%\n1.0%\n1.0%\n\n\n Syria\n18,920,698\n43.0%\n30.0%\n14.0%\n3.7%\n5.0%\n3.0%\n1.0%\n0.3%\n\n\n Taiwan\n23,234,936\n43.9%\n25.9%\n23.9%\n6.0%\n0.17%\n0.1%\n0.01%\n0.02%\n\n\n Thailand\n68,298,027\n40.8%\n16.9%\n36.8%\n4.97%\n0.2%\n0.1%\n0.2%\n0.03%\n\n\n Turkey[35]\n80,420,065\n29.8%\n37.8%\n14.2%\n7.2%\n3.9%\n4.7%\n1.6%\n0.8%\n\n\n Uganda\n43,276,492\n43.7%\n39.0%\n10.7%\n3.9%\n1.3%\n1.0%\n0.3%\n0.1%\n\n\n Ukraine\n44,404,078\n32.0%\n34.0%\n15.0%\n5.0%\n5.0%\n6.0%\n2.0%\n1.0%\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\n3,398,017\n44.1%\n21.9%\n20.9%\n4.3%\n4.3%\n2.1%\n2.0%\n0.4%\n\n\n United Kingdom[36]\n65,512,375\n36.0%\n30.0%\n8.0%\n2.0%\n8.0%\n9.0%\n2.0%\n1.0%\n\n\n United States[37]\n326,481,533\n37.4%\n35.7%\n8.5%\n3.4%\n6.6%\n6.3%\n1.5%\n0.6%\n\n\n Venezuela[38]\n32,011,082\n58.5%\n28.3%\n5.3%\n1.8%\n3.5%\n1.7%\n0.7%\n0.2%\n\n\n Vietnam\n95,414,640\n41.7%\n21.9%\n30.8%\n4.98%\n0.3%\n0.1%\n0.2%\n0.02%\n\n\n Zimbabwe\n16,642,880\n63.3%\n18.5%\n14.6%\n0.99%\n1.7%\n0.5%\n0.4%\n0.01%\n\n\nWorld\n6,635,281,257\n38.67%\n27.42%\n22.02%\n5.88%\n2.55%\n1.99%\n1.11%\n0.36%\n\n"
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4072219531571568458 | My Side of the Mountain | My Side of the Mountain - Wikipedia My Side of the Mountain Jump to : navigation , search This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) My Side of the Mountain First edition cover of My Side of the Mountain Author Jean Craighead George Country United States Language English Series Mountain Genre Children 's adventure novel Publisher E.P. Dutton Publication date 1959 Media type Print ( hardcover and paperback ) , audiobook , e-book Pages 177 Followed by On the Far Side of the Mountain Children 's literature portal My Side of the Mountain is a children or young adult adventure novel written and illustrated by American writer Jean Craighead George published by E.P. Dutton in 1959 . It features a boy who learns about courage , independence , and the need for companionship while attempting to live in a forested area of New York state . In 1960 , it was one of three Newbery Medal Honor Books ( runners - up ) and in 1969 it was loosely adapted as a film of the same name . George continued the story in print , decades later . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 3 Critical reception and impact 4 Adaptations 5 Series 6 References Plot summary ( edit ) The book is about Sam Gribley , a 15 - year - old boy who intensely dislikes living in his parents ' cramped New York City apartment with his eight brothers and sisters . He decides to run away to his great - grandfather 's abandoned farm in the Catskill Mountains to live in the wilderness . The reader meets Frightful , Sam 's pet peregrine falcon , and The Baron , a weasel that Sam befriends . Roughly the first 80 percent of the novel is Sam 's reminiscences during a snowstorm about how he came to be in a home made out of a hollowed - out tree , while the remainder of the novel is a traditional linear narrative about what happens after the snowstorm . The second chapter opens with Sam Gribley remembering how he came to dislike living in New York City ; how he learned of his grandfather 's abandoned farm near Delhi , New York ; how he learned wilderness survival skills by reading a book at the New York City Public Library ; and about his trip to the small town of Delhi using $40 he earned by selling magazine subscriptions . Realizing his son will run away from home no matter what he does , Sam 's father permits him to go to Delhi as long as Sam lets people in the town know that he is staying at the farm . Sam enters the forest near the town , builds a tent out of hemlock evergreen tree branches , and catches five trout in a nearby stream . But his survival skills are incomplete , and he is unable to build a fire . The next day , Sam searches for his grandfather 's farm and fails to find it . However , he does meet Bill , a man living in a cabin in the woods . Bill teaches him how to make a fire . Sam is forced to go into town to learn where his grandfather 's land is . He tells the local librarian who he is and where he is going , then journeys to the farm . Sam discovers the stone foundation for the long - destroyed farmhouse , but little else remains of the homestead . Over the next several chapters , Sam continues to reminisce about how he came to be self - sufficient by living off the plants and animals he finds on his grandfather 's abandoned farm . He finds a hollow tree and decides to make it his home . Remembering how Native Americans used fire to create dugout canoes , he uses fire to make the interior of the hollow tree bigger . One day , while Sam is chopping an ash tree to make a bed , an old woman named Mrs. Thomas Fiedler forces him to help her pick strawberries . Seeing a peregrine falcon hunting for its prey , Sam decides he wants a falcon as a hunting bird . Sam returns to town to get a haircut , and reads up on falconry at the local public library . He camps near a cliff for several days to learn the location of a peregrine falcon nest , and steals a chick from the nest while the mother bird attacks him . He names the bird Frightful , because of the difficult time he had getting the nestling . A short time later , Sam is forced to hide in the woods for two days . A forest ranger , spotting the smoke from Sam 's cooking fire , came to investigate what he believed was a forest fire . The ranger lingers near Sam 's home overnight , but leaves after believing that whoever started the fire must have left the place . Sam also relates to the reader his memories about his adventures in the fall . He makes a box trap to catch animals to eat , but ends up catching a weasel instead . Sam calls the weasel The Baron for the fearless way the animal moves about the hollowed - out treehouse . Realizing winter is coming , Sam wants to kill a deer so he can make a door for his home . He learns how to smoke meat to preserve it for winter , and how to tan hides . When a poacher illegally kills a deer , Sam hides the carcass from the hunter so he can use it for food , a door , and a new pair of clothes . Sam remembers how he tanned the hide using a hollow tree stump and various plants . He also avoids townspeople who wander near his home by hiding in the woods . Sam trains Frightful to hunt , and the bird proves very good at it . Sam prepares for winter by hunting frogs , pheasants , rabbits , and sparrows ; preserving wild grains and tubers ; smoking fish and meat ; and preparing storage spaces by hollowing out the trunks of trees . Finding another poached deer , Sam makes himself deerskin clothing to replace his worn - out city clothes . Sam notices a raccoon digging for mussels in the creek , and he learns how to hunt for shellfish . Sam names the raccoon Jesse Coon James , because it looks like a bandit and reminds him of the legendary outlaw Jesse James . A willow whistle , similar to the one made in the novel My Side of the Mountain . Shortly after befriending the raccoon , Sam hears sirens nearby . When he returns to his hollowed out tree home , he finds a man there . At first , Sam believes the man is a criminal , and nicknames him `` Bando '' ( a shortened version of `` bandit '' ) . But the man is a professor of English literature , and is merely lost . He is surprised to find Sam , and gives Sam the nickname `` Thoreau '' . Bando spends 10 days with Sam , building a raft to take them downstream to catch fish . He gives Sam 10 pounds of sugar and teaches him to make jam . He also shows Sam how to make a whistle out of a willow branch . Bando also tries to make clay pots . Bando departs , and they agree that Bando will come back at Christmas to visit with Sam . Sam remembers how , as winter came closer , he realized he needed to make a clay fireplace to keep his home warm . Sam steals two more dead deer from local hunters to make winter clothes , begins rapidly storing as many fruits and nuts as he can ( trying desperately to get to them before the squirrels do ) , and builds his fireplace . Sam insulates his treehouse home too well , however : his fire generates too much carbon monoxide and not enough oxygen can get inside the treehouse . Frightful becomes sick with CO poisoning , which warns Sam . Sam puts ventilation holes in the walls of his treehouse to admit more fresh air . He tries to go into town to visit the library again , but is forced to climb a tree and stay there all day to avoid being discovered by hunters . He obtains two more deer ; their carcasses freeze in the winter cold , so he does not need to smoke them . Sam feels lonely and visits the town again , where he gets a haircut and meets another teenage boy ( Tom Sidler ) . On Christmas Eve , Bando finally arrives back at the mountain , showing Sam many newspaper articles about the `` wild boy '' living in the forest . On Christmas Day , Sam gets a surprise : Sam 's father has come to visit . Sam is overjoyed to see his father again , and the three have a Christmas dinner of venison together . Sam 's father is greatly relieved to find that Sam is doing just fine . The novel ceases to be a flashback in Chapter 18 , and becomes a straightforward narrative . Sam learns many things about how animals behave in winter , even during terrible storms . After the blizzard ends , Sam must still forage for food . He is happy that a great horned owl has taken up residence on the farm , for it means that no people or building developments are nearby . Sam learns how Frightful and The Baron manage to survive during winter , helps the local deer find nourishment by cutting down tree branches for them to eat , and overcomes his own vitamin deficiency by eating the right foods . After spring arrives , Matt Spell , a teenager who wants to become a reporter for the local newspaper , arrives at Sam 's treehouse home . Matt wants to write about Sam 's presence on the Gribley farm . At first , Sam lies to Matt and says the `` wild boy '' is someone who lives in a nearby cave . But Matt does n't believe him . Sam then offers Matt a deal : Matt can come live with him for a week during school spring break , if Matt will not reveal his location . Matt agrees . After Matt leaves , Sam realizes he is very lonely and debates with himself whether he wants to be `` caught '' or not . A few weeks later , Sam encounters Aaron , a Jewish songwriter who is visiting the forest for inspiration and singing a song . He tells Sam it is close to Passover , which makes Sam realize Matt will be visiting soon . Matt spends a week with Sam , mostly gathering food during this time . Matt is thrilled to be there , but Sam is sad because he realizes he is beginning to replicate his old life in New York City . Matt makes Sam even more unhappy by confessing that he told newspaper photographers where to find Sam . Bando arrives while Matt is visiting , and the two work on making one of the other trees into a guest house . A short time later , Tom Sidler discovers Sam living at the farm . Sam calls him `` Mr. Jacket , '' and the two boys play for a while . Tom 's visit makes Sam realize he is desperate for human companionship . Bando returns to check on Sam , and Sam asks Bando to bring him some jeans and a shirt next time so he can visit his new friend Tom in town . In June , Sam is surprised one day to find that his father , mother , and all his siblings have arrived at the farm . His father announces that the entire family is moving to the farm . At first , Sam ( now 15 years old ) is overjoyed that his family has come to see him . But he is also upset , because it means the end of his life living off the land alone . Sam argues with his father about the family 's decision . But his father says the family is as loyal to Sam as Sam has been to them , and that he will build a proper house for the family on the farm . Sam is especially upset about the decision to build a traditional home . The novel ends as Sam meditates on the fact that , even if he went across the Pacific Ocean to get away from people , he still craves friendship and family . His journey in life , he decides , is about balancing his desire to live off the land with his desire to be with the people he loves . Characters ( edit ) Sam Gribley -- a 15 - year - old boy who leaves home to live in the wilderness . Dad ( Sam Gribley 's Father ) -- Sam 's father . He lets Sam leave home , believing Sam will return after just a day or two . He is surprised at Sam 's independence and tenacity . Bill - a man who helps strangers in the woods . Mrs. Thomas Fiedler -- a 97 - year - old woman who forces Sam to help her pick strawberries for her famous jam . Miss Turner -- a librarian at a public library in Delhi , New York who befriends Sam . Frightful -- Sam 's peregrine falcon . Sam trains Frightful to hunt for food that Sam can eat . The Baron Weasel -- a weasel that Sam accidentally traps . The weasel befriends Sam . Bando -- an English professor who is lost in the woods , and spends 10 days with Sam . He becomes a father - figure to Sam over the next year . Jesse Coon James -- a raccoon that Sam befriends . Sam learns how to hunt for mussels by watching Jesse . Matt Spell -- a teenage boy who writes for a local newspaper and visits Sam . He writes about Sam in the newspaper . Aaron -- a Jewish songwriter who visits the wilderness near Sam 's home to get inspiration . Tom Sidler -- called `` Mr. Jacket '' by Sam , Tom is a boy who lives in the town of Delhi . Alice Gribley - Sam 's younger sister who decides to stay with him . Mom Gribley - Sam 's adoptive mother . Critical reception and impact ( edit ) Many people travel to Delhi , New York , to seek out the Gribley farm . The Gribley farm is fictional . Hallaway Dairy Farm , however , is a real farm near Delhi . My Side of the Mountain won critical plaudits upon its release . Numerous reviewers praised the novel for its detailed depiction of the wilderness and animals , its unsentimental treatment of animals and nature , and its characters , their maturation , and development . The New York Times in 1959 gave the novel a solid review , calling it `` a delightful flight from civilization , written with real feeling for the woods . '' Children 's author Zena Sutherland , writing in Children & Books at the time , called Sam 's development from immature , impulsive child into a mature young adult `` wholly convincing '' . Ruth Hill Viguers , reviewing the book in The Horn Book Magazine , concluded in 1959 , `` I believe it will be read year after year , linking together many generations in a chain of well - remembered joy and refreshment . '' In addition to being named to the Newbery Award Honors list , the book was also an American Library Association 's Notable Book for 1959 , was placed on the Hans Christian Andersen Award 1959 honors list , was given a Lewis Carroll Shelf Award citation ( in 1965 ) , and won the 1959 George G. Stone Center for Children 's Books Award . The book continued to be praised in the 1990s and 2000s . Book critic Eden Ross Lipson included it in her 2000 list of the best children 's books , and said it `` skillfully blends themes of nature , courage , curiosity , and independence '' . Librarians and authors Janice DeLong and Rachel Schwedt listed the book as one of a `` core collection for small libraries '' of the contemporary fiction section . Author Charles Wohlforth , writing in 2004 , agreed that it was a classic of contemporary children 's literature . By 1998 , the book had been translated into numerous foreign languages , and visitors to the Cannon Free Library in Delhi , New York , often asked to see the abandoned farm where the novel was set . ( The abandoned farm does not actually exist ; the Gribley farm is entirely fictional . ) The book has not always won uncritical praise . In 1999 , reviewer Mary Harris Russell noted that `` the narrator , Sam , speaks with a tone more measured than that of most teenagers . That tone grates on some readers . '' Robert F. Kennedy Jr. has cited My Side of the Mountain with inspiring him to become a falconer , which led him into a career in environmental law and environmental activism . Television host and pet advice author Marc Morrone and award - winning natural history author Ken Lamberton also credit the book with generating their interest in falconry . Based on a 2007 online poll , the National Education Association named the book one of its `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . In 2012 it was ranked number 77 among all - time children 's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal . Adaptations ( edit ) Main article : My Side of the Mountain ( film ) A film adaptation directed by James B. Clark was released by Paramount Pictures in 1969 . The film My Side of the Mountain is set in Toronto and the Notre Dame Mountains , a Quebec province section of the Appalachians , rather than in New York City and a New York state section . Series ( edit ) A sequel written and illustrated by George was published in 1990 , more than three decades after the original . Over the next 16 years there were three more sequels , a third novel illustrated by George and two picture books illustrated by Daniel San Souci . All the sequels were published by Dutton Children 's Books , an imprint of Penguin Books since its acquisition of the original publisher E.P. Dutton in 1986 . My Side of the Mountain ( 1959 ) , illus . George OCLC 276356 On the Far Side of the Mountain ( 1990 ) , illus . George OCLC 20631814 Frightful 's Mountain ( 1999 ) , illus . George OCLC 41445775 Frightful 's Daughter ( 2002 ) , illus . Daniel San Souci , 32 pages OCLC 50556042 Frightful 's Daughter Meets the Baron Weasel ( 2007 ) , illus . San Souci , 48 pp. OCLC 76863950 The three novels were issued in an omnibus edition that retains the original pagination , about 600 pages in sum : My Side of the Mountain Trilogy ( 2000 ) . OCLC 45610215 In 2009 , Dutton published A Pocket Guide to the Outdoors : Based on ' My Side of the Mountain ' , by George and her daughter Twig C. George . According to a library summary : `` This guide to the outdoors provides advice and instructions on camping , building shelters , finding water , and cooking outdoors . Some activities may require adult supervision . '' Inside responsibility credits John C. George and T. Luke George as well . OCLC 311783530 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hendrix , Steve ( October 11 , 2009 ) . `` Into the Woods '' . The Washington Post . Washington , D.C . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Horning , Kathleen T . The Newbery & Caldecott Awards : A Guide to the Medal and Honor Books . Chicago : American Library Association , 2009 , p. 54 . ^ Jump up to : Cullinan , Bernice E. and Person , Diane Goetz . The Continuum Encyclopedia of Children 's Literature . New York : Continuum , 2005 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ `` Third Avenue Thoreau . '' New York Times . September 13 , 1959 . Jump up ^ Viguers , Ruth Hill . `` Review : My Side of the Mountain . '' The Horn Book Magazine . October 1959 , p. 389 . Jump up ^ Lipson , Eden Ross . The ' New York Times ' Parent 's Guide to the Best Books for Children . New York : Three Rivers Press , 2000 , p. 327 . Jump up ^ DeLong , Janice A. and Schwedt , Rachel E. Core Collection for Small Libraries : An Annotated Bibliography of Books for Children and Young Adults . Lanham , Md. : Scarecrow Press , 1997 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Wohlforth , Charles P . The Whale and the Supercomputer : On the Northern Front of Climate Change . New York : North Point Press , 2004 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Sive , Mary Robinson . Lost Villages : Historic Driving Tours in the Catskills . Delhi , N.Y. : Delaware County Historical Association , 1998 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Russell , Mary Harris . `` Welcome Back '' . New York Times . November 21 , 1999 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Silvey , Anita . Everything I Need to Know I Learned From a Children 's Book : Life Lessons From Notable People From All Walks of Life . New York : Roaring Brook Press , 2009 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Morrone , Marc and Ellis - Bell , Nancy . A Man for All Species : The Remarkable Adventures of an Animal Lover and Expert Pet Keeper . New York : Harmony Books , 2010 , p. 46 ; Lamberton , Ken . Beyond Desert Walls : Essays from Prison . Tucson , Ariz. : University of Arizona Press , 2005 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ National Education Association ( 2007 ) . `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( July 7 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Howard . `` A Boy Grows Up '' . The New York Times . June 26 , 1969 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Side_of_the_Mountain&oldid=810728267 '' Categories : 1959 American novels American adventure novels Novels about survival American children 's novels Newbery Honor - winning works Novels set in New York ( state ) American novels adapted into films E.P. Dutton books 1959 children 's books Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from June 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 17 November 2017 , at 02 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does my side of the mountain take place | [
"My Side of the Mountain is a children or young adult adventure novel written and illustrated by American writer Jean Craighead George published by E. P. Dutton in 1959.[1] It features a boy who learns about courage, independence, and the need for companionship while attempting to live in a forested area of New York state. In 1960, it was one of three Newbery Medal Honor Books (runners-up)[2] and in 1969 it was loosely adapted as a film of the same name. George continued the story in print, decades later."
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"New York state"
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-2850744009865966223 | Operation Market Garden | Operation Market Garden - wikipedia Operation Market Garden Jump to : navigation , search Operation Market Garden Part of the Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine Waves of paratroopers land in the Netherlands during Operation Market Garden in September 1944 Date 17 -- 25 September 1944 Location The Netherlands and Germany 51 ° 59 ′ N 05 ° 55 ′ E / 51.983 ° N 5.917 ° E / 51.983 ; 5.917 Coordinates : 51 ° 59 ′ N 05 ° 55 ′ E / 51.983 ° N 5.917 ° E / 51.983 ; 5.917 Result Allied operational failure Belligerents United Kingdom United States Canada Poland ( Polish forces in the West ) Netherlands ( Dutch resistance ) Germany Commanders and leaders Bernard Montgomery Lewis H. Brereton Miles Dempsey Frederick Browning Brian Horrocks Stanisław Sosabowski Gerd von Rundstedt Walter Model Kurt Student Wilhelm Bittrich Gustav - Adolf von Zangen Strength 41,628 airborne troops 1 armoured division 2 infantry divisions 1 armoured brigade Unknown Casualties and losses 15,326 -- 17,200 casualties 88 tanks 144 transport aircraft incomplete estimates : 3,300 -- 13,300 casualties 30 tanks and SP guns 159 aircraft Jump up ^ More detailed information regarding the outcome of this operation can be found in the `` Aftermath '' section . ^ Jump up to : More detailed information is available in the ' Casualties ' section . Western Front of World War II prelude 1939 Phoney War Saar The Heligoland Bight 1940 Luxembourg The Netherlands The Hague Rotterdam Zeeland Rotterdam Blitz Belgium Fort Eben - Emael Hannut Gembloux La Lys France Sedan Montcornet Arras Lille Boulogne Calais Abbeville Paula Dunkirk Dunkirk evacuation Italian Invasion of France Saumur Britain Kanalkampf Adlertag The Hardest Day Battle of Britain Day Sea Lion 1942 -- 1943 Cerberus and Donnerkeil St Nazaire Raid Dieppe Raid 1944 -- 1945 Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Arnhem Hürtgen Forest Aachen Queen Scheldt Bulge Nordwind Bodenplatte Colmar Pocket Atlantic Pockets Invasion of Germany strategic campaigns The Blitz Defence of the Reich Raids on the Atlantic Wall Battle of Atlantic West European Campaign ( 1944 -- 45 ) Overlord Dragoon Paris Paris to the Rhine Channel Coast Market Garden Aachen Hürtgen Forest Scheldt Queen Bulge Nordwind Blackcock Colmar Pocket Reichswald Invasion of Germany End of World War II in Europe Siegfried Line Campaign Channel coast Dieppe Le Havre Boulogne Calais Dunkirk Moerbrugge Geel Nancy Arracourt Market Garden Fort Driant Metz Hürtgen Forest Overloon Aachen Scheldt Crucifix Hill Geilenkirchen Queen Broekhuizen Operation Market Garden ( 17 -- 25 September 1944 ) was an unsuccessful Allied military operation , fought in the Netherlands and Germany in the Second World War . The operation was split into two sub-operations : Market -- the airborne forces , the First Allied Airborne Army , who would seize bridges Garden -- the ground forces , consisting of the British XXX Corps Market Garden contained the largest airborne operation up to that point . Field Marshal Montgomery 's strategic goal was to encircle the heart of German industry , the Ruhr , in a pincer movement . The northern end of the pincer would circumvent the northern end of the Siegfried Line giving easier access into Germany . The aim of Operation Market Garden was to establish the northern end of a pincer ready to project deeper into Germany . Allied forces would project north from Belgium , 60 miles ( 97 km ) through the Netherlands , across the Rhine and consolidate north of Arnhem on the Dutch / German border ready to close the pincer . The operation made massed use of airborne forces , whose tactical objectives were to secure the bridges and allow a rapid advance by armoured ground units to consolidate north of Arnhem . The operation required the seizure of the bridges across the Maas ( Meuse River ) , two arms of the Rhine ( the Waal and the Lower Rhine ) together with crossings over several smaller canals and tributaries . Several bridges between Eindhoven and Nijmegen were captured at the beginning of the operation . Lieutenant - General Brian Horrocks ' XXX Corps ground force advance was delayed by the initial failure of the airborne units to secure bridges at Son and Nijmegen . German forces demolished the bridge over the Wilhelmina Canal at Son before it could be secured by the 101st Airborne Division . The 82nd Airborne Division 's failure to capture the main road bridge over the river Waal at Nijmegen before 20 September also delayed the advance of XXX Corps . At the furthest point of the airborne operation at Arnhem , the British 1st Airborne Division encountered initial strong resistance . The delays in capturing the bridges at Son and Nijmegen gave time for German forces , including the 9th and 10th SS panzer divisions who were present at that time , to organize and retaliate . In the ensuing battle , only a small force managed to capture the north end of the Arnhem road bridge and after the ground forces failed to relieve them , the paratroopers were overrun on 21 September . The remainder of the 1st Airborne Division was trapped in a small pocket west of the bridge , having to be evacuated on the 25th of September . The Allies had failed to cross the Rhine . The river remained a barrier to their advance into Germany until offensives at Remagen , Oppenheim , Rees and Wesel in March 1945 . The failure of Market Garden to form a foothold over the Rhine ended Allied expectations of finishing the war by Christmas 1944 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Logistics problems 1.2 Strategy 1.3 Geography 1.4 Allied preparation 1.4. 1 Market 1.4. 2 Garden 1.5 German preparation 1.6 Intelligence 1.6. 1 German 1.6. 2 Allied 2 Battle 2.1 Day 1 : Sunday , 17 September 1944 2.1. 1 Early successes 2.1. 2 British landings 2.1. 3 Communication breakdown 2.1. 4 XXX Corps advance 2.1. 5 German reactions 2.2 Day 2 : Monday , 18 September 2.2. 1 1st Airborne zone 2.2. 2 82nd Airborne zone 2.2. 3 101st Airborne zone 2.3 Day 3 : Tuesday , 19 September 2.3. 1 Arnhem 2.3. 2 Oosterbeek 2.3. 3 Nijmegen 2.3. 4 Wijchen 2.3. 5 Eindhoven -- Veghel 2.4 Day 4 : Wednesday , 20 September 2.4. 1 Arnhem bridge 2.4. 2 Oosterbeek 2.4. 3 Nijmegen 2.5 Day 5 : Thursday , 21 September 2.5. 1 Oosterbeek 2.5. 2 Polish paratroopers enter the battle 2.5. 3 Nijmegen 2.6 Day 6 : Friday , 22 September ( `` Black Friday '' ) 2.6. 1 Link - up between the Poles and XXX Corps 2.7 Day 7 : Saturday , 23 September 2.8 Day 8 : Sunday , 24 September 2.9 Day 9 : Monday , 25 September 3 Casualties 3.1 Victoria Cross 4 Aftermath 4.1 Debate on Allied strategy and tactics 4.1. 1 Optimistic planning 4.1. 2 Weather 4.1. 3 Priority of operation 4.1. 4 Missed opportunities 4.1. 5 Intelligence failure 4.1. 6 Tributes to the participants 4.1. 7 Controversy 4.2 Subsequent combat in the Netherlands 4.2. 1 Famine in the Netherlands 5 Commemoration 5.1 Memorials and remembrance 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Further information : Operation Market Garden order of battle After major defeats in Normandy in the summer of 1944 , remnants of German forces withdrew across the Low Countries and eastern France towards the German border by the end of August . In the north , in the first week of September , the British 21st Army Group , under Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery , sent its British Second Army commanded by Lieutenant - General Sir Miles Dempsey advancing on a line running from Antwerp to the northern border of Belgium while its First Canadian Army , under Lieutenant - General Harry Crerar , was pursuing its task of recapturing the ports of Dieppe , Le Havre and Boulogne - sur - Mer . To the south , the U.S. 12th Army Group under Lieutenant General Omar Bradley was nearing the German border and had been ordered to orient on the Aachen gap with Lieutenant General Courtney Hodges ' U.S. First Army , in support of Montgomery 's advance on the Ruhr . Meanwhile , the group 's U.S. Third Army , under Lieutenant General George S. Patton , moved eastward towards the Saar . At the same time , the U.S. 6th Army Group under General Jacob L. Devers was advancing towards Germany after their landings in southern France . Logistics problems ( edit ) The `` Red Ball Express '' was an attempt to resolve persistent Allied supply problems . To disrupt German logistics efforts , the Allies spent considerable effort prior to D - Day , in bombing the French rail network , although aware this would also affect their own operations in the event of a breakout . The Overlord plan had foreseen this , calling for the exploitation of ports in Brittany to move the supply points forward as the armies moved . Eisenhower and Montgomery persisted with plans to capture these ports , but some argued that the capture of Le Havre and Antwerp made this unnecessary . The port of Antwerp could have been opened sooner by the Canadians if Montgomery had given priority to clearing the approaches to Antwerp by the Battle of the Scheldt , rather than to capturing the French Channel ports . By August , supply sources for the armies were still limited to the original invasion beaches , the nearby deep water port of Cherbourg at the tip of the Cotentin peninsula , and some minor ports in Normandy . Although over-the - beach supply operations outperformed expectations , September saw deteriorating weather and rising seas and the end of their usefulness was clearly in sight . Deep - water ports were therefore required ; Cherbourg was useful , but far from the front . The massive port of Antwerp was captured virtually intact by Montgomery 's troops on 4 September , but the Scheldt Estuary leading to it was still under German control . The failure to open the ports in Antwerp has been called `` one of the greatest tactical mistakes of the war '' . The `` Great Mistake '' also included not cutting off the German Fifteenth Army of 80,000 men who were trapped on the coast west of Antwerp , and who were evacuated north over the Scheldt Estuary and then east along the Beveland Peninsula . These forces unexpectedly joined the battles for the bridges in the Eindhoven and Nijmegen sectors . Other important ports on the English Channel coast , such as Dunkirk , remained in German hands until May 1945 . Major efforts to re-open the rail network were started , and by the end of August , 18,000 men , including 5,000 prisoners of war , were engaged in railway construction . After many delays , the first trainload of supplies reached the US Third Army depot at Le Mans on 17 August . But these efforts were far too late to have any effect on the battles taking place after Operation Cobra and the subsequent breakout into France . Instead , all supplies for the armies had to be carried forward by truck , and there were simply not enough trucks for this effort . Advancing divisions of the US 12th Army Group left all their heavy artillery and half their medium artillery west of the Seine , freeing their trucks to move supplies for other units . The 21st Army Group stripped two of its divisions of their transport , and four British truck companies were loaned to the Americans . Organisation of the Red Ball Express did much to lessen the impact of the transport shortage but this ad hoc operation could not solve the problem . As the Allied pursuit across France and Belgium continued , distances increased beyond the range of a single truck , requiring fuel to be brought forward in those trucks to re-fuel operations further from the ports . Fuel consumption soared . Soon it took five times as much fuel to deliver supplies as was actually delivered . Fuel pipelines were constructed to shorten supply lines , but were too time - consuming to build to be of much short - term use . By 28 August the Communications Zone could no longer guarantee fuel deliveries and both the US First and Third Armies reported less than a day 's supply on hand . Furthermore , the stripping of the armies of their own transport had the effect of seriously slowing their own maneuverability . On 30 August , drastic steps were taken to suspend imports entirely ; 21st Army Group would draw on its reserves in Normandy until the ports of Dieppe and Boulogne - sur - Mer could be opened . The situation was exacerbated by the fact that 1,400 British three - ton trucks were found to be useless because of faulty pistons in their engines -- they could have moved 800 tons per day , enough for two divisions . Offensive operations slowed to a standstill , allowing the German forces their first respite in weeks . Strategy ( edit ) Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery . Following the Allied breakout from Normandy and the closure of the Falaise Pocket , the Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied armies on the Western Front , General Dwight D. Eisenhower , favoured pursuit of the seemingly shattered German armies northwards and eastwards across the Seine , and ultimately to the Rhine on a broad front . While agreeing that Montgomery 's drive towards the Ruhr should have priority , he still thought it was important to `` get Patton moving again '' . To that end , in the first week of September 1944 , Eisenhower authorised the U.S. First Army to cross the Rhine near Cologne , Bonn and Koblenz while the U.S. Third Army crossed near Mannheim , Mainz and Karlsruhe . Eisenhower relied on speed , which in turn depended on logistics , which he conceded were `` stretched to the limit '' . This strategy was contested by his subordinates , particularly Montgomery , who argued that with the supply situation deteriorating , he would not be able to reach the Ruhr , but `` a relocation of our present resources of every description would be adequate to get one thrust to Berlin '' . Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force ( SHAEF ) did provide Montgomery with additional resources , principally additional locomotives and rolling stock , and priority for air supply . Montgomery initially suggested Operation Comet , a limited airborne coup de main operation that was to be launched on 2 September 1944 . Comet envisioned using the British 1st Airborne Division , along with the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade , to secure several bridges over the Rhine River to aid the Allied advance into the North German Plain . The Divisional Headquarters for the 1st Airborne Division , with the 1st Airlanding Brigade and the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade were to land at Nijmegen , the 1st Parachute Brigade was to land at Arnhem , and the 4th Parachute Brigade was to land at Grave . However several days of poor weather and Montgomery 's concerns over increasing levels of German resistance caused him to postpone the operation and then cancel it on 10 September . Comet was replaced by a more ambitious plan to bypass the Siegfried Line by hooking around its northern end , allowing the Allies to cross the Rhine with large forces and trap the German Fifteenth Army between Arnhem and the shores of the IJsselmeer : Operation Market Garden . On 10 September Dempsey , the British Second Army commander , told Montgomery that he had doubts about this plan and that he instead favoured an advance north - eastwards between the Reichswald forest and the Ruhr to Wesel . Montgomery replied that he had just received a signal from London that something needed to be done to neutralise the V - 2 launch sites around the Hague ( which were bombarding London ) and that the plan must therefore proceed . Angered by Eisenhower 's reluctance , Montgomery flew to Brussels that afternoon to meet him . Montgomery requested that Eisenhower 's Chief Administrative Officer leave the meeting , while insisting that his own should remain . He then tore a file of Eisenhower 's messages to shreds in front of him , argued for a concentrated northern thrust , and demanding priority in supplies . So fierce and unrestrained was Montgomery 's language that Eisenhower suddenly reached out , patted Montgomery 's knee and told him , `` Steady , Monty ! You ca n't talk to me like that . I 'm your boss . '' Eisenhower stated his belief that advance on a broad front would soon provoke German forces to collapse . He told Montgomery why a `` single thrust '' toward Berlin was not going to be accepted . What you 're proposing is this -- if I give you all the supplies you want , you could go straight to Berlin -- right straight ( 500 miles ) to Berlin ? Monty , you 're nuts . You ca n't do it . What the hell ( ? ) ... If you try a long column like that in a single thrust you 'd have to throw off division after division to protect your flanks from attack . Nevertheless , Eisenhower consented to Operation Market Garden , giving it `` limited priority '' in terms of supplies -- and only as part of an advance on a broad front . Eisenhower promised that aircraft and trucks would deliver 1,000 tons of supplies per day . In vain , Montgomery complained about this to the Vice-Chief of the Imperial General Staff ( VCIGS ) in London , Lieutenant - General Sir Archibald Nye . For Market Garden , the U.S. 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions would be maintained from British stocks for all common items such as food and fuel . Non-common items like ammunition , ordnance and signal and engineer stores were delivered by the Red Ball Express or by rail to No. 6 Army Roadhead at Grammont . Three newly arrived U.S. infantry divisions ( the 26th , 95th , and 104th ) were stripped of their transport , which was used to form provisional truck companies . These were assigned to the Red Ball Express , releasing eight companies to Red Lion , a special route to support Market - Garden . Red Lion convoys exceeded their target , delivering 650 tons per day instead of 500 . Half of the tonnage hauled was supplies for the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions . Eisenhower 's decision to launch Market Garden was influenced by his desire to keep the retreating Germans under pressure . However , he was also under pressure from the United States to use the First Allied Airborne Army as soon as possible . After Normandy , the airborne forces ( minus the British 6th Airborne Division , which remained in Normandy until early September ) had been withdrawn to reform in England , re-forming into the First Allied Airborne Army of two British and three U.S. airborne divisions and the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade . In the following months , plans for eighteen airborne operations had been drafted but then cancelled at short notice , mostly when the rapidly moving Allied ground forces overran the intended drop zones . Geography ( edit ) Highway 69 ( later nicknamed `` Hell 's Highway '' ) leading through the planned route was two lanes wide , generally raised above the surrounding flat terrain of polder . The ground on either side of the highway was in places too soft to support tactical vehicle movement and there were numerous dikes and drainage ditches . Dikes tended to be topped by trees or large bushes and roads and paths were lined with trees . In early autumn this meant that observation would be seriously restricted . There were six major water obstacles between the XXX Corps ' jumping - off point and the objective of the north bank of the Nederrijn : the Wilhelmina Canal at Son 100 feet ( 30 m ) wide ; the Zuid - Willems Canal at Veghel 80 feet ( 20 m ) ; the Maas River at Grave 800 feet ( 240 m ) ; the Maas - Waal Canal 200 feet ( 60 m ) ; the Waal River at Nijmegen 850 feet ( 260 m ) ; and the Nederrijn at Arnhem 300 feet ( 90 m ) . Plans were made to seize bridges across all these obstacles nearly simultaneously -- any failure to do so could result in serious delay or even defeat . In case bridges were demolished by the Germans , XXX Corps had plans to rebuild them . To this end , a vast quantity of bridging material was collected , along with 2,300 vehicles to carry it and 9,000 engineers to assemble it . Although the area is generally flat and open with less than a 30 feet ( 9 m ) variation in altitude , Lieutenant - General Brian Horrocks , commander of XXX Corps recalled that `` The country was wooded and rather marshy which made any outflanking operation impossible . '' There were two important hills , 300 feet ( 90 m ) high , that represented some of the highest ground in the Netherlands ; one north and west of Arnhem and one in the 82nd Airborne Division 's zone , Groesbeek ridge . Seizure and defence of this hill was considered vital to holding the highway bridges . Allied preparation ( edit ) The plan of action consisted of two operations : Market : airborne forces of Lieutenant General Lewis H. Brereton 's First Allied Airborne Army to seize bridges and other terrain , under tactical command of I Airborne Corps under Lieutenant - General Frederick Browning , and Garden : ground forces of the Second Army to move north spearheaded by XXX Corps under Lieutenant - General Brian Horrocks . Market ( edit ) Operation Market Garden - Allied Plan Market would employ four of the six divisions of the First Allied Airborne Army . The U.S. 101st Airborne Division , under Major General Maxwell D. Taylor , would drop in two locations just north of XXX Corps to take the bridges northwest of Eindhoven at Son and Veghel . The 82nd Airborne Division , under Brigadier General James M. Gavin , would drop northeast of them to take the bridges at Grave and Nijmegen and the British 1st Airborne Division , under Major - General Roy Urquhart , with the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade , under Brigadier General Stanisław Sosabowski , attached would drop at the extreme north end of the route , capturing the road bridge at Arnhem and the rail bridge at Oosterbeek . The 52nd ( Lowland ) Infantry Division would be flown to the captured Deelen Airfield on D + 5 . The First Allied Airborne Army had been created on 16 August as the result of British requests for a coordinated headquarters for airborne operations , a concept approved by General Eisenhower on 20 June . The British had strongly hinted that a British officer -- Browning in particular -- be appointed its commander . Browning for his part decided to bring his entire staff with him on the operation to establish his field HQ using the much - needed 32 Horsa gliders for administrative personnel , and six Waco CG - 4 A gliders for U.S. Signals ' personnel . Since the bulk of both troops and aircraft were American , Brereton , a U.S. Army Air Forces officer , was named by Eisenhower on 16 July and appointed by SHAEF on 2 August . Brereton had no experience in airborne operations but had extensive command experience at the air force level in several theatres , most recently as commander of Ninth Air Force , which gave him a working knowledge of the operations of IX Troop Carrier Command . Market would be the largest airborne operation in history , delivering over 34,600 men of the 101st , 82nd and 1st Airborne Divisions and the Polish Brigade . 14,589 troops were landed by glider and 20,011 by parachute . Gliders also brought in 1,736 vehicles and 263 artillery pieces . 3,342 tons of ammunition and other supplies were brought by glider and parachute drop . To deliver its 36 battalions of airborne infantry and their support troops to the continent , the First Allied Airborne Army had under its operational control the 14 groups of IX Troop Carrier Command , and after 11 September the 16 squadrons of 38 Group ( an organization of converted bombers providing support to resistance groups ) and a transport formation , 46 Group . The combined force had 1,438 C - 47 / Dakota transports ( 1,274 USAAF and 164 RAF ) and 321 converted RAF bombers . The Allied glider force had been rebuilt after Normandy until by 16 September it numbered 2,160 CG - 4A Waco gliders , 916 Airspeed Horsas ( 812 RAF and 104 US Army ) and 64 General Aircraft Hamilcars . The U.S. had only 2,060 glider pilots available , so that none of its gliders would have a co-pilot but would instead carry an extra passenger . Infantry of 50th ( Northumbrian ) Division moving up past a knocked - out German 88mm gun near ' Joe 's Bridge ' over the Meuse - Escaut Canal in Belgium , 16 September 1944 Because the C - 47s served as paratrooper transports and glider tugs and because IX Troop Carrier Command would provide all the transports for both British parachute brigades , this massive force could deliver only 60 percent of the ground forces in one lift . This limit was the reason for the decision to split the troop - lift schedule into successive days . Ninety percent of the USAAF transports on the first day would drop parachute troops , with the same proportion towing gliders on the second day ( the RAF transports were almost entirely used for glider operations ) . Brereton rejected having two airlifts on the first day , although this had been accomplished during Operation Dragoon , albeit with forty - five more minutes of daylight against negligible opposition . 17 September was on a dark moon and in the days following it the new moon set before dark . Allied airborne doctrine prohibited big operations in the absence of all light , so the operation would have to be carried out in daylight . The risk of Luftwaffe interception was judged small , given the crushing air superiority of Allied fighters but there were concerns about the increasing number of flak units in the Netherlands , especially around Arnhem . Brereton 's experience with tactical air operations judged that flak suppression would be sufficient to permit the troop carriers to operate without prohibitive loss . The invasion of Southern France had demonstrated that large scale daylight airborne operations were feasible . Daylight operations , in contrast to those in Sicily and Normandy , would have much greater navigational accuracy and time - compression of succeeding waves of aircraft , tripling the number of troops that could be delivered per hour . The time required to assemble airborne units on the drop zone after landing would be reduced by two - thirds . IX Troop Carrier Command 's transport aircraft had to tow gliders and drop paratroopers , duties that could not be performed simultaneously . Although every division commander requested two drops on the first day , Brereton 's staff scheduled only one lift based on the need to prepare for the first drop by bombarding German flak positions for half a day and a weather forecast on the afternoon of 16 September ( which soon proved erroneous ) that the area would have clear conditions for four days , so allowing drops during them . After one week preparations were declared complete . The planning and training for the airborne drops at Sicily and Normandy had taken months . One United States Air Force historian noted that Market was the only large airborne operation of the Second World War in which the USAAF `` had no training program , no rehearsals , almost no exercises , and a ... low level of tactical training . '' Gavin , commanding the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division , was skeptical of the plan . In his diary he wrote , `` It looks very rough . If I get through this one I will be very lucky . '' He was also highly critical of Browning , writing that he `` ... unquestionably lacks the standing , influence and judgment that comes from a proper troop experience ... his staff was superficial ... Why the British units fumble along ... becomes more and more apparent . Their tops lack the know - how , never do they get down into the dirt and learn the hard way . '' Garden ( edit ) Garden consisted primarily of XXX Corps and was initially spearheaded by the Guards Armoured Division , with the 43rd Wessex and 50th Northumbrian Infantry Divisions in reserve . They were expected to arrive at the south end of the 101st Airborne Division 's area on the first day , the 82nd 's by the second day and the 1st 's by the fourth day at the latest . The airborne divisions would then join XXX Corps in the breakout from the Arnhem bridgehead . Four days was a long time for an airborne force to fight unsupported . In addition the Allied paratroopers lacked adequate anti-tank weapons . Even so , before Operation Market Garden started it seemed to the Allied high command that the German resistance had broken . Most of the German Fifteenth Army in the area appeared to be fleeing from the Canadians and they were known to have no Panzergruppen . It was thought that XXX Corps would face limited resistance on their route up Highway 69 and little armour . Meanwhile , the German defenders would be spread out over 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) trying to contain the pockets of airborne forces , from the Second Army in the south to Arnhem in the north . German preparation ( edit ) The rout of the Wehrmacht during July and August led the Allies to believe that the German army was a spent force unable to reconstitute its shattered units . During those two months the Wehrmacht had suffered a string of defeats with heavy losses . Between 6 June and 14 August it had suffered 23,019 killed in action , 198,616 missing or taken prisoner and 67,240 wounded . Many of the formations the Wehrmacht had possessed at the beginning of the Normandy campaign had been annihilated or had been reduced to skeleton formations by the end of August . As the German armies retreated towards the German frontier , they were often harried by air attacks and bombing raids by aircraft of the allied air forces , inflicting casualties and destroying vehicles . Attempts to halt the Allied advance often seemed fruitless as hurried counter-attacks and blocking positions were brushed aside and at times there seemed to be too few German units to hold anywhere . By early September the situation was beginning to change . The failure of the British 21st Army Group to seal off the Scheldt Estuary area had allowed the 65,000 troops of the German Fifteenth Army to be extricated from the area with 225 guns and 750 trucks by a flotilla of commandeered freighters , barges and small boats . From there they moved to the Netherlands . Adolf Hitler began to take a personal interest in the apparent disintegration of Army Group B , which comprised the German armies in northern France , Belgium , and the Netherlands . On 4 September he recalled Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt , who had been in retirement since Hitler had dismissed him as Wehrmacht Commander - in - Chief West on 2 July , and reinstated him in his former command , replacing Generalfeldmarschall Walter Model , who had taken command just 18 days previously and would henceforth command only Army Group B. Rundstedt immediately began to plan a defence against what Wehrmacht intelligence judged to be 60 Allied divisions at full strength , although Eisenhower in fact possessed only 49 divisions . German soldiers at Arnhem Model set out to stop the Allied advance . The German 719th Infantry Division , part of LXXXVIII Corps , was dispatched south to the Albert Canal and Model requested reinforcements from Germany , stating that he would require twenty - five infantry divisions and six armoured divisions to hold ; he envisioned a line stretching from Antwerp via Maastricht to Metz and from there to follow the line of the Albert Canal to the Meuse and the Siegfried Line . Meanwhile , Colonel General Kurt Student , commander of the Fallschirmjaeger , the German airborne forces , received orders from Alfred Jodl , Chief of the Operations Staff of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht , to immediately move from Berlin and proceed to the Netherlands , where he would collect all available units and build a front near the Albert Canal , which was to be held at all costs . This front was to be held by the new First Parachute Army , a euphemistic name for a paper formation . Its units were scattered throughout Germany and the Netherlands and consisted either of units in the process of being formed or remnants cadred by survivors of previous units . Though the situation seemed dire , the German front was beginning to form into what Robert Kershaw terms ' a crust ' . Leadership , initiative and a good staff system were beginning to create a defence out of chaos . On 4 September the 719th infantry division began to dig in along the Albert Canal and was soon joined by forces under the command of Lieutenant General Kurt Chill . Although Chill only officially commanded the 85th Infantry Division , which had suffered heavy casualties during the retreat from Normandy , he had assumed command of the remnants of the 84th and 89th Infantry Divisions en route . Initially ordered to take his command to the Rhineland for rest and reinforcements , Chill disregarded the order and moved his forces to the Albert Canal , linking up with the 719th ; he also had ' reception centres ' set up at the bridges crossing the Albert Canal , where small groups of retreating troops were picked up and turned into ' ad hoc ' units . By 7 September the 176th Infantry Division , a Kranken division composed of elderly men and men with various medical complaints , had arrived from the Siegfried Line and elements of the First Parachute Army began to appear . At this stage the Army consisted of approximately seven Fallschirmjaeger regiments composed of some 20,000 airborne troops along with a collection of anti-aircraft batteries and a mix of 25 self - propelled guns and tank destroyers . Kriegsmarine and SS units were also allocated to Student 's command , and Hitler had promised Model that 200 Panther tanks would be sent straight from the production lines ; he also ordered all Tiger tanks , Jagdpanther self - propelled guns and 88 mm guns that were available in Germany be transferred to the West . On 5 September , Model 's forces were bolstered by the arrival of the II SS Panzer Corps , which consisted of the 9th SS and 10th SS Panzer Divisions under the command of Lieutenant General Wilhelm Bittrich . The Corps had been reduced to approximately 6,000 -- 7,000 men , 20 -- 30 % of its original strength in the course of continuous action since late June including in the Falaise pocket ; losses in officers and NCOs had been especially high . Model ordered the two divisions to rest and refit in ' safe ' areas behind the new German line ; these areas coincidentally were to be Eindhoven and Arnhem . The 10th SS Panzer Division was to be restored to full strength in order to provide an armoured reserve and thus the 9th SS Panzer Division was ordered to transfer all of its heavy equipment to its sister division ; it was intended that the 9th would then be transported to Germany for replenishment . At the time of Operation Market - Garden , the 10th SS Panzer Division had an approximate strength of 3,000 men ; an armoured infantry regiment , divisional reconnaissance battalion , two artillery battalions and an engineer battalion , all partially motorized . Other formations were appearing to strengthen the German defences . Between 16 and 17 September two infantry divisions from Fifteenth Army assembled in Brabant , understrength but well - equipped and able to act as a reserve . Near Eindhoven and Arnhem a number of scratch formations were being assembled . Several SS units , including an NCO training battalion and a panzergrenadier reserve battalion , were being prepared to enter combat and Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine personnel were being grouped into Fliegerhorst and Schiffstammabteilung formations . There were also a number of training battalions that were being equipped , several depot battalions from the Hermann Goering Panzer Division and various artillery , anti-aircraft and field police units scattered throughout the north of the Netherlands . Intelligence ( edit ) German ( edit ) Von Rundstedt and Model suspected that a large Allied offensive was imminent , having received many intelligence reports that described a ' constant stream ' of reinforcements to the right wing of the British Second Army . The senior intelligence officer of Army Group B believed the Second Army would launch an offensive in the direction of Nijmegen , Arnhem and Wesel with a primary objective of reaching the industrial area along the Ruhr river . He was convinced that airborne troops would be used in this offensive but was unsure where they would be deployed , suspecting areas along the Siegfried Line north of Aachen or possibly even near the Saar . Second Army would assemble its units at the Maas - Scheldt and Albert Canals . The right wing of the Army would be the assault force , composed primarily of armoured units , which would force a crossing of the Maas and attempt to break through to the Ruhr industrial area near Roermond . The left wing would cover the Army 's northern flank by moving up to the Waal near Nijmegen and isolating the German 15th Army situated on the Dutch coast . Allied ( edit ) A number of reports about German troop movements reached Allied high command , including details about the identity and location of German armoured formations . Station X at Bletchley Park monitored and decrypted German Ultra intelligence reports and sent them to senior Allied commanders but they only reached army headquarters level and were not passed down any lower . On 16 September ULTRA decrypts revealed the movement of 9th and 10th SS Panzer Divisions to Nijmegen and Arnhem , creating enough concern for Eisenhower to send his Chief of Staff , Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith , to raise the issue with Montgomery on 10 September ; however , Montgomery dismissed Smith 's concerns and refused to alter the plans for the landing of 1st Airborne Division at Arnhem . Further information about the location of the German Panzer Divisions at Arnhem was revealed by aerial photographs of Arnhem taken by a photo - reconnaissance Spitfire XI from RAF 's No. 16 Squadron , as well as information from members of the Dutch resistance . Fearing that 1st Airborne Division might be in grave danger if it landed at Arnhem the chief intelligence officer of the division , Major Brian Urquhart , arranged a meeting with Browning and informed him of the armour present at Arnhem . Browning dismissed his claims and ordered the division 's senior medical officer to send Urquhart on sick leave on account of `` nervous strain and exhaustion '' . Battle ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Arnhem Day 1 : Sunday , 17 September 1944 ( edit ) Early successes ( edit ) Allied Landings near Nijmegen The 82nd Airborne Division drops near Grave ( National Archives ) Operation Market Garden opened with Allied success all round . In the first landing , almost all troops arrived on top of their drop zones without incident . In the 82nd Airborne Division , 89 % of troops landed on or within 1,000 metres ( 3,300 ft ) of their drop zones and 84 % of gliders landed on or within 1,000 metres ( 3,300 ft ) of their landing zones . This contrasted with previous operations where night drops had resulted in units being scattered by up to 19 kilometres ( 12 mi ) . Losses to enemy aircraft and flak were light ; German flak was described in reports as `` heavy but inaccurate '' . In the south , the 101st met little resistance and captured four of five bridges assigned to them . After a brief delay caused by an 88 mm gun and a machine gun post , the bridge at Son was blown up by the Germans on approach . Later that day several small attacks by the German 59th Infantry Division were beaten off . Small units of the 101st moved south of Son , towards Eindhoven . Later that day they made contact with German forces . Elements of the 44th Royal Tank Regiment were advancing in the VIII Corps sector who assisted the 101st . 101st Airborne Paratroopers inspect a broken glider . To their north , the 82nd arrived with a small group dropped near Grave securing the bridge . They also succeeded in capturing one of the vitally important bridges over the Maas - Waal canal , the lock - bridge at Heumen . The 82nd concentrated their efforts to seize the Groesbeek Heights instead of capturing their prime objective , the Nijmegen bridge . The capture of the Groesbeek Heights was to set up a blocking position on the high ground to prevent a German attack out of the nearby Reichswald and to deny the heights to German artillery observers . Browning , the commander of the 1st Airborne Army agreed with the assertions of Gavin , the commander of the 82nd , that Groesbeek Heights are the priority . Gavin wanted to occupy the Grave and Maas ( Meuse ) - Waal canal bridges before Nijmegen bridges . He would only send troops when these bridges were secure releasing troops to seize the Nijmegen bridge . Before the operation on 15 September Gavin verbally ordered Lt - Col Linquist of the 508th to send a battalion to the Nijmegen bridge after landing . He had decided that there were enough troops for the other objectives . Linquist later said he understood he should send a battalion after his regiment had completed their earlier assigned targets . Linquist 's battalion approached the bridge that evening delaying the seizure of the bridge . The battalion was stopped by a SS unit that had driven south from Arnhem . A part of the SS unit returned to Arnhem but found the northern end of the Arnhem bridge occupied by the British 1st Airborne . In an attempt to cross the bridge most of the SS unit was killed including the commander . The 508th Parachute Infantry Regiment was tasked with taking the 600 - metre ( 2,000 ft ) long Nijmegen highway bridge if possible but because of miscommunication they did not start until late in the day . General Gavin 's orders to Colonel Lindquist of the 508th were to `` move without delay '' onto the Nijmegen road bridge . Lindquist 's 508th started jumping at 1.28 p.m with 1,922 men . The jump was perfect with the regiment 90 % assembled by 3.00 p.m. The commander of 3rd Battalion wrote later that ... `` we could not have landed better under any circumstances '' . The 508th was still sitting around when Gavin asked them at 6.00 p.m if they had got to the bridge yet . They faced the same disadvantage as the British at Arnhem in dropping many miles from their objective . If they had attacked earlier they would have faced only a dozen German bridge guards . By the time the 508th attacked , troops of the 10th SS Reconnaissance Battalion were arriving . The attack failed , leaving the Nijmegen bridge in German hands . This was vital . Unlike some of the bridges to the south which were over smaller rivers and canals that could be bridged by engineering units , the Nijmegen and Arnhem bridges crossed two arms of the Rhine that could not be bridged easily . If either of the Nijmegen or Arnhem bridges were not captured and held , the advance of XXX Corps would be blocked and Operation Market Garden would fail . British landings ( edit ) Burning British Horsa glider The 1st Airborne Division landed at 13 : 30 without serious incident but problems associated with the poor plan began soon after . Only half of the Division arrived with the first lift and only half of these ( 1st Parachute Brigade ) could advance on the bridge . The remaining troops had to defend the drop zones overnight for the arrival of the second lift on the following day . Thus the Division 's primary objective had to be tackled by less than half a brigade . While the paratroopers marched eastwards to Arnhem , the Reconnaissance Squadron was to race to the bridge in their jeeps and hold it until the rest of the Brigade arrived . The unit set off to the bridge late and having traveled only a short distance the vanguard was halted by a strong German defensive position ; the squadron could make no further progress . This had grave consequences . Five hours after the initial landing , feeling that the British were tied down in Arnhem , the Reconnaissance Battalion of the 9th SS Panzer Division was able to cross the Arnhem bridge and drive to Nijmegen and the bridge over the Waal branch of the Rhine . No British airborne unit was at the bridge . Arnhem veteran Tom Hicks of 1st Parachute Squadron of the Royal Engineers described the problems the paratroops faced : `` They ( the Germans ) had guns that outranged ours . We had no artillery with us so they could just lay off and pick you off kind of thing . If we wanted to get a gun out of action we had to send a patrol out , do it man to man kind of thing . '' Two of the three battalions of the 1st Parachute Brigade were slowed down by small German units of a training battalion which had quickly established a thin blocking line covering the obvious routes into Arnhem . Lieutenant - Colonel John Frost 's 2nd Parachute Battalion , advancing eastwards along the southernmost road into Arnhem near the Rhine , found its route largely undefended . They arrived at the bridge in the evening and set up defensive positions at the north end . They were joined by Brigade HQ , led by Major Tony Hibbert , which was the brigade 's only other unit to reach the bridge . Two attempts to capture the arched steel bridge and its southern approach failed . Of the other battalions , the 3rd Parachute Battalion had only covered half the distance to the bridge when they halted for the night , the rear of their column being under attack and needing time to catch up . The 1st Parachute Battalion was similarly fragmented , yet pushed on around the flank of the German line throughout the night . Frequent skirmishes resulted in their making little more progress . The 3rd Battalion under Captain James Cleminson , KBE , MC , ambushed a German staff car and killed the commander of Arnhem 's garrison , Major - General Friedrich Kussin , as well as his aide and his driver . Communication breakdown ( edit ) John Frost leading officer of the Bruneval Raid ( operation Biting ) on 27 February 1942 . Photographed after receiving the Military Cross for his part in the Bruneval Raid , 1942 . At this time the Parachute Regiment did not have its own insignia or uniform ; Frost wore his Cameronians uniform . Some loss of communication between the bridge and divisional headquarters in one of the drop zones was expected , because 13 km ( 8.1 mi ) separated them and the main radio was the Type 22 set , with an effective range of 5 km ( 3.1 mi ) . The British radios did not function at any range ; some had difficulty receiving signals from just a few hundred metres and others received nothing at all . It was found after landing that the radios had been set to different frequencies , two of which coincided with German and British public broadcasting stations . Other theories have been advanced to explain the greatly reduced range of the 1st Airborne Division radio sets . Thus communication between 1st Airborne units was poor while German defence were being coordinated and reinforced . John Greenacre 's study points out that radio communications failures were experienced by the division before , were warned about prior to the operation and provided for by bringing extra field telephone wire . The more powerful WS19HP set was used by the 1st Brigade on D + 1 . The only means of calling for air support was through two special American units dropped with the 1st Airborne Division . These units were equipped with `` Veeps '' : jeeps having Very High Frequency SCR - 193 crystal sets . It was found impossible to communicate with aircraft on the higher of two frequencies for this and the sets could not be tuned to the lower frequency . Despite efforts to re-tune them , one set was soon destroyed by mortar fire and the other abandoned the next day , cutting the only possible link with RAF fighter - bombers . The pilots were under orders not to attack on their own initiative , since from the air there was no easy way to distinguish friend from foe ; together with poor weather , this led to a lack of air support . After the war it was found that the Royal Corps of Signals was either unaware or failed to tell divisional signals of the communication problems identified in November 1943 due to sun spots by the Scientific Advisor 's Office to the 21st Army Group . Urquhart ordered the 4 - metre ( 13 ft ) aerials to be used , which were useless due to the physics of radio propagation . The wrong frequencies were part of the same problem due to signals personnel not knowing the science of radio communications . XXX Corps advance ( edit ) Irish Guards Sherman tanks advance past knocked out Shermans , 17 September 1944 On the morning of 17 September Lieutenant - General Brian Horrocks was given confirmation that the operation was to take place that day . At 12 : 30 hours Horrocks received a signal that the first wave of the airborne forces had left their bases within the United Kingdom and set the time for the ground attack to start at 14 : 35 hours . At 14 : 15 hours 300 guns of the Corps artillery opened fire , firing a rolling barrage in front of XXX Corps start line that was 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) wide and 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) in depth . The barrage was supported by seven squadrons of RAF Hawker Typhoons firing rockets at all known German positions along the road to Valkenswaard . The advance was led by tanks and infantry of the Irish Guards and started on time when Lieutenant Keith Heathcote , commanding the lead tank , ordered his driver to advance . The lead units of the Irish Guards Group had broken out of XXX Corps bridgehead on the Meuse - Escaut canal and crossed into the Netherlands by 15 : 00 hours . After crossing the border the Irish Guards were ambushed by infantry and anti-tank guns dug in on both sides of the main road . Portions of the artillery barrage were refired and fresh waves of Hawker Typhoons were called in . The Guardsmen moved forward to clear the German positions , manned by elements from two German parachute battalions and two battalions of the 9th SS Division , and soon routed the German forces flanking the road . Interrogation of captured German soldiers led to some of them willingly , others after being threatened , pointing out the remaining German positions . The fighting soon died down and the advance resumed . By last light the town of Valkenswaard had been reached and occupied by the Irish Guards Group . Horrocks had expected that the Irish Guards would have been able to advance the 13 miles ( 21 km ) to Eindhoven within two - three hours ; however , they had only covered 7 miles ( 11 km ) . The operation was already starting to fall behind schedule . In Valkenswaard engineers were moved up to construct a 190 foot ( 58 m ) Class 40 Bailey bridge over a stream , which was completed within 12 hours . German reactions ( edit ) SS troops advancing on bicycles On the German side , it was soon clear what was happening . Field Marshal Walter Model was staying at the Tafelberg Hotel in Oosterbeek , a village to the west of Arnhem , when the British began to land in the countryside to the west of Oosterbeek . He rapidly deduced the likely focus of the attack and after evacuating his headquarters , organised a defence . Wilhelm Bittrich , commanding the 2nd SS Panzer Corps , sent a reconnaissance company of the 9th SS Panzer Division to Nijmegen to reinforce the bridge defences . By midnight , Model had gained a clear picture of the situation and had organised the defence of Arnhem . The confusion usually caused by airborne operations was absent at Arnhem and the advantage of surprise was lost . During the operation , the Germans recovered a copy of the Market - Garden plan from the body of an American officer , who should not have carried it into combat . Day 2 : monday , 18 September ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Allied weather forecasters correctly predicted that England would be covered in fog on the morning of 18 September . The Second Lift was postponed for three hours and thick low clouds began to develop over the southern part of the battle zone , spreading during the day over the area , hampering supply and air support ( Seven of the next eight days had poor weather and all air operations were cancelled on 22 and 24 September ) . 1st Airborne zone ( edit ) British landings in Arnhem The 1st and 3rd Parachute Battalions pushed towards the Arnhem bridge during the early hours and had made good progress but they were frequently halted in skirmishes as soon as it became light . With their long and unwieldy columns having to halt to beat off attacks whilst the troops in front carried on unaware , the Germans delayed segments of the two battalions , fragmented them and mopped up the remnants . Four Waffen SS troopers taken prisoner , 18 September 1944 . Early in the day the 9th SS Reconnaissance Battalion ( sent south the day before ) concluded it was not needed in Nijmegen and returned to Arnhem . Though aware of the British troops at the bridge , it attempted to cross by force and was beaten back with heavy losses , including its commanding officer , SS - Hauptsturmführer Viktor Gräbner . By the end of the day the 1st and 3rd Parachute Battalions had entered Arnhem and were within 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) of the bridge with approximately 200 men , one - sixth their original strength . Most of the officers and non-commissioned officers had been killed , wounded or captured . The Second Lift was delayed by fog and jumped onto a landing zone under heavy attack but landed at full strength ( the 4th Parachute Brigade consisting of the 10th , 11th and 156th Battalions of the Parachute Regiment , commanded by Brigadier - General John Winthrop Hackett ) and C and D Companies of the 2nd South Staffordshire Regiment . 82nd Airborne zone ( edit ) Grave proved to be well defended and German forces continued to press on the 82nd deployed on the Groesbeek heights to the east of Nijmegen . The 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment defended against German attacks in Horst , Grafwegen and Riethorst . Early in the day , German counterattacks seized one of the Allied landing zones where the Second Lift was scheduled to arrive at 13 : 00 . The 508th Parachute Infantry Regiment attacked at 13 : 10 and cleared the LZ by 14 : 00 , capturing 16 German flak pieces and 149 prisoners . Delayed by weather in Britain , the Second Lift did not arrive until 15 : 30 . This lift brought in elements of the 319th and 320th Glider Field Artillery battalions , the 456th Parachute Field Artillery battalion and medical support elements . Twenty minutes later , 135 B - 24 bombers dropped supplies from low level . 101st Airborne zone ( edit ) Map of US landings near Eindhoven Faced with the loss of the bridge at Son , the 101st unsuccessfully attempted to capture a similar bridge a few kilometres away at Best but found the approach blocked . Other units continued moving to the south and eventually reached the northern end of Eindhoven . At 06 : 00 hours the Irish Guards Group resumed the advance while facing determined resistance from German infantry and tanks . Around noon the 101st Airborne were met by the lead reconnaissance units from XXX Corps . At 16 : 00 radio contact alerted the main force that the Son bridge had been destroyed and requested that a Bailey bridge be brought forward . By nightfall the Guards Armoured Division had established itself in the Eindhoven area . However , transport columns were jammed in the packed streets of the town and were subjected to German aerial bombardment during the night . XXX Corps engineers , supported by German prisoners of war , constructed a class 40 Bailey bridge within 10 hours across the Wilhelmina Canal . During the day the British VIII and XII Corps , supporting the main attack , had forged bridgeheads across Meuse - Escaut Canal while facing stiff German resistance ; 50th ( Northumbrian ) Infantry Division was transferred from XXX Corps to VIII Corps so to relieve XXX Corps from having to secure the ground gained thus far . Throughout the day German attacks were launched against XXX Corps and against the newly gained bridgeheads over the Meuse -- Escaut Canal , all without success . Day 3 : tuesday , 19 September ( edit ) Arnhem ( edit ) At 3 : 00 a.m. , the commanders of the 2nd battalion and the 1st and 11th parachute battalions met to plan their attack . At 4 : 30 a.m. , while it was still dark , the 1st Parachute Brigade began its attack towards Arnhem Bridge , with the 1st Battalion leading supported by remnants of the 3rd Battalion , with the 2nd South Staffordshires on the 1st Battalion 's left flank and the 11th Battalion following . As soon as it became light the 1st Battalion was spotted and halted by fire from the main German defensive line . Trapped in open ground and under heavy fire from three sides , the 1st Battalion disintegrated and what remained of the 3rd Battalion fell back . The 2nd South Staffordshires were similarly cut off and , save for about 150 men , overcome by midday . The 11th Battalion , ( which had stayed out of much of the fighting ) was then overwhelmed in exposed positions while attempting to capture high ground to the north . With no hope of breaking through , the 500 remaining men of these four battalions withdrew westwards in the direction of the main force , 5 km ( 3.1 mi ) away in Oosterbeek . The 2nd Battalion and attached units ( approximately 600 men ) were still in control of the northern approach ramp to the Arnhem bridge . They had been ceaselessly bombarded by enemy tanks and artillery from two battle groups lead by SS - Sturmbannführer Brinkmann and the other commanded by Major Hans - Peter Knaust . The Germans recognised that they would not be moved by infantry attacks such as those that had been bloodily repulsed on the previous day so instead they heavily shelled the short British perimeter with mortars , artillery and tanks ; systematically demolishing each house to enable their infantry to exploit gaps and dislodge the defenders . Although in battle against enormous odds , the British clung to their positions and much of the perimeter was held . Oosterbeek ( edit ) British paratroopers in Oosterbeek To the north of Oosterbeek the 4th Parachute Brigade led an attempt by the 1st Airborne Division to break through the German lines but communication difficulties between British paratroopers and General Frederick Browning and the Americans and enemy resistance caused the attack to fail with heavy losses . The 1st Airborne Division , scattered far and wide and hard pressed by the enemy on all sides had lost its offensive capability . Unable to help Lt. - Col. Frost , who commanded the only battalion who had made it to the Arnhem bridge , the remaining soldiers attempted to withdraw into a defensive pocket at Oosterbeek and hold a bridgehead on the north bank of the Rhine after overwhelming German resistance . The parachute elements of the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade had remained in England because of dense fog . Their gliders , mainly carrying anti-tank guns and vehicles , were able to take off but had the misfortune to arrive above the landing zone just as the 4th Parachute Brigade was retreating across it and the gliders came under fire from German units pursuing the Brigade . Nijmegen ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Nijmegen At 08 : 20 , the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment made contact with the Grenadier Guards of the XXX Corps at Grave . This enabled the Regiment to move on to other missions and place the 3rd Battalion in division reserve . By this time , according to the plan , they were due in Arnhem . XXX Corps were eight miles ( 13 km ) from Arnhem with six hours in hand , `` The earlier delays had been made up '' A combined effort to take the Nijmegen bridge was mounted by two companies from the Guards Armoured Division and the 2nd Battalion , 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment . The attack got within 400 metres ( 440 yards ) of the bridge before being stopped ; skirmishing continued throughout the night . A plan was made to attack the south end of the bridge again while the 3rd Battalion , 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment , planned to cross the river in boats 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) downstream and then attack the north end . The boats were requested for late afternoon but did not arrive at that time . Once again XXX Corps was held up in front of a bridge which should have been captured before they arrived . The 1st and 5th battalions , Coldstream Guards , were attached to the division . A supply attempt by 35 C - 47s ( out of 60 sent ) was unsuccessful ; the supplies were dropped from a high altitude and could not be recovered . Bad weather over English bases prevented the scheduled big glider mission carrying the 325th Glider Infantry Regiment from taking off , ending any hope for the scheduled reinforcements for the 82nd Airborne . Wijchen ( edit ) At 09 : 50 the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment was going forward to Wijchen , to attack the Edithbridge from its south end . The bridge was secured . After this fierce engagement they pushed on to the traffic bridge south of Wijchen . Another fierce engagement followed and this bridge was secured . Eindhoven -- Veghel ( edit ) To their south , units of the 101st sent to take Best the day before , were forced to yield to German counter-attacks during the morning . British tanks arriving during the day helped push back the Germans by late afternoon . Later a small force of Panther tanks arrived at Son and started firing on the Bailey bridge . These too were beaten back by anti-tank guns that had recently landed and the bridge was secured . On the night of 19 / 20 September , 78 German bombers took off to attack Eindhoven . The Allies had no antiaircraft guns in the city , allowing the Germans to drop `` a clear golden cluster of parachute flares '' and bomb Eindhoven without loss . The city centre was shattered and the water pressure failed ; over 200 houses were `` gutted '' and 9,000 buildings were damaged , with over 1,000 civilian casualties , including 227 dead . An ammunition convoy and trucks carrying gasoline were also hit . General Matthew Ridgway , in Eindhoven during the attack , wrote : `` Great fires were burning everywhere , ammo trucks were exploding , gasoline trucks were on fire , and debris from wrecked houses clogged the streets . '' Elements of the 101st , based in and around the city , witnessed the attack and escaped loss . The 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment rushed into the burning city and rescued civilians during the night . According to Rick Atkinson , this was `` the only large , long - range air strike by German bombers during the fall of 1944 '' . Day 4 : Wednesday , 20 September ( edit ) Arnhem bridge ( edit ) Lt. Colonel John Frost 's force at the bridge continued to hold and established communication via the public telephone system with 1st Division around noon learning that the division had no hope of relieving them and that XXX Corps was stopped to the south in front of Nijmegen bridge . By the afternoon the British positions around the north end of Arnhem bridge had weakened considerably . Casualties , mostly wounded , were high from constant shelling . An acute lack of ammunition , especially anti-tank munitions , enabled enemy armour to demolish British positions from point - blank range . Food , water and medical supplies were scarce , and so many buildings were on fire and in such serious danger of collapse that a two - hour truce was arranged to evacuate the wounded ( including Lieutenant - Colonel Frost ) into German captivity . Frederick Gough took over as commander when Frost left . While leading a remnant group in withdrawal from the bridge , toward Oosterbeek , for a joining with the rest of the 1st Division , Major Hibbert was captured . British POWs at Arnhem The Germans overcame pockets of resistance throughout the day , gaining control of the northern bridge approaches and permitting reinforcements to cross the span and reinforce units further south near Nijmegen . The remaining British troops continued to fight on , some with just fighting knives but by early Thursday morning almost all had been taken prisoner . The last radio message broadcast from the bridge -- `` Out of ammo , God save the King '' -- was heard only by German radio intercept operators . While it was estimated that the 1st Airborne Division , 10,000 strong , would only need to hold the Arnhem bridge for two days , 740 had held it for twice as long against far heavier opposition than anticipated . While 81 British soldiers died defending Arnhem bridge , German losses can not be stated with any accuracy , though they were high ; 11 units known to have participated in the fighting reported 50 % casualties after the battle . In memory of the fighting there , the bridge has been renamed the `` John Frost Bridge '' . Oosterbeek ( edit ) The Germans advance on Oosterbeek Further west , the remnants of the 1st Airborne Division were gathering at Oosterbeek for their last stand ; those already there were not seriously challenged by the enemy that day . To the east of the village , the 1st , 3rd and 11th Parachute Battalions and the 2nd South Staffordshires were organised into a defensive position . In desperate fighting later in the day , they repulsed an enemy attack which threatened to cut the division off from the Rhine and seal the fate of the bridgehead . In the woods to the west of Oosterbeek the 4th Parachute Brigade fought its way towards the divisional perimeter but was attacked by German troops supported by artillery , mortars and tanks , ( some mounting flame - throwers ) . The brigade had many casualties and the 10th Battalion reached Oosterbeek in the early afternoon with only 60 men . In the rear , the 156th Parachute Battalion fought off numerous enemy attacks before counter-attacking ; the Germans did not know they were fighting men who were in full retreat . The battalion , down to 150 men , mounted a bayonet charge to capture a hollow in the ground in the woods where they were pinned down by enemy attacks for the next eight hours . Towards the end of the day , 75 men fixed bayonets , broke through the German lines and retreated to the Allied pocket at Oosterbeek . Nijmegen ( edit ) See also : Battle of Nijmegen British tanks of XXX Corps cross the road bridge at Nijmegen . Canvas bridge engineers boat used as an assault boat The 82nd did not drop men on both sides of the Nijmegen bridge : all troops were dropped on the south side of the Waal river . Gavin 's plan had no means to seize the Nijmegen bridge other than by frontal assault from the south . Gavin took no boats : there was no option of a river crossing until XXX Corps came up from the south . Boats requested by the 82nd Airborne from XXX Corps arrived in the afternoon , not the morning . A hasty daylight assault crossing was ordered . At about 15 : 00 , the 3rd Battalion , 504th PIR , commanded by Major Julian Cook , began the river assault across the Waal . The American paratroopers were rowed across the Waal by members of C / 307th Engineer Battalion in 26 canvas assault boats . A shortage of paddles required some troopers to paddle the craft with rifle butts . About half the boats survived the crossing under heavy fire and eleven survived the first two crossings . Before the day was over , C / 307th crossed the Waal five times while ferrying across two battalions of the 504th . The surviving paratroopers then proceeded to the village of Lent on the far bank to the north end of the bridge . The costly attack was nicknamed `` Little Omaha '' in reference to Omaha Beach . 200 paratroopers were killed , while German losses exceeded 267 . German forces withdrew from both ends of the bridge after the XXX Corps Guards tanks secured the bridge at 18 : 30 , D + 4 . British Army officer Robert Kershaw interviewed 10th SS Panzer Division commander Heinz Harmel in the 1980s for his book `` It Never Snows In September '' . Harmel stated : `` The four panzers ( Carrington 's Grenadier tank troop ) who crossed the bridge made a mistake when they stayed in the village of Lent . If they had carried on their advance , it would have been all over for us . '' In the hardback version of the book Kershaw has a copy of Harmel 's artillery map which shows German troops between Nijmegen and Arnhem were extremely thin , a handful of security pickets with rifles at the Betuwe midpoint in Elst . By 22 : 00 , D + 4 Frost and Hibbert had been overrun at the Arnhem bridge , 7 miles ( 11 km ) away . However Harmel never mentioned it was dark by the time the Guards tanks reached the village of Lent meeting the 82nd troops . Harmel also did not know , and never mentioned , that three Tiger tanks , one heavy gun and two companies of infantry were heading south from Arnhem to Lent , as the Guards tanks crossed the Nijmegen bridge . Sergeant Peter Robinson , of the Guards Armoured Division who led the charge in his tank over the Nijmegen road bridge stated : `` The Nijmegen bridge was n't taken ( by the 82nd ) which was our objective . We reached the far end of the bridge and immediately there was a roadblock . So the troop sergeant covered me through and then I got to the other side and covered the rest of the troop through . We were still being engaged ; there was a gun in front of the church three or four hundred yards in front of us . We knocked him out . We got down the road to the railway bridge ; we cruised round there very steady . We were being engaged all the time . '' Initially four tanks crossed the bridge with a high probability some of the German explosive charges for demolition would activate . British engineers had cut some charges on the south of the bridge . As the tanks moved over the bridge they were fired on by Panzerfausts , and had grenades dropped on them by German troops in the bridge girders -- 180 German bodies were recovered from the girders with some unaccounted falling into the river below . Once across the bridge only a few 82nd troops met the first tanks as they crossed the bridge . After crossing the bridge one tank was destroyed and another badly damaged , yet moving , and was driven to the village of Lent on the north side of the bridge by the only survivor of the attack -- a Sgt Knight -- who feigned being dead . The rest of the crews were killed , injured , and taken prisoner . One tank destroyed a German Sturmgeschütz assault tank lying in wait . The Guards tanks met the bulk of the 82nd troops north of the bridge in the village of Lent , 1 km north of the bridge and in darkness , after clearing out SS troops from the village and setting the church ablaze . On the road out of Lent , on the northern side of the railway bridge , the leading tank met two hidden German anti-tank guns in darkness . Even if the guns were located and destroyed , German troops with Panzerfausts were on the road and four available Guards tanks were low on ammunition . Only one of the four available tanks was a Firefly , mounting a gun capable of destroying a Tiger tank . Three Tiger tanks were heading south to Lent , unbeknownst to the Guards tank crews . Unable to locate the anti-tank guns , the tanks stopped . The Germans were still threatening the northern end of the bridge . Many of the Guards tanks were unavailable to run north over the bridge still assisting the 82nd and XXX Corps troops in Nijmegen . The Guards who were over the bridge could not leave the northern end of the bridge for fear of recapture . At Lent only 5 tanks were available including the damaged tank , which took on some 82nd troops as tank crew who in previous service had driven Sherman tanks . For the night this tank had a British and American crew . One tank , manned by Capt Lord Carrington , was stationed at the northern end of the bridge alone for 45 minutes , waiting for XXX Corps infantry relief who were fighting Germans in the girders as they moved across the bridge . The tank was attacked by the Germans with a Panzerfaust . After clearing the bridge of Germans in the girders , the Irish Guards crossed the bridge positioning a defence line . The line was reinforced with 82nd troops . To the east , German attacks on the Groesbeek Heights made significant progress , capturing the only remaining bridge suitable for tanks . A counterattack at Mook by elements of the 505th PIR and 1st Battalion , the Coldstream Guards of XXX Corps forced the Germans back to their line of departure by 20 : 00 . The 508th PIR lost ground at Im Thal and Legewald , when attacked by German infantry and tanks . By now it was evident that the German plan was to cut the highway , split up the Airborne units and cut off the advanced elements of XXX Corps . To the south , running battles between the 101st and various German units continued . Eventually several Panther tanks managed to cut the roads but pulled back when low on ammunition . Day 5 : Thursday , 21 September ( edit ) Oosterbeek ( edit ) A Dutch school damaged by mortar fire , being searched for German snipers by Sergeant J. Whawell and Sergeant J. Turrell of the Glider Pilot Regiment . An empty CLE Canister lies open on the ground in the doorway of the school . 20 September 1944 Approximately 3,584 survivors of the 1st Airborne Division established themselves in the buildings and woods around Oosterbeek with the intention of holding a bridgehead on the north side of the Rhine until XXX Corps could arrive . Throughout the day their position was heavily attacked on all sides . In the southeast , Lonsdale Force ( the remnants of the 1st , 3rd , and 11th Parachute Battalions and 2nd South Staffordshires ) repulsed a big attack aided by the fire of the divisional light artillery . In the north the 7th King 's Own Scottish Borderers were almost overrun during the afternoon but a counterattack with bayonets restored the situation and the heavily depleted battalion moved further south to occupy a narrower front . The most serious attack of the day was made at dawn against `` B '' Company , 1st Battalion , Border Regiment which controlled a vital area of high ground in the southwestern tip of the perimeter overlooking the Heveadorp ferry crossing at Driel , which was the division 's only straightforward means of receiving reinforcements from the south . The company was attacked by enemy infantry and armour , including captured French tanks equipped with flamethrowers , and the heights were lost . Counterattacks failed and the remnants of the company were redeployed . The division was left in a precarious position , controlling just 700 metres ( 770 yards ) of the riverbank . The division held ground to similar attacks elsewhere on their front . A supply attempt by RAF Stirlings of 38 Group was disrupted by the only Luftwaffe fighter interception during the operation . Fw 190s intercepted the Stirlings at low altitude and shot down 15 . Anti-aircraft fire accounted for 8 further losses . The Fw 190s were able to penetrate the screen of Allied fighters sent to cover the drop when the U.S. 56th Fighter Group was late in arriving in its patrol sector between Lochem and Deventer . The 56th redeemed itself to an extent by shooting down 15 of the 22 Fw 190s as they departed . Polish paratroopers enter the battle ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After two days of delay due to the weather , the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade under Major - General Stanislaw Sosabowski entered the battle on the afternoon of 21 September , delivered at about 17 : 15 by 114 C - 47s of the U.S. 61st and 314th Troop Carrier Groups . Two of the brigade 's three battalions were dropped amidst heavy German fire , opposite the 1st Airborne Division 's position on a new drop zone south of the Rhine near the village of Driel . The third battalion was dropped 12 -- 15 miles away near Grave . Overall , the poor coordination by the British air transfer officers and persistent attacks by Luftwaffe aircraft caused their supplies to be dropped 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) away on the opposite side of the Rhine . Intending to use the Heveadorp ferry to reinforce the division , they discovered that the opposite bank was dominated by the enemy and that the ferry was missing ; it was later found downstream past the road bridge , completely unserviceable . Unable to help the British , the Polish withdrew to Driel for the night and organised defence there , with the Rhine behind their backs and German units increasing in strength around them . The brigade had lost 25 % of its fighting strength , amounting to 590 casualties . Several attempts to cross the Rhine on improvised equipment could only be partly successful due to heavy German fire and inability by the 1st Airborne to secure the landing area on the Rhine 's northern bank . The 1st Airborne Division made radio contact during the day with guns of the 64th Medium Regiment of XXX Corps ' artillery which had advanced with the ground forces and were assigned to the division for support . Unlike many others , this radio link worked throughout the battle and the regiment provided valuable fire support to the division . Nijmegen ( edit ) See also : Battle of Nijmegen This section may be too long and excessively detailed . Please consider summarizing the material while citing sources as needed . ( January 2016 ) Nijmegen after the battle . 28 September 1944 . Despite the capture of Nijmegen bridge and the clearing of the town on the previous evening , the five tanks of Guards Armoured Division which were across the river did not advance due to : darkness , one tank having been hit , meeting hidden German anti-tank guns , not knowing the full situation on the road ahead and having to secure the northern end of the bridge until infantry were fully in place . Unbeknown to the leading tank crews , three Tiger tanks and two companies of infantry were heading down the road south from Arnhem to Lent . The Division resumed its advance about 18 hours later , at noon in daylight with reinforcements from Nijmegen . Lieutenant - General Brian Horrocks claimed he needed to hold his force as his troops were still fighting in Nijmegen and supplies were slow coming up the single road from Belgium . The Coldstream Guards Group were repulsing an attack on the Groesbeek position , the Irish Guards Group had moved back south to Eindhoven to meet another attack , the Grenadiers had just captured the approaches to the bridge with assistance by the US 82nd paratroops and had five tanks across to support securing the north end of the bridge and the Welsh Guards were reserve for the 82nd Airborne . The Guards Armoured Division was scattered over twenty - five square miles of the south bank of the Waal . Horrocks stated , `` Jim Gavin , the divisional commander , could have had no idea of the utter confusion that reigned in Nijmegen at the time , with sporadic battles going on all over the place , and particularly on our one road to the rear where chaos reigned '' . The Market Garden plan depended upon a single highway as the route of advance and supply . This imposed a delay , although the delay was not that great . A problem was that other units could not be deployed on other routes to maintain momentum . Brigadier General Gavin 's diary comment was : `` Had Ridgeway been in command at that moment , we would have been ordered up that road in spite of all our difficulties , to save the men at Arnhem . '' Gavin is silent on the 36 - hour delay caused by his failure to capture the bridge on schedule . The historian Max Hastings wrote : `` It reflected poorly on the British Army ... '' . Another version of events by Robin Neillands quotes Captain Lord Carrington `` ... I certainly met an American officer ... the Airborne were all very glad to see us and get some support ; no one suggested we should press on to Arnhem . '' . Neillands went on , `` Let us be frank . The 82nd should have taken the Nijmegen bridge on D - Day , 17 September . By failing to do so Gavin made a major contribution to the failure of the entire Arnhem operation and it will not do to pass the blame for that failure on to the British or to Captain Lord Carrington . '' The delay enabled the Germans to reinforce the defence already established at Ressen ( an SS infantry battalion , eleven tanks , an infantry battalion , two 88 mm batteries , twenty 20 mm flak and the remnants of the fighting at Nijmegen south of Arnhem aided by use of the bridge following their capture of its northern end . The advance of the Guards , hindered by marshes that prevented off - road movement , was soon halted by a firm German defensive line . The Guards spearhead did not have the strength to outflank the line . The 43rd Division was ordered to take over the lead , work its way around the enemy positions and make contact with the Polish airborne troops at Driel to the west . The 43rd was 16 km ( 9.9 mi ) away and there was a traffic jam between them and Nijmegen . It was not until the following day , Friday , that the whole division crossed the River Waal and began its advance . The Germans , clearly starting to gain the upper hand at Arnhem , continued counterattacking all along the path of XXX Corps . XXX Corps still managed to advance with the 101st Airborne Division and XXX Corps holding ground . At about 15 : 00 , 406 C - 47 glider tugs and 33 C - 47 cargo carriers delivered supplies to the 82nd Airborne Division . About 60 % of the supplies were recovered with 351 of the gliders being counted as effective , partly with the help of Dutch civilians . Most of the 82nd and 101st , reinforced with British armoured units , were engaged in defensive fighting with the objective of holding the highway corridor . Small engagements were fought along the whole length of the corridor . Day 6 : Friday , 22 September ( `` black Friday '' ) ( edit ) The Germans , wary after unsuccessful and costly attacks the previous day , shelled and mortared the airborne positions heavily . By the end of the battle some 110 guns had been brought to Oosterbeek as the Germans shifted to the tactics that had worked so well at Arnhem bridge . Attacks were limited , conducted against specific positions and even individual houses . Numerous well - sited British anti-tank guns also caused German reluctance to attack . The survivors of the 1st Airborne were outnumbered 4 to 1 . The Polish 1st Parachute Brigade at Driel , unable to cross the Rhine , nonetheless forced a redeployment of German forces . Fearing a Polish attempt to recapture Arnhem bridge or , worse , an attempt to cut the road to the south and so trap the 10th SS Panzer Division then blocking the route of the Guards Armoured Division to Arnhem , the Germans withdrew 2,400 troops from Oosterbeek . They were moved south of the river to engage the Polish paratroopers at Driel , making attacks to little effect through the day . Link - up between the Poles and XXX Corps ( edit ) The fog lifted as leading elements of the 43rd Division attempted to advance to Driel , exposing them to German fire . They arrived in Driel during the evening . Lacking assault craft , an unsuccessful attempt was made that night to put elements of the Polish brigade across the river . British and Polish engineers on both sides of the Rhine had worked through the day to improvise a crossing using small boats linked by signals cable but the cable kept breaking forcing the Polish troops to slowly row across against the strong current . The attempt was made under enemy observation and fire and only 52 soldiers of the 8th Polish Parachute Company survived the crossing before a halt was called at dawn . While much of the corridor was firmly in Allied hands , German counterattacks were still being mounted along its length . During the previous night , two mixed armoured formations on either side of Highway 69 attacked between Veghel and Grave ; one group managed to cut the highway and prevent any further advance to Arnhem . Day 7 : Saturday , 23 September ( edit ) The Germans had figured out what the Poles were attempting to do and they spent the rest of the day trying to cut off the British in their northern bridgehead from the riverside . The British managed to hold on and both sides suffered heavy losses . The Germans also attacked the Poles on the south side in order to tie them down but several tanks arrived from XXX Corps and they were beaten off . Boats and engineers from the Canadian army also arrived that day and another river crossing that night landed 150 troops of the Polish 3rd Parachute Battalion on the north bank of the Rhine . To the south several more German attacks from their position astride the road were stopped but the road was still cut . XXX Corps then sent a unit of the Guards Armoured Division 19 km ( 12 mi ) south and re-took the road . The rest of the force to the north continued to wait for infantry to move up , still only a few kilometres south of Arnhem . The 325th GIR was finally delivered to reinforce the 82nd Airborne , originally planned for 19 September , and while it was immediately 75 % effective , arrived far too late to affect the battle in that sector . Day 8 : Sunday , 24 September ( edit ) Another German force cut the road to the south of Veghel and set up defensive positions for the night . It was not clear to the Allies at this point how much of a danger this represented but the principal objective of Operation Market Garden , i.e. the Allied crossing of the Rhine , was abandoned this day and the decision made to go over to the defensive with a new front line in Nijmegen . Nonetheless , an attempt was made on Sunday night to reinforce the 1st Airborne Division with the 4th Battalion , The Dorsetshire Regiment . Two companies were put across the river but the location of the crossing point was ill - advised and the Dorsets landed among German positions . Fragmented by their landing and immediately pinned down , of the 315 men who crossed only 75 reached Oosterbeek ; the remainder were taken prisoner . As a result of this failure , it was decided to withdraw the 1st Airborne Division from its bridgehead on the northern side of the Rhine . Day 9 : monday , 25 September ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Operation Berlin ( Arnhem rescue ) At dawn the 1st Airborne Division received their orders to withdraw across the Rhine ; this was called Operation Berlin . This could not be done until nightfall and in the meantime the division struggled to survive . In a departure from their cautious attritional tactics of the previous days , the Germans formed two potent SS battlegroups and made a significant thrust along a narrow front in the eastern sector . This succeeded in breaking through the thin front line and for a time the division was in peril . The attack met with increasing resistance as it pushed deeper into the British lines and was finally broken up by a heavy bombardment of the 64th Medium Regiment . Employing every ruse to give the Germans the impression that their positions were unchanged , the 1st Airborne Division began its withdrawal at 22 : 00 . British and Canadian engineer units ferried the troops across the Rhine , covered by the Polish 3rd Parachute Battalion on the north bank . By early the next morning they had withdrawn 2,398 survivors , leaving 300 men to surrender on the north bank at first light , when German fire prevented their rescue . Of approximately 10,600 men of the 1st Airborne Division and other units who fought north of the Rhine , 1,485 had died and 6,414 were taken prisoner of whom one third were wounded . To the south the newly arrived 50th ( Northumbrian ) Infantry Division attacked the Germans holding the highway and secured it by the next day . Allied positions in the Nijmegen Salient as it came to be known , were manned throughout the rest of September and October by airborne units , then handed over to the First Canadian Army in November 1944 and remained unchanged until February 1945 when Operation Veritable was launched on the Rhineland , advancing east instead of north towards Arnhem . Casualties ( edit ) The grave of an unknown British airborne soldier at Arnhem , photographed after its liberation 15 April 1945 . XXX Corps suffered fewer than 1,500 casualties , which stands in stark contrast to the 8,000 casualties suffered by the 1st Airborne Division . On several occasions , units of the flanking British Corps made contact with paratroopers before units of XXX Corps , and fought on to support them until the end of the operation . The higher toll by the 101st Airborne Division reflects the reality that aside from contending with the local German defenders , they also had to combat German troops retreating from the XXX Corps advance . Casualties Total Grand Total Dutch civilians 500 500 Second Army and I Airborne Corps 11,784 -- 13,226 15,326 -- 17,200 XVIII Airborne Corps 3,542 -- 3,974 German casualties are harder to determine , as the records are incomplete . The official casualties estimated by Rundstedt were 3,300 but this was challenged by historians . Conservative estimates range from 6,400 , 8,000 , to as high as 9,800 -- 13,300 . Kershaw gives a detailed but incomplete list of the German order of battle and their casualties and gives 6,315 -- 8,925 German casualties . A contemporary paper of the 21st Army Group mentions that 16,000 German prisoners were taken during Operation Market Garden but it is unclear how those numbers relate to later casualty estimates . Victoria cross ( edit ) On 19 September , RAF Douglas Dakota Mk . III , KG374 , c / n 12383 , ( ex-USAAF C - 47A - DK , 42 - 92568 ) , ' YS - DM ' , of 271 Squadron , RAF Down Ampney , Gloucester , piloted by F / Lt. David Lord , was hit by anti-aircraft fire in the starboard engine while on a supply sortie to Arnhem . Fire spread over the starboard wing , as Lord spent ten minutes making two passes over very small dropzones ( which , unknown to the crew , had been overrun by German forces ) to drop eight ammunition panniers . Just after the last pannier was dropped , the fuel tank exploded , tore off the wing and only the navigator F / O Harry King escaped . He was made POW the following morning , spending the rest of the war in Stalag Luft I at Barth . Lord , the second pilot P / O R.E.H. `` Dickie '' Medhurst ( son of Air Chief Marshal Sir Charles Medhurst ) , the wireless operator F / O Alec Ballantyne and air dispatchers Cpl . P. Nixon , Dvr . A. Rowbotham , Dvr. J. Ricketts and Dvr . L. Harper of 223 Company RASC , were killed . Following the release of King from prison camp , full details of the action became known and Lord received a posthumous Victoria Cross on 13 November 1945 , the only VC awarded to any member of Transport Command during the Second World War . In May 1949 , the Dutch Government awarded Harry King the Netherlands Bronze Cross . Aftermath ( edit ) Debate on Allied strategy and tactics ( edit ) Operation Market Garden has remained a controversial battle for several reasons . Allied tactics and strategy have been much debated . The operation was the result of a strategy debate at the highest levels of Allied command in Europe . Much post-war analysis has thus probed the alternatives that were not taken , such as giving priority to securing the Scheldt estuary and so opening the port of Antwerp . But Montgomery insisted that the First Canadian Army should clear the German garrisons in Boulogne , Calais and Dunkirk first although they had all suffered demolitions and would not be navigable for some time . Admiral Cunningham warned that Antwerp would be `` as much use as Timbuctoo '' unless the approaches were cleared , and Admiral Ramsay warned SHAEF and Montgomery that the Germans could block the Scheldt Estuary with ease . The ( French ) Channel ports were `` resolutely defended '' and Antwerp was the only solution . But the Germans reinforced their island garrisons , and the Canadians `` sustained 12,873 casualties in an operation which could have been achieved at little cost if tackled immediately after the capture of Antwerp ... This delay was a grave blow to the Allied build - up before winter approached . '' Optimistic planning ( edit ) Among the controversial aspects of the plan was the necessity that all the main bridges be taken . The terrain was also ill - suited for the mission of XXX Corps . Brereton had ordered that the bridges along XXX Corps ' route should be captured with `` thunderclap surprise '' . It is therefore surprising in retrospect that the plans placed so little emphasis on capturing the important bridges immediately with forces dropped directly on them . In the case of Veghel and Grave where this was done , the bridges were captured with only a few shots being fired . The decision to drop the 82nd Airborne Division on the Groesbeek Heights , several kilometres from the Nijmegen Bridge , has been questioned because it resulted in a long delay in its capture . Browning and Gavin considered holding a defensive blocking position on the ridge a prerequisite for holding the highway corridor . Gavin generally favoured accepting the higher initial casualties involved in dropping as close to objectives as possible in the belief that distant drop zones would result in lower chances of success . With the 82nd responsible for holding the centre of the salient , he and Browning decided the ridge must take priority . Combined with the 1st Airborne Division 's delays within Arnhem , which left the Arnhem bridge open to traffic until 20 : 00 , the Germans were given vital hours to create a defence on the Nijmegen bridge . At Arnhem , the RAF planners selected the drop zones , refusing to drop near the town on the north side of the target bridge because of flak at Deelen . Another suitable drop zone just to the south of the bridge was rejected because it was thought to be too marshy for landing gliders containing the force 's heavy equipment . However , that same drop zone was selected for the 1st Polish Independent Parachute Brigade in the third lift , which suggests they were well aware of its suitability . Urquhart made his objections to the RAF planners , who were unmoved , even when he informed them that the troops and glider pilots were willing to take whatever risks landing closer to the objectives entailed . Urquhart made the best of the RAF planners ' decision and thus the three main landing and drop zones were 8 -- 10 km ( 5.0 -- 6.2 mi ) from the bridge , with the fourth being 13 km ( 8.1 mi ) away . Weather ( edit ) A precarious timetable at the mercy of the weather resulted in the 101st Airborne Division being without its artillery for two days , the 82nd Airborne without its artillery for a day and without its glider infantry regiment for four days and the British 1st Airborne division without its fourth brigade until the fifth day . The more time required to complete the air drops , the longer each division had to devote forces to defending the drop and landing zones , weakening their offensive power . Priority of operation ( edit ) Several weeks prior to the plan taking shape , the British had captured Antwerp and its all - important port facilities . This action had the potential to greatly shorten the Allies ' supply lines and trap Gustav - Adolf von Zangen 's 15th Army of 80,000 men on the south side of the Scheldt Estuary . Instead , Von Zangen 's men , with most of their heavy equipment including their artillery , escaped by boat to South Beveland peninsula ( Zeeland province , the Netherlands ) . In September , the peninsula could have been sealed by a short advance of only 24 km ( 15 mi ) past Antwerp . Instead , because priority on supplies went to Market Garden , the First Canadian Army paused at Antwerp and then fought the costly Battle of the Scheldt in October . In the aftermath of Market Garden , Antwerp was not made operational until 28 November . By 1 October , over 240 Allied supply ships were waiting , unable to unload their cargo because of the limited port facilities on the continent . Missed opportunities ( edit ) Arnhem bridge was not the only Rhine crossing . Had the Market Garden planners realized that a ferry was available at Driel , the British might have secured that instead of the Arnhem bridge . Being a shorter distance away from their western drop and landing zones , the 1st Parachute Brigade could have concentrated to hold the Oosterbeek heights , instead of one battalion farther away at the road bridge ; in this case , Arnhem was `` one bridge too many '' . A contrasting view is that the attack into Arnhem was intended to capture the rail bridge , the pontoon bridge and the road bridge ; that the rail bridge was blown in the face of Frost 's 2nd Parachute Battalion , the pontoon bridge had been disabled by the removal of several sections and that this left only the road bridge intact , the Heveadorp ferry was no substitute for a bridge . Hypothetically , had XXX Corps pushed north , they might have arrived at the south end and secured it ( had the Guards Armoured sent more than five Shermans across the bridge and had they not been later stopped by the German position at Ressen ) , leaving the way open for another crossing to the north at some other point . There was the smaller possibility of arriving with Frost 's force intact . This perceived `` lack of guts '' caused some bitterness at the time among members of both the British 1st Airborne and the US 82nd Airborne . As it was , XXX Corps did not resume the drive to Arnhem that night but eighteen hours later . The commander of XXX Corps advocated another course of action . About 25 km ( 16 mi ) to the west was another bridge at Rhenen , which he predicted would be undefended , because of all the efforts being directed on Oosterbeek . This was true but the corps was never authorised to take the bridge ; if they had , it is almost certain they would have crossed unopposed into the rear of the German lines . By this time , it appears that Montgomery was more concerned with the German assaults on Market Garden 's lengthy ' tail ' . Gen. Sosabowski ( left ) with Gen. Browning . Bad choices were made throughout the operation , and opportunities were ignored . The commander of the Glider Pilot Regiment had asked for a small force with gliders to land on the southern side of the bridge at Arnhem to quickly capture it but he was denied . This was surprising in light of the fact that in Normandy , the British 6th Airborne Division had used such coup - de-main tactics to take Pegasus Bridge . In Britain , the commander of the British 52nd ( Lowland ) Infantry Division , whose troops were slated to fly into a captured airfield , pleaded with his superiors to allow a brigade to fly in with gliders to assist Major - General Urquhart 's trapped forces . Browning declined the offer , `` as situation better than you think '' and reaffirmed his intention to fly the 52nd Division in to Deelen airfield as planned . This was probably fortunate , as glider landings on undefended landing zones before the eyes of an alert enemy could have resulted in catastrophe . There was another airfield near Grave and the 52nd Lowland could have been landed there , as the 1st Light Anti-Tank Battery did on 26 September . The Polish 1st Parachute Brigade commander Major - General Stanisław Sosabowski , was prepared to try a dangerous drop through the fog which held up his deployment but again was refused . Market Garden was a risky plan that required a willingness to gamble at the tactical and operational levels . Unfortunately , the detailed planning and leadership required at those levels was not always present . The 1st Airborne Division , the least experienced in working as a whole division , was given the most difficult objective . The failure of the 82nd Airborne Division to attach maximum importance to the early capture of Nijmegen Bridge was a major mistake . XXX Corps was also criticized for its inability to keep to the operation 's timetable . The most notable example of this was on Wednesday 20 September , when Nijmegen Bridge had finally been captured and elements of the Guards Armoured Division , after crossing , promptly came to a halt for the night to rest , refuel and rearm . XXX Corps was delayed at Son by a bridge demolition and again at Nijmegen ( having arrived by D + 3 , within the maximum time estimate , having compensated for the delay to build a Bailey Bridge at Son ) . The lead unit of XXX Corps , the Guards Armoured Division , was led by a commander ( Allan Adair ) whom Montgomery had sought to remove prior to D - Day . This action was blocked due to Adair 's popularity . Gavin regretted giving his division 's most important tasks ( Groesbeek ridge and Nijmegen ) to the 508th Parachute Infantry Regiment rather than his best regiment , Tucker 's 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment . Intelligence failure ( edit ) Unlike the American airborne divisions in the area , British forces at Arnhem ignored the local Dutch resistance . There was a good reason for this : Britain 's spy network in the Netherlands had been thoroughly and infamously compromised -- the so - called England game , which had only been discovered in April 1944 . Perhaps assuming that the Dutch resistance would be similarly penetrated , British intelligence took pains to minimise all civilian contact . U.S. units , without this bad experience , made use of Dutch help . As things turned out , knowledge of the Driel ferry or of the underground 's secret telephone network could have changed the result of the operation , especially since Allied radio equipment failed , having to rely on messengers . The latter was very important : it would have given the XXX Corps and Airborne High Command knowledge about the dire situation at Arnhem . After the war , claims arose that the Dutch resistance had indeed been penetrated . One high - ranking Dutch officer who had worked in counter-intelligence at SHAEF , Lieutenant - Colonel Oreste Pinto published a popular book , Spy Catcher , part - memoir and part counter-intelligence handbook . Pinto , who had made a name for himself in World War I for his part in uncovering Mata Hari , claimed that a minor figure in the Dutch resistance , Christiaan Lindemans ( nicknamed `` King Kong '' ) had been a German agent and had betrayed Operation Market Garden to the Germans . Lindemans was arrested in October 1944 , but committed suicide in his cell in 1946 while awaiting trial . In 1969 , French journalist and historian Anne Laurens concluded that Lindemans had been a double agent . Tributes to the participants ( edit ) Eisenhower wrote to Urquhart : `` In this war there has been no single performance by any unit that has more greatly inspired me or more highly excited my admiration , than the nine days action of your division between 17 and 26 September '' . Montgomery predicted that `` in years to come it will be a great thing for a man to be able to say : ' I fought at Arnhem ' . '' CBS war correspondent Bill Downs , who was assigned to Montgomery 's campaign since the Normandy invasion , famously said of Nijmegen that it was `` ... a single , isolated battle that ranks in magnificence and courage with Guam , Tarawa , Omaha Beach ... a story that should be told to the blowing of bugles and the beating of drums for the men whose bravery made the capture of this crossing over the Waal River possible . '' Controversy ( edit ) The operation and the planning are still controversial . Both Churchill and Montgomery claimed that the operation was nearly or 90 % successful , although in Montgomery 's equivocal acceptance of responsibility he blames lack of support , and also refers to the Battle of the Scheldt which was undertaken by Canadian troops not involved in Market Garden . Winston Churchill claimed in a telegram to Jan Smuts on October 9th that `` As regards Arnhem , I think you have got the position a little out of focus . The battle was a decided victory , but the leading division , asking , quite rightly , for more , was given a chop . I have not been afflicted with any feeling of disappointment over this and am glad our commanders are capable of running this kind of risk . '' He said that the risks `` ... were justified by the great prize so nearly in our grasp '' but acknowledged that `` Clearing the Scheldt estuary and opening the port of Antwerp had been delayed for the sake of the Arnhem thrust . Thereafter it was given first priority . '' In 1948 , Eisenhower wrote that `` The attack began well and unquestionably would have been successful except for the intervention of bad weather . '' Eisenhower was isolated in the SHAEF HQ at Granville , which did not even have radio or telephone links , so his staff were largely ignorant of the details of the operation . Bedell Smith 's objections were brushed aside by Montgomery , as were those of Montgomery 's chief of staff Freddie de Guingand who went to England on sick leave . Responsibility for the failure `` began with Eisenhower and extended to Montgomery , Brereton , Browning , and , on the ground side , Dempsey and Horrocks , neither of whom ... galvanised their tank units while there was still time to have seized and held Arnhem bridge '' . In the end Browning and Montgomery made Sosabowski ( who had been ignored ) and the Poles the scapegoat . D'Este notes that Montgomery 's admission of a mistake was unique : `` the only admission of failure by a senior Allied commander '' . Montgomery claimed that Market Garden was `` 90 % successful '' and said : It was a bad mistake on my part -- I underestimated the difficulties of opening up the approaches to Antwerp ... I reckoned the Canadian Army could do it while we were going for the Ruhr . I was wrong ... In my -- prejudiced -- view , if the operation had been properly backed from its inception , and given the aircraft , ground forces , and administrative resources necessary for the job , it would have succeeded in spite of my mistakes , or the adverse weather , or the presence of the 2nd SS Panzer Corps in the Arnhem area . I remain Market Garden 's unrepentant advocate . `` My country can never again afford the luxury of another Montgomery success . '' Bernhard , the Prince of the Netherlands Subsequent combat in the Netherlands ( edit ) The front line in the Low Countries after Operation Market Garden After Operation Market Garden failed to establish a bridgehead across the Rhine , Allied forces launched offensives on two fronts in the south of the Netherlands . To secure shipping to the vital port of Antwerp they advanced northwards and westwards , taking the Scheldt Estuary in the Battle of the Scheldt . Allied forces also advanced eastwards in Operation Aintree to secure the banks of the Meuse as a natural boundary for the established salient . This attack on the German bridgehead west of the Meuse near Venlo was for the Allies an unexpectedly protracted affair , which included the Battle of Overloon . In February 1945 , Allied forces in Operation Veritable advanced from the Groesbeek heights which had been taken during Market Garden , and into Germany , crossing the Rhine in March during Operation Plunder . As a result of Operation Plunder , the city of Arnhem was finally liberated by I Canadian Corps on 14 April 1945 after two days of fighting . A surrender of the remaining German forces in the west of the Netherlands was signed on 5 May . Famine in the Netherlands ( edit ) A tragic consequence of the operation 's failure was the Hongerwinter ( Hungerwinter ) . During the battle Dutch railway workers , incited by the Dutch government in London , went on strike in order to aid the Allied assault . In retribution Germany forbade food transportation , and in the following winter more than twenty thousand Dutch citizens starved to death . Commemoration ( edit ) Memorials and remembrance ( edit ) Monument for the Dutch at Sint - Oedenrode The prized Arnhem bridge for which the British had fought so hard did not survive the war . As the front line stabilised south of the Rhine , B - 26 Marauders of 344th Bomb Group , USAAF destroyed it on 7 October to deny its use to the Germans . It was replaced with a bridge of similar appearance in 1948 and renamed John Frost Bridge ( John Frostbrug ) on 17 December 1977 . The Polish Monument in Driel at the ' Polenplein ' There are a number of monuments in the Arnhem area . A memorial near Arnhem reads To the People of Gelderland ; 50 years ago British and Polish Airborne soldiers fought here against overwhelming odds to open the way into Germany and bring the war to an early end . Instead we brought death and destruction for which you have never blamed us . This stone marks our admiration for your great courage remembering especially the women who tended our wounded . In the long winter that followed your families risked death by hiding Allied soldiers and Airmen while members of the resistance led many to safety . You took us then into your homes as fugitives and friends we took you forever into our hearts . This strong bond will continue long after we are all gone . '' On 16 September 1994 , 101st Airborne veterans unveiled a `` Monument for the Dutch '' in Sint - Oedenrode . The monument is a gift from the veterans to the civilians who fought alongside of the U.S. troops , much to the surprise and relief of the U.S. soldiers . The inscription on the monument is in English and reads `` Dedicated to the people of the Corridor by the veterans of the 101st Airborne Division , in grateful appreciation of their courage , compassion and friendship '' . Airborne Museum Hartenstein On 31 May 2006 , Polish 1st Independent Airborne Brigade was awarded the Dutch Military William Order by HM Queen Beatrix for gallantry at Arnhem during Operation Market Garden in 1944 . The American 82nd Airborne Division had previously been awarded the same order for gallantry during the operation on 8 October 1945 . Several museums in the Netherlands are dedicated to Operation Market Garden , including the National Liberation Museum 1944 -- 1945 in Groesbeek , Wings of Liberation Museum Park in Best ( near Eindhoven ) and Airborne Museum Hartenstein in Oosterbeek . Annually there is a commemorative walk in Oosterbeek on the first Saturday of September which attracts tens of thousands of participants . A Commemorative Project plaque was unveiled on 23 June 2009 , to commemorate the unique military and historical ties between Canada and the Netherlands . A hole , a par five , on the south course ( Hylands Golf Course Uplands ) in Ottawa , Ontario was named `` Arnhem , in honour of the Royal Canadian Artillery squadrons that took part in Second World War allied airborne Operation MARKET GARDEN from September 17 to 26 , 1944 . The operation , intended to secure a series of bridges so the allies could advance into Germany , fell short when the allied forces were unsuccessful in securing the bridge over the Rhine at Arnhem . '' The village of Somerby in Leicestershire has a memorial hall dedicated to the men of the 10th battalion who were based there and who did not return . Each year there is a parade in their honour led by the Seaforth Highlanders . In popular culture ( edit ) Operation Market Garden was the subject of the 1946 film Theirs Is the Glory . This film mixed original footage from the battle with re-enactments , shot on location in Arnhem . Many of the actors portraying the paratroopers were soldiers who fought in the battle . Some played themselves , including Kate ter Horst , Frederick Gough , John Frost and Stanley Maxted , the Canadian journalist who posted gripping reports from the front at Arnhem . A Bridge Too Far is a 1977 epic war film , based on the 1974 book of the same name by Cornelius Ryan . It was adapted by William Goldman , directed by Richard Attenborough and had an all - star cast . Unlike the earlier film , it covered the entire operation from all sides , British , American , German , Polish and Dutch . Dramatizations of the actions of the 101st Airborne Division , 506th PIR during the battle ( with cameo scenes also of XXX Corps , British paratroopers and Canadian engineers ) formed part of the HBO television miniseries Band of Brothers . See also ( edit ) World War II portal References ( edit ) Informational notes Jump up ^ Dr. John C Warren wrote : `` Thus ended in failure the greatest airborne operation of the war ... All objectives save Arnhem had been won , but without Arnhem the rest were as nothing . Jump up ^ Montgomery said that `` Had good weather obtained , there was no doubt that we should have attained full success '' . ( General ) Student , when interrogated by Liddell Hart , did not go quite so far as this , but gave the weather as the main cause of the operation to be fully completed . Chester Wilmot wrote : `` Summing up the overall results of Market Garden , ... ( Montgomery claiming 90 % success ) ... This claim is difficult to support , unless the success of the operation is judged merely in terms of the numbers of bridges captured . Eight crossings were seized but the failure to secure the ninth , the bridge at Arnhem , meant the frustration of Montgomery 's strategic purpose . His fundamental objective had been to drive Second Army beyond the Maas and Rhine in one bound . '' Jump up ^ While the size of the German force used to oppose Market Garden is currently unknown , Michael Reynolds notes that Fifteenth Army , based to the west of the axis of advance , contained over 80,000 men . The strength of First Parachute Army is not given . However , Reynolds notes it had just been reinforced with over 30,000 men from the Luftwaffe , including paratroopers in various stages of training . Finally , the 9th and 10th SS Panzer Divisions each contained in the neighborhood of 6,000 -- 7,000 men . Jump up ^ XXX Corps lost 70 tanks while VIII and XII Corps lost c. 18 tanks . Jump up ^ Operation Varsity in 1945 involved more aircraft , gliders , and troops on D - Day than in Market but troops flown in on later days made Market Garden the larger operation . Jump up ^ The CIGS , Field Marshal Sir Alan Brooke , was absent as he was attending the Second Quebec Conference Jump up ^ `` Handsup '' , a drop on Quiberon , was cancelled after naval objections and `` Beneficiary '' , a drop on Saint - Malo , because defences were too strong . Jump up ^ After 25 August , IX TCC was removed from Ninth Air Force and placed directly under US Strategic Air Forces . Jump up ^ 655 of the 700 scheduled RAF sorties on the first two days towed gliders and the RAF only dropped 186 total troops by parachute . Jump up ^ The 9th SS Panzer Division was onganized into the divisional reconnaissance battalion and nineteen Alarmheiten ( Alarm Companies ) trained to head towards the sound of gunfire , each being about 130 men . Jump up ^ Ryan claims civilian casualties in the Arnhem area are less than 500 , while he had heard of up to 10,000 killed , wounded or displaced civilians in the Market Garden operation area . Jump up ^ According to Ellis Second Army casualties ( excluding the 1st Airborne Division ) amounted to 3,716 men from 17 -- 26 September . Ryan states that total British casualties amounted to 13,226 : 1st Airborne Division ( including Polish forces and glider pilots ) , 7,578 ; RAF pilot and crew losses , 294 ; XXX Corps , 1,480 , while supporting operations by VIII and XII Corps resulted in 3,874 casualties . VIII Corps staff place their losses at 663 men . Michael Reynolds arrives at a slightly different figure to Ryan for the airborne losses ; 1,446 men of the 1st Airborne and Glider Pilot Regiment were killed while 6,414 were taken prisoner . Furthermore 97 Poles were killed and a further 111 captured . Jump up ^ 82nd Airborne Division : 1,432 . 101st Airborne Division : 2,118 . Glider pilots and air crew : 424 . Jump up ^ Historian Cornelius Ryan states that `` complete German losses remain unknown but that in Arnhem and Oosterbeek admitted casualties came to 3,300 including 1,300 dead ... I would conservatively estimate that Army Group B lost at least another 7,500 -- 10,000 men of which perhaps a quarter were killed . '' Michael Reynolds wrote that `` precise details of German casualties do not exist '' they totalled about 6,400 based on research by Robert Kershaw . Kershaw estimates that 2,565 Germans were killed north of the lower Rhine and a further 3,750 were lost fighting around XXX Corps corridor . Stephen Badsey states that `` other calculations place ( German losses ) at 2,000 dead and 6,000 wounded '' . Citations Jump up ^ Warren 1956 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Westwall 1945 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 525 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 523 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds 2001 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Randel 1945 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Reynolds 2001 , pp. 100 -- 01 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1963 , p. 199 , and endnotes . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1963 , p. 199 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan 1999 , p. 457 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds 2001 , pp. 173 -- 74 . ^ Jump up to : Badsey 1993 , p. 85 . ^ Jump up to : Kershaw 2004 , pp. 339 -- 40 . ^ Jump up to : Staff 1945 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1963 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Middlebrook 1995 , pp. 64 -- 65 Jump up ^ Chant , Chris ( 1979 ) . Airborne Operations . An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Great Battles of Airborne Forces . Salamander books , p. 108 and 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86101 - 014 - 1 Jump up ^ Ellis 1968 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Ellis 1968 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Ellis 1968 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Ellis 1968 , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Ruppenthal 1953 , p. 464 . Jump up ^ Ruppenthal 1953 , p. 535 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor 2012 , p. 634 . Jump up ^ Ruppenthal 1953 , pp. 463 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Ruppenthal 1959 , pp. 55 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Ellis 1968 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Ellis 1968 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Charles B. MacDonald , The Mighty Endeavor ; American Armed Forces in the European Theater in World War II , ) p. 362 , ( New York , 1969 ) Jump up ^ A Bridge Too Far , Cornelius Ryan , Popular Library , 1974 , pp. 55 -- 58 Jump up ^ Ellis 1968 , p. 343 . Jump up ^ Ruppenthal 1953 , pp. 509 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Ruppenthal 1953 , p. 487 . Jump up ^ Ellis 1968 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Ruppenthal 1953 , p. 484 . Jump up ^ Ruppenthal 1953 , p. 520 . Jump up ^ Ruppenthal 1953 , p. 505 . Jump up ^ Administrative History of the Operations of 21 Army Group , p. 34 Jump up ^ Administrative History of the Operations of 21 Army Group , p. 47 Jump up ^ Pogue 1954 , pp. 254 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Ellis 1968 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Pogue 1954 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Bennett 2008 , pp. 19 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Pogue 1954 , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Hibbert 2003 , pp. 29 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : Cornelius Ryan , A Bridge Too Far , Popular Library , 1974 , P. 85 - 88 Jump up ^ Hibbert 2003 , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1963 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Ellis 1968 , pp. 21 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Administrative History of the Operations of 21 Army Group , p. 37 Jump up ^ Ruppenthal 1953 , pp. 139 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Pogue 1954 , p. 269 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1963 , p. 128 . ^ Jump up to : Warren 1956 , p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 1963 , p. 131 . ^ Jump up to : Ellis 1968 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Horrocks 1960 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Ellis 1968 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Bennett 2008 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Warren 1956 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Warren 1956 , pp. 226 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Warren 1956 , p. 82 ( operational control of IXTCC to First Airborne Army ) and p. 97 ( size and composition of troop carrier units ) . Jump up ^ Warren 1956 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Warren 1956 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Warren 1956 , p. 227 Table III . Jump up ^ D'Este 2002 , pp. 614 , 616 . Jump up ^ Warren 1956 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Warren 1956 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Warren 1956 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Warren 1956 , p. 99 . ^ Jump up to : Hastings 2005 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Hibbert 2003 , p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : Kershaw 2004 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2004 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2004 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Bennett 2008 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Ryan 1999 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Ryan 1999 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Ryan 1999 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Harclerode 2005 , p. 454 . ^ Jump up to : Kershaw 2004 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Ryan 1999 , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Kershaw 2004 , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Harclerode 2005 , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2004 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Harclerode 2005 , p. 455 . ^ Jump up to : Kershaw 2004 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Harclerode 2005 , pp. 455 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : Harclerode 2005 , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2004 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2004 , pp. 36 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2004 , p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : Kershaw 2004 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Harclerode 2005 , p. 458 . Jump up ^ Harclerode 2005 , p. 460 . Jump up ^ Dibbs & Holmes 2000 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Middlebrook 1995 , pp. 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Middlebrook 1995 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ A brief history of the 44th Royal Tank Regiment 1939 -- 1945 , Geocities.com at the Wayback Machine ( archived 27 October 2009 ) Jump up ^ Operation Market Garden then and now ( Volume 2 page 488 Allies capture Nijmegen bridge ) by Karel Margry Jump up ^ Market Garden Then and Now by Karel Margry . pp. 161 -- 64 . Jump up ^ interview with BBC TV news 21 September 2014 ^ Jump up to : Roll Call : Major Tony Hibbert , MBE MC ParaData , Airborne Assault ( Registered Charity ) ^ Jump up to : Major James Anthony Hibbert , The Pegasus Archive -- The Battle of Arnhem Archive ^ Jump up to : Personal account of Major Tony Hibbert 's experiences of the Battle of Arnhem ParaData , Airborne Assault ( Registered Charity ) ^ Jump up to : Hibbert 2003 , pp. 99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Greenacre 2004 , pp. 283 -- 308 . Jump up ^ Hibbert 2003 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Austin 2001 , pp. 291 -- 94 . ^ Jump up to : Randel , p. 32 Jump up ^ Ryan 1999 , p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Gill & Groves 2006 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan 1999 , p. 183 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan 1999 , pp. 185 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Ryan 1999 , p. 186 . ^ Jump up to : Gill & Groves 2006 , p. 71 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan 1999 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ D'Este 2002 , p. 616 . Jump up ^ Randel 1945 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Gill & Groves 2006 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Harvey , A.D. ( 2001 ) . Arnhem . London : Cassell & Co. p. 106 . ISBN 0304356999 . Jump up ^ Harclerode , Peter ( 1994 ) . Arnhem : A Tragedy of Errors . London : Caxton Editions . pp. 90 -- 91 . ISBN 1840671467 . Jump up ^ Harclerode , Peter ( 1994 ) . Arnhem : A Tragedy of Errors . London : Caxton Editions . p. 95 . ISBN 1840671467 . Jump up ^ Harclerode , Peter ( 1994 ) . Arnhem : A Tragedy of Errors . London : Caxton Edition . pp. 95 -- 96 . ISBN 1840671467 . Jump up ^ McManus , John C. ( 2013 ) . September Hope : The American Side of a Bridge Too Far . New York : New American Library . p. 169 . ISBN 9780451237064 . Jump up ^ Harvey , A.D. ( 2001 ) . Arnhem . London : Cassell & Co. p. 7 . ISBN 0304356999 . Jump up ^ The Battle for the Rhine 1944 : Arnhem and the Ardennes , the Campaign in Europe by Neillands Jump up ^ Atkinson 2013 , pp. 130 , 278 . ^ Jump up to : Atkinson 2013 , p. 278 . ^ Jump up to : Ambrose 2001 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Balke 1990 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Atkinson 2013 , pp. 277 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Burriss , Moffatt . Strike and Hold : A Memoir of the 82nd Airborne in World War II Jump up ^ Turnbill , Peter . I Maintain the Right : The 307th Engineer Battalion in WWII Jump up ^ Atkinson 2013 , p. 280 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Depository , Book . `` It Never Snows in September : Robert J. Kershaw : 9780711021679 '' . Jump up ^ `` 17th September 1944 ( Operation Market Garden ) '' . ^ Jump up to : Operation Market Garden Then and Now , Volume 2 ( Allies Capture Nijmegen bridge ) by Karel Margry ^ Jump up to : Nijmegen : U.S. 82nd Airborne Division -- 1944 , chapter nine , by Tim Saunders Jump up ^ Operation Market - garden Then and Now by Karel Margry Jump up ^ Operation Market Garden then and now Volume 2 Allies Capture Nijmegen bridge ) by Karel Margry Jump up ^ Nijmegen : U.S. 82nd Airborne Division -- 1944 by Tim Saunders Jump up ^ Warren 1956 , pp. 137 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Nijmegen : U.S. 82nd Airborne Division -- 1944 , Chapter nine , by Tim Saunders Jump up ^ Nijmegen : U.S. 82nd Airborne Division -- 1944 , p. 188 by Tim Saunders Jump up ^ Hastings 2005 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ The Battle for the Rhine 1944 ' , p. 122 by Robin Neillands Jump up ^ US Official History by Robin Neillands p. 125 ^ Jump up to : Ellis 1968 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Jackson et al. 1945 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Ryan 1999 , p. 599 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Phil , `` Dakota Heroes '' , Flypast , Stamford , Lincs. , UK , Number 53 , December 1985 , pp. 24 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Beevor , 2015 & pp20 , 22 , 23 . Jump up ^ Ryan 1999 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Buckingham , William F. Arnhem 1944 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 3187 - 1 pp. 12 -- 13 , 85 -- 86 Jump up ^ Hibbert 2003 , pp. 40 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Neillands ' The Battle ... ' , p. 132 Jump up ^ Ryan 1999 , p. 482 . Jump up ^ Brereton 1946 , p. 354 . Jump up ^ Otway 1990 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Laurens 1971 , pp. 168 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Laurens 1971 , pp. 180 -- 81 . Jump up ^ `` Letter , Eisenhower to Urquart '' . October 1944 . Jump up ^ Montgomery 1958 , p. 298 . Jump up ^ Megellas , James ( 2007 ) . All the Way to Berlin : A Paratrooper at War in Europe . Random House LLC . p. 165 . Jump up ^ Churchill , Winston ( 1954 ) . The Second World War : Triumph and Tragedy ( Volume VI ) . London : Cassell & Co. pp. 174 , 175 . Jump up ^ Eisenhower 1977 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ D'Este 2002 , pp. 615 -- 18 . Jump up ^ D'Este 2002 , p. 624 . Jump up ^ Montgomery 1958 , pp. 243 , 298 . Jump up ^ A Bridge Too Far , Cornelius Ryan , Popular Library , 1974 Jump up ^ Ellis 1968 , pp. 109 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Ellis 1968 , pp. 158 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Ellis 1968 , pp. 253 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Ellis 1968 , pp. 279 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Ellis 1968 , pp. 313 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Ellis 1968 , pp. 416 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Middlebrook 1995 , p. 449 . Jump up ^ Ramsey 1973 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Frost 1980 , pp. preface , 16 . Jump up ^ `` Monuments in Arnhem '' . Jump up ^ `` Weblog Lau van Lieshout : Monument to the Dutch '' ( in Dutch ) . Jump up ^ `` Wręczenie Orderu Wojskowego im . króla Willema I i Orderu Brązowego Lwa przez Jej Wysokość Królową , 31 maja 2006 roku w Hadze '' ( pdf ) ( in Polish ) . Jump up ^ `` Wings of Liberation Museum Park '' . Jump up ^ `` Nationaal Bevrijdingsmuseum 1944 -- 1945 -- Bezoekinformatie '' . Jump up ^ `` Airborne Museum Hartenstein '' . Jump up ^ `` Hylands Golf Course Uplands Arnham memorial '' . National Inventory of Canadian Military Memorials . Canadian Department of National Defence. 2008 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Bennett 2008 , pp. 268 -- 69 . Bibliography Books Ambrose , Stephen ( 2001 ) , Band of Brothers ( 3 ed . ) , New York : Touchstone , ISBN 0 - 7432 - 1645 - 8 Atkinson , Rick ( 2013 ) , The Guns At Last Light , New York : Henry Holt , ISBN 978 - 0805062908 Austin , Brian ( 2001 ) , Schonland : Scientist and Soldier , Philadelphia : Philadelphia Institute of Physics , ISBN 0 - 75030 - 501 - 0 Badsey , Stephen ( 1993 ) . Arnhem 1944 : Operation Market Garden . London : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 302 - 5 . Balke , Ulf ( 1990 ) . Der Luftkrieg in Europa . II . Koblenz : Bernard & Graefe . ISBN 3 - 7637 - 5884 - 4 . Beevor , Antony ( 2012 ) . The Second World War . London : Weidenfield & Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84497 - 6 . Beevor , Antony ( 2015 ) . Ardennes 1944 : Hitler 's last gamble . New York : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02531 - 2 . Bennett , David ( 2008 ) , A Magnificent Disaster , Newbury : Casemate Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 932033 - 85 - 4 Brereton , L.H. ( 1946 ) . The Brereton Diaries . The War in the Air in the Pacific , Middle East and Europe , 3 October 1941 -- 8 May 1945 . New York : W Morrow . OCLC 792951 . D'Este , Carlo ( 2002 ) , Eisenhower : A Soldier 's Life , New York : Henry Holt , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85367 - 165 - 4 Dibbs , John ; Holmes , Tony ( 2000 ) , Spitfire : Flying Legend , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84135 - 012 - 7 Eisenhower , Dwight David ( 1977 ) . Crusade in Europe . Politics and Strategy of World War II ( reprint ed . ) . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 70768 - 1 . Ellis , Major L.F. ; with Warhurst , Lieutenant - Colonel A.E. ( 2004 ) ( 1st . pub . HMSO 1968 ) , Butler , J.R.M. , ed. , Victory in the West : The Defeat of Germany , History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series , II , Naval & Military Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84574 - 059 - 7 Frost , John ( 1980 ) , A Drop Too Many , Cassell , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85052 - 927 - 2 Gill , Ronald ; Groves , John ( 2006 ) ( 1946 ) , Club Route in Europe : The History of 30 Corps from D - Day to May 1945 , MLRS Books , ISBN 978 - 1 - 905696 - 24 - 6 Harclerode , Peter ( 2005 ) , Wings Of War : Airborne Warfare 1918 -- 1945 , Weidenfeld & Nicolson , ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 36730 - 6 Hastings , Max ( 2005 ) ( 2004 ) , Armageddon : The Battle for Germany 1944 -- 45 ( New ed . ) , London : Pan Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 49062 - 7 Hibbert , Christopher ( 2003 ) ( 1962 ) , Arnhem , London : Phoenix , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84212 - 727 - 8 Horrocks , Brian ( 1960 ) , Escape to Action , New York : St Martin 's Press , OCLC 398771 Jackson , G.S. ; et al. ( 2006 ) ( 1945 ) . 8 Corps : Normandy to the Baltic . Smalldale : MLRS Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905696 - 25 - 3 . Kershaw , Robert J. ( 2004 ) , It Never Snows in September : The German View of Market - Garden and the Battle of Arnhem , September 1944 ( Paperback ed . ) , Hersham : Ian Allen Publishing , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7110 - 3062 - 6 Laurens , Anne ( 1971 ) ( 1969 ) , Lindemans Affair : Betrayal of the Arnhem Drop , Allan Wingate , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85523 - 007 - 4 MacDonald , Charles B. ( 1963 ) , The Siegfried Line Campaign ( PDF ) , Washington , DC : Office of the Chief of Military History , Department of the Army , OCLC 494234368 , retrieved 27 June 2014 Middlebrook , Martin ( 1995 ) , Arnhem 1944 : The Airborne Battle , Penguin , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 014342 - 3 Montgomery , Bernard Law ( 1958 ) , The Memoirs of Field - Marshal the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein , K.G. , London : Collins , OCLC 375195 Otway , T.B.H. ( 1990 ) ( 1951 ) , The Second World War 1939 -- 1945 Army Airborne Forces ( illustrated , reprint ed . ) , Imperial War Museum , ISBN 978 - 0 - 901627 - 57 - 5 Pogue , Forrest C. ( 1954 ) , The Supreme Command ( PDF ) , Washington , DC : Office of the Chief of Military History , Department of the Army , OCLC 318368731 , retrieved 27 June 2014 Ramsey , Winston G. , ed. ( 1973 ) . Arnhem . After the Battle . pp. 1 -- 25 . OCLC 4895468 . Randel , R.A. , Major P.B. ( 2006 ) ( 1945 ) . Wilson , Major D.B. , ed . A short history of 30 Corps in the European Campaign 1944 -- 1945 . Crawford , W.H. ( illustrator ) . MLRS Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905973 - 69 - 9 . Reynolds , M. ( 2001 ) . Sons of the Reich : The History of II Panzer Corps . Stroud : Spellmount Publishers . ISBN 1862271461 . Ruppenthal , Roland G. ( 1953 ) , Logistical Support of the Armies : May 1941 -- September 1944 ( PDF ) , I , Washington , DC : Office of the Chief of Military History , Department of the Army , OCLC 643383738 , retrieved 27 June 2014 Ruppenthal , Roland G. ( 1959 ) , Logistical Support of the Armies : September 1944 -- May 1945 ( PDF ) , II , Washington , DC : Office of the Chief of Military History , Department of the Army , OCLC 256470218 , retrieved 27 June 2014 Ryan , Cornelius ( 1999 ) ( 1974 ) , A Bridge Too Far , Wordsworth Editions , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84022 - 213 - 5 Staff : 21st Army Group ( 1945 ) . Notes on the operations of 21 Army Group 6 June 1944 -- 5 May 1945 . 21st Army Group . OCLC 220436388 . Warren , Dr. John C. ( 1956 ) , Airborne Operations in World War II , European Theater ( PDF ) , USAF Historical Studies ( 97 ) , USAF Historical Division Research Studies Institute , OCLC 78918574 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 July 2016 , retrieved 27 June 2014 Wilmot , Chester ; McDevitt , Christopher Daniel ( 1997 ) ( 1952 ) , The Struggle For Europe , Wordsworth Editions , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85326 - 677 - 5 Journals Greenacre , J. ( 2004 ) . `` Assessing the Reasons for Failure : 1st British Airborne Division Signal Communications during Operation Market Garden '' . Defence Studies . London : Frank Cass. 4 ( 3 ) . OCLC 55201531 . doi : 10.1080 / 1470243042000344777 . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Video Video : Battle Rages Along Nazi Wall , 1944 / 09 / 28 ( 1944 ) . Universal Newsreel. 1945 . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Further reading Beale , Nick ( 2005 ) . Kampfflieger : Bombers of the Luftwaffe : Summer 1943 -- May 1945 . IV . Hersham : Classic Publications . ISBN 1 - 903223 - 50 - 4 . Burgett , Donald ( 2001 ) . The Road to Arnhem : A Screaming Eagle in Holland . Dell Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 440 - 23633 - 7 . Cholewczynski , George F. ( 1993 ) . Poles Apart : The Polish Airborne at the Battle of Arnhem . London : Greenhill Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85367 - 165 - 4 . Devlin , Gerard M. ( 1979 ) . Paratrooper : The Saga Of Parachute And Glider Combat Troops During World War II . Robson Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 59652 - 1 . Horne , Alistair ; Montgomery , David ( 1994 ) . The Lonely Leader : Monty 1944 -- 1945 . London : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 58708 - 9 . Huston , James A. ( 1998 ) . Out Of The Blue : U.S Army Airborne Operations In World War II . Purdue University Press . ISBN 1 - 55753 - 148 - X . Lunteren , Frank van ( 2014 ) . The Battle of the Bridges : The 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment in Operation Market Garden . Casemate Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61200232 - 3 . MacDonald , Charles B. ( 1960 ) . `` 19 The Decision to Launch Operation Market - Garden '' . In Greenfield , Kent Roberts . Command Decisions ( 2000 ed . ) . United States Army Center of Military History . OCLC 1518217 . CMH Pub 70 - 7 . Montgomery , Bernard Law ( 1947 ) . Normandy to the Baltic . London : Hutchinson & Co . OCLC 772789924 . Peters , Major M.L. ; Buist , Luuk ( 2009 ) . Glider Pilots at Arnhem . Pen and Sword Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 763 - 1 . JSCSC library bibliography : Operation Market Garden , The Battle of Arnhem , September 1944 ( PDF ) . Campaign & Battle Series . UK Joint Services Command and Staff College Library . Retrieved 22 October 2010 . Tanase , Mircea. ( 2006 ) . The airborne troops during the World War II , Military Publishing House Romania , ISBN 978 - 973 - 32 - 0712 - 2 Whiting , Charles ( 2002 ) ( 1985 ) . Bounce the Rhine . Siegfried Line Series ( New ed . ) . Staplehurst : Spellmount . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86227 - 151 - 7 . 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-3094751196428050170 | List of The Mindy Project episodes | List of the Mindy Project episodes - wikipedia List of the Mindy Project episodes Jump to : navigation , search The Mindy Project is an American comedy series which aired on Fox for three seasons from on September 25 , 2012 - March 24 , 2015 . The fourth season began on September 15 , 2015 on Hulu . The series stars Mindy Kaling as Mindy Lahiri , a young OB / GYN , as she navigates through her professional life and romantic relationships . A total of 107 episodes of The Mindy Project have aired over five seasons . On May 6 , 2015 the series was canceled on Fox . On May 15 , 2015 , Hulu announced it had picked up the series for a 26 - episode season 4 , with the option of future seasons . On May 4 , 2016 , Hulu announced it had picked up the series for a 16 - episode season 5 , which was later reduced to 14 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2017 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 24 September 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) Fox 22 September 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) May 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) 21 September 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 16 ) March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 26 September 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 15 ) July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) Hulu 5 14 October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 6 10 September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Charles McDougall Mindy Kaling August 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 27 ) ( online ) September 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) ( Fox ) 101 4.67 Mindy Lahiri is introduced as an OB / GYN trying to find love in New York City with the help of her eccentric friends and co-workers . `` Hiring and Firing '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling October 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 02 ) 102 3.68 When Dr. Schulman realizes Beverly is a terrible nurse , he assigns Mindy and Danny to hire a new nurse , and they can not agree on whom to hire . Jeremy on the other hand is assigned to fire Beverly and simply can not bring himself to do it . `` In the Club '' Michael Spiller Matt Warburton October 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 09 ) 104 3.55 Mindy and the others go clubbing for a night and learn that cold Dr. Castellano is actually a stellar dancer and ladies ' man . Mindy also discovers that Shauna is harboring some hidden feelings for Danny . `` Halloween '' Jesse Peretz Chris McKenna October 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 30 ) 105 3.12 Mindy wrestles with whether or not she should take things one step further with her new beau Josh . Danny and Jeremy visit the DMV to take the driver 's test , a task Danny has failed countless times in the past . 5 5 `` Danny Castellano Is My Gynecologist '' Peter Lauer Mindy Kaling November 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 13 ) 103 3.17 When Mindy 's gynecologist retires , she and Danny bet on who will back out first if Danny were to be her new gynecologist . 6 6 `` Thanksgiving '' Michael Spiller Adam Countee November 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 20 ) 107 2.64 Mindy is shocked to learn that Josh may not want to be exclusive with her . Things go even more awry when Mindy runs into an ex and his `` new Indian girlfriend '' at Gwen 's Thanksgiving party . 7 7 `` Teen Patient '' Rob Schrab Ike Barinholtz & David Stassen November 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 27 ) 109 2.76 When Mindy encourages a teenager in her building to take things slowly in the romance department , she is forced to reflect on her own relationship with Josh . Danny is concerned about an anonymous complaint he receives at the office . 8 8 `` Two to One '' Peter Lauer Mindy Kaling December 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 04 ) 108 2.68 The practice is being threatened by a midwives center in the same building , so Mindy sets out to win her old patients back and gain more respect from Danny and Jeremy . 9 9 `` Josh and Mindy 's Christmas Party '' Charles McDougall Jeremy Bronson December 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 11 ) 110 3.07 Mindy comes to a shocking realization about her seemingly perfect relationship with Josh at her annual Christmas party . 10 10 `` Mindy 's Brother '' Michael Spiller Chris McKenna January 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 08 ) 112 2.85 Mindy 's brother comes to NYC to visit his older sister and all is well until he informs her that he will be dropping out of Stanford to pursue a rap career . Danny and Jeremy are at odds with their landlord 's successor , his spoiled son . 11 11 `` Bunk Bed '' Don Scardino Jeremy Bronson January 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ) 106 2.76 When Gwen breaks her arm and has to go to the emergency room , Mindy helps out by watching Gwen 's daughter Riley for the day . Meanwhile , Danny has an interesting experience with another patient in the emergency room lobby and Shauna , Morgan , and Betsy discover the reason Danny and his wife divorced . 12 12 `` Hooking Up Is Hard '' Paul Lieberstein Mindy Kaling January 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 22 ) 111 3.05 Mindy starts an interesting , secret relationship with Brendan Deslaurier ( Mark Duplass ) , one of the midwives . Danny and Eye Patch go out on a date . 13 13 `` Harry & Sally '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling & B.J. Novak January 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 29 ) 114 3.20 Mindy meets a great guy at a party but has suspicions about his extremely close relationship with his girl best friend . Danny tries to win back Eye Patch after she dumps him for being too self - absorbed . 14 14 `` Harry & Mindy '' Michael Weaver Harper Dill February 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 05 ) 113 3.60 It 's Valentine 's Day and Mindy and Danny find themselves in a love triangle . Morgan turns to Jeremy for help picking up a girl he likes . 15 15 `` Mindy 's Minute '' B.J. Novak Ike Barinholtz & David Stassen February 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 19 ) 116 3.05 Mindy starts doing a new educational segment for taxi cab TV and turns to Danny for on - screen coaching . Beverly returns to the office as a secretary . 16 16 `` The One That Got Away '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling & Jeremy Bronson February 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 26 ) 117 3.26 Mindy is thrilled when her fling from a Jewish summer camp she attended as a kid returns to NYC . However , she soon learns that she only has a day to spend with him before he must leave on a U.S. Army deployment to Afghanistan again . 17 17 `` Mindy 's Birthday '' Claire Scanlon Adam Countee March 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 19 ) 115 3.07 Mindy did not want a birthday party , and after her friends throw her an annoying dinner party with insulting gifts , she storms out and ends up on an odyssey involving a table of mean girls and the surprising return of ex-nurse Beverly . Danny and Jeremy both like Mindy 's friend and Danny decides he is not going to step aside and let his handsome colleague simply win the girl . 18 18 `` Danny 's Friend '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Matt Warburton March 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 26 ) 118 2.62 Mindy unknowingly starts seeing Danny 's friend from Staten Island and Danny tries everything he can to stop it when he finds out . 19 19 `` My Cool Christian Boyfriend '' Michael Spiller Jack Burditt April 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 02 ) 120 2.47 A young Christian minister takes an interest in Mindy until he realizes they value different things in life . 20 20 `` Pretty Man '' Rob Schrab Tucker Cawley April 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 04 ) 119 3.24 Mindy has an interesting night with a man she meets at a bar , until she realizes he is a male prostitute . Things go awry at Danny 's party as a result . 21 21 `` Santa Fe '' B.J. Novak Tracey Wigfield April 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 09 ) 121 2.66 The associates go to Santa Fe for a medical conference and Mindy gets a chance to find closure with Josh . Things do not go as planned for Jeremy and Morgan 's presentation . 22 22 `` Triathlon '' Wendey Stanzler Jack Burditt April 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 30 ) 122 2.56 Danny fires Morgan from the practice , and consequently loses a member of the team for the triathlon . Mindy volunteers to replace him , and quickly regrets her actions . Meanwhile , Morgan begins working for the Deslaurier Brothers , which further increases the rivalry between the two practices . 23 23 `` Frat Party '' Michael Weaver Tracey Wigfield May 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 07 ) 123 2.61 Mindy takes on a young medical student to pass on her wisdom to , and soon finds herself at a college frat party , where an encounter with a former flame has disastrous consequences . Meanwhile , Danny and Jeremy go to great lengths to try to get Morgan to return to Shulman & Associates . 24 24 `` Take Me with You '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling & Jeremy Bronson May 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) 124 2.57 Mindy makes the bold decision to move to Haiti with Casey for a year , much to the amusement of her co-workers . In order to prove that she can survive in rough conditions , Mindy invites herself and Casey on a camping trip with Danny and his ex-wife , Christina , with whom he has recently reconciled . Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 25 `` All My Problems Solved Forever ... '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling September 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) 201 3.83 Mindy returns from Haiti for an emergency surgery . She meets Dr. Paul Leotard ( James Franco ) and must decide what she wants to do : stay in New York or go back to Haiti . 26 `` The Other Dr. L '' Michael Spiller Jack Burditt September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) 202 2.94 Mindy challenges Paul for a chance to win back her old office . Danny joins a support group to help him get over his breakup with Christina . 27 `` Music Festival '' Michael Weaver Matt Warburton October 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 01 ) 203 2.86 Casey has an identity crisis after returning from Haiti and decides to become a DJ . When Mindy and her colleagues attend a music festival where he is performing , the freewheeling atmosphere leads to one mishap after another . Meanwhile , a new doctor ( Adam Pally ) wants to join the practice . 28 `` Magic Morgan '' Neal Brennan Tracey Wigfield October 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) 204 2.89 Morgan says that anyone who sleeps with him will find the love of their life immediately afterward . Mindy offers to test Morgan 's theory but backs out at the last minute , much to Morgan 's embarrassment . This causes him to hire lawyer , Cliff Gilbert ( Glenn Howerton ) , who files a $200,000 lawsuit against Mindy for sexual harassment . Mindy is reluctantly persuaded by co-workers into having one date with Morgan to end the lawsuit . 29 5 `` Wiener Night '' Michael Weaver Jack Burditt October 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) 206 2.73 Mindy meets and begins dating an Arts and Culture writer named Jason ( Ben Feldman ) . After Jason discerns that Mindy may not be cultured enough for him , she decides to invite him to Christina 's art show , which features nude photos of Danny . Danny does not want anyone to see these photos , and asks Cliff to figure out a way to shut down the exhibit . 30 6 `` Bro Club for Dudes '' David Rogers Jeremy Bronson October 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) 207 2.69 After several failed attempts at bonding with Peter , Mindy joins the other doctors in attending his debut MMA match to show her support . Morgan tries to ask Tamra out on the day of her anniversary with Ray Ron ( Josh Peck ) but is disappointed . 31 7 `` Sk8er Man '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Charlie Grandy November 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 05 ) 205 2.88 When Danny tells Mindy she is too picky and judgmental of other people , she tries to prove him wrong by going on a date with her complete opposite : wild and crazy skateboarder Graham ( Timothy Olyphant ) . Jeremy is distressed when his dad ( Alan Dale ) visits the practice and prefers Peter over Jeremy . 32 8 `` You 've Got Sext '' Alex Hardcastle Mindy Kaling November 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 12 ) 208 2.66 Mindy loses her purse at the clinic , and decides to spend the night at Danny 's apartment . She confesses that she is interested in somebody who works on their floor ( Cliff ) , and Danny suspects that she is talking about him . Meanwhile , Morgan and Peter find Mindy 's missing purse and engage in a raunchy text conversation with Cliff using her phone . 33 9 `` Mindy Lahiri Is a Racist '' Greg Daniels Ike Barinholtz & David Stassen November 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) 209 2.40 Danny learns that one of his patients is a mommy blogger and allows for her to write a review of Shulman & Associates on her website , but the practice is quickly cast in a racist light after they discover that the review had been posted to a white supremacy blog . Jeremy hires a PR specialist ( Jenna Elfman ) in order to neutralize their image but things get worse . Meanwhile , Morgan seeks Cliff 's forgiveness for not deleting the raunchy texts Cliff sent to Mindy . 34 10 `` Wedding Crushers '' Charles McDougall Lang Fisher November 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 26 ) 211 2.66 Mindy 's philandering ex-boyfriend Josh invites her to his wedding , and in her haste to find a date settles on Peter , who turns out to be an ideal companion -- until he makes one huge blunder which puts Mindy on a tightrope . Meanwhile , Danny 's younger brother pays a visit and a has a big announcement to make . 35 11 `` Christmas Party Sex Trap '' Michael Spiller Tracey Wigfield December 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 03 ) 210 2.34 Mindy throws a Christmas bash for all of the building 's businesses so she can spend more time with Cliff , but Brendan 's date zaps Mindy 's holiday spirit with a seductive rendition of `` Santa Baby '' for the guests . 36 12 `` Danny Castellano Is My Personal Trainer '' Rob Schrab Charlie Grandy January 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 07 ) 212 2.62 With Danny as her fitness coach , Mindy is determined to get in shape for her winter getaway . Jeremy begins using some of his leftover sick days and places Peter in charge as managing partner in his absence . 37 13 `` L.A. '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling & Tracey Wigfield January 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) 214 2.47 Jeremy sends the rest of the team to an L.A. seminar to get certified for treating a wider , more vain audience . While Danny is concerned about running into his dad during the trip , Mindy bumps into her ex-fiancé , Casey . 38 14 `` The Desert '' Marco Fargnoli Tracey Wigfield & Mindy Kaling January 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 21 ) 215 3.02 Mindy is determined to fly back to New York immediately to win Cliff back , but is dragged along by a persistent Danny to visit his distant father . Having returned to the office early , Peter and Morgan come across Cliff , who appears to be equally heartbroken . 39 15 `` French Me , You Idiot '' Paul Lieberstein Jack Burditt April 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 01 ) 216 1.88 Now that she has chosen to pursue her feelings with Danny , Mindy must figure out how to gently end her recently rekindled relationship with Cliff . Peter steps up as a representative for Shulman & Associates in an attempt to take in Lincoln Center dancers as new patients . 40 16 `` Indian BBW '' Michael Spiller Jeremy Bronson April 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 01 ) 217 1.87 Just as Mindy begins to settle into her relationship with Danny , an old sex tape between her and Tom surfaces online . Danny becomes ill with meningitis . 41 17 `` Be Cool '' Rob Schrab Ike Barinholtz & David Stassen April 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 08 ) 218 2.26 Danny urges Mindy to keep their romance a secret , which makes her begin to question his intentions . Morgan temporarily moves in with Mindy after learning that her apartment was robbed . 42 18 `` Girl Crush '' David Rogers Chris Schleicher April 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 08 ) 213 2.33 Mindy deals with her break - up with Danny . Feeling undervalued at Shulman & Associates , Mindy meets famous OB / GYN Sheila Hamilton ( Anna Gunn ) and flirts with the idea of working at her fancy practice , which caters to rich celebrities and upper class women . Jeremy rents out a medical bus to perform free breast exams for women on the streets of East Harlem . 43 19 `` Think Like a Peter '' Ken Whittingham Charlie Grandy April 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 15 ) 219 1.95 Peter convinces Mindy to tag along with him to a bar to help her overcome her recent heartbreak . Feeling shunned by Mindy , Danny seeks someone new to talk to at work and turns to Morgan and Tamra after finding out about their scandalous secret . 44 20 `` An Officer and a Gynecologist '' David Rogers Jack Burditt & Lang Fisher April 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 22 ) 220 2.14 Mindy clashes with a police officer when she gives his daughter birth - control pills . Meanwhile , a rabbi thinks Danny is Jewish when he refers his congregation to the practice . 45 21 `` Girl Next Door '' Michael Weaver Tracey Wigfield & Alina Mankin April 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 29 ) 221 2.20 Mindy is on the hunt to buy her own apartment space so that she can be completely self - reliant . She agrees to try out Danny 's second place , which is right next door to him , but their friendship is put to the test when Mindy decides to have Charlie ( Tim Daly ) visit . Tired of dating mundane and uncultured women , Peter agrees to stop by Jeremy 's place to meet and mingle with his friends . 46 22 `` Danny and Mindy '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling May 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) 222 2.48 Mindy thinks she has met the man of her dreams after he writes a description of their encounter in a New York newspaper . After a failed attempt at meeting each other , Mindy once again spots whom she believes to be her mystery man but is left with an even bigger reveal . Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 47 `` We 're a Couple Now , Haters ! '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling September 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 16 ) 301 2.68 Mindy finds it difficult to keep the details of her and Danny 's relationship private from the office , especially after she discovers a surprising secret from Danny 's past . Peter grows suspicious of his girlfriend Lauren 's ( Tracey Wigfield ) behavior when she begins organizing a charity event with Jeremy . Morgan 's cousin , Lou Tookers ( Rob McElhenney ) , stops by the practice . 48 `` Annette Castellano Is My Nemesis '' Marco Fargnoli Tracey Wigfield September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) 303 2.10 Danny 's mother , Annette ( Rhea Perlman ) , is in town , and Mindy is determined to win her approval . Meanwhile , Peter convinces Morgan to be more assertive in his relationship with Tamra . 49 `` Crimes & Misdemeanors & Ex-BFs '' Michael Weaver Matt Warburton September 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 30 ) 302 2.35 After it is revealed that Mindy has been committing tax fraud for years , she seeks Cliff 's help to clear her name and save the practice . Peter faces off against Jeremy to win back Lauren 's affection . 50 `` I Slipped '' Lynn Shelton Charlie Grandy October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) 304 2.19 Danny tries something new in bed that horrifies Mindy , and she begins to worry she is not exciting enough sexually . Morgan is disappointed when none of his coworkers show up to celebrate his graduation from the nurse practitioner 's program . Jeremy finds out everyone in the office is `` Team Peter '' with regards to their falling out over Lauren . 51 5 `` The Devil Wears Lands ' End '' Michael Spiller Jeremy Bronson October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) 305 2.21 After first getting the practice into big trouble with Dr. Jean Fishman ( Niecy Nash ) , the new head of obstetrics , Mindy makes matters even worse when the two spend time alone together . Despite their ongoing feud , Peter must learn to work with Jeremy when he realizes his beer pong skills will be a necessity for an upcoming Dartmouth Alumni matchup against Shonda Rhimes . 52 6 `` Caramel Princess Time '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Charlie Grandy & Mindy Kaling November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) 306 2.84 Danny 's plan to teach Mindy the importance of being on time backfires when Dr. Fishman steps in . Tamra and Morgan set Peter up on a blind date with Tamra 's `` twin , '' Abby ( Allison Tolman ) . 53 7 `` We Need to Talk About Annette '' Michael Weaver Alina Mankin November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) 307 2.47 Mindy catches Danny 's mom shoplifting and must figure out how to bring this to his attention . Mindy accidentally accusing Annette about stealing the jacket to gives to Danny . Peter struggles to find balance between his adult life and his new laid back friend , Abby . 54 8 `` Diary of a Mad Indian Woman '' Alex Hardcastle Lang Fisher November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) 308 2.37 Mindy 's plan to have Danny stay at her place are interrupted when Dr. Fishman asserts that she must begin mentoring the residents at the hospital . Left to his own devices , Danny stumbles upon Mindy 's diary and gets himself into a tough situation . 55 9 `` How to Lose a Mom in Ten Days '' David Rogers Tracey Wigfield November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 309 2.33 Mindy is tired of Annette hovering around her relationship with Danny and decides to set her up on a date with Dr. Ledreau , an older practitioner from their building . Jeremy also has his eyes on this soon - to - be-retired doctor , as he is hoping for the practice to receive his patient list . Saddened by his breakup with Tamra , Morgan is convinced by Peter to set up an online dating profile . 56 10 `` What About Peter ? '' David Stassen Ike Barinholtz & David Stassen December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) 310 2.45 Appalled by Peter 's living situation , Mindy convinces him to move next door to Danny 's second apartment space . Danny , however , has other plans with the room . Jeremy 's parenting skills are put to the test when he and Morgan are responsible for looking after Lauren 's baby boy . 57 11 `` Christmas '' Paul Lieberstein Charlie Grandy December 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) 311 2.55 Mindy questions whether or not Danny will propose to her by Christmas time and is presented with the opportunity to apply to a medical fellowship at Stanford . Meanwhile , Danny 's plan to set Peter up on a date with Dr. Jessica Lieberstein ( Julia Stiles ) go astray when she mistakenly takes Morgan out instead . 58 12 `` Stanford '' Michael Spiller Tracey Wigfield January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) 312 2.24 Mindy has to overcome multiple bad impressions and a lack of confidence when she arrives at Stanford to start her fellowship , but things get crazy when Danny offers to help with a hostile doctor who was a friend of his in med school . Back in New York , a basketball game becomes a battleground between exes Tamra and Morgan . 59 13 `` San Francisco Bae '' Michael Spiller Chris Schleicher January 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 13 ) 314 2.42 On a night out in San Francisco , Mindy runs into the man whose virginity she took , Alex ( Lee Pace ) . He is now very successful and she contemplates how things who have been if she were with him and not Danny . Back in New York , Morgan and Danny try to spy on Peter next door as they suspect Lauren cheating on Jeremy with Peter . 60 14 `` No More Mr. Noishe Guy '' Michael Weaver Jeremy Bronson February 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 03 ) 313 2.22 Mindy contemplates starting a fertility clinic in San Francisco with Rob , but talking to Danny becomes a problem especially when he buys a brownstone for the two of them in New York . Meanwhile Lauren 's move to Texas encourages Peter to follow her , but it would mean him having to leave the practice . 61 15 `` Dinner at the Castellanos '' David Rogers Charlie Grandy February 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) 315 2.33 Mindy has big news to tell Danny , however this is delayed due to the arrival of Danny 's father and half - sister , leading to an awkward dinner . 62 16 `` Lahiri Family Values '' Marco Fargnoli Tracey Wigfield February 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) 316 2.47 Danny promises to move to San Francisco with Mindy and tries to tell the practice , but they are confused and concerned about his motives . In California , Mindy reconnects with her little brother when she discovers he has damaged her credit , leaving her unable to get a business loan . 63 17 `` Danny Castellano Is My Nutritionist '' Lynn Shelton Mindy Kaling & Matt Warburton February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) 317 2.28 Mindy and Danny pressure each other to be healthier in preparation for parenthood , the goal being for Mindy to eat less junk food and for Danny to quit smoking . The practice is busy and needs to hire an additional doctor , so they focus on impressing Dr. Phillips ( Vanessa L. Williams ) , a glamorous former professor of Mindy 's who is bored with retirement . 64 18 `` Fertility Bites '' Nisha Ganatra Jeremy Bronson & Chris Schleicher March 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 03 ) 318 2.13 Mindy 's fertility clinic finally opens , but she struggles to attract patients due to her lack of experience in helping women conceive . Morgan , Tamra , and Beverly butt heads with Dr. Bergdahl ( Dan Bakkedahl ) , leaving Jeremy caught in the middle of the feud . 65 19 `` Confessions of a Catho - holic '' Ike Barinholtz Jack Burditt March 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 10 ) 319 1.76 Mindy pretends to be Catholic in order to win the approval of the strict new priest at Danny 's church ( Stephen Colbert ) , who is also a reformed bad boy from Danny 's old neighborhood . Morgan helps Jeremy prepare for his one - man show about his early life and emigration to America . 66 20 `` What to Expect When You 're Expanding '' Michael Weaver Tracey Wigfield & Lang Fisher March 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 17 ) 320 2.00 Tamra 's cousin Sheena ( Laverne Cox ) , a stylist , tries to help Mindy regain her lost self - confidence as she gains pregnancy weight . Jeremy gets back into the dating game when he meets Whitney ( Cristin Milioti ) who shuts down a loud singles party . 67 21 `` Best Man '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 321 2.05 Mindy questions Danny 's commitment when he fails to meet her parents , who are about to move back to India for a year . Everyone prepares to attend Peter 's wedding in Texas . Meanwhile , Morgan believes he has overheard shocking information about the paternity of Mindy 's baby . Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 68 `` While I Was Sleeping '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling September 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 15 ) 402 Mindy dreams of how her life would have been different had she not fallen in love with Danny . Meanwhile , Danny meets Mindy 's parents in India . 69 `` C Is for Coward '' Alex Hardcastle Matt Warburton September 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) 401 Mindy wants a scheduled C - section , but Danny is in favor of a natural birth . However , when Mindy 's water breaks on the way to an expo , Danny races to be there in time for their son 's birth . 70 `` Leo Castellano Is My Son '' Alex Reid Charlie Grandy September 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) 403 As Danny heads back to work after the birth of their son , Mindy finds herself a bit stir crazy . Morgan finds romance with Mindy and Danny 's neighbour , Chelsea . Tamra convinces Jeremy that his new girlfriend , Whitney , is cheating on him . 71 `` The Bitch Is Back '' Michael Weaver Tracey Wigfield October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) 404 As Mindy prepares to go back to work after her maternity leave , she visits the office with Leo and meets her new coworkers . Mindy 's instant dislike for the new doctor in the office makes her debate returning to work at all . 72 5 `` Stay at Home MILF '' Rachel Goldenberg Chris Schleicher October 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 13 ) 405 Mindy realizes being a stay - at - home mom is harder than she anticipated . After Danny patronizes her efforts , Mindy challenges Danny to be a stay - at - home dad . At the office , Morgan pretends to be Colette 's boyfriend so her brother , Jody , does not find out that she is gay . 73 6 `` Road Trip '' David Stassen David Stassen October 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 20 ) 407 After his dad has a heart attack , Danny heads to California with Morgan in tow on a cross-country road trip . They make a pit stop in Oklahoma , where Danny is hiding a dark secret . 74 7 `` Mindy and Nanny '' Roger Kumble Lang Fisher October 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 27 ) 406 Mindy must fire Annette and hire a new nanny while Danny is away . Meanwhile , Jody helps Jeremy see Whitney is not all she seems . 75 8 `` Later , Baby '' Ryan Case Tracey Wigfield November 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) 411 When Mindy learns her fertility practice is struggling financially , Jody offers to help . Meanwhile , Peter 's unexpected visit to NYC forces him to hash out his friendship issues with Jeremy . 76 9 `` Jody Kimball - Kinney Is My Husband '' Marco Fargnoli Chris Schleicher November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) 412 While Danny is away , Mindy pretends Jody is her husband in order to get Leo into an elite preschool . In return , Mindy pretends to be Jody 's girlfriend for a dinner with Jody 's sister - in - law . 77 10 `` The Departed '' Claire Scanlon Lang Fisher November 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 17 ) 413 With Danny still away , Mindy accidentally joins a bereavement group while trying to sell her apartment . Elsewhere , Morgan and Colette attend Tamra 's open mic performance against her will . 78 11 `` The Lahiris and the Castellanos '' Kate Dennis Charlie Grandy November 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 24 ) 408 Finally back from California , Danny and Mindy begin to plan their wedding . The Lahiri and Castellano families meet at their engagement party and cause drama . During the party Mindy tells an unhappy Danny about her new business venture . 79 12 `` The Parent Trap '' David Rogers Matt Warburton December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) 410 Business is going well at The Lahiri Fertility Clinic with Mindy 's first patient about to give birth . However , Mindy 's relationship with Danny is strained when she finds out he is trying to intentionally impregnate her without her knowledge . 80 13 `` When Mindy Met Danny '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling & Matt Warburton December 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) 409 Mindy and Danny continue to argue with Christmas approaching , so Mindy reflects on meeting Danny on her first day of work at Shulman & Associates . 81 14 `` Will They or Wo n't They '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling & Matt Warburton April 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 12 ) 414 Mindy deals with the fallout after her breakup with Danny while trying to deal with her spring break Later , Baby clients . 82 15 `` So You Think You Can Finance '' Ryan Case Landon Young April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) ( AU ) April 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 26 ) ( US ) 415 Mindy realizes she needs help to get her finances in order so she enlists the help of Whitney , Jeremy 's ex-girlfriend . Meanwhile , Jeremy begins dating a much older woman . 83 16 `` Mindy Lahiri is DTF '' Alex Reid Charlie Grandy May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) 417 In search of a no - strings - attached hookup , Mindy dabbles with online dating . After a few embarrassing encounters , she steps up and asks for what she wants . Jody accidentally invites everyone over for a viewing party of the office 's favorite TV show . 84 17 `` 2 Fast 2 Serious '' Ike Barinholtz Ike Barinholtz & David Stassen April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) 416 After her breakup with Danny , Mindy begins to date again . Meanwhile , Colette finds it difficult to tell Jody that she is moving in with Morgan . 85 18 `` Bernardo & Anita '' David Rogers Mindy Kaling & Matt Warburton May 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) 418 Mindy tries to get in touch with her heritage when a date implies she is more white than Indian . Morgan and Jody vie for the attention of the same girl , a virgin , but realize they are not capable of being abstinent for her . 86 19 `` Baby Got Backslide '' Geeta V. Patel Chris Schleicher May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 421 Casey returns to New York and Mindy must fight the temptation to reignite a relationship with her former flame . 87 20 `` The Greatest Date in the World '' Michael Weaver Tracey Wigfield May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 420 Mindy starts dating Casey 's friend Marcus ( Ne - Yo ) , whose trendy hipsterism clashes with Mindy 's love of the familiar . 88 21 `` Under the Texan Sun '' David Stassen Lang Fisher May 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 31 ) 419 Mindy visits Peter and his wife , Lauren , in Texas and ends up in the middle of their problems . 89 22 `` Princeton Charming '' David Rogers Guy Branum June 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 07 ) 422 Mindy , Morgan , and Jody head to Mindy 's alma mater , Princeton University , for a presentation , but things get complicated when Jody 's new girlfriend decides to come along . 90 23 `` There 's No Crying in Softball '' Michael Weaver Jonathan Green & Gabe Miller June 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 14 ) 423 Mindy is roped into playing in a softball tournament with her coworkers while her new boyfriend visits for the weekend . 91 24 `` My Kid Stays in the Picture '' Marco Fargnoli Guy Branum June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) 424 Mindy auditions Leo for a role on a soap opera . The nurses try to switch the doctors they work for at the practice . Jody 's brother Forbes comes by . 92 25 `` Freedom Tower Women 's Health '' Linda Mendoza Jonathan Green & Gabe Miller June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 425 Morgan and Jeremy visit Danny at his new office , and Mindy ends up getting a mysterious new patient . Meanwhile , a dirty secret threatens to derail her budding romance . 93 26 `` Homewrecker '' Michael Spiller Lang Fisher & Chris Schleicher July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 426 Mindy and Danny reconnect while trapped on an elevator at Leo 's school . Meanwhile , Jody breaks into Mindy 's apartment to apologize through a grand gesture . Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 94 `` Decision 2016 '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) 501 After Jody tries to win Mindy 's heart by buying her an apartment , Mindy is torn between her old love , Danny , and a relationship with Jody . Tamra is suspicious about Mindy 's trip to Miami so she and Colette go undercover to figure out what really happened . 95 `` Nurses ' Strike '' David Rogers Matt Warburton October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 502 While Mindy struggles to take care of a sick Leo , Shulman and Associates is rocked by a nurses ' strike led by Ben , a handsome male nurse . Meanwhile , Jody tries to sell the upstairs apartment and Brendan comes to Mindy seeking help . 96 `` Margaret Thatcher '' Alex Reid Charlie Grandy October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) 503 The nurses ' strike continues , while Mindy finds herself having romantic feelings for the enemy - Ben , the leader of the nurses . As the doctors and nurses try to stay strong , Jeremy finds that the stress is taking a serious toll on his health . 97 `` Mindy Lahiri Is a Misogynist '' Ike Barinholtz Lang Fisher October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) 504 As Jeremy recovers from his heart attack , the practice needs another doctor . Jeremy and Jody want to hire a woman , but Mindy is not sure about sharing the spotlight . Meanwhile , she and Ben are getting serious . 98 5 `` Leland Breakfast Is the Miracle Worker '' David Stassen Chris Schleicher November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) 505 When Mindy discovers that her new boyfriend is not being exclusive , she goes on a date with a famous actor aka `` the bad boy of London theater . '' The nurses try to cheer up Jody , who 's lost his mojo , and discover he might be planning something drastic . 99 6 `` Concord '' Michael Spiller Guy Branum November 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 08 ) 506 Mindy escapes to her childhood home in Massachusetts and discovers that her mom is using dubious methods to further her acting career in local theater . As Mindy and Rishi try to intervene , she learns that Danny is having doubts about marrying Sarah . 100 7 `` Revenge of the Nurse '' Michael Spiller Josh Bycel & Jonathan Fener November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) 507 Mindy is afraid that she and Ben do not have similar desires for their futures ; a former fling of Mindy 's returns with an interesting new job . 101 8 `` Hot Mess Time Machine '' David Rogers Matt Warburton February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 508 Still reeling from her breakup with Ben , Mindy finds herself living the same day over and over again , and realizes that the only way to break the spell is to make things right with Ben . 102 9 `` Bat Mitzvah '' Kate Dennis Josh Bycel & Jonathan Fener February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 509 Mindy panics when her new boyfriend Ben does not invite her to his daughter 's bat - mitzvah . Meanwhile , Jody , claiming he is over his heartache , dates Mindy 's doppelgänger . 103 10 `` Take My Ex-Wife , Please '' Daniella Eisman Chris Schleicher February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) 510 Mindy acts out after learning that Ben 's attractive ex-wife is in town visiting him . Anna , having trouble at home , begrudgingly asks her coworkers for help . 104 11 `` Dibs '' Michael Spiller Lang Fisher March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) 511 A heartbroken Anna grieves her breakup at Mindy 's place , while Jody and Jeremy compete for her affection . Morgan , trying to jump - start his dating life , blows up at Colette 's new girlfriend , Karen , when she accidentally interrupts his make out session . 105 12 `` Mindy Lahiri Is a White Man '' Marco Fargnoli Lang Fisher March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 512 Mindy is unfairly passed over for a promotion and goes to bed wishing things were different . She wakes up in the body of a handsome white man and quickly discovers the perks that supposedly come with white male privilege . 106 13 `` Mindy 's Best Friend '' Geeta V. Patel Guy Branum March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) 513 Mindy 's world is turned upside down when her cool friend from childhood moves to New York and starts dating Morgan . Meanwhile , Ben has to cover his tracks after the nurses spot him in a provocative situation . 107 14 `` A Decent Proposal '' Michael Spiller Charlie Grandy March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 514 Mindy hears that Ben might be planning to propose , just as she decides she never wants to get married . Colette and Karen get engaged , but Colette immediately gets cold feet . Jeremy and Anna 's friendship is tested when Anna 's ex-husband comes back . Season 6 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 108 `` Is That All There Is ? '' David Stassen Mindy Kaling & Sonia Kharkar September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 601 As Mindy adjusts to married life with Ben , Jeremy tries to take things to the next level with Anna , while Tamra makes a life - changing decision . 109 `` A Romantical Decouplement '' Lang Fisher Lang Fisher September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) 602 Anna and Jeremy break up , despite still having feelings for one another . Mindy and Ben decide to get divorced . 110 `` May Divorce Be With You '' Linda Mendoza Matt Warburton & Jennifer Vierck September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 603 Mindy turns to her ex Cliff for help navigating her messy divorce . But Peter is back in town to help pull Mindy out of her slump with an epic office karaoke party ! 111 `` Leo 's Girlfriend '' Ike Barinholtz Charlie Grandy & Meredith Dawson October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 604 Mindy goes toe to toe with a cliquey mom ( Julie Bowen ) at Leo 's school . Meanwhile , Tamra fends off the advances of an ex she never thought she would backslide with . 112 5 `` Jeremy & Anna 's Meryl Streep Costume Party '' Geeta V. Patel Mackenzie Dohr October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 605 Jeremy 's hosting a party the office is actually excited for ! Adding to the intrigue , Mindy invites a handsome stranger ( Yassir Lester ) who has an unexpected interest in Shulman and Associates . Jody competes with a beautiful doctor ( Ana Ortiz ) after she steals one of his patients . 113 6 `` The Midwife 's Tale '' Daniela Eisman Chris Schleicher October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 606 Shulman and Associates is turned upside down when Mindy hires Brendan after he considered suicide . Meanwhile , rumors fly about who is the father of Tamra 's baby . 114 7 `` Girl Gone Wild '' David Rogers Miranda Berman October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 607 Mindy reluctantly goes on the honeymoon she never went on by herself . During a hike , she gets trapped 127 Hours - style and gets visited by a hallucination of Reese Witherspoon ( playing herself ) . 115 8 `` Doctors Without Boundaries '' Marco Fargnoli Guy Branum October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 608 Annette ( Rhea Perlman ) is furious when Mindy uncovers a secret about her and decides to get involved . Jody attempts to keep is new girlfriend ( Ana Ortiz ) from taking a job overseas , while Tamra dives headfirst into Morgan 's religion . 116 9 `` Danny in Real Life '' Michael Spiller Matt Warburton & Mindy Kaling November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 609 Mindy and Danny ca n't agree on the best way to care for an ailing Annette . Meanwhile , Anna throws a disastrous bridal / baby shower for Tamra , where Colette has a heated confrontation with her brother , Jody . 117 10 `` The Last One '' TBA TBA November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 610 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Mindy Project ' Cancelled by FOX '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Mindy Project Renewed for Super-Sized Season 4 at Hulu After Fox Cancellation '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Hulu Renews The Mindy Project for Season Five '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - Hulu 's Mid-Season Programming Slate '' . www.thefutoncritic.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt7030468/?ref_=ttep_ep10// Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' New Girl ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , & ' Ben & Kate ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 3 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Voice ' , & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Special Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' , ' Vegas ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Hart of Dixie ' , ' NCIS : LA ' & ' DWTS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Parenthood ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' , ' Hart of Dixie ' , ' Happy Endings ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Private Practice ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' ' Happy Endings ' & ' The New Normal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 5 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Parenthood ' , ' Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show ' , ' The Voice ' , & ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up ; ' Hart of Dixie ' and ' Go On ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' & ' Take It All ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 9 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Betty White 's Off Their Rockers ' & ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Off Their Rockers ' & ' The New Normal ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Parenthood ' & ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Taste ' , ' Hart of Dixie ' & ' Emily Owens M.D. ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Raising Hope ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Go On ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Smash ' , ' New Girl ' & ' The Bachelor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Betty White 's 2nd Annual 90th Birthday Special ' and ' Vegas ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The New Normal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Golden Boy ' , ' The New Normal ' or ' Smash ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl , ' NCIS ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' Adjusted Up ; ' Smash ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' NCIS ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Splash ' , ' Dancing with the Stars ' Adjusted Up , ' The New Normal ' ' Body of Proof ' & `` Go On ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' Dancing with the Stars ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up , ' The New Normal ' , ' The Mindy Project ' & ' Body of Proof ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The Office ' , & ' Wife Swap ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' NCIS : LA ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Ready for Love ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grimm ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grimm ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Grimm ' or ' New Girl ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dads ' , ' Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ' & ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Adjusted Up ; ' Capture ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice , ' NCIS ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Lucky 7 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' NCIS ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' , ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : NCIS , Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D , The biggest Loser , Dads & Person of Interest Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Supernatural Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Biggest Loser ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Chicago Fire ' or ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Originals ' & ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D ' , ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' About a Boy ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Originals ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' , ' About A Boy ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Glee ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Forever ' , ' The Voice ' , and ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Selfie ' , ' Manhattan Love Story ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Forever ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Selfie ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' New Girl ' , & ' The Flash ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E. LD . ' , ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' About a Boy ' & ' Selfie ' Adjusted Down + Final Election Coverage Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' , & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Agent Carter ' , ' Person of Interest ' or ' Forever ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Person of Interest ' & ' NCIS : New Orleans ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Marry Me ' , ' The Mindy Project ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Flash ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , ' Person of Interest ' & ' About a Boy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' New Girl ' & ' TV 's Hottest Commercials ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment to ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Fresh Off The Boat ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Tuesday : ' Undateable ' & ' One Big Happy ' Slide , ' The Mindy Project ' Finale Hits New Low + ' Forever ' Matches Low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of The Mindy Project episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Mindy_Project_episodes&oldid=809055624 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television series episodes Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 21 : 36 . About Wikipedia | when does the next mindy project episode air | [
"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal release date\nProd.\ncode\n\n\n108\n1\n\"Is That All There Is?\"\nDavid Stassen\nMindy Kaling & Sonia Kharkar\nSeptember 12, 2017 (2017-09-12)\n601\n\n\nAs Mindy adjusts to married life with Ben, Jeremy tries to take things to the next level with Anna, while Tamra makes a life-changing decision.\n\n\n109\n2\n\"A Romantical Decouplement\"\nLang Fisher\nLang Fisher\nSeptember 19, 2017 (2017-09-19)\n602\n\n\nAnna and Jeremy break up, despite still having feelings for one another. Mindy and Ben decide to get divorced.\n\n\n110\n3\n\"May Divorce Be With You\"\nLinda Mendoza\nMatt Warburton & Jennifer Vierck\nSeptember 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)\n603\n\n\nMindy turns to her ex Cliff for help navigating her messy divorce. But Peter is back in town to help pull Mindy out of her slump with an epic office karaoke party!\n\n\n111\n4\n\"Leo's Girlfriend\"\nIke Barinholtz\nCharlie Grandy & Meredith Dawson\nOctober 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)\n604\n\n\nMindy goes toe to toe with a cliquey mom (Julie Bowen) at Leo's school. Meanwhile, Tamra fends off the advances of an ex she never thought she would backslide with.\n\n\n112\n5\n\"Jeremy & Anna's Meryl Streep Costume Party\"\nGeeta V. Patel\nMackenzie Dohr\nOctober 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)\n605\n\n\nJeremy's hosting a party the office is actually excited for! Adding to the intrigue, Mindy invites a handsome stranger (Yassir Lester) who has an unexpected interest in Shulman and Associates. Jody competes with a beautiful doctor (Ana Ortiz) after she steals one of his patients.\n\n\n113\n6\n\"The Midwife's Tale\"\nDaniela Eisman\nChris Schleicher\nOctober 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)\n606\n\n\nShulman and Associates is turned upside down when Mindy hires Brendan after he considered suicide. Meanwhile, rumors fly about who is the father of Tamra's baby.\n\n\n114\n7\n\"Girl Gone Wild\"\nDavid Rogers\nMiranda Berman\nOctober 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)\n607\n\n\nMindy reluctantly goes on the honeymoon she never went on by herself. During a hike, she gets trapped 127 Hours-style and gets visited by a hallucination of Reese Witherspoon (playing herself).\n\n\n115\n8\n\"Doctors Without Boundaries\"\nMarco Fargnoli\nGuy Branum\nOctober 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)\n608\n\n\nAnnette (Rhea Perlman) is furious when Mindy uncovers a secret about her and decides to get involved. Jody attempts to keep is new girlfriend (Ana Ortiz) from taking a job overseas, while Tamra dives headfirst into Morgan's religion.\n\n\n116\n9\n\"Danny in Real Life\"\nMichael Spiller\nMatt Warburton & Mindy Kaling\nNovember 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)\n609\n\n\nMindy and Danny can't agree on the best way to care for an ailing Annette. Meanwhile, Anna throws a disastrous bridal/baby shower for Tamra, where Colette has a heated confrontation with her brother, Jody.\n\n\n117\n10\n\"The Last One\"\nTBA\nTBA\nNovember 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)\n610\n\n"
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"November 14, 2017"
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6888780232929821635 | List of lieutenant governors of Delhi | List of Lieutenant governors of Delhi - wikipedia List of Lieutenant governors of Delhi Jump to : navigation , search Lieutenant Governor of Delhi Incumbent Anil Baijal since 31 December 2016 Style The Honourable Residence Raj Niwas , Delhi Appointer President of India Term length 5 years Inaugural holder 7 November 1966 Formation Indian Constitution Constitution Act of 1991 Website delhi.gov.in The Lieutenant Governor of Delhi is the constitutional head of the National Capital Territory of Delhi . The post was first established in September 1966 , when The Delhi Administration Act , 1966 came into effect . Thus the former Delhi Legislative Assembly was replaced by the Delhi Metropolitan Council with 56 elected and 5 nominated members with the Lt. Governor of Delhi as its head . The Council however had no legislative powers , only an advisory role in the governance of Delhi . This set up functioned till 1990 , when Assembly was reinstated , the Lt. Governor retained its role . Serving since 31 December 2016 , the current Lt. Governor is Anil Baijal , a former Union Home Secretary . His official residence is in Raj Niwas , Delhi . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chief Commissioners 2 Lieutenant governors 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Chief commissioners ( edit ) They were ICS ( Imperial Civil Service i.e. erstwhile IAS ) officers executive head of the union territories . # Name Took office Left office Shankar Prasada 1948 1954 Anand Dattahaya Pandit 1954 1959 Bhagwan Sahay 1959 1963 Venkata Vishwanathan 1964 7 September 1966 5 Aditya Nath Jha 7 September 1966 1 November 1966 Lieutenant governors ( edit ) So far there has been 21 holders for this post 13 IAS officers generally retired with exception of Najeeb Jung who resigned from the service , 4 ICS officer and 2 IPS officer and 2 from military background who held this post . List of Former Lt. Governor No Name Took office Left office Aditya Nath Jha , ICS 7 November 1966 19 January 1972 M.C. Pimputkar , ICS 19 January 1972 23 April 1972 Baleshwar Prasad , IAS 24 April 1972 3 October 1974 Krishan Chand , ICS 3 October 1974 30 March 1978 5 Dalip Rai Kohli , ICS 30 March 1978 17 February 1980 6 Jagmohan , IAS 17 February 1980 30 March 1981 7 Sundar Lal Khurana , IAS 30 March 1981 2 September 1982 8 Jagmohan , IAS 2 September 1982 25 April 1984 9 P.G. Gavai , IAS 25 April 1984 Nov 1984 10 Mohan M.K. Wali , IAS Nov 1984 Nov 1985 11 Harkishan Lal Kapoor , PVSM , AVSM Nov 1985 Aug 1988 12 Romesh Bhandari , IAS Aug 1988 Dec 1989 13 Arjan Singh , DFC Dec 1989 Dec 1990 14 Markandey Singh , IPS Dec 1990 4 May 1992 15 Prasannabhai Karunashankar Dave , IAS 4 May 1992 4 January 1997 16 Tejendra Khanna , IAS 4 January 1997 20 April 1998 17 Vijai Kapoor , IAS 20 April 1998 9 June 2004 18 Banwari Lal Joshi , IPS 9 June 2004 9 April 2007 19 Tejendra Khanna , IAS 9 April 2007 9 July 2013 20 Najeeb Jung , IAS 9 July 2013 22 December 2016 21 Anil Baijal , IAS 31 December 2016 Incumbent See also ( edit ) Government of Delhi Governors of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Home - Lieutenant Governor Secretariat '' . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History of Delhi Legislative Assembly '' . Legislative Assembly of Delhi website . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Metropolitan Council ( 1966 - 1990 ) '' . Delhi Legislative Assembly . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About Our Honorable Lieutenant Governor '' . Delhi Govt Portal . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . External links ( edit ) Lieutenant Governor of Delhi , Official website Delhi topics History Timeline Indraprastha Hastinapur Tomaras Chauhan Prithviraj Raso Islamic invasions of India Delhi Sultanate Slave dynasty Khalji dynasty Tughluq dynasty Sayyid dynasty Lodhi dynasty Sher Shah Suri Mughal dynasty Maratha Empire British East India Company Bahadur Shah Zafar Indian rebellion of 1857 British Raj Viceroy of India Indian independence movement Partition of India New Delhi Government and localities Government Legislative Assembly Lt. Governor Chief Minister Delhi Commission for Women Neighbourhoods Districts District Centres Municipal Corporation Development Authority New Delhi Municipal Council Cantonment Board New Delhi Connaught Place Chandni Chowk Karol Bagh Chanakyapuri Lajpat Nagar Hauz Khas Buildings and landmarks Tourist attractions Akshardham Temple Amar Jawan Jyoti Ashokan Edicts Bahá'í House of Worship Bara Gumbad Barakhamba Chausath Khamba Chhatarpur Temple Chor Minar Coronation Park Gates of Delhi Hanuman Temple , Connaught Place Hauz Khas Complex Hauz - i - Shamsi Hijron Ka Khanqah Humayun 's Tomb India Gate ISKCON Temple Jahanpanah Jahaz Mahal Jama Masjid Jamali Kamali Mosque and Tomb Jantar Mantar Khirki Masjid List of parks Metcalfe House Moth Ki Masjid Nizamuddin Dargah Parliament of India Purana Qila Qutb Minar Ramlila Maidan Raj Ghat Rajpath Rashtrapati Bhavan Red Fort Safdarjung 's Tomb Salimgarh Fort Shisha Gumbad Siri Fort Sultan Ghari Teen Murti Bhavan Vijay Chowk Yogmaya Temple Zafar Mahal Economy Stock Exchange Association Transport Air Indira Gandhi International Airport Safdarjung Airport Rail Anand Vihar Terminal Delhi Junction Hazrat Nizamuddin New Delhi Sarai Rohilla Delhi Light Rail Transit Delhi Metro Delhi Monorail Delhi Suburban Railway Road Delhi Transport Corporation Inter State Bus Terminals Delhi BRTS Culture Independence Day Republic Day Punjabi cuisine Dilli Haat Ghantewala Khari Baoli Hinduism Sikhism Islam Cinema Shopping Sports Teams Delhi cricket team Delhi Daredevils Hindustan Football Club New Delhi Heroes FC Delhi United S.C. Delhi Waveriders Delhi Smashers Delhi Dynamos FC Delhi football team Delhi Defenders Delhi Giants Delhi Wizards Garhwal F.C. Dabang Delhi Simla Youngs F.C. Stadiums Ambedkar Stadium Chhatrasal Stadium Delhi University Stadium Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range Ferozshah Kotla Harbax Singh Stadium Indira Gandhi Arena Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium Jamia Millia Islamia University Ground Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Karnail Singh Stadium Dhyan Chand National Stadium Siri Fort Sports Complex SPM Swimming Pool Complex Talkatora Stadium Thyagaraj Sports Complex Yamuna Sports Complex Games 1951 Asian Games 1982 Asian Games 1987 Cricket World Cup 1989 Asian Athletics Championships 1996 Cricket World Cup 2010 Commonwealth Games 2010 Hockey World Cup 2011 Cricket World Cup Nehru Cup Delhi Half Marathon Education Education in Delhi Kendriya Vidyalaya Indian Statistical Institute Delhi Public School Society University of Delhi National Law University , Delhi Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Faculty of Management Science , University of Delhi Jawaharlal Nehru University Jamia Millia Islamia Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Indira Gandhi National Open University All India Institute of Medical Sciences Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology Delhi School of Economics Miranda House Shri Ram College of Commerce Lady Shri Ram College for Women Delhi College of Engineering St. Stephen 's College Districts Central Delhi East Delhi New Delhi North Delhi North East Delhi North West Delhi South Delhi South West Delhi West Delhi National Capital Region ( NCR ) Gurgaon Noida Faridabad Ghaziabad Greater Noida Other topics Famous people from Delhi Buildings and structures List of cities in India See also Hindu temples Landmarks Museums Neighbourhoods Power Plants Universities Delhi portal Lists of governors , lieutenant governors and administrators of Indian states and union territories ( and current incumbents ) Andaman and Nicobar Devendra Kumar Joshi Andhra Pradesh E.S.L. Narasimhan Arunachal Pradesh BD Mishra Assam Jagdish Mukhi Bihar Satya Pal Malik Chandigarh V.P. Singh Badnore Chhattisgarh Balram Das Tandon Dadra and Nagar Haveli Praful Khoda Patel Daman and Diu Praful Khoda Patel Delhi Anil Baijal Goa Mridula Sinha Gujarat Om Prakash Kohli Haryana Kaptan Singh Solanki Himachal Pradesh Acharya Dev Vrat Jammu and Kashmir Narinder Nath Vohra Jharkhand Draupadi Murmu Karnataka Vajubhai Vala Kerala P. Sathasivam Lakshadweep Farooq Khan Madhya Pradesh Om Prakash Kohli Maharashtra C. Vidyasagar Rao Manipur Najma Heptulla Meghalaya Ganga Prasad Mizoram Nirbhay Sharma Nagaland Padmanabha Acharya Odisha S.C. Jamir Puducherry Kiran Bedi Punjab V.P. Singh Badnore Rajasthan Kalyan Singh Sikkim Shriniwas Patil Tamil Nadu Banwarilal Purohit Telangana E.S.L. Narasimhan Tripura Tathagata Roy Uttar Pradesh Ram Naik Uttarakhand Krishan Kant Paul West Bengal Keshari Nath Tripathi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Delhi&oldid=795207438 '' Categories : Lieutenant Governors of Delhi Delhi - related lists Lists of governors of Indian states Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia தமிழ் Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2017 , at 18 : 52 . About Wikipedia | who has been appointed as the new lt. governor of delhi | [
"Serving since 31 December 2016, the current Lt. Governor is Anil Baijal, a former Union Home Secretary. His official residence is in Raj Niwas, Delhi.[4]"
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"Anil Baijal"
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-9069525185599464209 | International Labour Organization | International labour Organization - wikipedia International labour Organization `` ILO '' redirects here . For other uses , see ILO ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) International Labour Organization Abbreviation ILO / OIT Formation 29 October 1919 ; 99 years ago ( 1919 - 10 - 29 ) Type UN agency Legal status Active Headquarters Geneva , Switzerland Head Director - General Guy Ryder Parent organization Economic and Social Council of the United Nations Website www.ilo.org Flag of the ILO . The International Labour Organization ( ILO ) , which will mark its centenary in 2019 , is a United Nations agency dealing with labour issues , particularly international labour standards , social protection , and work opportunities for all . The ILO has 187 member states : 186 of the 193 UN member states plus the Cook Islands are members of the ILO . The International Labour Office is the permanent secretariat of the International Labour Organization . It is the focal point for International Labour Organization 's overall activities , which it prepares under the scrutiny of the Governing Body and under the leadership of the Director - General . The Office employs some 2,700 officials from over 150 nations at its headquarters in Geneva , and in around 40 field offices around the world . Among these officials , 900 work in technical cooperation programmes and projects . In 1969 , the organization received the Nobel Peace Prize for improving fraternity and peace among nations , pursuing decent work and justice for workers , and providing technical assistance to other developing nations . The International Labour Organization has developed a system of international labour standards aimed at promoting opportunities for women and men to obtain decent and productive work , in conditions of freedom , equity , security and dignity . Contents 1 Governance , organization , and membership 1.1 Governing body 1.2 International Labor Conference 1.3 Conventions 1.4 Recommendations 1.5 Membership 1.6 Position within the UN 2 History 2.1 Origins 2.1. 1 IFTU Bern Conference 2.1. 2 Commission on International Labour Legislation 2.2 Interwar period 2.3 Wartime and the United Nations 2.4 Cold War era 3 Programmes 3.1 Labour statistics 3.2 Training and teaching units 3.3 Child labour 3.3. 1 ILO 's response to child labour 3.3. 2 Exceptions in indigenous communities 4 Issues 4.1 Forced labour 4.2 Minimum wage law 4.3 HIV / AIDS 4.4 Migrant workers 4.5 Domestic workers 4.6 ILO and globalization 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Governance , Organization , and membership ( edit ) ILO headquarters in Geneva Unlike other United Nations specialized agencies , the International Labour Organization has a tripartite governing structure that brings together governments , employers , and workers of 187 member States , to set labour standards , develop policies and devise programmes promoting decent work for all women and men . The very structure of the ILO , where workers and employers together have an equal voice with governments in its deliberations , shows social dialogue in action . It ensures that the views of the social partners are closely reflected in ILO labour standards , policies and programmes . Governing body ( edit ) The Governing Body is the executive body of the International Labour Organization ( the Office is the secretariat of the Organization ) . It meets three times a year , in March , June and November . It takes decisions on ILO policy , decides the agenda of the International Labour Conference , adopts the draft Programme and Budget of the Organization for submission to the Conference , elects the Director - General , requests information from member states concerning labour matters , appoints commissions of inquiry and supervises the work of the International Labour Office . Juan Somavía was the ILO 's Director - General from 1999 until October 2012 when Guy Ryder was elected . The ILO Governing Body re-elected Guy Rider as Director - General for a second five year - term in November 2016 . This governing body is composed of 56 titular members ( 28 Governments , 14 Employers and 14 Workers ) and 66 deputy members ( 28 Governments , 19 Employers and 19 Workers ) . Ten of the titular government seats are permanently held by States of chief industrial importance ( Brazil , China , France , Germany , India , Italy , Japan , the Russian Federation , the United Kingdom and the United States ) . The other Government members are elected by the Conference every three years ( the last elections were held in June 2014 ) . The Employer and Worker members are elected in their individual capacity . International Labor Conference ( edit ) Interpreting booth ready for an ILO meeting The ILO organises once a year the International Labour Conference in Geneva to set the broad policies of the ILO , including conventions and recommendations . Also known as the `` international parliament of labour '' , the conference makes decisions about the ILO 's general policy , work programme and budget and also elects the Governing Body . Each member State is represented by a delegation : two government delegates , an employer delegate , a worker delegate and their respective advisers . All of them have individual voting rights and all votes are equal , regardless the population of the delegate 's member State . The employer and worker delegates are normally chosen in agreement with the most representative national organizations of employers and workers . Usually , the workers and employers ' delegates coordinate their voting . All delegates have the same rights and are not required to vote in blocs . Delegate have the same rights , they can express themselves freely and vote as they wish . This diversity of viewpoints does not prevent decisions being adopted by very large majorities or unanimously . Heads of State and prime ministers also participate in the Conference . International organizations , both governmental and others , also attend but as observers . Conventions ( edit ) Main article : List of International Labour Organization Conventions ILO building in Geneva with Salève in the background Through July 2018 , the ILO had adopted 189 conventions . If these conventions are ratified by enough governments , they come in force . However , ILO conventions are considered international labour standards regardless of ratification . When a convention comes into force , it creates a legal obligation for ratifying nations to apply its provisions . Every year the International Labour Conference 's Committee on the Application of Standards examines a number of alleged breaches of international labour standards . Governments are required to submit reports detailing their compliance with the obligations of the conventions they have ratified . Conventions that have not been ratified by member states have the same legal force as recommendations . In 1998 , the 86th International Labour Conference adopted the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work . This declaration contains four fundamental policies : The right of workers to associate freely and bargain collectively The end of forced and compulsory labour The end of child labour The end of unfair discrimination among workers The ILO asserts that its members have an obligation to work towards fully respecting these principles , embodied in relevant ILO conventions . The ILO conventions which embody the fundamental principles have now been ratified by most member states . Recommendations ( edit ) Recommendations do not have the binding force of conventions and are not subject to ratification . Recommendations may be adopted at the same time as conventions to supplement the latter with additional or more detailed provisions . In other cases recommendations may be adopted separately and may address issues separate from particular conventions . Membership ( edit ) ILO member states As of April 2016 , the ILO has 187 state members . 186 of the 193 member states of the United Nations plus the Cook Islands are members of the ILO . The UN member states which are not members of the ILO are Andorra , Bhutan , Liechtenstein , Micronesia , Monaco , Nauru , and North Korea . The ILO constitution permits any member of the UN to become a member of the ILO . To gain membership , a nation must inform the director - general that it accepts all the obligations of the ILO constitution . Other states can be admitted by a two - thirds vote of all delegates , including a two - thirds vote of government delegates , at any ILO General Conference . The Cook Islands , a non-UN state , joined in June 2015 . Members of the ILO under the League of Nations automatically became members when the organisation 's new constitution came into effect after World War II . Position within the UN ( edit ) The International Labour Organisation ( ILO ) is a specialised agency of the United Nations ( UN ) . As with other UN specialised agencies ( or programmes ) working on international development , the ILO is also a member of the United Nations Development Group . History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) ILO organization chart ( bottom - right ) , as a League of Nations agency during the interwar . While the ILO was established as an agency of the League of Nations following World War I , its founders had made great strides in social thought and action before 1919 . The core members all knew one another from earlier private professional and ideological networks , in which they exchanged knowledge , experiences , and ideas on social policy . Prewar `` epistemic communities '' , such as the International Association for Labour Legislation ( IALL ) , founded in 1900 , and political networks , such as the socialist Second International , were a decisive factor in the institutionalization of international labour politics . In the post -- World War I euphoria , the idea of a `` makeable society '' was an important catalyst behind the social engineering of the ILO architects . As a new discipline , international labour law became a useful instrument for putting social reforms into practice . The utopian ideals of the founding members -- social justice and the right to decent work -- were changed by diplomatic and political compromises made at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 , showing the ILO 's balance between idealism and pragmatism . Over the course of the First World War , the international labour movement proposed a comprehensive programme of protection for the working classes , conceived as compensation for labour 's support during the war . Post-war reconstruction and the protection of labour unions occupied the attention of many nations during and immediately after World War I. In Great Britain , the Whitley Commission , a subcommittee of the Reconstruction Commission , recommended in its July 1918 Final Report that `` industrial councils '' be established throughout the world . The British Labour Party had issued its own reconstruction programme in the document titled Labour and the New Social Order . In February 1918 , the third Inter-Allied Labour and Socialist Conference ( representing delegates from Great Britain , France , Belgium and Italy ) issued its report , advocating an international labour rights body , an end to secret diplomacy , and other goals . And in December 1918 , the American Federation of Labor ( AFL ) issued its own distinctively apolitical report , which called for the achievement of numerous incremental improvements via the collective bargaining process . IFTU Bern Conference ( edit ) As the war drew to a close , two competing visions for the post-war world emerged . The first was offered by the International Federation of Trade Unions ( IFTU ) , which called for a meeting in Bern , Switzerland , in July 1919 . The Bern meeting would consider both the future of the IFTU and the various proposals which had been made in the previous few years . The IFTU also proposed including delegates from the Central Powers as equals . Samuel Gompers , president of the AFL , boycotted the meeting , wanting the Central Powers delegates in a subservient role as an admission of guilt for their countries ' role in the bringing about war . Instead , Gompers favoured a meeting in Paris which would only consider President Woodrow Wilson 's Fourteen Points as a platform . Despite the American boycott , the Bern meeting went ahead as scheduled . In its final report , the Bern Conference demanded an end to wage labour and the establishment of socialism . If these ends could not be immediately achieved , then an international body attached to the League of Nations should enact and enforce legislation to protect workers and trade unions . Commission on International labour Legislation ( edit ) Meanwhile , the Paris Peace Conference sought to dampen public support for communism . Subsequently , the Allied Powers agreed that clauses should be inserted into the emerging peace treaty protecting labour unions and workers ' rights , and that an international labour body be established to help guide international labour relations in the future . The advisory Commission on International Labour Legislation was established by the Peace Conference to draft these proposals . The Commission met for the first time on 1 February 1919 , and Gompers was elected chairman . Samuel Gompers ( right ) with Albert Thomas , 1918 Two competing proposals for an international body emerged during the Commission 's meetings . The British proposed establishing an international parliament to enact labour laws which each member of the League would be required to implement . Each nation would have two delegates to the parliament , one each from labour and management . An international labour office would collect statistics on labour issues and enforce the new international laws . Philosophically opposed to the concept of an international parliament and convinced that international standards would lower the few protections achieved in the United States , Gompers proposed that the international labour body be authorized only to make recommendations , and that enforcement be left up to the League of Nations . Despite vigorous opposition from the British , the American proposal was adopted . Gompers also set the agenda for the draft charter protecting workers ' rights . The Americans made 10 proposals . Three were adopted without change : That labour should not be treated as a commodity ; that all workers had the right to a wage sufficient to live on ; and that women should receive equal pay for equal work . A proposal protecting the freedom of speech , press , assembly , and association was amended to include only freedom of association . A proposed ban on the international shipment of goods made by children under the age of 16 was amended to ban goods made by children under the age of 14 . A proposal to require an eight - hour work day was amended to require the eight - hour work day or the 40 - hour work week ( an exception was made for countries where productivity was low ) . Four other American proposals were rejected . Meanwhile , international delegates proposed three additional clauses , which were adopted : One or more days for weekly rest ; equality of laws for foreign workers ; and regular and frequent inspection of factory conditions . The Commission issued its final report on 4 March 1919 , and the Peace Conference adopted it without amendment on 11 April . The report became Part XIII of the Treaty of Versailles . Interwar period ( edit ) Greenwood , Ernest H. ( of the United States -- Deputy secretary general of the conference ) / Secretary General : Mr. Harold B. Butler ( Great Britain ) / Deputy Secretaries General : Mr. Ernest H. Greenwood ( United States ) / Dr. Guido Pardo ( Italy ) / Legal Adviser : Dr. Manley 0 . Hudson ( United States ) / with staff of the first International Labour Conference , in Washington , D.C. , in 1919 , in front of the Pan American Union Building The first annual conference , referred to as the International Labour Conference ( ILC ) , began on 29 October 1919 at the Pan American Union Building in Washington , D.C. and adopted the first six International Labour Conventions , which dealt with hours of work in industry , unemployment , maternity protection , night work for women , minimum age , and night work for young persons in industry . The prominent French socialist Albert Thomas became its first director - general . Despite open disappointment and sharp critique , the revived International Federation of Trade Unions ( IFTU ) quickly adapted itself to this mechanism . The IFTU increasingly oriented its international activities around the lobby work of the ILO . At the time of establishment , the U.S. government was not a member of ILO , as the US Senate rejected the covenant of the League of Nations , and the United States could not join any of its agencies . Following the election of Franklin Delano Roosevelt to the U.S. presidency , the new administration made renewed efforts to join the ILO without league membership . On 19 June 1934 , the U.S. Congress passed a joint resolution authorizing the president to join ILO without joining the League of Nations as a whole . On 22 June 1934 , the ILO adopted a resolution inviting the U.S. government to join the organization . On 20 August 1934 , the U.S. government responded positively and took its seat at the ILO . Wartime and the United Nations ( edit ) During the Second World War , when Switzerland was surrounded by German troops , ILO director John G. Winant made the decision to leave Geneva . In August 1940 , the government of Canada officially invited the ILO to be housed at McGill University in Montreal . Forty staff members were transferred to the temporary offices and continued to work from McGill until 1948 . The ILO became the first specialized agency of the United Nations system after the demise of the league in 1946 . Its constitution , as amended , includes the Declaration of Philadelphia ( 1944 ) on the aims and purposes of the organization . Cold War era ( edit ) In July , 1970 , the United States withdrew 50 % of its financial support to the ILO following the appointment of an assistant director - general from the Soviet Union . This appointment ( by the ILO 's British director - general , C. Wilfred Jenks ) drew particular criticism from AFL -- CIO president George Meany and from Congressman John E. Rooney . However , the funds were eventually paid . Ratifications of 1976 Tripartite Consultation Convention On 12 June 1975 , the ILO voted to grant the Palestinian Liberation Organization observer status at its meetings . Representatives of the United States and Israel walked out of the meeting . The U.S. House of Representatives subsequently decided to withhold funds . The United States gave notice of full withdrawal on 6 November 1975 , stating that the organization had become politicized . The United States also suggested that representation from communist countries was not truly `` tripartite '' -- including government , workers , and employers -- because of the structure of these economies . The withdrawal became effective on 1 November 1977 . The United States returned to the organization in 1980 after extracting some concessions from the organization . It was partly responsible for the ILO 's shift away from a human rights approach and towards support for the Washington Consensus . Economist Guy Standing wrote `` the ILO quietly ceased to be an international body attempting to redress structural inequality and became one promoting employment equity '' . Programmes ( edit ) Labour statistics ( edit ) The ILO is a major provider of labour statistics . Labour statistics are an important tool for its member states to monitor their progress toward improving labour standards . As part of their statistical work , ILO maintains several databases . This database covers 11 major data series for over 200 countries . In addition , ILO publishes a number of compilations of labour statistics , such as the Key Indicators of Labour Markets ( KILM ) . KILM covers 20 main indicators on labour participation rates , employment , unemployment , educational attainment , labour cost , and economic performance . Many of these indicators have been prepared by other organizations . For example , the Division of International Labour Comparisons of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics prepares the hourly compensation in manufacturing indicator . The U.S. Department of Labor also publishes a yearly report containing a List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor issued by the Bureau of International Labor Affairs . The December 2014 updated edition of the report listed a total of 74 countries and 136 goods . Training and teaching units ( edit ) The International Training Centre of the International Labour Organization ( ITCILO ) is based in Turin , Italy . Together with the University of Turin Department of Law , the ITC offers training for ILO officers and secretariat members , as well as offering educational programmes . For instance , the ITCILO offers a Master of Laws programme in management of development , which aims specialize professionals in the field of cooperation and development . Child labour ( edit ) Different forms of child labour in Honduras , 1999 The term child labour is often defined as work that deprives children of their childhood , potential , dignity , and is harmful to their physical and mental development . Child labour refers to work that is mentally , physically , socially or morally dangerous and harmful to children . Further , it can involve interfering with their schooling by depriving them of the opportunity to attend school , obliging them to leave school prematurely , or requiring them to attempt to combine school attendance with excessively long and heavy work . In its most extreme forms , child labour involves children being enslaved , separated from their families , exposed to serious hazards and illnesses and left to fend for themselves on the streets of large cities -- often at a very early age . Whether or not particular forms of `` work '' can be called child labour depends on the child 's age , the type and hours of work performed , the conditions under which it is performed and the objectives pursued by individual countries . The answer varies from country to country , as well as among sectors within countries . ILO 's response to child labour ( edit ) Parties to ILO 's 1973 Minimum Age Convention , and the minimum ages they have designated : purple , 14 years ; green , 15 years ; blue , 16 years The ILO 's International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour ( IPEC ) was created in 1992 with the overall goal of the progressive elimination of child labour , which was to be achieved through strengthening the capacity of countries to deal with the problem and promoting a worldwide movement to combat child labour . The IPEC currently has operations in 88 countries , with an annual expenditure on technical cooperation projects that reached over US $74 million , € 50 million in 2006 . It is the largest programme of its kind globally and the biggest single operational programme of the ILO . The number and range of the IPEC 's partners have expanded over the years and now include employers ' and workers ' organizations , other international and government agencies , private businesses , community - based organizations , NGOs , the media , parliamentarians , the judiciary , universities , religious groups and children and their families . The IPEC 's work to eliminate child labour is an important facet of the ILO 's Decent Work Agenda . Child labour not only prevents children from acquiring the skills and education they need for a better future , it also perpetuates poverty and affects national economies through losses in competitiveness , productivity and potential income . Exceptions in indigenous communities ( edit ) Because of different cultural views involving labour , the ILO developed a series of culturally sensitive mandates , including convention Nos. 169 , 107 , 138 , and 182 , to protect indigenous culture , traditions , and identities . Convention Nos. 138 and 182 lead in the fight against child labour , while Nos. 107 and 169 promote the rights of indigenous and tribal peoples and protect their right to define their own developmental priorities . The ILO recognizes these changes are necessary to respect the culture and traditions of other communities while also looking after the welfare of children . In many indigenous communities , parents believe children learn important life lessons through the act of work and through the participation in daily life . Working is seen as a learning process preparing children of the future tasks they will eventually have to do as an adult . It is a belief that the family 's and child well - being and survival is a shared responsibility between members of the whole family . They also see work as an intrinsic part of their child 's developmental process . While these attitudes toward child work remain , many children and parents from indigenous communities still highly value education . The ILO wants to include these communities in the fight against exploitative child labour while being sensitive to their traditions and values . actually they know the how to learn it , normally they can do it . Issues ( edit ) See also : List of International Labour Organization Conventions Forced labour ( edit ) The ILO has considered the fight against forced labour to be one of its main priorities . During the interwar years , the issue was mainly considered a colonial phenomenon , and the ILO 's concern was to establish minimum standards protecting the inhabitants of colonies from the worst abuses committed by economic interests . After 1945 , the goal became to set a uniform and universal standard , determined by the higher awareness gained during World War II of politically and economically motivated systems of forced labour , but debates were hampered by the Cold War and by exemptions claimed by colonial powers . Since the 1960s , declarations of labour standards as a component of human rights have been weakened by government of postcolonial countries claiming a need to exercise extraordinary powers over labour in their role as emergency regimes promoting rapid economic development . Ratifications of the ILO 's 1930 Forced Labour Convention , with non-ratifiers shown in red In June 1998 the International Labour Conference adopted a Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its follow - up that obligates member states to respect , promote and realize freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining , the elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labour , the effective abolition of child labour , and the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation . With the adoption of the declaration , the ILO created the InFocus Programme on Promoting the Declaration which is responsible for the reporting processes and technical cooperation activities associated with the declaration ; and it carries out awareness raising , advocacy and knowledge functions . In November 2001 , following the publication of the InFocus Programme 's first global report on forced labour , the ILO 's governing body created a special action programme to combat forced labour ( SAP - FL ) , as part of broader efforts to promote the 1998 Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its follow - up . Ratifications of the ILO 's 1957 Abolition of Forced Labour Convention , with non-ratifiers shown in red Since its inception , the SAP - FL has focused on raising global awareness of forced labour in its different forms , and mobilizing action against its manifestation . Several thematic and country - specific studies and surveys have since been undertaken , on such diverse aspects of forced labour as bonded labour , human trafficking , forced domestic work , rural servitude , and forced prison labour . The SAP - FL has spearheaded the ILO 's work in this field since early 2002 . The programme is designed to : Raise global awareness and understanding of modern forced labour Assist governments in developing and implementing new laws , policies and action plans Develop and disseminate guidance and training materials on key aspects of forced labour and trafficking Implement innovative programmes that combine policy development , capacity building of law enforcement and labour market institutions , and targeted , field - based projects of direct support for both prevention of forced labour and identification and rehabilitation of its victims Minimum wage law ( edit ) To protect the right of labours for fixing minimum wage , ILO has created Minimum Wage - Fixing Machinery Convention , 1928 , Minimum Wage Fixing Machinery ( Agriculture ) Convention , 1951 and Minimum Wage Fixing Convention , 1970 as minimum wage law . HIV / AIDS ( edit ) The International Labour Organization ( ILO ) is the lead UN-agency on HIV workplace policies and programmes and private sector mobilization . The ILO recognizes that HIV has a potentially devastating impact on labour and productivity and represents an enormous burden for working people , their families and communities . ILOAIDS is the branch of the ILO dedicated to this issue . The ILO has been involved with the HIV response since 1998 . In June 2001 , the ILO 's governing body adopted a pioneering code of practice on HIV / AIDS and the world of work , which was launched during a special session of the UN General Assembly . The same year , ILO became a cosponsor of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS ( UNAIDS ) . In 2010 , the 99th International Labour Conference adopted the ILO 's recommendation concerning HIV and AIDS and the world of work , 2010 ( No. 200 ) , the first international labour standard on HIV and AIDS . The recommendation lays out a comprehensive set of principles to protect the rights of HIV - positive workers and their families , while scaling up prevention in the workplace . Working under the theme of Preventing HIV , Protecting Human Rights at Work , ILOAIDS undertakes a range of policy advisory , research and technical support functions in the area of HIV and AIDS and the world of work . The ILO also works on promoting social protection as a means of reducing vulnerability to HIV and mitigating its impact on those living with or affected by HIV . ILOAIDS is currently engaged in the `` Getting to Zero '' campaign to arrive at zero new infections , zero AIDS - related deaths and zero - discrimination by 2015 . Building on this campaign , ILOAIDS is executing a programme of voluntary and confidential counselling and testing at work , known as VCT@WORK . Migrant workers ( edit ) As the word `` migrant '' suggests , migrant workers refer to those who moves from one country to another to do their job . For the rights of migrant workers , ILO has adopted conventions , including Migrant Workers ( Supplementary Provisions ) Convention , 1975 and United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families in 1990 . Domestic workers ( edit ) Domestic workers are those who perform a variety of tasks for and in other peoples ' homes . For example , they may cook / clean the house and look after children . Yet they are often the ones with the least consideration , excluded from labour and social protection . This is mainly due to the fact that women have traditionally carried out the tasks without pay . For the rights and decent work of domestic workers including migrant domestic workers , ILO has adopted Convention on domestic workers on 16 June 2011 . ILO and globalization ( edit ) Seeking a process of globalization that is inclusive , democratically governed and provides opportunities and tangible benefits for all countries and people . The World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization was established by the ILO 's governing body in February 2002 at the initiative of the director - general in response to the fact that there did not appear to be a space within the multilateral system that would cover adequately and comprehensively the social dimension of the various aspects of globalization . The World Commission Report , A Fair Globalization : Creating Opportunities for All , is the first attempt at structured dialogue among representatives of constituencies with different interests and opinions on the social dimension of globalization , aimed at finding common ground on one of the most controversial and divisive subjects of our time . See also ( edit ) Organized labour portal United Nations portal Centre William Rappard , first permanent home of the ILO on the north bank of Lake Geneva Seoul Declaration on Safety and Health at Work , 2008 Social clause , the integration of seven core ILO labour rights conventions into trade agreements United Nations Global Compact , 1999 -- 2000 , encouraging businesses to adopt sustainable and socially responsible policies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mission and impact of the ILO '' . ilo.org . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1969 '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 5 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to International Labour Standards '' . ilo.org . Jump up ^ `` Guy Ryder re-elected as ILO Director - General for a second term '' . ilo.org . Jump up ^ `` Governing Body '' . ilo.org . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Article 7 , ILO Constitution Jump up ^ `` ILO Constitution '' . ilo.org . Jump up ^ `` International Labour Conference '' . ilo.org . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work '' . Rights at Work . International Labour Organization . 1998 . Retrieved 16 August 2012 . Jump up ^ See the list of ratifications at Ilo.org Jump up ^ `` Recommendations '' . www.ilo.org . Jump up ^ `` ILO Constitution Article 3 '' . Ilo.org . Archived from the original on 25 December 2009 . Retrieved 2 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The International Labour Organization ( ILO ) -- Membership '' . Encyclopedia of the Nations . Advameg , Inc. 2012 . Retrieved 16 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` International Labour Organization '' . britannica.com . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 13 October 2013 . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Grandjean , Martin ( 2017 ) . `` Analisi e visualizzazioni delle reti in storia . L'esempio della cooperazione intellettuale della Società delle Nazioni '' . Memoria e Ricerca ( 2 ) : 371 -- 393 . doi : 10.14647 / 87204 . See also : French version ( PDF ) and English summary . ^ Jump up to : VanDaele , Jasmien ( 2005 ) . `` Engineering Social Peace : Networks , Ideas , And the Founding of the International Labour Organization '' . International Review of Social History . 50 ( 3 ) : 435 -- 466 . doi : 10.1017 / S0020859005002178 . Jump up ^ Haimson , Leopold H. and Sapelli , Giulio . Strikes , Social Conflict , and the First World War : An International Perspective . Milan : Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli , 1992 . ISBN 88 - 07 - 99047 - 4 Jump up ^ Shapiro , Stanley ( 1976 ) . `` The Passage of Power : Labor and the New Social Order '' . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . 120 ( 6 ) : 464 -- 474 . JSTOR 986599 . Jump up ^ Ayusawa , Iwao Frederick . International Labor Legislation . Clark , N.J. : Lawbook Exchange , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 58477 - 461 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Foner , Philip S. History of the Labor Movement in the United States . Vol. 7 : Labor and World War I , 1914 -- 1918 . New York : International Publishers , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 7178 - 0638 - 3 Jump up ^ `` INTERNATIONAL LABOR CONFERENCE . October 29 , 1919 -- NOVEMBER 29 , 1919 '' ( PDF ) . ilo.org . WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1920 . Jump up ^ `` Origins and history '' . ilo.org . Jump up ^ Reiner Tosstorff ( 2005 ) . `` The International Trade - Union Movement and the Founding of the International Labour Organization '' ( PDF ) . International Review of Social History . 50 ( 3 ) : 399 -- 433 . doi : 10.1017 / S0020859005002166 . Jump up ^ `` ILO '' . ilo.org . Jump up ^ `` Photo Gallery '' . ILO. 2011 . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Beigbeder , Yves ( 1979 ) . `` The United States ' Withdrawal from the International Labor Organization '' ( PDF ) . Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations . 34 ( 2 ) : 223 -- 240 . doi : 10.7202 / 028959ar . Jump up ^ `` Communication from the Government of the United States '' ( PDF ) . ilo.org ... United States letter dated 5 November 1975 containing notice of withdrawal from the International Labour Organization . Jump up ^ Standing , Guy ( 2008 ) . `` The ILO : An Agency for Globalization ? '' ( PDF ) . Development and Change . 39 ( 3 ) : 355 -- 384 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7660.2008. 00484. x . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LABORSTA Internet ( E ) '' . ilo.org . Jump up ^ `` Key Indicators of the Labour Market ( KILM ) '' . ilo.org . Jump up ^ `` Hourly compensation costs '' ( PDF ) . International Labour Organization , KILM 17 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 July 2012 . Retrieved 2 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor '' . dol.gov . Jump up ^ BIZZOTTO . `` ITCILO -- International Training Center '' . Jump up ^ `` LLM Guide ( IP LLM ) -- University of Torino , Faculty of Law '' . llm-guide.com . Retrieved 2 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 9 May 2008 . Retrieved 21 May 2008 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Von Braun , Joachim ( 1995 ) . Von Braun , ed . Employment for poverty reduction and food security . `` IFPRI Occasional Papers '' . Intl Food Policy Res Inst . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89629 - 332 - 8 . Retrieved 20 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Larsen , P.B. Indigenous and tribal children : assessing child labour and education challenges . International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour ( IPEC ) , International Labour Office . Jump up ^ Guidelines for Combating Child Labour Among Indigenous Peoples . Geneva : International Labour Organization . 2006 . ISBN 92 - 2 - 118748 - 9 . Jump up ^ Daniel Roger Maul ( 2007 ) . `` The International Labour Organization and the Struggle against Forced Labour from 1919 to the Present '' . Labor History . 48 ( 4 ) : 477 -- 500 . doi : 10.1080 / 00236560701580275 . Jump up ^ `` Forced labour , human trafficking and slavery '' . ilo.org . Jump up ^ `` HIV / AIDS and the World of Work Branch ( ILOAIDS ) '' . ilo.org . Jump up ^ `` The ILO Code of Practice on HIV / AIDS and the World of Work '' . ilo.org . Jump up ^ `` Recommendation concerning HIV and AIDS and the World of Work , 2010 ( No. 200 ) '' . ilo.org . Jump up ^ `` Getting to Zero '' . Archived from the original on 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UNAIDS '' . unaids.org . Jump up ^ `` VCT@WORK : 5 million women and men workers reached with Voluntary and confidential HIV Counseling and Testing by 2015 '' . ilo.org . Jump up ^ Kumaraveloo , K Sakthiaseelan ; Lunner Kolstrup , Christina ( 2018 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Agriculture and musculoskeletal disorders in low - and middle - income countries '' . Journal of Agromedicine. 23 ( 3 ) : 227 -- 248 . doi : 10.1080 / 1059924x. 2018.1458671 . ISSN 1059 - 924X . Jump up ^ `` Domestic workers '' . ilo.org . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ILO and Globalization '' . Further reading ( edit ) Alcock , A. History of the International Labour Organization ( London , 1971 ) Chisholm , A. Labour 's Magna Charta : A Critical Study of the Labour Clauses of the Peace Treaty and of the Draft Conventions and Recommendations of the Washington International Labour Conference ( London , 1925 ) Dufty , N.F. `` Organizational Growth and Goal Structure : The Case of the ILO , '' International Organization 1972 Vol. 26 , pp 479 -- 498 in JSTOR Endres , A. ; Fleming , G. International Organizations and the Analysis of Economic Policy , 1919 -- 1950 ( Cambridge , 2002 ) Evans , A.A. My Life as an International Civil Servant in the International Labour Organization ( Geneva , 1995 ) Ewing , K. Britain and the ILO ( London , 1994 ) Fried , John H.E. `` Relations Between the United Nations and the International Labor Organization , '' American Political Science Review , Vol. 41 , No. 5 ( October 1947 ) , pp. 963 -- 977 in JSTOR Galenson , Walter . The International Labor Organization : An American View ( Madison , 1981 ) Ghebali , Victor - Yves . `` The International Labour Organisation : A Case Study on the Evolution of U.N. Specialised Agencies '' Dordrecht , Martinus Nijhoff Publishers , ( 1989 ) Guthrie , Jason . `` The international labor organization and the social politics of development , 1938 -- 1969 . '' ( PhD Dissertation , University of Maryland , 2015 ) . Haas , Ernst B. `` Beyond the nation - state : functionalism and international organization '' Colchester , ECPR Press , ( 2008 ) Heldal , H. `` Norway in the International Labour Organization , 1919 -- 1939 '' Scandinavian Journal of History 1996 Vol. 21 , pp 255 -- 283 , Imber , M.F. The USA , ILO , UNESCO and IAEA : politicization and withdrawal in the Specialized Agencies ( 1989 ) Johnston , G.A. The International Labour Organization : Its Work for Social and Economic Progress ( London , 1970 ) Manwaring , J. International Labour Organization : A Canadian View ( Ottawa , 1986 ) Morse , David . The Origin and Evolution of the ILO and its Role in the World Community ( Ithaca , 1969 ) Morse , David . `` International Labour Organization -- Nobel Lecture : ILO and the Social Infrastructure of Peace '' Ostrower , Gary B . `` The American decision to join the international labor organization , Labor History , Volume 16 , Issue 4 Autumn 1975 , pp 495 -- 504 The U.S. joined in 1934 VanDaele , Jasmien . `` The International Labour Organization ( ILO ) In Past and Present Research , '' International Review of Social History 2008 53 ( 3 ) : 485 -- 511 , historiography External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to International Labour Organization . 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Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant 1910 International Peace Bureau 1911 Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried 1912 Elihu Root 1913 Henri La Fontaine 1914 1915 1916 1917 International Committee of the Red Cross 1918 1919 Woodrow Wilson 1920 Léon Bourgeois 1921 Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange 1922 Fridtjof Nansen 1923 1924 1925 Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes 1926 -- 1950 1926 Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann 1927 Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde 1928 1929 Frank B. 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9 HDS : 13817 ISNI : 0000 0001 2299 2440 LCCN : n78095363 NKC : kn20010711277 NLA : 35865235 SELIBR : 119830 SUDOC : 026397234 VIAF : 133287293 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&oldid=866456341 '' Categories : International Labour Organization United Nations specialized agencies United Nations Development Group Global workforce and labor organizations Workers ' rights organizations Organizations awarded Nobel Peace Prizes Organizations established in 1919 United Nations organisations based in Geneva Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Articles needing additional references from October 2018 All articles needing additional references Use British English Oxford spelling from January 2014 Use dmy dates from September 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Use dmy dates from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bislama Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 66 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 13 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the full form of i l o | [
"The International Labour Organization (ILO), which will mark its centenary in 2019, is a United Nations agency dealing with labour issues, particularly international labour standards, social protection, and work opportunities for all.[1] The ILO has 187 member states: 186 of the 193 UN member states plus the Cook Islands are members of the ILO.\n"
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"International Labour Organization"
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-4585284261026996039 | Murgatroyd | Murgatroyd - wikipedia Murgatroyd Murgatroyd is an English surname . Its etymology , according to one source , is as follows : in 1371 , a constable was appointed for the district of Warley in Yorkshire . He adopted the name of Johanus de Morgateroyde , or literally : Johanus of Moor Gate Royde or the district leading to the moor . Another source says the place name means Margaret 's road . In Norse , the Royd meant `` Clearing '' ( as in a forest ) Although Moorgate in London was a gate with the road to the moor passing through , in Yorkshire , Gate ( again from Norse ) means street , so Moor Gate Royd would be `` A clearing in the forest on the road to the moor '' . The name is also used in the favorite catchphrase of the Hanna - Barbera cartoon character Snagglepuss -- `` Heavens to Murgatroyd ! '' , a line first spoken by Bert Lahr in the 1944 film Meet the People , whom Snagglepuss ' voice is largely based on . The name may refer to the following : People ( edit ) Cecil G. Murgatroyd ( 1958 -- 2001 ) , long - running satirical political candidate in Australia and New Zealand Gavin Murgatroyd ( born 1969 ) , Namibian cricketer ( previously known as Bryan Murgatroyd ) Henry Murgatroyd ( 1853 -- 1905 ) , English cricketer Peta Murgatroyd ( born 1986 ) , professional dancer Stephen Murgatroyd ( born 1950 ) , writer , broadcaster and consultant Fictional characters ( edit ) The Murgatroyd family , in the Gilbert and Sullivan 1887 opera Ruddigore The Murgatroyd family of businesspeople , in Fallen London Evelyn Murgatroyd , in The Voyage Out , a 1915 novel by Virginia Woolf General Murgatroyd , in Highland Fling , a 1931 novel by Nancy Mitford Murgatroyd and Winterbottom , a British comedy act consisting of Ronald Frankau and Tommy Handley Ambrose Murgatroyd , in the 1941 Preston Sturges movie The Lady Eve Miss Amy Murgatroyd , in A Murder Is Announced , a 1950 novel by Agatha Christie Murgatroyd , pet rabbit of the eponymous main character in Celia , a 1988 film directed by Ann Turner Alice Margatroid ( corruption of Murgatroyd ) , character in the Touhou Project series of video games Murgatroyd , one of Morwen 's cats in the Enchanted Forest Chronicles by Patricia Wrede Reginald `` Reggie '' Murgatroid , a character from The X-Files , ( season 11 , episode 4 ) , portrayed by Darin Morgan Candice Murgatroyd , character in British television programme Ackley Bridge References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Martin , Gary . `` Heavens to Murgatroyd '' . The Phrase Finder . Jump up ^ Campbell , Mike . `` View Surname : Murgatroyd '' . Behind the Name : The Etymology and History of Surnames . Jump up ^ Holroyd . `` The Royds '' . Surname list This page lists people with the surname Murgatroyd . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murgatroyd&oldid=848126283 '' Categories : Surnames English - language surnames Hidden categories : Articles with short description All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 June 2018 , at 23 : 10 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | where does the saying heavens to murgatroyd come from | [
"The name is also used in the favorite catchphrase of the Hanna-Barbera cartoon character Snagglepuss – \"Heavens to Murgatroyd!\", a line first spoken by Bert Lahr in the 1944 film Meet the People, whom Snagglepuss' voice is largely based on. \n"
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"the favorite catchphrase of the Hanna-Barbera cartoon character Snagglepuss"
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5354728067998927753 | The Fate of the Furious | The Fate of the Furious - wikipedia The Fate of the Furious Jump to : navigation , search The Fate of the Furious Theatrical release poster Directed by F. Gary Gray Produced by Neal H. Moritz Vin Diesel Michael Fottrell Chris Morgan Written by Chris Morgan Based on Characters by Gary Scott Thompson Starring Vin Diesel Dwayne Johnson Jason Statham Michelle Rodriguez Tyrese Gibson Chris `` Ludacris '' Bridges Scott Eastwood Nathalie Emmanuel Elsa Pataky Kurt Russell Charlize Theron Music by Brian Tyler Cinematography Stephen F. Windon Edited by Christian Wagner Paul Rubell Production company China Film Original Film One Race Films Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) ( Berlin ) April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) ( United States ) Running time 136 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $250 million Box office $1.239 billion The Fate of the Furious ( alternatively known as Fast & Furious 8 and Fast 8 , and often stylized as F8 ) is a 2017 American action film directed by F. Gary Gray and written by Chris Morgan . It is the eighth installment in The Fast and the Furious franchise . The film stars Vin Diesel , Dwayne Johnson , Jason Statham , Michelle Rodriguez , Tyrese Gibson , Chris `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Scott Eastwood , Nathalie Emmanuel , Elsa Pataky , Kurt Russell and Charlize Theron . The Fate of the Furious follows Dominic Toretto ( Diesel ) , who has settled down with his wife Letty ( Rodriguez ) , until cyberterrorist Cipher ( Theron ) coerces him into working for her and turns him against his team , forcing them to find Dom and take down Cipher . The Fate of the Furious marks the first installment in the franchise since The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) not to star both Paul Walker , who died in a single - vehicle crash on November 30 , 2013 while filming Furious 7 ( 2015 ) , and Jordana Brewster . Script rewrites to the seventh installment after Walker 's death completed the story arcs for both of their characters ( Brian O'Conner and Mia Toretto , respectively ) . Plans for an eighth installment were first announced in March 2015 when Diesel appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! and announced that the film would be set in New York City . Preparations for the film began immediately after the release of Furious 7 , with Diesel , Morgan and producer Neal H. Moritz re-signing . After setting an initial release date in the same month , casting took place between April and June 2015 . In October 2015 , Gray was announced to direct the film in the place of James Wan , who had directed the previous installment . Principal photography began in March 2016 in locations such as Mývatn , Havana , Atlanta , Cleveland and New York City , continuing the franchise 's tradition of filming in exotic locations around the world . The Fate of the Furious premiered on April 4 , 2017 in Berlin , and was theatrically released in the United States on April 14 , 2017 , playing in 3D , IMAX 3D and 4DX internationally . The film received mixed reviews from critics , who praised the action sequences and performances , while criticizing the storyline . The film has grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , making it the thirtieth film ( and the second in the franchise , after Furious 7 ) to gross over $1 billion , the second highest - grossing film of 2017 and the eleventh highest - grossing film of all time . The film grossed $532 million worldwide during its opening weekend , setting the record for the highest - grossing opening of all time , ahead of Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( $529 million ) . A sequel is scheduled to be released on April 19 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 6 Sequel 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto and Letty Ortiz are on their honeymoon in Havana when Dom is challenged to a street race at an auto show by local racer Raldo . Dom races for Raldo 's car , intending to give it to his cousin Fernando , while wagering his own show car . After narrowly winning the race , Dom allows Raldo to keep his car , earning his respect , and instead leaves his cousin with his show car . The next day , Dom is approached by elusive cyberterrorist Cipher , who coerces him into working for her . Shortly after the encounter , Dom and his team , comprising Letty , Roman Pearce , Tej Parker , and Ramsey , are recruited by Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) agent Luke Hobbs to help him retrieve an EMP device from a military outpost in Berlin . During the getaway , Dom goes rogue , forcing Hobbs off the road and stealing the device for Cipher . Hobbs is arrested and locked up in the same high - security prison he helped imprison Deckard Shaw in . After escaping , both are recruited by intelligence operative Frank Petty / Mr. Nobody and his protégé , Eric Reisner / Little Nobody , to help the team find Dom and capture Cipher . Deckard reveals that Cipher was the mastermind of previous encounters with the team , such as employing his brother Owen Shaw to steal the Nightshade device and orchestrating the attempted theft of God 's Eye , Ramsey 's software program . The team tracks Dom and Cipher to their very location just as they attack the base and steal God 's Eye . When Dom begins to question Cipher 's motives , she reveals that she has held Dom 's ex-lover and DSS agent Elena Neves -- as well as their son , whose existence Dom was previously unaware of -- hostage in order to keep Dom loyal to her . Elena tells Dom that the child was born as a result of an unintended pregnancy , and that she wanted him to decide the child 's first name , having already given him the middle name Marcos . Cipher then sends Dom to New York City to retrieve a nuclear football held by the Russian Minister of Defence . Dom manages to evade her for a short time through a diversion created by Raldo , allowing him to meet with and persuade Deckard and Owen 's mother , Magdalene Shaw , to help . The team intercepts Dom after he steals the nuclear football , but Dom escapes , shooting and apparently killing Deckard in the process . Cipher facilitates Dom 's escape by hacking into all of the autonomous cars in the city and reprogramming them to auto - drive , wreaking havoc throughout the city . Letty catches up to Dom , but is ambushed and nearly killed by Cipher 's enforcer , Connor Rhodes , before Dom rescues her . In retaliation , Cipher has Rhodes kill Elena in front of Dom . Dom is then sent to Russia to use the EMP device to disable a nuclear submarine , enabling Cipher to hijack it and attempt to use its arsenal to trigger a nuclear war . They are once again intercepted by the team , provided with modified vehicles by Petty . Meanwhile , Deckard , who had faked his death and been extracted by Tego Leo and Rico Santos , former members of Dom 's team , infiltrates Cipher 's plane to rescue Dom 's son at Magdalene 's behest , with the help of Owen . Once Deckard reports that the child is safe , Dom turns on Cipher and kills Rhodes , avenging Elena 's death , before rejoining his team . Outraged , Cipher launches an infrared homing missile at Dom , but he breaks away from his team and maneuvers around it , causing the missile to hit the submarine instead . The team quickly forms a vehicular blockade around Dom , shielding him from the ensuing explosion . When Deckard reaches the front of the plane and confronts Cipher , she makes her escape by parachuting out of the plane . Petty and Reisner visit Dom and his team in New York City to report that Cipher is still at large . Hobbs is offered his DSS job back , but he declines in order to spend more time with his daughter . Deckard then arrives to return Dom 's son , putting his differences aside with Dom and Hobbs in the process , and is accepted into their family . Dom decides to name his son Brian , after his friend and brother - in - law Brian O'Conner , and they celebrate . Cast ( edit ) For more details on the characters , see List of The Fast and the Furious characters . Vin Diesel as Dominic Toretto , a former criminal and professional street racer who has retired and settled down with his wife , Letty . He is coerced by Cipher to work against his team . Dwayne Johnson as Luke Hobbs , a Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) agent who allied with Dom and his team following their outings in Rio de Janeiro and Europe . Jason Statham as Deckard Shaw , a rogue special forces assassin who was imprisoned by Hobbs and the DSS after his defeat in Los Angeles , who serves as an ally to help Dom 's team take down Cipher . Michelle Rodriguez as Letty Ortiz , Dom 's wife and a former professional street racer . Tyrese Gibson as Roman Pearce , a former criminal from Barstow and a member of Dom 's team . Chris `` Ludacris '' Bridges as Tej Parker , a mechanic from Miami and a member of Dom 's team . Scott Eastwood as Eric Reisner / Little Nobody , a law enforcement agent working under Mr Nobody . Nathalie Emmanuel as Ramsey , a computer hacktivist and a member of Dom 's team . Elsa Pataky as Elena Neves , the mother of Dom 's child and a former Rio police officer who moved to the United States to become Hobbs ' new partner at the DSS . Kurt Russell as Frank Petty / Mr. Nobody , an intelligence operative and the leader of a covert ops team which previously aided Dom and his team in taking down Deckard in Abu Dhabi . Charlize Theron as Cipher , a criminal mastermind and cyberterrorist who coerces Dom into working against his team by holding Elena and their son hostage . Tego Calderón and Don Omar reprise their roles from previous films as Tego Leo and Rico Santos , former members of Dom 's team from the Dominican Republic and Rio de Janeiro , respectively . Luke Evans reprises his role from Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) as Owen Shaw , Deckard 's younger brother and a former Special Air Service ( SAS ) soldier who formerly opposed Dom 's team in Europe , and who helps his brother in rescuing Dom 's son . Kristofer Hivju appears as Connor Rhodes , Cipher 's enforcer and right - hand man . Helen Mirren makes an uncredited cameo appearance as Magdalene Shaw , the mother of Deckard and Owen Shaw . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Following the release of Furious 7 ( 2015 ) , Vin Diesel said regarding a possible sequel : I was trying to keep it close to the vest throughout the release . Paul Walker used to say that ( an eighth film ) was guaranteed . And in some ways , when your brother guarantees something , you sometimes feel like you have to make sure it comes to pass ... so if fate has it , then you 'll get this when you hear about it . ( Furious 7 ) was for Paul , ( the eighth film ) is from Paul . We 're trying to do what we always do , which is try to come at it from a character point of view and figure out where the characters would go from here . I think the thing that 's made The Fast and the Furious special is obviously we have incredible action and so on . But the thing that people really relate to the most is the characters . We 're lucky that we have a lot of great characters . Unfortunately , we do n't have Paul ( Walker ) anymore . His character ... has moved on . But we feel like there 's a lot still to be mined . That 's where we 're starting . We 're really talking about the characters , where they all sit right now . It 's a huge challenge . -- Neal H. Moritz , The Fast and the Furious franchise producer Diesel further hinted at an eighth film on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! when he stated that Kurt Russell 's character would span multiple films . He also stated that the next film would take place in New York City . Chris Morgan wrote his sixth script in the franchise , while Neal H. Moritz returned to produce . Moritz later stated , `` ( The story ) is going to have to be something enticing for all of us . It has to be as good as or better ( than Furious 7 ) '' . At the 2015 CinemaCon in Las Vegas , Diesel announced the film for an April 14 , 2017 release date . On August 16 , 2015 , at the 2015 Teen Choice Awards ( where Furious 7 received the award for Choice Movie -- Action and Walker received the award for Choice Movie Actor -- Action ) , Diesel gave the film the initial title Fast 8 . In September 2015 , Diesel stated that the script had almost been completed , and expressed interest in Rob Cohen , who directed the first film , to direct the eighth installment . On October 14 , 2015 , Diesel announced on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon that Straight Outta Compton director F. Gary Gray would direct the film . In July 2015 , Moritz said that Walker 's character , Brian O'Conner , would not appear in the film , following the use of CGI in the previous film after Walker died in a single - vehicle accident on November 30 , 2013 , with Moritz stating that his character had `` moved on '' . It had previously been reported that Paul 's younger brother , Cody Walker , would either join the cast in a new role , or replace his older brother in the role of O'Conner ; however , it was later announced that the character will not return to the franchise . Moritz also said that the film would shift the focus of the franchise from a series of heist films to a spy caper , following a similar change in focus from street racing in Fast Five ( 2011 ) . In December 2016 , the film was retitled The Fate of the Furious . Casting ( edit ) Diesel , Russell and Michelle Rodriguez were the first to confirm their involvement in the film , and Tyrese Gibson and Chris Bridges both confirmed their return soon after . Lucas Black had signed on to reprise his role from The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift as Sean Boswell for Furious 7 , and two more installments in September 2013 , though he did not appear in Fate . In May 2015 , Dwayne Johnson confirmed his involvement in the film , additionally hinting at a possible spin - off film involving his character , Luke Hobbs . Jason Statham also confirmed his return . In April 2016 , Charlize Theron and Kristofer Hivju were confirmed as additions to the cast , in villainous roles , while Scott Eastwood also joined the film as a law enforcement agent . On May 17 , 2016 , Diesel posted a photo on his Instagram page of himself and Elsa Pataky on set , indicating that she had also returned for the film , and was followed two days later by a video on set with Nathalie Emmanuel , who also starred in the previous film . In June 2016 , Helen Mirren announced in an interview with Elle that she would appear in the film . In July 2016 , Don Omar tweeted that he and Tego Calderon would return to the franchise for the eighth picture . During an interview with Chris Mannix on July 21 , 2016 , Lucas Black confirmed he would not appear in the eighth installment , due to scheduling conflicts . Filming ( edit ) In keeping with the franchise 's penchant for filming in `` exotic '' locations , such as Dubai and Rio de Janeiro , in January 2016 it was announced that Universal was seeking approval from the United States and Cuban governments to shoot part of the film in Cuba . Principal photography began on March 14 , 2016 , in Mývatn , Iceland , where strong winds sent a plastic iceberg prop flying into a paddock . The prop struck two horses : one was wounded and the other mortally injured ; it was later euthanized . In late April , filming began in Cuba 's capital city , Havana . In May , filming also took place in Cleveland , Ohio . Franchise cinematographer Stephen F. Windon returned for the eighth installment . Filming also took place in Atlanta and New York City . Music ( edit ) Main articles : The Fate of the Furious ( score ) and The Fate of the Furious : The Album Brian Tyler , who scored the third , fourth , fifth , and seventh installments , was tapped to compose the film score for the eighth picture . A soundtrack album by Atlantic Records was released on April 14 , 2017 , coinciding with the film 's US theatrical release . The film 's score album was released on April 27 , by Back Lot Music . Release ( edit ) The Fate of the Furious had its world premiere in Berlin on April 4 , 2017 . The film was theatrically released in the United States on April 14 , 2017 , playing in 3D , IMAX 3D , and 4DX internationally , and received a day - and - date release across major markets such as Australia , the United Kingdom , China , and India , beginning on April 12 , 2017 . The film was released day - and - date in 1,074 IMAX screens around the world , making it the widest day - and - date opening in IMAX history . Home Media ( edit ) The Fate of the Furious was released on 4K , Blu - ray , DVD and Digital HD on July 11 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Fate of the Furious grossed $225.8 million in the United States and Canada and $1.013 billion in other territories for a worldwide total of $1.239 billion , against a production budget of $250 million ( $350 million including marketing costs ) . It is Universal Pictures ' most ambitious worldwide distribution release in the studio 's history . The film was released day - and - date in 64 territories worldwide , including almost all major markets ( minus Japan ) , starting from April 12 , 2017 , and was projected to earn anywhere between $375 -- 440 million in its five - day opening weekend . By the end of the weekend , it ended up earning $539.9 million from nearly 23,000 screens , way above initial projections , to score the biggest global opening in cinematic history . It also marked the third time that a film earned over $500 million in a single weekend , after Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( $529 million ) and Jurassic World ( $525.5 million ) . In IMAX , the film made $31.1 million from 1,079 screens to record the biggest IMAX April debut and the fourth biggest overall . On April 30 , it crossed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the second release of 2017 ( following Beauty and the Beast ) , the fifth film released by Universal Pictures ( after Jurassic Park , Furious 7 , Jurassic World , and Minions ) and the thirtieth film overall in cinematic history to gross over $1 billion . It is currently the second highest - grossing film of the year , behind only Beauty and the Beast , the second - biggest action film that is not a fantasy or superhero movie , behind Furious 7 , and is Universal 's highest - grossing live - action release since Jurassic World back in June 2015 . North America ( edit ) Like many of its predecessors , The Fate of the Furious was released in the United States and Canada in the month of April , and like its immediate predecessor , occupied the lucrative Easter week holiday period slot , where it was expected to open with $100 -- 125 million . It received the widest pre-summer release ever , at an estimated 4,304 venues , besting the 4,242 opening theater count of Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice the previous March . The film made $10.4 million from Thursday night previews from 3,310 theaters , the second - highest of the franchise behind Furious 7 's $15.8 million . On its opening day it grossed $45.6 million , with Thursday previews making up 22.8 % of the amount , slightly better than the 23 % for Furious 7 . Earning a total of $98.8 million on its opening weekend , the film scored the second biggest opening in the franchise ( the third biggest adjusted for inflation ) and the third biggest April debut , behind Furious 7 and The Jungle Book . It posted an almost identical weekend multiplier like its immediate predecessor ( 2.166 x vs 2.18 x ) . However , this is not surprising considering how both films opened over Good Friday / Easter Sunday stretch . Scott Mendelson of Forbes magazine compared the opening to how Spectre ( 2015 ) opening fell from Skyfall ( 2012 ) . One notable record the film set was the best opening for a film with an African American director , with Gray besting his own record set with Straight Outta Compton in 2015 . Sticking to the franchise 's famous and lauded habit of including a multi-ethnic cast of characters , the film played to audiences of all ethnicities . Domestically , Caucasians made up 41 percent of the audience , followed by Hispanics ( 26 percent ) , African - Americans ( 21 ) percent , Asians ( 11 percent ) , and Native American / Other ( 3 percent ) , according to comScore 's exit polling service PostTrack . The pic skewed male at 58 percent , far more than the last film at 51 percent . 2D ticketbuyers repped 57 % of the film 's opening compared to its predecessor 's 71 % . This means more die - hard moviegoers came out to watch the eighth instalment rather than people who do not typically go to the movies . While The Fate of the Furious 's debut is 34 % less than its predecessor 's opening , critics have noted that the debut is still considered a massive success and not a big let down given how it is the eighth installment in an action franchise . Universal Pictures was well aware that the robust debut of Furious 7 could not be duplicated due to the wave of good reviews and publicity over the death of star Paul Walker , as well as the notion that the instalment was both a farewell to said actor and a kind of coronation for the franchise as a whole . Nevertheless , the film benefited from Easter holiday business with 74 % of all K - 12 schools off on Good Friday as well as a third of the nation 's colleges . The film comes out in the wake of its parent franchise celebrating 16 years of availability in cinemas . To wit , few film franchises which are close to 20 years old have demonstrated a box office ability to increase their openings with each installment over time or maintain them in close proximity in terms of debut numbers ; James Bond film series , Batman film series , Jurassic Park franchise , and Star Wars franchise . Its hefty opening was followed by the second - biggest April Monday gross ever with $8.5 million , behind the seventh instalment . Its Sunday to Monday drop was 60 % compared to its prequel 's 57 % drop which is far better than the Monday dropped witnessed by other April releases ; The Jungle Book ( - 76 % ) and Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( - 73 % ) , albeit without the advantage of a school holiday . Despite the entry of four new wide releases , critics and box office prognosticators kept a close watch on how much the film would drop in its second weekend . The film fell precipitously on its second Friday earning $11.17 million for a 76 % drop which is the biggest in the franchise 's history , besting the 72 % drops for both its two immediate predecessors . The steep decline maybe attributed not because of the onslaught of competitions , but rather due to the polarised reception received by the film and due to just 12 % K - 12 schools beings off compared to 74 % on Good Friday . It kept its hold at No. 1 , albeit dropping about 61 % in its sophomore frame for an estimated $38.4 million . That domestic drop is right in line with the 59 - 63 % drops of the six previous instalment in the franchise 's on their second weekend out . It topped the box office for three straight weekends , witnessing similar weekend - to - weekend percentage drops like its prequel , albeit earning lesser in terms of numbers . Outside north America ( edit ) Internationally , The Fate of the Furious secured a release in 69 countries . The film was projected to post an opening between $275 -- 330 million from over 20,000 screens , with some analysts believing it could go as high as $350 -- 400 million . It opened Wednesday , April 12 , 2017 , in 8 countries , earning $17.9 million ( including previews from 12 countries ) . It opened in 33 more countries on Thursday , April 2 , for a total of 41 countries , earning $58.4 million , marking Universal Pictures overseas ' highest - grossing Thursday ever , and for a two - day total of $82.2 million . It added 22 more countries on Friday , April 3 , earning $112.1 million to score Universal International 's highest grossing Friday of all time , for a three - day total of $194.8 million . The robust Friday take helped Universal push past $1 billion internationally in 2017 which is the second quickest ever and the studio 's eleventh consecutive year overall the pass the mark . Morever , on the same day , the franchise crossed the $4 billion milestone . In total , through Sunday , the film registered an opening of $441.1 million from 64 markets , setting new records for the biggest April international debut , Universal 's biggest , and the biggest of all time overall ( ahead of Jurassic World ) -- It is the first such film to open past $400 million in a single weekend with a bulk of it coming from China . Around $22.6 million came from ( 681 ) IMAX screens which is Universal 's second biggest behind only Jurassic World . It topped the international charts for a second consecutive term , adding another $158.1 million after which it was surpassed by Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , another film starring Diesel and Russel , in its third weekend . In IMAX , the film has grossed north of $58 million . On May 28 , the film officially passed the $1 billion threshold to become the second film in the franchise , following Furious 7 , and the sixth film to pass the said mark . It set the record for the biggest opening day of 2017 in every territory it has been released at , the biggest opening day of all time in 16 markets , Universal 's biggest opening day ever in 22 territories and the biggest opening in the franchise in 38 markets . Moreover , it recorded the biggest paid previews of all time in Malaysia , Singapore , Venezuela , and Vietnam . In terms of opening weekend , the film debuted at No. 1 in all markets where it set the biggest opening weekend of all time in 20 markets ; Universal 's biggest opening weekend ever in 28 markets ; and the biggest opening in the franchise in 40 markets . The top openings were recorded in China ( $192 million ) , Mexico ( $17.7 million ) , the UK and Ireland ( $17.5 million ) , Russia ( $14.2 million ) , Germany ( $13.6 million ) , Brazil ( $12.8 million ) , India ( $10.7 million ) , Korea ( $10.6 million ) , Middle East combined ( $9.9 million ) , Taiwan ( $9.3 million ) , France ( $9.2 million ) , Australia ( $9.5 million ) , Argentina ( $9 million ) , Indonesia ( $8.5 million ) , Italy ( $6.7 million ) , Malaysia ( $6.3 million ) , Spain ( $6.1 million ) , Colombia ( $4.9 million ) , Thailand ( $4.9 million ) , Panama ( $4.8 million ) , and Romania ( $1.7 million ) . Comparing market - to - market performance , Furious 7 had an opening worth $250 million without China and Russia while The Fate of the Furious delivered $228.2 million debut , sans the two aforementioned markets . In Japan , the film debuted with $7.5 million . Although that 's a new record for the franchise , the film debuted at number three behind Disney 's Beauty and the Beast and local film Detective Conan : Crimson Love Letter -- their robust second weekend earnings blocked the former from taking the top spot , making Japan one of the few markets where the film did n't open at No. 1 . Expectations were high for the film 's performance in China , as its predecessor set notable records and went on to become the biggest film release there ( now the biggest Hollywood release ) . The film was rebranded in Chinese as The Fast and the Furious 8 to make clear its connection to Furious 7 . After ticket sales began on April 2 , the film pre-sold more than RMB 125 million ( $18.1 million ) worth of tickets before its release , breaking the previous record held by local film Journey to the West : Conquering the Demons three months prior . Moreover , it also set a record for the fastest IMAX advance sales , with RMB 16.5 million ( $2.4 million ) , breaking the previous record held by Captain America : Civil War , according to leading local movie site Mtime . In total , it pre-sold around $43.5 million tickets two hours before previews began , the biggest ever in the country . It earned a record - breaking RMB 59.8 million ( $8.7 million ) from Thursday paid previews ( $8 million excluding online ticketing surcharges which now count as grosses ) , breaking its predecessor 's former record of RMB 52.5 million ( $8.5 million in 2015 ; $7.6 million in 2017 exchange rates ) . On Friday , the film was screened in approximately 158,000 screens , a new record for any film , breaking Warcraft 's former 122,000 screen counts , and almost double the estimated 80,700 screen count of its predecessor . By Friday noon , it had already grossed $30 million . Buoyed by positive word - of - mouth -- 9.4 / 10 user rating on mobile ticketing platform Maoyan , and 7.4 / 10 from reviews aggregator Douban -- and effective marketing campaign , it set a new record for the biggest single - day ever at the Chinese box office , including previews . This was achieved at 7 p.m. local time . In total , the film grossed an estimated RMB 452.8 million ( $65.8 million ) on its opening day , inclusive of previews and online ticketing surcharges , compared to the RMB 398 million ( $57.8 million ) posted by its predecessor . It is the first film in Chinese history to register above RMB 400 million ( $58 million ) in a single day . Earning a total of RMB 1.323 billion ( $192.2 million ) , according to Chinese sources and 190 million , according to Universal , in its debut weekend , it set a new milestone for three day opening weekend and overall the second best debut ever behind only local pic The Mermaid , which had the benefit of four days of previews over the New Year period in February 2016 . An estimated $14 million came from 395 IMAX screens , the second biggest ever in the country , behind Warcraft . Its three - day debut alone made it the biggest Hollywood release of 2017 and the third biggest overall . Factoring out online ticketing surcharges , the total comes to a slightly less - hefty RMB 1.245 billion ( $182.2 million ) . In just nine days , the film passed the historic RMB 2 billion ( $300 million ) and thereby became the biggest release of the year . The film fell precipitously by 71.4 % in its second weekend ( from its $190 million debut ) , earning RMB 374 million ( $54.3 million ) for a massive 10 - day total of RMB 2.19 billion ( $318 million ) . On April 30 , it became the biggest Hollywood / foreign release of all - time with RMB 2.44 billion , surpassing its prequels former record of 2.41 billion . However , in terms of US currency , The Fate of the Furious ( $381 million ) is still behind Furious 7 ( $391 million ) . After three consecutive weeks of topping the charts , it slipped to fourth place after being dethroned by Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 from the top spot . It has so far grossed a total of RMB 2.648 billion ( $383.9 million ) and is the country 's second - biggest grosser ever , behind only The Mermaid . In India , the film secured a release across approximately 1,600 -- 1,800 screens ( 1,000 -- 1,200 screens less than its predecessor ) . Like other Hollywood releases , it was released in both 2K projections and normal projections , and dubbed in local languages such as Hindi , Tamil and Telugu . It is the first international film to be dubbed into the Kannada language . Despite clashing with local pic Begum Jaan , analysts believe the two films will not affect each other 's performance , as they appeal to distinct moviegoers . Universal had high hopes in the territory , after Furious 7 grossed an unprecedented $24.9 million in 2015 , and became the biggest foreign release ever in the country at the time of its release ( now the second biggest ) . The Central Board of Film Certification gave the film a UA rating ( parental guidance suggested for children under 12 ) , rather than an A for adults , after the studio agreed to cut several profanities ( CBFC was willing to pass the film with an A certificate with no cuts but Universal wanted a UA certificate leading to the board censoring all profanities with few cuts ) . It earned around ₹ 8.50 crore ( US $1.3 million ) net from Wednesday paid previews . The following day it grossed ₹ 22.50 crore ( US $3.5 million ) , including previews . On its official opening day , it grossed ₹ 16.10 crore ( US $2.5 million ) for a three - day total of ₹ 38.60 crore ( US $6.0 million ) . Earning a total of $10.7 million , it set a new record for the biggest ever foreign opening in the country , toppling its prequel 's former record . As such , it is the first foreign film to open north of $10 million . Following its record breaking opening , it fell about 58 % on its second weekend excluding previews , earning another $4 million for a two weekend total of over $17.4 million , With over $19.2 million it is currently the biggest foreign release of the year . However , in terms of net earnings -- which is the base for box office calculations in India -- the film was unable to break past the ₹ 100 crore ( US $16 million ) mark , stalling at around ₹ 85.59 crore ( US $13 million ) . Despite a record breaking opening , it lost significant amount of screen counts and audiences thereafter , partly due to the release of Baahubali : The Conclusion . The biggest earning markets are China ( $390.2 million ) , followed by Brazil ( $41.6 million ) , the UK and Ireland ( $37.4 million ) , Mexico ( $36.8 million ) and Germany ( $32.1 million ) . In Peru , it has become Universal 's highest - grossing film ever . With over $1 billion in international receipts and representing a boffo 82 % of the film 's total worldwide gross , it is currently the seventh - biggest overseas earner behind Avatar , Titanic , Furious 7 , Star Wars : The Force Awakens , and Jurassic World . Critical response ( edit ) The Fate of the Furious received mixed to positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 66 % based on 241 reviews , with an average rating of 6.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Fate of the Furious opens a new chapter in the franchise , fueled by the same infectious cast chemistry and over-the - top action fans have come to expect . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score 56 out of 100 , based on 45 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a positive review , writing : `` This is n't my favorite of the series -- that 's still Furious 7 ( it 's hard to top those jumps from skyscraper to skyscraper , but this is a worthy entry ) . These movies know what they are . These movies know they are fun . These are fun movies ! '' Owen Gleiberman of Variety , in his positive review of the film , wrote : `` Most franchises , after eight films , are feeling a twinge of exhaustion , but this one has achieved a level of success -- and perpetual kinetic creative energy -- that 's a testament to its commercial / cultural / demographic resonance . '' He also wrote `` If this series , over the last 16 years , has taught us anything , it 's that just when you think it 's about to run out of gas , it gets outfitted with an even more elaborate fuel - injection system . '' Conversely , David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a C − and called it the worst entry of the franchise , saying : `` As much a mess of conflicting tones and styles as it is of locations , this setpiece -- like the rest of Gray 's movie -- feels like a heap of random parts that were thrown together in the hopes that fate might somehow weld them into a roadworthy vehicle . It 's exhausting . '' J.R. Kinnard of PopMatters magazine gave a lukewarm review , writing : `` It 's unlikely that devotees will consider The Fate of the Furious one of the stronger entries in the series . Still , the filmmakers and actors are clearly dedicated to making a quality product , avoiding the complacency that often plagues action sequels . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 2 out of 4 stars , saying : `` Moments after Dom has gone rogue and apparently wants to kill them , they 're making jokes . As they 're racing through the streets of New York City or skidding along the ice in Russia , killing bad guys and narrowly avoiding getting killed themselves , they 're crackin ' wise . Even within this ludicrous universe , it 's jarring to hear these supposedly smart folks , who refer to themselves as ' family , ' acting like idiots who do n't seem to care if they live or die , or if their friends survive . '' Professor of international political economy Richard E Feinberg has commented on the political significance of the film 's opening setting of Havana in the context of shifting US - Cuban relations , calling the eighth installment , `` Hollywood 's love letter to Havana '' . He writes , `` In the Cuban sequence 's dramatic climax , Dom wins his hard - fought one - mile race ( '' a Cuban mile `` ) against a tough local competitor , by a nose . The loser is gracious : ' You won my car and you earned my respect , ' he admits to the FF hero . Dom 's response is equally magnanimous : ' Keep your car , your respect is good enough for me . ' In this instance , FF8 captures the essence of the relations between the United States and Cuba : it 's all about mutual respect . '' Sequel ( edit ) On February 3 , 2016 , Universal Pictures set initial release dates for the two remaining films in the franchise . The first , tentatively titled Fast & Furious 9 , is scheduled to be released on April 19 , 2019 . Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Hazel ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` Paul Walker died due to road accident '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Naoreen , Nuzhat ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Jordana Brewster Confirms She 's Not In ' Fast 8 ' ( EXCLUSIVE VIDEO ) '' . People 's Choice . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where was The Fate of the Furious filmed ? '' . Atlas of Wonders . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Critics Give Mixed Reviews To `` The Fate Of The Furious '' `` . MSM.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fate of the Furious ' Reviews : What the Critics Are Saying '' . Variety . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' To Clock $100 M+ Stateside , As Pic Zooms To All - Time $529 M+ Global Debut -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rahman , Abid ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Universal Sets Dates for ' Fast & Furious ' Parts 9 and 10 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joe Comicbook . `` Vin Diesel Says Furious 7 Was For Paul And 8 Will Be From Paul '' . Comicbook.com . ^ Jump up to : Yaniz , Robert , Jr . ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Furious 8 ' Producer Discusses Continuing Without Paul Walker '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vin Diesel Teases Fast and Furious 8 Setting In New York '' . Slashfilm . March 31 , 2015 . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford and Borys Kit ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fast 8 ' Nowhere Near Starting Line '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Furious 8 ' Gets 2017 Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Furious 8 ' to Debut April 14 , 2017 '' . Variety . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Vin Diesel Just Dropped The Name Of The Next Fast & Furious Movie '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Will Vin Diesel Direct ' Furious 8 ' ? '' . deadline.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vin Diesel Wants Rob Cohen to Direct Furious 8 '' . comingsoon.net . October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Silver , Stephen ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Fast and Furious 8 : Vin Diesel Re-Confirms New York Setting '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : Vin Diesel Reveals Setting & Director for ' FAST 8 ' on Tonight Show '' . BWW TV World . October 15 , 2015 . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Shane ( June 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fast and Furious 8 ' Paul Walker Brother Cody Cast in New Role ? '' . Classicalite . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Monalo , Komfie ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Fast and Furious 8 Release Date , Cast : Will Cody Walker Replace Paul Walker ( Brian O'Conner ) ? '' . Gospel Herald . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Agpalo , Jaja ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fast and Furious 8 ' Release Date & Cast : Cody Walker Not Returning ; Will The Plot Still Include Paul Walker ? Plus , Other Details We Know ( VIDEO ) '' . Food World News . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sokol , Tony ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Fast & Furious 8 Movie Casting News : ' Fast and Furious 8 ' Will Begin New Trilogy As Soon As They Find A Director , Which Hinges On Finding Screenplay '' . KpopStarz . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fast 8 Retitled Fate of the Furious ; Trailer Teaser Arrives '' . Screen Rant . December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Das , Chandan ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious 8 ' Cast News , Release Date : Eva Mendes As Undercover Agent Monica Fuentes '' . BreatheCast . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( September 16 , 2013 ) . `` Lucas Black Signs On For Fast & Furious 7 , 8 And 9 '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 8 : Dwayne Johnson confirms his return '' . MSN . May 19 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Jason Statham on Crank 3 and Fast & Furious 8 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Charlize Theron Joins ' Fast 8 ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Sara ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Kristofer Hivju cast in ' Fast & Furious 8 ' '' . Hitfix . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fast 8 ' Creates New Character ; Scott Eastwood To Star '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by Vin Diesel May 17 , 2016 at 12 : 00am UTC '' . Instagram . May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram video by Vin Diesel May 18 , 2016 at 9 : 05pm UTC '' . Instagram . May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zemler , Emily ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Helen Mirren On Eye in the Sky , and ( Exclusive ! ) the Huge Franchise She 'll Star In Next '' . Elle Magazine . Jump up ^ DON OMAR aka KONG ( @ DONOMAR ) ( 11 July 2016 ) . `` Is time to work ! We are back ! @ TEGOCALDERON @ DONOMAR # LosBandoleros # NewMusicMonday # FF8 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 12 December 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` The Chris Mannix Show - Lucas Black '' . July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ; Kroll , Justin ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fast and Furious 8 ' Wants to Shoot in Cuba ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ; Kit , Borys ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fast and Furious 8 ' to Shoot in Cuba ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fast 8 scenes filmed at Mývatn '' . Iceland Monitor . February 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The car stars of Fast and the Furious 8 '' . Iceland Monitor . March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fast & Furious 8 ' Horse Killed By Flying ' Iceberg ' '' . TMZ.com . March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vin Diesel and Michelle Rodriguez are already in Havana ! '' . Cuba Headlines. April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fast and Furious Filming in Cuba '' . Havana Times.org. April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cruz , Janna Dela ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fast and Furious 8 ' production update : The Rock prepares for return , Michelle Rodriguez , Vin Diesel arrive in Cuba for filming Christian News on Christian Today '' . www.christiantoday.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morona , Joey ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious 8 ' to shoot scenes in Cleveland '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fong , Marvin ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Filming for ' Fast 8 ' begins in Cleveland ( photos ) '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen F. Windon ACS ASC - CINEMATOGRAPHER '' . www.stephenwindon.com . Jump up ^ Hafstad , Vala ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fast 8 ' to Be Filmed in Akranes '' . Iceland Review . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fast 8 Stunt Video ; Composer Talks Charlize Theron Character '' . June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frydenlun , Zach ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's The Fate of the Furious : The Album Soundtrack Tracklist f / Young Thug , Migos , Travis Scott , and More '' . Complex . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( 21 April 2017 ) . `` Listen to an Exclusive Track from Brian Tyler 's The Fate of the Furious Score '' . Collider.com . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fate of the Furious to premiere at Berlin on April 4 . Vin Diesel shares new poster '' . The Indian Express . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Universal 's ' Fast 8 ' Lands China Release Date ( Exclusive ) '' . Patrick Brzeski . The Hollywood Reporter . March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Boss Baby ' Repeats at # 1 While ' Beauty and the Beast ' Closes in on $1 Billion Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro and Nancy Tartaglione ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Global Opening Could Leave ' F7 's $397 M+ Debut In The Dust -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate of the Furious ' Races Toward Massive $380 Million - Plus Global Box Office Debut '' . Variety . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione and Anita Busch ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Smokes Records With $432.3 M Overseas Bow ; $532.5 M Worldwide -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Joins ' Furious 7 ' In The $1 Billion Club '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Fate of the Furious ' Crosses $1 B Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Zooms Past ' Logan ' To Be Year 's Second Biggest Hit '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Baahubali 2 ' Drops 68 % , ' Get Out ' Tops $200 M , ' Fate Of The Furious ' Passes ' Skyfall ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Nears $700 Million Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : ' Fate of the Furious ' Revs Engines for $110 M - Plus U.S. Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnde ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Fate of the Furious ' could reach $400 million in global box office this weekend '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joey Nolfi ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box office : Fate of the Furious to speed into top spot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Snags Boffo $46 M Friday For Likely $100 M+ Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Steals Record - Crushing $532 M Worldwide Opening '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks Barnes ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate of the Furious ' Slows at Home but Roars Overseas '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Drifts To $100 M Weekend , ' Spark ' Bombs '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate of the Furious ' Nabs $100.2 M in U.S. for Record $532.5 M Global Start '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate of the Furious ' Debuts to Hefty $100.2 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Posts Second - Best Monday In April Stateside ; Drives Past $600 M Worldwide '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Racing Past $600 Million Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : ' The Promise , ' ' Unforgettable ' No Match for ' Furious 8 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson , Contributor ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Plunges 76 % On Friday As It Races Towards $900 M '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch and Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Drives Five Wide Releases Off The Road With $38.6 M Second Weekend -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Latin Lover ' Sets $12 M Pantelion Record , ' Baahubali 2 ' Mighty With $10 M+ , ' Circle ' Is A Square As ' F8 ' Leads Listless Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione and Anita Busch ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' ' Fate Of The Furious ' Gunning Past $430 M Overseas ; $534 M Worldwide For All - Time Opening Records -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate of the Furious ' Races to $19.7 Million on First Day at International Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Fires Up $745 M Offshore , $908 M WW ; Tops ' Transformers ' In China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol 2 ' Zooms With $101.2 M Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Fate Of The Furious ' Expected To Cross $1 B Tomorrow At Int'l Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Races Past $1 Billion Overseas '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Drives Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office ; Tops ' Furious 7 ' For New China Record '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Fires Up $745 M Offshore , $908 M WW ; Tops ' Transformers ' In China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mikikazu Komatsu ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Japan Box Office : `` Blade of The Immortal '' Bombs , `` Detective Conan '' Keeps 2nd Place `` . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Fate of the Furious ' Sets Chinese Ticket Pre-sales Record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matt Pressberg ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Can ' Fate of the Furious ' Beat ' Furious 7 ' China Box Office Record ? '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Earns $28 M Overseas , Revs Engines For Record China Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Brzeski ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' The Fate of the Furious ' Smashes Single - Day Record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` On Screen China : ' Fate of the Furious ' Set To Peel Out . '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Furious 8 ' Revs Past $30 Million by Midday in China Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate of the Furious ' Speeds to Record - Breaking $65 Million Opening Day in China '' . Variety . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Furious 8 ' Paves New Roads '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate of the Furious ' Passes $300 Million at China Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Fast 8 ' Races Past $300 M , Chases ' Furious 7 ' for All - Time Record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : Smurfs Come Up Short , F8 Remains # 1 '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Fate of the Furious ' Overtakes ' Furious 7 ' to Become Biggest Hollywood Film Ever '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` China Box Office : ' Guardians 2 ' Beats India 's ' Dangal ' For Weekend Win '' . Variety . May 7 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahana Bhattacharya ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Furious 8 Might Not Score 100 Cr In India ; Begum Jaan To Remain Unaffected '' . Koimoi.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Karan Shah ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Vidya Balan 's Begum Jaan and Dwayne Johnson - Vin Diesel 's The Fate of the Furious will rock the box office over the first weekend '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Subhash K Jha ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Fate Of The Furious is the first Hollywood film to be dubbed into Kannada '' . Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` A Fast And Furious Weekend Ahead At Indian Cinemas '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate Of The Furious Does Good Business On Paid Previews At The Box Office In India '' . Koimoi.com. April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Samarpita Das ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Fast and Furious 8 box office collection : Vin Diesel , Dwayne Johnson film earns Rs 22.50 crore in India '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taran Adarsh. `` 3 day gross '' . Twitter . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` Gippy Grewal And Tamil Stars Raghava , Arya And Rajkiran Battle For Audiences In India '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Raveena Tandon Rape Drama ' Maatr ' Sets Out To Shock - And Succeeds '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bollywood Hungama News Network ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Fast and Furious 8 becomes the highest Hollywood grosser of 2017 at the India box office '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Baahubali 2 -- The Conclusion mania engulfs Fast and Furious 8 ; prevents it from entering 100 cr . club at the India box office '' . Bollywood Hungama . May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians 2 ' Notches $428 M Global , Lifts MCU Past $11 B ; ' Furious 8 ' Tops $950 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = `` Mayupdate '' > Anita Busch ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Fate Of The Furious ' Crosses $1 B At Int'l Box Office -- UPDATED Sun . AM '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates ' $208 M Overseas Start And $275 M Global Take Will Push Disney Franchise Past $4 B Mark '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CinemaScore on Twitter ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Fate of the Furious '' . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Fate Of The Furious ' : This Time They Fight A Submarine '' . Uproxx. April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' The Fate of the Furious ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David Ehrlich ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Fate of the Furious ' Review : Vin Diesel 's Family Becomes Dysfunctional in Worst ' Fast and Furious ' Ever '' . IndieWire . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kinnard , J.R. ( 13 April 2017 ) . `` ' The Fate of the Furious ' Dom ( Vin Diesel ) Meets the Crocodile '' . PopMatters . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Overlong , idiotic ' Fate of the Furious ' drags down the franchise '' . Chicago Sun - Times . ^ Jump up to : cubacounterpoints.com External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Fate of the Furious Official website The Fate of the Furious on IMDb The Fate of the Furious at AllMovie The Fast and the Furious Films The Fast and the Furious album 2nd album 2 Fast 2 Furious album The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Fast & Furious album score Fast Five album score Fast & Furious 6 album Furious 7 album score The Fate of the Furious album score Characters Dominic Toretto Brian O'Conner Han Lue Gisele Yashar Short films The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious Los Bandoleros Video games The Fast and the Furious ( arcade ) The Fast and the Furious ( PS2 / PSP ) Fast & Furious : Showdown Forza Horizon 2 Presents Fast & Furious Attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged Related `` Act a Fool '' `` See You Again '' video `` Gang Up '' Films directed by F. Gary Gray Friday ( 1995 ) Set It Off ( 1996 ) The Negotiator ( 1998 ) A Man Apart ( 2003 ) The Italian Job ( 2003 ) Be Cool ( 2005 ) Law Abiding Citizen ( 2009 ) Straight Outta Compton ( 2015 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Vin Diesel Director and writer Multi-Facial ( 1995 ) Strays ( 1997 ) Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) Producer A Man Apart ( 2003 ) The Chronicles of Riddick ( 2004 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Riddick ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) xXx : Return of Xander Cage ( 2017 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Video games Wheelman ( 2009 , executive producer ) Related Dominic Toretto One Race Films Racetrack Records Tigon Studios Ludacris Discography Awards and nominations Filmography Studio albums Incognegro Back for the First Time Word of Mouf Chicken - n - Beer The Red Light District Release Therapy Theater of the Mind Battle of the Sexes Ludaversal Compilations Golden Grain Disturbing tha Peace Mixtapes DJ Drama Presents : The Preview Films The Wash 2 Fast 2 Furious Lil ' Pimp Paper Chasers Crash Hustle & Flow The Heart of the Game American Hustle Fred Claus RocknRolla Max Payne Ball Do n't Lie Gamer Fast Five No Strings Attached New Year 's Eve Fast & Furious 6 Furious 7 The Fate of the Furious Video games Def Jam : Vendetta The Chronicles of Riddick : Escape from Butcher Bay Def Jam : Fight for NY NBA Ballers Phenom Def Jam : Icon Related articles Disturbing tha Peace WeMix.com Def Jam Recordings Def Jam South Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fate_of_the_Furious&oldid=802084211 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films American action thriller films 2010s action thriller films 2010s road movies American heist films American road movies American sequel films Auto racing films Chase films Film scores by Brian Tyler Films about terrorism Films directed by F. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | name of the new fast and furious movie | [
"The Fate of the Furious (alternatively known as Fast & Furious 8 and Fast 8, and often stylized as F8) is a 2017 American action film directed by F. Gary Gray and written by Chris Morgan. It is the eighth installment in The Fast and the Furious franchise. The film stars Vin Diesel, Dwayne Johnson, Jason Statham, Michelle Rodriguez, Tyrese Gibson, Chris \"Ludacris\" Bridges, Scott Eastwood, Nathalie Emmanuel, Elsa Pataky, Kurt Russell and Charlize Theron. The Fate of the Furious follows Dominic Toretto (Diesel), who has settled down with his wife Letty (Rodriguez), until cyberterrorist Cipher (Theron) coerces him into working for her and turns him against his team, forcing them to find Dom and take down Cipher."
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"The Fate of the Furious"
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2597405258634672994 | Digboi | Digboi - Wikipedia Digboi town in Assam , India Digboi town Nickname ( s ) : The Oil Town Digboi Location in Assam , India Digboi Digboi ( India ) Show map of Assam Show map of India Show all Coordinates : 27 ° 23 ′ N 95 ° 38 ′ E / 27.38 ° N 95.63 ° E / 27.38 ; 95.63 Coordinates : 27 ° 23 ′ N 95 ° 38 ′ E / 27.38 ° N 95.63 ° E / 27.38 ; 95.63 Country India State Assam District Tinsukia Government Body Digboi Municipality Elevation 165 m ( 541 ft ) Population ( 2001 ) Total 20,405 Languages Official Assamese Time zone IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) PIN 786171 ISO 3166 code IN - AS Vehicle registration AS - 23 Digboi ( IPA : ˈdɪgˌbɔɪ ) is a town and a town area committee in Tinsukia district in the north - eastern part of the state of Assam , India Crude oil was discovered here in late 19th century . Digboi is known as the Oil City of Assam where the first oil well in Asia was drilled . The first refinery was started here as early as 1901 . Digboi has the oldest oil well in operation . With a significant number of British professionals working for Assam Oil Company until the decade following independence of India , Digboi had a well - developed infrastructure and a number of bungalows unique to the town . It has eighteen holes golf course as part of the Digboi Club . It has guest houses and tourist residential apartments laid on Italian architectural plan to promote tourism in upper Assam . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Digboi as an oil town 2.1 Digboi Refinery 3 Geography 4 Demographics 5 Culture & economy 6 How to reach Digboi 7 Places of interest 8 Politics 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Etymology ( edit ) `` Barely seven years after Edwin L. Drake drilled the world 's first oil well in 1859 at Titusville , Pennsylvania , USA , history registered another exploration of the black liquid gold , in the largest continent . More than a century ago , history was made in a remote corner of Assam in the midst of the dense and malaria infested jungles , by a band of intrepid pioneers searching for black gold . In 1867 Italian Engineers , commissioned by the Assam Railways and Trading Company , to build a railway line from Dibrugarh to Margherita ( Headquarters of Assam Railways and Trading Company ) accidentally discovered oil at Digboi around 10 miles from Margherita . ' Dig boy , dig ' , shouted the English engineer , Mr WL Lake , elephants emerging out of the dense forest with oil stains on their feet '' . This is possibly the most distilled -- though fanciful -- version of the legend explaining the siting and naming of Digboi . Two events separated by seven years have become fused , but although neither is likely to be provable , such evidence that does exist appears sufficiently detailed to be credible . Various web sites offer variations on the elephant 's foot story , a consensus of which would be that engineers extending the Dibru - Sadiya railway line to Ledo for the Assam Railways and Trading Company ( AR&TC ) in 1882 were using elephants for haulage and noticed that the mud on one pachyderm 's feet smelled of oil . Retracing the trail of footprints , they found oil seeping to the surface . One of the engineers , the Englishman Willie Leova Lake , was an ' oil enthusiast ' and persuaded the company to drill a well . Oil India Ltd makes no reference to elephants ' feet in its company history , although on its previous web site the company noted that Lake had noticed `` the oil seepages around Borbhil '' . Once the project had been approved , Lake assembled equipment , boilers , and local labour , and engaged elephants to haul the machinery to the site . The first well was started in September 1889 , but an encouraging first strike at 178 feet ( 54 m ) turned out to be a small pocket , and drilling recommenced . This continued until November 1890 when the well was completed at a total depth of 662 feet ( 202 m ) , and it was during this extended period of drilling that Oil India 's old web site placed the legend of Lake exhorting one or more of his labourers to `` Dig , boy ! '' Digboi as an oil town ( edit ) It is said that the town gets its name from the phrase `` dig - boy - dig , '' which is what the English told the labourers as they dug for crude oil . The town 's history begins in 1867 when a small group of men from the Assam Railway and Trading Co. found their elephants ' legs soaked in black mud , that smelt somewhat like oil . The men began exploring more , and in 1889 , the English started a small oil installation . India ( and Asia ) obtained its first refinery in Digboi in the year 1901 . Assam Oil Company was formed in 1899 to look after the running of the oil business in this area . The Digboi oil field produced close to 7,000 barrels per day ( 1,100 m / d ) of crude oil at its peak , which was during World War II . The field was pushed to produce the maximum amount of oil with little regard to reservoir management ; as a result , production started to drop almost immediately after the war . The current production from the Digboi fields is about 240 barrels per day ( 38 m / d ) . Over 1,000 wells have been drilled at Digboi -- the first well in 1889 had stuck oil at 178 feet ( 54 m ) . In 1989 , the Department of Posts , India came out with a stamp commemorating 100 years of the Digboi fields . Today , though the crude production is not high , Digboi has the distinction of being India 's oldest continuously producing oilfield . Digboi refinery , now a division of Indian Oil Corporation , had a capacity of about 0.65 MMTPA as of 2003 . Digboi is now Headquarter of Assam Oil Division of Indian Oil Corporation Limited . The Earliest recorded to the existence of oil in India is found in the memories and dispatches of the Army Officers who penetrated the jungles of Upper Assam since 1825 . Lt. R. Wilcox , Major A. White , Capt . Francis Jenkins , Capt . P.S. Hanney -- they all saw at different times petroleum exuding from banks of the Dihing River . Mr. C.A. Bruce ( 1828 ) and Mr. H.B. Medicott ( 1865 ) of the Geological Survey of India also saw oil while prospecting for coal in Upper Assam . Mr. Goodenough of McKillop , Stewart & Co . Calcutta was the first in India to start a systematic programme of drilling for oil in November 1866 , at Nahorpung about 30 miles ( 48 km ) south east of Dibgoi , just seven years after the world 's first commercial oil well was drilled in 1859 , by Col Edwin L Drake in Pennsylvania , USA . This hand dug well -- the first oil well in India -- was drilled up to 102 feet ( 31 m ) and proved dry . However the second well struck oil at Makum near Tinsukia , about 14 miles ( 23 km ) from Digboi . In 1939 , there was a major labour union strike in the Refinery . The Gandhi Movement of Congress for Indian Independence struggle ; backed by labour rights and equality status was headed by Sardar Amar Singh Marwah . The break of the World War II coincided with the Digboi labour strike resulted in harsh steps taken by the British Administrative offices to crush the strike . The Viceroy and the Governor had intervened to bring a settlement adopting sturdy steps were take to crush the union by shooting down of the president of the labour union to be followed by issuing orders of Quit Digboi , Quit Lakhimpur and finally Quit Assam to the leaders of the labour union . Digboi refinery ( edit ) Further information : Digboi Refinery The Digboi Refinery modernization project was taken up in large scale in order to overcome the technological obsolescence of the old refinery . Subsequently , a number of other major projects were undertaken by Assam Oil Division to further revamp and modernise Digboi Refinery. Digboi refinery has been awarded the ISO - 14001 and OHSMC certificate . Geography ( edit ) Digboi is located at 27 ° 22'48.0 `` N 95 ° 37'48.0 '' E. It has an average elevation of 165 metres ( 541 ft ). It is situated 510 km north east of Guwahati . Demographics ( edit ) As of 2011 India census , Digboi has population of 21,736 of which 10,964 are males while 10,772 are females . Population of Children with age of 0 - 6 is 1745 which is 8.03 % of total population of Digboi . Committee , Female Sex Ratio is of 982 against state average of 958 . Moreover Child Sex Ratio in Digboi is around 981 compared to Assam state average of 962 . Literacy rate of Digboi city is 92.08 % higher than state average of 72.19 % . In Digboi , Male literacy is around 95.09 % while female literacy rate is 89.02 % . Digboi Oil Town was considered as a separate census town in 2011 India census . The population is largely heterogeneous . Assamese , Bengali , Nepali , Bihari , Marwari communities form the majority . People from various tribes such as the tea - tribes ( brought in by the colonial planters as indentured labourers from the Chhotanagpur plateau region ) , Bodos , Mishings etc. have also made it their home . Culture & economy ( edit ) As being a small part of the diverse state Assam . It is flooded with assamese culture and heritage . As being colonised by British and rising of industrial era the place have seen adverse changes . Workers , labourers were brought in . Digboi township accounted for diverse group of people that entered in search of livelihood . But the outskirts were still agriculture based . Assam being rich in fertility , tea is produced throughout the place bringing a bright opportunity to the people and the place itself . Yet small people here portrait the picture of the nation itself . How to reach Digboi ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2015 ) The nearest airport is the Mohanbari Airport , Dibrugarh and the nearest railway junction is the Tinsukia Junction . One can get flight to Dibrugarh from Delhi and Kolkata on daily basis . Also Dibrugarh - New Delhi Rajdhani express runs daily from Dibrugarh via New Tinsukia Junction . There are also proper roadways which link the Digboi Oil town to some other towns like Duliajan , Makum etc . Digboi has got a railway station and it connects well with Guwahati . Digboi can be reached by public transport bus and mini-vans as well . Various companies run bus between Digboi and other neighbouring towns and Guwahati . Rickshaw is the main mode of transport within the city . Places of interest ( edit ) Digboi Oil Centenary Museum Digboi War Cemetery Digboi 18 hole Golf Course Digboi Oil Field Digboi Centenary Park Digboi Bar Politics ( edit ) Digboi is part of Dibrugarh ( Lok Sabha constituency ) which is represented by Mr Rameswar Teli of Bharatiya Janata Party.It lies in the Digboi Constituency of the State Assembly where it is represented by Mr. Suren Phukan of Bharatiya Janata Party . See also ( edit ) Digboi Refinery Bombay High References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Assam Govt website Jump up ^ `` Digboi , 100 , still alive and kicking '' , Santanu Sanyal , The Hindu Business Line , 17 December 2001 , retrieved online April 2008 Jump up ^ `` Heritage '' , retrieved online September 2009 Jump up ^ Falling Rain Genomics , Inc - Digboi ^ Jump up to : `` Census of India 2001 : Data from the 2001 Census , including cities , villages and towns ( Provisional ) '' . Census Commission of India . Archived from the original on 2004 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies '' . Assam . Election Commission of India . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Digboi . Tinsukia District Homepage Assam topics Capital : Dispur Topics Etymology Assam Valley Biodiversity Cuisine Culture Economy Education List of educational institutions in Assam Physical Geography Politics Tourism Assam Tea Assam Silk Assam Rifles Assam Regiment History Kamarupa Chutiya Kingdom Kamata Kingdom Ahom Kingdom Kachari Kingdom Colonial Assam Assam Province ( 1912 -- 1947 ) Legislature of Assam ( Since 1937 ) Assam Mail Assam Accord Assam History Timeline Administration Government Legislative Assembly Chief Ministers Governors High Court Police Political Party Golaghat Convention Districts and divisions North Assam Biswanath Darrang Sonitpur Udalguri Lower Assam Baksa Barpeta Bongaigaon Chirang Dhubri Kokrajhar Kamrup Kamrup Metro Goalpara Nalbari South Salmara - Mankachar Central Assam Dima Hasao Hojai Karbi Anglong Karbi Anglong ( West ) Morigaon Nagaon Upper Assam Charaideo Dibrugarh Dhemaji Golaghat Jorhat Lakhimpur Majuli Sibsagar Tinsukia Barak Valley Cachar Hailakandi Karimganj Geography Upper - Assam ( East Assam ) Lower - Assam ( West Assam ) Barak Valley ( South Assam ) The Brahmaputra Majuli Mora Dhansiri River Dhansiri Dihing Diphlu Halflong ( The Hill station of Assam ) Culture Assamese Assamese Script Assamese Jalpan Traditional crafts of Assam Bihu Folk dances of Assam Bagurumba Bihu Dance Ekasarana Dharma Borgeet Sattra Sattriya Dance Saraai Gamosa Textiles and dresses of Assam ( Muga and Eri ) Arts , literature , music and cinema Assamese literature Assamese poetry List of Assamese Poets List of Assamese writers Pen Names List of Assamese Periodicals The Arunodoi ( Orunodoi - 1846 ) The Hemkosh The Assam Tribune Assam Rhetorical Congress Buranji Kirtan Ghosa Dasham Namghosa Kotha Ramayana Jonaki Music of Assam Goalpariya Lokageet Tokari Geet Dihanaam Hiranaam Dhol Gogona Pepa Cinema of Assam Joymati , first Assamese motion picture Guwahati Theatre Festival People History Assamese people Ahom Assamese Brahmins Kalitas Koch Chutiya List of people from Assam Notable surnames Barua ( and its variations ) Borah Bharali Borbarua Borgohain Borpatrogohain Borphukan Burhagohain Chakraborty Choudhury ( and its variations ) Das Deka Dutta Gayen Gogoi Gohain Goswami Hazarika Kalita Saikia Sarma Chutia Sutradhar Urban areas Barpeta Bongaigaon Dhubri Dibrugarh Diphu Goalpara Golaghat Guwahati Jorhat Karimganj Nagaon North Lakhimpur Sivasagar Silchar Tezpur Tinsukia Fairs and Festivals Hindu Temples History Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digboi&oldid=848339700 '' Categories : Cities and towns in Tinsukia district Tinsukia Hidden categories : Use Indian English from October 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles to be expanded from September 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from September 2015 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Bân - lâm - gú Cebuano Español हिन्दी বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Italiano Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाल भाषा Português Svenska தமிழ் Tiếng Việt 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 09 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who discovers the occurance of oil in assam | [
"\" Barely seven years after Edwin L. Drake drilled the world's first oil well in 1859 at Titusville, Pennsylvania, USA, history registered another exploration of the black liquid gold, in the largest continent. \nMore than a century ago, history was made in a remote corner of Assam in the midst of the dense and malaria infested jungles, by a band of intrepid pioneers searching for black gold. In 1867 Italian Engineers, commissioned by the Assam Railways and Trading Company, to build a railway line from Dibrugarh to Margherita (Headquarters of Assam Railways and Trading Company) accidentally discovered oil at Digboi around 10 miles from Margherita.\n‘Dig boy, dig’, shouted the English engineer, Mr W L Lake, elephants emerging out of the dense forest with oil stains on their feet\".[2]\nThis is possibly the most distilled – though fanciful – version of the legend explaining the siting and naming of Digboi. Two events separated by seven years have become fused, but although neither is likely to be provable, such evidence that does exist appears sufficiently detailed to be credible. Various web sites offer variations on the elephant’s foot story, a consensus of which would be that engineers extending the Dibru-Sadiya railway line to Ledo for the Assam Railways and Trading Company (AR&TC) in 1882 were using elephants for haulage and noticed that the mud on one pachyderm’s feet smelled of oil. Retracing the trail of footprints, they found oil seeping to the surface. One of the engineers, the Englishman Willie Leova Lake, was an ‘oil enthusiast’ and persuaded the company to drill a well. Oil India Ltd makes no reference to elephants’ feet in its company history,[3] although on its previous web site the company noted that Lake had noticed \"the oil seepages around Borbhil\". Once the project had been approved, Lake assembled equipment, boilers, and local labour, and engaged elephants to haul the machinery to the site. The first well was started in September 1889, but an encouraging first strike at 178 feet (54 m) turned out to be a small pocket, and drilling recommenced. This continued until November 1890 when the well was completed at a total depth of 662 feet (202 m), and it was during this extended period of drilling that Oil India's old web site placed the legend of Lake exhorting one or more of his labourers to \"Dig, boy!\"\n"
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"Italian Engineers, commissioned by the Assam Railways and Trading Company, to build a railway line from Dibrugarh to Margherita (Headquarters of Assam Railways and Trading Company)"
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-7767962283382868417 | Honda Element | Honda Element - Wikipedia Honda Element Jump to : navigation , search Honda Element Overview Manufacturer Honda Production December 2002 -- April 2011 Chassis Y1 , H1 Assembly East Liberty , Ohio , U.S. ( ELAP ) Designer March 2002 Body and chassis Class Compact crossover Body style 4 - door crossover Layout Front engine , front - wheel drive / four - wheel drive Related Honda Civic Honda CR - V Acura RSX Powertrain Engine 2.4 L I4 : K24A4 2003 -- 2006 , K24A8 2007 + Transmission 5 - speed manual 4 - speed automatic 5 - speed automatic Wheelbase 101.4 in ( 2575 mm ) Length 2003 - 2008 : 169.3 in ( 4,300 mm ) 2009 - 2011 : 169.9 in ( 4,315 mm ) Width 2003 - 2008 : 72 in ( 1,829 mm ) Height 70.4 in ( 1,788 mm ) 69.5 in ( 1,765 mm ) ( SC ) Chronology Successor Honda HR - V ( for US ) Honda Element logo The Honda Element is a compact crossover manufactured and marketed by Honda and based on a modified CR - V platform Manufactured in East Liberty , Ohio , the Element was offered with front - wheel or all - wheel drive in the United States and Canada from model years 2003 through 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Model year changes 2.1 2003 2.3 2005 2.4 2006 2.5 2007 2.6 2008 2.7 2009 2.8 2010 2.9 2011 3 Advertising and marketing 3.1 Gil the Crab 3.2 Element and Friends - version 2.0 3.3 Dog - friendly Concept 4 Discontinuation 5 References 6 External links Overview ( edit ) The Element followed a concept vehicle called Model X , developed by a core group of Honda R&D engineers in 1998 , debuted at the 2001 North American International Auto Show in Detroit . The Model X was designed to be an activity - oriented vehicle combining features of a pickup truck and a sport utility vehicle . The Element was unveiled at the 2002 New York International Auto Show in March 2002 . The 4 - seat Element is optimized to carry large volume loads , limited by total passenger and cargo weight not exceeding 675 lbs . The floor is made of easily cleanable TPO coated textured urethane ; the fabric is stain resistant ; the individual rear seats recline , fold up , and are removable . The rear clamshell tailgate arrangement is large , and the vehicle is tall , allowing tall loads . The rear side doors open outward from the front but are not referred to as suicide doors : they can not be opened if the conventional front doors are not open . To accommodate elimination of the B - pillars , which provides unobstructed access for side loading through the 2006 model year , limited by the front seat design from 2007 onward , the Element features a chassis with reinforced joints , strengthened lower side sills , larger cross members , enlarged rocker panels , and five bulkheads per side . The compact SUV features a 2.4 Litre K Engine , an i - VTEC four - cylinder engine producing 166 hp ( 124 kW ) at 5500 rpm and 160 lb ft ( 217 N m ) of torque at 4500 rpm and front - wheel drive or an optional all - wheel drive system -- a hydraulically actuated system that operates only when front wheel slippage occurs , marketed as `` Real Time '' all wheel drive . The Element has a towing capacity of 680 kg , or 1500 lbs . With projected first year sales of 50,000 , the Element sold 67,478 units in 2003 in the U.S. By 2010 , just over 14,000 were sold , and by December 2010 , shortly before its discontinuation , it had sold a total of more than 325,000 units . In 2007 , the Element won the Dogcars.com `` Dog Car of the Year '' award because of its `` versatile cargo space , easy - clean flooring , crate - friendly rear design and optional all - wheel drive . '' and in 2010 it won the `` Small SUV '' category as a `` Top Safety Pick '' in the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety Annual Awards . Model year changes ( edit ) 2003 ( edit ) The 2003 Element was launched with two trim levels -- DX and EX . All - wheel drive models came with a large rear skylight . with 160 hp . Production and sales began in December 2002 . ' A mid-range LX trim level between the DX and the premium EX trim levels . Side airbags became available as an option on the EX models . 2005 ( edit ) The LX model was introduced with more standard features . Improvements were made to the front seats as well as the inclusion of an armrest for the passenger 's side captain 's chair . The DX model was eliminated . XM satellite radio and MP3 capabilities were added as standard features in the audio system for the EX model . The charcoal gray plastic tone was darkened and a navy blue was offered with the Satin Silver Metallic paint . Wheel covers on the LX were changed to mimic the styled alloy wheels . Fuel economy was officially 19 miles per US gallon ( 12.4 l / 100 km ) City , 23 miles per US gallon ( 10.2 l / 100 km ) Highway ; 20 miles per US gallon ( 11.8 l / 100 km ) Combined 2006 ( edit ) 2006 Honda Element EX-P A fully painted version called the EX-P became available for an extra US $500 . It came with a 5 - speed manual transmission or an optional 4 - speed automatic transmission with overdrive . 2007 ( edit ) 2007 -- 2008 Honda Element EX The 2007 Element received a mild refresh , which included 10 hp increase to 166 hp , along with a 5 - speed automatic transmission , and seat belts integral to the front seats allowing rear - seat occupants to exit the vehicle without a front occupant having to unbuckle . Side airbags became standard , as did electronic stability control . The plastic latticework grille was replaced by silver - colored slats . 2007 -- 2008 Honda Element SC A new trim level called the SC was offered with a different front bumper and grille , lowered suspension and 18 - inch alloy wheels , projector headlamps , `` tribal print '' seat fabric , center console , and carpeted floors in the seating areas . Unlike the other trim packages , the SC had a non-removable center console . 2008 ( edit ) The only change from the 2007 Element was the addition of the color Royal Blue Pearl for the SC trim . 2009 ( edit ) 2009 -- 2011 Honda Element 2009 Honda Element SC New color combinations for the dashboard became available . For 2009 , the Honda Element got a navigation option and some cosmetic changes to the exterior . The hood and grill were redesigned , the front fenders were now all metal rather than painted composite material , and the wheel arches were squared off . The moon - roof was no longer available for 2009 - 2011 . For 2010 , Honda Element came with LX , EX , EX with Navigation , and SC models . However , for all models the Element only came with 5 - speed automatic transmissions and no longer carried the manual transmission versions . 2011 ( edit ) For 2011 , the Element no longer carried the SC model and the Royal Blue Pearl color was also cancelled . Honda discontinued the Element in early 2011 . Advertising and marketing ( edit ) Gil the crab ( edit ) After a summer break , Honda decided to bring back a portion of the `` Element and Friends '' ad campaign , but with a focus on the crab , who was given the name Gil . The most popular character from the ads with his `` I Pinch ! '' catch phrase , Gil had a myspace page to chronicle Gil 's trouble with the law . In order to tap into social networking sites , which began to play larger roles in ad campaigns in the mid-2000s , Gil was to maintain a blog and promote an online petition to save his job . and endorse Gil paraphernalia through a website . This led up to the launch of the new commercial dubbed Element TV , which premiered 28 September 2006 , and rolled out with the new Honda Element SC which went on sale that same day . Element and friends - version 2.0 ( edit ) In the fall of 2006 , the Element and Friends ( https://web.archive.org/web/20080828161538/http://elementandfriends.com/ website , now defunct ) was re-launched with the introduction of the new Element SC trim . The previous version had the driving game using the Element EX-P ( now simply called the EX ) in a desert , snow topped mountains , forests , and a beach . They now renamed that area `` above ground '' . A new second option from the main page allows you to select the Element SC to go `` underground '' in an urbanesque environment featuring a drive - in , central park with a basketball court , a seedy mainstreet , and project housing . The six new SC friends include a rat , mole , hamster , pigeon , roach , and a dog . The drive - in serves as the venue to view the TV spots that feature only the rat , mole , pigeon , and hamster . The format remains the same with new mini-games , but both maps now include a tunnel to venture above or below the surface , through the mountain and building respectively . Changes to the above ground include the removal of the previous TV spots from the website and a link on the beach to Gil 's Myspace page . RPA , the company which created the Element and friends website , won the `` Best in Show '' from MIXX Awards for the microsite . They revealed that visitors average 15 minutes on the site . Dog - friendly concept ( edit ) See `` external links '' below for dog - friendly concept car photo gallery . In 2007 , the Honda Element won the Dogcars. com 's `` Dog Car of the Year '' award . Honda chose to follow up on that with a concept vehicle unveiled in 2009 New York Auto Show specifically designed for canine transportation . It included a pet restraint system , an extendable cargo area load - in ramp , a 12V DC rear ventilation fan , second - row seat covers with a simple beige dog - outline pattern design to match the bed cover fabric , all - season rubber floor mats with a toy bone pattern , a fan , and `` Dog Friendly '' exterior pawprint emblems . A spill - resistant water bowl , also included , could be placed into a nook in the corner of the pet bed . The second row pet restraint system was a small net crate suitable for cats or small dogs , which could be belted into place . It strapped directly to the lower portion of the seat and the captive animal could not see out the windows , unlike the pet `` booster seats '' sold by pet - supply vendors specifically designed to allow small dogs to see through the windows and sniff the incoming airflow . The pet bed is a thick cushion for the whole of the rear cargo area . The cargo area pet restraint system consists of netting on the sides and the top of the dog bed , as well as a zip - up fourth side to be secured after the dog is loaded . The package was dealer - installed and retails for $1,000 . Discontinuation ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rear view Sales of the Element continued to slump throughout the final years of its production , bottoming out with only 14,000 units in 2009 . In 2003 ( the Element 's introductory and most successful year ) , Honda sold more of the cars than it did in the vehicle 's final 3 years combined . Industry analysts and Honda executives blamed the Element 's demise on a variety of factors : competition from similar vehicles offered by other manufacturers , rivalry within the automaker 's own product line , and a dwindling market share for SUVs overall . When Honda unveiled the Element in 2003 the design was unique , and the no - nonsense philosophy and retro / progressive styling drew customers to the car . The still emerging and relatively new market for compact SUVs offered little competition , and Honda was able to win over buyers by targeting the car toward young , active people with a list of options to suit outdoor activities like biking and camping . Competing automakers quickly noticed the vehicle 's success , and the Element was quickly joined by similar vehicles such as the Nissan Cube , Ford Flex , Kia Soul and Scion xB . These other vehicles were similar to the Element and many of them were more affordable , which proved to be too alluring for the young audience at which the car had been aimed . In addition to facing stiff competition from off the lot , the Element also had to cope with intense rivalry from within the Honda stable in the form of the automaker 's flagship CR - V . The Element model line struggled in the shadow of this more well - established sister car . Adding to this was Honda executives ' decision not to update the Element at all during the car 's entire 9 - year production run , a decision that made the Element seem dull and dated in a market sector that places an extremely high value on ultramodern contemporary styling and state - of - the - art technology . The model 's worst sales year , 2009 , saw the CR - V outselling the Element by a factor of 5 to 1 . The final model year for the car was 2011 and production ended that April . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2002 New York International Auto Show in New York - Evolution of the Automobile '' . PBS LearningMedia . ^ Jump up to : `` Honda Adds New `` Element '' To Lineup '' ( Press release ) . Honda Motor . 2002 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Honda announces end of Element production '' . Autoblog. 3 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Honda to build Model X Concept '' . Conceptcarz. 2002 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Nate Martinez ( 2009 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Honda to build Second - Generation Element '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Element Wins First - ever DogCar of the Year Award '' . PRWeb. 11 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TOP SAFETY PICKs 2010 '' . Insurance Institute for Highway Safety . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gas Mileage of 2005 Honda Element 4WD '' . Fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Element 2008 SC SUV Colors '' . Automotive.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : New York : Honda Ramps Up Attention for Dog - Friendly Element Concept , April 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Honda Element Specs : 2WD 5 - Door Automatic LX Specifications '' . www.thecarconnection.com . Jump up ^ Honda Creates Web Buzz for Ad Character , Aug 28 , 2006 , Ad Week . Jump up ^ `` Gil `` The Crab '' - 28 - Male - MALIBU , US `` . MySpace.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Save the Crab '' . Jump up ^ `` RPA '' . RPA . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Press Release : RPA Celebrates Three MIXX Awards Wins and Two Creative Media Awards , September 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Honda 's dog - friendly Element is aimed at pets -- and their owners Jump up ^ `` L.A. Times Financial Article '' . latimes.com. 2010 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Honda announces end of Element production '' . Autoblog. 3 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . External links ( edit ) Cars portal Japan portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Honda Element . Honda Element official webpage ( hide ) Honda road car timeline , North American market , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Subcompact Insight Civic Civic Civic Civic Civic Fit Fit Fit Compact Insight Accord Accord Accord Accord Civic Civic Civic Civic Mid-size Accord Accord Accord Accord Coupe Accord Accord Clarity Full - size Accord Sedan Coupe Prelude Prelude Prelude Prelude Prelude Sport compact CR - X CR - X del Sol CR - Z Sports car S2000 Crossover Mini HR - V Compact Element CR - V CR - V CR - V CR - V CR - V Mid-size Crosstour Pilot Pilot Pilot Sport Utility Vehicle Passport Passport Minivan Odyssey Odyssey Odyssey Odyssey Odyssey Sport Utility Truck Ridgeline Ridgeline Honda Motor Company Divisions and subsidiaries Acura American Honda Honda Canada Canada Manufacturing Aircraft Performance Development India Motorcycles Racing F1 Taiwan China ( 65 % ) UK Joint ventures and shareholdings Bangladesh Honda Private Limited ( 70 % ) Dongfeng Honda ( 50 % ) GE Honda Aero Engines ( 50 % ) Guangqi Honda ( 50 % ) Everus Mobilityland ( 100 % ) Aircraft MH01 MH02 HA - 420 Honda Cars Accord Accord Hybrid Amaze Brio / Brio Satya City / Grace / Greiz Civic Civic Si Crider CR - Z Clarity Elipe Fit / Jazz Gienia Legend N - Box N - One NSX Robins S660 Spirior Pickup trucks Acty Nippon Ridgeline Crossovers / SUVs Avancier / UR - V BR - V CR - V Pilot / MR - V Vezel / HR - V / XR - V Vans Freed Jade Mobilio Odyssey ( International ) / Elysion Odyssey ( North America ) Stepwgn Tambor Vamos Past 1300 Airwave / Partner Ascot Avancier Ballade Beat Capa City / Jazz Civic Type R Civic Hybrid Civic GX CR - X CR - X del Sol Crossroad Crosstour Concerto Domani Doal Element Elysion EV Plus FR - V Horizon Inspire Insight Integra Life Dunk Life Lily Logo Mobilio Spike N360 N600 Orthia / Partner Passport Prelude Quint Rafaga S500 S600 S800 S2000 S - MX Stream T360 / T500 That 's Today Torneo Tourmaster Z Zest Racing Curtiss Special R800 R1300 RA270 RA271 RA272 RA273 RA300 RA301 RA302 RC100 RA099 RA106 RA107 RA108 Aguri SA05 Aguri SA06 Aguri SA07 Aguri SA08 HSV - 010 GT Acura ARX - 01 Acura ARX - 02 ARX - 03 HPD ARX - 04b Concept Argento Vivo Dualnote FC Sport FCV Concept HP - X HSC J - VX New Small Concept OSM Quilt Remix Sprocket U-3X Urban EV Concept WOW Bikes Motorcycles CB series CBF series CBR series CG125 CJ series CM / CMX series CR series CRF series CTX series CX series DN - 01 Fury GL series NC700 series NR series NSR series RC series ST series VF / VFR series VT series VTX series XR / XL series XRE300 Transalp Africa Twin Deauville Bros / HawkGT NX250 Pacific Coast TL Series ( Reflex ) Valkyrie X4 Scooters Activa Aero Big Ruckus Dio Elite Express Helix Juno CHF50 Motocompo NH series Reflex Ruckus Sparta Spree Ruckus / Zoomer Silver Wing Vision Other Ape Click / Vario CT series Cub F Cub series Gyro Integra NM4 Motra P50 PA50 PC50 ST series / Dax Wave series Winner Z series Engines A-series B - series B20A C - series CVCC D - series E-series E07A F - series F20C G - series H - series J - series K - series L - series Circle L Diesel N - series Diesel P - engine R - series VTEC I - DSi Honda HI3R Honda HI4R Honda HI5R Honda HI6R Honda HI7R Honda HI8R Honda HI9R Honda HI10R Honda HI11R Honda HI12RT Honda HI13RT Honda HI14TT Aero - Engines HFX - 01 Turbofan HFX20 Turbofan HF118 Turbofan HF120 Turbofan Robots Honda E series Honda P series ASIMO People Soichiro Honda Takeo Fujisawa Tadashi Kume Shoichiro Irimajiri Nobuhiko Kawamoto Takeo Fukui Tadao Baba Takahiro Hachigo Other Honda Type R Honda Collection Hall Honda FC Mugen Motorsports Keihin Corporation Showa Corporation Internavi Suzuka Circuit Twin Ring Motegi Autobacs Racing Team Aguri Super Aguri F1 Team Takuma Sato Gil de Ferran Jenson Button Geier v. American Honda Motor Co . Honda Motor Co. v. Oberg Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honda_Element&oldid=808965382 '' Categories : Honda vehicles Crossover sport utility vehicles Compact sport utility vehicles All - wheel - drive vehicles Front - wheel - drive vehicles 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Cars introduced in 2003 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2015 Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from March 2013 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 09 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the last year honda element was made | [
"Manufactured in East Liberty, Ohio, the Element was offered with front-wheel or all-wheel drive in the United States and Canada from model years 2003[2] through 2011.[3]"
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"2011"
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7439313379458088867 | BX | BX - wikipedia BX Jump to : navigation , search BX , Bx , and similar may refer to : Contents ( hide ) 1 Businesses and organizations 2 Vehicles 3 Science and technology 3.1 Biology and medicine 3.2 Computing 3.3 Other uses in science and technology 4 Places 5 Other uses Businesses and organizations ( edit ) Barnard 's Express , a transportation company in British Columbia , Canada Base exchange , a store operated by the Air Force Exchange Service Berne eXchange , the stock exchange of Bern , Switzerland Blackstone Group ( NYSE stock ticker symbol BX ) BookCrossing , a program for sharing second - hand books Air Busan ( established 2007 ) ( IATA airline code BX ) Coast Air ( 1998 -- 2008 ) ( IATA airline code BX ) Vehicles ( edit ) BX ( sternwheeler ) , a boat owned by Barnard 's Express Citroën BX , an automobile Bionix AFV , an infantry fighting vehicle produced in Singapore Science and technology ( edit ) Biology and medicine ( edit ) Biopsy , the extraction of cells or tissues to determine the presence or extent of a disease Biosimilar , an identical copy of a biologic medication manufactured by a different company Bithorax ( part of bithorax complex ) , a genetic mutation in flies Computing ( edit ) BX register , a general - purpose 16 - bit X86 register BitchX , an IRC client Intel 440BX , chipset for Pentium II / Pentium III / III and Celeron processors Other uses in science and technology ( edit ) BX cable , a genericized trademark term for a type of AC armoured electrical cable ( from ' Bronx cable ' ) BeppoSAX catalog , also called SAX and 1SAX Brix ( ° Bx ) , measurement unit of the dissolved sugar - to - water mass ratio of a liquid Places ( edit ) Belgium , World Meteorological Organization country code BeNeLux , a politico - economic union of Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg Berryessa , San Jose , California Bordeaux , France The Bronx , one of the five boroughs of The City of New York , New York , U.S. ( also for many institutions , usually in the borough , and named for it ) Brunei ( FIPS Pub 10 - 4 and obsolete NATO country code ) Other uses ( edit ) BX convoys of World War II ships Battlecross , a rock band from Michigan Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title BX . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BX&oldid=828071300 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : Articles with short description All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Kiswahili 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Slovenščina Suomi Svenska 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 11 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does bx stand for in bx cable | [
"BX cable, a genericized trademark term for a type of AC armoured electrical cable (from 'Bronx cable')"
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"Bronx"
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-9104524432015968218 | List of awards and nominations received by American Horror Story | List of Awards and nominations received by American Horror Story - wikipedia List of Awards and nominations received by American Horror Story Jump to : navigation , search Awards and nominations received by American Horror Story Jessica Lange has received the most awards and nominations for her performances in the series . ( show ) Awards & nominations Award Won Nominated ADG Awards 6 American Film Institute American Society of Cinematographers 0 Artios Awards 0 BET Awards 0 BMI Film & TV Awards Bram Stoker Award Cinema Audio Society Awards 0 5 Costume Designers Guild Critics ' Choice Television Awards 18 Directors Guild of America Awards 0 Dorian Awards 6 15 Eddie Awards 0 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards 6 GLAAD Media Awards Golden Globe Awards 9 Golden Reel Award ICG Publicist Awards Kerrang ! Awards 0 Key Art Awards Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild 8 10 MTV Fandom Awards 0 NAACP Image Awards 0 5 NewNowNext Awards 0 People 's Choice Awards 5 Primetime Emmy Awards 15 78 Poppy Awards Producers Guild of America Awards 0 PRISM Awards Satellite Awards 11 Saturn Awards 0 16 Screen Actors Guild Awards Society of Operating Cameramen 0 TCA Awards 0 Visual Effects Society Writers Guild of America Awards 0 Young Artist Awards 0 Total number of wins and nominations Totals 59 236 Footnotes American Horror Story is a horror television series created and produced by Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk . The series is broadcast on the cable television channel FX in the United States . Described as an anthology series , each season is conceived as a self - contained miniseries , following a disparate set of characters and settings , and a storyline with its own `` beginning , middle , and end '' . Since its debut , American Horror Story has earned mostly positive reviews from critics , and has been nominated for a variety of different awards , including fifteen Critics ' Choice Television Awards ( four wins ) , seventy - eight Emmy Awards ( fifteen wins ) , nine Golden Globe Awards ( two wins ) , three People 's Choice Awards ( one win ) , eleven Satellite Awards ( three wins ) , and sixteen Saturn Awards . Actress Jessica Lange , who was featured in the first four seasons , has won the most awards of the franchise , including the Primetime Emmy Award , the Golden Globe Award , and the Screen Actors Guild Award for her performance , while the former along with James Cromwell , who starred as Dr. Arthur Arden in the second season , subtitled Asylum , and Kathy Bates , who features since the third season , subtitled Coven , are the only performers to win an Emmy . `` Welcome to Briarcliff '' , the first episode of Asylum , is the most nominated single episode of the series , receiving nominations for seven different awards , winning one Emmy and one Golden Reel Award . American Horror Story has won 59 awards out of 235 nominations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Total nominations and awards for the cast 2 ADG Awards 3 American Film Institute Awards 4 American Society of Cinematographers Awards 5 Artios Awards 6 BET Awards 7 BMI Film & TV Awards 8 Bram Stoker Awards 9 Cinema Audio Society Awards 10 Costume Designers Guild Awards 11 Critics ' Choice Television Awards 12 Directors Guild of America Awards 13 Dorian Awards 14 Eddie Awards 15 Emmy Awards 15.1 Primetime Emmy Awards 15.2 Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards 16 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards 17 GLAAD Media Awards 18 Golden Globe Awards 19 Golden Reel Awards 20 ICG Publicist Awards 21 Kerrang ! Awards 22 Key Art Awards 23 Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards 24 MTV Fandom Awards 25 MTV Movie & TV Awards 26 NAACP Image Awards 27 NewNowNext Awards 28 People 's Choice Awards 29 Poppy Awards 30 Producers Guild of America Awards 31 PRISM Awards 32 Satellite Awards 33 Saturn Awards 34 Screen Actors Guild Award Awards 35 Society of Camera Operators Awards 36 Television Critics Association Awards 37 Visual Effects Society Awards 38 Writers Guild of America Awards 39 Young Artist Awards 40 References 41 External links Total nominations and awards for the cast ( edit ) Actor Nominations Awards Jessica Lange 25 8 Sarah Paulson 12 5 Kathy Bates 9 Lady Gaga 6 Angela Bassett 5 0 Zachary Quinto Frances Conroy 0 Finn Wittrock 0 Denis O'Hare 0 James Cromwell Evan Peters 0 Wes Bentley 0 Connie Britton 0 Dylan McDermott 0 Lily Rabe 0 Adina Porter 0 ADG Awards ( edit ) The ADG Excellence in Production Design Awards ( ADG Awards ) , is an annual award presented by the Art Directors Guild to recognize excellence in production design and art direction in the film and television industries . Honorees are presented with an award made by New York firm , Society Awards . American Horror Story has received three awards from six nominations . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2011 One - Hour Single Camera Television Series Mark Worthington ( for `` Murder House '' ) Nominated 2012 Television Movie or Mini-Series Mark Worthington ( for `` I Am Anne Frank , Part 2 '' ) Won 2013 Television Movie or Mini-Series Mark Worthington ( for `` Bitchcraft '' ) Nominated 2014 Television Movie or Mini-Series Mark Worthington ( for `` Massacres and Matinees '' ) Won 2015 Television Movie or Limited Series Mark Worthington ( for `` Checking In '' ) Won Short Format : Web Series , Music Video or Commercial Zach Mathews ( for `` Hallways '' ) Nominated 2017 Television Movie or Mini-Series Andrew Murdock ( for `` Chapter 5 '' ) Nominated American Film Institute Awards ( edit ) Established in 2000 , the American Film Institute Awards ( AFI ) is presented by American Film Institute and honors the best ten outstanding films and television programs of each year . American Horror Story has won once . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2012 Television Programs of the Year American Horror Story : Asylum Won American Society of Cinematographers Awards ( edit ) The American Society of Cinematographers Awards was created in 1986 by the American Society of Cinematographers . It honors work in theatrical features , television projects and student films , and cinematographers and other filmmakers for their career achievements . The second season 's episode `` I Am Anne Frank : Part 2 '' has been nominated one time . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2012 Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography : Motion Picture / Miniseries Michael Goi ( for `` I Am Anne Frank : Part 2 '' ) Nominated Artios Awards ( edit ) Since October 1985 , the Casting Society of America has presented the Artios Awards for excellence in casting . American Horror Story has been nominated four times . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2012 TV Movie or Mini-Series Robert J. Ulrich , Eric Dawson , Carol Kritzer , Eric Souliere ( Associate ) ( for American Horror Story ) Nominated 2013 TV Movie or Mini-Series Robert J. Ulrich , Eric Dawson , Carol Kritzer , Eric Souliere ( Associate ) ( for American Horror Story : Asylum ) Nominated 2015 TV Movie or Mini-Series Robert J. Ulrich , Eric Dawson , Carol Kritzer , Meagan Lewis ( Location Casting ) , Eric Souliere ( Associate ) ( for American Horror Story : Coven ) Nominated 2016 TV Movie or Mini-Series Robert J. Ulrich , Eric Dawson , Carol Kritzer , Meagan Lewis ( Location Casting ) , Becky Silverman ( Associate ) ( for American Horror Story : Freak Show ) Nominated BET Awards ( edit ) The BET Awards were established in 2001 by the Black Entertainment Television network to celebrate African Americans and other minorities in music , acting , sports , and other fields of entertainment . Actress Angela Bassett has been nominated once for her role in American Horror Story . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2014 Best Actress Angela Bassett Nominated BMI Film & TV Awards ( edit ) Broadcast Music , Inc . ( BMI ) is one of three United States performing rights organizations , along with ASCAP and SESAC . It collects license fees on behalf of songwriters , composers , and music publishers and distributes them as royalties to those members whose works have been performed . American Horror Story has been awarded twice . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2013 Cable Television Music Charlie Clouser , Cesar Davila - Irizarry Won 2015 Cable Television Music Charlie Clouser , César Dávila - Irizarry , Mac Quayle Won Bram Stoker Awards ( edit ) The Bram Stoker Award is a recognition presented by the Horror Writers Association ( HWA ) for achievements in dark fantasy and horror writing . The awards have been presented annually since 1987 . American Horror Story has won once from four nominations . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2011 Best Screenplay Jessica Sharzer ( for `` Afterbirth '' ) Won 2012 Best Screenplay Tim Minear ( for `` Dark Cousin '' ) Nominated 2013 Best Screenplay Brad Falchuk ( for `` Spilt Milk '' ) Nominated 2014 Best Screenplay James Wong ( for `` The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks '' ) Nominated Cinema Audio Society Awards ( edit ) The Cinema Audio Society Awards , commonly abbreviated as a CAS Awards , was created in 1964 and honors outstanding achievement in sound mixing . American Horror Story has been nominated five times . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2013 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- TV Movie or Mini-Series Sean Rush ( Production Mixer ) , Joe Earle , CAS ( Re-recording Mixer ) , Doug Andham , CAS ( Re-recording Mixer ) , James S. Levine ( Scoring Mixer ) , Judah Getz ( ADR Mixer ) , Kyle Billingsley ( Foley Mixer ) ( for `` Welcome to Briarcliff '' ) Nominated 2014 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- TV Movie or Mini-Series Bruce Litecky , CAS ( Production Mixer ) , Joe Earle , CAS ( Re-recording Mixer ) , Doug Andham , CAS ( Re-recording Mixer ) , James S. Levine ( Scoring Mixer ) , Judah Getz ( ADR Mixer ) , Kyle Billingsley ( Foley Mixer ) ( for `` The Replacements '' ) Nominated 2015 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- TV Movie or Mini-Series Bruce Litecky , CAS ( Production Mixer ) , Joe Earle , CAS ( Re-recording Mixer ) , Doug Andham , CAS ( Re-recording Mixer ) , Evan Daum ( ADR Mixer ) , Kyle Billingsley ( Foley Mixer ) ( for `` Monsters Among Us '' ) Nominated 2016 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- TV Movie or Mini-Series Brendan Beebe , CAS ( Production Mixer ) , Joe Earle , CAS ( Re-recording Mixer ) , Vicki Lemar ( Re-recording Mixer ) ( for `` Room Service '' ) Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- TV Movie or Mini-Series Brendan Beebe , CAS ( Production Mixer ) , Joe Earle , CAS ( Re-recording Mixer ) , Doug Andham , CAS ( Re-recording Mixer ) , Judah Getz ( ADR Mixer ) , John Guentner ( Foley Mixer ) ( for `` Checking In '' ) Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards ( edit ) Founded in 1999 by the Costume Designers Guild , the Costume Designers Guild Awards honors costume designers in motion pictures , television , and commercials annually . American Horror Story designer Lou Eyrich has received five nominations , with four wins . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2013 Outstanding Made for TV Movie or Mini-Series Lou Eyrich ( for American Horror Story : Asylum ) Won 2014 Outstanding Made for TV Movie or Mini-Series Lou Eyrich ( for American Horror Story : Coven ) Nominated 2015 Outstanding Made for TV Movie or Mini-Series Lou Eyrich ( for American Horror Story : Freak Show ) Won 2016 Outstanding Contemporary TV Series Lou Eyrich ( for American Horror Story : Hotel ) Won 2017 Outstanding Contemporary TV Series Lou Eyrich , Helen Huang ( for American Horror Story : Roanoke ) Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards ( edit ) Established in 2011 , the Critics ' Choice Television Awards is an annual award presented by the Broadcast Television Journalists Association ( BTJA ) . American Horror Story has received eighteen nominations , with four wins , being two by actress Sarah Paulson . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2012 Best Movie / Miniseries American Horror Story Nominated Best Actress in a Movie / Miniseries Jessica Lange Nominated 2013 Best Movie / Miniseries American Horror Story : Asylum Nominated Best Actress in a Movie / Miniseries Jessica Lange Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Movie / Miniseries Zachary Quinto Won Best Supporting Actor in a Movie / Miniseries James Cromwell Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Movie / Miniseries Sarah Paulson Won Best Supporting Actress in a Movie / Miniseries Lily Rabe Nominated 2014 Best Movie / Miniseries American Horror Story : Coven Nominated Best Actress in a Movie / Miniseries Jessica Lange Won Best Supporting Actress in a Movie / Miniseries Kathy Bates Nominated 2015 Most Bingeworthy Show American Horror Story : Freak Show Nominated Best Actress in a Movie / Limited Series Jessica Lange Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Movie / Limited Series Finn Wittrock Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Movie / Limited Series Series Sarah Paulson Won 2016 Best Actor in a Movie / Limited Series Wes Bentley Nominated Best Actress in a Movie / Limited Series Kathy Bates Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Movie / Limited Series Sarah Paulson Nominated Directors Guild of America Awards ( edit ) The Directors Guild of America Awards are presented annually by the Directors Guild of America and was first awarded in 1938 . American Horror Story has received one nomination . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2012 Outstanding Directing -- Television Film or Miniseries Michael Rymer ( for `` Dark Cousin '' ) Nominated Dorian Awards ( edit ) The Dorian Awards is an annual endeavor organized by the Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics Association ( GALECA ) . American Horror Story has won six times from fifteen nominations . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2011 TV Performance of the Year Jessica Lange Won TV Drama of the Year American Horror Story Won LGBT - Themed TV Show of the Year Nominated Campy TV Show of the Year Nominated 2012 TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Jessica Lange Won TV Drama of the Year American Horror Story : Asylum Won LGBT - Themed TV Show of the Year Nominated Campy TV Show of the Year Nominated 2013 TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Jessica Lange Won TV Musical Performance of the Year Jessica Lange and cast ( for `` The Name Game '' ) Nominated TV Drama of the Year American Horror Story : Coven Nominated Campy TV Show of the Year Won 2014 TV Musical Performance of the Year Jessica Lange ( for `` Life on Mars '' ) Nominated Campy TV Show of the Year American Horror Story : Freak Show Nominated 2015 Campy TV Show of the Year American Horror Story : Hotel Nominated Eddie Awards ( edit ) Founded in 1950 , the American Cinema Editors ( ACE ) is an honorary society of film editors that are voted in based on the qualities of professional achievements , their education of others , and their dedication to editing . American Horror Story has received one nomination . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2014 Best Edited Mini-Series or Motion Picture for TV Stewart Schill ( for `` The Name Game '' ) Nominated Emmy Awards ( edit ) Created in 1949 , the Emmy Awards , or simply Emmy , recognizes excellence in the television industry , and corresponds to the Academy Award ( for film ) , the Tony Award ( for theatre ) , and the Grammy Award ( for music ) . Because Emmy Awards are given in various sectors of the American television industry , they are presented in different annual ceremonies held throughout the year . Primetime Emmys recognizes outstanding work in American primetime entertainment programming , while Creative Arts Emmy Awards are presented in recognition of technical and other similar achievements , commonly awarded to behind - the - scenes personnel such as art directors , costume designers , cinematographers , casting directors , and sound editors . American Horror Story has won sixteen times out of eighty - two nominations . Freak Show is the most nominated season with nineteen . Primetime Emmy Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2012 Outstanding Miniseries or Movie American Horror Story Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Connie Britton Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Denis O'Hare Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Jessica Lange Won Frances Conroy Nominated 2013 Outstanding Miniseries or Movie American Horror Story : Asylum Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Jessica Lange Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie James Cromwell Won Zachary Quinto Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Sarah Paulson Nominated 2014 Outstanding Miniseries American Horror Story : Coven Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Jessica Lange Won Sarah Paulson Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Frances Conroy Nominated Kathy Bates Won Angela Bassett Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries , Movie , or Dramatic Special Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk ( for `` Bitchcraft '' ) Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries , Movie , or Dramatic Special Alfonso Gomez - Rejon ( for `` Bitchcraft '' ) Nominated 2015 Outstanding Miniseries American Horror Story : Freak Show Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Jessica Lange Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Denis O'Hare Nominated Finn Wittrock Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Sarah Paulson Nominated Angela Bassett Nominated Kathy Bates Nominated Outstanding Directing For a Limited Series , Movie Or a Dramatic Special Ryan Murphy ( for `` Monsters Among Us '' ) Nominated 2016 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie Sarah Paulson Nominated Kathy Bates Nominated Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2012 Outstanding Art Direction for a Miniseries or Movie Mark Worthington , Edward L. Rubin and Ellen Brill ( for `` Open House '' ) Nominated Beth Rubino , Charles M. Lagola and Ellen Brill ( for `` Pilot '' ) Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Miniseries , Movie , or Special Robert Ulrich and Eric Dawson Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries , Movie , or Special Chrisi Karvonides and Conan Castro Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Miniseries or Movie Fabienne Bouville Nominated Outstanding Hairstyling for a Miniseries or Movie Monte C. Haught , Samantha Wade , Melanie Verkins , Natalie Driscoll and Michelle Ceglia Won Outstanding Main Title Design Kyle WJ Cooper , Juan Ruiz Anchia , Gabriel Diaz and Ryan Murphy Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Miniseries or Movie Eryn Krueger Mekash , Kim Ayers , Silvina Knight and D. Garen Tolkin Nominated Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie , or Special Eryn Krueger Mekash , Hiroshi Yada , Michael Mekash , Christopher Nelson , Kim Ayers , Christien Tinsley and Jason Hamer Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries , Movie , or Special Gary Megregian , David Klotz , Steve M. Stuhr , Jason Krane , Jason Lezama , Timothy Cleveland , Bruce Tanis , Simon Coke , Zane Bruce , Jeff Gunn and Lance Wiseman Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Miniseries or Movie Sean Rush , Joe Earle and Doug Andham Nominated Outstanding Stunt Coordination Tim Davison Nominated 2013 Outstanding Cinematography for a Miniseries Or Movie Michael Goi ( for `` I Am Anne Frank , Part 2 '' ) Nominated Outstanding Art Direction for a Miniseries or Movie Mark Worthington , Andrew Murdock and Ellen Brill ( for `` I Am Anne Frank , Part 2 '' ) Nominated Mark Worthington , Edward L. Rubin and Ellen Brill ( for `` Welcome to Briarcliff '' ) Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Miniseries , Movie , or Special Robert Ulrich and Eric Dawson Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries , Movie , or Special Chrisi Karvonides and Conan Castro ( for `` Madness Ends '' ) Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Miniseries or Movie Fabienne Bouville ( for `` Nor'easter '' ) Nominated Outstanding Hairstyling for a Miniseries or Movie Monte C. Haught , Janis Clark , Stacey K. Black , Natalie Driscoll and Michelle Ceglia Nominated Outstanding Main Title Design Kyle WJ Cooper , Juan Ruiz Anchia , Kate Berry and Ryan Murphy Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Miniseries or Movie Eryn Krueger Mekash , Kim Ayers , Silvina Knight and John Elliot Nominated Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie , or Special Eryn Krueger Mekash , Mike Mekash , Hiroshi Yada , Christopher Nelson , Kim Ayers , Silvina Knight , Christien Tinsley and Jason Hamer Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries , Movie , or Special Gary Megregian , Steve M. Stuhr , Jason Krane , Christian Buenaventura , Timothy A. Cleveland , David Klotz , Andrew Dawson and Noel Vought ( for `` Welcome to Briarcliff '' ) Won Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Miniseries or Movie Sean Rush , Joe Earle and Doug Andham ( for `` Welcome to Briarcliff '' ) Nominated 2014 Outstanding Art Direction for a Period Series , Miniseries or a Movie Mark Worthington , Andrew Murdock and Ellen Brill Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Miniseries , Movie , or Special Robert Ulrich , Eric Dawson and Meagan Lewis Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries , Movie , or Special Lou Eyrich , Elizabeth Macey and Ken Van Duyne ( for `` Bitchcraft '' ) Won Outstanding Hairstyling for a Miniseries or Movie Monte C. Haught , Michelle Ceglia , Yolanda Mercadel and Daina Daigle Won Outstanding Makeup for a Miniseries or Movie Eryn Krueger Mekash , Kim Ayers , Vicki Vacca , Mike Mekash , Christopher Nelson and Lucy O'Reilly Nominated Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie , or Special Eryn Krueger Mekash , Mike Mekash , Christien Tinsley , Jason Hamer , Christopher Nelson , David L. Anderson , Cristina Patterson and Rob Freitas Nominated Outstanding Music Composition For A Miniseries , Movie Or A Special James S. Levine ( for `` The Seven Wonders '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries , Movie , or Special Gary Megregian , David Klotz , Timothy A. Cleveland , Paul Diller , Brian Thomas Nist , Steve M. Stuhr , Lance Wiseman and Noel Vought ( for `` Fearful Pranks Ensue '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Miniseries or Movie Bruce Litecky , Joe Earle and Doug Andham ( for `` Fearful Pranks Ensue `` ) Nominated 2015 Outstanding Hairstyling For a Limited Series Or a Movie Monte C. Haught , Michelle Cegila , Daina Daigle , Amy Wood and Sherri B. Hamilton Won Outstanding Main Title Design Ryan Murphy , Kyle Cooper , Lee Nelson and Nadia Tzou Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects In a Supporting Role Jason Piccioni , Justin Ball , Jason Spratt , Tim Jacobsen , David Altenau , Tommy Tran , Mike Kirylo , Matt Lefferts and Donnie Dean Won Outstanding Costumes For a Period / Fantasy Series , Limited Series Or Movie Lou Eyrich , Elizabeth Macey and Ken van Duyne Won Outstanding Sound Mixing For a Limited Series Or a Movie Bruce Litecky , Joe Earle , Doug Andham and Evan Daum Nominated Outstanding Cinematography For a Limited Series Or Movie Michael Goi Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing For a Limited Series , Movie Or a Special Gary Megregian , Timothy A. Cleveland , Paul Diller , Steve M. Stuhr , Lance Wiseman , Jason Krane , John Green , David Klotz and Noel Vought Nominated Outstanding Casting For a Limited Series , Movie Or a Special Robert J. Ulrich , Eric Dawson and Meagan Lewis Nominated Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup For a Series , Limited Series , Movie Or a Special Eryn Krueger Mekash , Michael Mekash , David L. Anderson , Justin Raleigh , Christopher Nelson , Kim Ayers , Luis Garcia and James MacKinnon Won Outstanding Music Composition For a Limited Series , Movie Or a Special ( Original Dramatic Score ) Mac Quayle Nominated Outstanding Makeup For a Limited Series Or a Movie ( Non-Prosthetic ) Eryn Krueger Mekash , Kim Ayers , Lucy O'Reilly , Michael Mekash , Christopher Nelson and Jillian Erickson Won 2016 Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Mark Worthington , Denise Hudson , Ellen Brill Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series , Limited Series or Movie Lou Eyrich , Helen Huang , Marisa Aboitiz ( for `` Chutes and Ladders '' ) Won Outstanding Hairstyling for a Limited Series Or a Movie Monte C. Haught , Fredric Aspiras , Darlene Brumfield , Kelly Muldoon , Gina Bonacquisti Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Limited Series , Movie or Special Gary Megregian , Steve M. Stuhr , Jason Krane , Timothy A. Cleveland , Paul Diller , David Klotz , Noel Vought , Ginger Geary ( for `` Checking In '' ) Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Limited Series or Movie ( Non-Prosthetic ) Eryn Krueger Mekash , Kim Ayers , Michael Mekash , Silvina Knight , Sarah Tanno Won Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Limited Series , Movie or Special Eryn Krueger Mekash , Mike Mekash , Bradley A. Palmer , Bart Mixon , James MacKinnon , Kevin Kirkpatrick , David Leroy Anderson , Glen Eisner Nominated 2017 Outstanding Hairstyling for a Limited Series Or a Movie Michelle Ceglia , Valerie Jackson , Jose Zamora Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Limited Series , Movie or Special Gary Megregian , Steve M. Stuhr , Jason Krane , Timothy A. Cleveland , Paul Diller , David Klotz , Noel Vought ( for `` Chapter 1 '' ) Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Limited Series or Movie ( Non-Prosthetic ) Eryn Krueger Mekash , Kim Ayers , Mike Mekash , Silvina Knight , Carleigh Herbert , Luis Garcia Nominated Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Limited Series , Movie or Special Eryn Krueger Mekash , Michael Mekash , David Leroy Anderson , James Mackinnon , Jason Hamer , Melanie Eichner , Cristina Himiob , Maiko Chiba Won FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards ( edit ) The Fangoria Chainsaw Award is an accolade that honors the best in horror and thriller films , as well as television series . American Horror Story has won one award out of six nominations . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2015 Best TV Series American Horror Story : Freak Show Nominated Best TV Actress Sarah Paulson Won Best TV Supporting Actor Finn Wittrock Nominated 2016 Best TV Actress Lady Gaga Nominated Best TV Supporting Actor Evan Peters Nominated Best TV Makeup / Creature FX Eryn Krueger Mekash , David LeRoy Anderson Nominated 2017 Best TV Supporting Actress Sarah Paulson Nominated Best TV SFX Eryn Krueger Mekash and David LeRoy Anderson Nominated GLAAD Media Awards ( edit ) The GLAAD Media Award is an accolade bestowed by the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation ( GLAAD ) to recognize and honor various branches of the media for their outstanding representations of the lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender ( LGBT ) community and the issues that affect their lives . The second season , Asylum , won once . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2013 Outstanding TV Movie or Mini-Series American Horror Story : Asylum Won Golden Globe Awards ( edit ) The Golden Globe Award is an American award by 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association ( HFPA ) recognizing excellence in film and television , both domestic and foreign . American Horror Story has been nominated nine times and has won twice for the performances of Lange and Gaga . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2012 Best Television Series -- Drama American Horror Story Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries , or Television Film Jessica Lange Won 2013 Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film Nominated 2014 Best Miniseries or Television Film American Horror Story : Coven Nominated Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film Jessica Lange Nominated 2015 Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries , or Television Film Kathy Bates Nominated 2016 Best Miniseries or Television Film American Horror Story : Hotel Nominated Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film Lady Gaga Won Golden Reel Awards ( edit ) Founded in 1953 , the Motion Picture Sound Editors ( MPSE ) is an honorary society of motion picture sound editors . Since 1989 , they present the Golden Reel Awards , in which honors the best work in the various areas of sound editing . American Horror Story has received one award from three nominations . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2013 Best Sound Editing -- Short Form Sound Effects and Foley in TV `` Welcome to Briarcliff '' Won 2014 Best Sound Editing in Television -- Short Form : Dialogue & Adr American Horror Story : Coven Nominated 2017 Best Sound Editing in Television - Short Form - FX / Foley American Horror Story : Roanoke ( episode `` Chapter 1 '' ) Nominated ICG publicist Awards ( edit ) The ICG Publicists Awards , created in 1964 , honors excellence in publicity and promotion for motion pictures and television programs . American Horror Story has won once . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2014 Maxwell Weinberg Campaign Award -- TV Matthew Mitchell ( for American Horror Story : Coven ) Won Kerrang ! Awards ( edit ) The Kerrang ! Awards is an annual award show in the United Kingdom , founded by the music magazine , Kerrang ! . The first season , Murder House , was nominated once . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2012 Best TV Show American Horror Story : Murder House Nominated Key Art Awards ( edit ) The Key Art Awards is an annual collection of honors given for outstanding achievement in artwork and other promotional materials advertising movies . The awards are sponsored by The Hollywood Reporter . American Horror Story has received one award . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2013 Best Engagement American Horror Story : Asylum ( for the Blu - Ray / DVD commercial , `` AHSAsylum : Get Committed '' ) Won Make - up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards ( edit ) The Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild is an American labor union representing make - up artists and hair stylist in feature films , television programs , commercials , live network events and theatrical productions . American Horror Story has won eleven awards out of fifteen nominations . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2014 Mini-Series or TV Movie Period and / or Character Make - up Eryn Krueger Mekash , Christien Tinsley ( for American Horror Story : Coven ) Nominated Mini-Series or TV Movie Period and / or Character Hair Styling Monte C. Haught ( for American Horror Story : Coven ) Nominated 2015 Mini-Series or TV Movie Period and / or Character Make - up Eryn Krueger Mekash , Kim Ayers ( for American Horror Story : Freak Show ) Won Mini-Series or TV Movie Period and / or Character Hair Styling Monte C. Haught , Michelle Ceglia ( for American Horror Story : Freak Show ) Won Mini-Series or TV Movie Period Special Make - up Effects Eryn Krueger Mekash , Michael Mekash , Christopher Nelson ( for American Horror Story : Freak Show ) Won 2016 Mini-Series or TV Movie Period and / or Character Make - up Eryn Krueger Mekash , Kim Ayers , Sarah Tanno ( for American Horror Story : Hotel ) Won Mini-Series or TV Movie Period and / or Character Hair Styling Monte C Haught , Darlene Brumfield , Frederic Asperas ( for American Horror Story : Hotel ) Won Mini-Series or TV Movie Period Special Make - up Effects Eryn Krueger Mekash , Michael Mekash , David Anderson ( for American Horror Story : Hotel ) Won Commercials and Music Videos -- Best Make - up Kerry Herta , Jason Collins ( for American Horror Story : Hotel ) Won Commercials and Music Videos -- Best Hair Styling Nicole Alkire , Marissa Smith ( for American Horror Story : Hotel ) Won 2017 TV Mini Series or Movie Made for Television -- Best Contemporary Hair Styling Michelle Ceglia , Valerie Jackson ( for American Horror Story : Roanoke ) Won TV Mini Series or Movie Made for Television -- Best Period / Character Make - up Eryn Krueger Mekash , Kim Ayers , Silvina Knight ( for American Horror Story : Roanoke ) Nominated TV Mini Series or Movie Made for Television -- Best Period / Character Hair Styling Michelle Ceglia , Valerie Jackson ( for American Horror Story : Roanoke ) Nominated TV Mini Series or Movie Made for Television -- Best Special Make - up Effects Eryn Krueger Mekash , Michael Mekash , David Anderson ( for American Horror Story : Roanoke ) Won Commercials & Music Videos - Best Make - Up Kerry Herta , Jason Collins , Cristina Waltz ( for American Horror Story : Roanoke Promo ) Won MTV Fandom Awards ( edit ) The MTV Fandom Awards is an annual awards ceremony established in 2014 by mtvU . Gaga has been nominated once . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2015 Feels Freakout of the Year Lady Gaga joins American Horror Story : Hotel Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards ( edit ) The MTV Movie & TV Awards are an annual film and television awards show presented on MTV . The nominees are decided by producers and executives at MTV , and winners are decided online by the general public . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2017 Best Villain Wes Bentley Nominated NAACP Image Awards ( edit ) The NAACP Image Award was established in 1967 and is an accolade presented by the American National Association for the Advancement of Colored People to honor outstanding people of color in film , television , music , and literature . American Horror Story has received five nominations . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2014 Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie , Mini-Series or Dramatic Special Angela Bassett Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie , Mini-Series or Dramatic Special Gabourey Sidibe Nominated 2015 Outstanding Television Movie , Mini-Series or Dramatic Special American Horror Story : Freak Show Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie , Mini-Series or Dramatic Special Angela Bassett Nominated 2016 Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie , Mini-Series or Dramatic Special Nominated NewNowNext Awards ( edit ) The NewNowNext Awards is an American annual entertainment award show , presented by the lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender - themed channel Logo . Launched in 2008 , the awards are presented both for LGBT - specific and general interest achievements in entertainment and pop culture . Lange has been nominated once for her role in American Horror Story . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2012 Cause You 're Hot Jessica Lange Nominated People 's Choice Awards ( edit ) The People 's Choice Awards is an awards show recognizing the people and the work of popular culture . American Horror Story has received one award out of six nominations . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2014 Favorite TV Movie / Miniseries American Horror Story : Coven Won 2015 Favorite Cable Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Show American Horror Story : Freak Show Nominated Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Jessica Lange Nominated 2016 Favorite Cable Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Show American Horror Story : Hotel Nominated Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Lady Gaga Nominated 2017 Favorite Cable Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Show American Horror Story : Roanoke Nominated Poppy Awards ( edit ) The Poppy Awards , formerly known as the EWwys , honors the Emmy - snubbed shows and actors of the year . American Horror Story has received two awards from three nominations . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2016 American Horror Story : Hotel Best Limited Series / Movie Won Lady Gaga Best Lead Actress , Limited Series / Movie Won Denis O'Hare Best Supporting Actor , Limited Series / Movie Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards ( edit ) The Producers Guild of America Awards was established in 1990 by the Producers Guild of America , in order to honor the visionaries who produce and execute motion picture and television product . American Horror Story has been nominated four times . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2013 Outstanding Producer of Long - Form Television Brad Buecker , Dante Di Loreto , Brad Falchuk , Ryan Murphy , Chip Vucelich and Alexis Martin Woodall ( for American Horror Story ) Nominated 2014 Outstanding Producer of Long - Form Television Brad Buecker , Dante Di Loreto , Brad Falchuk , Ryan Murphy , Chip Vucelich and Alexis Martin Woodall ( for American Horror Story : Asylum ) Nominated 2015 Outstanding Producer of Long - Form Television Brad Buecker , Dante Di Loreto , Brad Falchuk , Joseph Incaprera , Alexis Martin Woodall , Tim Minear , Ryan Murphy , Jennifer Salt , James Wong ( for American Horror Story : Coven and Freak Show ) Nominated 2016 Outstanding Producer of Long - Form Television Brad Falchuk , Ryan Murphy , Brad Buecker , Tim Minear , Jennifer Salt , James Wong , Alexis Martin Woodall , Robert M. Williams Jr . ( for American Horror Story : Hotel ) Nominated PRISM Awards ( edit ) The annual PRISM Awards was created by the Entertainment Industries Council to honor the creative community for accurate portrayals of substance abuse , addiction and mental health in entertainment programming . American Horror Story has won one time . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2013 Drama Series Multi-Episode Storyline -- Substance Use Episodes : `` Nor'easter '' , `` I Am Anne Frank : Part 2 '' , `` Dark Cousin '' Won Satellite Awards ( edit ) The Satellite Awards are annual awards given by the International Press Academy ( IPA ) that are commonly noted in entertainment industry journals and blogs . American Horror Story has been nominated eleven times , winning three awards . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2011 Best Genre Series American Horror Story Won Special Achievement Award : Outstanding Performance in a TV Series Jessica Lange Won 2012 Best Genre Series American Horror Story : Asylum Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries , or Television Film Evan Peters Nominated 2013 Best Genre Series American Horror Story : Coven Nominated Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film Jessica Lange Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Kathy Bates Nominated 2014 Best Genre Series American Horror Story : Freak Show Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Sarah Paulson Won 2015 Best Genre Series American Horror Story : Hotel Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Lady Gaga Nominated Saturn Awards ( edit ) The Saturn Awards is an award presented annually by the Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films to honor works mainly in science fiction , fantasy , and horror in film , television , and home video . American Horror Story has received twenty nominations , without a win . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2012 Best Syndicated / Cable Television Series American Horror Story Nominated Best Actor on Television Dylan McDermott Nominated Best Actress on Television Jessica Lange Nominated Best Supporting Actress on Television Frances Conroy Nominated Best Guest Starring Role on Television Zachary Quinto Nominated 2013 Best Syndicated / Cable Television Series American Horror Story : Asylum Nominated Best Actress on Television Sarah Paulson Nominated Best Supporting Actress on Television Jessica Lange Nominated 2014 Best Syndicated / Cable Television Series American Horror Story : Coven Nominated Best Actress on Television Jessica Lange Nominated Best Supporting Actress on Television Kathy Bates Nominated Best Guest Starring Role on Television Danny Huston Nominated 2015 Best Syndicated / Cable Television Series American Horror Story : Freak Show Nominated Best Actress on Television Jessica Lange Nominated Best Guest Starring Role on Television Neil Patrick Harris Nominated 2016 Best Horror TV Series American Horror Story : Hotel Nominated 2017 Best Horror Television Series American Horror Story : Roanoke Nominated Best Actress on a Television Series Sarah Paulson Nominated Best Supporting Actress on a Television Series Kathy Bates Nominated Adina Porter Nominated Best Guest Performance on a Television Series Leslie Jordan Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award Awards ( edit ) The Screen Actors Guild Awards , also known as the SAG Award , is an accolade given by the Screen Actors Guild ‐ American Federation of Television and Radio Artists ( SAG - AFTRA ) to recognize outstanding performances in film and primetime television . Lange has received one award out of three nominations for her performance in American Horror Story . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2012 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Jessica Lange Won 2013 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2014 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Society of Camera Operators Awards ( edit ) The Society of Camera Operators is an internationally recognized professional honorary society . They host annual awards recognizing the achievement of camera operators in film and television . American Horror Story has been nominated once . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2014 Camera Operator of the Year -- Television James Reid ( for American Horror Story : Asylum ) Nominated Television Critics Association Awards ( edit ) The TCA Awards is presented by the Television Critics Association in recognition of excellence in television . American Horror Story has received three nominations . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2012 Individual Achievement in Drama Jessica Lange Nominated 2013 Outstanding Achievement in Movies , Miniseries and Specials American Horror Story : Asylum Nominated 2014 Outstanding Achievement in Movies , Miniseries and Specials American Horror Story : Coven Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards ( edit ) Since 2002 , the Visual Effects Society Awards is presented by the Visual Effects Society ( VES ) and honors film , television , commercials , music videos and video games . American Horror Story has won once , with two nominations . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2014 Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Visual Effects - Driven Photoreal / Live Action Broadcast Program Jason Piccioni , Jason Spratt , Mike Kirylo , Justin Bal , Eric Roberts ( for `` Edward Mordrake : Part 2 '' ) Won Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal / Live Action Broadcast Program Tommy Tran , JV Pike , Rob Lutz , Matt Lefferts ( for `` Edward Mordrake : Part 2 '' ) Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards ( edit ) The Writers Guild of America Awards is presented annually by the Writers Guild of America , East and Writers Guild of America , West since 1949 . American Horror Story has been nominated once . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2016 Long Form - Original Brad Falchuk , John J. Gray , Todd Kubrak , Crystal Liu , Ned Martel , Tim Minear , Ryan Murphy , Jennifer Salt and James Wong ( for American Horror Story : Hotel ) Nominated Young Artist Awards ( edit ) The Young Artist Awards ( originally known as the Youth In Film Award ) is an accolade by the Young Artist Association , a non-profit organization founded in 1978 to honor excellence of youth performers , and to provide scholarships for young artists who may be physically and / or financially challenged . American Horror Story has received two nominations . Year Category Nominated artist / work Result Ref . 2014 Best Performance in a TV Series -- Guest Starring Young Actor 11 -- 13 Toby Nichols Nominated 2015 Best Performance in a TV Series -- Guest Starring Young Actor 15 -- 21 Dalton E. Gray Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Emmys : Hammond On Miniseries Contenders And Lingering Controversies '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ American Horror Story 's reviews : `` American Horror Story : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . `` American Horror Story : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . `` American Horror Story : Season 3 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . `` American Horror Story : Season 4 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . `` American Horror Story : Season 5 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Awards '' . Art Directors Guild . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 16th Annual Excellence in Production Design Award Winners & Nominees '' . Art Directors Guild . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 17th Annual ADG Award Winners & Nominees '' . Art Directors Guild . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 18th ADG Award Winners & Nominees Crew '' . Art Directors Guild . February 8 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 19th ADG Awards Nominated & Winning Crews '' . Art Directors Guild . January 31 , 2015 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Art Directors Guild Nominations Unveiled '' . Deadline.com . January 5 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 ADG Awards Presentations - Art Directors Guild : Art Director , Digital Artist , Graphic Artist , Illustrator , Matte Artist , Model Maker , Production Designer , Scenic Artist , Set Designer , Title Artist '' . www.adg.org . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About AFI Awards '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2012 '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About the ASC Awards '' . American Society of Cinematographers . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2015 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 27th Annual ASC Awards -- 2012 '' . American Society of Cinematographers . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Artios Awards '' . Casting Society of America . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Artios Awards '' . Casting Society of America . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Artios Awards '' . Casting Society of America . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Artios Awards '' . Casting Society of America . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Artios Awards 2016 : TV , Theater , Web , Short Film Nominees Unveiled '' . Deadline.com . August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jamie , Mary , Missy , Busta Lead BET Nominations '' . Billboard . June 26 , 2002 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BET Awards ' 13 Nominations Announced '' . BET Awards . March 14 , 2013 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . Broadcast Music , Inc . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cliff Martinez and Top Composers Honored at the 2013 BMI Film & TV Awards '' . Broadcast Music , Inc . May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar - Winning Composer Alexandre Desplat Honored as BMI Icon at 2015 Film / TV Awards '' . Broadcast Music , Inc . May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2About the Bram Stoker Awards '' . Horror Writers Association . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Bram Stoker Award Nominees & Winners '' . Horror Writers Association . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Bram Stoker Award Nominees & Winners '' . Horror Writers Association . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Bram Stoker Award Nominees & Winners '' . Horror Writers Association . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Horror Writers Association - Past Bram Stoker Award Nominees & Winners '' . horror.org . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Whats Is the Cinema Audio Society '' . Cinema Audio Society Awards . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations For the 49th Cas Awards For Outstanding Achievement In Sound Mixing For 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Cinema Audio Society Awards . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 50th CAS Awards for Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for '' . Cinema Audio Society Awards . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 51st CAS Awards -- Winners '' . Cinema Audio Society Awards . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cinema Audio Society Announces Nominations for the 52nd CAS Awards for Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for 2015 and the CAS Technical Achievement Award '' . Cinema Audio Society Awards . January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About CDG Overview / History '' . Costume Designers Guild . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Winners of the 15th Annual Costume Designers Guild Awards '' . Costume Designers Guild . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Bronwyn ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Catching Fire , ' ' Breaking Bad ' among nominees for 16th Costume Designers Guild Awards '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Birdman ' , ' Grand Budapest Hotel ' Top Costume Designer Guild Awards : Winners List '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Empire ' Land Costume Designers Guild Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Contemporary TV Series '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 / / Winners of the 2nd Annual Critics ' Choice Television Awards '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 / / Winners for the 3rd Annual Critics ' Choice Television Awards '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 / / Winners and Nominees from the 4th Annual Critics ' Choice Television Awards '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Critics ' Choice Television Awards Winners '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fan Favorite Most Bingeworthy Show '' . A&E . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2015 . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards Nominations : ' Mad Max ' Leads Film ; ABC , HBO , FX Networks & ' Fargo ' Top TV '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DGA Awards History '' . Directors Guild of America . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 65th Annual DGA Awards '' . Directors Guild of America . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Who And What Is GALECA '' . GALECA . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2015 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past Winners '' . GALECA . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Winners '' . GALECA . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About American Cinema Editors '' . American Cinema Editors . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Film Editors Unveil ACE Eddie Award Nominations '' . Deadline.com . January 10 , 2014 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About the Academy '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 64th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 65th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 66th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 67th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 68th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 69th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . Fangoria . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 2015 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Winners and Full Results ! '' . Fangoria . June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Winners and Full Results ! '' . Fangoria . May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2017 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . FANGORIA ® . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Media Awards '' . GLAAD . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 24th Nominees '' . GLAAD . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HFPA History '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2012 : The Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 15 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ellwood , Gregory ( January 13 , 2013 ) . `` 70th Golden Globe Awards Winners And Nominees '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2013 . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : ' 12 Years a Slave , ' ' American Hustle ' and ' House of Cards ' Lead '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gray , Tim ( August 15 , 2014 ) . `` Golden Globes Unveil Timetable for 72nd Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Carol , ' Netflix Lead Golden Globes Nominations '' . Variety . December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Our History '' . Motion Picture Sound Editors . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2015 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 : Television '' . Motion Picture Sound Editors . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2013 . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 61st MPSE Golden Reel Awards ( Television ) '' . Motion Picture Sound Editors . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Slack , Anne . `` 2017 : Television Short Form Nominees '' . www.mpse.org . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . International Cinematographers Guild . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Publicists Guild Awards Winners Announced '' . Deadline.com . February 28 , 2014 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Slipknot , Papa Roach , Linkin Park Win Big At Kerrang ! Awards '' . MTV News . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kerrang ! Awards 2012 : You Me at Six Lead Nominations '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The CLIO Key Art Awards '' . Key Art Awards . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Winners '' . Key Art Awards . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 20 , 2016 ) . `` Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards : The Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grand Budapest ' , ' Guardians ' , ' AHS : Freak Show ' Top Make - Up & Hair Stylists Awards '' . Deadline.com . February 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mad Max , ' ' American Horror Story ' Lead Makeup and Hair Stylists Guild Nominations '' . Variety . January 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 nominees '' ( PDF ) . local706.org . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About the Show '' . MTV . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Shaunna ( September 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Hunger Games ' Wins ' Fandom Of The Year ' At Comic - Con '' . MTV News . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Get Out Leads the Nominations for MTV 's First Ever Movie & TV Awards '' . PEOPLE.com. 6 April 2017 . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Show '' . NAACP Image Awards . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2014 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NAACP Image Awards 2015 : Full List of Nominees And Winners '' . Los Angeles Times . February 6 , 2015 . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Washington , Arlene ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` NAACP Image Awards : The Winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Creed , ' ' Empire ' Top NAACP Image Award Nominations ; Full List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About the Show '' . Logo . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NewNowNext Awards 2012 Nominees '' . Logo . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice '' . People 's Choice Awards . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Nominees & Winners '' . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Nominees & Winners '' . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Nominees & Winners '' . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 : Full List Of Winners '' . People 's Choice . 19 January 2017 . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Poppy Awards 2016 : Vote for your favorite limited series / movie nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . August 25 , 2016 . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About the PGA '' . Producers Guild of America . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 PGA Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Producers Guild of America . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 PGA Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Producers Guild of America . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Producers Guild Awards Winners '' . Producers Guild of America . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` PGA Awards Nominees : Diverse Film List Includes ' Brooklyn ' , ' Compton ' & ' Ex Machina ' ; No ' Star Wars ' Or ' Carol ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History And Purpose '' . Entertainment Industries Council . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Winners '' . Entertainment Industries Council . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About the PIA '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` View Awards by Year : 2011 '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` View Awards by Year : 2012 '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` View Awards by Year : 2013 '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` View Awards by Year : 2014 '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` View Awards by Year : 2015 '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Saturn Awards '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy and Horror Films . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` ' Harry Potter , ' ' Hugo , ' ' Breaking Bad ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Hobbit , ' ' Life of Pi , ' and ' Fringe ' lead the Saturn Award nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Johns , Nikara ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gravity , ' ' The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ' Lead Saturn Awards Noms '' . Variety . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blake , Emily ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 Saturn Awards : Captain America : Winter Soldier , Walking Dead lead nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Academy of Science Fiction Fantasy and Horror Films '' . www.saturnawards.org . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About the SAG Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 19th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 20th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations Announced for Annual Society of Camera Operators Awards for Camera Operator of the Year - Feature Film and Television '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TCA Awards '' . Television Critics Association . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Television Critics Association Announces 2012 TCA Award Nominees '' . Television Critics Association . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Television Critics Association Announces 2013 TCA Award Nominees '' . Television Critics Association . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 27 , 2014 ) . `` TCA nominations : ' True Detective ' starts awards season fight '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About the VES '' . Visual Effects Society . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Annual VES Awards '' . Visual Effects Society . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What Is the Guild ? '' . Writers Guild of America , East . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WGA TV Nominations : ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Mr Robot ' , ' Kimmy Schmidt ' Lead Cable & Streaming Domination '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . Young Artist Awards . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Nominations & Results '' . Young Artist Awards . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2015 . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Nominations & Results '' . Young Artist Awards . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Awards for American Horror Story at Internet Movie Database American Horror Story Awards and nominations Cast members Episodes list Murder House `` Pilot '' `` Home Invasion '' `` Murder House '' `` Halloween , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Piggy Piggy '' `` Open House '' `` Rubber Man '' `` Spooky Little Girl '' `` Smoldering Children '' `` Birth '' `` Afterbirth '' Asylum `` Welcome to Briarcliff '' `` Tricks and Treats '' `` Nor'easter '' `` I Am Anne Frank , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` The Origins of Monstrosity '' `` Dark Cousin '' `` Unholy Night '' `` The Coat Hanger '' `` The Name Game '' `` Spilt Milk '' `` Continuum '' `` Madness Ends '' Coven `` Bitchcraft '' `` Boy Parts '' `` The Replacements '' `` Fearful Pranks Ensue '' `` Burn , Witch , Burn ! '' `` The Axeman Cometh '' `` The Dead '' `` The Sacred Taking '' `` Head '' `` The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks '' `` Protect the Coven '' `` Go to Hell '' `` The Seven Wonders '' Freak Show `` Monsters Among Us '' `` Massacres and Matinees '' `` Edward Mordrake , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Pink Cupcakes '' `` Bullseye '' `` Test of Strength '' `` Blood Bath '' `` Tupperware Party Massacre '' `` Orphans '' `` Magical Thinking '' `` Show Stoppers '' `` Curtain Call '' Hotel `` Checking In '' `` Chutes and Ladders '' `` Mommy '' `` Devil 's Night '' `` Room Service '' `` Room 33 '' `` Flicker '' `` The Ten Commandments Killer '' `` She Wants Revenge '' `` She Gets Revenge '' `` Battle Royale '' `` Be Our Guest '' Roanoke `` Chapter 1 '' `` Chapter 2 '' `` Chapter 3 '' `` Chapter 4 '' `` Chapter 5 '' `` Chapter 6 '' `` Chapter 7 '' `` Chapter 8 '' `` Chapter 9 '' `` Chapter 10 '' Cult `` Election Night '' `` Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark '' `` Neighbors from Hell '' `` 11 / 9 '' `` Holes '' `` Mid-Western Assassin '' `` Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins : Scumbag '' `` Winter of Our Discontent '' `` Drink the Kool - Aid '' Characters Murder House Asylum Coven Freak Show Hotel Roanoke Cult Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_American_Horror_Story&oldid=806253631 '' Categories : American Horror Story lists Lists of awards by television series Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 19 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won an emmy on american horror story | [
"\n\nYear\nCategory\nNominated artist/work\nResult\nRef.\n\n\n2012\nOutstanding Miniseries or Movie\nAmerican Horror Story\nNominated\n[55]\n\n\nOutstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie\nConnie Britton\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie\nDenis O'Hare\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie\nJessica Lange\nWon\n\n\nFrances Conroy\nNominated\n\n\n2013\nOutstanding Miniseries or Movie\nAmerican Horror Story: Asylum\nNominated\n[56]\n\n\nOutstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie\nJessica Lange\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie\nJames Cromwell\nWon\n\n\nZachary Quinto\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie\nSarah Paulson\nNominated\n\n\n2014\nOutstanding Miniseries\nAmerican Horror Story: Coven\nNominated\n[57]\n\n\nOutstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie\nJessica Lange\nWon\n\n\nSarah Paulson\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie\nFrances Conroy\nNominated\n\n\nKathy Bates\nWon\n\n\nAngela Bassett\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Writing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Dramatic Special\nRyan Murphy and Brad Falchuk (for \"Bitchcraft\")\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Dramatic Special\nAlfonso Gomez-Rejon (for \"Bitchcraft\")\nNominated\n\n\n2015\nOutstanding Miniseries\nAmerican Horror Story: Freak Show\nNominated\n[58]\n\n\nOutstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie\nJessica Lange\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie\nDenis O'Hare\nNominated\n\n\nFinn Wittrock\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie\nSarah Paulson\nNominated\n\n\nAngela Bassett\nNominated\n\n\nKathy Bates\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Directing For a Limited Series, Movie Or a Dramatic Special\nRyan Murphy (for \"Monsters Among Us\")\nNominated\n\n\n2016\nOutstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie\nSarah Paulson\nNominated\n[59]\n\n\nKathy Bates\nNominated\n\n",
"\n\nYear\nCategory\nNominated artist/work\nResult\nRef.\n\n\n2012\nOutstanding Miniseries or Movie\nAmerican Horror Story\nNominated\n[55]\n\n\nOutstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie\nConnie Britton\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie\nDenis O'Hare\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie\nJessica Lange\nWon\n\n\nFrances Conroy\nNominated\n\n\n2013\nOutstanding Miniseries or Movie\nAmerican Horror Story: Asylum\nNominated\n[56]\n\n\nOutstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie\nJessica Lange\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie\nJames Cromwell\nWon\n\n\nZachary Quinto\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie\nSarah Paulson\nNominated\n\n\n2014\nOutstanding Miniseries\nAmerican Horror Story: Coven\nNominated\n[57]\n\n\nOutstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie\nJessica Lange\nWon\n\n\nSarah Paulson\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie\nFrances Conroy\nNominated\n\n\nKathy Bates\nWon\n\n\nAngela Bassett\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Writing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Dramatic Special\nRyan Murphy and Brad Falchuk (for \"Bitchcraft\")\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Dramatic Special\nAlfonso Gomez-Rejon (for \"Bitchcraft\")\nNominated\n\n\n2015\nOutstanding Miniseries\nAmerican Horror Story: Freak Show\nNominated\n[58]\n\n\nOutstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie\nJessica Lange\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie\nDenis O'Hare\nNominated\n\n\nFinn Wittrock\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie\nSarah Paulson\nNominated\n\n\nAngela Bassett\nNominated\n\n\nKathy Bates\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Directing For a Limited Series, Movie Or a Dramatic Special\nRyan Murphy (for \"Monsters Among Us\")\nNominated\n\n\n2016\nOutstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie\nSarah Paulson\nNominated\n[59]\n\n\nKathy Bates\nNominated\n\n",
"\n\nYear\nCategory\nNominated artist/work\nResult\nRef.\n\n\n2012\nOutstanding Miniseries or Movie\nAmerican Horror Story\nNominated\n[55]\n\n\nOutstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie\nConnie Britton\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie\nDenis O'Hare\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie\nJessica Lange\nWon\n\n\nFrances Conroy\nNominated\n\n\n2013\nOutstanding Miniseries or Movie\nAmerican Horror Story: Asylum\nNominated\n[56]\n\n\nOutstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie\nJessica Lange\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie\nJames Cromwell\nWon\n\n\nZachary Quinto\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie\nSarah Paulson\nNominated\n\n\n2014\nOutstanding Miniseries\nAmerican Horror Story: Coven\nNominated\n[57]\n\n\nOutstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie\nJessica Lange\nWon\n\n\nSarah Paulson\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie\nFrances Conroy\nNominated\n\n\nKathy Bates\nWon\n\n\nAngela Bassett\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Writing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Dramatic Special\nRyan Murphy and Brad Falchuk (for \"Bitchcraft\")\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Dramatic Special\nAlfonso Gomez-Rejon (for \"Bitchcraft\")\nNominated\n\n\n2015\nOutstanding Miniseries\nAmerican Horror Story: Freak Show\nNominated\n[58]\n\n\nOutstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie\nJessica Lange\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie\nDenis O'Hare\nNominated\n\n\nFinn Wittrock\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie\nSarah Paulson\nNominated\n\n\nAngela Bassett\nNominated\n\n\nKathy Bates\nNominated\n\n\nOutstanding Directing For a Limited Series, Movie Or a Dramatic Special\nRyan Murphy (for \"Monsters Among Us\")\nNominated\n\n\n2016\nOutstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie\nSarah Paulson\nNominated\n[59]\n\n\nKathy Bates\nNominated\n\n"
] | [
"Jessica Lange",
"James Cromwell",
"Kathy Bates"
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8014841668067892179 | Willis Tower | Willis Tower - wikipedia Willis Tower Jump to : navigation , search Sears / Willis Tower The Willis Tower , then known as the Sears Tower , in 1998 Show map of Chicago metropolitan area Show map of Illinois Show map of the US Show all Location within Chicago metropolitan area Former names Sears Tower ( 1973 -- 2009 ) Record height Tallest in the world from 1973 to 1998 Preceded by World Trade Center ( 1970 ) Surpassed by Petronas Twin Towers General information Status Complete Type Office , observation , communication Architectural style International Location 233 S. Wacker Drive Chicago , Illinois 60606 United States Coordinates 41 ° 52 ′ 44 '' N 87 ° 38 ′ 09 '' W / 41.8789 ° N 87.6358 ° W / 41.8789 ; - 87.6358 Coordinates : 41 ° 52 ′ 44 '' N 87 ° 38 ′ 09 '' W / 41.8789 ° N 87.6358 ° W / 41.8789 ; - 87.6358 Current tenants United Airlines Named for Willis Group Sears ( 1973 -- 2009 ) Construction started 1970 ; 48 years ago ( 1970 ) Completed 1973 ; 45 years ago ( 1973 ) Owner Blackstone Group Height Architectural 442.1 m ( 1,450 ft ) Tip 527 m ( 1,729 ft ) Top floor 412.7 m ( 1,354 ft ) Technical details Floor count 108 ( + 3 basement floors ) , 110 floors including mechanical . Floor area 416,000 m ( 4,477,800 sq ft ) Lifts / elevators 104 , with 16 double - decker elevators , made by Westinghouse , modernized by Schindler Group Design and construction Architect Skidmore , Owings and Merrill Fazlur Rahman Khan Bruce Graham Main contractor Morse Diesel International References I. ^ Willis Tower at Emporis The Willis Tower , built as and still commonly referred to as the Sears Tower , is a 110 - story , 1,450 - foot ( 442.1 m ) skyscraper in Chicago , Illinois , United States . At completion in 1973 , it surpassed the World Trade Center towers in New York to become the tallest building in the world , a title it held for nearly 25 years and remained the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere until 2014 and the completion of a new building at the World Trade Center site . The building is considered a seminal achievement for its architect Fazlur Rahman Khan . The Willis Tower is the second - tallest building in the United States and the Western hemisphere -- and the 16th - tallest in the world . More than one million people visit its observation deck each year , making it one of Chicago 's most popular tourist destinations . The structure was renamed in 2009 by the Willis Group as part of its lease on a portion of the tower 's space . As of December 2013 , the building 's largest tenant is United Airlines , which moved its corporate headquarters from the United Building at 77 West Wacker Drive in 2012 and today occupies around 20 floors with its headquarters and operations center . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Planning and construction 1.2 Suits filed to halt construction 1.3 Post-opening 1.4 Plans 2 Skydeck 3 Height 3.1 Position in Chicago 's skyline 3.2 Climbing 4 Naming rights 5 Figures and statistics 6 Broadcasting 6.1 Radio stations 6.2 Television stations 7 Cultural depictions 7.1 Film and television 7.2 Other 8 Image gallery 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History Planning and construction Breakdown of the bundled tube structure of Willis Tower with simplified floor plans In 1969 , Sears , Roebuck & Co. was the largest retailer in the world , with about 350,000 employees . Sears executives decided to consolidate the thousands of employees in offices distributed throughout the Chicago area into one building on the western edge of Chicago 's Loop . Sears asked its outside counsel , Arnstein , Gluck , Weitzenfeld & Minow ( now known as Arnstein & Lehr , LLP ) to suggest a location . The firm consulted with local and federal authorities and the applicable law , then offered Sears two options : the Goose Island area northwest of downtown , and a two - block area bounded by Franklin Street on the east , Jackson Boulevard on the south , Wacker Drive on the west and Adams Street on the north , with Quincy Street running through the middle from east to west . This latter site was decided upon , and preliminary inquiries determined that the necessary permits could be obtained and Quincy Street vacated . The next step was to acquire the property ; a team of attorneys from the Arnstein law firm , headed by Andrew Adsit , began buying the property parcel by parcel . Sears purchased 15 old buildings from 100 owners and paid $2.7 million to the City of Chicago for the portion of Quincy Street that divided the property . Sears , which needed 3,000,000 square feet ( 280,000 m ) of office space for its planned consolidation and predicted that growth would require yet more , commissioned architects Skidmore , Owings & Merrill ( SOM ) to produce a structure to be one of the largest office buildings in the world . Their team of architect Bruce Graham and structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan designed the building as nine square `` tubes '' ( each essentially a separate building ) , clustered in a 3 × 3 matrix forming a square base with 225 - foot ( 69 m ) sides . All nine tubes would rise up to the 50th floor of the building . At the 50th floor , the northwest and southeast tubes end , and the remaining seven continue up . At the 66th floor , the northeast and the southwest tubes end . At the 90th floor , the north , east , and south tubes end . The remaining west and center tubes continue up to the 108th floor . The Sears Tower during its construction , in 1973 The Willis Tower was the first building to use Khan 's bundled tube structure . This innovative design was structurally efficient and economic : at 1,450 feet , it provided more space and rose higher than the Empire State Building , yet cost much less per unit area . This structural system would prove highly influential in skyscraper construction . It has been used in most supertall buildings since then , including the world 's tallest building , the Burj Khalifa . To honor Khan 's contributions , the Structural Engineers Association of Illinois commissioned a sculpture of him for the lobby of the Willis Tower . A sculpture honoring Fazlur Khan at the Willis Tower Sears executives decided that the space they would immediately occupy should be efficiently designed to house their Merchandise Group , and that floor space for future growth would be rented out to smaller firms and businesses until Sears could retake it . The latter floor areas had to be designed to a smaller plate , with a high window - space to floor - space ratio , to be attractive and marketable to prospective lessees . Smaller floorplates required a taller structure to yield sufficient square footage . Skidmore architects proposed a tower with large 55,000 - square - foot ( 5,100 m ) floors in the lower part of the building , and gradually tapered areas of floorplates in a series of setbacks , which would give the Sears Tower its distinctive look . As Sears continued to offer optimistic projections for growth , the tower 's proposed floor count rapidly increased into the low hundreds , surpassing the height of New York 's unfinished World Trade Center to become the world 's tallest building . The height was restricted by a limit imposed by the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) to protect air traffic . The financing of the tower was provided by the Sears company . It was topped with two antennas to permit local television and radio broadcasts . Sears and the City of Chicago approved the design , and the first steel was put in place in April 1971 . The structure was completed in May 1973 . The construction cost about US $150 million at the time , equivalent to $830 million in 2018 . By comparison , Taipei 101 , built in 2004 in Taiwan , cost around the equivalent of US $2.14 billion in 2014 dollars . Black bands appear on the tower around the 29th -- 32nd , 64th -- 65th , 88th -- 89th , and 104th -- 108th floors . These are louvres that allow ventilation for service equipment and obscure the structure 's belt trusses . Even though regulations did not require a fire sprinkler system , the building was equipped with one from the beginning . There are around 40,000 sprinkler heads in the building , installed at a cost of $4 million . In February 1982 , two television antennas were added to the structure , increasing its total height to 1,707 feet ( 520.3 m ) . The western antenna was later extended , bringing the overall height to 1,729 feet ( 527 m ) on June 5 , 2000 to improve reception of local NBC station WMAQ - TV . Suits filed to halt construction As the construction of the building neared the 50th floor , lawsuits for an injunction were filed seeking to stop the building from exceeding 67 floors . The suits alleged that above that point television reception would deteriorate and cause property values to plummet . The first suit was filed by the State 's Attorney in neighboring Lake County on March 17 , 1972 . A second suit was filed on March 28 in the Cook County Circuit Court by the Villages of Skokie , Northbrook and Deerfield , Illinois . Sears filed motions to dismiss the Lake County and the Cook County lawsuits and on May 17 , 1972 , Judge LaVerne Dickson , Chief of the Lake County Circuit Court dismissed the suit , saying , `` I find nothing that gives television viewers the right to reception without interference . They will have to find some other means of ensuring reception such as taller antennas . '' The Lake County State 's Attorney filed a Notice of Appeal and the Supreme Court agreed to permit bypassing the appellate court and to hear the matter on an expedited basis . The State 's Attorney then asked the Illinois Supreme Court for a temporary injunction to stop the construction and his request was denied . On June 12 , Judge Charles R. Barrett granted Sears ' motion to dismiss the suit filed by three Chicago suburbs on the ground that interference with television reception caused by construction of the Sears building did not violate constitutional rights and that the suburbs involved in the suit do not have any right to undistorted television reception . This decision was also appealed and consolidated with the Lake County appeal with the Supreme Court of Illinois . Meanwhile , an Illinois Citizens Committee for Broadcasting requested the Federal Communications Commission to halt construction so that the building would not interfere with area television reception . On May 26 , 1972 , the Commission declined to take action on the grounds that it did not have jurisdiction to do so . On June 30 , 1972 , the Illinois Supreme Court affirmed the previous rulings by Lake and Cook County Circuit Courts , by a letter order with a written opinion to follow . On September 8 , 1972 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit upheld the decision by the Federal Communications Commission to dismiss the complaint brought by the Illinois Citizens Committee for Broadcasting charging that the building would drastically affect reception in the Chicago market and requesting the FCC to halt construction . The Supreme Court of Illinois written opinion was filed on September 20 , 1972 . In affirming the judgments of lower courts the Court held , `` Considering the foregoing , it is clear to us that absent legislation to the contrary defendant has a propriety right to construct a building to its desired height and that completion of the project would not constitute a nuisance under the circumstances of this case . '' Post-opening Willis Tower at dusk , seen from the Loop Willis Tower from across the Chicago River Sears ' optimistic growth projections were not met . Competition from its traditional rivals ( like Montgomery Ward ) continued , with new competition by retailing giants such as Kmart , Kohl 's , and Walmart . The fortunes of Sears & Roebuck declined in the 1970s as the company lost market share ; its management grew more cautious . Nor did the Sears Tower draw as many tenants as Sears had hoped . The tower stood half - vacant for a decade as a surplus of office space was erected in Chicago in the 1980s . In 1990 , the law firm of Keck , Mahin & Cate decided to move out of its space in the Sears Tower and into a development that would become 77 West Wacker Drive , rebuffing Sears ' attempts to entice the firm to stay . Two years later , Sears began moving its own offices out of the Sears Tower . In 1994 , Sears sold the building to Boston - based AEW Capital Management , with financing from MetLife . At the time , it was one - third vacant . By 1995 , Sears had completely left the building , moving to a new office campus in Hoffman Estates , Illinois . In 1997 , Toronto - based TrizecHahn Corporation ( the owner of the CN Tower at the time ) purchased the building for $110 million , and assumption of $4 million in liabilities , and a $734 million mortgage . In 2003 , Trizec surrendered the building to lender MetLife . In 2004 , MetLife sold the building to a group of investors , including New York - based Joseph Chetrit , Joseph Moinian , Lloyd Goldman , Joseph Cayre and Jeffrey Feil , and Skokie , Illinois - based American Landmark Properties . The quoted price was $840 million , with $825 million held in a mortgage . In June 2006 , seven men were arrested by the FBI and charged with plotting to destroy the tower . Deputy FBI Director John Pistole described their plot as `` more aspirational than operational '' . The case went to court in October 2007 ; after three trials , five of the suspects were convicted and two were acquitted . The alleged leader of the group , Narseal Batiste , was sentenced to 131⁄2 years in prison in November 2009 . Plans In February 2009 , the owners announced they were considering a plan to paint the structure silver ; this plan was later dropped . The paint would have `` rebranded '' the building and highlighted its advances in energy efficiency . The estimated cost was $50 million . Since 2007 , the building owners have been considering building a hotel on the north side of Jackson , between Wacker and Franklin , at the plaza that is the entrance to the tower 's observation deck . The tower 's parking garage is beneath the plaza . Building owners say the second building was considered in the original design . The plan was eventually cancelled as city zoning does not permit construction of such a tall tower there . Although Sears ' naming rights expired in 2003 , the building continued to be called the Sears Tower for several years . In March 2009 , London - based insurance broker Willis Group Holdings agreed to lease a portion of the building , and obtained the building 's naming rights . On July 16 , 2009 , the building was officially renamed Willis Tower . On August 13 , 2012 , United Airlines announced it would move its corporate headquarters from 77 West Wacker Drive to Willis Tower . In 2015 , the Blackstone Group completed purchase of the tower for a reported $1.3 billion , the highest price ever paid for a U.S. property outside New York City . The new owners are considering several plans for further site developments . Skydeck The Willis Tower observation deck , called the Skydeck , opened on June 22 , 1974 . Located on the 103rd floor of the tower , it is 1,353 feet ( 412.4 m ) high , it is the highest observation deck in the United States and is one of the most famous tourist attractions in Chicago . Tourists can experience how the building sways on a windy day . They can see far over the plains of Illinois and across Lake Michigan to Indiana , Michigan and Wisconsin on a clear day . Elevators take tourists to the top in about 60 seconds , and allow tourists to feel the pressure change as they rise up . The Skydeck competes with the John Hancock Center 's observation floor a mile and a half away , which is 323 feet ( 98.5 m ) lower . Some 1.3 million tourists visit the Skydeck annually . A second Skydeck on the 99th floor is also used if the 103rd floor is closed . The tourist entrance can be found on the south side of the building along Jackson Boulevard . In January 2009 , Willis Tower 's owners began a major renovation of the Skydeck , including the installation of retractable glass balconies , which can be extended approximately 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) from the facade of the 103rd floor , overlooking South Wacker Drive . The all - glass boxes , informally dubbed `` The Ledge '' , allow visitors to look through the glass floor to the street 1,353 feet ( 412 m ) below . The boxes , which can bear 5 short tons ( 4.5 metric tons ) of weight , opened to the public on July 2 , 2009 . However , on May 29 , 2014 , the laminated glass covering the floor of one of the glass boxes shattered while visitors were sitting on it , but caused no injuries . The broken glass was replaced within days , and tourist operations resumed as before . Three glass bottom skyboxes ( top right ) on the west façade of Willis Tower at the 103rd floor View looking down from glass balcony Glass balcony at the skydeck Panorama of Chicago skyline as seen from Willis Tower Skydeck Height Height comparison of Willis Tower with other tall structures . From left to right : Burj Khalifa , Dubai ; CN Tower , Toronto ; Willis Tower , Chicago Willis Tower remains the second tallest building in the Americas ( after One World Trade Center ) and the Western Hemisphere . With a pinnacle height of 1,729 feet ( 527 m ) , it is the third tallest freestanding structure in the Americas , as it is 86 feet ( 26.2 m ) shorter than Toronto 's CN Tower . Willis Tower is the eighth - tallest freestanding structure in the world by pinnacle height . At 1,482.6 feet ( 451.9 m ) tall , including decorative spires , the Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia , laid claim to replacing the Sears Tower as the tallest building in the world in 1998 . Not everyone agreed , and in the ensuing controversy , four different categories of `` tallest building '' were created . Of these , Petronas was the tallest in the first category ( height to top of architectural elements , meaning spires but not antennas ) giving it the title of world 's tallest building . Taipei 101 in Taiwan claimed the record in three of the four categories in 2004 to become recognized as the tallest building in the world . Taipei 101 surpassed the Petronas Twin Towers in spire height and the Sears Tower in roof height and highest occupied floor . The Sears Tower retained one record : its antenna exceeded Taipei 101 's spire in height . In 2008 , the Shanghai World Financial Center claimed the records of tallest building by roof and highest occupied floor . On August 12 , 2007 , the Burj Khalifa in Dubai , United Arab Emirates was reported by its developers to have surpassed the Sears Tower in all height categories . Upon completion , One World Trade Center in New York City surpassed Willis Tower through its structural and pinnacle heights , but not by roof , observation deck elevation or highest occupied floor . Until 2000 , the Sears Tower did not hold the record for the tallest building by pinnacle height . From 1969 to 1978 , this record was held by the John Hancock Center , whose antenna reached a height of 1,500 feet ( 457.2 m ) , or 49 feet ( 14.9 m ) taller than the Sears Tower 's original height of 1,450 feet ( 442.1 m ) . In 1978 , One World Trade Center became taller by pinnacle height due to the addition of a 359 feet ( 109.4 m ) antenna , which brought its total height to 1,727 feet ( 526.4 m ) . In 1982 , two antennas were installed on top of the Sears Tower which brought its total height to 1,707 feet ( 520.3 m ) , making it taller than the John Hancock Center but not One World Trade Center . However , the extension of the Sears Tower 's western antenna in June 2000 to 1,729 feet ( 527 m ) allowed it to just barely claim the title of tallest building by pinnacle height . Position in Chicago 's skyline Climbing On May 25 , 1981 , Dan Goodwin , wearing a homemade Spider - Man suit while using suction cups , camming devices , and sky hooks , and despite several attempts by the Chicago Fire Department to stop him , made the first successful outside ascent of the Sears Tower . Goodwin was arrested at the top after the seven - hour climb and charged with trespassing . Goodwin stated that the reason he made the climb was to call attention to shortcomings in high - rise rescue and firefighting techniques . After a lengthy interrogation by Chicago 's District Attorney and Fire Commissioner , Goodwin was released . In August 1999 , French urban climber Alain `` Spiderman '' Robert , using only his bare hands and bare feet , scaled the building 's exterior glass and steel wall all the way to the top . A thick fog settled in near the end of his climb , making the last 20 stories of the building 's glass and steel exterior slippery . Naming rights West facade and entrance Although Sears sold the Tower in 1994 and had completely vacated it by 1995 , the company retained the naming rights to the building through 2003 . The new owners were rebuffed in renaming deals with CDW Corp in 2005 and the U.S. Olympic Committee in 2008 . London - based insurance broker Willis Group Holdings , Ltd. leased more than 140,000 square feet ( 13,000 m ) of space on three floors in 2009 . A Willis spokesman said the naming rights were obtained as part of the negotiations at no cost to Willis , and the building was renamed Willis Tower on July 16 , 2009 . The naming rights are valid for 15 years , so it is possible that the building 's name could change again in 2024 or later . The Chicago Tribune joked that the building 's new name reminded them of the oft - repeated `` What you talkin ' ' bout , Willis ? '' catchphrase from the 1980s American television sitcom Diff'rent Strokes and considered the name - change ill - advised in `` a city with a deep appreciation of tradition and a healthy ego , where some Chicagoans still mourn the switch from Marshall Field 's to Macy 's '' . This feeling was confirmed in a July 16 , 2009 CNN article in which some Chicago area residents expressed reluctance to accept the Willis Tower name , and in an article that appeared in the October 2010 issue of Chicago magazine that ranked the building among Chicago 's 40 most important , the author pointedly refused to acknowledge the name change and referred to the building as the `` Sears Tower '' . Time magazine called the name change one of the top 10 worst corporate name changes and pointed to negative press coverage by local news outlets and online petitions from angry residents . The naming rights issue continued into 2013 , when Eric Zorn noted in the Chicago Tribune that `` We 're stubborn about such things . This month marked four years since the former Sears Tower was re-christened Willis Tower , and the new name has yet to stick . '' Figures and statistics The top of Willis Tower is the highest point in Illinois . The tip of its highest antenna is 1,729 feet ( 527 m ) above street level or 2,325 feet ( 708.7 m ) above sea level , its roof is 1,450 feet 7 inches ( 442.14 m ) above street level or 2,046 feet ( 623.6 m ) above sea level , the 103rd floor observation deck ( The Sky deck ) is 1,353 feet ( 412 m ) above street level or 1,948 feet ( 593.8 m ) above sea level , the Franklin Street entrance is 595 feet ( 181.4 m ) above sea level . ( The highest natural point in Illinois is the Charles Mound , at 1,235 feet ( 376.4 m ) above sea level . ) The building leans about 4 inches ( 10.2 cm ) towards the west due to its slightly asymmetrical design , placing unequal loads on its foundation . The design for Willis Tower incorporates nine steel - unit square tubes in a 3 tube by 3 tube arrangement , with each tube having the footprint of 75 ft × 75 ft ( 22.9 m × 22.9 m ) . Willis Tower was the first building for which this design was used . The design allows future growth of extra height to the tower if wanted or needed . The restrooms on the 103rd floor , at 1,353 feet ( 412.4 m ) high , are the highest ( relative to street level ) in the Western Hemisphere . The design was inspired by an advertisement for a package of cigarettes . The Franklin Street entrance is the point from which all building heights are measured . The Wacker Drive entrance is six feet higher than the Franklin Street entrance , lower Wacker Drive / Lower Level 1 is approximately 17 feet , 6 inches lower than the Wacker Drive entrance and 11 feet , six inches lower than Franklin Street . The 103rd floor observation deck is 1,354 feet above the Franklin Street entrance . The glass ledges in the Skydeck are on a raised platform 18 inches higher than the rest of the 103rd floor or 1,349 feet , six inches above the Wacker Drive entrance , 1,355 feet , six inches above the Franklin Street entrance and 1,367 feet above lower Wacker Drive / Lower Level 1 . The Skydeck elevators rise from Lower Level 2 which gives a total rise of approximately 1,382 feet to the 103rd floor . The building 's total building area stands at 351,846 m ( 3,787,200 sq ft ) It remains the world 's tallest steel - construction building . All taller buildings use concrete or composite construction . Broadcasting Many broadcast station transmitters are located at the top of Willis Tower . Each list is ranked by height from the top down . Stations at the same height on the same mast indicate the use of a diplexer into the same shared antenna . Due to its extreme height , FM stations ( all class B) are very limited in power output . Radio Stations East mast 482 m : WLIT FM 93.9 MHz main , 4.0 kW , AMFM WEBG FM 95.5 backup , 3.1 kW , AMFM 480 m : WBMX FM 104.3 main , 4.1 kW , CBS Radio 476 m : WTMX FM 101.9 main , 4.2 kW , Hubbard 474 m : WBBM FM 96.3 main , 4.2 kW , CBS Radio 472 m : WKSC FM 103.5 main , 4.3 kW , AMFM WGCI FM 107.5 main , 3.7 kW , AMFM 470 m : WFMT FM 98.7 , 6.0 kW 468 m : WLS FM 94.7 main , 4.4 kW FCC query West mast 460 & 451 m : WFMT FM 98.7 backups 443 m : WBBM - FM 96.3 backup WBMX 104.3 backup unknown : W264BF 100.7 MHz , 2 W , Calvary Chapel of Costa Mesa table of allotments : * * WLIT , WLS , WBBM , WTMX , WBMX , WCFS FCC query Also , NOAA Weather Radio station KWO39 transmits off the top of Willis Tower , at 162.550 MHz . KWO39 , programmed by the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Chicago , is equipped with Specific Area Message Encoding ( SAME ) , which sets off a siren on specially - programmed weather radios to alert of an impending hazard , such as a tornado or civil emergency . Television Stations East mast 515 m : WLS - TV 7 analog , 55 kW , ABC Owned Television Stations ( Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12 , 2009 . Now broadcasting only in digital . ) WLS - TV 7 permanent digital , 4.75 kW 510 m : WCPX - TV 43 digital , 200 kW , Ion Media Networks WCPX - TV 38 analog , 3630 kW , Ion Media Networks ( Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12 , 2009 . Now broadcasting only in digital . ) WJYS TV 36 digital , 145 kW , Oxford Media Group WCIU - TV 27 digital , 15.1 kW , Weigel Broadcasting 509 m : WXFT - TV 59 temporary digital , 200 kW , Univision Communications WXFT - TV 50 permanent digital , 230 kW , Univision Communications 498 m : WTTW TV 11 analog , 60.3 kW , Window To the World Communications ( Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12 , 2009 . Now broadcasting only in digital . ) WBBM - TV 12 digital , 8 kW , CBS Television Stations 480 m : WFLD TV 31 digital backup , 475 kW , Fox Television Stations WPWR - TV 51 digital backup , 508 kW , Fox Television Stations 478 m : WGN - TV 19 digital backup , 310 / 229 kW , Tribune Broadcasting 474 m : WTTW TV 47 digital backup , 150 kW , Window To the World Communications WLS - TV 52 digital backup , 220 kW , ABC Owned Television Stations unknown : WESV - LD 40 digital , 37.2 kW , Trinity Christian Center of Santa Ana FCC query West mast 523 m : WPWR - TV 51 digital , 1000 kW , Fox Television Stations 514 m , WLS - TV 52 temporary digital , 153.6 kW , ABC Owned Television Stations 508 m , WMAQ - TV 29 digital , 350 kW , NBC Owned Television Stations 494 m : WMAQ - TV 5 analog , 20 kW ( Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12 , 2009 . Now broadcasting only in digital . ) WPWR - TV 50 analog , 5000 kW ( Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12 , 2009 . Now broadcasting only in digital . ) WXFT - TV 60 analog , 5000 kW , ( Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12 , 2009 . Now broadcasting only in digital . ) 475 m : WFLD TV 31 digital , 690 / 1000 kW , Fox Television Stations 473 m : WCIU - TV 26 analog , 5000 kW ( Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12 , 2009 . Now broadcasting only in digital . ) 472 m : WCIU - TV 27 digital , 590 kW , Weigel Broadcasting WSNS - TV 44 analog 5000 kW , NBC Owned Television Stations ( Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12 , 2009 . Now broadcasting only in digital . ) WSNS - TV 45 digital 467 / 665 kW , NBC Owned Television Stations 465 m : WTTW TV 47 digital , 300 kW , Window To the World Communications 455 m : WJYS TV 36 digital , 50 kW , Oxford Media Group 453 m : WGN - TV 19 digital , 645 kW , Tribune Broadcasting unknown : WWME - CD 39 digital , 4.4 kW , Weigel Broadcasting WEDE - CD 34 digital , 50 kW , First United WMEU - CA 48 analog STA , 150 kW , Weigel Broadcasting WMEU - LD 32 digital , 15 kW FCC query Cultural depictions Willis Tower as viewed from Chicago 's Chinatown Film and television The building has appeared in numerous films and television shows set in Chicago such as Ferris Bueller 's Day Off , where Ferris and company watch the streets of Chicago from the observation deck . The television show Late Night with Conan O'Brien introduced a character called The Sears Tower Dressed In Sears Clothing when the show visited Chicago in 2006 . The building is also featured in History Channel 's Life After People , in which it and other human - made landmarks suffer from neglect without humans around , and it collapses two hundred years after people are gone . In an episode of the television series Monk , Adrian Monk tries to conquer his fear of heights by imagining that he is on top of the Sears Tower . Also , in an episode of Kenan and Kel , Kenan Rockmore and Kel Kimble decide to climb to the top of the Sears Tower , so that Kenan can declare his love for a girl . In the movie Category 6 : Day of Destruction , the tower is damaged by a tornado . In `` 1969 '' , a Season 2 episode of the science - fiction series Stargate SG - 1 , the SG - 1 team accidentally travels back in time to the titular year . At one point , the team travels though Chicago and the Sears Tower is shown ( erroneously , since construction did not begin on the tower until two years later in 1971 ) . In the 2004 film I , Robot , the tower is shown updated in the year 2035 with new triangular antennas . The tower is shown surpassed in height by the USR ( United States Robotics ) Building . In the 2008 film The Dark Knight . In the 2011 film Transformers : Dark of the Moon , the tower is featured in a number of scenes . The most notable one is when the N.E.S.T team tries to enter the city using V - 22 Osprey helicopters . They use Willis Tower for cover before using wing suits to descend into the city streets . In the movie , the tower is shown to be severely damaged by the Decepticon invasion of the city . In the 2013 film Man of Steel , the tower 's interior and parts of its exterior portrayed the offices of the Daily Planet . In the 2014 film Divergent , the tower is shown abandoned and decayed in a future Chicago . In the 2015 film Jupiter Ascending , the tower is featured prominently as the place where Caine and Jupiter await a spaceship to lift them off the planet . Other Older versions of Microsoft Flight Simulator would begin with the player on the runway of Meigs Field , facing a virtual version of the tower . In Sufjan Stevens ' 2005 album Illinois , the tower is referenced in the track `` Seer 's Tower '' , whose title is a play on the tower 's now - former name , Sears Tower . Image gallery Sears Tower in 2007 Willis Tower as seen from John Hancock Center observation deck 900 North Michigan , Park Tower , the John Hancock Center , the Trump Tower , and Aon Center ( L-R ) as seen from Willis Tower Skydeck . Westward view from Willis Tower View down to South Wacker Drive from the Skydeck A view of Willis Tower at dusk A ground - level view of the multiple balconies at Willis Tower Skydeck View of Willis Tower from John Hancock Center The Eisenhower Espressway and Jane Byrne Interchange ( looking west from Willis Tower ) View of Lake Michigan from Willis Tower See also Chicago portal Illinois portal Architecture portal Architecture of Chicago List of buildings with 100 floors or more List of tallest buildings and structures in the world List of tallest buildings by U.S. state List of tallest buildings in Chicago List of tallest buildings in the United States List of tallest freestanding structures in the world List of tallest towers in the world Sears , Roebuck and Company Complex References Jump up ^ de la Merced , Michael J. ( March 16 , 2014 ) . `` Blackstone Group Purchases Landmark Willis Tower in Chicago '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Willis Tower -- The Skyscraper Center '' . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . June 13 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The tower has 108 stories as counted by standard methods , though the building 's owners count the main roof as 109 and the mechanical penthouse roof as 110 . Emporis.com Retrieved on June 7 , 2008 Jump up ^ http://www.willistower.com/history-and-facts Jump up ^ `` Who was Fazlur Rahman Khan ? The genius who made today 's skyscrapers possible '' . telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Archived August 15 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Snyder , Brett ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` A Day with United Management : Elite Status , Mileage Devaluation , and Increasing Change Fees '' . The Cranky Flier . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kerch , Steve ( October 20 , 1991 ) . `` This job is a tall order : Sears Tower project is the height of redevelopment . '' Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Arnstein & Lehr , The First 120 Years Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune , December 28 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune , January 4 , 1971 . Jump up ^ `` The Tallest Skyscraper '' , Time , June 11 , 1973 Jump up ^ Richard G. Weingardt ( 2005 ) . Engineering Legends : Great American Civil Engineers . American Society of Civil Engineers . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7844 - 7121 - 0 . Jump up ^ National Academy of Engineering ( 1979 ) . Memorial Tributes . National Academies . NAP : 14723 . Jump up ^ `` Burj Dubai : The new pinnacle of vanity '' . Telegraph . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 world 's tallest steel buildings '' . Constructionweekonline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fazlur Khan Sculpture '' . SEAOI . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Sears Tower '' , Wonders of the World , PBS Databank . Retrieved November 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Inflation Calculator -- Find US Dollar 's Value from 1913 -- 2015 '' . US Inflation Calculator . Jump up ^ The Times - News , February 15 , 1975 Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune , April 9 , 1972 and Chicago Tribune , May 7 , 1972 . Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune , May 18 , 1972 . Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune , June 10 , 1972 . Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune , June 13 , 1972 . Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune , July 1 , 1972 . Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune , September 12 , 1972 ; Illinois Citizens Committee for Broadcasting v. Federal Communications Commission , 467 F. 2d 1397 ( 7th Cir. 1972 ) . Jump up ^ Peo . Ex Rel . Hoogasiam v. Sears Robebuck , Ill . 52 L. 2d 301 ( 1972 ) . Jump up ^ For information on this transformation , see Donald R. Katz The Big Store : Inside the Crisis and Revolution at Sears , New York ( Viking ) , 1987 . Jump up ^ `` 77 W. Wacker ready to go . '' Chicago Sun - Times . March 12 , 1990 . Retrieved on November 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cliff Edwards , Associated Press . `` TrizecHahn buys control of Chicago 's Sears Tower World 's 2d - tallest building sold for $110 m '' , The Boston Globe , December 4 , 1997 . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 from HighBeam Research Jump up ^ `` Sears Tower may be for sale '' , Crains Chicago Business , October 31 , 1997 Jump up ^ `` Trizec to sell its last local asset '' , Crain 's Chicago Business , September 27 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` BIZ BRIEFS '' , Chicago Sun - Times , May 1 , 2004 . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 from HighBeam Research Jump up ^ `` MetLife to Complete Sale of Chicago 's Sears Tower '' , Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , IL ) , April 30 , 2004 . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 from HighBeam Research Jump up ^ `` FBI Killed Plot in Talking Stage '' . New York Times , June 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Seven charged over ' Chicago plot ' '' . BBC News , June 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Sears Tower ' plot trial ' begins '' , BBC News , October 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Five guilty in Chicago bomb plot '' , BBC News , May 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sears Tower bomb plot leader Narseal Batiste jailed '' , BBC News , November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sears Tower in silver ? '' , Chicago Sun - Times , February 25 , 2009 Archived February 17 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ David Roeder . `` Tall order for Tower ? ; Sears Tower owners to press city for zoning change , subsidy to add 2nd building as part of mega-million - dollar project next to landmark '' , Chicago Sun - Times , October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 from HighBeam Research Jump up ^ `` Sears Tower Being Renamed '' . Chicago Breaking News . March 12 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Tallest Building in Western Hemisphere is Renamed Willis Tower '' ( Press release ) . Willis Group . July 16 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Subscription Center '' . Jump up ^ `` Sears Tower unveils 103rd floor glass balconies '' , USA Today , July 1 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` The Ledge at Skydeck Chicago '' . SOM.com Project Page Jump up ^ BJ Lutz ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Coating on Willis Tower Skydeck 's Ledge Cracks Under Tourists '' . Nbcchicago.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Height : The History of Measuring Tall Buildings '' . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Burj Khalifa surpasses the height of Sears Tower in Chicago '' . Visitdubai.info . December 9 , 2007 . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom Tower ( '' World Trade Center 1 `` ) '' . NYC Tower . Retrieved November 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs History and News - Welcome to Just One Bad Century '' . Justonebadcentury.com . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sears Tower in Chicago Is Scaled by Stunt Man '' . Chicago ( Ill ) : New York Times . May 26 , 1981 . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Spiderman scales Sears Tower w / Stan Lee interview '' . YouTube . Retrieved January 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Spiderman ' scales Sears Tower in Chicago -- August 20 , 1999 '' . CNN . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sears Tower name to change to Willis Tower '' . Chicago Tribune . March 12 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sears Tower Now Willis '' . Chicago Tribune . July 16 , 2009 . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Corfman , Thomas A. ( March 11 , 2009 ) . `` Willis could get Sears Tower naming rights '' . Chicago Real Estate Daily . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Podmolik , Mary Ellen ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Sears Tower name change : Building today officially becomes Willis Tower '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burns , Greg ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Burns on Business , Willis Wants to be Part of Chicago by Way of Jersey '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Podmolik , Mary Ellen ( 2009 ) . `` Sears Tower name change has few Chicago fans -- Willis Tower may have trouble winning over public '' . Chicago Tribune . The Tribune Company ( March 13 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ `` Sears Tower Now Named Willis Tower '' . CNN . July 16 , 2009 . Retrieved July 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Geoffrey ( 2010 ) . `` Top 40 Buildings in Chicago '' . Chicago . The Tribune Company ( October 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Suddath , Claire ( February 8 , 2010 ) . `` Top 10 Worst Corporate Name Changes : It 's the Sears Tower '' . TIME . Retrieved February 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zorn , Eric ( 2013 ) . `` Change of Subject - ' Thillens Stadium ' is no more '' . Chicago Tribune . The Tribune Company ( June 24 , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ `` Sears Tower '' . Tallest Building in the World . September 2 , 2007 . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Why Was the Sears Tower Built ? '' . Whyguides.com . June 5 , 2000 . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The History Channel ; Modern Marvels ( series ) ; episode : The Sears Tower Jump up ^ `` CrediFi '' . Sears Tower . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Tallest Completed Buildings in the World '' . Council on Tall Buildings & Urban Habitat . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FM Query Results - Audio Division ( FCC ) USA '' . Fcc.gov . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FM Query Results - Audio Division ( FCC ) USA '' . Fcc.gov . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV Query Results - Video Division ( FCC ) USA '' . Fcc.gov . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV Query Results - Video Division ( FCC ) USA '' . Fcc.gov . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Filming Locations for Ferris Bueller 's Day Off '' . Movie-locations.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Sears Tower Dressed In Sears Clothing '' . Nbc5.com . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2008 . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keith Darcé ( January 31 , 2007 ) . `` Madison Avenue turns to Main Street The San Diego Union - Tribune '' . Signonsandiego.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Merrion , Paul ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` Willis Tower , CBOT Building star in Superman filming '' . ChicagoBusiness . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Willis Tower . Official website Willis Tower office - space leasing website Willis Tower Skydeck website Willis Tower on CTBUH Skyscraper Center Willis Tower at Structurae `` Willis Tower '' . Phorio . 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Steel Tower Skycity Square Capital Tower Tameer Commercial Tower Tour Financial Hub Center Two World Trade Center Former World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) See also Proposed supertall skyscrapers List of architects of supertall buildings Chicago skyscrapers Tallest buildings Aon Center Franklin Center John Hancock Center Trump International Hotel and Tower Two Prudential Plaza Willis Tower Selected buildings with 20 or more floors 35 East Wacker 55 East Erie Street 77 West Wacker Drive 111 South Wacker Drive 155 North Wacker 181 West Madison Street 311 South Wacker Drive 330 North Wabash 333 North Michigan 333 Wacker Drive 340 on the Park 401 East Ontario 500 West Madison 860 -- 880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments 900 North Michigan 1700 East 56th Street ABN AMRO Plaza Allerton Hotel Aqua Bilandic Building The Blackstone Hotel Blue Cross Blue Shield Tower Boeing International Headquarters Carbide & Carbon Building The Chandler Chase Tower Chicago Board of Trade Building Chicago Place Chicago Temple Building City Hall Square Building Civic Opera House Coast at Lakeshore East CNA Center Crain Communications Building Dirksen Federal Building Field Building Fisher Building FOUR40 Four Seasons Hotel Chicago Grant Thornton Tower Harbor Point Hilton Chicago Home Insurance Building Hyatt Center James R. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the sears tower become the willis tower | [
"The Willis Tower, built as and still commonly referred to as the Sears Tower, is a 110-story,[4] 1,450-foot (442.1 m) skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois, United States.[3] At completion in 1973, it surpassed the World Trade Center towers in New York to become the tallest building in the world, a title it held for nearly 25 years and remained the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere until 2014 and the completion of a new building at the World Trade Center site. The building is considered a seminal achievement for its architect Fazlur Rahman Khan.[5] The Willis Tower is the second-tallest building in the United States and the Western hemisphere – and the 16th-tallest in the world. More than one million people visit its observation deck each year, making it one of Chicago's most popular tourist destinations. The structure was renamed in 2009 by the Willis Group as part of its lease on a portion of the tower's space."
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"in 2009"
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6536629602975244492 | She'll Be Coming 'Round the Mountain | She 'll be Coming ' Round the Mountain - wikipedia She 'll be Coming ' Round the Mountain Jump to : navigation , search `` She 'll Be Coming ' Round the Mountain '' ( also sometimes called simply `` Coming ' Round the Mountain '' ) is a traditional folk song often categorized as children 's music . The song is derived from a Christian song known as `` When the Chariot Comes '' . The song 's style is reminiscent of the call and response structure of many folk songs ; among them are songs with a similar verse - structure but variant melodies , such as If You 're Happy and You Know It . These kinds of songs can be traced back to 17th - century British radical protestants and later commonly appeared in ballads as well as some religious songs : examples include `` What Wondrous Love Is This '' , `` Brave Benbow '' , `` The Ballad of Captain Kidd '' , `` Sam Hall '' and `` Ye Jacobites by Name '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Old spiritual 2 Children 's song 3 Variations 4 References 5 Further reading Old spiritual ( edit ) Although the first printed version of the song appeared in Carl Sandburg 's The American Songbag in 1927 , it is believed to have originated during the late 1800s , based on an old spiritual titled `` When the Chariot Comes '' sung to the same melody , which during the 19th century spread through Appalachia , where the lyrics were changed into their current form , which is often heard today with responses that add on to the previous verse . The song ostensibly refers to the Second Coming of Christ and subsequent Rapture , with the she referring to the chariot that the returning Christ is imagined as driving . Like most spirituals originating in the African - American community , however , this was probably a coded anthem for the Underground Railroad . Children 's song ( edit ) The secularized version was sung by railroad work gangs in the Midwestern United States in the 1890s . Currently the song is usually sung in collections of children 's music . The song has been recorded by musicians ranging from Tommy Tucker Time ( 78'inch ) to Pete Seeger or Barney the Dinosaur . Harking back to the original lyrics of `` When the Chariot Comes '' , the song is sometimes referenced in relation to the end of the world , most notably in The Illuminatus ! Trilogy and the comic book Promethea . Variations ( edit ) The Danish song `` Du må få min sofacykel '' has the same melody , but the lyrics of the song are about someone giving away their `` sofa bike '' , a bike with a back rest . The original of this song was a drinking song written by the Danish poet , songwriter and artist Mogens Lorentzen around the beginning of the 20th century . A Famous Studios Screen Song , `` Comin ' Round the Mountain '' was released based on this song , and is the featured sing - along song of the cartoon . Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 1960 album Sing Again with The Chipmunks . The 1962 Folkways Records album of anti-Polaris songs , Ding Dong Dollar , uses the tune for the eponymous opening track . In 1967 Bob Dylan and The Band recorded the song , released on their album The Bootleg Series Vol. 11 : The Basement Tapes Complete . A funk version of the song appears on the 1976 album Hardcore Jollies from Funkadelic . The Peanuts cast performed the song in the 1977 film Race for Your Life , Charlie Brown . It was performed by The Winans in This is America , Charlie Brown in its episode `` Building of the Transcontinental Railroad '' . In Scotland , there is a variant to the song called ' Ye Cannae Shove Yer Granny Aff a Bus ' , included in Iona and Peter Opie 's ' The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren ' ( 1959 ) , recorded by many Scottish folk artists , including The Singing Kettle . Raffi changed the song 's lyrics to `` He 'll be Comin ' Down the Chimney '' ( a reference to Santa Claus ) on his 1977 album More Singable Songs . He also included an instrumental polka rendition of the song entitled `` Mountain Polka '' on his Everything Grows album . A song titled `` Supergrass '' ( and a number of variant titles ) is attested with a similar tune , though it has a lyrical structure with verses and a chorus . The song is a political satire on the Troubles ; its narrator is a cowardly informant who is fleeing from the men he allegedly betrayed . It has been recorded by bands including The Irish Brigade and Athenrye . In the Reader 's Digest Children 's Songbook published in 1985 , the song is adapted with new words by Dan Fox and his son Paul and tells of the things that `` she '' will do in increasing number up to ten ( e.g. : `` She 'll be ridin ' on a camel , '' `` She 'll be tuggin ' on two turtles , '' `` She 'll be carvin ' three thick thistles , '' `` She 'll be pluckin ' four fat pheasants , '' etc . ) . The American death metal band Macabre used the melody on the song `` Coming to Chicago '' on their 2000 album Dahmer themed on the life of Jeffrey Dahmer . Ned Flanders of The Simpsons sang his own variation in `` The Bart of War '' which declares that `` poison gas injectors '' could threaten his safety . Jibjab created a satire about George W. Bush 's re-election called `` Second Term '' to the tune of `` She 'll Be Coming ' Round the Mountain '' . In Wizards of Waverly Place episode `` Monster Hunter '' first broadcast in 2009 , Harper Finkle creates a `` spell song '' for Alex Russo to remember the spells . In 2012 Neil Young together with Crazy Horse recorded an almost six minutes long version on their album Americana with the title `` Jesus Chariot '' . At least two soccer chants are sung to the tune of this song : English fans chant `` Ten German Bombers '' when their team is playing Germany . And Newcastle United fans chant `` Ten Mackem Bastards '' -- celebrating Shola Ameobi 's excellent record against their local rivals Sunderland . The German song `` Von den blauen Bergen kommen wir '' shares the same melody , as does the song `` Tante aus Marokko '' and its Dutch equivalent , `` Tante uit Marokko '' . These last two songs use similar themes from the original but personify the main character more literally as a cowgirl from the Wild West . A similar song is found in Norway ( derived from Lorentzen 's Danish version ) : `` Du skal få min gamle sykkel når jeg dør ( hvis jeg dør ) . '' The verses list all the `` old '' ( gamle ) things that `` you '' ( du ) can have `` when / if I die '' ( når / hvis jeg dør ) . The things on offer range from the lightly humorous to the scatological and pornographic , with many also playing on religion ( `` you can have my old bike / when I die , / ' cause the last onehundred meters / I can hitch - hike with St. Peter '' ) . For a good selection of verses , click here . Back in the 1960 's , the Norwegian children 's songwriter Thorbjørn Egner wrote a completely different text to the same melody instructing children about how to move safely in urban traffic ( `` Trafikkvisa '' ) . A similar song is known also in Finland , sometimes titled as Perintölaulu ( Heritage Song ) : `` Kun mä kuolen , X : ni sä saat . '' ( When I die , you will get my X . ) As a drinking song , some newer verses are rather tasteless . The Malaysian Scout song , `` Lai Chi Kan '' , uses the tune . The Italian Boy Scouts used to sing the song with very approximate English lyrics or unrelated Italian ones up until the ' Eighties . It was called `` Singhingaia '' from the refrain . Some sports fans at the University of Cambridge use this tune to sing `` we would rather be at Oxford than St John 's '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bertrand Harris Bronson , The Ballad as Song , University of California Press , 1969 , Chapter Two Jump up ^ `` Lyr Add : SUPERGRASS '' . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Simon , William L. ( editor ) . The Reader 's Digest Children 's Songbook . Readers Digest Association , Pleasantville . p. 178 . ISBN 0 - 89577 - 214 - 0 Retrieved on 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Let 's Go London , Oxford & Cambridge : The Student Travel Guide . ISBN 1612370292 . Further reading ( edit ) Sandburg , C. , The American Songbag . 1st ed . New York : Harcourt Brace , 1927 . p. 372 Studwell , William E. Lest we forget : a chronological historical survey of some of the most notable songs of the first half of the 20th century . Bloomington , Indiana : Many Musician Memories , 2001 . Print . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=She%27ll_Be_Coming_%27Round_the_Mountain&oldid=809944711 '' Categories : English children 's songs American folk songs Burl Ives songs Songs about trains Songs about mountains Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Français 日本 語 Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 12 November 2017 , at 14 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the song she'll be coming round the mountain about | [
"The song ostensibly refers to the Second Coming of Christ and subsequent Rapture, with the she referring to the chariot that the returning Christ is imagined as driving. Like most[citation needed] spirituals originating in the African-American community, however, this was probably a coded anthem for the Underground Railroad."
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"the Second Coming of Christ and subsequent Rapture"
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1243958343974924891 | List of Academy Award records | List of Academy Award records - wikipedia List of Academy Award records Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of Academy Award records . This list is current as of the 89th Academy Awards ceremony held on February 27 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Most awards 2 Awards for debut acting or directing performances on film 3 Big Five winners 4 Most consecutive awards 5 Academy Award firsts 6 Age - related records 7 Film records 8 Acting records 9 Miscellaneous records 10 Oscar speeches 11 Tied winners 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Most Awards ( edit ) Most awards won by a single film Three films have won 11 Academy Awards : Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) -- 15 categories available for nomination ; nominated for 12 Titanic ( 1997 ) -- 17 categories available for nomination ; nominated for 14 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) -- 17 categories available for nomination ; nominated for 11 Most nominations received by a single film Three films have received 14 nominations : All About Eve ( 1950 ) -- 16 categories available for nomination ; won 6 awards Titanic ( 1997 ) -- 17 categories available for nomination ; won 11 awards La La Land ( 2016 ) -- 17 categories available for nomination ; won 6 awards Largest sweep ( winning awards in every nominated category ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) won all 11 categories for which it was nominated : Best Picture , Director , Adapted Screenplay , Original Score , Original Song , Sound Mixing , Art Direction , Makeup , Costume Design , Film Editing , and Visual Effects Most awards won by an individual Walt Disney won 22 Oscars . Most awards won by a woman Edith Head won eight Oscars , all for Costume Design Most nominations in a single year / Most awards in a single year In 1954 , Walt Disney won four awards out of six nominations , both records . He won Best Documentary , Features for The Living Desert ; Best Documentary , Short Subjects for The Alaskan Eskimo ; Best Short Subject , Cartoons for Toot Whistle Plunk and Boom ; and Best Short Subject , Two - reel for Bear Country . He had two additional nominations in Best Short Subject , Cartoons for Rugged Bear ; and Best Short Subject , Two - reel for Ben and Me . Most awards won by a person who is still living Visual Effects Supervisor Dennis Muren has won nine Academy Awards -- six competitive awards , two `` Special Achievement '' awards , and one `` Technical Achievement '' award Most competitive awards won by a person who is still living Composer Alan Menken has won eight competitive Academy Awards Acting Katharine Hepburn won four awards , all for Best Actress Directing John Ford won the most directing awards , with four Cinematography The highest number of Academy Awards won by a cinematographer is four : Joseph Ruttenberg , in 1938 , 1942 , 1956 , and 1958 Leon Shamroy , in 1942 , 1944 , 1945 , and 1963 Art Direction Cedric Gibbons , who designed the Oscar statuette , won 11 awards out of a total of 39 nominations . Makeup Rick Baker won seven Academy Awards ( all for Best Makeup ) Most awards won by a country for Best Foreign Language Film Italy won 14 awards in this category and received in total 32 nominations Most nominations received by a country for Best Foreign Language Film France received 40 nominations and won the award 12 times Most awards won by a foreign - language film Two foreign - language films have won four Academy Awards : Fanny and Alexander ( 1982 ) won Best Foreign Language Film , Best Cinematography , Best Art Direction , and Best Costume Design Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) won Best Foreign Language Film , Best Art Direction , Best Original Score , and Best Cinematography Most nominations received by a foreign - language film Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) received ten nominations : Best Foreign Language Film , Best Picture , Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Original Song , Best Costume Design , Best Art Direction , Best Film Editing , Best Original Score , and Best Cinematography Awards for debut acting or directing performances on film ( edit ) The following individuals won Academy Awards for their film debut acting performances : Best Actor None Best Actress Shirley Booth ( Come Back , Little Sheba , 1952 ) Julie Andrews ( Mary Poppins , 1964 ) Barbra Streisand ( Funny Girl , 1968 ) Marlee Matlin ( Children of a Lesser God , 1986 ) Best Supporting Actor Harold Russell ( The Best Years of Our Lives , 1946 ) Timothy Hutton ( Ordinary People , 1980 ) Haing S. Ngor ( The Killing Fields , 1984 ) Best Supporting Actress Gale Sondergaard ( Anthony Adverse , 1936 ) Katina Paxinou ( For Whom the Bell Tolls , 1943 ) Mercedes McCambridge ( All the King 's Men , 1949 ) Eva Marie Saint ( On the Waterfront , 1954 ) Jo Van Fleet ( East of Eden , 1955 ) Tatum O'Neal ( Paper Moon , 1973 ) Anna Paquin ( The Piano , 1993 ) Jennifer Hudson ( Dreamgirls , 2006 ) Lupita Nyong'o ( 12 Years a Slave , 2013 ) Academy Juvenile Award Claude Jarman Jr . ( The Yearling , 1946 ) Vincent Winter ( The Little Kidnappers , 1954 ) The following individuals won Academy Awards for their film debut direction . Best Director Delbert Mann ( Marty , 1955 ) Jerome Robbins ( West Side Story , 1961 ) Robert Redford ( Ordinary People , 1980 ) James L. Brooks ( Terms of Endearment , 1983 ) Kevin Costner ( Dances with Wolves , 1990 ) Sam Mendes ( American Beauty , 1999 ) Big five winners ( edit ) Three films have received the Big Five Academy Awards : Best Picture , Director , Actor , Actress , and Screenplay ( Original or Adapted ) . It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Most consecutive Awards ( edit ) Any awards Walt Disney was awarded a record of 10 awards in the eight consecutive years from 1931 / 32 through 1939 . Eight ( listed below ) are for Short Subject ( Cartoon ) , and two were Special Awards : one for the creation of Mickey Mouse , and one recognizing the innovation of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . Best Actress Two actresses have won two consecutive awards : Luise Rainer ( The Great Ziegfeld , 1936 and The Good Earth , 1937 ) Katharine Hepburn ( Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner , 1967 and The Lion in Winter , 1968 ) Best Actor Two actors have won two consecutive awards : Spencer Tracy -- Captains Courageous ( 1937 ) and Boys Town ( 1938 ) Tom Hanks -- Philadelphia ( 1993 ) and Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Best Director Three directors have won two consecutive awards : John Ford -- The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) and How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Joseph L. Mankiewicz -- A Letter to Three Wives ( 1949 ) and All About Eve ( 1950 ) Alejandro G. Iñárritu -- Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) and The Revenant ( 2015 ) Best Supporting Actor Jason Robards won two consecutive awards for All the President 's Men in 1976 and Julia in 1977 Best Supporting Actress No consecutive winner for Best Supporting Actress Best Picture David O. Selznick produced two consecutive Best Picture winners Gone with the Wind in 1939 and Rebecca in 1940 . ( He himself was not awarded the Oscars as at the time the statuette went to the studio instead of the producer . ) Best Original Screenplay No consecutive winner for Best Original Screenplay Best Adapted Screenplay Joseph L. Mankiewicz won two consecutive adapted screenplay awards for A Letter to Three Wives in 1949 and All About Eve in 1950 Robert Bolt won for Doctor Zhivago in 1965 and A Man for All Seasons in 1966 Best Cinematography Emmanuel Lubezki has won three consecutive awards for Gravity in 2013 , Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) in 2014 and The Revenant in 2015 Best Art Direction Robert Stromberg won for Avatar in 2009 and Alice In Wonderland in 2010 Best Film Editing Angus Wall and Kirk Baxter won for The Social Network in 2010 and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo in 2011 Best Original Score Roger Edens won three consecutive awards for composing the scores for Easter Parade ( 1948 ) , On the Town ( 1949 ) , and Annie Get Your Gun ( 1950 ) Best Original Song Three composers have won two consecutive awards for best original song , but under different award names : Henry Mancini ( music ) and Johnny Mercer ( lyrics ) shared the awards for Best Music ( Song ) for `` Moon River '' from Breakfast at Tiffany 's in 1961 and `` Days of Wine and Roses '' from Days of Wine and Roses in 1962 Alan Menken ( music ) won twice consecutively for Best Music ( Original Song ) for `` Beauty and the Beast '' from Beauty and the Beast ( lyrics by Howard Ashman ) in 1991 and `` A Whole New World '' from Aladdin ( lyrics by Tim Rice ) in 1992 Best Visual Effects Jim Rygiel and Randall William Cook won 3 consecutive visual effects Oscars for The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers , and The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King in 2001 , 2002 , and 2003 respectively . Best Sound Mixing Thomas Moulton won three consecutive awards for The Snake Pit in 1948 , Twelve O'Clock High in 1949 , and All About Eve in 1950 . Best Costume Design Edith Head won three consecutive awards for The Heiress in 1949 , All About Eve in 1950 , and A Place in the Sun in 1951 . Best Short Subject ( Cartoon ) Walt Disney won eight consecutive awards for Flowers and Trees in 1931 / 32 , Three Little Pigs in 1932 / 33 , The Tortoise and the Hare in 1934 , Three Orphan Kittens in 1935 , The Country Cousin in 1936 , The Old Mill in 1937 , Ferdinand the Bull in 1938 , and The Ugly Duckling in 1939 Best Short Subject ( Two - Reel ) Walt Disney won four consecutive awards for In Beaver Valley in 1950 , Nature 's Half Acre in 1951 , Water Birds in 1952 , and Bear Country in 1953 Best Documentary ( Feature ) Walt Disney won two consecutive awards for The Living Desert in 1953 and The Vanishing Prairie in 1954 Academy Award firsts ( edit ) First woman to win Best Picture Julia Phillips for The Sting ( 1973 ) First woman to win Best Director Kathryn Bigelow for The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) First woman to win Best Animated Feature Brenda Chapman for Brave ( 2012 ) First woman to receive an Honorary Award 6 year old Shirley Temple received a Special Award in 1934 Greta Garbo received an Honorary Award in 1954 First foreign - language film to be nominated for Best Picture Grand Illusion ( 1937 ) , in French First science fiction film to be nominated for Best Picture A Clockwork Orange ( 1971 ) First horror film to be nominated for Best Picture The Exorcist ( 1973 ) First animated film to be nominated for Best Picture Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) First fantasy film to win Best Picture The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) First 3 - D films to be nominated for Best Picture Avatar and Up ( 2009 ) First film with an entirely non-white cast to win Best Picture Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) First film with an all - black cast to win Best Picture Moonlight ( 2016 ) First animated film to be nominated for Best Foreign Language Film Waltz with Bashir ( 2008 ) , representing Israel First animated film to be nominated for Best Original Screenplay and for a Best Screenplay award in general Toy Story ( 1995 ) First animated film to be nominated for Best Adapted Screenplay Shrek ( 2001 ) First actress to be nominated for a performance in a 3 - D film Sandra Bullock for Gravity ( 2013 ) First actor to be nominated for a performance in a 3 - D film Matt Damon for The Martian ( 2015 ) First film to receive the most nominations of its year without receiving a Best Picture nomination Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , with eight nominations First X-rated film to win Best Picture Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) . It was also the first X-rated film to be nominated for Best Picture and the only one to date to have won it . First actor to receive ten nominations for acting Jack Nicholson received his tenth nomination ( for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor ) for the film A Few Good Men ( 1992 ) First actress to receive ten nominations for acting Bette Davis received her tenth official nomination ( all for Best Actress ) for the film What Ever Happened to Baby Jane ? ( 1962 ) First actress to receive twenty nominations for acting Meryl Streep received her twentieth nomination ( for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress ) for the film Florence Foster Jenkins ( 2016 ) First posthumous nomination for acting Jeanne Eagels , nominated for Best Actress for The Letter ( 1929 ) First posthumous nomination for a male actor James Dean , nominated for Best Actor for East of Eden ( 1955 ) First posthumous win for acting Peter Finch won Best Actor for Network ( 1976 ) First actress to be nominated for performing in a language other than English Melina Mercouri was nominated for Best Actress for Never on Sunday ( 1960 ) , performing in Greek First actor to be nominated for performing in a language other than English Marcello Mastroianni was nominated for Best Actor for Divorce , Italian Style ( 1962 ) , performing in Italian First actress to win for performing in a language other than English Sophia Loren won Best Actress for Two Women ( 1961 ) , performing in Italian First actor to win for performing in a language other than English Robert De Niro won Best Supporting Actor for The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) , performing in Italian First actress to win for performing in a sign language Marlee Matlin won Best Actress for Children of a Lesser God ( 1986 ) , performing in American Sign Language First French actress to be nominated for performing in the French language Anouk Aimée was nominated for Best Actress for A Man and a Woman ( 1966 ) First French actress to win for performing in the French language Marion Cotillard won Best Actress for La Vie en rose ( 2007 ) . She 's the only one to date to have won it . First Nordic actress to be nominated for acting Greta Garbo ( from Sweden ) was nominated for Best Actress for Anna Christie ( 1930 ) First Nordic actor to be nominated for acting Max von Sydow ( from Sweden ) was nominated for Best Actor for Pelle the Conqueror ( 1988 ) First Nordic actress to win for acting Ingrid Bergman ( from Sweden ) won Best Actress for Gaslight ( 1944 ) First actor from Africa to be nominated for acting Basil Rathbone ( from South Africa ) , nominated for Best Supporting Actor for Romeo and Juliet ( 1936 ) First actress from Africa to win for acting Charlize Theron ( from South Africa ) , won Best Actress for Monster ( 2003 ) First actress from Asia to win for acting Miyoshi Umeki ( from Japan ) , won Best Supporting Actress for Sayonara ( 1957 ) First Asian ( and non-Caucasian ) to win Best Director Ang Lee ( from Taiwan ) for Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) First Australian actress to win Best Actress Nicole Kidman for The Hours ( 2002 ) -- Born in the U.S. First Australian actor to win Best Actor Peter Finch for Network ( 1976 ) First French actress to win Best Actress Claudette Colbert for It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) First French actor to win Best Actor Jean Dujardin for The Artist ( 2011 ) First Italian actress to win Best Actress Anna Magnani for The Rose Tattoo ( 1955 ) First Italian actor to win Best Actor Roberto Benigni for Life Is Beautiful ( 1998 ) First German actress to win Best Actress Luise Rainer for The Great Ziegfeld ( 1937 ) First German actor to win Best Actor Emil Jannings ( born in Switzerland ) for The Way of All Flesh ( 1927 ) and The Last Command ( 1928 ) First Austrian actor to win twice for acting Christoph Waltz won Best Supporting Actor for Inglorious Basterds ( 2009 ) and Django Unchained ( 2012 ) First persons from India to win in any music category A.R. Rahman won Best Original Score and Best Original Song ( `` Jai Ho '' ) for Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Gulzar also won Best Original Song ( `` Jai Ho '' ) for Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) First Middle Eastern / North African actor to be nominated for acting Omar Sharif , nominated for Best Supporting Actor for Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) First Middle Eastern movie to win Best Foreign Language Film A Separation ( 2011 ) , representing Iran First foreign actress to be nominated twice for Best Actress for foreign - language films without the films receiving a Best Foreign Language Film nomination Marion Cotillard ( from France ) won Best Actress for La Vie en Rose ( 2007 ) and was nominated for Two Days , One Night ( 2014 ) First black filmmaker to win Best Picture Steve McQueen won for producing 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) First black filmmaker to be nominated for Best Director John Singleton for Boyz n the Hood ( 1991 ) First black actress to win for acting Hattie McDaniel won Best Supporting Actress for Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) First black actor to win for acting Sidney Poitier won Best Actor for Lilies of the Field ( 1963 ) First black actress to win Best Actress Halle Berry for Monster 's Ball ( 2001 ) First black actress to win for film acting debut Jennifer Hudson won Best Supporting Actress for Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) First year in which two black actors / actresses won for acting 74th Academy Awards ( in 2002 , for 2001 ) : Denzel Washington won Best Actor for Training Day ; Halle Berry won Best Actress for Monster 's Ball First black African actor to be nominated for acting Djimon Hounsou ( born in Benin , U.S. - Benin dual citizen ) , nominated for Best Supporting Actor for In America ( 2003 ) First black writer to win for screenwriting Geoffrey S. Fletcher won Best Adapted Screenplay for Precious : Based on the Novel `` Push '' by Sapphire ( 2009 ) First African American to receive an Honorary Award James Baskett received a Special Award for his portrayal of Uncle Remus in Song of the South ( 1946 ) First Latin American director to win Best Director Alfonso Cuarón from Mexico won for Gravity in 2014 First Latin American actress to be nominated for Best Actress Fernanda Montenegro from Brazil was nominated for Best Actress for Central Station ( 1998 ) First Latin American actor to win Best Actor José Ferrer from Puerto Rico won for Cyrano de Bergerac in 1950 First Muslim actor to win in an acting category Mahershala Ali for Moonlight in 2016 First child actor to receive an Academy Award nomination Jackie Cooper , age 9 , was nominated for Best Actor for Skippy ( 1931 ) First short film to win an Academy Award outside of the Short Film categories The Red Balloon ( 1956 ) for Best Original Screenplay Age - related records ( edit ) Youngest winner of an acting award Tatum O'Neal , age 10 ( Best Supporting Actress , Paper Moon , 1973 ) Youngest nominee for an acting award Justin Henry , age 8 ( Best Supporting Actor , Kramer vs. Kramer , 1979 ) Youngest female winner of a lead acting award Marlee Matlin , age 21 ( Best Actress , Children of a Lesser God , 1986 ) Youngest male winner of a lead acting award Adrien Brody , age 29 ( Best Actor , The Pianist , 2002 ) Youngest male nominee for a lead acting award Jackie Cooper , age 9 ( Best Actor , Skippy , 1931 ) Youngest female nominee for a lead acting award Quvenzhané Wallis , age 9 ( Best Actress , Beasts of the Southern Wild , 2012 ) ( also first person born in the 21st century to be nominated for an Academy Award ) Youngest winner of an Oscar Shirley Temple , age 6 , who was awarded the inaugural ( now retired ) non-competitive Academy Juvenile Award in 1934 Youngest winner of Best Director Damien Chazelle , age 32 ( La La Land , 2016 ) Youngest nominee for Best Director John Singleton , age 24 ( Boyz n the Hood , 1991 ) Oldest winner of Best Director Clint Eastwood , age 74 ( Million Dollar Baby , 2004 ) Oldest nominee for Best Director John Huston , age 79 ( Prizzi 's Honor , 1985 ) Oldest winner of an acting award Christopher Plummer , age 82 ( Best Supporting Actor , Beginners , 2011 ) Oldest woman to win best Actress Award Jessica Tandy , age 80 ( Best Actress , Driving Miss Daisy , 1989 ) Oldest man to win Best Actor Award Henry Fonda , age 76 ( Best Actor , On Golden Pond , 1981 ) Oldest nominee for an acting award Gloria Stuart , age 87 ( Best Supporting Actress , Titanic , 1997 ) Oldest nominee for a lead acting award Emmanuelle Riva , age 85 ( Best Actress , Amour , 2012 ) Oldest competitive Oscar winner Ennio Morricone , age 87 ( Best Original Score , The Hateful Eight , 2015 ) Youngest multiple nominees for an acting award ( best actor or best supporting actor ) Nomination Name Age Film Year Date of Birth Date of Nomination 2nd Mineo , Sal Sal Mineo 7003805300000000000 ♠ 22 years , 17 days Exodus 1960 000000001939 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 1939 000000001961 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1961 3rd Brando , Marlon Marlon Brando 7004109100000000000 ♠ 29 years , 318 days Julius Caesar 1953 000000001924 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 1924 000000001954 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 1954 4th Marlon Brando 7004112720000000000 ♠ 30 years , 315 days On the Waterfront 1954 000000001924 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 1924 000000001955 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 1955 5th Marlon Brando 7004123740000000000 ♠ 33 years , 321 days Sayonara 1957 000000001924 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 1924 000000001958 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1958 6th Burton , Richard Richard Burton 7004161690000000000 ♠ 44 years , 98 days Anne of the Thousand Days 1969 000000001925 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 1925 000000001970 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 , 1970 7th Nicholson , Jack Jack Nicholson 7004171010000000000 ♠ 46 years , 300 days Terms of Endearment 000000001937 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1937 000000001984 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 , 1984 8th Jack Nicholson 7004178210000000000 ♠ 48 years , 289 days Prizzi 's Honor 1985 000000001937 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1937 000000001986 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 1986 9th Jack Nicholson 7004185630000000000 ♠ 50 years , 301 days Ironweed 000000001937 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1937 000000001988 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1988 10th Jack Nicholson 7004203910000000000 ♠ 55 years , 302 days A Few Good Men 1992 000000001937 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1937 000000001993 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1993 Youngest multiple nominees for an acting award ( best actress or best supporting actress ) Nomination Name Age Film Year Date of Birth Date of Nomination 2nd Lansbury , Angela Angela Lansbury 7003740800000000000 ♠ 20 years , 103 days The Picture of Dorian Gray 1945 000000001925 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 1925 000000001946 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1946 3rd Lawrence , Jennifer Jennifer Lawrence 7003855500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 154 days American Hustle 2013 000000001990 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1990 000000002014 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2014 4th Lawrence , Jennifer Jennifer Lawrence 7003928300000000000 ♠ 25 years , 152 days Joy 2015 000000001990 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1990 000000002016 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 2016 5th Winslet , Kate Kate Winslet 7004114330000000000 ♠ 31 years , 110 days Little Children 2006 000000001975 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1975 000000002007 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23 , 2007 6th Winslet , Kate Kate Winslet 7004121630000000000 ♠ 33 years , 109 days The Reader 2008 000000001975 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1975 000000002009 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 2009 7th Davis , Bette Bette Davis 7004134530000000000 ♠ 36 years , 304 days Mr. Skeffington 1944 000000001908 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5 , 1908 000000001945 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1945 8th Streep , Meryl Meryl Streep 7004144830000000000 ♠ 39 years , 238 days A Cry in the Dark 1988 000000001949 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 1949 000000001989 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 1989 9th Meryl Streep 7004152110000000000 ♠ 41 years , 236 days Postcards from the Edge 1990 000000001949 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 1949 000000001991 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1991 10th Meryl Streep 7004170370000000000 ♠ 46 years , 236 days The Bridges of Madison County 1995 000000001949 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 1949 000000001996 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1996 Film records ( edit ) Most nominations for a single film Three films received 14 nominations : All About Eve ( 1950 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Most Oscars without winning Best Picture Cabaret won 8 awards ( 1972 ) Most nominations without winning Best Picture La La Land ( 2016 ) with 14 nominations Most nominations without any wins Two films received 11 nominations without winning any awards : The Turning Point ( 1977 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Most nominations without a Best Picture nomination They Shoot Horses , Do n't They ? ( 1969 ) with 9 nominations Most Oscars without a nomination for Best Picture The Bad and the Beautiful ( 1952 ) with 5 wins Fewest nominations for a Best Picture winner Grand Hotel ( 1932 ) received only the Best Picture nomination . Nominations in the most different technical categories Five films have been nominated in all 7 technical categories ( Cinematography , Costume Design , Film Editing , Production Design / Art Direction , Sound Editing , Sound Mixing , and Visual Effects ) : Titanic ( 1997 ) Master and Commander : The Far Side of the World ( 2003 ) Hugo ( 2011 ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) Most nominations without a major nomination ( Picture , Director , Acting and Screenplay ) These 6 films got 6 nominations with no major nominations : The Rains Came ( 1939 ) Hans Christian Andersen ( 1952 ) It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World ( 1963 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) ( note : received 7 nominations when you include a `` special achievement '' ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Best picture nominees that won every nomination except Best Picture These 14 films were nominated for Best Picture and won in every category they were nominated for except Best Picture : Bad Girl ( 1931 ) , 2 / 3 The Private Life of Henry VIII ( 1932 ) , 1 / 2 Naughty Marietta ( 1935 ) , 1 / 2 The Story of Louis Pasteur ( 1936 ) , 3 / 4 The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1938 ) , 3 / 4 Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 ) , 3 / 4 The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) , 3 / 4 A Letter to Three Wives ( 1949 ) , 2 / 3 King Solomon 's Mines ( 1950 ) , 2 / 3 Three Coins in the Fountain ( 1954 ) , 2 / 3 Jaws ( 1975 ) , 3 / 4 Traffic ( 2000 ) , 4 / 5 The Blind Side ( 2009 ) , 1 / 2 Selma ( 2014 ) , 1 / 2 Films nominated for Best Picture with no other major nominations These 28 films were nominated for Best Picture but had no other major nominations ( this does not include films that were only nominated for Best Picture and nothing else ) : Wings ( 1927 ) , 2 nominations ( winner ) 42nd Street ( 1933 ) , 2 nominations A Farewell to Arms ( 1933 ) , 4 nominations Cleopatra ( 1934 ) , 5 nominations Flirtation Walk ( 1934 ) , 2 nominations The Gay Divorcee ( 1934 ) , 5 nominations Imitation of Life ( 1934 ) , 3 nominations The White Parade ( 1934 ) , 2 nominations David Copperfield ( 1935 ) , 3 nominations Les Misérables ( 1935 ) , 4 nominations A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1935 ) , 4 nominations ( note : really had 2 , but 2 more were write in noms ) Naughty Marietta ( 1935 ) , 2 nominations Top Hat ( 1935 ) , 4 nominations A Tale of Two Cities ( 1936 ) , 2 nominations The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1938 ) , 4 nominations Of Mice and Men ( 1939 ) , 4 nominations The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) , 6 nominations King Solomon 's Mines ( 1950 ) , 3 nominations Decision Before Dawn ( 1951 ) , 2 nominations Three Coins in the Fountain ( 1954 ) , 3 nominations The Music Man ( 1962 ) , 6 nominations Doctor Dolittle ( 1967 ) , 9 nominations Hello , Dolly ! ( 1969 ) , 7 nominations Jaws ( 1975 ) , 4 nominations Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) , 6 nominations The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) , 6 nominations War Horse ( 2011 ) , 6 nominations Selma ( 2014 ) , 2 nominations Stories made into multiple Best Picture nominees 6 sets of Best Picture nominees share either original source material or were revised versions of the same story ( * = winner ) : Cleopatra ( 1934 ) , Cleopatra ( 1963 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) * , Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1962 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1936 ) , West Side Story ( 1960 ) * , Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) . ( The plot of another Best Picture winner , Shakespeare in Love , revolves around the original production of Romeo and Juliet ) Les Misérables ( 1935 ) , Les Misérables ( 2012 ) Pygmalion ( 1938 ) , My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) * Here Comes Mr. Jordan ( 1941 ) , Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) Acting records ( edit ) Most awards for leading actress Katharine Hepburn with 4 awards ( 1933 , 1967 , * 1968 , 1981 ) ( * Tied with Barbra Streisand . ) Most awards for leading actor Daniel Day - Lewis with 3 awards ( 1989 , 2007 , 2012 ) Most awards for supporting actor Walter Brennan with 3 awards ( 1936 , 1938 , 1940 ) Most consecutive leading actress nominations Two actresses have been nominated 5 years in a row : Bette Davis ( 1938 -- 1942 ) Greer Garson ( 1941 -- 1945 ) Most consecutive leading actor nominations Marlon Brando with four nominations ( 1951 to 1954 ) Actress with most total nominations for acting Meryl Streep with 20 nominations Actor with most total nominations for acting Jack Nicholson with 12 nominations Most acting nominations without an award Peter O'Toole with 8 nominations ( He received an Honorary Award in 2002 ) Most nominations for an actor performing in a foreign language Marcello Mastroianni with 3 nominations . He was nominated for Best Actor for Divorce , Italian Style ( 1962 ) ; A Special Day ( 1977 ) and Dark Eyes ( 1987 ) , performing in Italian Longest gap between first and second award Helen Hayes won in 1932 for The Sin of Madelon Claudet and in 1971 for Airport , a 39 - year gap Longest time span between first and last nomination and between first and last award Katharine Hepburn : 48 years from Morning Glory ( 1933 , in the 1932 / 33 awards ) until On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) Most acting nominations before first award Both Geraldine Page and Al Pacino won on their 8th nomination Most posthumous nominations James Dean with 2 ( 1955 for East of Eden and 1956 for Giant ) Shortest performance to win an acting Oscar Beatrice Straight in Network ( 1976 ) -- 5 minutes and 2 seconds Shortest performance to win a lead acting Oscar Patricia Neal in Hud ( 1963 ) -- 21 minutes and 51 seconds Shortest performance to be nominated for an acting Oscar Hermione Baddeley in Room at the Top ( 1959 ) -- 2 minutes and 19 seconds Shortest performance to be nominated for a lead acting Oscar Spencer Tracy in San Francisco ( 1936 ) -- 14 minutes and 58 seconds Longest performance to win an acting Oscar Vivien Leigh in Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) -- 2 hours , 23 minutes and 32 seconds Longest performance to win a supporting acting Oscar Tatum O'Neal in Paper Moon ( 1973 ) -- 1 hour , 6 minutes and 58 seconds Longest performance to be nominated for an acting Oscar Vivien Leigh in Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) -- 2 hours , 23 minutes and 32 seconds Longest performance to be nominated for a supporting acting Oscar Frank Finlay in Othello ( 1965 ) -- 1 hour , 30 minutes and 43 seconds Most awards by a black actor Denzel Washington with 2 , winning Best Supporting Actor for Glory ( 1989 ) and Best Actor for Training Day ( 2001 ) Most awards for one acting performance Harold Russell played Homer Parish in The Best Years of Our Lives in 1946 . For this role he received 2 Oscars , one for Best Supporting and an honorary award for being an inspiration to all returning veterans . Most nominations for one acting performance Barry Fitzgerald was nominated as Best Actor and won for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Father Fitzgibbon in 1944 's Going My Way Miscellaneous records ( edit ) Most nominations in different decades Six decades -- John Williams , Elmer Bernstein Only people to win both a Nobel Prize and an Oscar George Bernard Shaw : Won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1925 , and an Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay in 1938 for the film Pygmalion Bob Dylan : Won an Oscar for Best Original Song for the song `` Things Have Changed '' from Wonder Boys in 2000 , and the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2016 . Only woman to win Best Actress and Best Original Song Barbra Streisand : Best Actress ( joint ) for Funny Girl ( 1968 ) ; Best Original Song for the Love Theme ( `` Evergreen '' ) from A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) Only person to win an Academy Award for acting and writing Emma Thompson Only person nominated for Acting , Writing , Producing , and Directing the same film Warren Beatty was nominated in the four categories for Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) , and again for Reds ( 1981 ) . Only actor to win an Academy Award for portraying a real Academy Award winner Cate Blanchett won Best Supporting Actress for portraying Katharine Hepburn in The Aviator Only actor to win an Academy Award for portraying a fictional Academy Award nominee Maggie Smith won Best Supporting Actress in California Suite Most total nominations without a win Greg P. Russell has earned 16 nominations in the Best Sound Mixing category . ( This does not include his nomination at the 89th Academy Awards for 13 Hours : The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi , which was revoked the day before the ceremony . ) Most total nominations before receiving an award Film composer Victor Young was nominated 21 times without winning . He was often nominated multiple times in one year ; twice , four times at the same Oscars . He won posthumously for Around the World in 80 Days , alongside yet another nomination ( also posthumous ) . Sound re-recording mixer Kevin O'Connell comes in at a close second , with 20 unsuccessful nominations from 1983 until 2016 , when he finally won for Hacksaw Ridge . Most nominations for a person Walt Disney with 59 Most nominations for a living person Film composer John Williams with 50 Most nominated woman Edith Head with 35 Highest `` perfect score '' Sound editor Mark Berger has four nominations and four wins Most nominations for directing William Wyler with 12 nominations Most wins for producing Three producers received 3 awards : Sam Spiegel Saul Zaentz Darryl F. Zanuck Most nominations for producing Scott Rudin with 9 nominations Steven Spielberg with 9 nominations Most nominations for directing in a single year Two people have received 2 nominations for Best Director in the same year : Michael Curtiz for Angels with Dirty Faces and Four Daughters in 1938 Steven Soderbergh for Erin Brockovich and Traffic in 2000 Most Best Picture awards for a film series The Godfather series with 2 ( for The Godfather and The Godfather Part II ) Most nominations and awards for a film series The Middle - earth series with 17 competitive wins out of 37 nominations ( for The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit ) . Additionally , The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey received an Academy Scientific and Technical Award , which brings the total number of Oscars received by the series to 18 . Most nominations for Best Original Screenplay Woody Allen with 16 nominations and 3 wins Longest time between the release of a film and winning an Oscar Limelight ( 1952 ) is the only film to have won an award twenty years after its official release . Since it was not released in Los Angeles County until 1972 , it was not eligible for any Academy Awards until that time . Most posthumous award wins William A. Horning won in 1958 for Best Art Direction for Gigi , and for Best Art Direction for Ben - Hur in 1959 Most posthumous award nominations Howard Ashman with four Lowest - grossing film to win Best Picture Cimarron with $1,380,000 Longest film to win Best Picture Gone with the Wind , 224 minutes ( 238 with overture , entr'acte , and exit music ) Longest film to win an award O.J. : Made in America ( 2016 ) , 467 minutes ( Academy Award for Best Documentary ) The longest fictional film to win an award was War and Peace ( 1968 ) , 431 minutes ( Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film ) Shortest film to win Best Picture Marty , 90 minutes Most acting awards for a character Portrayals of Vito Corleone won : Best Actor for Marlon Brando in The Godfather Best Supporting Actor for Robert De Niro in The Godfather Part II Most nominations for a character 3 portrayals of Queen Elizabeth I of England earned nominations for : Cate Blanchett in Elizabeth and Elizabeth : The Golden Age ( Best Actress ) Judi Dench in Shakespeare in Love ( winner , Best Supporting Actress ) 3 Portrayals of King Henry VIII of England earned nominations for : Charles Laughton in The Private Life of Henry VIII ( winner , Best Actor ) Robert Shaw in A Man for All Seasons ( Best Supporting Actor ) Richard Burton in Anne of the Thousand Days ( Best Actor ) 21 other characters have been nominated twice -- ( * ) = winning portrayal : Abraham Lincoln -- Raymond Massey , Daniel Day - Lewis ( * ) Arthur Chipping -- Robert Donat ( * ) , Peter O'Toole Cyrano de Bergerac -- Jose Ferrer ( * ) , Gerard Depardieu Esther Blodgett -- Janet Gaynor , Judy Garland `` Fast Eddie '' Felson -- Paul Newman ( * ) Father Chuck O'Malley -- Bing Crosby ( * ) Father Fitzgibbons -- Barry Fitzgerald ( * ) -- nominated for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor for the same performance in Going My Way Henry Higgins -- Leslie Howard , Rex Harrison ( * ) Howard Hughes -- Jason Robards , Leonardo DiCaprio Iris Murdoch -- Judi Dench , Kate Winslet -- portrayals of the same character at different ages in the same film ( Iris ) Joe Pendleton -- Robert Montgomery , Warren Beatty King Henry II of England -- Peter O'Toole King Henry V of England -- Laurence Olivier , Kenneth Branagh Leslie Crosbie -- Jeanne Eagels , Bette Davis Max Corkle -- James Gleason , Jack Warden Michael Corleone -- Al Pacino Norman Maine -- Fredric March , James Mason Richard Nixon -- Anthony Hopkins , Frank Langella Rocky Balboa -- Sylvester Stallone Rooster Cogburn -- John Wayne ( * ) , Jeff Bridges Rose DeWitt Bukater -- Kate Winslet and Gloria Stuart -- portray of the same character at different ages in the same film ( Titanic ) Vito Corleone -- Marlon Brando ( * ) , Robert DeNiro ( * ) Most Honorary Awards Bob Hope received 5 honorary awards -- 2 Special , 2 Honorary , and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award . Oscar speeches ( edit ) Main article : Oscar speech Longest speech The longest Oscar speech was that given by Greer Garson at the 15th Academy Awards after she was named Best Actress for 1942 for Mrs. Miniver . Her speech ran for nearly six minutes . It was shortly after this incident that the Academy set forty - five seconds as the allotted time for an acceptance speech and began to cut the winners off after this time limit . When presenting the Best Actor award at the 24th Academy Awards , Garson quipped , `` I think I have ten minutes left over from a highly emotional speech I made a few years ago . I 'd be glad to give it to them . '' Shortest speech The shortest Oscar speech was that given by Patty Duke at the 35th Academy Awards after she was named Best Supporting Actress for 1962 for The Miracle Worker . Duke , age 16 , was the youngest person at that time to receive an Academy Award in a competitive category . Her acceptance speech was , simply , two words -- `` Thank you '' -- after which she walked off the stage . Tied winners ( edit ) There have been six two - way ties : 1931 / 32 : Best Actor -- Wallace Beery ( The Champ ) and Fredric March ( Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ) 1949 : Best Documentary Short -- A Chance to Live and So Much for So Little 1968 : Best Actress -- Katharine Hepburn ( The Lion in Winter ) and Barbra Streisand ( Funny Girl ) 1986 : Best Documentary -- Artie Shaw : Time Is All You 've Got and Down and Out in America 1994 : Best Short Film ( Live Action ) -- Franz Kafka 's It 's a Wonderful Life and Trevor 2012 : Best Sound Editing -- Paul N.J. Ottosson ( Zero Dark Thirty ) and Per Hallberg and Karen Baker Landers ( Skyfall ) See also ( edit ) Academy Awards List of Academy Award - winning films List of Academy Award - winning families List of Academy Awards for Walt Disney List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories List of actors who have appeared in multiple Best Picture Academy Award winners List of actors nominated for Academy Awards for foreign language performances List of black Academy Award winners and nominees List of Big Five Academy Award winners and nominees List of fictitious Academy Award winners and nominees List of films with all four Academy Award acting nominations List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees List of people who have won Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Awards List of people who have won multiple Academy Awards in a single year List of posthumous Academy Award winners and nominees List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees Little Golden Guy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cedric Gibbons '' . theoscarsite.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Burr , Ty ( 2007 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Beginner 's Luck '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Session Timeout -- Academy Awards ® Database -- AMPAS '' . Awardsdatabase.oscars.org. 2010 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Best Supporting Actress '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Film Guide '' . Classic Film Guide . 2010 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Best Director -- Facts & Trivia '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards Database '' . Awardsdatabase.oscars.org. 2010 - 01 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Awards Database '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Media Awareness web site '' . Media-awareness.ca. 2010 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Best Actor '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Best Directors '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Best Supporting Actor '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Help Page -- Academy Awards Database -- AMPAS '' . Awardsdatabase.oscars.org. 2010 - 01 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Knolle , Sharon ( 2011 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Former Child Star Jackie Cooper Dies at Age 88 '' . Blog.moviefone.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Youngest v oldest actress vie for Oscar as Lincoln leads the pack '' . The Times . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Tim ( 2013 - 01 - 10 ) . `` Quvenzhané Wallis v Emmanuelle Riva : Best actress Oscar contested by oldest and youngest ever nominees '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ While Morricone became the oldest competitive winner in Oscar history , the Academy only tends to record age - related records in the acting and directing categories , though they do acknowledge Morricone 's age at the time of win as being the oldest . Jump up ^ Ng , David ( February 28 , 2016 ) . `` Oscar win at 87 may make Ennio Morricone the oldest winner ever '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Patricia Neal performance length '' . Serving Cinema . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Oscars shocker : 13 Hours sound mixer 's nomination revoked day before ceremony Jump up ^ The Hobbit picks up technical Oscar -- BBC Jump up ^ `` Academy Award Database '' . Academy Award Database . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Speech In Oscar History '' . Jump up ^ Katie Roberts ( 28 February 2014 ) . `` Oscars by the Numbers : 33 Fascinating Academy Awards Statistics '' . AOL Moviefone . External links ( edit ) Oscars.org ( official Academy site ) The Academy Awards Database ( official site ) Filmsite.org Academy Awards Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Most wins per ceremony Oscar season Governors Awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting Pre-show Awards of Merit Best Picture Director Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Adapted Screenplay Original Screenplay Animated Feature Documentary Feature Foreign Language Film Animated Short Film Documentary Short Subject Live Action Short Film Cinematography Costume Design Film Editing Makeup and Hairstyling Original Score Original Song Original Musical Production Design Sound Editing Sound Mixing Visual Effects Special awards Governors Awards Academy Honorary Award Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Academy Scientific and Technical Awards Academy Award of Merit ( non-competitive ) Scientific and Engineering Award Technical Achievement Award John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation Gordon E. Sawyer Award Student Awards Student Academy Award Former awards Merit Awards Assistant Director Dance Direction Director of a Comedy Picture Engineering Effects Short Subject , Two - reel Short Subject , Comedy Short Subject , Novelty Story Title Writing Unique and Artistic Quality of Production Special Awards Academy Juvenile Award Special Achievement Academy Award Ceremonies ‡ ( List Book ) 1927 / 28 1928 / 29 1929 / 30 1930 / 31 1931 / 32 1932 / 33 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 1991 1992 2017 Footnotes ‡ Dates and years listed for each ceremony were the eligibility period of film release in Los Angeles County , California . For the first five ceremonies , the eligibility period was from August to July . For the 6th ceremony held in 1934 , the eligibility period lasted from August 1 , 1932 to December 31 , 1933 . Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935 , the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31 . Book Category Portal Academy Awards lists Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Oscar season Oscar speech History of film Most wins per ceremony Combined major Oscars Superlatives Big Five All four acting categories Combined major awards Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Award careers Acting All nominees Best Actor ( by age ) Best Actress ( by age ) Best Supporting Actor ( by age ) Best Supporting Actress ( by age ) Acting noms in foreign language Actor multi-nom years Multi-Best Picture acting careers Multi-win Actors Multi-nom Actors Love curse Directing Best Director ( by age ) Multi-win Directors Film Films Best Picture milestones Foreign - language wins Foreign - language nominees Foreign - language noms in other categories Foreign - language : count by country Animated feature noms in other categories Ethnicity African Argentine Asian Australian Black Brazilian British Canadian Chilean Colombian Cuban French German - speaking Greek Hispanic - American ( U.S. ) Indian Iranian Italian Jewish Latin American Mexican New Zealand Nordic Pakistani Polish Puerto Rican Spanish Uruguayan Other Ceremonies Families Fictitious LGBT Multi-win years Posthumous Best Picture Presenters Trophy displays Oldest & Youngest Awards for Walt Disney Book Category Portal Cinema of the United States Films Films by year Awards and events National Board of Review Awards ( 1929 ) Academy Awards ( 1929 ) New York Film Critics Circle ( 1935 ) Golden Globe Awards ( 1944 ) National Society of Film Critics Awards ( 1966 ) Los Angeles Film Critics Awards ( 1975 ) Golden Raspberry Awards ( 1981 ) Independent Spirit Awards ( 1985 ) American Society of Cinematographers Awards ( 1986 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Awards ( 1996 ) Hollywood Film Awards ( 1997 ) Guild Awards Directors Guild of America Awards ( 1936 ) Writers Guild of America Awards ( 1951 ) Producers Guild of America Awards ( 1962 ) Cinema Audio Society Awards ( 1964 ) Screen Actors Guild Awards ( 1995 ) Art Directors Guild Awards ( 1996 ) Costume Designers Guild Awards ( 1998 ) Location Managers Guild Awards ( 2014 ) Theaters Movie theater chains Industry by state Alaska Arizona Connecticut Florida Georgia Hawaii Louisiana Michigan New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Virginia Industry by city Atlanta Baltimore Chicago Cleveland Jacksonville Kansas City Las Vegas Lone Pine Long Island Los Angeles ( Hollywood ) Monument Valley New York City Harlem Palm Springs Pittsburgh Riverside San Diego Seattle Sonora Stamford Vasquez Rocks Organizations Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers American Society of Cinematographers Hollywood Foreign Press Association Motion Picture Association of America Miscellaneous Box office AFI 100 Years ... series National Film Registry Pre-Code Hollywood Classical Hollywood cinema New Hollywood List of living actors from the Golden Age of Hollywood List of surviving silent film actors Major film awards by countries Africa Ghana Movie Awards ( Ghana ) Africa Movie Academy Awards ( Nigeria ) South African Film and Television Awards ( South Africa ) Asia Central Didor International Film Festival ( Tajikistan ) East Golden Rooster Awards , Hong Kong Film Award , Hundred Flowers Awards and Huabiao Awards ( China ) Japan Academy Prize ( Japan ) Grand Bell Awards and Blue Dragon Film Awards ( South Korea ) Golden Horse Awards ( Taiwan ) South National Film Awards ( Bangladesh ) Filmfare Awards , Filmfare Awards South , Filmfare Awards East , National Film Awards ( India ) Lux Style Awards , ARY Film Awards and Nigar Awards ( Pakistan ) Southeast Myanmar Motion Picture Awards ( Burma ) Indonesian Film Festival and Indonesian Movie Actor Awards ( Indonesia ) Malaysia Film Festival ( Malaysia ) FAMAS Award , Gawad Urian and Luna Award ( Philippines ) Suphannahong Awards ( Thailand ) Golden Lotus Awards and Golden Kite Prize ( Vietnam ) West Fajr International Film Festival ( Iran ) Ophir Award ( Israel ) Golden Orange Festival ( Turkey ) Europe East Czech Lion Awards ( Czech Republic ) Polish Film Awards ( Poland ) Nika Award ( Russia ) The Sun in a Net Awards ( Slovakia ) North Robert Awards and Bodil Awards ( Denmark ) Jussi Award ( Finland ) Irish Film & Television Awards ( Ireland ) Amanda Award ( Norway ) Guldbagge Awards ( Sweden ) British Academy Film Awards ( United Kingdom ) South Heart of Sarajevo ( Bosnia and Herzegovina ) Golden Arena Awards ( Croatia ) Hellenic Film Academy Awards ( Greece ) David di Donatello and Nastro d'Argento ( Italy ) Golden Camera 300 ( Macedonia ) Sophia Awards ( Portugal ) Goya Awards ( Spain ) West Magritte Award ( Belgium ) César Award and Lumières Award ( France ) Deutscher Filmpreis ( Germany ) Golden Calf ( Netherlands ) Swiss Film Award ( Switzerland ) North America Canadian Screen Awards ( Canada ) Ariel Award ( Mexico ) Academy Awards ( United States ) Oceania AACTA Awards ( Australia ) New Zealand film and television awards ( New Zealand ) South America Argentine Academy of Cinematography Arts and Sciences Awards ( Argentina ) Grande Prêmio do Cinema Brasileiro ( Brazil ) Golden Precolumbian Circle ( Colombia ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Academy_Award_records&oldid=803753654 '' Categories : Academy Awards Academy Awards lists Lists of superlatives Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español 한국어 עברית Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 12 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | best actor oscar winner 2 years in a row | [
"\nTwo actors have won two consecutive awards:\n\nSpencer Tracy – Captains Courageous (1937) and Boys Town (1938)\nTom Hanks – Philadelphia (1993) and Forrest Gump (1994) [7][10]\n\n\n",
"\nTwo actors have won two consecutive awards:\n\nSpencer Tracy – Captains Courageous (1937) and Boys Town (1938)\nTom Hanks – Philadelphia (1993) and Forrest Gump (1994) [7][10]\n\n\n"
] | [
"Spencer Tracy",
"Tom Hanks"
] |
-5628464254396890711 | List of U.S. state sports | List of U.S. State sports - wikipedia List of U.S. State sports Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of official U.S. state sports as recognized by state legislatures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Table 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Table ( edit ) State Sport Year Adopted Designation Alaska Dog Mushing 1972 Colorado Pack Burro Racing 2012 Summer Heritage Sport Delaware Bicycling 2014 Hawaii Surfing ( He'e nalu ) 1998 State Individual Sport Outrigger Canoe Paddling ( Heihei wa'a ) 1986 State Team Sport Maryland Jousting 1962 State Sport Lacrosse State Team Sport Massachusetts Basketball 2006 Sport of the Commonwealth Volleyball 2014 Recreational and Team Sport of the Commonwealth Minnesota Ice Hockey 2009 New Hampshire Skiing 1998 North Carolina Stock car racing 2011 South Dakota Rodeo 2003 Texas Rodeo Wyoming Rodeo 2003 See also ( edit ) List of U.S. state , district , and territorial insignia National sport References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://alaska.gov/kids/student.htm Jump up ^ https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/archives/state-sport Jump up ^ DE . Gen. Provis. § 7 - 235 . http://www.legis.delaware.gov/LIS/LIS147.NSF/vwLegislation/HB+235 Jump up ^ Hawaii State Legislature . `` Haw. Rev. Stat. § 5 - 13.5 ( State individual sport ) '' . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hawaii State Legislature . `` Haw. Rev. Stat. § 5 - 14 ( State team sport ) '' . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Md . Gen. Provis. § 7 - 329 . http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/webmga/frmStatutesText.aspx?article=ggp§ion=7-329&ext=html&session=2015RS&tab=subject5 . Jump up ^ http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/html/symbols/sport.html Jump up ^ https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleI/Chapter2/Section55 Jump up ^ https://malegislature.gov/Laws/SessionLaws/Acts/2006/Chapter215 Jump up ^ https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleI/Chapter2/Section61 Jump up ^ https://malegislature.gov/Laws/SessionLaws/Acts/2014/Chapter208 Jump up ^ https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=1.1499 Jump up ^ http://www.nh.gov/nhinfo/sport.html Jump up ^ https://www.leg.state.mn.us/leg/symbols Jump up ^ `` State sport '' . North Carolina General Assembly . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . Jump up ^ http://sdlegislature.gov/Statutes/Codified_Laws/DisplayStatute.aspx?Type=Statute&Statute=1-6-16.8 Jump up ^ https://www.tsl.texas.gov/ref/abouttx/symbols.html Jump up ^ http://www.wyo.gov/about-wyoming/wyoming-facts-and-symbols External links ( edit ) Media related to Sports in the United States at Wikimedia Commons U.S. state symbols by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands State , district , and territorial insignia United States national symbols U.S. state symbols by type Amphibians Bats Beverages Birds Butterflies Cacti Coats of arms Coins Colors Crustaceans Dances Dinosaurs Dogs Firearms Fish Flags Flowers Foods Fossils Grasses Gubernatorial seals Gubernatorial standards Horses Insects Instruments License plates Mammals Microbes Minerals , rocks , stones and gemstones Mottos Mushrooms Nicknames Pets Poems Reptiles Route markers Seals Shells Ships Soils Songs Sports Tartans Toys Trees United States state - related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Asian Hispanic and Latino Spanish - speaking Religiosity Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Household Per capita Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Flat rate None Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Botanical gardens Parks Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Coastline Elevation Extreme points Forest Geographic centers Regions Government Attorneys general Capitals Historical Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate Political divisions State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies and museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same - sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self - representation Smoking bans Speed limits ( by jurisdiction ) Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Demonyms Fictional states Flags Insignia License plates Numbered highways Quarters 50 states DC & Territories ATB Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones Commons Portals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._state_sports&oldid=811274901 '' Categories : American sports - related lists by state Lists of United States state symbols Sports in the United States Hidden categories : Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 16 : 18 . About Wikipedia | jousting is the official sport of which us state | [
"\n\nState\nSport\nYear Adopted\nDesignation\n\n\nAlaska\nDog Mushing[1]\n1972\n\n\n\nColorado\nPack Burro Racing[2]\n2012\nSummer Heritage Sport\n\n\nDelaware\nBicycling[3]\n2014\n\n\n\nHawaii\nSurfing (He'e nalu)[4]\n1998\nState Individual Sport\n\n\nOutrigger Canoe Paddling (Heihei wa'a)[5]\n1986\nState Team Sport\n\n\nMaryland\nJousting[6]\n1962\nState Sport\n\n\nLacrosse[7]\n2004\nState Team Sport\n\n\nMassachusetts\nBasketball[8][9]\n2006\nSport of the Commonwealth\n\n\nVolleyball[10][11]\n2014\nRecreational and Team Sport of the Commonwealth\n\n\nMinnesota\nIce Hockey[12]\n2009\n\n\n\nNew Hampshire\nSkiing[13][14]\n1998\n\n\n\nNorth Carolina\nStock car racing[15]\n2011\n\n\n\nSouth Dakota\nRodeo[16]\n2003\n\n\n\nTexas\nRodeo[17]\n1997\n\n\n\nWyoming\nRodeo[18]\n2003\n\n\n"
] | [
"Maryland"
] |
-1525704526993535603 | New Year's Eve | New Year 's Eve - wikipedia New Year 's Eve Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Gregorian calendar . For other calendars , see New Year . For other uses , see New Year 's Eve ( disambiguation ) . New Year 's Eve Sydney , Australia is one of the first major cities to ring in the New Year and its televised fireworks displays are watched by millions . Also called Hogmanay ( Scotland ) Calennig ( Wales ) Ambang / Malam Tahun Baharu / Baru ( Brunei , Indonesia , Malaysia , Singapore ) Silvester ( Austria , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Czech Republic , France , Germany , Hungary , Israel , Italy , Liechtenstein , Luxembourg , Poland , Russia , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia , Switzerland ) Réveillon ( Algeria , Brazil , France , Portugal , Romania , Wallonia , and French - speaking locations in North America ) Kanun Novogo Goda ( Russia ) Observed by People around the world Type International Significance The final day of the Gregorian year Celebrations Reflection ; late - night partying ; family gatherings ; feasting ; gift exchanges ; fireworks ; countdowns ; watchnight services ; social gatherings , during which participants may dance , eat , consume alcoholic beverages , and watch or light fireworks Date December 31 Next time 31 December 2018 ( 2018 - 12 - 31 ) Frequency Annual Related to New Year 's Day In the Gregorian calendar , New Year 's Eve ( also known as Old Year 's Day or Saint Sylvester 's Day in many countries ) , the last day of the year , is on December 31 which is the seventh day of Christmastide . In many countries , New Year 's Eve is celebrated at evening social gatherings , where many people dance , eat , drink alcoholic beverages , and watch or light fireworks to mark the new year . Some Christians attend a watchnight service . The celebrations generally go on past midnight into New Year 's Day , January 1 . Samoa , Tonga and Kiritimati ( Christmas Island ) , part of Kiribati , are the first places to welcome the New Year while American Samoa and Baker Island in the United States of America are among the last . Contents ( hide ) 1 Africa 1.1 Algeria 1.2 Egypt 1.3 Ghana 1.4 Morocco 1.5 Nigeria 1.6 South Sudan 2 Americas 2.1 Argentina 2.2 Brazil 2.3 Canada 2.4 Chile 2.5 Colombia 2.6 Costa Rica 2.7 El Salvador 2.8 Ecuador 2.9 Guatemala 2.10 Mexico 2.11 Puerto Rico 2.12 Suriname 2.13 Trinidad 2.14 United States 2.14. 1 Religious observances 2.15 Venezuela 3 Asia 3.1 Bangladesh 3.2 China 3.2. 1 Hong Kong 3.3 Central Asia 3.4 India 3.5 Indonesia 3.6 Japan 3.7 Korea 3.8 Malaysia 3.9 Mongolia 3.10 Pakistan 3.11 Philippines 3.12 Singapore 3.13 Taiwan 3.14 Thailand 4 Europe 4.1 Albania 4.2 Austria 4.3 Belgium 4.4 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4.5 Czech Republic and Slovakia 4.6 Denmark 4.7 Estonia 4.8 Finland 4.9 France 4.10 Germany 4.11 Greece 4.12 Hungary 4.13 Iceland 4.14 Ireland 4.15 Italy 4.16 Macedonia 4.17 Malta 4.18 Montenegro 4.19 Netherlands 4.20 Norway 4.21 Poland 4.22 Portugal 4.23 Romania 4.24 Russia 4.25 Serbia 4.26 Slovenia 4.27 Spain 4.28 Sweden 4.29 Switzerland 4.30 Ukraine 4.31 United Kingdom 4.31. 1 England 4.31. 2 Scotland 4.31. 3 Wales 5 Middle East 5.1 Israel 5.2 Lebanon and Syria 5.3 Saudi Arabia 5.4 United Arab Emirates 5.5 Turkey 6 Oceania 6.1 Australia 6.2 Kiribati 6.3 New Zealand 6.4 Samoa 7 Music 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Africa ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Algeria ( edit ) In Algeria , New Year 's Eve ( French : Réveillon ; Arabic : Ra 's al - ' Ām ) is usually celebrated with family and friends . In the largest cities , such as Algiers , Constantine , Annaba , Oran , Sétif and Béjaïa , there are large celebrations which may feature concerts , late - night partiying , firecrackers , fireworks at midnight and sparklers and shouts of `` Bonne année ! '' . The Martyrs ' Memorial and the Grand - Post Place in Algiers are the main attraction for the majority of Algerians during the celebration ; while some others prefer spending this special night outside the country , generally in Tunis or Paris . At 8pm ( AST ) , the President 's message of greetings to Algerians is read on TV . EPTV network airs a yearly New Year 's Eve entertainment show , variying its name , hosts and guests , which features sketches and musical performances . Popular films are also broadcast . At home or at restaurants , a special type of pastry cake , called `` la bûche '' is eaten , and black coffee or soda is drunk with it , few minutes before the New Year 's countdown . On New Year 's Day ( le jour de l'an ) , people , especially children , write their `` New Year 's letter '' on decorated paper , called `` Carte de bonne année '' , to their parents and relatives , featuring their resolutions and wishes . Egypt ( edit ) In Egypt the new year is celebrated with fireworks , fire crackers , smashing glass bottles or breaking things on the street also . Ghana ( edit ) In Ghana , many people celebrate New Year 's Eve by going to Church ; others go to nightclubs , pubs , or take to the street to celebrate . At midnight , fireworks are displayed across various cities of Ghana , especially in Accra and Tema . Morocco ( edit ) Casablanca fireworks display . In Morocco , New Year 's Eve ( Arabic : رأس العام -- Rass l'aam -- `` head of the year '' ) is celebrated in the company of family and friends . People get together to eat cake , dance , and laugh . Traditionally , people celebrate it at home , but some prefer to go to nightclubs . At midnight , fireworks are displayed across Ain Diab , in the corniche of Casablanca . Nigeria ( edit ) HKN 's Davido entertaining the crowd at the Lagos Countdown 2012 in Nigeria In Nigeria , the New Year 's Eve is often celebrated by going to Church ; others go to nightclubs , and parties organised by individuals , communities or State government like the Lagos Countdown . The Lagos Countdown is an event in Nigeria , created to increase tourism and making Lagos a premium destination for business and leisure . The event kicks off in December and lasts till 1 January . It is attended by an average of 100,000 people . The event takes place at the Eko Atlantic city , beside the Barbeach attracting thousands of domestic and foreign tourists who are entertained every evening by different artists ... South Sudan ( edit ) In South Sudan , people attend church services at many churches in Juba . The service begins at 9PM . At the stroke of midnight , people sing the famous carol , Hark ! The Herald Angels Sing to mark the end and beginning of the year with a blessing . The service ends at 12 : 30AM . Americas ( edit ) Argentina ( edit ) The burning of dolls is a local tradition in the city of La Plata . Traditional celebrations in Argentina include a family dinner of traditional dishes , including vitel tonné , asado , sandwiches de miga , piononos . Like dessert : turrón , mantecol and pan dulce . Just before midnight , people flock to the streets to enjoy fireworks and light firecrackers . The fireworks can be seen in any terrace . The first day of the New Year is celebrated at midnight with cider or champagne . People wish each other a happy New Year , and sometimes share a toast with neighbours . Parties often continue until dawn . The celebration is during the summer , like in many South American countries , so it 's normal to see many families in the New Year at tourist centers of the Argentine Atlantic coast ( Mar del Plata , Necochea , Villa Gesell , Miramar , etc . ) . Brazil ( edit ) The beach at Copacabana in Rio de Janeiro hosts millions of revelers . The New Year ( Portuguese : Ano Novo ) , is one of Brazil 's main holidays . It officially marks the beginning of the summer holidays , which last until Carnival . Brazilians traditionally have a copious meal with family or friends at home , in restaurants or private clubs , and consume alcoholic beverages . Champagne is traditionally drunk . Those spending New Year 's Eve at the beach usually dress in white , to bring good luck into the new year . Fireworks and eating grapes or lentils are customs associated with the holiday . The beach at Copacabana in Rio de Janeiro is ranked among the top 10 New Year Fireworks display . The combination of live concerts , a spectacular fireworks display and millions of revelers combine to make the Copacabana 's New Year 's party one of the best in the world . In addition , the celebrations are broadcast on TV , the most famous being the Adues A Tudo Isso on Rede Globo . In other regions , different events also take place . The most famous are on the edge of coastal cities , such as Copacabana . In the Northeast , in Fortaleza , the party is in Iracema Beach , and in Salvador , the change of year happens in a great music festival . In the South , the most famous festivities on the coast take place in Santa Catarina : on the Beira - mar Norte Avenue , in Florianópolis , and in the Central Beach of Balneário Camboriú . Other celebrations that stand out even from the sea are those of Manaus , in the northern state of Amazonas , and the Paulista Avenue , in São Paulo , the largest city in the country , and Ministries Esplanade , in the capital Brasília . The party attracts more than one million people . It features fireworks and live music shows . The city of São Paulo hosts the Saint Silvester Marathon ( Corrida de São Silvestre ) which traverses streets between Paulista Avenue and the downtown area . Canada ( edit ) New Year traditions and celebrations in Canada vary regionally . New Year 's Eve ( also called New Year 's Eve Day or Veille du Jour de l'An in French ) is generally a social holiday . In many cities , such as Toronto , Ottawa and Niagara Falls in Ontario , Edmonton and Calgary in Alberta , Vancouver , British Columbia and Montreal , Quebec , there are large celebrations which may feature concerts , late - night partying , sporting events , and fireworks , with free public transit service during peak party times in most major cities . In some areas , such as in rural Quebec , people ice fish in the old days . Since 2000 , the highlight of New Year 's Eve celebrations is in Montreal 's old port , which comes alive with concerts that take place and fireworks at midnight . From 1956 to 1976 , Guy Lombardo and his Royal Canadians serenaded Canada on the CBC , via a feed from CBS , from the ballroom of the Waldorf - Astoria Hotel on Park Avenue in New York City . After Lombardo 's death in 1977 , the Royal Canadians continued on CBC and CBS until 1978 . In 1992 , the sketch comedy troupe Royal Canadian Air Farce began airing its annual Year of the Farce special on CBC Television , which features sketches lampooning the major events and news stories of the year . While the original 1992 edition was a one - off special , Year of the Farce episodes continued as a regular feature of the Air Farce television series which ran from 1993 to 2008 -- airing its series finale on 31 December 2008 . Following the finale of the television series , the original cast continued to participate in New Year 's Eve specials in the years following . Similarly , the CBC 's French language network Ici Radio - Canada Télé airs its own yearly New Year 's Eve comedy special , Bye Bye . Unlike Year of the Farce , Bye Bye has been presented by various comedians ; originally running from 1968 to 1998 , it was revived in 2006 by the Québécois troupe Rock et Belles Oreilles . Its 2008 edition , hosted and co-produced by Québécois television personality Véronique Cloutier , became infamous for several sketches that many viewers perceived as offensive , including sketches making fun of English Canadians and then American president - elect Barack Obama . Chile ( edit ) Over one million visitors crowd the streets and beaches of Valparaiso each New Year 's Eve . New Year 's Eve is celebrated in Chile by the observation of traditional rituals , such as wearing yellow underwear and yellow clothing . It is said to restore vitality to your life . People who want to travel walk the streets with a suitcase in hand , others hold money in their hand or place coins at their door for good fortune in the new year . Celebrations include a family dinner with special dishes , usually lentils for good luck , and twelve grapes to symbolize wishes for each month of the coming year . Family celebrations usually last until midnight , then some continue partying with friends until dawn . In Chile 's capital Santiago , thousands of people gather at the Entel Tower to watch the countdown to midnight and a fireworks display . There are several fireworks shows across the country . Over one million spectators attend the most popular , the `` Año Nuevo en el Mar '' , in Valparaiso . Since 2000 , the sale of fireworks to individuals has been illegal , meaning fireworks can now only be observed at major displays . Many people also travel to Easter Island , off Chile 's coast , to welcome the New Year . Colombia ( edit ) In Colombia it is a traditional celebration . There are many traditions across the country . Included among these traditions are : a family dinner with special dishes , fireworks , popular music , wearing special or new clothes , eating empanadas and different parties . With each stroke of the clock until midnight , the families eat grapes . Costa Rica ( edit ) In Costa Rica , families usually gather around 8 pm for parties that last until 1 or 2 am , the next day . There are several traditions among Costa Rican families , including eating 12 grapes representing 12 wishes for the new year , and running across the street with luggage to bring new trips and adventures in the upcoming year . El Salvador ( edit ) In El Salvador , New Year 's Eve is spent with families . Family parties start around 5 : 00 pm , and last until 1 : 00 to 3 : 00 am , the following day . Families eat dinner together and sing traditional New Year 's Eve songs , such as `` Cinco para las Doce '' . After the dinner , individuals light fireworks and continue partying outside . A radio station broadcasts a countdown to midnight . When the clock strikes midnight , fireworks are lit across the country . People start exchanging hugs and wishes for the new year . Ecuador ( edit ) A New Year 's Eve tradition in Ecuador is for men to dress haphazardly in drag ( clowny looking make - up , cheap colorful wigs , very hairy legs in miniskirts ) for New Year 's Eve representing the `` widow '' of the year that has passed . The `` widows '' then go to the streets and stop each car that passes on that particular street in order to parody some form of sexy dancing . Large crowds would gather around to watch and laugh at the entertainment and the drivers are forced to give the `` widows '' some coins in order to obtain passage through the street . There are also traditional family events and meals and modern celebrations such as hosting parties and going to nightclubs . People usually eat grapes and drink Champagne with close family members and friends . The main event takes place at midnight where fireworks are lit along with thousands of life - size effigies called `` Año Viejo '' . Most every local family creates the effigy from paper scraps , old clothes or purchases it altogether . They place just outside the front of their home . The effigy represents things you disliked from the previous year and are made to look like famous celebrities , politicians , public servants , cartoons , etc . They are burnt right at midnight to shed the old year and represent a new beginning . Some of the braver Ecuadorians jump through these burning effigies 12 times to represent a wish for every month . Guatemala ( edit ) In Guatemala , banks close on New Year 's Eve , and businesses close at noon . In the town of Antigua , people usually gather at the Santa Catalina Clock Arch to celebrate New Year 's Eve ( Spanish : Fin del Año ) . In Guatemala City the celebrations are centered on Plaza Mayor . Firecrackers are lit starting at sundown , continuing without interruption into the night . Guatemalans wear new clothes for good fortune and eat a grape with each of the twelve chimes of the bell during the New Year countdown , while making a wish with each one . The celebrations include religious themes which may be either Mayan or Catholic . Catholic celebrations are similar to those at Christmas . Gifts are left under the tree on Christmas morning by the Christ Child for the children , but parents and adults do not exchange gifts until New Year 's Day . Mexico ( edit ) Mexicans celebrate New Year 's Eve , ( Spanish : Vispera de Año Nuevo ) by eating a grape with each of the twelve chimes of a clock 's bell during the midnight countdown , while making a wish with each one . Mexican families decorate homes and parties in colors that represent wishes for the upcoming year : red encourages an overall improvement of lifestyle and love , yellow encourages blessings of improved employment conditions , green for improved financial circumstances , and white for improved health . Mexican sweet bread is baked with a coin or charm hidden in the dough . When the bread is served , the recipient of the slice with the coin or charm is said to be blessed with good luck in the New Year . Another tradition is to make a list of all the bad or unhappy events over the past 12 months ; before midnight , this list is thrown into a fire , symbolizing the removal of negative energy from the new year . At the same time , they are expressed for all the good things during the year that is ending so that they will continue in the new year . Mexicans celebrate with a late - night dinner with their families , the traditional meal being turkey or pork loin . Afterwards many people attend parties outside the home , for example , in night clubs . In Mexico City there is a street festival on New Year 's Eve centered on the Zocalo , the city 's main square . Celebrations include firecrackers , fireworks and sparklers and shouts of `` ¡ Feliz Año Nuevo ! '' Puerto Rico ( edit ) In Puerto Rico , New Year 's Eve is celebrated with friends and family . The Puerto Rico Convention Center in San Juan is the main attraction for Puerto Ricans during the celebration . It has Latin music and fireworks at midnight along with the signature song `` Auld Lang Syne '' in Spanish . Suriname ( edit ) During New Year 's Eve in Suriname , the Surinamese population goes into cities ' commercial districts to watch fireworks shows . This is a spectacle based on the famous red - firecracker - ribbons . The bigger stores invest in these firecrackers and display them in the streets . Every year the length of them is compared , and high praises are held for the company that has managed to import the largest ribbon . These celebrations start at 10 am and finish the next day . The day is usually filled with laughter , dance , music , and drinking . When the night starts , the big street parties are already at full capacity . The most popular fiesta is the one that is held at café ' t Vat in the main tourist district . The parties there stop between 10 and 11 pm after which the people go home to light their pagaras ( red - firecracker - ribbons ) at midnight . After midnight , the parties continue and the streets fill again until daybreak . Trinidad ( edit ) In Port of Spain the tradition is to celebrate in one 's yard with friends , family and neighbors , and eat and drink till sunrise . At midnight the city becomes festive with fireworks in every direction . The celebration only starts at midnight . Music is heard from all the houses and bars , nightclubs , street parties , Soca raves . The people are celebrating not only the new year but the beginning of the carnival season as well . United States ( edit ) The ball drop in New York City 's Times Square attracts an average of a million spectators yearly . In the United States , New Year 's Eve is celebrated with formal parties and concerts , family - oriented activities , and large public events such as firework shows and `` drops '' . The most prominent celebration in the country is the `` ball drop '' held in New York City 's Times Square . Inspired by the time balls that were formerly used as a time signal , at 11 : 59 p.m. ET , an 11,875 - pound ( 5,386 kg ) , 12 - foot - diameter ( 3.7 m ) ball covered in panels made of Waterford crystal , is lowered down a 70 feet ( 21 m ) high pole on the roof of One Times Square , reaching the roof of the building 60 seconds later at midnight . The event has been held since 1907 , and has seen an average attendance of 1,000,000 yearly . The popularity of the spectacle has inspired similar events outside of New York City , where objects that represent a region 's culture , geography , or history are raised or lowered in a similar fashion -- such as Atlanta 's Peach Drop , representing Georgia 's identity as the `` Peach State '' , and Brasstown , North Carolina 's lowering of a live opossum in a glass enclosure ( an event which has historically attracted criticism from animal rights groups ) . Radio and television broadcasts of festivities from New York City helped to ingrain them in American pop culture ; beginning on the radio in 1928 , and on CBS television from 1956 to 1976 with ball drop coverage , Guy Lombardo and his band , The Royal Canadians , presented an annual New Year 's Eve broadcast from the ballroom of New York 's Waldorf - Astoria Hotel . The specials were best known for the Royal Canadians ' signature performance of `` Auld Lang Syne '' at midnight , which made the standard synonymous with the holiday . Following Lombardo 's death in 1977 , the competing program New Year 's Rockin ' Eve ( which premiered for 1973 on NBC before moving to its current home , ABC , for 1975 ) , succeeded the Royal Canadians as the most - watched New Year 's Eve special on U.S. television . Its creator and host , Dick Clark , intended the program to be a modern and youthful alternative to Lombardo 's big band music , by showcasing performances by popular musicians as part of the broadcast . Including ABC 's special coverage of the year 2000 , Clark would host New Year 's Eve coverage on ABC for 33 straight years . After suffering a stroke in December 2004 ( resulting in Regis Philbin guest hosting for 2005 ) , Clark retired as full - time host of the special for the 2006 edition , and was succeeded by Ryan Seacrest . Clark continued to make limited appearances on the special until his death in 2012 . Other notable celebrations include those on the Las Vegas Strip , where streets are closed to vehicle traffic on the evening of New Year 's Eve , and a fireworks show is held at midnight which spans across multiple buildings on the Strip . Los Angeles , a city long without a major public New Year celebration , held an inaugural gathering in Downtown 's newly completed Grand Park to celebrate the beginning of 2014 . The event included food trucks , art installations , and culminating with a projection mapping show on the side of Los Angeles City Hall near midnight . The inaugural event drew over 25,000 spectators and participants . For 2016 , Chicago introduced an event known as Chi - Town Rising , which ended for 2018 . Alongside the festivities in Times Square , New York 's Central Park hosts a `` Midnight Run '' event organized by the New York Road Runners , which culminates in a fireworks show and a race around the park that begins at midnight . Major theme parks may also hold New Year 's celebrations ; Disney theme parks , such as Walt Disney World Resort in Florida and Disneyland in Anaheim , California , are traditionally the busiest during the days up to and including New Year 's Eve . Religious observances ( edit ) In the Roman Catholic Church , 1 January is a solemnity honoring the Blessed Virgin Mary , the Mother of Jesus ; it is a Holy Day of Obligation in most countries ( Australia being a notable exception ) , thus the Church requires the attendance of all Catholics in such countries for Mass that day . However a vigil Mass may be held on the evening before a Holy Day ; thus it has become customary to celebrate Mass on the evening of New Year 's Eve . ( New Year 's Eve is a feast day honoring Pope Sylvester I in the Roman Catholic calendar , but it is not widely recognized in the United States . ) Many Christian congregations have New Year 's Eve watchnight services . Some , especially Lutherans and Methodists and those in the African American community , have a tradition known as `` Watch Night '' , in which the faithful congregate in services continuing past midnight , giving thanks for the blessings of the outgoing year and praying for divine favor during the upcoming year . In the English - speaking world , Watch Night can be traced back to John Wesley , the founder of Methodism , who learned the custom from the Moravian Brethren who came to England in the 1730s . Moravian congregations still observe the Watch Night service on New Year 's Eve . Watch Night took on special significance to African Americans on New Year 's Eve 1862 , as slaves anticipated the arrival of 1 January 1863 , when Lincoln had announced he would sign the Emancipation Proclamation . Venezuela ( edit ) Radio specials give a countdown and announce the New Year . In Caracas , the bells of the Cathedral of Caracas ring twelve times . During these special programs , is a tradition to broadcast songs about the end of the year . It is a non-working holiday . Popular songs include `` Viejo año '' ( `` Old year '' ) , by Gaita group Maracaibo 15 , and `` Cinco pa ' las 12 '' ( `` Five minutes before twelve '' ) , which was versioned by several popular singers including Nestor Zavarce , Nancy Ramos and José Luis Rodríguez El Puma . The unofficial hymn for the first minutes of the New Year is `` Año Nuevo , Vida Nueva '' ( `` New Year , New Life '' ) , by the band Billo 's Caracas Boys . Many people play the national anthem in their houses . Traditions include wearing yellow underwear , eating Pan de jamón , and 12 grapes with sparkling wine . Special holiday programs are broadcast on Venezuelan television stations including Venevision . Asia ( edit ) Bangladesh ( edit ) The New Year celebrations take place in all around the country mostly in Dhaka , Chittagong , Sylhet , Rajshahi , Khulna , Barishal , Cox 's Bazar etc . The celebrations mostly take place at night . On this day , people go to the parties at club or hotels , beaches , at the crowdy roadsides and bridges where firecrackers are blast out in the sky at night . The roadsides and bridges are also lighted up by colourful lights at night . People do a get - together as well as enjoy with their families . That day , Cox 's Bazar becomes a popular tourist destination for both Bangladeshi and foreign tourists . Music , songs and dances are organized in the auditoriums , hotels , beaches and as well as in the grounds which are shown live concert on T.V where many Dhallywood celebrities along with many personalities participate in the dance , music , songs and often drama to liven up the concert more . Sometimes often marriages and weddings take place in the clubs at night of 31 December so that the people can enjoy more . People also enjoy the New Year 's Eve with their families , relatives and friends in the ships and yachts specially in the sea while going to Saint Martin where DJs liven up their night through their music and songs . The Muslims during the year 's last Jumma prayer of mosque permanently pray a Munajat ( which is done all over the mosques of the country ) so that Allah may bless them and the coming year can be fruitful . Hindus organize a Puja so that the coming year can be fruitful for them . The Christians go to the churches for a watch night service till midnight , praying for blessing in the coming new year as it is also part of the Christmastide season observances . China ( edit ) In China , although the celebrations of the Lunar New Year are not until a few weeks after the Gregorian New Year , celebrations of the Gregorian New Year are held in some areas , particularly in major cities . For example , celebrations with fireworks and rock concerts have taken place in Beijing 's Solana Blue Harbor Shopping Park , while cultural shows and other events are held at the city 's Millennium Monument , Temple of Heaven , Great Wall of China , Olympic Green , and the Summer Palace . Since 2011 , a light and sound show has been held at The Bund in Shanghai , a few minutes before midnight . Hong Kong ( edit ) Main article : Hong Kong New Year Countdown Celebrations Fireworks display in Hong Kong . In Hong Kong , many gather in shopping districts like Central , Causeway Bay and Tsim Sha Tsui . Beginning in 2008 , a 60 - second numerical countdown to New Year 's , consisting of LED lights and pyrotechnic display effects , on the facade of Two International Finance Centre was launched , followed by a firework display , alongside an exhibition of the Symphony of Lights . For the arrival of 2013 , the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre initiated the countdown , while the fireworks display and A Symphony of Lights show were extended to eight minutes . Shopping malls are often major celebration venues . The Times Square shopping mall , for instance , holds their own celebration of the ball drop held at Times Square , New York City . There are also various district - wide celebrations . Central Asia ( edit ) In Central Asia , New Year 's Eve celebrations were inherited from Soviet traditions ; thus they are similar to those of Russia . An example of such traditions would be the playing of the national anthem at midnight and the presidential address before it . India ( edit ) Most celebrations take place in the major metropolitan cities like Kochi , Delhi , Mumbai , Kolkata , Chennai , Chandigarh , Hyderabad , Bangalore , Pune , Ahmedabad . New Year is also celebrated in other cities and towns around the country like Agra , Bhubaneswar , Cuttack , Vadodara , etc. , There are lots of shows , events , awards and parties organized all over India . Big and small celebrities and personalities perform as well as enjoy in these parties . Many Discos and Pubs organize big singers , DJs or local talent to liven up the night with their music and songs . Goa and Kerala are the most visited destination during New Year 's celebration both by Indian and foreign tourists . Major events like live concerts and dances by Bollywood stars are also organized and attended mostly by youngsters . More often people like to celebrate the New Year Eve with their family . Hotels and resorts are also decked up in anticipation of tourist arrival and intense competition makes them entice the tourists with exciting New Year offers . Many people across the country also follow old traditions . The Hindu community organize Pujas for a fruitful year ahead and the Christian community often go to church for a watch night service till midnight praying for blessing in the coming new year . Indonesia ( edit ) New Year 's Eve celebrations in Medan ( capital of North Sumatra ) first Dunia Terbalik New Year Countdown Celebrations fireworks in Indonesia was part of the Fiesta Black Tea , named `` Medan Pelita Harapan University down eve countdown . '' Apart from the Lippo Plaza Medan , the tallest building in Lippo Malls at the time on both sides of the CIMB Niaga Plaza . The event , which celebrated the arrival of 2018 , attracted 400,000 spectators along both sides of the CIMB Niaga . The countdown was televised live coverage in Indonesia via digital high - definition on satellite transmission aired on RCTI HD 's Dunia Terbalik and main sponsor by Fiesta Black Tea inviting various national performances such as Dunia Terbalik All Star along with Dunia Terbalik , reaching more than 1.9 million television audiences . Over 200 local and overseas media covered the spectacular that generated publicity value of more than RP 1000 million was six officially opening ceremony to grand opening by Father of Albert Effendy Darmawan Effendy , Medan Pelita Harapan University Angelia Chairiana , Medan Pelita Harapan University Viona Valencia , President of the Republic of Indonesia Joko Widodo , CEO of MNC Group Hary Tanoesoedibjo and Governor of Jakarta Anies Baswedan in time for regional celebrated its first years of anniversary alongside fireworks , Mayor Dzulmi Eldin lit an `` eternal flame '' . Japan ( edit ) Main article : Ōmisoka Tokyo Tower on New Year 's Eve , 2012 In Japan , New Year 's Eve is used to prepare for and welcome Toshigami ( 年 神 ) , the New Year 's god . People clean their home and prepare Kadomatsu or Shimenawa to welcome the god before New Year 's Eve . Buddhist temples ring their bells 108 times at midnight in the tradition Joya no Kane ( 除夜の鐘 ) . The rings represent the 108 elements of bonō ( 煩悩 ) , mental states that lead people to take unwholesome actions . In most cities and urban areas across Japan , New Year 's Eve celebrations are usually accompanied by concerts , countdowns , fireworks and other events . In Tokyo , the two most crowded celebrations are held at the Shibuya crossing in Shibuya and the Zojoji Temple in Minato . People gather around the Zojoji Temple to release helium balloons with New Year 's wishes up in the sky and watch the lighting of Tokyo Tower and Tokyo Skytree with a year number displayed on the observatory at the stroke of midnight . Three notable music - oriented television specials air near New Year 's Eve . Since 1951 , NHK has traditionally broadcast Kōhaku Uta Gassen ( Red and White Song Battle ) on New Year 's Eve , a music competition where two teams of popular musicians ( the red and white teams , which predominantly contain female and male performers respectively ) perform songs , with the winning team determined by a panel of judges and viewer votes . The special is traditionally one of the most - watched television programs of the year in Japan . Although it did air on 31 December from 1959 to 2006 , the Japan Record Awards ceremony , recognizing outstanding achievements in the Japanese music industry , is held annually on 30 December and is broadcast by TBS . Since 1996 , artists from Johnny & Associates perform a special concert titled Johnny 's Countdown at the Tokyo Dome and is broadcast live by Fuji TV every 31 December . Korea ( edit ) There are two New Years celebrated in both North Korea and South Korea , which are Lunar New Year and Solar New Year . The Solar New Year are always celebrated on the first day of January while Lunar New Year varies . Sometimes there are some traits that both North and South Korea celebrate , while some traits are celebrated differently or only on one side . In both Koreas , they call New Year 's Day 설날 ( Seoll - Nal ) . They eat a special soup called 떡국 ( Tteok - Guk ) which is a hot soup with thin , flat rice cakes and most of the times , eggs are inserted . The Koreans believe that one would get to earn one age if you eat the soup on New Year 's Day . They say if one dares to not eat the soup on New Year 's Day , then he or she will lose luck . Most cities and urban areas in both Koreas host New Year 's Eve gatherings . In South Korea , two of the biggest celebrations take place in Seoul : the ringing of Bosingak bell 33 times at midnight and fireworks display at Myeong - dong , and an LED laser light show and fireworks display at the Lotte World Tower in Songpa - gu . In Pyongyang , North Korea , the chimes of the clock at the Grand People 's Study House and fireworks display along Kim Il - sung Square , Juche Tower and the surrounding areas signal the start of the New Year . The celebration in Pyongyang , however , also marks the beginning of the North Korean calendar or the Juche Year , which is based on 15 April 1912 , Kim Il - sung 's date of birth . Malaysia ( edit ) Fireworks in George Town , Penang on 1 January 2018 Fireworks in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia Ambang Tahun Baru , a celebration sponsored by the government was held at Merdeka Square , the field opposite the Sultan Abdul Samad Building in the Malaysian capital of Kuala Lumpur in the early days . The event was broadcast live on government as well as private TV stations at those times . Fireworks are displayed at the Petronas Towers . There are New Year countdown parties in major cities such as George Town , Shah Alam and Kuching , typically organised by the private sector in these cities . Mongolia ( edit ) Mongolians began celebrating the Gregorian New Year in the Socialist period , with influence from the former Soviet Union . As a modern tradition , New Year 's Eve as well as New Year 's Day are public holidays , and are two of the biggest holidays of the year . They celebrate New Year 's Eve with their family . It is common , just like in the former Soviet Union , that the National Anthem of Mongolia is to be played at the midnight hour on television . Pakistan ( edit ) New Year 's Eve is usually celebrated with fireworks in big cities ( e.g. Lahore , Karachi and Islamabad ) . Musical nights and concerts are also held . Many Pakistani youngsters enjoy the type of celebrations held the world over . The elite and educated classes participate in night - long activities in urban and cosmopolitan cities like Karachi , Lahore , and the capital of Islamabad . Families enjoy a traditional dish called Biryani . Philippines ( edit ) In the Philippines , New Year 's Eve ( Bisperas ng Bagong Taon ) is a special non-working holiday . Filipinos usually celebrate New Year 's Eve in the company of family or close friends . Traditionally , most households host or attend a midnight feast called the Media Noche . Typical dishes included holiday fare , pancit ( for long life ) and hamón . Lechon ( roasted pig ) , is usually prepared , as is barbecued food . Some refrain from serving chicken , as their scratching and pecking for food is unlucky , being an idiom for a hand - to - mouth existence . Many opt to wear new , bright , or colourful clothes with circular patterns , such as polka dots , or display sweets and twelve round fruits as the centrepiece , in the belief that circles attract money and fortune and that candies represent a sweeter year ahead . Several customs must only be done at midnight : some throw about coins to increase wealth in the coming year , or jump to increase their height , while some follow the Spanish custom of eating twelve grapes , one for each month of the year . People also make loud noises by blowing on cardboard or plastic horns , called torotot , banging on pots and pans , playing loud music , blowing car horns , or by igniting firecrackers , in the belief that the din scares away bad luck and evil spirits . Bamboo cannons are also fired on the night in some places . Urban areas usually host many New Year 's Eve parties and countdown celebrations hosted by the private sector with the help of the local government . These parties , which include balls hosted by hotels , usually display their own fireworks and are often very well - attended . Some popular locations for celebrations include the area along Manila Bay at Roxas Boulevard or Luneta Park in Manila , the intersection of Ayala and Makati Avenues in Makati City , Resorts World Manila and SM Mall of Asia in Pasay City , Quezon Memorial Circle in Diliman and Eastwood City in Libis , Quezon City , Bonifacio Global City in Taguig City , Entertainment City in Parañaque City , and the Philippine Arena at Ciudad de Victoria in Bocaue and Santa Maria , Bulacan . Singapore ( edit ) The New Year countdown party in Singapore The biggest New Year 's Eve celebration in Singapore takes place in the Marina Bay area . It is attended by 250,000 or more people . The party spans around the bay area starting from the Marina Bay floating Stadium to the Esplanade promenade , the Esplanade Bridge , Benjamin Sheares Bridge , Merlion Park , and the Padang at City Hall facing the Marina Bay . The celebrations are also visible from nearby hotels such as The Fullerton Hotel , Marina Mandarin , The Ritz - Carlton Millenia , Marina Bay Sands , offices located at Raffles Place , Marina Bay Financial Centre , Residential Apartments at The Sail @ Marina Bay , and from The Singapore Flyer . On the waterfront of Marina Bay , 20,000 inflatable `` wishing spheres '' carrying 500,000 wishes written by Singaporeans form a visual arts display filled with brilliant colors beamed from the spotlights erected along the Esplanade promenade open area . Audiences are also entertained by a host of variety shows and concerts staged at the Marina Bay floating platform stage , featuring local and overseas artists . The shows are viewable by all at the bay and telecast live on various television channels in Republic of Singapore , as well as internationally all over Southeast Asia through Channel News Asia . At one minute to midnight , the concert emcees initiate the final countdown together with the audience . When midnight arrives , fireworks are launched from the waters at Marina Bay , lighting up the whole bay against the backdrop of the Singapore skyline . There are other countdown parties across Singapore ; these include VivoCity and areas such as - Ang Mo Kio Bedok Boon Lay Bukit Panjang Jurong East Punggol Sengkang Serangoon Gardens Tampines Woodlands Yishun Taiwan ( edit ) The Taipei 101 fireworks show in 2009 . The most prominent New Year 's event in Taiwan is a major fireworks show launched from the Taipei 101 skyscraper in Taipei . In 2018 , the show was enhanced by the installation of a new LED display system on the north face of the tower between its 35th and 90th floors , which can be used to display digital animation effects . This change countered a reduction in the number of firework shells launched during the show , as part of an effort to produce less pollution . Thailand ( edit ) Aside from the traditional Thai New Year called Songkran ( Thailand ) ( which falls on 13 April or 14 April ) , Thais also celebrate the arrival of the Gregorian New Year on 1 January with their families , relatives and friends , which includes a family dinner and following different customs . It is a public holiday . In most cities and urban areas across Thailand , New Year 's Eve celebrations are accompanied by countdowns , fireworks , concerts and other major events , notably , the CentralWorld Square at CentralWorld and the area along Chao Phraya River in Bangkok , and the Pattaya Beach in Pattaya , while public places such as hotels , pubs , restaurants and nightclubs , also host New Year 's Eve parties by offering food , entertainment and music to the guests , and they usually stay open until the next morning . Europe ( edit ) Albania ( edit ) Preparations for New Year 's Eve in Albania start long before 31 December . It starts with the Christmas tree which in Albania is known as `` New Year 's Tree '' or `` New Year 's Pine '' . On this day , parents , children and relatives are gathered together to spend some remarkable moments all together . Having an abundant dinner with different kinds of delicious dishes is also a tradition . Part of the tradition is also watching a lot of comedy shows on that night , as the New Year should find people smiling and full of joy. The most amazing moment of the night is the last minute of The Old Year and the minute to come of the New Year . At 00 : 00 everyone toasts and greets each other and a lot of fireworks brighten up the sky of the city . They wish each other a prosperous new year , full of happiness , joy , good health and lots of fortune . It is a tradition that at 00 : 00 people call each other on the phone to greet one another or send SMS to all their friends . 31 December is the busiest day of an Albanian . Austria ( edit ) In Austria , New Year 's Eve is usually celebrated with friends and family . At exactly midnight , all radio and television programmes operated by ORF broadcast the sound of the Pummerin , the bell of St. Stephen 's Cathedral in Vienna , followed by the Donauwalzer ( `` The Blue Danube '' ) by Johann Strauss II . Many people dance to this at parties or in the street . Large crowds gather in the streets of Vienna , where the municipal government organises a series of stages where bands and orchestras play . Fireworks are set off by both municipal governments and individuals . Belgium ( edit ) In Belgium , New Year 's Eve ( Sint Sylvester Vooravond ( `` Saint Sylvester 's Eve '' ) or Oudjaar ( `` old year '' ) ) is celebrated with family parties , called réveillons in the French speaking areas . On television , a stand - up comedian reviews the past year after which a musical or variety show signals midnight , when everyone kisses , exchanges good luck greetings , and toasts the New Year and absent relatives and friends with champagne . Many people light fireworks or go into the street to watch them . Most cities have their own fireworks display : the most famous is at Mont des Arts in Brussels . Cities , cafés and restaurants are crowded . Free bus services and special New Year 's Eve taxis ( the Responsible Young Drivers ) bring everyone home afterwards . On 1 January ( Nieuwjaarsdag in Dutch ) children read their `` New Year 's letter '' and give holiday greeting cards of decorated paper featuring golden cherubs and angels , colored roses and ribbon - tied garlands to parents and godparents , on decorated paper . Belgian farmers also wish their animals a happy New Year . Bosnia and Herzegovina ( edit ) New Year is widely celebrated in Bosnia and Herzegovina . Streets are decorated for New Year 's Eve and there is a fireworks show and concerts in all the larger cities . Restaurants , clubs , cafes and hotels are usually full of guests and they organize New Year 's Eve parties . In Sarajevo , people gather in the Square of children of Sarajevo where a local rock band entertains them . Several trumpet and rock groups play until the early morning hours . At midnight there is a big fireworks show . Czech Republic and Slovakia ( edit ) New Year 's Eve ( Silvestr / Silvester ) celebrations and traditions in Czech Republic and Slovakia are very similar . New Year 's Eve is the noisiest day of the year . People generally gather with friends at parties , in pubs , clubs , in the streets , or city squares to eat , drink , and celebrate the new year . Fireworks are a popular tradition ; in large cities such as Bratislava , or Prague , the fireworks start before noon and steadily increase until midnight . In the first minutes after midnight , people toast with champagne , wish each other a happy new year , fortune and health , and go outside for the fireworks . In both countries all major TV stations air entertainment shows before and after the midnight countdown , which is followed by the National anthem of each country . The Presidents of the republics gave their New Year speech in the morning - the new Czech President Miloš Zeman renewed the tradition of Christmas speeches . In recent years however the Czechoslovak national anthem is played at midnight , in honor of the shared history of both nations . Denmark ( edit ) New Year fireworks over Copenhagen People in Denmark may go to parties or entertain guests at home . There is a special evening meal that concludes with Kransekage , a special dessert , along with champagne . Other traditional dishes are boiled cod , stewed kale and cured saddle of pork . However , expensive cuts of beef as well as sushi have become increasingly popular . Two significant traditional events are broadcast on television and radio on 31 December : the monarch 's New Year message from Amalienborg Palace at 6pm and the Town Hall Clock in Copenhagen striking midnight . Thousands of people gather together in Rådhuspladsen ( the Town Hall Square ) and cheer . The Royal Guard parade in their red gala uniforms . The climax of the celebration is fireworks launched as the Town Hall Tower bells chime on the stroke of midnight . After the midnight , all radio & television stations plays : `` Vær Velkommen Herrens År '' ( Danish new year 's anthem ) , `` Kong Kristian '' ( Danish Royal Anthem ) , `` Det er et Yndigt Land '' ( Danish National Anthem ) . Estonia ( edit ) To celebrate New Year 's Eve in Estonia , people decorate villages , visit friends and prepare lavish meals . Some believe that people should eat seven , nine , or twelve times on New Year 's Eve . These are lucky numbers in Estonia ; it is believed that for each meal consumed , the person gains the strength of that many men the following year . Meals should not be completely finished -- some food should be left for ancestors and spirits who visit the house on New Year 's Eve . Traditional New Year food includes pork with sauerkraut or Estonian sauerkraut ( mulgikapsad ) , baked potatoes and swedes with hog 's head , and white and blood sausage . Vegetarians can eat potato salad with navy beet and pâté . Gingerbread and marzipan are very popular for dessert . Traditional New Year drinks include beer and mead , but mulled wine and champagne have become modern favourites . Finland ( edit ) In Finland , New Year 's Eve is usually celebrated with family or friends . Late supper is served , often featuring wieners , Janssons frestelse , and potato salad . Some municipalities organize fireworks at midnight . Consumer fireworks are also very popular . A Finnish tradition is molybdomancy - to tell the fortunes of the New Year by melting `` tin '' ( actually lead ) in a tiny pan on the stove and throwing it quickly in a bucket of cold water . The resulting blob of metal is analyzed , for example by interpreting shadows it casts by candlelight . These predictions are however never taken seriously . The Finnish Broadcasting Company broadcasts the reception of the New Year at Helsinki Senate Square . Countdown to New Year is with the Helsinki Cathedral clock . In the afternoon programme , the German comedy sketch Dinner for One is shown every year . On the radio , just before midnight , the poem Hymyilevä Apollo ( Smiling Apollo ) by Eino Leino is read . France ( edit ) Play media ( video ) Celebrations in 2014 In France , New Year 's Eve ( la Saint - Sylvestre ) is usually celebrated with a feast , le Réveillon de la Saint - Sylvestre ( Cap d'Any in Northern Catalonia ) . This feast customarily includes special dishes including foie gras , seafood such as oysters , and champagne . The celebration can be a simple , intimate dinner with friends and family or , une soirée dansante , a much fancier ball . On New Year 's Day ( le Jour de l'An ) friends and family exchange New Year 's resolutions , kisses , and wishes . Some people eat ice cream . The holiday period ends on 6 January with the celebration of Epiphany ( Jour des Rois ) . A traditional type of flat pastry cake , la galette des rois , made of two sheets of puff pastry , filled with frangipane ( almond paste ) is eaten . The cake contains a fève , a small china doll ; whomever finds it becomes king or queen and gets to wear a gold paper crown and choose his or her partner . This tradition can last up to two weeks . Germany ( edit ) In Germany , parties are common on New Year 's Eve . Fireworks are very popular , both with individuals and at large municipal displays . 31 December and the three days leading up to it are the only four days of the year on which fireworks may be sold in Germany . Every year Berlin hosts one of the largest New Year 's Eve celebrations in all of Europe , attended by over a million people . The focal point is the Brandenburg Gate , where midnight fireworks are centered . Germans toast the New Year with a glass of Sekt ( German sparkling wine ) or champagne . Molybdomancy ( Bleigießen ) is another German New Year 's Eve tradition , which involves telling fortunes by the shapes made by molten lead dropped into cold water . Other auspicious actions are to touch a chimney sweep or rub some ash on your forehead for good luck and health . Jam - filled doughnuts with and without liquor fillings are eaten . Finally a tiny marzipan pig is consumed for more good luck . In some northern regions of Germany ( e.g. East Frisia ) the making of Speckdicken is another tradition - people go door to door visiting their neighbors and partaking in this dish . It looks similar to a pancake , but the recipe calls for either dark molasses or dark syrup , with summer sausage and bacon in the center . Another notable tradition is the British comedy sketch Dinner for One , which has traditionally been broadcast on German television on New Year 's Eve since 1972 . The version traditionally broadcast on German television was originally recorded in 1963 , and was occasionally used as filler programming by NDR due to popular demand ; in 1972 , Dinner for One received its traditional New Year 's Eve scheduling . The sketch , as well as its catchphrase `` the same procedure as every year '' , are well - known in German pop culture . Dinner for One is also broadcast on or around New Year 's Eve in other European countries , although it is , ironically , relatively unknown in the United Kingdom . Greece ( edit ) New Year 's Eve in Greece has many traditions . During the day , children sing the New Year 's carols to be given money or treats . Then , it is time to have family lunch or dinner . In the evening , people cook a pie named `` King 's pie ( Vassilopita locally ) '' , which is a cake flavored with almonds . Following tradition , they put a coin wrapped in aluminium foil inside the pie . During the family dinner , the hostess puts some of her jewelry in a plate and serves it in the side of the table , as a symbol of the coming year 's prosperity . After the dinner is over , the dishes are not washed until the next day . The reason for that is that Saint Vassilis ( Greek Santa Claus ) is awaited during the New Year 's Eve and it is considered common courtesy to leave some food for the traveler who visits the house to bring the presents during the night . When midnight arrives , the families count down and then they turn off all the lights and reopen their eyes to `` enter the year with a new light '' . After the fireworks show , they cut the `` Vassilopita '' and serve it . The person that gets the wrapped coin is the lucky person of the day and he is also blessed for the rest of the year . Gifts exchanges may follow . Hungary ( edit ) Midnight - Millenáris , NYE 2017 New Year 's Eve ( Szilveszter ) in Hungary is celebrated with home parties and street parties , including a gathering in downtown Budapest . Fireworks and firecrackers are popular . Champagne , wine and traditional Hungarian New Year dishes -- frankfurter sausages with horseradish , lentil soup , fish , and roast pig -- are consumed . The national anthem is commonly sung at midnight . In past centuries , some Hungarians believed that animals were able to speak on New Year 's Eve , and that onion skins sprinkled with salt could indicate a rainy month . Hungarian Christian communities focus on celebrating Mass on both New Year 's Eve and New Year 's Day . Iceland ( edit ) New Year fireworks over Reykjavík , Iceland Fireworks are very popular in Iceland , particularly on New Year 's Eve . Iceland 's biggest New Year 's Eve events are usually in and around the capital , Reykjavík . Áramótaskaupið ( `` The New Year 's comedy '' ) is an annual Icelandic television comedy special , which is an important part of the New Year for most . It focuses satirically on the past year , and shows little mercy for its victims , especially politicians , artists , prominent business people and activists . Ireland ( edit ) New Year 's Eve ( Oíche Chinn Bliana , Oíche na Coda Móire , or Oíche Chaille ) celebrations in major cities are modest , with most people favouring small parties in the home for family and friends . Italy ( edit ) In Italy , New Year 's Eve ( Vigilia di Capodanno or Notte di San Silvestro ) is celebrated by the observation of traditional rituals , such as wearing red underwear . An ancient tradition in southern regions which is rarely followed today was disposing of old or unused items by dropping them from the window . Dinner is traditionally eaten with relatives and friends . It often includes zampone or cotechino ( a meal made with pig 's trotters or entrails ) , and lentils . At 20 : 30 , the President reads a television message of greetings to Italians . At midnight , fireworks are displayed all across the country . Rarely followed today is the tradition that consist in eating lentil stew when bell tolls midnight , one spoonful per bell . This is supposed to bring good fortune ; the round lentils represent coins . Macedonia ( edit ) New Year 's Eve is celebrated across Macedonia . New Year 's Day is celebrated by day - long fireworks shows . The day is celebrated together with family or friends at home or in restaurants , clubs , cafés and hotels . During the day - time celebration , children get gifts . Evening celebrations include food , music , and dancing to both traditional Macedonian folk music , and modern music . New Year 's Eve is celebrated on 31 December and also on 14 January according to the Macedonian Orthodox Calendar . Malta ( edit ) Malta organized its first New Year 's street party in 2009 in Floriana . The event was not highly advertised and proved controversial , due to the closing of an arterial street for the day . In 2010 there were the first national celebrations in St. George 's Square , Valletta Although professional fireworks are very popular in Malta , they are almost totally absent on New Year 's Eve . Usually the Maltese hit nightclubs and specific dance music parties to celebrate New Year 's Eve . Montenegro ( edit ) In Montenegro , New Year 's Eve celebrations are held in all large cities , usually accompanied by fireworks . It is usually celebrated with family or friends , at home or outside . Restaurants , clubs , cafés and hotels organize celebrations with food and music . Netherlands ( edit ) New Year 's Eve ( Oud en Nieuw or Oudejaarsavond ) in the Netherlands is usually celebrated as a cozy evening with family or friends , although many people attend big organized parties . Traditional snack foods are oliebollen ( oil dumplings ) and appelbeignets ( apple slice fritters ) . On television , the main feature is the oudejaarsconference , a performance by one of the major Dutch cabaretiers ( comparable to stand - up comedy , but more serious , generally including a satirical review of the year 's politics ) . Historically , in Reformed Protestant families , Psalm 90 is read , although this tradition is now fading away . At midnight , Glühwein ( bishops wine ) or champagne is drunk . Many people light their own fireworks . Towns do not organize a central fireworks display , except for Rotterdam where the national fireworks display can be seen near the Erasmus Bridge . Norway ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Norway New Year 's Eve ( Nyttårsaften ) is the second biggest celebration of the year , after Christmas Eve . While Christmas Eve is a family celebration , New Year 's Eve is an opportunity to celebrate with friends . Traditionally , there is first a feast , commonly consisting of stuffed , roast turkey with potatoes , sprouts , gravy and Waldorf salad . The accompanying beverage is traditionally beer ( commonly either Christmas beer or lager beer ) . Dessert will often be vanilla pudding or rice cream , and there will be cakes and coffee later in the evening - commonly accompanied by a glass of cognac . Then , at close to 12 am on New Year 's Day , people will go outside to send up fireworks . Fireworks are only permitted to be sold to the general public on the days leading up to New Year 's Eve , and only to be launched that night . Due to the general use of fireworks , more fires occur on New Year 's Eve than on any other day of the year in Norway . Accordingly , most Norwegian cities , and many towns , host a large , public fireworks display in order to discourage private use of fireworks in built - up areas . People will then congregate in a central square or similar to watch and celebrate . Poland ( edit ) In Poland New Year 's Eve ( Sylwester ) celebrations include both indoor and outdoor festivities . A large open - air concert is held in the Main Square in Kraków. 150,000 to 200,000 revelers celebrate the New Year with live music and a fireworks display over St. Mary 's Basilica . Similar festivities are held in other cities around Poland . For those who do not wish to spend the New Year in the city , the mountains are a popular destination . Zakopane , located in the Carpathian Mountains , is the most popular Polish mountain resort in winter . Also , New Year 's Eve ( Sylwester ) celebrations are in Katowice , near the Spodek arena . In Sławatycze , people tour the streets dressed up as bearded men . Portugal ( edit ) In Portugal the New Year celebration is taken very seriously . The tradition is to drink champagne and eat twelve raisins - one for each month of the year , making a wish for each . Another Portuguese tradition is a special cake called Bolo - Rei ( literally : King Cake ) . Bolo - Rei is a round cake with a large hole in the centre , resembling a crown covered with crystallised and dried fruit . It is baked from a soft , white dough , with raisins , various nuts and crystallised fruit . Inside is hidden the characteristic fava ( broad bean ) . Tradition dictates that whoever finds the fava has to pay for the Bolo - Rei next year . Initially , a small prize ( usually a small metal toy ) was also included within the cake . However , the inclusion of the prize was forbidden by the European Union for safety reasons . The Portuguese brought the recipe of the Gateau des Rois from France in the second half of the 19th century . To this day , this recipe is a very well kept secret . In Lisbon the New Year is celebrated with a grand concert . The New Year 's Concert is held at the CCB ( Centro Cultural de Belém ) on the evening of 1 January , featuring the prestigious Lisbon Metropolitan Orchestra . Romania ( edit ) Romexpo indoors during Vanghelion New Year 's Eve party . Traditional celebrations of New Year 's Eve ( Revelion ) are the norm in Romania . Romanians follow centuries - old customs , rituals , and conventions . Children sing `` Plugușorul '' and `` Sorcova '' , traditional carols that wish goodwill , happiness and success . Parties are common in the evening . Since the Romanian Revolution of 1989 , Romanians have gathered in the University Square in Bucharest . Other significant parties occur in Piața Constituției . New Year 's Eve is also marked by a national all - night telecast on Romanian Television , which also celebrates its anniversary on this holiday , having opened its doors in the New Year 's Eve of 1956 . Russia ( edit ) Main article : Novy God Most Russians celebrate New Year 's Eve with their families and close friends . The origin of this holiday in Russia derives from Christmas . Christmas was also a major holiday in Russia until it was banned , with all other religious holidays , by the Communist Party . To compensate for the absence of Christmas , New Year 's was celebrated as much as Christmas was , but without the religious aspect of the holiday and lot of a Christmas attributes were repurposed , such as Christmas tree , which became a New Year tree . Even after the fall of the Soviet Union , New Year 's is still celebrated in Russia and has become a Russian tradition . There is an old superstition that if the first visitor ( especially an unexpected one ) on 1 January is a male , the year will be good . People also try to start the new year without debts . Play media The Kremlin Clock chimes and the singing of the Russian national anthem bring in the New Year ( 2012 ) . The celebration usually starts one or two hours before midnight . A common tradition is to `` say farewell to the old year '' by remembering the most important events of the last twelve months . At five minutes to midnight most people watch the president 's New Year speech on TV and watch popular films or New Year TV shows before and after midnight . There is a tradition to listen to the Kremlin clock bell ringing twelve times on the radio or on TV , which is followed by the national anthem . During these twelve seconds people keep silence and make their secret wishes for the next year . After the clock strikes , they drink champagne and have rich dinner , watching TV concerts and having fun . Some people light fireworks outside and visit their friends and neighbors . As 30 and 31 December are working days , a lot of people also have parties at work ( so - called `` corporatives '' ) , though 31 December is mostly spent at home or with friends . Grandfather Frost and his granddaughter Snowmaiden bring presents on New Year 's Eve . On 13 January , some of people celebrates `` Old New Year '' , according to the Julian calendar . Serbia ( edit ) New Year 's Eve in Serbia is traditionally celebrated extensively . Indoors , families celebrate New Year 's Eve with an abundance of food . Serbs decorate trees , Novogodišnja jelka , at New Year 's Eve , rather than at Christmas Eve . Near , or after midnight , Santa Claus ( Deda Mraz ) visits houses and leaves presents under the tree , to be unpacked then or , if the family is asleep , to be discovered in the morning . Serbian New Year 's celebrations take place in Belgrade , and several other major cities such as Novi Sad and Niš . As of mid-December , cities are extensively decorated and lit . The decorations remain until way into January due to the influence of the Julian calendar . Throughout the region , especially amongst former Yugoslav republics , Belgrade is the most popular destination for major parties . On 13 January , a large part of the population celebrates `` Serbian New Year '' , according to the Julian calendar . Usually one concert is organized in front of either City Hall or the National Parliament in Belgrade , while fireworks are prepared by the Serbian Orthodox Church and fired from the Cathedral of Saint Sava , where people also gather . Other cities also organize such celebrations . Slovenia ( edit ) In Slovenia , New Year 's Eve is known as a Saint Sylvester 's Day ( Silvestrovo ) . Streets are decorated for the whole December . In larger cities like Ljubljana , Maribor , Celje or Koper there are concerts , culture programm and countdown followed by fireworks . There is also special programme on the national TV . Tradition is , that family comes together and have a dinner . At midnight , people toast with champagne , wish each other a happy new year , fortune and health . People have already decorated the Christmas tree before Christmas and children are waiting for the third `` Good man of December - Dedek Mraz . '' Spain ( edit ) Madrid 's Puerta del Sol on New Year 's Eve , 2005 . Spanish New Year 's Eve ( Nochevieja or Fin de Año ) celebrations usually begin with a family dinner , traditionally including shrimp or prawns , and lamb or capon . The actual countdown is primarily followed from the clock on top of the Casa de Correos building in Puerta del Sol Square in Madrid . It is traditional to eat Twelve Grapes , one on each chime of the clock . This tradition has its origins in 1909 , when grape growers in Alicante thought of it as a way to cut down on the large production surplus they had had that year . Nowadays , the tradition is followed by almost every Spaniard , and the twelve grapes have become synonymous with the New Year . After the clock has finished striking twelve , people greet each other and toast with sparkling wine such as cava or champagne , or with cider . The song `` Un año más , '' by the Spanish group Mecano , is frequently played . Earlier in the evening at around 20 : 00 , there is a 10k run called San Silvestre Vallecana , which starts on Paseo de la Castellana , next to Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , and ends at the Vallecas Stadium . Professional runners come to Madrid for this 10k . After the family dinner and the grapes , many young people attend cotillones de nochevieja parties ( named for the Spanish word cotillón , which refers to party supplies like confetti , party blowers , and party hats ) at pubs , clubs , and similar places . Parties usually last until the next morning and range from small , personal celebrations at local bars to huge parties with guests numbering the thousands at hotel convention rooms . Early the next morning , party attendees usually gather to have the traditional winter breakfast of hot chocolate and fried pastry ( chocolate con churros ) . Sweden ( edit ) Gothenburg fireworks on New Year 's Eve , 2008 . In Sweden , New Year 's Eve is usually celebrated with families or with friends . A few hours before and after midnight , people usually party and eat a special dinner , often three courses . New Year 's Eve is celebrated with large fireworks displays throughout the country , especially in the cities . People over the age of 18 are allowed to buy fireworks , which are sold by local stores or by private persons . While watching or lighting fireworks at midnight , people usually drink champagne . Switzerland ( edit ) In Switzerland , New Year 's Eve is typically celebrated at a residence with friends . There are no particular main dishes associated with the event , although sweets and desserts are usual . Each commune has its own government - arranged countdown in a public space , accompanied with formal fireworks shows in smaller cities . Ukraine ( edit ) In the countries that were formerly part of the Soviet Union , New Year 's has the same cultural significance as Christmas has in the United States , but without the religious connotations . Ukrainian families traditionally install spruce trees at home , the equivalent of a Christmas tree . Families gather to eat a large feast and reflect on the past year . They have a large celebration , make toasts , and make wishes for a happy New Year . Families give presents to their friends as well as informal acquaintances . As Ukrainians are traditionally a closely knit community , it is seen as a taboo to not give presents to those the family associates with . Children stay up until midnight , waiting for the New Year . During these celebrations many Ukrainians tune to special New Year shows , which have become a long - standing tradition for the Ukrainian TV . And just before midnight the President of Ukraine gives his New Year 's message to the nation , and when the clock strikes 12 , the National Anthem Shche ne vmerla Ukraina is played in all TV and radio stations as well as in Independence Square in Kiev and other cities where holiday celebrations are held . The first New year dish in Ukraine which associates with the New year for every Ukrainian person is the Olivier salad . It has become the main `` character '' of many jokes and anecdotes . There are several versions about where the name Olivier comes from , but most people say that it appeared thanks to the French chef Olivier , who lived in the USSR in the 1960s and was the owner of a French restaurant in Moscow . He was the first one to cook this dish . Nowadays this salad is also called Russian , potato and meat salad . New Year is often considered a `` pre-celebration '' for Greek Catholics and Eastern Orthodox living in Eastern Europe , primarily in Ukraine , since Christmas is celebrated on 7 January . United Kingdom ( edit ) England ( edit ) Thousands of people gather in central London for New Year celebrations , including fireworks at the London Eye at midnight The most prominent New Year 's celebration in England is that of Central London , where the arrival of midnight is greeted with the chimes of Big Ben . In recent years , a major fireworks display has also been held , with fireworks launched from the nearby London Eye Ferris wheel . On New Year 's Eve 2010 , an estimated 250,000 people gathered to view an eight - minute fireworks display around and above the London Eye which was , for the first time , set to a musical soundtrack . The celebrations in London continued into 1 January , with the New Year 's Day Parade , held annually since 1987 . The 2011 parade involved more than 10,000 musicians , cheerleaders and performers . Other major New Year events are held in the cities of Birmingham , Manchester , Liverpool , Leeds , and Newcastle . Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Hogmanay See also : Edinburgh 's Hogmanay Hogmanay fireworks in Edinburgh . In Scotland , New Year 's ( Hogmanay ) is celebrated with several different customs , such as First - Footing , which involves friends or family members going to each other 's houses with a gift of whisky and sometimes a lump of coal . Edinburgh , the Scottish capital , hosts one of the world 's most famous New Year celebrations . The celebration is focused on a major street party along Princes Street . The cannon is fired at Edinburgh Castle at the stroke of midnight , followed by a large fireworks display . Edinburgh hosts a festival of four or five days , beginning on 28 December , and lasting until New Year 's Day or 2 January , which is also a bank holiday in Scotland . Other cities across Scotland , such as Aberdeen , Glasgow and Stirling have large organised celebrations too , including fireworks at midnight . BBC Scotland broadcast the celebrations in Edinburgh to a Scottish audience , with the celebrations also screened across the world . STV covers both worldwide New Year celebrations , and details of events happening around Scotland . Wales ( edit ) Further information : Calennig A Mari Lwyd c. 1910 -- 1914 . Traditionally carried from door to door during Calennig in Wales The Welsh tradition of giving gifts and money on New Year 's Day ( Welsh : Calennig ) is an ancient custom that survives in modern - day Wales , though nowadays it is now customary to give bread and cheese . Thousands of people descend every year on Cardiff to enjoy live music , catering , ice - skating , funfairs and fireworks . Many of the celebrations take place at Cardiff Castle and Cardiff City Hall . Every New Year 's Eve , the Nos Galan road race ( Rasys Nos Galan ) , a 5 - kilometre ( 3.1 mi ) running race , is held in Mountain Ash in the Cynon Valley , Rhondda Cynon Taf , South Wales . The race celebrates the life and achievements of Welsh runner Guto Nyth Brân . Founded in 1958 by local runner Bernard Baldwin , it is run over the 5 kilometre route of Guto 's first competitive race . The main race starts with a church service at Llanwynno , and then a wreath is laid on Guto 's grave in Llanwynno graveyard . After lighting a torch , it is carried to the nearby town of Mountain Ash , where the main race takes place . The race consists of a double circuit of the town centre , starting in Henry Street and ending in Oxford Street , by the commemorative statue of Guto . Traditionally , the race was timed to end at midnight , but in recent times it was rescheduled for the convenience of family entertainment , now concluding at around 9pm . This has resulted in a growth in size and scale , and the proceedings now start with an afternoon of street entertainment , and fun run races for children , concluding with the church service , elite runners ' race and presentations . Middle East ( edit ) Israel ( edit ) New Year 's Eve ( Sylvester ) in Israel , is celebrated by parties , social get togethers , concerts , and dining out in major cities such as Jerusalem and Tel Aviv . Immigrants from the former USSR celebrate Novy God , the Russian version of the holiday . Lebanon and Syria ( edit ) In Lebanon and Syria , people celebrate New Year 's Eve with a dinner attended by family and friends . The dinner features traditional dishes such as tabouli , hummus , kibbi , and other Lebanese foods . These celebrations could also take place in restaurants and clubs . Game shows are also organized where people can try to win money . The countdown to New Year 's is broadcast through the leading TV channel and the celebrations usually continue until sunrise . Fireworks are lit throughout the night . Saudi Arabia ( edit ) In Saudi Arabia , New Year 's is solely celebrated in private gatherings . As the Islamic calendar is the official civic calendar , the Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice -- Saudi Arabia 's religious police , has enforced a ban on public festivities of the Gregorian New Year . The organization can also fine shops for offering New Year 's - related products , and confiscate them . However , the organization does not go after individual citizens holding private celebrations . United Arab Emirates ( edit ) In Dubai , United Arab Emirates , New Year 's fireworks are set off from Jumeirah Beach ( including Burj Al Arab ) and the world 's tallest building , Burj Khalifa . The New Year fireworks display at Burj Khalifa is among the world 's most expensive . New year celebrations , including fireworks at the Burj Khalifa at midnight Turkey ( edit ) New Year 's Eve decorations in Kadıköy , Istanbul . New Year 's Eve decorations in Nişantaşı , İstanbul . Numerous decorations and customs traditionally associated with Christmas and Bayrams are part of secular New Year 's Eve celebrations in Turkey . Homes and streets are lit in glittering lights . Small gifts are exchanged , and large family dinners are organized with family and friends , featuring a special turkey dish stuffed with a zante currant , pine nuts , pimiento and dill iç pilav , dolma , hot börek , baklava , and various other Turkish dishes , accompanied with rakı , Turkish wine , or boza , şerbet , salep , and Turkish tea or coffee . Even though Turkish people generally do not celebrate Christmas , decorating Christmas trees is a very popular tradition on New Year 's Eve in Turkey , and the Turks associate Santa Claus with New Year 's Eve . Television and radio channels are known to continuously broadcast a variety of special New Year 's Eve programs , while municipalities all around the country organize fundraising events for the poor , in addition to celebratory public shows such as concerts and family - friendly events , as well as more traditional forms of entertainment such as the Karagöz and Hacivat shadow - theater , and even performances by the Mehter -- the Janissary Band that was founded during the days of the Ottoman Empire . Public and private parties with large public attendances are organised in a number of cities and towns , particularly in the largest metropolitan areas such as Istanbul , Ankara , Izmir , Adana , Bursa and Antalya , with the biggest celebrations taking place in Istanbul 's Taksim , Beyoğlu , Nişantaşı and Kadıköy districts and Ankara 's Kızılay Square , which generally feature dancing , concerts , laser and lightshows as well as the traditional countdown and fireworks display . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) See also : Sydney New Year 's Eve Sydney New Year 's Eve 2008 -- 09 Each major city in Australia holds New Year 's Eve celebrations , usually accompanied by a fireworks display and other events . Gloucester Park , a racecourse in central Perth , is the largest and most recognized display in the Western Australian city . In Brisbane events are held at Southbank . At night , 50,000 people gather at sites around the Brisbane River to watch a fireworks display . The largest celebration in Australia is held in its largest city : Sydney . Each year , the celebrations in Sydney are accompanied by a theme with two pyrotechnic shows : the 9 : 00 pm Family Fireworks and the Midnight Fireworks . Centering on the Sydney Harbour Bridge , the fireworks are synchronized to a blend of popular music and a lighting display called the `` Bridge Effect '' , which displays various symbols and other images related to the current year 's theme , located on the bridge itself . The `` Midnight Fireworks '' are regularly watched by approximately 1.5 -- 2 million people at Sydney Harbour . As one of the first major New Year 's celebrations globally each year , Sydney 's Midnight Fireworks are often broadcast throughout the world during the day of 31 December . In Melbourne , the city follows suit with Sydney having a 9 : 30 Family Fireworks followed by the midnight fireworks . Celebrations are mostly centered on the Yarra River and Federation Square , as well as Docklands . Most of the firework shows in Melbourne are launched from boats along the river and from atop the city 's various skyscrapers . Kiribati ( edit ) Kiritimati ( UTC + 14 ) , part of Kiribati , is one of the first locations in the world to welcome the New Year . Other Kiribati islands follow at UTC + 13 and UTC + 12 . New Zealand ( edit ) Auckland fireworks as seen from Sky Tower . Gisborne , New Zealand -- 496.3 kilometres ( 308.4 mi ) west of the International Date Line -- is the first major city to see the beginning of the new year . In New Zealand , cities celebrate with large street parties and fireworks displays . Local councils usually organise parties and street carnivals and fireworks displays . In Auckland , the top of the Sky Tower -- the tallest freestanding structure tower in the Southern Hemisphere -- is the launch site for a fireworks show . The New Zealand national cricket team have begun playing a one - day International cricket game in Queenstown during the day of New Year 's Eve . Samoa ( edit ) Since changing the time zone from UTC - 11 to UTC + 13 in winter and UTC + 14 in summer ( including new year ) , Samoa is the first country to receive the New Year as a whole , sharing it with some parts of Kiribati . Music ( edit ) John Masey Wright and John Rogers ' c. 1841 illustration of Auld Lang Syne . Music associated with New Year 's Eve comes in both classical and popular genres , and there is also Christmas song focus on the arrival of a new year during the Christmas and holiday season . Auld Lang Syne by Robert Burns . Johann Sebastian Bach , in the Orgelbüchlein , composed three chorale preludes for the new year : Helft mir Gotts Güte preisen ( `` Help me to praise God 's goodness '' ) ( BWV 613 ) ; Das alte Jahr vergangen ist ( `` The old year has passed '' ) ( BWV 614 ) ; and In dir ist freude ( `` In you is joy '' ) ( BWV 615 ) . The year is gone , beyond recall is a traditional Christian hymn to give thanks for the new year , dating back to 1713 . Happy New Year by ABBA . Imagine by John Lennon . It Was a Very Good Year by Frank Sinatra . It 's Just Another New Year 's Eve by Barry Manilow . Let 's Start the New Year Right by Bing Crosby . New Year 's Day by U2 . Same Old Lang Syne by Dan Fogelberg . Let 's Spend This New Year 's Eve At Home by Christi Bauerlee . Kiss Me at Midnight by ' N Sync from their 1998 album The Winter Album . This Is the New Year by A Great Big World . New Year 's Day by Taylor Swift . 1999 by Prince 's Will 2K by Will Smith Millennium by Robbie Williams Disco 2000 by Pulp Año Más by Mecano See also ( edit ) Holidays portal Áramótaskaupið in Iceland Chinese New Year Hogmanay Live List of objects dropped on New Year 's Eve Malanka , a Ukrainian holiday New Year New Year 's Day New Year 's Resolution Nowruz , the Persian New Year References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Emily Allen ( 31 December 2016 ) . `` New Year 's Eve : When is it 2017 around the world ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas & New Year 's Eve Food in Argentina '' . Asado Argentina . 15 December 2008 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Éxodo por Año Nuevo '' . InfoRegión. 29 December 2010 . Retrieved 17 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Prefeita anuncia atrações para o Réveillon 2010 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Prefeitura Municipal de Fortaleza. 1 December 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Réveillon de Fortaleza : mais de um milhão de pessoas compareceram à festa '' ( in Portuguese ) . Jangadeiro Online . 1 January 2010 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Year 's Eve in Brazil '' . Hostels Club . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Réveillon 2018 : Confira a festa da virada no Brasil '' ( in Portuguese ) . Terra. 1 January 2018 . Retrieved 3 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Réveillon pelo Brasil : 5 opções gratuitas para celebrar a chegada de 2018 '' ( in Portuguese ) . HuffPost. 30 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Salvador celebra Ano Novo com mega festa e atrações de peso '' ( in Portuguese ) . Quem Acontece. 1 January 2018 . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Confira as festas de Réveillon no Litoral Catarinense '' ( in Portuguese ) . Diário Catarinense. 29 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Paulista Avenue on New Year 's Eve : A Race and a Party '' . Gobrazil.about.com. 31 December 2008 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Year 's Eve in Canada '' . Jump up ^ Bill Harris ( 18 December 2010 ) . `` ' Air Farce ' returns once again '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Harris , Bill ( 18 December 2009 ) . `` Farce back for New Year 's Eve '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved 29 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Producers apologize for offensive skits in Quebec New Year 's Eve special on CBC.ca , 9 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tradiciones chilenas para el año nuevo '' . This is Chile ( in Spanish ) . 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Un millón de personas disfrutó del `` Año Nuevo en el Mar '' en Valparaíso `` . Jump up ^ `` Ley 19680 : Prohíbe el uso de fuegos artificiales , mediante reforma de la Ley No 17.798 , sobre control de armas y explosivos , y prohíbe la venta al público de fuegos artificiales y regula la realización de espectáculos pirotécnicos masivos '' . Jump up ^ `` Guatemala : Society and Culture / Holidays and Festivals '' . Atozworldtravel.com . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Guatemala Holidays '' . Destination360.com . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas traditions in spain and latin america '' . Ompersonal.com.ar . Archived from the original on 27 May 2010 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TOPICS Online Magazine - ESL / EFL - Sandy Peters and Thomas Peters '' . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mexican customs for the New Year '' . Focus on Mexico . Archived from the original on 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Year 's Eve in Mexico - Año Nuevo Celebrations '' . Gomexico.about.com. 23 December 2010 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NYC ball drop goes ' green ' on 100th anniversary '' . CNN . 31 December 2007 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Judge says Brasstown 's ' possum drop can proceed '' . Citizen - Times . Gannett Company . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 34 Bizarre Things Being Dropped on New Year 's Eve '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Stephen ( 31 December 1999 ) . `` New Year 's song remains ingrained in public mind '' . The Orange County Register . Archived from the original on 26 April 2005 . Jump up ^ Moore , Frazier ( 26 December 2001 ) . `` Next week to be 25th New Year 's Eve without Guy Lombardo '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Associated Press . Retrieved 1 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Memmott , Carol ( 27 December 2011 ) . `` Dick Clark : Rockin ' it on New Year 's since 1972 '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dick Clark , Entertainment Icon Nicknamed ' America 's Oldest Teenager , ' Dies at 82 '' . ABC News . 18 April 2012 . Retrieved 18 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Geoff Boucher ( 19 April 2012 ) . `` Dick Clark dies at 82 ; he introduced America to rock ' n ' roll '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( 31 December 2011 ) . `` 4 Decades Later , He Still Counts '' . The New York Times . p . C1 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( 28 November 2012 ) . `` Ryan Seacrest 's ' New Year 's Rockin ' Eve ' Announces Lineup '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Four Cities That Celebrate New Year 's Eve in a Big Way '' . New York Times . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Saillant , Catherine ; Schaefer , Samantha ( 1 January 2014 ) . `` Grand Park New Year 's Eve bash called a success '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chi - Town Rising promises free viewing areas this New Year 's Eve '' . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` When are the busiest times at Walt Disney World ? '' . WESH.com . Hearst Television . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disneyland reopens after temporarily closing gates to new visitors on Christmas afternoon '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Joey ( November -- December 2006 ) . `` Watch Night services provide spiritual way to bring in New Year '' . The United Methodist Church Interpreter Magazine . Archived from the original on 1 March 2012 . Retrieved 10 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Sutton , Charyn ( August 2004 ) . `` Watch Night '' . Western States Black Research & Educational Center . Archived from the original on 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 10 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Year 's Eve 2017 : How the world celebrates today '' . www.aljazeera.com . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ The Republic of Bangladesh enjoys almost 60 - 94 weddings every after 1 or 2 years on 31 December Jump up ^ Bangladesh celebrates New Year in ships and yachts Jump up ^ The Muslim Republican of Bangladesh prays to Allah for a fruitful year ^ Jump up to : Peake , Mike ( 30 December 2006 ) . `` Gesundheit to an old favourite '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 1 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ushering in 2018 in high spirits - Nation The Star Online '' . www.thestar.com.my . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Much to look forward to in 2018 '' . BorneoPost Online Borneo , Malaysia , Sarawak Daily News . 31 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Year 's Celebration in Pakistan '' . Daily Pakistan . 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Xiangshan good for watching Taipei 101 fireworks display but not for light show : GEO '' . Taiwan News . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Taipei 101 New Year 's Eve fireworks display to be longest ever '' . Focus Taiwan . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Christine OKeeffe . `` Belgian New Year : Sint Sylvester Vooranvond '' . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Danish Traditions '' . Denmark-getaway.com . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ ( in Danish ) Ekstra Bladet - Sushi hitter nytårsaften . Ekstrabladet.dk . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nytårstaler '' . Kongehuset.dk. 21 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 26 December 2010 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Year 's Eve 2010 - 2011 Copenhagen '' . Visitcopenhagen.com . Archived from the original on 13 December 2010 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Katrine Kielland - Brandt . `` Den Kongelige Livgardes Musikkorps '' . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Globalnavigation '' . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas - Newyear in Copenhagen and Denmark -- December 2010 '' . Copenhagenet.dk. 13 December 1944 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Liukkonen , Petri . `` Eino Leino '' . Books and Writers ( kirjasto.sci.fi ) . Finland : Kuusankoski Public Library . Archived from the original on 5 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` le Réveillon de la Saint - Sylvestre '' . Vibescout.com . Retrieved 14 December 2017 Jump up ^ `` New Year 's Day in France '' . Jump up ^ `` The Mystery of Dinner for One '' . Slate . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kerry Kubilius . `` New Year 's Eve in Budapest '' . About.com Travel . Archived from the original on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Kerry Kubilius . `` New Year 's Eve in Hungary '' . About.com Travel . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official New Year 's Eve Street Celebrations Website in Malta '' . Maltanewyearseve.com . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Year 's Day in the Netherlands '' . Jump up ^ Wim Kan displaced Psalm 90 and prayer , Trouw , 31 December 2001 ( in Dutch ) Jump up ^ Świerczek , Marcin ( 2008 ) . `` Tylko w Onet.tv - sylwester z krakowskiego Rynku na żywo ! '' . Kraków : Onet.tv from Polish Press Agency . Archived from the original on 17 January 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 Jump up ^ Talmazan , Yuliya ( 30 December 2009 ) . `` Top Ten Traditions No Winter Holiday Season In Russia Goes Without '' . Archived from the original on 26 February 2010 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USSR 1990 New Year 's Message Prt. 2 of 2 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 31 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Putin : New Year 's Address to the Nation ( English Subtitles ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 31 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New year dish - Ukrainian food - Diolli.com '' . 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` London Eye fireworks mark new year 2011 '' . BBC News . 1 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Batty , David ( 1 January 2011 ) . `` New Year 's Eve in the UK : ' The best fireworks ever ' '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Hutton , Ronald ( 1996 ) . The Stations of The Sun . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . p. 67 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820570 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi warns public against New Year celebration '' . Emirates 24 / 77 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi ' mutawa ' warn against New Year revelry '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland - In the words of the Bard - '' . Scotland . Jump up ^ `` Table of Contents : Orgelbüchlein : '' . libweb.grinnell.edu . Jump up ^ `` The Year Is Gone , Beyond Recall '' . www.hymntime.com . External links ( edit ) Look up New Year 's Eve or Happy new year in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Year 's Eve . New Year 's Around the World - slideshow by Life magazine Holidays , observances , and celebrations in Algeria January New Year 's Day ( 1 ) Yennayer ( 12 ) February Valentine 's Day ( 14 ) Tafsut ( 28 ) March International Women 's Day ( 8 ) Victory Day ( 19 ) World Water Day ( 22 ) Maghrebi Blood Donation Day ( 30 ) Spring vacation ( 2 last weeks ) April April Fools ' Day ( 1 ) Knowledge Day ( 16 ) Berber Spring ( 20 ) Earth Day ( 22 ) Election Day ( Thursday ) May International Workers ' Day ( 1 ) World Press Freedom Day ( 3 ) Mother 's Day ( last Sunday ) June -- July -- August Summer vacation ( varies ) June Children 's Day ( 1 ) Father 's Day ( 21 ) July Independence Day ( 5 ) September International Day of Peace ( 21 ) October International Day of Non-Violence ( 2 ) Halloween ( 31 ) November Revolution Day ( 1 ) December Christmas Eve ( 24 ) Christmas ( 25 ) New Year 's Eve ( 31 ) Winter vacation ( 2 last weeks ) Varies ( year round ) Hijri New Year 's Day ( Muharram 1 ) Ashura ( Muharram 10 ) Mawlid ( Rabi ' al - Awwal 12 ) Ramadan ( Ramadan 1 ) Laylat al - Qadr ( Ramadan 27 ) Eid al - Fitr ( Shawwal 1 ) Day of Arafah ( Dhu al - Hijjah 9 ) Eid al - Adha ( Dhu al - Hijjah 10 ) Holi ( varies ) Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in Algeria , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . See also : Lists of holidays . Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. Lee Day ( FL ) Stephen Foster Memorial Day ( 36 ) The Eighth ( LA , former federal ) January -- February Super Bowl Sunday February American Heart Month Black History Month Washington 's Birthday / Presidents ' Day ( federal ) Valentine 's Day Georgia Day ( GA ) Groundhog Day Lincoln 's Birthday ( CA , CT , IL , IN , MO , NJ , NY , WV ) National Girls and Women in Sports Day National Freedom Day ( 36 ) Primary Election Day ( WI ) Ronald Reagan Day ( CA ) Rosa Parks Day ( CA , MO ) Susan B. Anthony Day ( CA , FL , NY , WI , WV , proposed federal ) February -- March Mardi Gras Ash Wednesday ( religious ) Courir de Mardi Gras ( religious ) Super Tuesday March Irish - American Heritage Month National Colon Cancer Awareness Month Women 's History Month St. Patrick 's Day ( religious ) Spring break ( week ) Casimir Pulaski Day ( IL ) Cesar Chavez Day ( CA , CO , TX , proposed federal ) Evacuation Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Harriet Tubman Day ( NY ) Holi ( NY , religious ) Mardi Gras ( AL ( in two counties ) , LA ) Maryland Day ( MD ) National Poison Prevention Week ( week ) Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day ( HI ) Saint Joseph 's Day ( religious ) Seward 's Day ( AK ) Texas Independence Day ( TX ) Town Meeting Day ( VT ) March -- April Easter ( religious ) Palm Sunday ( religious ) Passover ( religious ) Good Friday ( CT , NC , PR , religious ) Easter Monday ( religious ) April Confederate History Month 420 Day April Fools ' Day Arbor Day Confederate Memorial Day ( AL , MS ) Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust ( week ) Earth Day Emancipation Day ( DC ) Thomas Jefferson 's Birthday ( AL ) Pascua Florida ( FL ) Patriots ' Day ( MA , ME ) San Jacinto Day ( TX ) Siblings Day Walpurgis Night ( religious ) May Asian Pacific American Heritage Month Jewish American Heritage Month Memorial Day ( federal ) Mother 's Day ( 36 ) Cinco de Mayo Harvey Milk Day ( CA ) Law Day ( 36 ) Loyalty Day ( 36 ) Malcolm X Day ( CA , IL , proposed federal ) May Day Military Spouse Day National Day of Prayer ( 36 ) National Defense Transportation Day ( 36 ) National Maritime Day ( 36 ) Peace Officers Memorial Day ( 36 ) Truman Day ( MO ) June Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month Father 's Day ( 36 ) Bunker Hill Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Carolina Day ( SC ) Emancipation Day In Texas / Juneteenth ( TX ) Flag Day ( 36 , proposed federal ) Helen Keller Day ( PA ) Honor America Days ( 3 weeks ) Jefferson Davis Day ( AL , FL ) Kamehameha Day ( HI ) Odunde Festival ( Philadelphia , PA ) Senior Week ( week ) West Virginia Day ( WV ) July Independence Day ( federal ) Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea ( HI , unofficial ) Parents ' Day ( 36 ) Pioneer Day ( UT ) July -- August Summer vacation August American Family Day ( AZ ) Barack Obama Day ( IL ) Bennington Battle Day ( VT ) Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day ( HI ) Lyndon Baines Johnson Day ( TX ) National Aviation Day ( 36 ) Service Reduction Day ( MD ) Victory over Japan Day ( RI , former federal ) Women 's Equality Day ( 36 ) September Prostate Cancer Awareness Month Labor Day ( federal ) California Admission Day ( CA ) Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day ( 36 ) Constitution Day ( 36 ) Constitution Week ( week ) Defenders Day ( MD ) Gold Star Mother 's Day ( 36 ) National Grandparents Day ( 36 ) National Payroll Week ( week ) Native American Day ( CA , TN , proposed federal ) Patriot Day ( 36 ) September -- October Hispanic Heritage Month Oktoberfest Rosh Hashanah ( religious ) Yom Kippur ( religious ) October Breast Cancer Awareness Month Disability Employment Awareness Month Filipino American History Month LGBT History Month Columbus Day ( federal ) Halloween Alaska Day ( AK ) Child Health Day ( 36 ) General Pulaski Memorial Day German - American Day Indigenous Peoples ' Day ( VT ) International Day of Non-Violence Leif Erikson Day ( 36 ) Missouri Day ( MO ) National School Lunch Week Native American Day ( SD ) Nevada Day ( NV ) Sweetest Day White Cane Safety Day ( 36 ) October -- November Diwali ( religious ) November Native American Indian Heritage Month Veterans Day ( federal ) Thanksgiving ( federal ) Day after Thanksgiving ( 24 ) Election Day ( CA , DE , HI , KY , MT , NJ , NY , OH , PR , WV , proposed federal ) Family Day ( NV ) Hanukkah ( religious ) Lā Kūʻokoʻa ( HI , unofficial ) Native American Heritage Day ( MD , WA ) Obama Day ( Perry County , AL ) December Christmas ( religious , federal ) Alabama Day ( AL ) Christmas Eve ( KY , NC , SC ) Day after Christmas ( KY , NC , SC , TX ) Festivus Hanukkah ( religious , week ) Indiana Day ( IN ) Kwanzaa ( religious , week ) National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day ( 36 ) New Year 's Eve Pan American Aviation Day ( 36 ) Rosa Parks Day ( OH , OR ) Wright Brothers Day ( 36 ) Varies ( year round ) Eid al - Adha ( religious ) Eid al - Fitr ( religious ) Ramadan ( religious , month ) Legend : ( federal ) = federal holidays , ( state ) = state holidays , ( religious ) = religious holidays , ( week ) = weeklong holidays , ( month ) = monthlong holidays , ( 36 ) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Public holidays in the Philippines Regular holidays New Year 's Day Maundy Thursday Good Friday Araw ng Kagitingan Labor Day Independence Day National Heroes ' Day Bonifacio Day Christmas Rizal Day Special non-working days Chinese New Year Black Saturday Ninoy Aquino Day All Saints ' Day and All Souls ' Day Immaculate Conception Noche Buena Last day of the year Special holiday ( for schools ) EDSA Revolution Anniversary Italicized : Movable holiday GND : 4240476 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Year%27s_Eve&oldid=828048919 '' Categories : December observances New Year celebrations Fireworks events Holidays Annual events December events Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with Danish - language external links Articles with Dutch - language external links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use dmy dates from January 2018 Infobox holiday fixed day Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles needing additional references from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles containing Welsh - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Boarisch Català Čeština Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kaszëbsczi Kurdî Lëtzebuergesch Limburgs Македонски Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 07 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does it turn 2018 first in the world | [
"Samoa, Tonga and Kiritimati (Christmas Island), part of Kiribati, are the first places to welcome the New Year while American Samoa and Baker Island in the United States of America are among the last.[1]",
"Samoa, Tonga and Kiritimati (Christmas Island), part of Kiribati, are the first places to welcome the New Year while American Samoa and Baker Island in the United States of America are among the last.[1]",
"Samoa, Tonga and Kiritimati (Christmas Island), part of Kiribati, are the first places to welcome the New Year while American Samoa and Baker Island in the United States of America are among the last.[1]"
] | [
"Samoa",
"Tonga",
"Kiritimati (Christmas Island), part of Kiribati"
] |
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